Statistics of the state of Georgia : including an account of its natural, civil and ecclesiastical history ; together with a particular description of each county ; notices of the matters and customs of its aboriginal tribes and a correct map of the state / by George White

/
"STATISTICS
STATE OF GEORGIA
COUNT OP ITS
TOGETHER WITH A PARTICTJLAK,
DESCRIPTION OF EACH COUNTY,
OF TJIE MAKWERS AN1> CUSTOMS OF ITS ABOKIGIWAL TJUBBS,
A OOKRBOT MAP OF THE STATE.
BY
GEOIIGE WHITE.
SAVANNAH: W. THORNE WILLIAMS.
1849.

W. TLIOIINE WILLIAMS, ? Clerks Office of the District Court for the

TH E CITIZENS
BESPECTFULLY DKDICATSD,
BY TIIEIIt

PREFACE.
THIS volume is, after some unavoidable delay, at length submitted to the public.
The difficulties "which the author has had to encounter in collecting materials for this work, have far exceeded his ex pectations ; but he must frankly acknowledge, that his labours have been greatly lightened by the assistance of valued friends in Georgia and other States.
To the following gentlemen he acknowledges himself especially indebted: Dr. James li. Couper, of St. Simons Island ; Major Le Conte, of New-York ; I. K. Tefft, of Savannah; Governor Graham, of North Carolina; Doctors Gibbes, Bachman, Holbrook, and Johnson, of Charleston ; Dr. Le Conte, of Athens ; Judge Sheftall, of Savannah; M. M. JVoah, Esq, of New-York; General Hansell and Co], Knight, of Marietta; John Harper, Esq., of Augusta; Professor Shepard, of Charleston; and Dr. Church, of Athens. To Philip J.

(>

PREFACE.

Forbes, i^sq;., the courteous and esteemed Librarian of the New-"^ ork Society Library, he would express his s;ratit,ud:)> for the uniform kindness shown him whilst consulting that Invaluable collection,

Steyens and. McCalFs Histories of Georgia, Lees; Memoirs, Gardens Revolutionary Anecdotes, CampbelFs Lives of the Chancellors of England, the Annual Register, Hav/kms His tory of Missions, Bartrams Travels, and Manuscripts liberally furnished by Governor Gilmer, Hon. Thomas S paid ing, and Col. Joseph W, Jackson, have also furnished much valuable infor m ation.

It cannot be expected that a volume containing so many facts, and gathered front so many sources, should bo entirely free from errors. All that the compiler hopes for is. that its contents, drawn from the most reliable sources, will be en titled to that credit which is usually awarded to rmbUe do cuments, private family archives, and the faithful memories of disinterested living witnesses and contributors.

While the author does not shrink from just criticism, nor deprecate deserved censure, he respectfully asks the public to remember, that a Pioneer in any enterprise has many obstacles to overcome, and is therefore entitled to charitable judgment..

CONTENTS.

Sketch of the Geology of Georgia, - ,

.

.13

Indians, .......

27

Situation. Boundaries, Extent,

.

.

.

.35

Soil and Productions,

.....

37

Rivers, ........ 38

Population,

......

43

Comparative View of Population,

.... 44

Early Settlement, ......

44

Arrival of the First Colonists, .

45

Progross of the 3?irst Colony,

.

45

Yasoo Fraud, ........ 48

Political G-overamontj

.....

54

Annual Be venue and Expenditures, ,

.

. -58

G-ovornors of Georgia, ......

59

Judiciary,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.59

Penal Code,

......

02

Militia System.

.

.

.

.

.

.63

Militia and Troops in the Revolutionary War, .

.

G4

Officers of the Continental Line,

.... G5

Education, .......

GG

Franklin College,

,

.

.

,

.74

Mercer University,

......

76

Oglethorpe University,

.

.

.

.

.78

Emory College, ......

78

G-eorgia Eemale College,

.

.

.

.

.79

Georgia Episcopal Institute,

....

80

Medical College of Georgia, .

.

.

.

.81

State Lunatic Asylum, .....

82

Georgia Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb,

.

.

. 85

Public Buildings at Milledgeyillc,

...

85

Banks, .-..

.

.

.

.

.

.86

Central Kailroad, v,

.

.

.

.

.

87

8

CONTENTS.

Milledgeville and Gordon Railroad, .

.

.

.89

G-eorgia Railroad and Banking Company, ...

89

Macon and Western Railroad,

.

.

.

.90

Southwestern Railroad, .

.

.

.

.

91

\Vestern and Atlantic Railroad,

.... 92

Augusta and Waynesborough Railroad, .

.

.

93

Canals, \^ .

.

.

.

.

.

.93

Protestant Episcopal Church,

....

93

Lutheran Church, .

.

.

.

.

.96

Baptists, .......

98

Methodist Episcopal Church, .

.

.

.

.99

Presbyterians,

.

.

.

.

.

.100

Jews, .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.101

Disciples of Christ,

.

.

.

.

.102

Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, .

.

.103

Roman Catholics, ......

104

Protestant Methodists,

..... 104

Mormon*, .

.

.

.

.

.

.104

Appling County,

...... 105

Bibb

"

.

.

.

.

108

Bullooli "

.

.

.

.

.

.115

Baker

.......

120

Bryan

"

...... 123

Burko

"......

126

Butts



...... 130

Baldwin "......

182

Camden "

...... 139

Campbell

.

.

.

.

.

.143

Carroll

.

.

.

.

.146

Cass

.......

149

Chatham "

...... 154

Chattooga "

.

.

.

.

.

.172

Cherokee "

.

.

Clarke

V .

.

.

.

-

.176

.

.

.179

Cobb

"

...... 187

Columbia "......

192

Coweta "

...... 195

Crawford .......

197

Decatur "

...... 200

De Kalb "......

204

Dooly

"

...... 208

Bade

"

.

.

.

.

.

.211

CONTENTS.

9

Early County,

.

.

.

.

.

.218

Eflinghain County,

...... 222

Elbert

.......

227

Emamiel

"

.

.

.

.

. 242

Payette

"......

244

Hoyd Forsyth



...... 248

"......

253

Franklin Gtilmer

"

.

.

.

.

.

.258

"......

262

Glynn

"

...... 275

Greene V "

.

.

.

.

.

289

Gwinnett '>.,-"

.



.

.

.

. 295

Habersham .......

299

Hall

"

...... 305

Hancock "......

310

Harris

"

...... 317

Heard]

".

.

.

.

.

.321

Henry



...... 324

Houstoun " .

.

.

.

.

.

328

Irwin

"

...... 332

Jackson v "

.

.

-

.

.

334

Jasper

"

...... 349

Jones

"

.

.

.

.

.

354

Jefferson

"

...... 356

Laurens

"....,.

362

~L.ee

"

...... 366

Liberty

"......

369

Lincoln

"

.

.

.

.

.

.381

Lowndes

"

.

.

.

.

385

Lumpkin

"

...... 390

Macon

"

.

.

.

.

.

.

398

Madison

"

...... 404

Marion

"......

410

Mclntosh "

...... 414

Meriwether "

.

.

.

.

.421

Monroe

"

...... 426

Montgomery "

.

.

.

.

.

.

432

Morgan \~- "

...... 434

Murray

".

.

.

.

.

.

439

Muscogee "

...... 443

Newton

"

.

.

.

.

.

449

Ogletnorpe v-"

...... 452

10

CONTENTS.

Paulding County, ......

465

Pike Pulaski



...... 470

"......

476

futnam

"

...... 479

Rabuii

"......

484

Randolph

...... 493

Richmond .

.

.

.

,

.

499

Serevcn

"

...... 516

Stewart

".

.

.

.

.

.521

Sumtcr

"

...... 524

Talbot

"......

529

Taliafcrro "

.

.

.

.

.

.531

TattnaU

"......

534

Telfair

"

...... 539

Thomas

"......

544

Troup

"

...... 547

Twiggs

.

.

.

.

.

.563

Union



...... 569

Upson

"......

573

Walton

"

...... 579

Walker

"

.

.

.

.

.584

Ware

"

...... 594

Warren

"......

597

Washington "

...... 601

Wayne

"......

604

Wilkes

"

...... 607

Wilkinson " .

.

.

.

.

.614

ADDENDA,

....... 619

FAUNA AND FLOBA.

Maaimalia, .

...... 3

Birds, - y .......

6

Keptilcs,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.13

Fish,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

16

Cnistacea,

.

.

.

.

.

,

.21

Coleopterous Insects,

.....

25

Shells, ........ 37

Flora,

.......

43

ERRATA.
rape read At.r 20, 1.
c '23, for jirislodatus read pristodon
2l, line 27* for Belonnitcs read Belemnit, 21, line 28, for Cuoullia read Cucullrca. 21. line 14, for anlydreas read anhydrous
22. line 37, for st.ro p he men e read s,tropho y.i, line 1, for coiniferoua read oorniferoi 27, line 16, for in read on.
road Georgia.

STATISTICS
STATE OF GEORGIA.
SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF GEORGIA.
THE folio-wing account of the geology of Georgia, althoughmerely intended as a sketch, the "writer is very sensible does not fulfil the requisitions even of that limited design. The materials for a proper treatise on this subject, are yet to be collected; for although the labour of a State Geologist -was for several years devoted to it, yet as the results of his examina tions have not been published, and as they were not extended to many of the most interesting portions of the State, discon nected facts, collected by cursory observers, form at present the only means available to the geologist. As many of these facts are, however, of great interest to the State, and as they serve to connect its geology "with that of other portions of the Union, this outline, imperfect as it is, is presented in the hopethat, while it -will add something perhaps to previous know ledge, it may serve, in some measure, to attract the attention of the citizens of the State to a subject of much importance. While the example of such States as New-York, Massachu setts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and others, in investigating their material and scientific resources, at a great-expense of labour
2

JL4

GEOLOGY.

and money, should impress upon the people of Georgia the high value attached by intelligent minds to such inquiries, the results "which have followed from them of important practical utility, as well as of high national character, should stimulate us not to be behind our sister States in the execution of a work demanded equally by the interests of the community and the claims of an advanced state of civilization.
No state in the Union presents a richer field for the geolo gist than Georgia. With a territory embracing the southern extremity of the great Atlantic chain of mountains : extend ing across them to the N. W". into the valley of the Mississippi ; running to the S. W. into the cretaceous slope of the Gulf of Mexico, and occupying along its eastern boundary a "wide belt ol tertiary, it contains most of the important geological formations.
Commencing at the Atlantic ocean, and spreading out from 100 to 150 miles to the west, an extensive plain of a ter tiary formation, rises from the level of the sea, and gradually swells up to a height of about 500 feet, at a line passing near the heads of navigation of the rivers Savannah, Ogeechee, Oconee, and Ocmulgee, where it meets a primary formation. Between the Ocmulgee and Flint rivers it leaves the primary formation to the right, and rests on the cretaceous, from a point nearly midway between Macon and Knoxville, by a line run ning in a S. W. direction to another point between Petaula creek and Fort Gaines on the Chattahoochee river-
Bounded by the last mentioned line to the S. E., and by the southern edge of the primary, as indicated by the heads of navigation in the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers, the creta ceous formation extends from Alabama into Georgia, forming an acute triangle. The primary, or non-fossiliferous, bounded to the east by the tertiary and cretaceousformations,as described above, crosses the State from N. E. to S. W., with a width of 160 miles at the northern limit, and 100 at the southern. The Blue Ridge range of mountains passes near its western edge, and forms the most elevated land of the State, varying in height from 1200 to 4000 feet. From this crest there is a gra dual descent to the east, by a series of parallel and undulating ridges, until the tertiary plain is reached. On the west the

GEOLOGY.

15

descent is much more precipitous. The western boundary of
the primary is not very accurately established, but it is believed
to lie not far from a line running nearly N. and S. through the
centre of Gilmer county, and continued in the same direction
to near Canton in Cass county, thence to the western base of
the Allatoona mountain on the Etowah river, where it turns to
the S. W., and passing near Van Wert in Paulding county, and
along the northern base of the Dugdown mountain to the Ala
bama line. The N. W. part of the State, bounded to the east and
south by the western limit of the primary, consists of a transi tion or older fossiliferous formation, except the extreme N. W. corner where the carboniferous occurs.
Having thus briefly sketched the great leading features of the geology of the State, the various formations will now be described more in detail.
TERTIARY FORMATION. The sea-coast of Georgia is rich in the more recent formations. In the salt-marshes and swamps, which are spread out between the sea islands and the main land, and along the borders of the rivers and creeks, are extensive bodies of recent alluvium.
Although these deposits come under this general head, they are obviously so different in age as to admit of being subdi vided with advantage. The most recent is that constituting the salt-marsh and the tide-swamp. This is a very modern alluvium, still in the course of formation from the deposits of sedimentary matter brought down by the rivers, or the reflux of the tides. It consists of a tenacious blue clay, mixed with fine silicious sand and vegetable matter : and at the depth of from ten to twelve feet rests on a sandy post-pliocene forma tion. This subdivision of the recent alluvium contains no fos sils, except of such animals as now exist in it. The older subdivision forms the inland swamps above the reach of tides, and occurs not unfrequently in tide swamps, in the form of small knolls, and in the salt marsh sometimes rising above its surface, but generally underlying it at the depth of from three to-four feet. It consists of a very compact clay, destitute of vegetable matter, varying in colour, but most usually blue or

16

GEOLOGY.

yellow. It frequently contains beds of marl and calcareous gravel, and is generally highly impregnated with iron. In some localities it has the appearance of green marl, and con tains grains of sillicate of iron. Like the salt-marsh it rests at no great depth on a sandy post-pliocene formation. This older recent alluvium derives much interest from the circum stance of its presenting in many parts of the salt-marsh and tide-swamps where it occurs, indubitable proof of the subsi dence, at a recent geological period, of the sea-coast from Florida to South Carolina. Stumps of cypress, pine, and other fresh-water trees, in an erect position and "worn away to a horizontal line, are found in it, both in the tide-swamps and salt-marsh, with their tops buried three or four feet below the surface of the land, and at the same depth below the ordinary height of the tides. In the salt-marsh these remains occur several miles from the present forests, and "where the water is now salt at every stage of the tide and at all seasons of the year. The kind of trees, their erect position, the horizontal line of erosion, the accumulation of soil above them, and the flowing of the salt -water, three or four feet above and several miles beyond them, all indicate a sinking of the land posterior to the inland swamp formation.
A still higher interest is connected with this formation from its being the depository of all the fossil bones of the ter restrial mammalia, which have been discovered on the coast of Georgia.
These remains having been very abundant, and embracing several genera and species of great interest, and their position having been ascertained "with much exactness, a somewhat minute account of the circumstances under which they were found may be useful.
The four localities at which they have been discovered are Skidaway Island and Ileiners Bridge, in Chatham county, and the Brunswick canal and Turtle river in Glynn county. The features which characterize these deposits being in all essen tial particulars the same, one description will answer for them all. In every instance the fossil bones have been found im bedded in the inland swamp alluvium, near its bottom, and resting on a yellow or white sand of a post-pliocene formation.

GEOLOGY.

17

Marine shells, all of existing species, are found in groups in the post-pliocene sand, in a nearly horizontal stratum, and extend ing from its junction with the alluvium, to the depth of five feet below it. They are generally immediately below the fossil bones, but always in the sand, and in no instance.found in the clay alluvium. The depth at which the fossil bones have been discovered varies "with the different localities ; being from five feet above high tides, to six or seven feet below. The line of depth appears, however, to follow the present slope of the land, as the highest deposit occurs farthest from the sea, and the lowest nearest to it. The species of shells, and the manner in which, they are grouped together, are exactly such as now occur on the adjacent coast ; and, as several of the shells, such as the Artemis Concentrica and Tellina alternata still retain he epidermis, it is obvious that they grew on, or near the places where they are now found ; and that the physical circumstances necessary to the existence of a large portion of the present mollusca of the coast, have not changed since a period long anterior to the extinction of the
gigantic mammalia. The fossil bones were found, generally in groups, and in seve
ral instances the parts of the same skeleton were lying together. The bones "were generally entire, well preserved, and in no instance abraded or incrusted with marine shells, except -where they had been washed out of the original bed into salt water streams. These circumstances render it highly probable -that these animals either perished on the spots -where their remains are now found, or that their carcasses were quietly and im mediately floated to them, and that sinking to the sandy bot toms of the then shallow bays, lakes or streams, they were gradually enveloped in the sedimentary deposits, -which have produced the older recent alluvium, or inland swamp forma tion. The inferences may also be drawn, that they existed at a period posterior to the elevation from the sea, of. a "well characterized sandy post-pliocene formation, and at the com mencement of the alluvium, Of the age of the inland swamp : and that their destruction must have been owing to gradual changes in physical circumstances, and not to any sudden and violent catastrophe. The occurrence in South America, in

18

GEOLOGY.

latitudes about equally removed from the equator with our

own, of the same fossil animals, disproves the once favourite

theory of their extinction by a reduction of temperature, oc-

;

casioned by a change of the poles of the earth. Bones of the

i

following mammalia have been procured from the deposits

above named, Megatherium Cuvieri, Megalonyx, Mastodon

giganteum, Elephas p^imigenius, a Bos, an Eguus, a Cervus,

and the right ramus of the lower jaw of a new genus, the

Harlanus Americanus of Owen (Sus Americanus of Harlan).

In the post-pliocene sand formation -which underlies the fossil

mammals, most of the species of shells now existing in the

neighbouring sea have been found ; and in the same formation,

but^nearer the surface, ribs and vertebree of a whale, and the

right os-femoris of .an extinct Chelonia (Chelonia Couperii of

;

Harlan).

It is believed, that the Miocene formation has not yet been

discovered cropping out at the surface in Georgia, but as the

writer of this article found two specimens of the Fusus quad-

ricostatus on the beach of Long Island near St. Simons Island,

after the gale of the 12th of October, 1846, there is iio doubt

that it approaches very near to the surface.

No fossils have been found between the post-pliocene de-

\

posits already mentioned, and the Burr-stone formation of the

Eocene ; and this part of the State presents no object of in

terest to the geologist, except the existence of two nearly pa

rallel terraces, terminated to the east by well defined escaip-

ments.

;

From the ocean, the land ascends by a gradual slope, to

the height of from ten to twenty feet, when, at a distance of

;

from twenty to thirty miles, it rises by an abrupt step to the

i

elevation of seventy feet above tide water : at which elevation

:

it runs back about twenty miles, when another and similar

step of about the same height occurs These escarpments

have obviously been sea-cliffs or margins ; and the manner of

their formation has been very satisfactorily explained by Dar

win in his Journal of Researches, &c., where he notices a

series of similar cliffs in Patagonia. He supposes, in the first

place, a period of slow and gradual elevation of the land,

:

converting that portion of the sea lying between the western

GEOLOGY.

19

and eastern cliffs into dry land, having a sloping surface. A period of repose then followed, during which, the ocean cur rents, acting oil the land, wore it away, and produced along the sea-margin an abrupt escarpment. Similar alternations of periods of elevation and .repose, in the same way produced another and lower terrace and escarpment. After the second period of repose, a third upheaval of the land produced a third terrace, which now forms the low main land of the -coast. The other changes which have taken place also admit of a satisfactory explanation. If, during the time when the present sea-coast was slowly rising above the ocean, we suppose that by the joint action of river sediment, sea-currents and waves, a line of reefs was formed at a short distance from the shore, and that they gradually arose-to their present .level, a chain of low, sandy is!ands, separated from the main land by shallow basins of salt water would be formed. The sedimentary mat ter brought down by rivers, would in time be deposited in .the quiet water between the islands and the main, land, and form a body of marsh. Whenever these marshes had become as high as the usual flow of the tides, permanent channels for the discharge of the "water would be formed : and the distance to which the salt water of the ocean "would ascend in them, would be established within fixed limits. Beyond the flow of the sea water, trees arid fresh water plants would then spring up and extend down to the line of brackish water. If, after the trees had been established, the land should sink, the salt water being no longer confined to its usual channels, would flow up to the sandy main land, and destroy the trees wher ever it reached. The dead trees would then decay down as far as they were exposed to the action of the atmosphere. If the subsidence of the land should now cease, or the accumu lation of sedimentary matter be greater than it, the stumps of the former growth of trees would be buried in a new alluvium. This new alluvium would gradually increase, until reaching the height of th_e tides, new channels would again be formed, and the line of salt water be driven back towards the ocean. Whenever this occurred, another growth of trees would spring up, and be gradually extended down the rivers. The present appearances of the alluvial lands of the coast, indicate that

2O

GEOLOGY.

such changes have actually taken place; for whilst the stumps of trees in the salt marsh prove a subsidence of the land, and an encroachment of the salt water to that point, the existence of similar stumps in the tide swamps, at a depth of three or four feet, equally confirms the subsidence of the Sand, and also shows a recession of the salt water since that period.
No division of the Tertiary is so -well developed in Georgia as the Eocene. This formation is bounded on the west by the primary and cretaceous rocks, and it probably continues down to the foot of the first terrace or sea cliff, twenty miles from the ocean; but as no fossils have been found farther east than the Burr and limestone formations, it will be safer in the present state of our knowledge to consider its eastern limit as extending down as far as Effingham county, and passing thence in a Southwest direction through the counties of Bulloch, Eniaiiuel, and Laurens, to the lower edge of PulasM, from which point it assumes a nearly southern course, and passes through the counties of Irwin and Lowndes into Florida.
> The Eocene is divided into three well defined formations, the Burrstone, the orbitulite limestone, and the white lime stone.
The Burrstone, which is the superficial formation * of this group, is characterized by white, yellow and red clays, and ferruginous sand, through which are irregularly interspersed masses of sandstone, burrstone and siliceous rocks, generally found cropping out near the tops of the hills. The fossils found in it are abundant, and usually occur in a silicified state. In many places they exist only in the forms of silicified casts. They differ much at different localities. At Atrapes quarry, near Macon, a large proportion are identical with those de scribed by Conrad and Lea from the sandy strata of Claiborne Bluff; while the Burrstone of the counties of Lee, Baker and Decatur, present a group of a very different character.
The Orbitulite Limestone, "which Mr. Lyell has found to lie between the Burrstone and White limestone, is of a yellow, or -cream colour, and is almost entirely made up of orbitulites of

* At "Kinkefornia creek, near Palmyra, Lee county, a well defined section ocfCUTs, showing- the position of the Burrstone above the limestone.

GEOLOGY.

21

two or three species. Near Bainbridge it is found forming the bed of the river, and consists mainly of an aggregation of small orbitulites of from one-eighth to one-third of an inch diameter, with the occasional occurrence of species of the genera pecten, crystillaria and cidaris.
The White limestone forms the lowest portion of the Eocene formation in Georgia. It varies much in consistency, passing from a friable marl to a compact rock. The echiuoderms and corals abound in it: and it is in this formation that the remains of the Zeuglodon have been found in Twiggs, Crawford, Wash ington and Decatur counties. As it produces a very good lime, it is burnt, -wherever it occurs, for that purpose.
The Cretaceous formation is, with the exception of a small patch at Saundersville, confined to parts of the counties of Randolph, Stewar^ Muscogee, Marion and Macon. Although its existence in these counties is well established by character istic fossils, but little is known of the nature of the rocks in which they are found. A deposit in the Chattahooche in Stewart county, from which the writer of this article, through the liberal exertions of H. T. Hall, Esq. of Columbus, and I. C. Plant, Esq. of Macon, obtained teeth of the Geosaurus, Mosasaurus * of an. extinct crocodile, Lamna plicata, Lamna ac.cuminata, and Galleus pristodatus, is identified with the fer ruginous sand formation of New Jersey, as well by the consti tution of the soil as by its fossil remains.
On the Petalau creek in Randolph county, and at several other points, Ammonites placenta, Exogyra costata, Belennites Americanus, and a large Cucullia have been found.
The Transition, or older fossiliferous rock formation has
been less explored than any other part of the geology of Georgia: and in the present state of our knowledge the limits of the groups composing it, cannot be designated with accu racy. It occupies the whole of the counties of Chattooga, Walker, Murray and Floyd, the greater part of Cass, the northern half of Paulding, and all of Dade, except some small patches of coal in the Lookout and Raccoon mountains. That

* A new species, described by Prof. R. W. Gibbes, as the Mosasaurus Conperi.

22

GEOLOGY.

part of it which extends frorn the western base of the primary rocks to the Chattoogatta range of mountains, and which forms the valley of the Oostanaula river, belongs probably to the older series of the New-York formations, as those portions "which have been examined contain Potsdam sandstones, calciferpus sandrock and limestones of the Trenton, group. "Very few fossils have been, found in it. At the Chattoogatta range a marked change occurs in the formations, which from that line to the Lookout mountain belong principally to the Helderberg series of the New-York system, but embrace also the Portage and Chemung groups : and therefore correspond with the middle and upper groups of that system, and with the Wenlock and Devonian rocks of the English Silurian formation. At the Red Sulphur Springs in Walker county a bed of anlydreus limestone occurs, corresponding in. character to the up per bed of the Onondaga Salt group of New-York. Within a few miles of this locality there is a stratum of pentamerus limestone, well characterized by its lithological constitution and abundant remains of pentamerus galeatus. At Gordons Mineral Springs, at the foot of Taylors i-jdge, a stratum of dark shale is found at the bottom of the valley containing Gorginea. Above the shale are successively placed Oriskany sandstone with Atrypa elongata, <&c. a grayish blue, sub-crystalline limestone of the Onondaga limestone group, abounding in cyathophylla, stylina and encrinital stems, and corniferous lime stone containing cyathophylla mingled with chert and cherty nodules with crystals of quartz. Above the last lie sandstones of the Portage and phemung groups.
Between Taylors ridge and Pigeon mountain the Onon daga gray limestone prevails, and is found at the tops of the northern spurs of the latter. A marked change however oc curs in the crinoidea imbedded in it, and pentremites of the species, florealis, globosa and pyriformis take the place of the usual large, smooth encrinital stems. Cyathophylla and favosites labyrinthica also occur. Proceeding to the west, on reaching west Chickaumagua creek the Delthyris shaly lime stone, containing abundant impressions of strophemene appears, and continues to the base of the Lookout mountain. In all

GEOLOGY.

23

the hills the comiferous limestone is succeeded by sandstone which continues to their summits.
The dip of the rocks from the Alatoona mountain, which is the \vestern limit of the primary formation at that point, to the base of the Lookout mountain, is either nearly vertical or south of east- The strat.a of the Lookout mountain, on the contrary, all dip to the west. This circumstance indicates here, as it does father north in the same range of mountains, a violent contortion and folding over of the strata, presenting the ap pearance of a succession of "waves with their sloping sides to the east, and their crests curling over to the west. If it be imagined that the strata constituting the existing kinds of rocks were originally deposited in a nearly horizontal position ; that
afterwards by the settling of the whole, from the contraction of the superficial crust of the earth, they were thrown into wave-like ridges, hanging over to the west; and that then, by the denuding action of violent currents of water sweeping down the narrow valleys, and acting with most force on their eastern edges, the superior strata were removed to the present depth, we shall have a correct idea of the character of the pakeozoic formation, of the State, and a satisfactory solution of the uniform dip of the strata, either in an eastern or nearly vertical direction, be obtained. The denudation has been greatest in the Oostanaula valley, and less in the small valleys between Chattoogatta, Taylor, Pigeon, Missionary and Look out mountains. The abundance of the remains of crinoidea, cyathophylla, favosites and catinapora, proves the existence of extensive coral reefs along the northwest portions of the State at a period anterior to that, of the Devonian and Carboniferous formations.
Th Appalachian coal Jleld merely touches the extreme IV. W. corner of the State ; and the only deposits of bituminous coal hitherto found in Georgia are on the summit of Lookout mountain, and in the Raccoon mountain, which lies imme diately to the west of it. Anthracite coal has not yet been found, although the formations in which it exists occur.
The primary rock formation, embracing the sedimentary non-fossiliferous strata, is, in a geographical, agricultural, and manufacturing point of view, by far the most important in the

24

GEOLOGY.

State. It is no less so for its varied and abundant mineral
wealth. Occupying the extensive belt that lies between the western base of the Blue Ridge and the "western edge of the tertiary and cretaceous formations, it embraces that portion of the State which unites in the greatest degree a salubrious cli mate with a fertile soil. Descending from the elevated table land of the Chattahoochee, by a succession of undulating and parallel ranges of hills to its junction at the heads of naviga tion, with the lower formations, it presents a series of valleys of an originally rich soil, and abundantly supplied "with streams of pure water. Interesting as this formation is to the mineralo gist, and in reference to its influence on national wealth, to the geologist it presents, from its very uniform and simple con stitution, but a limited field for remark. The rocks which compose it are, -with but few exceptions, of a stratified or gneissoid kind. The western portion consists principally of rocks of a schistose character, as talcose slate, chloritic slate, and hornblende schist; whilst the gneissoid rocks prevail to wards the east, in the form of micaceous, felspathic and sienitic gneiss. The exceptions to the stratified character are but few. The most remarkable of them is the Stone mountain in De ICalb county, which is composed of a compact light-coloured granite, of uniform composition, and which presents to the eye one enormous rock, of a dome-like form, towering above the surrounding plain like a huge boulder. Several quarries of a crystalline primitive marble, are found in this formation. In Cherokee county, statuary marble is met with; and in Hall and Habersham counties, darker marbles of excellent quality occur.
A narrow, but extensive belt of elastic sandstone (Itacolumit)* runs from Hog mountain, in Hall county, to the N. E. corner of the State, in Habersham county. At Col. Youngs, nine miles from Gainesville, it appears at the summit of the mountain ridge, and presents an outcrop of several hundred feet. As this rock is regarded as the matrix of the diamond, it may be expected, from its great extent, that the dozen that

* The public is indebted to Dr. W. C. Daniell for an accurate survey and map, made under his direction, by F. Schreiber, of this formation.

GEOLOGY.

25

have already been found will be the precursors of a rich har vest of this most precious gem.
The go]d region of Georgia, from its richness and extent, is the most remarkable feature of the primary rock formation.
Its western boundary is the western base of the Blue Ridge. The richest deposits are found occupying a belt along the east ern slope of that range of mountains, varying in "width from
fifteen to twenty miles ; but gold has been discovered at various points one hundred miles to the east of it, as far as Columbia county, and thence in a line, nearly parallel to the principal belt, to Alabama. The gold is found in both vein and deposit mines. In the former it generally occurs in quartose veins, running through rocks of gneiss, mica schist, talcose schist, and chlorite schist. The quartz forming the veins is usually of a cellular structure, generally discoloured by iron, and with the cavities more or less filled with a fine yellow ochre. The gold, which varies much in the size of its particles, is found either in small scales (its most usual form) in the cavities or the fissures of the quartz, or in the yellow ochre, or in combination -with the sulphurets of iron, of copper, and of lead, or united with silver. It sometimes, but rarely, exists in the adjoining schistose rocks.
The deposit mines are of alluvial formation, obviously pro duced by the washing down of the detritus of the auriferous veins into the adjoining valleys. The schistose rocks, which are of a more perishable character, having crumbled away, and left the quartz veins exposed, the latter have fallen down from a want, of support, and have been swept by torrents into the valleys below. The quartz pebbles, and the harder por tions of the including rocks, and the gold, being heavy, would be deposited at the bottom of the streams, and would occur in the greatest quantity when there were the greatest inequa lities. The lighter materials would at first be swept down to a lower point, or be deposited along the borders of the streams; but, with a change of the beds of the streams, or a diminution of their velocity, these materials would gradually accumulate over the original beds of pebbles and gold, and the valleys would ultimately present the appearance which they now do, of a stratum of several feet of alluvial loam covering another

2Q

GEOLOGY.

of water-worn pebbles of quartz and schist, containing particles of gold, the whole resting on an original bed of schistose rocks, similar in constitution and dip to those of the surrounding hills. The quartz pebbles are usually flattened on the sides, indicat ing their compression inthe veins, and are more or less waterworn, as they have fora longer or shorter period been exposed to the action of the currents of "water.
Iron is found in abundance, and of great purity, in this for mation, and K.aolin of a very fine quality.
Before closing this imperfect sketch, it will not be inappro priate to notice the agricultural and industrial effects produced by the geological character of the different formations.
The tertiary formations, wherever they are of a siliceous constitution, show the usual sterility of that kind of soil. Of this character is the extensive plain between the head of tide water and the calcareous formation of the Eocene a region which very scantily repays the agriculturist for his labour, and seems by nature destined to be appropriated to grazing pur poses. The river bottoms of this district present a remark able contrast to the sandy plain. These owe their fertility to the rich washings from the calcareous and primary rocks, brought down by the stream, and are found to be highly remu nerative whenever inundations can be prevented.
Near the ocean, where the rise and fall of the tides admit of their being drained and flowed, they form the soils on which rice is cultivated. The yield of this grain, on such lands, pro bably exceeds that of any other cereal that is grown.
The beneficial effect of lime is strikingly illustrated in the tertiary plain, in the admirable adaptation of the soil to the production of cotton, wherever this mineral occurs. On reach ing the line of the calcareous rocks of the Eocene formation in the counties of Burke, Laurehs, &c., a marked change in the fertility of the soil is perceived, and rt is to the existence of this rock in great abundance, in the south-western counties, that they are found so productive in cotton.
In the primary rock formation, the accumulation of the washings of the disintegrated feldspathic and schistose rocks along the lower hills, and in the valleys, has produced a soil

INDIANS.

27

originally, of a productive character, and one well adapted to
both grain and cotton. On approaching the higher hills, these deposits become
thinner, and the soil consequently less productive ; but fortu nately, the inferior fertility is compensated for by an abundant water-power, rich minerals, and a salubrious climate, all of which mark out this part of the State as the future seat of ex
tensive manufactures.
Leaving the primary rocks at the -western base of the Blue Ridge, a new formationoccurs, in which limestone, and clay schists prevail. Here again the fertilizing influence of lime becomes conspicuous; and it is to the presence of this rock, that the richness of the valleys of the Cherokee counties is to be ascribed. Their peculiar adaptation to the growth of small grain and glasses, if experience had not already proved the former, might have been predicated in the constitution of the soil, and a knowledge that their rock formations are similar to those of the wheat-growing counties of the Genesee of New-York, the middle" counties of Pennsylvania, and the Shenandbah valley of Virginia. The discovery of a tied of anhy drous limestone, belonging to the upper Onondaga Salt group, at the Red Sulphur Springs, in Walker county, authorizes the hope, that at no distant day, plaster of Paris may be added to
the agricultural resources of Georgia.

INDIANS.
AT the death of Col. Benjamin Hawkiris, who was for many years the agent for the United States Government in its trans actions with the Creek Indians, there were found among his manuscripts, some valuable accounts of their manners, cus toms, and civil polity.
The compiler of this work has in his possession a sketch of the Creek country, prepared by Col. Hawking, from which the following extracts are made :
The origin of the name Creek is uncertain. The tradition is, that it was given by white people, from the number of

28

INDIANS.

creeks and water courses in the country. The Indian name is Muscogee.*
The Creeks came from the "west. They have a tradition among them, that there is, in the fork of Red river, west of the Mississippi, two mounds of earth; that at this place, the Cussetuhs, Conetuhs and Chickasaws, found themselves; that being distressed by "wars with red people, they crossed the Mississippi, and directing their couse eastwardly, they crossed the falls of Tal-la-poo-sa, above Took-au-bat-che, settled below the falls of Chat-to-ho-che, and spread out from thence to Ocmul-gee ( O-co-nee, Savannah, and down on the sea-coast to wards Charleston. Here, they first saw white people, and from hence they have been compelled to retire back again, to their present settlements.
CHA-TO-HO-CHE. The name of this river is from Chat-to, a stone ; and hoche, marked orjlowered ; there being rocks of that description in the river, above Ho-ith-le-ti-gau, at the old town Chatto-ho-che.
WAR. This is always determined on by the great Warrior. When the Mic-co and counsellors are of opinion that the town has been injured, he lifts the war hatchet against the nation which has injured them. But as soon as it is taken up, the Mic-co and counsellors may interpose, and by their prudent counsels, stop it, and proceed to adjust the misunderstanding by negotiation. If the Great Warrior persists and goes out, he is followed by all who are for war. It is seldom a town is unanimous, the nation never is; and within the menaory of the oldest man among them, it is not recollected, that more than one half the nation have been for war at the same time ; or taken, as they express it, the war talk;
The Great Warrior, when he marches, gives notice where he shall encamp, and sets out sometimes with one or two only. He fires off his gun and sets up the war-whoop. This is repeated by all who follow him, and they are sometimes for
one or two nights marching off.

* G, g is always hard in Creek : J, j is used for the soft g. Mus-eo-gee, a creek; Muscogulgee, creeks : Che-lo-kee, a Cherokee ; Cheloculgee, the Cherokees.

29
PEACE. This is always determined on and concluded, by the- JMic-co and counsellors; and peace talks are always addressed to the cabin of the JVTic-co. In some cases, where the resentment of the warriors has run high, the Mic-co and council have been much embarrassed.
MARRIAGE. A man who wants a wife never applies in per son ; he sends his sister, his mother, or some other female relation, to the female relations of the woman he names. They consult the brothers and uncles on the maternal side, and sometimes the father ; but this is a complimentonly, as his approbation or opposition is of no avail. If the parties applied to approve of the match, they answer accordingly to the woman who made the application. The bridegroom then getsHogether a blanket, and such other articles of clothing as he is able to do, and sends them by the women to the females of the family of the bride. If they accept of (hem the match is made ; and the man may then go to her house as soon as he chooses. And when he has built a house, made his crop and gathered it in, then made his hunt and brought home the meat, and put all this in the possession of his wife, the ceremony ends, and they are married ; or as they express it, the woman is bound. From the first going to the house of the woman till the ceremony ends, he is completely in possession of her.
This law has been understood differently, by some hasty cuckolds, who insist, that when they have assisted the woman to plant her crop, the ceremony ends, and the woman is bound. A man never marries in his own tribe.
DivoRCE.-v-This is at the choice of either of the parties; the man may marry again as soon as he will; but she is bound til] all the Boos-ke-tau of that year are over, excepting in the cases of marriage and parting in the season when there is no planting) or more properly speaking, during the season the man resides at the house of the -woman and has possession of her, during the continuation of the marriage ceremony; in that case the woman is equally free to connect herself as soon as she pleases.
There is an inconsistency in the exception above ; since in fact, in such season, there can be no marriage; but the chiefs, in their report on this article, maintained it as an exception, and
3

30

INDIAN S.

this practice in these cases of half marriage prevails universally. As soon as a man goes to the house of his bride, he is in com plete possession of her, till the ceremony ends; and during this period the exception will apply.
Marriage gives no right to the husband over the property of his \vife ; and when they part, she keeps the children and property belonging to them.
ADULTERY. This is punished by the family or tribe of the husband. They collect, consult, and decree. If the proof is clear, and they determine to punish the offenders, they divide and proceed to apprehend them. One half goes to the house of the -woman, the remainder to the family house of the adulterer; or they go together, as they have decreed. They apprehend the offenders, beat them severely with sticks, and then crop them. They cut off the hair of the woman, which they carry to the square in triumph. If they apprehend but one of the offenders and the other escapes, they then go and take satisfaction from the nearest relation. If both the offen ders escape, and the tribe or family return home and lay down the sticks, the crime is satisfied. There is one family only, the " Wind/ (Ho-tul-ui-gee,) that can take up the sticks a second time. This crime is satisfied in another way, if the parties offending absent themselves till the Boos-ke-tau is over. Then all crimes are done away except murder. And the bare mention of them, or any occurrence "which brings them in recollection, is forbidden.
jMuKDEii. If murder is committed, the family and tribe alone have the right of taking satisfaction. They collect, consult and decide. The rules of the town, or the nation, have nothing to do or to say in the business. The relations of the murdered person consult first among themselves, and if the case is clear, and their family or tribe are not likely to suffer by their deci sion, they determine on the case definitively. When the tribe may be affected by it, in a doubtful case, or an old claim for satisfaction, the family then consult with their tribe ; and when they have deliberated and resolved on satisfaction, they take the guilty one, if to be come at. If he flies, they take the nearest of kin, or one of the family. In some cases, the family which has done the injury promise reparation ; and in

INDIANS.

31

that case are allowed a reasonable time to fulfil their promise ; and they are generally earnest of themselves, in their endea vours to put the guilty to death to save an innocent person.
This right of judging, and taking satisfaction., being vested in the family or tribe, is the sole cause why their treaty stipu lations on this head never have been executed. In like man ner, a prisoner taken in war is the property of the captor and his family, it being optional with his captor to kill or save him at the time. And this right must be purchased ; and it is now the practice, introduced within a few years, for the nation to pay. The practice has been introduced by the agent for Indian affairs, and he pays on the orders of the chiefs, out of the stipend allowed by the United States to the Creeks. Claims of this sort of seventeen years standing, where the pris oner has ueen delivered to the order of the chiefs, have been revived, allowed, and paid.
BOOS-KE-TAU. This annual festival is celebrated in the month of July or August. The precise time is fixed by the JYIic-co and counsellors, and is sooner or later, as the state of the affairs of the town or the earliiiess or lateness ot their corn will suit for it. In Cussetuh this ceremony lasts for eight days. In some towns of less note it is but four days.
First Do.y.--In the morning, the warriors clean the yard; of the square, and sprinlcle white sand, when the a-cee (decoc tion of the cassine yupon) is made. The fire-maker makes, the fire as early in the morning as he can, by friction. The -warriors cut and bring into the square, four logs, as long each, as a man can cover by extending his two arms; these are placed in the centre of the square, end to end, forming across,. the outer ends pointed to the cardinal points ; in the centre of the cross the new fird is made. During the first four days they burn out these four logs.
The pin-e-bun-gau (turkey dance) is danced by the -wo men of the turkey tribe ; and while they are dancing the possau is brewed. This is a. powerful emetic. The possau is drank from twelve oclock to the middle of the afternoon. After this, the Toc-co-yule-gan (tadpole) is danced by four men and four women. In the evening, the men dance B-nchou-bun-gau, the dance of the people second in command.. This they dance till daylight.

32

INDIANS.

Second Day.--This day, about ten oclock, the "women dance Its-ho-bun-gau (gun-dance). After twelve, the men go to the new fire, take some of the ashes, Tub them on the chin, neck and belly, and jump head foremost into the river, and then return into the square. The women having prepared the new corn for the feast, the men take some of it and rub it between their hands, then on their faces and breasts, and then they feast.
Third Day.--The men sit in the square. Fourth Day. The women go early in the morning and get the new fire, clean out their hearths, sprinkle them with sand, and make their fires. The men finish burning out the first four logs, and they take ashes> rub them on their chin, neck, and belly, and they go into the water. This day they eat salt, and they dance Obungauchapco (the long dance).. Fifth Day.--They get four new logs, and place them as on the first day, and they drink a-cee, a strong decoction of the cassine yupon. Sixth Day,--They remain in the square. Seventh Day.--Is spent in like manner as the sixth. Eighth Day.----They get two large pots, and their physic plants. 1. Mic-co-ho-yon-e-juh. 2. Toloh. 3. A-che-nau. 4. Cup-pau-pos-cau. 5. Chu-lis-sau, the roots. 6. Tuck-thlaulus-te. 7. Tote-cul-hil-!is-so-wau. 8. Chofeinsuck-cau-fuckau. 9. Cho-fe-mus-see. 10. Hil-lis-hut-ke. 11. To-te-cuhchooc-his-see. 12. Welau-nuh. 13. Oak-chon-utch-co. 14. Co-hal-le-wau-gee. These are all put into the pots and beat up with water. The chemists, (E-lic-chul-gee, called by the traders physic-makers,) they blow in it through a small reed, and then it is drank by the men, and rubbed over their joints till the afternoon. They collect old corn-cobs and pine burs, put them into a pot, and burn them to ashes. Four virgins who have never had their menses, bring ashes from their houses, put them in a pot, and stir all together. The men take white clay and mix it with "water in two pans. One pan of the clay and one of the ashes are carried to the cabin of the Mic-co, and the other two to that of the warriors. They then rub themselves with the clay and ashes. Two men, appointed to that office, bring

INDIANS.

33

some flowers of tobacco of a small kind (Itch-au-chu-le-pucpug-gee), or, as the name imports, the old mans tobacco, which was prepared on the first day, and put it in a pan in the cabin of the Mic-co, and they give a little of it to every one present-
The Mic-co and counsellors then go four times round the fire, and every time they face the east, they throw some of the flowers into the fire. They then go and stand to the west. The warriors then repeat the same ceremony.
A cane is stuck up at the cabin of the Mic-co with two white feathers in the end of it. One of the Fish tribe (Thlotlo-ul-gee) takes it just as the sun goes down, and goes off towards the river, all following him. \Vhen he gets half way to the river, he gives the death whoop; this whoop he repeats four times, between the square and the waters edge. Here they all place themselves as thick as they can stand, near the edge of the water. He sticks up the cane at the waters edge, and they all put a grain of the old mans tobacco on their heads, and in each ear. Then, at a signal given four different times, they throw some into the river, and every man at a like signal, plunges into the river, and picks up four stones from the bottom. With these, they cross themselves on their breasts four times, each time throwing a stone into the river, and giving the death whoop ; they then wash them selves, take up the cane and feathers, return and stick it up in the square, and visit through the town. At night they dance O-bun-gau Haujo (mad dance), and this finishes the cere mony.
This happy institution of the Boos-ke-tau, restores a man to himself, to his family, and to his nation. It is a general amnesty, which not only absolves the Indians from all crimes, murder only excepted, but seems to bury guilt itself in obli vion.
THE CEREMONY OF INITIATING YOUTH INTO MANHOOD. At the age of from fifteen to seventeen, this ceremony is usually performed. It is called Boos-ke-tau, in like manner as the annual Boos-ke-tau of the nation. A youth of the proper age ggathers two handsfull of the Sou-watch-cau, a very bitter root, which he eats a whole day ; then he steeps the leaves in

34

INDIANS.

water and drinks it. In the dusk of the evening, he eats two or three spoonfuls of boiled grits. This is repeated for four days, and during this time he remains in a house. The Souwatch-cau has the effect of intoxicating and madden ins:. The fourth day he goes out, but must put on a pair of ne~w moccasons (Stil-la-pica). For twelve moons he abstains from eating bucks, except old ones, and from turkey cocks, fowls, peas, and salt. During this period he must not pick his ears, or scratch his head with his fingers, but use a-small stick. For four moons he must have a fire to himself to cook his food, and a little girl, a virgin, may <?ook for him; his food is boiled grits. The fifth moon, any person may cook for him, but he must serve himself first, and use one spoon and pan. Every new moon he drinks for four days the possau (button snakeroot), an emetic, and abstains for these days from all food, ex cept in the evening a little boiled grits (humpetuh hutke). The twelfth moon, he performs for four days what he com menced with on the first. The fifth day, he comes out of his house, gathers corn-cobs, burns them to ashes, and with these rubs his body all over. At the end of this moon, he sweats under blankets, then goes into water, and this ends the cere mony. This ceremony is sometimes extended to four, six, or eight moons, or even to twelve, days only, but the course is the same.
During the whole of this ceremony, the physic is adminis tered by the Is-te-puc-cau-chau thluc-co (great leader), who, in speaking of a youth under initiation, says, " I am physicking him (Boo-se-ji-jite saut li-to-mise-chah), or " I am teaching him all that is proper for him to know (nauk o-mul-gau enruc-e-thli-jite saut litomise chah). The youth, during this ini tiation, does not touch any one except young persons, who are under a like course with himself; and if he dreams, he drinks "the possau.
W^AR PHYSIC, HO-ITH-LE HIL-I..IS-SO-WAIJ. \VIieii young men are going to "war, they go into a hot-house of the town snade for the purpose, and remain there for four days. They drink the Mic-co-ho-yon-e-jau and the possau, and they eat the Sou-watch-cau. The fourth day they come out, have their bundle ready, and march. This bundle or

SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.

35

knapsack, is an old blanket, some parched corn flour, and leather to patch their moccasons. They have in their shotbags a charm, a protection against all iils, called the war physic, composed of chit-to gab-by and Is-te-pau-pau, the bones of the snake and lion.
The tradition of this physic is, that in old times, the lion (Is-te-pau-pau) devoured their people. They dug a pit and caught him in it, just after he had killed one of their people. They covered him with lightwood knots, burnt him, and re served his bones.
The snake was in the "water, the-old people sung and he showed himself. They sung again, and he showed himself a little out of the - ater. The third time he showed his horns, and they cut one ; again he showed himself a fourth time, and they cut off the other horn- A piece of these horns and of the bones of the lion, is the great war physic.

SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.
Georgia is situated between 30 21" 39 and 35 North Latitude, and 81 and 84 Q 53" 3S y West Longitude from Green wich, and 3 46"and 7 39" 26 West Longitude from Wash ington city.
The original boundaries of the State embraced an extent of territory thus described in the charter of the colony of Georgia; "Situate, lying, and being in that part of South Carolina, in America, which lies from the most northern part of a stream, or river, there commonly called the Savannah, all along the sea-coast to the southward, to the southern stream of a certain other great water, or river, called the Alatamaha, and westwardly from the heads of the said rivers respectively, in direct lines to the South Seas; and all that share, circuit, and precinct of lands within the said boundaries, with the Isl ands on the sea lying opposite to the eastern coast of the said lands within 30 degrees of .the same," These limits have un dergone many changes from cessions, made by Georgia to the United States, and by treaties made with the Indians. At pre-

36

SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.

sent the boundaries of the State stand thus: From South Carolina it is divided by a line extending from the sea or the mouth of the river Savannah, along the northern branch or stream thereof, to the fork or confluence of the rivers now called Tugalo and Keowee, and from thence along the most northern branch or stream of the river Tugalo, until it inter sects the northern boundary of South Carolina. From North Carolina and Tennessee it is separated by a line commencing on a summit of the Blue Ridge, where the same is crossed by the 35th degree North Latitude, and terminating at Niekajack. From Alabama by the Chattahoochee, and a line run and mark ed from Niekajack to Millers Bend on the Chattahoochee. The boundaries between Florida and Georgia are not yet definitely settled. In 1827 a disagreement took place between the Uni ted States and the Commissioners of Georgia as to the extreme points in the boundary line between this State and Florida, on account of which further progress in the survey was suspend ed. Under the treaty with Spain, in 1795, the geographical points were assumed as having been determined by Mr. Ellicot; and when, during the year 1827, it was determined to ex amine it again, the question recurred as to the correct points of beginning and termination. Gov. Randolph inclined to place them at Ellicots Mounds, and Mr. Spalding at other portions which he considered more truly the head of St. Marys river in the one case, and the mouth of the Flint in the other. Things remained so until the session of the Legislature in 1827, when a resolution was passed proposing to the General Government to determine the boundaries by the mutual char ters of Georgia and Florida, instead of the treaty of San Lorenzo el Real.

Length from North to South,

372 miles.

Breadth from East to West,

256 "

Square miles,

63.397J

Square acres, 40,574,400

SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS,

37

SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.
Georgia has a great variety of soil, embracing the most fertile and the most barren. In the south are the Sea Islands, of a light sandy soil, famous for producing the finer descriptions of Sea Island cotton.
Here, too, are the celebrated tide swamp lands, producing immense quantities of rice. The tide swamp lands on the rivers are all of the same appearance, but the soil varies in quality, according to the size and extent of the rivers upon which they are situated. On the Savannah -river, the bodies of tide swamp land are extensive, and are cultivated upwards of twenty miles from the brackish marsh up the river, and are considered the most valuables lands in the State. Next to these are the lands on the Alatamaha river. The extent of these lands in width is equal to those of the Savannah river; but from the marshes upward, their extent does not exceed six teen miles, where the freshets forbid their being of any value, except for timber. The soil has more of decayed vegetable mould than the land of the Savannah river, and is more easily cultivated. The products are large, crops of rice, and blackseed cotton. Indian corn grows well, and the sugar cane suc ceeds finely. The tide lands of the Ogeechee are next in order, and extend from the marshes about ten miles. The soil is adapted to rice, but for cotton it does not appear to answer so well. The tide swamp lands of the Great St. Ilia river, have a high reputation. They are not as broad as those above mentioned, but they are good, from the marshes twenty miles distance up the river, and are not liable to freshets. On these lands, fine crops of rice and cotton are made. The inland swamp lands produce abundantly, but unless there be, contigu ous a reservoir of water, the produce is uncertain. The oak lands adjoining the inland swamps produce the black-seed cot ton, but are said to be inferior in quality. About sixty or seventy miles from the coast the pine lands are approached. A great portion of these are low and unproductive, valuable chief ly for timber, large quantities of which are annually prepared for market. Many of these lands, considered as valueless, have

38

RIVERS.

been found to yield cotton and corn abundantly. Many of the owners of these lands, are now directing their attention to the manufacture of tar, pitch and turpentine, and no doubt will, in the course of a few years, be amply rewarded for their labour. The middle region of the State contains the oak and hickory lands, the soil being of a red, rich, loamy character, producing cotton, tobacco, and all the grains. Against the system of cultivation which has long been pursued in this part of the State, we have often taken occasion in this volume to pro test. Formerly these lands were very productive, but have sustained serious injury from an improvident mode of culture ; but we are happy to state, that great changes are daily taking place; and we hope that this beautiful region will soon be re stored in a very great degree to its original fertility. In the southwestern portions of the State, there are large bodies of very superior land. In the counties of Randolph, Stewart, Baiter, Decatur, Early, and in other sections between the Chattahopchee and Flint rivers, lands are to be found of inex haustible fertility, producing every thing which the comfort or necessity of man requires. That portion of the State known as Cherokee Georgia, embracing the counties of Union, Lumpkin, Murray, Cass, ^Valker, Dade, Floyd, Chattooga, Paulding, Cobb, and Cherokee, contains much fertile land. The valleys of Chattooga, Cass, Floyd and Murray, are exceedingly rich, pro ducing wheat, corn, Irish potatoes, beans, onions, &c. Cotton does not succeed so well as in the middle regions. In the -^CTirrtpjrijordering on the Savannah river, as far up as Elbert, and extending across to Broad river, the land, though long cul tivated, is still productive, and we know of bodies of land in this section of the State, particularly in Oglethorpe county, which have been cultivated for more than half a century, and which still produce 7OO and 800 pounds of cotton to the acre.

RIVERS.
Allapahaw river has its source in Dooly county, flows south east, then south, and discharges its waters into the Suwanee. It is a hundred miles in length.

RIVERS.

39

Alatamaha river is the largest river in the State. It is formed by the junction of the Ocmulgee and Oconee about seventy miles from its mouth. In its course it receives the Ohoopees runs southeast, and empties itself by two mouths into the ocean between St. Simons Island^ and Sapelo, The north branch passes by Darien, and discharges itself through Doboy Sound; the southern branch passes between Egg Island and Little St. Simons, From Darien it is navigable two hundred miles to the forks of the Ocmulgee and the Oconee, and up the Ocmulgee the west branch three hundred miles to Macon, and up the Oconee two hundred miles to Milledgeville. From Da rien it is navigable for vessels drawing eleven feet, at common high water in ordinary tides, to Doboy Island. At the latter place ships may come drawing fourteen feet, at common high
water. Alcovee or Ulcofauhachee river rises in Gwinnett, and
empties into the Ocmulgee in-Jasper county. Appallachee river rises in Gwinnett, runs southeast, and
empties into the Oconee six miles west of Greensborough. It is eighty miles in length.
Briar creek, although not dignified with the name of a river, is an important stream. It rises in Warren county, flows southeast, and discharges itself into the Savannah river in Scriven county. It is.a hundred miles in length, and is memora ble for a great battle fought at its mouth in the War of the Rev olution, in which Gen. Ash, commanding the Americans, was defeated with great loss.
Broad river rises in Habersham county, runs southeast, and empties into the Savannah river at Petersburgh, in Elbert county. The lands on this river have long been celebrated for their fertility.
Cannouchee river has its origin in Emanuel, flows southeast, and discharges itself into Ogeechee river, in Bryan county. Its length is one hundred and forty miles and navigable fifty miles.
Chattooga river, one of the head branches of the Savannah, rises in the Blue Ridge in South Carolina.
Chattooga river rises in Walker county, runs southwest, and empties into the Coosa river.
Chattahoochee river is one of the largest rivers in the State.

40

RIVERS.

Its head springs are within a few hundred yards of those of the Hiwassee. Its course is southwest, but at JVIillers Bend it sud denly turns to the south, and pursuing a course of about three hundred and sixty miles, it unites with the Flint river in Decatur county, and then taking the name of Appalachicola dis charges itself into Appalachicola bay. This river is the boundary between Georgia and Alabama for the distance of about thirty-two miles above Columbus, and for a hundred and twenty miles to the bounds, of Florida. It is navigable for steamboats to Columbus. Large quantities of gold have been, and still continue to be found in the upper part of this river.
Chestatee river rises in Union, and empties into the Chattahoochee eleven miles below Gainesville in Hall county. In this river a considerable amount of gold has been found.
Chickamauga river (west) rises in the Pigeon mountain, flows north, and empties into the Tennessee river.
Chickamauga river (east) rises in the eastern part of Walk er county, flows north, and unites with the west Chicka mauga.
Connesauga river rises in the mountains of Gilmer, crosses the boundary between Tennessee and Georgia several times, and then turns south, flows through Murray county, and unites with the Coosawattee to form the Oostenaula at New Echota in Cass county.
Coosewattee river rises in Gilmer, runs southwest, and unites with the Conesauga at New Echota.
Cotton river rises in Henry county, and flows into the South River.
Crooked river rises in Camden county, and flows east. Ellijay river has its origin in Gilmer, and discharges itself into the Coosewattee at Ellijay. Etowah river rises in Lumpkin county, pursues a south course until it reaches a point near Auraria, when it takes a southwest direction and unites at Rome with the Oostenaula to form the Coosa. The Etowah is celebrated for the fine land on its banks, as well as for the facilities which it affords for manufacturing purposes. Flint river rises in De Kalb, flows south and then south-

41
east, and unites with the Chattahoochee m Decatur county. Its -whole length is 300 miles.
Hiwassee river rises in the Blue Ridge, about the northern corner of Habersham, flows north, and empties into the Ten nessee river.
Hudsons river rises in Habersham, runs southeast, and discharges itself into Broad river.
Little river rises in Greene and Oglethorpe, flows east, and empties into the Savannah river.
Little river rises in Cherokee county, and flows into the Etowah.
Little river rises in Walton, flows south and then east, and disharges its waters into the Oconee, eight miles above Milledgeville. It is sixty miles long, and remarkable for its rapid current.
Little river rises in Irwin, flows south, and empties into the Withlacoochee at Troupville, in Lowndes county.
Mickasuckee river rises in Thomas, flows southeast, and empties into Mickasuckee lake.
Medway river rises in Bryan and Liberty, and discharges itself into St. Catherines Sound.
Newport river (north) rises in Liberty county, and is na vigable to Riceborough. It is about twenty-five miles in length.
Newport river (south) rises in Bull Town Swamp, and empties into Sapelo Sound.
North Fork river, as it is often called, the main branch of the Oconee, rises in Hall county, and unites with the Middle Fork below Athens.
Notley river rises in Union, flows north, and empties into the Tennessee.
Och-loch-oniie river rises in Irwin, flows through Thomas, and falls into the Appalachee bay in Florida.
Ocilla river has its source in Thomas, and runs into Florida. Ocmulgee river rises in De K.alb and Gwinnett, flows south, and unites with the Oconee. Ocmulgee (little) river rises in Twiggs, and falls into the Ocmulgee, at Lumber city, in Telfair county.

42
Oconee river rises in Habersham county. The general course of this river is south-southeast. A boat sixty feet long once ascended to Barnetts shoals, near Watkinsville ; but be yond Milledgeville no produce has been carried.
Ogeechee river rises in Greene and flows into Ossabaw Sound. It is more than two hundred miles long, and boats of thirty tons burden have reached Louisville. Sloops ascend thirty or forty miles.
Ogeechee (little) river rises in Scriven, and falls into the Big Ogeechee, at the southwest corner of Scriven.
Ogeechee (little) river rises in Hancock and flows into the Big Ogeechee in Washington county.
Ohoopee river rises in Washington, and empties into the Alatamaha river, in Tattnall county length, 110 miles.
Ohoopee river (little) flows into the Big Ohoopee in Emanuel county.
Oostenaula river is formed by the junction of the Conesaug-a and Coosewattee, in Cass county, and unites with the Etowah at Rome.
Sapelo river rises in Mclntosh. St. Ilia river rises in Appling, flows east, thence north, thence east, and empties into St. Andrews Sound whole length, 153 miles, and is navigable for sloops to Burnt Fort. St. Marys river has three head springs ; one issues from Lake Spalding, one from Lake Randolph, and the other from Oke-fmo-kau swamp. This river is very crooked, navigable for sloops thirty miles, and for boats sixty miles. It discharges its waters into Cumberland Sound. Savannah river divides Georgia from Alabama. It has two head streams the Chattooga, from the northeast, and Terrora, or Tallulah, from the northwest, which unite and form the Tugalo. This is then joined by the Kiowee, from South Caro lina, and here take$ the name of Savannah river. It has a ship navigation to the city of Savannah, and a steamboat naviga tion to Augusta. It is navigable for boats some distance above Augusta. South river has its origin in De Kalb county, and falls into the Yellow river in Butts county.

POPULATION.

43

Suwannee river rises in the Oke-fino-kau swamp, flows southwest, through Florida, into Apallachee bay. The banks of this river are said to be in some places Qne hundred feet per pendicular, of granite rock.
Tallulah river rises in Rabun, and unites with the Chattooga
to form the Tugalo. Tallapoosa river rises in Paulding county, and runs south
west. Tallapoosa river (little) rises in Carroll and flows south
west. Towelaggee river rises in Henry, flows southeast into the
Ocmulgee. It is seventy miles long, Tugalo river is formed by the union of the Chattooga and
Tallulah. Turtle river rises in Wayne county, and empties into St.
Simons Sound. It is navigable to Brunswick for large vessels,
and affords a fine harbour. Warsaw river empties into Warsaw Sound. Withlacoochee river rises in Irwin, and runs south, and
empties into the Alapahaw. Yellow river rises in Gwinnett, and unites with the South
Ocmulgee in Newton county.

POPULATION.
According to the Census of 1840, the population of Georgia amounted to
210,634 White persons, males. 197,161 White persons, females.
1,374 Free coloured persons, males. 1,379 Free coloured persons, females. 139,335 Slaves, males. 141,609 Slaves, females.
Total, 691,492

44

EARLY SETTLEMENT.

Of this .number 574 are computed to be engaged in-mining, 209,383 in agriculture, 2,428 in commerce, 7.984 in manufac tures and trades, 262 in navigation of the seas, 352 in the na vigation of canals, lakes and rivers, 1,250 in the liberal pro fessions.

Comparative view of the Population for Jifty-Jive years.

1790.

1800.

1810.

1820. 1830.

1840.

1845.

82,548. 162,686. 252,433. 344,773. 516,823^ 691,392. 774,325.

EARLY SETTLEMENT.
From " An Account showing the Progress of the Colony of Georgia, &c. ; printed in London, by order of the Trustees, in the year MDCCXLl."
" Mr. Oglethorpe has with him Sir 'Walter Rawleigh's writ ten Journal, and by the Latitude of the Place, the Marks and Traditions of the Indians, it is the very first Place where he first went on shore, and talked with the Indians, and was the first Englishman they ever saw ; and about half a mile from Savannah is a high Mount of Earth under which lies their Chief King : And the Indians informed Mr. Oglethorpe that their king desired before he died, that he might be Buried on the Spot where he talked with that great good man."
In 1717 the Palatine and Lords Proprietors of South Caro lina, granted unto Sir Robert Montgomery, " all that tract of Land which lies between the rivers Alatamaha and Savannah," under the title of the Margravite of Azilia. There is extant a pamphlet in which the owner describes the country, and his plan of settling it, &c. ; but it is presumed he did not carry his plans into execution.
In 1725 the Carolinians had built forts on the Alatamaha, to prevent the negroes escaping to Florida, and to overawe the Indians. The boundary between the Spanish and Carolinians not yet denned.
In July, 1732, the trustees for establishing a Colony in

EARLY SETTLEMENT.

45

Georgia, held their first regular meeting in London. The charter from Georgia, the record, was.read, granting all the lands between Savannah and Alatamaha rivers. This charter
covers sixteen large octavo pages : it excludes Roman Catholics from the benefits of the country.

From " A Brief Account of the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia, under Gen. Oglethorpe, 1733."
Arrival of first Colonists, at Charlestown, South Carolina, 13th January, 1733.
Charlestown, January 20. On Saturday night, 13th Janu ary, 1733, came to anchor off our bar, a ship with about 120 people, for settling the new Colony of Georgia, in which was James Oglethorpe, Esqr. ; who came ashore thatnight, and was extremely well received by his Excellency, our Governour. The next morning he went on board; and the ship sailed for Fort Royal: and, we hear, there are two more ships with, people (which "will make the number 500) expected daily.

Account of the Progress of the first Colony sent ,to Georgia,
We set sail from Gravesend, on the 17th of November, 1732,,. in the ship Anne, of 200 tons, John Thomas, Master, being: about 130 persons, and arrived off the bar of Charlestown on the 13th day of January folio-wing. Mr. Oglethorpe "went on shore to wait on the Governour; was received with great marks of civility and satisfaction; obtained an order for Mr. Middleton, the Kings pilot, to carry the ship into Port Royal;. and for small craft to carry the Colony from thence to the river Savannah, with a promise of further assistance from the Pro vince. He returned on board the 14th day; and came to an anchor within the bar of Port Royal, at about sixteen miles distance from Beaufort. On the 18th, he -went on shore upon Trenchs island, and left a guard of eight men upon John's;:
4

46

EARLY SETTLEMENT.

being a point of that island which commands the channel, and is about half-way between Beaufort and the river Savannah: they had orders to prepare Huts, for the reception of the Colony, against they should lie there in their passage. From thence he went to Beaufort town, where he arrived about one oclock in the morning; and was saluted with a discharge of all the Artillery, and had the new Barracks fitted up; where, the Colony landed on the 20th day; and were, in every respect, cheerfully assisted by Lieut Watts, Ensign Farrington, and* the other officers of his Majestys independent company, as also by Mr. Delabarr, and other gentlemen of the neighbourhood.
While the Colony refreshed themselves there, Mr. Oglethorpe went up the River, and chose a situation for a Town; and entered into a treaty with Tomochichi, the Mico, or Chief of the only nation of Indians living near it. He returned on the 24th day; and they celebrated the Sunday following, as a day of Thanksgiving for their safe arrival; and a sermon was preached by the Revd. Mr. Jones (the Revd. Dr. Herbert, who came with the Colony, preaching that day at Beaufort town)., There "was a great resort of the Gentlemen of that neighbour hood, and their families ; and a plentiful Dinner provided for the Colony, and all that came, by Mr. Oglethorpe; being four fat hogs, eight turkeys, besides fowls, English Beef, and other provisions, a hogshead of punch, a hogshead of beer, and a large quantity of wine ; and all was disposed m so regular a manner, that no person was drunk, nor any disorder happened.
On the 30th, the Colony embarked on board a sloop of seventy tons, and five Periaugers, and made sail; but "were forced by a storm, to put in at a place called the Look-out, and to lie there all night , the next day they arrived at Johns ; where they found huts capable to contain them all, and a plen
tiful supper of venison. They re-embarked the next day; and in the afternoon arrived at the place intended for the Town.
Being arrived, on the 1st of February, at the intended Town, before night they erected four large tents, sufficient to hold all the people, being one for each tything ; they landed

EARLY SETTLEMENT.

47

their bedding, and other little necessaries ; and all the people lay on shore. The ground they encamped upon is the edge of the river where the Key is intended to be.
Until the 7th -was spent in making a Crane, and unlading the goods : which done, Mr. Oglethorpe divided the people ; employing part in clearing the land for seed ; part in beginning the palisade ; and the remainder in felling of trees "where the Town is to stand.
Col. Bull arrived here, with a message from the General Assembly to Mr. Oglethorpe, and a letter from his Excellency Governor Johnson and the Council; acquainting him that the
two Houses, upon SL- conference, had agreed to give twenty barrels Rice and a hundred head of Cattle, besides Hogs, to the Trustees ; and that they had commanded a detachment of the Rangers (which are Horse, kept in the pay of the Province, for the scouring of the frontiers) and the Scout-boat (which is an armed Bark, employed for the same purpose by water) to attend him, and take his orders.
Col. Bull brought with him four of his Negroes, -who were Sawyers, to assist the Colony; and also brought provision for them, being resolved to put the Trust to no expense ; and by this means, to bestow his benefaction in the most noble and useful manner.
On the 9th day, Mr. Oglethorpe and Col. Bull marked out the Square, the Streets, and forty Lots for houses of the town ; and the first House (which was ordered to be made of clap boards) was begun that day.
The Town lies on the south side of the river Savannah, upon a Flat on the top of a hill, and sixty yards of it is reserved between it and the Key. The river washes the foot of the hill; which stretches along the side of it about a mile, and forms a terrace forty feet perpendicular above high water.
From the Key, looking eastward, you may discover the river as far as the islands in the sea; and westward, one may see it wind through the woods above six miles. The River is one thousand feet wide; the water fresh, and deep enough for sloops of seventy tons to come up close to the side of the Key.

48

YAZOO FRAUD.

YAZOO FRAUD.
The .following account of the Yazoo fraud has been con densed from a history of the same -which appeared in the Milledgeville Recorder, in the year 1835.
The Yazoo speculation was in embryo immediately after tha Revolutionary war. Certain characters viewed our -west ern territory as the land of promise, not for all the good people of Israel, but for a few only who possessed wealth and family influence, and who, by getting into their possession im mense tracts of country, might soon command thousands of * liege vassals bending the knee and paying them homage in their lordly principalities. Their cupidity was exhibited by an asso ciation of persons styling themselves the "Combined So ciety," in -which an oath was exacted from every individual of secrecy as to their plans and movements. The secret leaked out, and the society, composed of divers persons and soldiers of the war, of aristocratic pretensions, who had combated the British arms more from a desire to erect an oligarchy in Ame rica than to throw off a foreign yoke, became disbanded. In the year 1789, the famous swindler Thomas Washington, as he called himself, but whose real name was Walsh, set on foot the 1789 speculation. He was a most extraordinary man, one who had borne arms honorably in the service of Georgia, but who cared not for any of the obligations b.y which, in civil life, man is bound to his fellow. In the daily habit of specu lation, he would unhesitatingly sell to any applicant, lands, houses, horses, carriages, and negroes, before he had a shadow of property in them. He was artful and cunning in the ex treme, and, under the appearance of the most perfect candor, succeeded in defrauding most men -with whom he dealt. This man associated himself with others, and instigated by the des criptions of one Sullivan, a captain in the Revolutionary army, who had headed a mob in Philadelphia which insulted the old Congress, and had to fly to the Mississippi forhis life, persuad ed the "Virginia Yazoo Company to make its application to our General Assembly. So extravagant were Sullivans descrip tions, that in our State, where Washingtons character was

YAZOO FRAUD.

49

well known, another company was speedily formed. Some of this company were of the former "Combined Society ;" others were men whose characters had not been before impeached. They employed active and wily agents ; and several members of the Legislature "were persuaded to become interested, but in no manner of corruption, compared -with that of the Legis lature of 1794 and 5. An act was passed a sale was made the people demanded a repeal, and another Legislature de clared the sale a nullity.
The fire of speculation seemed to be extinct, but the em bers remained only smothered for a while. In 1794 it kindled into a blaze. Federal and State Judges, members of the Unit ed States Congress, generals and other high officers of the militia took the lead. The people were stunned by the violence of the praises pronounced in support of the contemplated sale, and blinded by the greatness of the names who favoured it. No attempt was left untried, no artifice not used, to enlist all the leading and influential characters of the S^ate. General James Jackson, then a senator in Congress, was told by a citi zen high in1 judicial rank, that he might have any number of acres he pleased to half a million, without paying, a dollar, if he would embark his reputation against the honour and inter ests of Georgia. He replied, " that he had fought for her for the people the land was theirs, and the property of future generations; and that if the conspirators did succeed, he for one would hold the sale-void." Every expedient was employT ed epistolary intercourse was quadrupled arguments of every character were used to keep honest men at home- the newspapers were enlisted, and teemed with editorial and com municated articles in favour of the intended purchase, and eulo gizing . the patriotism of those who projected it the people were inactive, and, to the great gratification of the traitors who were gulling them, a Legislature was returned "which they felt they could play upon. The -monsters of corruption pre vailed. Alas ! it is too true that the escutcheon of Georgia was dishonoured. The people have no adequate idea of the scenes represented at. Augusta, where the Legislature sat, or of the principal persons who managed the drama,

50

YAZOO FRAUD.

nor will we now furnish the names. In the lobbies of the Senate and House alternately were seen a judge of the Su preme Court of the United States, from Pennsylvania, with $25,OOO in his. hands, it was said, as a cash payment; a Judge of the United States District Court of Georgia, passing off shares of land to the members for their votes ; and a senator
from Georgia, who had perfidiously neglected to proceed to Philadelphia to take his seat in Congress, .and who was absent from his post until the three last days of its session, bullying with a loaded whip, and by turns cajoling the numerous under strappers in speculation. There were also seen a judge of our State Courts, and other eminent Georgians, surrounding our poor degraded representatives, offering shares, sub-shares, and half sub-shares, striving to frighten some, and to seduce others into compliance with their will. Our sister State, South Caro lina, was represented by one who was regarded as a prince of speculation, plotting against the honour of Georgia. Many weak men, whose conscience prompted resistance; were in timidated; some who could not be persuaded to vote for the sale, were paid to go home, and the virtuous, minority were every moment, in dread of their lives. To this .very minority, however, did the corrupt majority in a few days owe their safety. The disgraceful and nefarious transactions "were made known. The people arose in the vicinity of Augusta, deter mined to put to death all "who had voted for the obnoxious act, but were prevented by the intercessions of the same minority whom they had improperly treated. The alarm, on the Gov ernors signing the bill, became universal. It was pronounced by all an unparalleled usurpation. No corruption was imputed to the Governor, It is just to his memory that of a soldier who had won a thousand laurels in the war of independence to affirm, that "weakness of judgment, not corruption of heart, guided the pen which sanctioned the detested statute. Georgia became a perilous residence for all concerned in the specula tion. A senator from Hancock, to avoid being tied to a sap ling and whipped, fled to South Carolina, whither he was fol lowed and killed by some of his constituents. Most of the other perjured members, excepting in one or two counties, con cealed themselves, not daring to appear in public. The " mark of Cain" was upon them.

m

YAZOO FRAUD.

51

At this time the whole State was in a ferment. The peo
ple were amazed at the perfidy of the Legislature. They had sold to certain companies, for $500,000, 35,000,000 acres of land, and had rejected for a portion of the public domain, not greater in extent, $800,000, offered, but without bribery, by
persons " of as large a capital, and as much respectability and credit, and on terms more advantageous to the State." Presentments of Grand Juries, resolutions, remonstrances, and petitions of the people, /were made and signed by hundreds in every county. A Convention for altering the Constitution
had been called to meet In May, 1795 ; but the members had been chosen at the same time with those of the corrupt Legis
lature. Many of them were the same men, and others were of the same kidney. The presentments, resolutions, remon strances, and petitions, crowded so fast upon the Convention, that a revision of the Constitution was deferred to a more tem perate period. The Convention referred all the papers to the next Legislature, and broke up in confusion. The people be
came more and more excited. Betrayed by one senator in Congress, by their legislators at home, by many high judicial officers, and by their Convention, they looked around them for aid certain of having suffered wrong, doubtful of redress.
It was by many belieyed that the powers of government had
ceased, upon the principle that all Constitutions fail, when their purpose, the public welfare, is defeated. Others believed that those powers would cease on the first Monday in Novem ber, 1795, the Convention having altered the time of Legisla tive meeting to the first Tuesday in January, 1796, without making provision for the intermediate administration. Under the last impression, an application was made from Columbia county to Major General Twiggs, as the senior major general, calling upon him to convene a Legislature for the first Monday
in December, 1795, in conformity with the custom of military of ficers high in confidence during the troubles of the Revolution. It was apprehended that a safe would be madfe by the Companies to the United States before the first Tuesday in January, and it was desired that the Legislature should meet on the first Mon
day in December, to annul the act before the -forms of legisla tion could be completed at Philadelphia. Hence the application

52

YAZOO FRAUD.

to General Twiggs. It was supported by the respectable names, among others, of James Sims, James McNeil, Peter Crawford, and Moses Waddel ; and represented that, at that alarming crisis, "having no confidence in the civil authority," they conceived themselves under a military government. The honest old veteran declined doing what he conceived he had no powe,r to do, and the people remained remediless. General Jackson, called by the voice of an indignant country, had re signed his seat in Congress. Letters had been written to him from various parts of Georgia, urging him to become a candi date for the legislature /rom Chatham county. His opposi tion to the " usurped act " had been well understood. In the presence of GejieraL Gunn, Georgias fai-thless senator, he had taken occasion to pronounce, in full Senate, on the last day of the session of Congress in the.spring of 1795, the speculation, as it was,. " a conspiracy of the darkest character and of de liberate villainy." He published upon his arrival, a series of letters under the name of SICILHJS, in which he strove to ex hibit the impplicy, illegality, and unconstitutionality of the act. Other patriots stepped forward and addressed the people. The elections eventuated prosperously for the virtuous cause. Every where anti-Yazoo men were elected. The General
Assembly met at Louisville in. January, 1796. Their first object was an attack upon the infamous speculation. The people had given instructions to annul the abominable act, to restore their rights to them, and their posterity, and to pro claim to the world their abhorrence of the stupendous fraud which had bartered away their estate. Petitions on petitions, remonstrances on remonstrances, resolutions, and present ments, again poured in from every quarter. A day "was as signed to consider the state of the Republic, when after de bate, these petitions, remonstrances, resolutions, and present ments, were submitted to a Committee, of which General James Jackson was appointed Chairman. On the 22d of January, 1796, the Committee reported, "that there were suf ficient grounds, as well with respect to the constitutionality of the act, as from the testimony before them of the fraud prac tised to obtain it, to pronounce that the same is a nullity, and not binding or obligatory on the people of this State." A bill

YAZOO FRAUD.

53

rescinding the sale, drawn by General Jackson, was passed by large majorities in both houses. Governor Irwin, an excellent man and patriot, -with pride completed the good -work by his signature. It is not necessary to inquire here into its consti tutionality. This as left to men of cold and meditative minds, whose breasts are not fired -with a love of country ; not indig nant against corruption in. all its manifestations. The re scinding law was an act of the people, a movement of the State; self-preservation demanded, authorized, and sanctioned
it; and its obligatory character, independently of aid from statutes, or common law principles, rested on virtue, justice, and honour. The people approved it. Virtuous spirits all the world over applauded the Assembly that passed it, and Georgia has ever sincecontinued to hold in veneration.the memories
of her public servants who advocated it. Having determined that the sale was corrupt and the act
of 1705 usurped, it was considered rightful that the records and documents pertaining to -the sale should forthwith be de
stroyed, that no monument of its "wickedness should remain in the public offices to give flattering assurance to the speculators that their vile machinations might yet be gratified. It was necessary to prove to all by decided, conduct, that Georgia loathed the corruption, loathed the speculation, loathed the evidence of fraud, arid would never abandon her ground. By order of the two houses, a fire was kindled in the square, and the records and documents burned. The Secretary of State produced from the archives the enrolled bill- and " usurped act." These were delivered to the President of the Senate for examination. By him they were passed to the Speaker of the House, .who handed them, after inspection, to the Clerk. He read aloud their,.titles, and gave them.to the messenger,
who, committing them to the flames, cried out with a loud
and decisive voice, " God save the State, and long,preserve her
rights, and may every attempt to injure them perish, as these
wicked and corrupt acts now dp !"
Let us not forget-the patriots who laboured for this happy issue. Some of them (members of the Legislature) "were,. from the interior, James McNiel, James Sims, David Merri-

54

POLITICAL GOVERNMENT.

wether, John Rutherford, Benjamin Taliafero, William Few, John Twiggs, John Morrison, Charles. Abercrombie, and Wil liam Barnett; and from the sea-coast, Josiah Tattnall, John Milledge, James Jones, David B. Mitchell, George Jones, and James B. Maxwell. All of these are men of note in Georgias history. Some of them had been members of the corrupted Assembly. They had resisted with scorn alike per suasion and threats. They had been no more affected by bri bery or menace than had been the " Conscript Fathers " in timidated, "when the ruffian Gaul entered the Roman Senate no more moved by allurement or hostility than the everlasting rocks by surges of the stormy ocean.

POLITICAL GOVERNMENT.
For about ten years after the establishment of the colony of Georgia, the government was administered by Gen. Oglethorpe; but in 1741, by order of the trustees, it was divided into two counties, one caljed Savannah county, embracing the territory north of Darien ; the other Frederiea; including the island of St. Simons, and the Alatamaha settlements, each having a president and four assistants. Over Savannah county William Stephens was appointed President, and Henry Parker, Thomas Jones, John Fallowfield, and Samuel Mercer, coun sellors or assistants. For the county of Frederica no appoint ments appear to have been made. This state of affairs con tinued only until May, 1743, "when the trustees ordered, that both counties should be united under one executive, and that the president and assistants of the county of Savannah should have the government of the whole province of Georgia. This plan of government existed until 1750, when the trustees or dered a colonial assembly to be called, consisting of sixteen members proportioned to the number of inhabitants of the dif ferent districts; and accordingly the following gentlemen, .constituting the first General Assembly of Georgia, met in Savannah, on the 15th of January, 1751.

POLITICAL GOVERNMENT.

55

Savannah District. Francis Harris, Speaker ; John Milledge, William Francis, William Russel.
Augusta Dstrict.--George Catogan, David Douglass. Ebenezer District.--Christian Reidlesperger, Theobald Kieffer. Abercorn and Goshen .Districts.--William Ewen. Joseph's Town District.--Charles Watson. Vernoriburg District. Patrick Houstoun. Acton District. Peter Morel. Little Ogeechee District. Joseph Summers. Skidaway District. John Barnard. Medway District.--Audley JVIaxweir. Dariew, District.--John Mclntosh, B. On the 20th of June, 1752, the trustees of Georgia resigned their charter, and the province was formed into a royal gov ernment. Until 1754 the colony remained in a defenceless con dition, when John Reynolds, an officer in the British navy, was appointed Governor, with powers similar to those of the other royal governments in America. By the instructions of the King the Governor was directed to convene a General As sembly ; but, as the royal instructions excluded several of the most populous villages in the province, the council divided it into three districts, and on the 7th of January, 1755, the first Legislature of Georgia, consisting of three branches, Governor, Council, and Commons House, met in Savannah. On the 15th of March, 1758, the General Assembly divided the province into eight parishes; Christ Church, including Savannah, Acton, "Vernonburg, Sea Islands, and Little Ogeechee; St. Matthews, comprising Abercorn and Ebenezer ; St. George's, embracing Halifax; St. Paul's, Augusta; St. Phillip's, Great Ogeechee ; St. John's, Medway and Sunbury; St. Andrew's, Darien; St. James's, Frederica. In 1765, the tract of country lying between the river Alatamaha and the southernmost stream of the river St. Marys, which had been annexed to the pro vince of Georgia in 1763, was divided into four parishes, thus. AH the territory between the river Alatamaha and the north branch ofTurtle river, into the parish of St. David. From the north branch of Turtle river, to the southern branch of the .Little St. Ilia, the parish of St. Patrick ; from the southern

56

POLITICAL GOVERNMENT.

branch of the river Little St. Ilia, to the southern branch of the river Great St. Ilia, the parish of St Thomas ; from the south ern branch of the river Great St.. Ilia, to the southern branch of the river St. Marys, and from the head of the river St. Marys in a due west line, including all the islands within the s^tid boundary, the parish of St. Mary's. When Georgia, incommon with the other colonies, threw of the yoke of Great Britain, the parishes were organized into counties. In the constitution of Georgia adopted in 1777, it was declared, "that the parish of St. Paul should be known by the name of Kichmond. The parish of St. George should be known by the name of Burke. The parish of St.- Matthew, and the upper part of St. Phillip above Gannouchee, Effingham. The parish of Christ Church, and the lower part of St. Phillip below Cannouchee, Chatham. The parish of St. John, St. Andrew and St. James, Liberty. The parish of St. David and St. Patrick, Glyrm. The parish of St. Thomas and*St. Marys, Camden. The ceded lands north of Ogeechee, Wilkes." In 1784, two counties were laid out called Franklin and Washington. Franklin began at the Savannah, river, "where the west line of Wilkes county strikes the same, thence along the said line to the Cherokee corner, from thence on the same direction to the south branch of the Oconee river, thence up the said river, to the head or source of the most southern stream thereof, thence along the temporary line separating the Indian hunting ground, to the northern branch of Savannah river, known by the name of KLeowee." Washington embraced an extent of country bounded by a line beginning at the Oconee river, where the last mentioned line strikes the same, thence along that river to where it strikes the former temporary line,, thence along the said line to the Cherokee corner, and from thence to the beginning. As new territory was acquired, new counties were added, and these were divided and subdivided into other counties. The State now comprises ninety-three counties.
In addition to this division of the State there is an organ ization of eight congressional districts. First district, has 18 counties, viz.; Appling, Bryan, Bulloch, Camden, Chatham, Effingham, Emanuel, Glynn, Laurens, Liberty, Lowndes,
Mclntosh, Montgomery, Tattnall, Telfair, Thomas, Ware,

POLITICAL GOVERNMENT.

57

Wayne. Second district, 14 .counties, Baker, Decatur, Dooly, Early, Houstoun, Irwin, Lee, Macon, Marion, Muscogee, Pulaski, Randolph, Stewart, Sumter. Third district, 8 counties, Bibb, Crawford, Harris, Monroe, Pike, Talbot, Twiggs, Upson. Fourth district, 9 - counties, Campbell, Carrol], Coweta, Fayette, Heard, Henry, Merriwether, New ton,, Troup. Fifth district, 13 counties, Cass, Chattooga, Cherokee, Cobb, Bade, De Kalb, Floyd, Forsyth, Gilmer, Gwinnett, Murray, Paulding, Walker. Sixth district, 11 counties, Clark, Elbert, Franklin,. Habersharn, Hall, Jack son, Lumpkin, Madison, Rabun, Union, Walton. Seventh district, 10 counties, Baldwin, Butts, Greene, Jasper, Jones, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Putnam, Taliafero, Wilkinson. Eighth district, 10 counties, Burke, "Columbia, Hancock, Jefferson, Lincoln, Richmond, Scriven, Warren, Washington, Wilkes.
There are 37 counties entitled to two representatives to the State Legislature, and 56 to one.
The State is also divided into 47 Senatorial districts. Chatham constitutes 1st; Bryan and Liberty 2d; Mclntosh and Glynn 3d ; Wayne and Camden 4th ; Ware and Lowndes 5th ; Appling and Montgomery 6th ; Tattnall and Bulloch 7th ;-Efrmgham and iScriven 8th; Burke and Emanuel 9th; Laurens and Wilkinson 10th ; Telfair and Irwin 11th ; Decatur and Thomas 12th; Baker and Early 13th; Randolph and Stewart 14th; Lee and Sumter 15th; JVLuscogee and Harris 16th; Houstoun and Macon 17th; Talbot and Marion 18th; Pulaski and Dooly 19th; Twiggs and Bibb 20th; Washing ton and Jefferson 21st ; Richmond and Columbia 22d; Warren and Taliafero 23d; Hancock and Baldwin 24th; Piitnarn and Jones 25th ; Monroe and Pike 26th ; Crawford and Upson 27th ; Merriwether and Coweta 28th ; Troup and Heard 29th; Carroll and Campbell 30th; Eayette and Henry 31st; Butts and Jasper 32d; Newton and Walton 33d ; Morgan and Greene 34th; Wilkes and Lincoln 35th; Elbert and Franklin 36th ; Oglethorpe and Madison 37th ; Clark and Jackson 38th ; Gwinnett and De Kalb 39th ; Paulding and Cass 40th ; Cobb and "Cherokee 41st; Forsyth and Hall 42d ; Habersham and Rabun 43d ; Lumpkin and Union 44th; Gilmer and Murray 45th ; Walker and Dade 46th; Floyd and Chattooga 47th.

58

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURES.

ANNUAL REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES.

SEVENTIES.

GENERAL TAX, viz., Capitation-tax on free white males, (from 21 to 60)--Slaves--free persons of colour--Lawyers--Physicians--

Factors and Brokers--tax on Land, per acre, according to its clas sification as to quality--on Town lots, Merchandise, Ferries, Toll-bridges and Turnpikes, the returned value--on Money at interest--Capital of Manufacturing Companies--Capital of

Banks of other States employed in this, and sales of merchan

dise by Factors, the amount returned--and on pleasure carriages

and billiard tables, the number returned. Net amount, 1848, about $265,000

TAX ON BANK STOCK, special

....

19,300

DIVIDENDS ON BANK STOCKS, "Education Fund," $262,300 . 19,25O

MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES, (say)

.

.

.

10,000

EXPENDITURES.
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT :--Pay of Members and Offi cers of the General Assembly, (average of triennial sessions, $60,000,) making annual average
Printing for the Legislature, (average $10,000,) annual

30,000 5,000

313,550

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT :--Salary of Governor

,,

,,

3 Secretaries, at $1000 i .

,,

,,

Secretary of State

,,

,,

Treasurer

,,

,,

Comptroller General .

,,

,,

Surveyor General

3.000 3,000 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600

JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT :--Salary of 3 Judges of Su

preme Court, at $2500 each

,,

Reporter of Supreme Court

,,

II Circuit Judges, at $1800 each

,,

II Solicitors General, at $225 each

7,500 1,000 19,800 2,475

PUBLIC DEBT, reduction of

,,

interest on

...

*50,000 111,500

POOR SCHOOLS, aid of

LUNATIC ASYLUM .....

DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM

CONTINGENT FUND .

.

.

.

PRINTING FUND .....

MILITARY PURPOSES

....

MISCELLANEOUS APPROPRIATIONS, annual average (say)

12,400
30,775
161,500 19,250 11,625 4,500 10,000 2,000 1,500 5,000

And all surplus amounts unexpended.

$293,650

JUDICIARY.

59

GOVERNORS.
The following are the names of the Governors of Georgia from its first settlement to the year 1849:--
James Edward Oglethorpe, elected 1732 ; William Stephens act. Gov., 1743 ; Henry Parker, act. Gov., 1751 ; John Rey nolds, 1754; Henry Ellis, 1757; James Wright, 176O; James Habersham, act. Gov., 1771 ; William Erwin, 1775; Archibald Bulloch, 1776; Button Gwinnett, 1777 ; John A. Treuitlen, 1777 ; John Houstoun, 1778 ; John Werriat, 1778; George Walton, 1779; Richard Howley, 1780; Stephen Heard, 1781 ; Nathan Brownson, 1781 ; John Martin, 1782; Lyman Hall, 1783; John Houstoun, 1784; Samuel M. Elbert, 1785; Edward Telfair, 1786; George Matthews, 1787; George Handly, 1788; George Walton, 1789; Edward Telfair, 1790; George Matthews, 1793; Jared Irwin, 1798; James Jackson, 1798 ; David Emanuel, 1801 ; Josiah Tattnall, 1801 ; John Milledge, 1803; Jared Irwin, 1808; Uavid B. Mitchell, 1809; Peter Early, 1813; David B. Mitchell, 1815; William Rabun, 1817; Matthew Talbot, 1819; John Clark, 1819; George M. Troup, 1823; John Forsyth, 1837; George R. Gilmer, 1829; Wilson Lumpkin, 1831; William Schley, 1835; George R. Gilmer, 1837; Charles J. McDonald, 1839; George W. Crawford, 1843; George W. Towns, 1847; Do., 1849.

JUDICIARY.
The first judicial tribunal in Georgia, was the Town Court of Record, held in Savannah in 1733. This court had cogni zance of all manner of crimes, causes, and things "whatever, aris ing or happening "within the province of Georgia, or between persons inhabiting or residing there, whether the same be crimi nal or civil, or whether the said crime be capital or not capi tal, and whether the pleas be real, personal, or mixed. It was composed of the three Bailiffs, Recorder acting as 'Clerk, and twelve freeholders. The following persons composed the first jury in Georgia:

60

JUDICIARY.

Samuel Parker, Thomas Young, Joseph Cole, John Wright, John West, Timothy Bowling, John Milledge, Henry Close, Walter Fox, John Grady, James Car well, Richard Cannon.
"To this bench of magistrates," says Dr. Stevens, "the trustees did -what they could, to give dignity and authority; and well knowing the respect which is inspired by. the badges and trappings of office, sent over magisterial gowns ; those for the three Bailiffs being purple, edged with fur, and for the Re corder being black tufted." A court of the same kind was established at Frederica, but upon the merging of the two counties into 'one, in 1743, the court of Frederica was abol ished, and the President and Assistants were directed to hold four courts in each year, in Savannah. This was the only court, until the arrival of Governor Reynolds, upon whose re commendation a General Court was established, having juris diction ef all cases exceeding the value of forty shillings, and also to have the same power exercised by the Courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer in England, i This court was to consist of two Judges, Attorney-General, and other lower officers, and'was to be held quarterly, on the second Monday, respectively, of January, April, July, and October. Appeals from the decisions of this court, provided the sum ex ceeded 300 in value, could be made to the Governor and Council ; and if the amount involved in the case "was more than 500, it could be carried to the king in council- A Court of Chancery "was also ordered, for hearing and deter mining all matters of equity, to be held before the Governor as Chancellor, and the officers of which were to be a Master, Re gister and Examiner. A Court of Oyer and Terminer was also ordered, to sit twice, for- the trial of all criminal cases, and a Court" of Admiralty, to manage maritime cases. For punish ing slaves committing capital crimes, a Commission of Oyer and Terminer was to be issued to the justice of the district where the offence was committed. Justices' Courts "were to determine sums under 40 shillings. The first judges of the General Court were Noble Jones and Jonathan Bryan< In the Court of Admiralty "were James Edward Pow,ell, Judge Advocate; William Clifton, Advocate General; Alexander Kellett, Marshal; William Spenser, Register. Until 1789,

JUDICIARY.

61

the judiciary department of Georgia was principally managed as we have stated. It was then changed, or new modelled. At present; the judiciary is thus arranged :
1. A COURT OF ERRORS AND APPEALS, consisting of three judges elected by the Legislature for six years. This is an appellate tribunal for the correction of errors in law and equity from the Superior Courts. The terms are held in Sa vannah, Milledgeville, Macon, Hawkinsville, Americus, Talbotton, Decatur, Gainesville, and Cassville.
2. SUPERIOR COURT; judges elected by the Legislature for four years. This is a court of general jurisdiction, both as a court of common law and equity, held twice every year in each count-y in the State, and has the power of correcting all errors in the inferior judicatories, and exclusive jurisdiction in all criminal cases, and in the trial of titles to real estate.
3. INFERIOR COURT ; consisting of five justices in each county, who are elected by the people for the term of four years. The terms of this court are two in each year. This; court has concurrent jurisdiction with the Superior Court, in, actions of debt, trespass, &c., and has the supervisory power in their counties, over bridges, ferries, roads, public buildings, &c., &c., and also the powers of a Court of Ordinary; in all matters in relation to the estates of deceased persons, the care of the poor, and in all actions other than those in which the title to land is involved.
4. JUSTICES' COURTS ; consisting of two justices for each militia district, in every county, who are elected by the people of their district. They have jurisdiction in cases of debt, when the same does not exceed thirty dollars.
The laws of Georgia were compiled by Marbury and Crawford, from its earliest settlement as a British province in 1755 to 1800; and by Augustus S. Clayton, from the year 1800 to the year 1810 inclusive; by L. Q. C. Lamar, from 181O to 1820, and by William C. Dawson, from 1820 to 1830 inclusive.
Digests of these laws have been made by Prince and Hotchkiss, and an Analysis of the Statutes of Georgia, com piled by Howell Cobb, Esq.
There are eleven judicial districts : Eastern Circuit, nine counties ; Middle do., nine do.; Western do., eight do. ; Nor-
5

62

PENAL CODE.

them, do., eight do.; Southern do., nine do. ; Ocmulgee do., seven do.; Flint do., nine do.; Chattahoochee do., five do.; Cherokee, do., eleven do.; Coweta do., ten do.; South-west
ern do., 8 do.

PENAL CODE,
The code of penal laws of this State, was enacted in 1833, and'went into operation on the first day of June, 1834. Some of its provisions have since that time been amended, and other sections added. It superseded the code of 1817. The freque.nt substitution of one system for another--the establish ment of a penitentiary, and then its immediate abandonment-- indicate a very unsettled state of the popular mind in regard to the different plans. In 1816 the State abandoned the san guinary criminal laws -which had existed, and adopted a new system of pains and penalties, altogether more compatible with the condition of the people, and better suited to the advanced stage of civilisation. The discipline of a State prison was then but imperfectly understood, and the changes it effected in the old system, together with a very imperfect execution of the plan, excited a decided distrust, which soon presented itself in open opposition to it. After sixteen years of experience, there fore, it gave way to the earnest opposition which was brought to bear upon it, and the Legislature of 1831 abolished it. The State was thrown back upon a code which it had repudiated, and criminal justice was administered accqrding to laws at once odious to humanity and behind the intelligence of the age. But this condition of things did not last. The change was palpably felt: public opinion again reacted in its favour : a reform was demanded, and the penitentiary "was again re stored. But the old code, with its flagrant defects, was found inadequate to accomplish the purposes of the new system, and accordingly, in 1832, the Legislature passed a resolution authorizing the Governor to appoint a committee of three persons to prepare a plan for the penitentiary buildings, digest a system of laws for its organization, and revise and amend the

MILITIA SYSTEM.

63

penal laws of the State. The committee appointed by Gover nor Lumpkin were, William Sehley, Joseph H. Lumpkin., and John A. Cuthbert; all .gentlemen of eminent legal attainments. They reported to the Legislature of 1&33, and that report is tbe existing code of penal laws, with some modifications and amend ments. This system has been in operation since 1834; and although the test of fifteen years has pointed out defects, expe rience has suggested no better mode of administering the cri minal justice of the State. Some of its penalties are severe-- necessarily so--but not more so than is demanded by the safety of the State and the security of its citizens. None of its pro visions are sanguinary and cruel; and while they may be ob jectionable to that sort of fanaticism which would abolish all capital punishments, they accord with the principles of justice and come up to the enlightened humanity of the age. Its sanc tions are not in a temper of wanton cruelty, but of conservative and reforming equity. It has dispensed "with the hideous re lics of barbarism--the mutilating knife, the brand and the post, the pillory and the scourge. There are thirteen crimes which, according to the penal code, are punished capitally.
There are, no doubt, defects in the code which experience will suggest and which time will reform. The experience of every year has resulted in improvements in the discipline of the State prison. It has, after years of pecuniary embarrass ment, surmounted its misfortunes, and now sustains itself and brings- a small revenue to the State.

MILITIA SYSTEM.
The militia of Georgia are organized .into Divisions, Brig ades, Regiments, Battalions and Companies. .Each Division is commanded by a major general, whose staif consists of one di vision inspector with the rank of Kent, colonel, one quarter master and two aids, "with the rank of major each. Each Brigade is commanded by a brigadier general, "whose staff consists of a brigade inspector with the rank of major, a brig-

64

MILITIA AND TROOPS

ade quarter-master, and an aid-de-camp with the rank of cap tain. Each regiment is commanded by a colonel, -whose staff consists of a quarter-master, a pay-master, and adjutant with the rank of lieutenant, and one surgeon and mate, with a lieu tenant colonel and major, a sergeant-major, quarter-mastersergeant, and a drum, and fife major. Each company consists of one captain, a first and second lieutenant, and .ensign, four sergeants and four corporals, a drummer and fifer, and sixtyfour privates. At present there are thirteen divisions, each commanded by a major general, comprising twenty-six brig ades under the command of brigadier generals.

MILITIA AND TROOPS IN REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
In the year 1775, the State of Georgia had one thousand militia constantly in service, and which number1 was continued until the spring of 1776. I am led to this belief from the par ties I know of my own knowledge to have been called out, the frontier Situation of Georgia, the struggle with our inter nal'enemies, the defence of the country against the Florida banditti, and the expedition against Savannah under Commo dore Barclay. For the years 1776, 1777, the militia in actual service may be computed at seven hundred and fifty, exclusive of two battalions of minute men which were in service until July 1778, of seven hundred and fifty each, and a State regi ment of horse supposed two hundred and fifty, -with three addi tional troops of forty men each, under the command of a ma jor. In the year 1778, exclusive of the State corps, there were two thousand militia in actual service for nearly six. months. In 1779, 80, 81, 82. the militia maybe computed at seven hun dred and fifty, constantly in service for the whole period, as the State during this time was totally ravaged by the enemy, and the citizens of Georgia never quit the field, although compelled to abandon not only-their homes, but frequently their State. This is exclusive of the Georgia Legion raised in '81 by order of General Greene.*
* From the MS. of Gen. James Jackson.

IN REVOLUTIONARY. WAR.

65

Names of the Officers who were in the Continental Line of the Georgia Brigade during- the Revolutionary War, including Infantry, Dragoons, Legionary Corps, and General Staff.
Brigade Generals.--Lachlan Mclntosh, Samuel Elbert. Colonels.--James Scriven, John White, Robert Rae. Lieut. Colonels.--Joseph" Habersham, Joseph Lane, Thom as Chisolni, 'Francis Moore, Philip Lowe, George Handley, Benjamin Porter; John S. Eustace, Adjutant General; Lachlan Mclntosh, Junior Brigade Inspector; John Berrian, Brigade Major; John Milton, A. D. C. ; George Melven, B. Q. M. Captains.--John Bennis, Gideon Booker, Chestley Bostwick, Celerine Brosard, John Bard, Charles Budd, Isham Cook, Arthur Carney, Ranes Cook, Jacob Colson, John Cunningham 5 Alexander D; Cuthbert, Joseph Day, Daniel Duval, Peter Debosh, John Dooley, Thomas Dooley, Ignatius Few, John Greene, John Hancock, William Hornby,------ Jaret, Evans, Lewis, John Lucas, William Matthews, William Mclntosh, Thomas Morris, Elisha Millar, John Mosely, Charles Middleton, Littleberry Mosely, Clement Nash, Patrick Fitzpatrick, James Powell, Thomas Scott, Andrew Templeton, Thomas Threadgill, Jesse Winfrey, Shadrack Wright. Lieutenants*--Francis Authur, Thomas Brown, James Bryan, John Caldwell, Cornelius Collins, Edward Cowen, Wal ter Dixon, George Dooley, Thomas Glascock, Caleb Howell, Arthur Hayes, Christopher Hillery, Robert Howe, Nathaniel Huges, William Johnson, William Jordan, William Lowne, Josiah Maxwell, John Manley, John Mitchell, Thomas MitchelJ, John Martin, William McDonald, Thomas Netherland, John Newdigate, Benjamin Odingsell, Thomas Payne, Na thaniel Pierre, Robert Porter, Thomas Porter, William Roach, John Rae, Abraham Saixas, Robert Simpson, E. Shick, David Sarzedas, Randolph Smith, ------ Steadman, Francis Tennell, David Turner, J. P. Wagnon, George Walton, Jesse Walton, Robert Ward. GENERAL STAFF.--Richard Wyley, Q. M. G.; Joseph Clay, P. M. G.; Mordecai Sheftall, C. G,; Sheftall Sheftall, D. C. G.; Davis Rees, Judge Advocate; Moses Alien, Chaplain. HOSPITAL, DEPARTMENT.--Surgeons, David Bradie, ------ McKinne.

66

EDUCATION.

Surgeon's Mates.--Adam Alexander, Nathan Brownson, James Houstoun, Thomas Davenport, Frederick Ridgley,------ Wood.
LEGIOW AR Y CORPS.--James J ackson, Colonel; Thomas Washington, Major.
Captains.--Henry Alison, Sherwood Bugg, John Morrison, James Stallings, John Lyons.
Lieutenants.--Thomas Hamilton, Ezekiel Stallings, Benja min Hawkins, Stephen Blount, Benjamin Harvey, Nicholas Millar.
ARTILLERY.--Major, Roman de Lisle. Captains.--Edward Young, John Fraser, Colonels.--Samuel Jack, John Stewart. Lieut. Colonel. --Elijah Clark.

EDUCATION.
The following extracts from a Discourse delivered before the Georgia Historical Society on the 12th day of February, 1845, by Dr. Church, President of the University of Georgia, contains an epitome of the history of Education in our State.
Though our State laboured under peculiar difficulties, dur ing her colonial existence, and for a considerable period after our independence, its history shows that our fathers were not less attentive to the great subject of general education, than were those who first settled our sister States.
There are, I doubt not, many important and interesting facts, as well as many records, which may, and I hope will be brought forth, and which "will show, that had we carried out the views of her early patriots, and the framers of our first Constitution, Georgia would now have a system of education, equal, if not superior, to that of any State in the Union. We owe it to the honour of our fathers that this portion of our history shall not be neglected. Those who have ex erted a large influence in the establishment and support of seminaries of learning, and those who have been eminent as instructors, in the higher branches of knowledge, will be hon-

1

EDUCATION.

67

oured, and. their names will be chronicled among the benefac tors of the State. While Franklin College shall remain, or its records be preserved, the name of Gov. JVEilledge "will be hon oured for the. noble gift of a large tract of land, intended not only for the site of the College, but also for that of a town, a gift which has, to*a large extent, aided the trustees of the institu tion in sustaining it when other resources failed. While the records of the Baptist denomination of Christians in Georgia shall be preserved, the name of Dr. Mercer will be honoured by the friends of Christian education, for his munificent gifts and bequests to the University "which bears his honoured name. And high as the reputation of Gov. Jackson and Abram Baldwin stand, for their political services to the State, I doubt not that their services in the cause of education will add as bright a chaplet to their fame. Such men as the de ceased Dr. Waddel, and the venerable patriarch of the school room and the pulpit, Dr. McQuir, can never be forgotten while any history of our State remains.
As proof that the early inhabitants of our State were not unmindful of the subject of general education, -we may appeal to the records of the first settlements of different sections of the country. In Savannah, early provision was made for public education, and especially for the education of the orphan and the poor. The efforts which were made to sustain the Orphan House, and to establish and support Bethesda Col lege, as "well as the minor schools which were open to all the children of the city, are evidence of the feelings and senti ments of its early inhabitants.
We may refer also, with pleasure, to the pious, persecuted men, who first raised their Ebenezer in a sister and adjoining county, and who there at the same time reared the standard of religion and education.
The early history of the city of Augusta is proof of the same feeling, on the part of her first inhabitants. The provi sion which "was there made for the establishment and ample endowment of her Academy, one of the most useful institu tions of the kind in our Southern country, is proof that the subject of education was considered by her citizens as one of vital importance.
The hardy Highlanders who planted themselves upon the

68

EDUCATION,

banks of the Alatamaha, as a bulwark against savage incursions and Spanish invasion, brought "with them that love of learning which characterizes the land of their fathers, and to the honour of their descendants it may be said, they have ever been the fast friends of general education, and of an elevated standard of learning in the State.
I need not mention the little colony who first penetrated the stamps of our'Southern seaboard. All who are familiar with the history of that favoured portion of our State, know with what zeal and energy its first settlers commenced, and with "what success, they prosecuted their efforts to establish and to sustain the institutions of learning and religion ; and most honourably have the sons of those' noble sires followed in the footsteps of their patriotic' and pious ancestors!
Those "who first settled in the county of Wilkes were not less mindful of this important subject. Scarcely had they traced the outlines of their now beautiful village, before pro vision was made for a permanent institution of learning; and from that period to this, the cause ,of education has been one of deep interest to its citizens, and the special care of its muni cipal authorities. And as we trace the history of our State from almost the landing of Oglethorpe to ,the acquisition of the last portion of our territory, we find the subject of educa tion a prominent subject in the estimation of the first settlers of the different portions of the country. Academies have usually been coeval "with the organization of the counties; and in no State in the Union have there probably ever been more or better conducted institutions of the kind, in propor tion to the population, than in Georgia. And in no State in the Union have the services of teachers t>f Academies been more liberally're warded.
The first constitution of Georgia was adopted the 5th of February, J.77'7, only a* few months after the Declaration of Independence. The 54th section of this constitution declares, " Schools shall be erected in each county, and supported at the general expense of the State." This is an important record .in the history of our education. On the 31st of July, 1783, the Legislature appropriated 1000 acres of land to each county for the support of free schools. In 1784, a few months

EDUCATION.

69

after the ratification of the treaty of peace, by which our na tional independence was acknowledged, the .Legislature, again in session at Savannah, passed an act, appropriating 40,000 acres of land for the endowment of a College or University. This act commences with the remarkable preamble: "Whereas, the encouragement of religion and learning is an object of great importance to any community, and must tend to the prosperity and advantage of the same."
In 1785,.. the charter of the University "was granteds the preamble to "which would 'do honour to any Legislature, and will stand a monument to the "wisdom and patriotism of those who framed, and of those who adopted it.
"As it is the distinguishing happiness of free governments that civil order should be the result of choice and not neces sity, and the common wishes of the people become the laws of the land, their public prosperity and even existence very much depend upon suitably forming the minds and morals of their citizens. When the minds of the people -in general are viciously disposed and unprincipled, and their conduct disor derly, a free government -will be attended "with greater convul sions, and evils more horrid'than the wild uncultivated state of nature. It can only be happy where the public princi ples and opinions are properly directed and their manners regulated.
"This is an influence beyond the stretch of laws and pun ishments, and can be claimed only by religion and education. It should, therefore, be among the first objects of those who wish well to the national prosperity, to encourage and support the principles of religion and morality; and early to place the youth under the forming hand of society, that, by instruction they may b,e moulded to the love of virtue and good order. Sending them abroad to. other countries for education will not answer .the purpose, is too humiliating an acknowledgment of the ignorance or inferiority of our own, and will always be the cause of'so great foreign attachments that, upon princi ples of policy, it is inadmissible."
In 1792, an act was passed appropriating one thousand pounds for the endowment of an Academy in each county.
In 1798, a third constitution was adopted. The 13th sec-

70

EDUCATION.

tion of the 4th article declares : "'The arts and sciences shall be patronized in one or more seminaries of, learning."
In 1817, two hundred and fifty thousand dollars were ap propriated to the^ support of poor schools. In 1818, every 10th and 100-th lot of land in seven new counties was appro priated to the cause of education; and in 1831,.two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, were set apart for the support of county Academies.
These records show, that the people of Georgia, from the commencement of their independence to the "full establishment of their constitutional Government, have recognized the duty and the importance of making public and ample provision for the education of all her citizens. These records show, that her Jacksons and Baldwins, with their many worthy coad jutors, in the achievement of our independence, and in the establishment of our present forrn of government, did not doubt, that the State could, and that she ought to, become an efficient patron ~~of learning--that correct moral and religious instruction could be imparted in our public schools and
Colleges. I know: the opinion is now held by a few, that these men,
and I may say, that almost every great and good man, up to nearly the present day, has been in error upon this subject.
We must honor the feelings which give rise to these.sen timents--we must respect the piety -which prompts to all the efforts which are made to purify the fountains of knowledge-- to introduce the Bible, with its hallowing influence, into all our institutions of learning.
Georgia has often, been represented as more inattentive to the great interests of education than almost any other State in the Union--a statement which does great injustice to our citizens. A correct history of our State will show that those
who have preceded us, have done much for the cause of edu cation. A full statement of all which has been given by the citizens of the State would, doubtless, surprise many. I can not at this time give a history of what has been done by our citizens in the cause of education. A few instances will, how ever, be sufficient to sustain me in the remark, that we have not been as utterly regardless of the interests of knowledge as

EDUCATION.

71

many suppose. A number of our Academies have respectable, and some of them very ample endowments; the result of both legislative aid and private liberality. Meson Academy, at Lexington, Oglethorpe county, received from ten to fifteen thousand dollars, a permanent endowment from the individual whose name it bears. The Burke county Academy has a per manent fund of more than seven thousand dollars, and within a few years the citizens of this county have given to other in stitutions .probably over $20,000. The Richmond Academy has buildings and library and apparatus worth probably $30,OOO --an annuity from real estate amounting to $1,600, and bank stock to the amount of $ 12,000, besides lands .which are rapid ly increasing in value. Here, also, is a Medical College en dowed by the State to the amount of perhaps $35,000, and possessing buildings, apparatus, library, and the usual means for conducting such an institution, to the amount of $50,000. This institution is now welt established, and justly meriting and largely receiving the patronage of the State and other States. The Chatham Academy has large and valuable build ings, and funds sufficient to sustain an institution of superior character. In the village of Washington, there is, besides the Male Academy, which has always been -well sustained, a Fe male Institute of very high character, for the establishment of which the citizens of that county have come forward with liberal subscriptions. They have a beautiful building and libra ry, and apparatus sufficient to render it an institution of high order. In La Grange, Troup county, are Academies, both male and female, upon which the inhabitants of that village and county have expended large sums, and where hundreds of both sexes have for years enjoyed superior advantages for in struction. No one can visit these and many other Academies and High Schools, which are found in all our older and thickly settled counties, without seeing that a large amount has been expended by our citizens for purposes of education. The Montpelier Institute, under the patronage of the Episcopal Church in Georgia, has probably cost $20,000 in its establish ment. One individual gave $10,000. The Female College at Macon has probably cost not less than $70,000. For the establishment and endowment of Emory College, there have

72

EDUCATION.

been raised between 80 and $ 100,000. For the establishment and endowment of Oglethorpe University, between 80 and $100,000. For the establishment and endowment of, Mercer University and a Theological Seminary, between 150 and $200,000 have been given. The citizens,of Georgia have giv en to the Theological Seminary at Columbia, S. C., about $60,000. - To Randolph Macon College, N. C., $10,000. To the Columbian College, D. C., $35,000. To the Theological Seminary at Princeton, N. J., $25,000. To the Theological Seminary at Andover, Mass., a considerable amount--how much I am unable to say, as I have received no answer to an inquiry touching that subject, which I addressed to one of its Professors. I know that Mr. John Whitehead, of Burke county, gave $3,500: We have here, for the purpose of estab lishing institutions of learning, private subscriptions by the citizens of Georgia, and that within a few years, t& the amount of more than $600,000. I have mentioned only a small part which has been given for this purpose in the State- Our people are not, they never have been, regardless of this subject; but from our peculiar situation, we have thus far faile4 to unite and concentrate the action of our whole people. They have the ability and the disposition to spread the light 'of knowledge over our State. JLet them be properly enlightened, and they will come forth with an energy which will overcome all ob stacles. That our University has not accomplished more, is undoubtedly a source of regret to every friend of knowledge; that it has accomplished as much as it has, is, perhaps, a cause of rejoicing to all its friends. It "will not Be denied by any one, that this institution has been gradually advancing in use fulness since its funds have been sufficient to sustain the ex penses necessarily incident to a respectable College. These expenses are much larger than many, who have had no experi ence in the management of such institutions, apprehend. The University of Georgia had for an endowment 40,000 acres of land, located by the surveyors in what are now Hancock, Greene, Oglethorpe, Clark, Jackson, Franklin, and in the fork of the Tugalo and Seneca rivers. By the treaty of Beaufort, the last tract was lost by falling into the State of South Carolina. Thus, 5,000 acres, equal in value to more than one-eighth of the

EDUCATION.

73

endowment of the University, "were wholly lost. The remaining lands were long unsaleable, and could not be rented for any valu able consideration. The country was new, land abundant and cheap-1--much, even of a good quality, could be obtained by merely surveying it, and paying the fees for granting. The lands, therefore, of the University could not be made available for any valuable -purpose, and the trustees were unable to com mence the institution. None of the lands belonging to the University were sold until 1803, and then only a small portion and at a low price. ..Most of them remained unsold and unpro ductive till 1816, when they "were nearly all sold, and 8300,000 Vested in bank, as a permanent fund for the support of the in stitution. The Legislature, in consideration of the large amount of bonds for these lands over the $100,000, guaran tied that this permanent fund should yield annually eight per cent.
The College was nearly suspended from 1816 to 1819, and by aid of the surplus funds,, during this period, the debts of the institution were paid, the buildings repaired, the small library increased, and the philosophical and chemical apparatus greatly enlarged. From, this period the institution began to assume a,respectable, stand: its students increased--the Board obtained the services of a respectable number of officers, and continually enlarged the library and apparatus.
1 The first Commencement was on-Thursday, the 31st May, 1804. The exercises were held under an arbour, erected in the campus; the number of graduates was nine. Of these, four are now living, viz.: Col, Gibspn Clark, Gen. Jeptha V. Harris, Col. Wm. H. Jackson, and J.ames Jackson, at present Professor of Chemistry and Natural History in the University. The Hon. Augustus S. Clayton, one of its most untiring friends to the day of his death, was also a member of this class. Tho mas Irwin, Jared Irwin, Robert Rutherford, and William Williamson, were the four remaining members. The whole number of graduates is 533, among whom are found a large number of our most useful and distinguished citizens.
The University has buildings which have cost perhaps 75 or $80,000. It has a very extensive and complete philo sophical apparatus, a good chemical laboratory, a large min-

74

FRANKLIN COLLEGE.

eral cabinet^ and a very neat botanic garden. These have cost at least 20,000 dollars. The two literary societies have libraries amounting to about five thousand volumes. The offi cers of the University are now a President, six Professors, and two Tutors. Considering all the circumstances, may it not be said that its trustees have done much; that they have not be trayed their trust; and that though the State may not have done as much as many friends of learning could desire, she has done more than many apprehend--more than many States which are supposed to have been very liberal in their endow ment and support of seminaries of learning ? It is true that the citizens of the State, as individuals, have given but little to this institution. It has not been the recipient of such legacies and donations as have been bestowed upon the older Colleges. But may not the liberality of our citizens, which has been so free towards other and private seminaries, be yet turned towards this ? And since so much has been done by the trustees to carry out the designs of its patriotic and enlightened founders, may we not reasonably suppose that the State will hereafter appropriate to it whatever may be necessary to place it by the side of the most favoured and useful Colleges in the land ?

FRANKLIN COLLEGE OF GEORGIA.
This institution is located in Athens, in Clarke county. As early as 1788--9, the Legislature of Georgia made liberal en dowments for the establishment of the University ; but it did not go into operation until 1801. Its first President was Mr, Josiah Meigs, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Yale College, a gentleman of high reputation as a scholar, but owing to circumstances "which reflect no blame upon him, the University did not realize the expectations of its friends. Mr, Meigs resigned the presidency in 1811, and the Rev. Dr. Kollock, well known as a polished scholar, and great orator, was elected to fill the vacancy. This gentleman, however, declined the appointment, and Dr. Brown, Professor of Moral Philosophy, Columbia College, South Carolina, was then cho-

FRANKLIN COLLEGE.

75

sen to the office, -who continued, to preside over the University until 1810, when he resigned. Dr. Finley, of New-Jersey, was appointed his successor. This great and good man ap plied himself with indefatigable zeal to the advancement of the College, and confidence was felt through the State, that it would soon occupy a prominent stand among the literary in stitutions of the United States ; but the sudden and lamented death of Dr. Finley for a time obscured the cheering prospect. The Rev. N. S. S. Beman was selected to fill the vacancy oc casioned by the demise of Dr. Finley ; but this gentleman de clined serving. In 1819, the celebrated Dr. Moses Wadde], whose name will long be remembered by the citizens of South Carolina and Georgia, was elected President ; and under whose administration the University succeeded, to an extent beyond the most sanguine hopes of its friends. Dr. Waddel resigned in 1829, when the present incumbent, Dr. Alonzo Church, of Brattleborough, Vermont, and a graduate of Middlebury College, Vermont, -was appointed to this distinguished station. The character of Dr. Church is so favourably known to the people of Georgia, that it is almost superfluous to say any thing in relation to him. With a mind richly furnished with the stores of learning--with manners proverbially capti vating--with uncommon kindness of disposition, and with the prudence and firmness requisite to be possessed by those to whom the people of Georgia commit the education of their soils, at a period the most critical in the life of youth, Dr. Church has every qualification for the exalted position which he has so long filled.
Associated -with him are seven Professors, viz. James Jackson, A- M., Professor of Natural History and Modern Languages ; appointed in 1823. James P. Waddel, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages, a son of Dr. Moses Waddel; appointed in 1836. Charles F. McCay, A. M., Professor of Mathematics, As tronomy, and Civil Engineering; appointed in 1837. John Le Conte, M. D., Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry ; appointed in 1846. Hon. Joseph Henry Lumpkin, Professor of Law ; appoint ed in 1847.

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MERCER UNIVERSITY.

N. H. Wood, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Mathematics; appointed in 1848.
The Rev. William T. Brantley, A. M., Professor of Belles Lettres, Oratory, and History; appointed in 1848.
M. C. Fulton, A. M., Tutor in Ancient Languages ; ap pointed in 1847.
The University is now in a state of great prosperity. The number of students, according to the last catalogue, was one hundred and forty.
The resources of the University are 100,000 dollars in stock of the Bank of the State of Georgia, and about 1500 dollars in other stocks, together "with the proceeds of the tuition of stu dents, and a small amount of town lots. The buildings are : Two three-story, 120 by 45 feet, for lodging rooms for students ; a philosophical hall and chemical laboratory, a chapel, a libra ry and cabinet, president's house, and three houses for the pro fessors. The library contains between eight and nine thou sand volumes. The philosophical apparatus is one of the most extensive and complete in the country; the chemical laboratory is ample ; the cabinet of minerals large, and the botanic garden in good order.
The College has forty-four acres of ground on which the buildings are erected, and "which is set apart by the Legisla ture of the State for that purpose, and can never be diminished.
Connected with the College are two societies. Each has a very neat arid convenient hall, erected at the expense of the society, and costing about 4000 dollars each. The library of each of these associations contains between two and three thousand volumes.

MERCER UNIVERSITY.
This University is situated in Penfield, Greene county. In the year 1829, Mr. Josiah Penfield., of Savannah, bequeathed to the Baptist Convention of Georgia $2500, to aid in the edu cation of poor young men preparing for the ministry. Other

MERCER UNIVERSITY.

77

funds were obtained for the same object, and in January, 1833, a Literary and Theological Institution with a department for manual labor was established. In its progress the character of the institution became elevated, and in 1838 it received a charter from the Legislature with the title of Mercer Uni versity. In 1845 the manual labor "was discontinued, and the present course of theological instruction was commenced.
ENDOWMENT.--Besides its valuable buildings, and an exten sive tract of land, the University possesses the following funds :

University Fund,

.

.

.

$ 80,520

Central Professorship Fund, .

.

19,259

Mercer Theological

"

.

21,822

Railroad Stock, ....

10,000

Other Funds, ..... 6,599

Total,

.

.

$138,200

For this endowment, the University is chiefly indebted to the liberality of the late Rev. Jcsse Mercer. A foundation has thus been laid, on which the friends of education and religion may build, "with the confident hope of rearing an institution that "will be a blessing to future generations.
The library contains 2000 volumes. The philosophical and chemical apparatus continues to receive additions.
The two literary Societies have valuable libraries. FACULTY.--Rev. Mr. Dagg, President and Professor of Systematic Theology, a native of Virginia, appointed in 1S44. S. P. Sanford, A. M., Professor of Mathematics, appointed in 1841. Rev. S. G. Hillyer, Professor of Belles-Lettrcs, appointed in 1845. Rev. N. M. Crawford, A. M., Professor of Ecclesiastical History, a son of the Hon. W. H. Crawford ; appointed in 1845. Joseph E. Willet, A. B., Professor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy, appointed in 1847. Rev. P. H. Mell, Professor of Greek and Latin Languages. According to the last catalogue, there "were 120 students in attendance. Commencement on the last Wednesday in July.
6

78

EMORY COLLEGE.

OGLETHORPE UNIVERSITY.
This institution is located at Midway near Milledgeville in Baldwin county. It is under the government of the Presby terian Church, represented by the Synod of South Carolina and Georgia. The College commenced operations in January 1838.. The President is the Rev. Samuel K. Talmage, a .-.graduate of Princeton College, and elected in 1841.
The Professors are: Rev. John W. Baker, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages, appointed in 1844.
Rev. Ferdinand Jacobs, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, elected in 1845.
Rev. R. C. Smith, A. M., Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy, appointed in 1847.
E. W. Lane, A. M., Professor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy, elected in 1846,
H. Ramsey, A. M., Rector of Preparatory School. The main College building is of brick, two stories high besides a basement. The central part contains a fine chapel whole dimensions 52 feet front by 89 feet deep, including a'
colonnade 14 feet deep. Attached to the building are two wings, 30 feet front by 34 feet deep, three stories high. In the basement and wings 16 rooms for library, museum, &c. On each side of the campus there is a row of dormitories of
one story for the accommodation of the students. The other buildings are the President's house, the Academy, and a
building used for recitations. The College year is divided into two sessions. The winter
session begins on the first Monday in January, and closes on the second Wednesday in May. The summer session begins four weeks after the latter date, arid closes on Commencement day, the Wednesday after the second Monday in November.

EMORY COLLEGE.
This institution is situated in the beautiful and retired village of Oxford, Newton county. It was founded in

r

FEMALE INSTITUTE.

7"9

183J,.aad was named after Bishop Emory of the Methodist "ifipiscopal Church.
Its first President was the Rev. Ignatius A. Few, L. L. D., a native of Columbia county, Georgia, and a man of the most extensive acquirements.* This gentleman resigned the presi dency on account of ill health, and was succeeded by the Rev. Augustus B. Longstreet, L. L. D., who continued to preside oyer the College until July 1848, a period of more than ten years. , The Rev. Geo. F. Pierce, D. D., so favourably known as -a learned, zealous, and eloquent clergyman, now fills this high office. Rev. Dr. Pierce is a native of Greene county, Georgia, and a graduate of Franklin College ; acts not only as President, but also as Professor of English Literature.
Rev. Alexander Means, M. D., Professor of Physical Sci ence.
Rev. O. L. Smith, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages. Rev. J. M. Bournell, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Langua ges and Mathematics. Mr. Gustavus J. Orr, A. M., Professor of Mathematics. Mr. James E. Palmer, A. B., Principal of the Preparatory Department. The College numbers ninety-seven alumni; of this number eighteen are ministers of the gospel. At this time there are one hundred and twenty-six students in attendance. The libraries contain about three thousand volumes. Commence ment on the Wednesday after the third Monday in July.

GEORGIA FEMALE COLLEGE.
Located on a high hill in the city of Macon. This institu tion was founded by a few friends of female literature, and is under the supervision of the Georgia Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. It first commenced its exer cises on the 7th of January, 1839. The Faculty consists of a President, three Professors, with a proper number of assistants, a Matron and a superintendent of the department of domestic

80

EPISCOPAL INSTITUTE.

economy. The course of study is extensive. The number of pupils generally in attendance is about one hundred and forty.
There is one term beginning on the first Monday in Octo ber, an,d continuing ten successive months.
The College building is one hundred and sixty feet long and sixty wide^ four stories, with a cupola. The wings are three stories high. Fifty-six rooms in the building.
This establishment has done much for the cause of Female Education in Georgia, and we sincerely hope that it will com mend itself to the patronage of the people.

GEORGIA EPISCOPAL INSTITUTE. *
The Episcopal Church is chiefly indebted to the liberality of G. B. Lamar, Esq., formerly of the city of Savannah, for this invaluable seminary.
This school is located in Monroe county, about seventeen miles from Macon, fourteen from Forsyth, and six from the Macon and Western Railroad. Its advantages are not sur passed by those of any school in the United States, Until the property "was purchased by Mr, Lamar, it was a favourite reresort for invalids, who "were attracted by its medicinal springs, healthful climate, and delightful temperature. Its natural beau ties, which are rarely equalled, have been improved with the finest taste. The visitor needs only to see its extensive lawn, majestic groves, shady "walks, beautiful gardens, and spacious buildings, to be in love "with the spot. In addition to this, it is the permanent residence of the bishop of the diocese, a gentle man long distinguished for devoted piety and extensive literary attainments. His large and well selected library affords an inex haustible source of entertainment and knowledge to the pupils. The course of instruction is thorough and complete ; embracing every item that can contribute to fit a lady for the first stations in society. Its teachers are persons of high character and first rate abilities. They have been procured at great expense
* Prepared by Rev. Richard Johnson.

r

MEDICAL COLLEGE.

81

in Europe and America. It may be truly said that in this school, true religion, useful learning, and polished refinement are inseparably united. The number of pupils varies from sixty to ninety. The applicants have generally been more than could be accommodated.

MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA.
The charter incorporating this College was granted by the Legislature of Georgia in 1830- In 1833 and 34 the class in attendance amounted to thirty. Since that period, the number has greatly increased.
The course of lectures in this institution commences an nually on the second Monday in November, and continues four months.
FACULTY.--George M. Newton, M. D., Prof, of Anatomy. L. A. Dugas, M. D., Prof, of Physiology and Path. Anat omy, Alexander Means, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Phar macy. Paul F. Eve, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery. Joseph A. Eve, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Infants. L. D. Ford, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine. I. P. Garvin, M. D., Professor of Therapeutics and Materia
Medic a. H. F. Campbell, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. George M. Newton, M. D., Dean of the Faculty. The class of 1847-8 numbered one hundred and forty.
The Board of Trustees consists of twenty-four gentlemen. The Legislature of Georgia have been liberal to this Col
lege. In 1833 it gave ten thousand dollars, and in 1835, gave all the interest of the State in the premium resulting from the sale of certain stock, valued at twenty-five thousand dollars. By these means, with five thousand dollars a donation from the

82

LUNATIC ASYLUM.

City Council of Augusta, and ten thousand dollars raised upon the responsibility of the Faculty, the College has been able to erect a splendid Grecian Doric structure, furnished "with an anatomical museum, chemical apparatus, surgical cabinet, &c., to liquidate every debt, and provide a fund for contingent expense.

STATE LUNATIC ASYLUM.
This is, as its name implies, an institution founded by the State.
In December, 1837, an act "was passed by the Legislature, providing for its establishment, and authorizing the appoint ment, by the Governor, of certain commissioners, charged with the duty of purchasing a suitable site, and vested with the au thority to contract for and superintend the erection of the necessary buildings, the requisite preliminary appropriation being made towards the accomplishment of these purposes. A site was selected, southeast of, and about one mile distant from, Oglethorpe University. Forty acres of land being purchased, the erection of the buildings "was begun, and progressed up to the winter of 1841, when the Legislature directed that the com missioners should discontinue the operations on one of the buildings, and proceed to the speedy completion of that most advanced. At the same time an act was passed for the orga nization of the institution. Said act provided that the board, &c., of pauper patients sent to the asylum should be paid by the counties from which they were sent. It further provided, that the superintendence of the institution should remain in the trustees and steward until such time as, in the judgment of the Board, the increased number of patients rendered it neces sary to elect a resident physician and superintendent (the two offices being combined in the same individual), and that the medical services requisite should be procured from some neigh bouring physician, who should receive as compensation for his services two hundred dollars per annum.
In October, 1842, one of the buildings contemplated being

LUNATIC ASYLUM.

83

completed, the institution was announced ready for the recep tion of patients, and on the 15th December of that year the first patient "was received ; since which period, the number has slowly but steadily increased. The Legislature of 1843 amended the act of organization, so as to relieve the individual counties from the support of their paupers in the asylum and impose the burden upon the State at large, by authorizing the Board of Trustees to draw, from time to time, upon the Governor for their support, at the rate of fifty dollars per annum. This course was pursued up to the session of 1845, -when the plan of special appropriation of such amount- as was deemed necessary for the ensuing two years was substituted. The medical services de manded 'were rendered by the trustees, Drs. Fort, B. A. W^hite, and G-eo. D. Case, all medical gentlemen of the vicinity, until January, 1843, when, in the judgment of the Board, the number of patients rendered it necessary that the station of resident physician and superintendent should be filled. Dr. David Cooper was then elected to that office, and continued to discharge its duties up to January, 1846, when he was suc ceeded by the present officer, Dr. Thomas F. Green. The laworganizing the institution authorizes the commitment to the asylum of all idiots, lunatics, and epileptics, and requires that all such persons, who are residents of this State, and whose pauperism is certified by the court committing them, shall be supported in the institution by the State ; all others are required to pay board at such rate as may be determined by the trus tees. The present charge is one hundred dollars per annum, the friends of the patient supplying all clothing necessary. In the fall of 1847, the second building was completed upon the same plan as that first erected, and furnished a separate department for the use of the female patients. Until within the past two years a very large proportion of the patients were of the worst possible descriptions. From the general want of proper information among the mass of the people in relation to such institutions, the incomplete condition of the establishment, and the influence of other causes, such only were sent to the asylum generally as had become burdens at home, too intoler able to be longer borne, certainly, in very many instances, from the influence of no hope of benefit to them, as their state was

84

LUNATIC ASYLUM.

such, that, in a number of cases, they did nat survive a month after their reception. Since November, 1847, the whole aspect of things has been materially changed for the better. An en tirely separate department has been provided for the females, more extensive means of classification secured, more liberal provision made for the support of the institution, white attend ants employed in every department, and many very valuable improvements effected. And notwithstanding there still exists great necessity for additional means and facilities for promoting the care, comfort, and cure of the inmates (all "which, it is hoped, will be provided for by the next Legislature), yet the present condition of the institution is such as to reflect much credit upon the humane efforts of the State in the behalf of that, of all others, most helpless class of human sufferers, and to afford the means of providing for their safety, comfort;, and cure, in a much higher degree and more satisfactory manner than can possibly exist under the most favourable circumstances at their homes. The proportion of cures effected has been, under all the difficulties, fully equal to any just expectations ; indeed, the proportion of cures, in recent cases of insanity, have equalled such results anywhere. The -whole amount expended by the State upon this object, for all purposes (including cost of land and buildings), has been, or will have been at the end of the present year, 1849, $94,201.
Whole number of patients received since 15th Decem
ber, 1843, to January, 1849, ........ 204 Number who have been discharged, ...... 56
died, ......... 53 Number remaining, January, 1849, ....... 95 Number of buildings for patients, 2. Size of buildings-- height, four stories; length, 139 feet; width, 39 feet. Number of rooms for patients in each of the two buildings, exclusive of those used for bathing purposes, &c., 63 ; size of those rooms, ten feet by nine. Height of ceiling, ten feet. Extent of ground .at present belonging to the Asylum, forty acres.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

85

GEORGIA ASYLUM FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB,
AT CAVE SPRINGS, FLOYD COUNTY.
The Legislature of the State at different times have made liberal appropriations for the support and education of the deaf and dumb. Formerly, a commissioner "was appointed to receive applications in behalf of indigent deaf and dumb in habitants of this State, and to make all necessary arrange ments for conveying such beneficiaries to the American Asy lum at Hartford, Connecticut ; but that office is now abolished. In 1847, the Legislature passed an act authorizing the Gover nor to appoint five commissioners, -who are required to make all necessary arrangements for the erection of an Asylum.
This institution is now in successful operation.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS AT MILLEDGEVILLE.
The STATE-HOUSE stands upon an eminence, about threefourths of a mile from the river. In it are rooms for the Le gislature, offices for the Governor, Secretary of State, Trea surer, Comptroller, and Surveyor General; and rooms for clerks, committees, &c. This building cost $115,000, and was erected under the direction of General Thomas.
STATE ARSENAL. GOVERNOR'S HOUSE. PENITENTIARY. The outer 'walls are made of brick, aver aging twenty feet in height, by two and a half feet thick, con taining "within the walls two and a half acres. The cells, or prison proper, are contained in a three-story granite building, two hundred feet long by thirty feet broad, each story con structed with a passage eight feet wide, running the whole length. On each side are the cells, facing each other, and doors opening into these passages, with one grated "window. The rooms are eight feet high, eight feet long, and six and a half feet wide, intended for one inmate only, the 'whole build ing containing one hundred and fifty cells. These are divided into four wards, designated by the letters A, B, C, and D.

86

BANKS.

These cells are numbered on the doors, beginning in each ward at No. I, and rising until all are numbered in each re spective ward. The occupants are also numbered, corre sponding -with the letter of the ward to -which they belong. The present -workshops were constructed in 1844. They are built of brick,, one story high, of nine feet pitch, with jointed sheathing, and covered with shingles. The form at its common centre, is that of an octagon, with three of its angles cut to a straight line, leaving five angles of thirty feet each,
-which angles being all open, they present so many openings into as many shops, one hundred and fifty feet long, by thirty feet
broad each. These are lighted by -windows every seven feet. There is also in the inclosure a two-story building of brick, forty feet square, in which are apartments for the sick, female convicts, &c. Leather, wagons, shoes, pails, and indeed al most every thing, is made in the establishment; and we un derstand that at this time it brings a small income to the State.

BANKS.
Augusta and Insurance Banking Company. Bank of Augusta. Bank of Brunswick. Bank of Milledgeville. Bank of St. Mary's. Bank of the State of Georgia. Branch of Do. at Augusta. Branch of Do. at Athens. Branch of Do. at Eatonton. Branch of Do. at Washington. Agency at Macon. Agency at Griffin. Agency at Columbus. Central Railroad and Banking Company. Georgia Railroad and Banking Company. Marine and Fire Insurance Bank. Mechanics' Bank of Augusta. Merchants' Bank. Planters Bank.

RAILROADS.

87

RAILROADS.
CENTRAL RAILROAD.--In the report of L. O. Reynolds, Esq., Chief Engineer of the Central Railroad, there is much information in regard to this work achieved in a comparatively short period "under the most discouraging circumstances and in the face of a doubting public."
In the summer and fall of 1834, an experimental survey was made under the direction of Col. Cruger, at the request and cost of the city of Savannah, to ascertain -the practicability, and approximate the cost of constructing a Railroad from this city to Macon. The survey "was made and the practicability of the road demonstrated. In April, 1836, the company was formed, and preparations made for commencing the road with out delay. The line leaves the depot in the southwestern part of Savannah, and continues straight INT. 77 deg. 10 min,, W. for 13 miles--then curving slightly to the left, on a radius of 150,000 feet, it approaches "within a mile and a half of the Ogeechee, then bending to the right, on a curve of 5,000 feet radius, it follows the general direction of that river, and at a mean distance of about three miles from it, through the flat lands of Effingham county, until it reaches the county of Scriven ; then taking the hammocks bordering on the river swamp, it follows them to Brinson's Mill Creek; then takes the valley of this creek which leads out from the river; having passed around Paramore Hill, and across Buck Head Creek; the line again resumes the river flats, and continues over them through the county of Burke ; crossing the Ogeechee at the point before mentioned about 12 miles from Louisville. From this point it follows the valley of "Williamson's Swamp, and crosses that stream near the Double Bridges, then taking the southernmost of the two southern prongs, ascends the summit of the ridge separating the waters of the Ogeechee from those of the Oconee, which ridge it crosses about 2-^ miles south of Saundersville. Having passed the summit, the line goes along the valley of a prong of the head branches of the Ohoopee for a short distance ; then along the head of Sand Hill Creek by which a descent is made to the Oconee river. This river is

88

RAILROADS.

gained near a spot called " Rag Point," three miles above the mouth of Commissioner's Creek, and 16 or 38 miles below Milledgeville. The river swamp is here about one mile wide on the E., and two miles on the W. The grade is here supported at a mean height of about 16 feet above the level of the swamp for about three miles ; one-third of this distance is of trestle work, and the remainder of embankment.
The river is crossed by abridge 266 feet long, supported by stone abutments and a pier in the centre. Having passed the Oconee river, the road proceeds near the mouth of Commis sioner's Creek, and then crosses the south side of this creek, and follows its valley for 26 miles ; then leaving it, the road passes, by a cut of 31 feet, the highest point of land it crosses being about 500 feet above tide -water, into a prong of Big Sandy Creek; following this stream about two miles it crosses it, and takes another branch of the same creek, which it keeps for about the same distance ; then crossing the main branch of Sandy Creek, it ascends to the summit between the Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers ; then following a branch of Swift Creek for a mile and half, it crosses the main creek; then taking another branch of Swift Creek it reaches Boggy Branch, which leads it to the valley of the Ocmulgee. After reaching the river valley about three miles below the city of Macon, it keeps along the low grounds, and enters the river swamp near the great mound, and terminates at East Macon, the whole distance being 190 miles 3000 feet.
The road was extended to Macon on the 13fh of October, 1843, and the Macon depot was opened for regular business on the 1st of November following.
The superstructure of the road for the distance of one hundred miles, is laid with the common plate rail. This has become much worn by the heavy increase of tonnage which the road has sustained for the past year, and the Directors, availing themselves of the present low price of iron, have ordered a sufficient quantity of heavy rails to re-lay the whole of this part of the road.
A considerable quantity of the new iron is already received and is now being laid down. When this shall be accomplished, the efficiency and capacity of the road for business will be much improved.

RAILROADS.

89

The "work on this road is done in a superior manner. The arrangements for the comfort of passengers are surpassed by few. roads in the United States.
The conductors, some of whom have been in the service of the Company from its commencement, have acquired an enviable reputation for their courtesy and attention to passengers.
The first President, William W. Gordon, Esq., is justly en titled to the gratitude of the citizens of Georgia, for the great interest which he took in this enterprise. With industry which nothing could weary; with a spirit undaunted by opposition; and with talents which eminently qualified him for the direction of a 'work of this character, he devoted his whole time to the duties of his office.
Richard R. Cuyler, Esq., the present President of the Company, is a gentleman, to whom much credit is due, for his indefatigable attention to the interests of the road.
\Ve cannot, in justice to another officer of this Company, conclude this brief notice "without mentioning the name of L. O. Reynolds, Esq., Chief Engineer, who has faithfully per formed his duty to the company from its very beginning.
-MrLLEUG-EviT-LF, AND GORDON RAILROAD--chartered in 1847, and organized the same year. The road is to connect Milledgeville, the capital of the State, with Gordon, on the Central Railroad. From Gordon to Milledgeville, by the line of the Railroad, the distance is 17^ miles, and the direction N. of IN". E. The road crosses the north fork of Commission ers' Creek, Beaver, Camp, and Fishing Creeks. At the time of writing this (12th of June, 1849,) there was about the third of the grading of the road completed, and the work is still in pro gress.
GEORGIA RAILROAD AND BANKING COMPANY.--A charter was granted .to this Company in December, 1833, and amended in December, 1835.
A portion of the road was put in operation on the 1st of November, 1837, and finished to the terminus of the Western and Atlantic Railroad at Atlanta, 171 miles from Augusta, on the 15th of September, 1845.
The line leaves the depot at Augusta, and pursues nearly a

90

RAILROADS.

westerly direction to Cfimak, 47 miles. .At this point a branch extends towards Milledgeville to Warrenton, 3-|- miles. Prom Camak the course is northwest to Union Point, when a branch commences to Athens, 39 miles. From Union Point to Madison the line passes through the northern portion of Grcensborough, and crosses the Oconee at its junction "with the AppaJJachee, at an elevation of 436 feet above title water. After leaving Madison, it follows the ridge separating the wa ters of the Appallachee and .Little Rivers to the Social Circle, whence it descends to tiie ALcovy at Colley's Bridge, crossing it at an elevation of 70 feet, and then takes nearly a direct course to Covington, where it bends jV. W\, and intersecting Yellow river a short distance above the .Decatur road, it gradually rises to the ridge parting Yellow and Ocmulgee riv ers, which it follows, leaving the Stone .Mountain. 1^ miles to the right, until it joins the high grounds dividing the latter river from the Chattahoochee. Along these it is continued to the Western and Atlantic Railroad, touching the 8. E. angle of the village of Decatur.
The \vhole cost of this road and its equipments, up to April 1st, 1849, has been $3,551,975. This road, with all the arrangements connected with it, does great credit to the Com pany. Every effort is made to insure the safety and comfort of passengers.
MACOX AND WJESTEKN RAILROAD.--This road "was charter ed in December, 1833, under the name and style of the Monroe Railroad and Banking Company. The Company was or ganized, and the road commenced, in 1835. The bank con nected with the road, called the Monroe Railroad Bank, com menced its operations at JVIacon, on the 25th day of January, 1837. General L. L. Griffin was President, and James Land, Esq., was Cashier, who was soon, however, succeeded by Peter Solomon, Esq. The road was first chartered from Macon to the town of Forsyth, in Monroe county. In 183fJ the charter was amended, authorizing the extension of the road in a northwesterly direction to some point on or near the Chatta hoochee to be thereafter determined. The bank continued its operations, and the road was pressed onward with great ra pidity, until it reached the place now occupied by the town of

RAILROADS.

91

Griffin, in Pike county. About this time the affairs of both the road and bank became much involved--so much so, that the entii'e capital invested in them was a total loss to the stock holders ; and after much litigation, the road and all its equip ments were sold on the 5th day of August, 1845, under a de cree of Court, and were purchased by Jeremy Cowles, Esq., agent for Daniel Tyler, Esq., for the sum of 8155,000. By the energy of Daniel Tyler, a new Company, composed princi pally of northern capitalists, was formed, of which Daniel Tyler was made President. This Company applied to the Legislature, in 1845, for a confirmation of their purchase, and a change of the name of the road, both of which were granted.
The old road and equipments were found in so great a state of deterioration, that the new Company resolved at once to renew the superstructure of wood, and lay new rails on the whole line, and to furnish an entire new outfit of engines and cars. To accomplish this, the energies of the Company were applied about the 1st day of January, 1846, and the- road was opened its whole length from Mac on to Atlanta, 101 miles, and a regular freight and passenger business commenced on the first day of October of the same year. To give an idea of the rapid manner in which this "work was completed, we will remark, that over 8600,000 in cash, including the purchase money, was expended in less than nine months. In 1847, the Macon and Western Railroad applied to the Legislature for an amendment to its charter, which -was granted, conferring all the previous privileges that "were enjoyed by the old Company, except banking, including the right to construct a road from Griffin to West Point. Total cost of road to present owners, $628,091 25.
The public are aware that the trains of this road have been run -with a regularity unsurpassed by arty railroad in the United States; and the President of the Company, in his re port for the last year, says " the entire credit of which is due to the superior skill and management of Mr. Emerson Foote, the general superintendent/'
SOUTHWESTERN RAILROAD.--In 1845, a plan was con ceived of constructing a railroad from the city of Macon,

92

RAILROADS.

pla

-

cola Railroad Company, from that city to some point on the

above mentioned river. A charter was granted by the ensu

ing Legislature., an. experienced engineer employed, and an -ac

curate survey made. The Central Railroad Company, and

the City Council of Savannah, each subscribed $250,000 to

the stock of this Company, payable as soon as the completion

of the road was placed beyond contingency. The commission

ers petitioned the Legislature of 1847 to .amend the charter, so

as to allow them to organize the Company as soon as a sub

scription of 8200,000 could be obtained. This amendment

was granted, and the commissioners succeeded in obtaining a

sufficient amount of subscriptions to authorize them to call a

meeting of the subscribers. A meeting was held, and on the

10th day of February, 1847, the Company was organized.

Shortly afterwards, the "whole building of twenty-five miles of

the road, and the grading of ten miles more were put under

contract. There have been subscribed to the stock of this

Company, to 7th December 1848, $512,200, or 5122 shares.

From the report of the engineer we learn, that " the extent of

line now under contract is thirty-five miles," and the contract

ors are making very commendable progress.

WESTERN AND ATI. ANTIC RAILROAD. -- This road com

mences at Atlanta, in De Kalb county ; passes through Cobb,

Cass, Walker, and Murray counties, and will terminate at

Chattanooga, in Tennessee. It is destined to connect with the

railroads of Tennessee, and when finished -will be of immense

advantage to Georgia. It is expected that the road will be com

pleted in the course of the present year. The tunnel of

this road is 1477 feet in length, height 18 feet, width in the

clear 12 feet. It is cut, in a great measure, through solid rock.

The lateral "walls are of rock, six feet thick at the base, and

five feet at the top. The approaches to the tunnel are- pro

tected on both sides by massive masonry. The chief engineer,

in his report for 1848, says : --

" The Etowah mills, and others erected, or in process of

erection, for the manufacture of flour, are stimulating the

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

93

production of -wheat to an unprecedented extent; and our Georgia brands are already esteemed among the best in the market; Wheat and flour are to be important articles of
transportation on this road. " The watering places along our line of road, and conve
nient to the same, are becoming very popular, and they may be expected to attract large crowds every summer, and thus con tribute to swell the income of the road. Indeed not only these mineral and medicinal -waters, but also the saltpetre cave near Kingston, the tunnel beyond Dalton, the rich and varied scene ry along our -whole line, the mountainous ridges, the long fertile valleys and beautiful streams, together "with the bold features around Chattanooga, are all objects to interest and attract summer visitants."
AUGUSTA AND WAYNESBOROUGH RAILROAD.--The stock of this road has been subscribed for, and the work is in progress. Its importance is evident from its connecting Savannah and Augusta "with the railroads in Tennessee.
Charters for several Railroads have been obtained, and some of them are in the progress of construction.

' CANALS.
The only works of this description in Georgia, are the Sa vannah, Ogeechee, and Alatamaha Canal, and the Augusta Canal, an account of which is given in this work.

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.
PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.--The trustees of the colony of Georgia, rightly considered it a part of their duty to provide for the pastoral superintendence of their settlers, as well as for the instruction and conversion of the natives ; and in looking out for clergymen duly qualified for the discharge of this important duty, their attention was naturally directed to the Rev. John
7

94

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

Wesley, and his companions at Oxford. Dr. Burton, at that time President of Corpus Christi College, was one of the trus tees ; and being well acquainted with Mr. Wesley, introduced him to General Oglethorpe, "who at once proposed to him the mission to Georgia. Wesley at first declined the offer, but finally consented to go. With his friends Delamotte and Ingham, he embarked at Gravesend on the 14th of October, 1725, and arrived in the Savannah river on the 5th of February, 1736. As soon as "Wesley entered upon his missionary work, he found a serious obstacle to the conversion of the natives, in the bad examples of his countrymen. With his European congregation, he insisted on an exact compliance -with the rubrics. His zeal for the maintenance of ecclesiastical order and authority, was shown about this time, by his taking a voy age to Charleston, to present a formal complaint to Mr. Gar den, the Commissary, of some one who had married several of his parishioners, without either banns or license. Having at tained his object, he returned to Savannah, and devoted him self to the spiritual welfare of the settlers. Finding a settle ment of French families at the village of Highgate, and one of Germans at Hampstead, he readily undertook to perform di vine service every Saturday at both places, in the language of the respective settlers. Circumstances which it is no part of our task to investigate, led Wesley, after taking counsel with his friends, to decide upon leaving a country where his power of being useful seemed likely to be diminished. Accordingly, he returned to England, where he was destined to play a more conspicuous and successful part. It is a singular fact, that the ship which brought Wesley into the Downs, passed one out ward bound, which had on board another remarkable man, just commencing his voyage, for the very mission which Wesley had abandoned. The latter, as soon as he knew that "Whitefield was on board the vessel which had just set sail, and doubting whether his friend would be so usefully em ployed in America as in England, found means to send him a note, advising him to return ; but Whitefield was not to be diverted from his .settled purpose. He arrived in Georgia in May, 1738, and remained a few months, faithfully discharging his duties. He then returned to London; after which he set

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

95

sail for the Northern States of America. After a tour of preaching, he came to Georgia in 1739, and laid the founda tion of an orphan-house, to which he gave the name of Bethesda. On the petition of the trustees, the Rev. Win. N orris was appointed Missionary to Savannah in 1740 ; and the Rev. Mr. Bosom-worth to Frederica, in 1743. The latter did not remain long in the mission, but was succeeded in 1745 by the Rev. Mr. Zouberbugler, who, two years after his arrival, re ported the number of inhabitants in Savannah at 602, and of communicants at 57. A schoolmaster, by name Ottoleiighi, '; a very serious and devout convert from Judaism," was added to the Mission in 1750 ; and the Rev. Jonathan Copp was sent out as Missionary to Augusta. Upon his arrival, Mr. Copp found a congregation of from SO to 100 persons, but only eight communicants ; and there was no other settled clergy man within 130 miles of him. The situation of this gentle man was very trying. He had neither house nor glebe, and there appeared but little chance of his receiving even the small allowance of -20 a year, -which had been promised to him by the vestry. But, independently of all this, he and his family were living in constant apprehension of an incursion and attack by the Indians. He continued, however, to main tain his ground in this mission for five years ; and in 175(i re moved to a parish in South Carolina. In 1758 the Assembly passed an act for dividing the province into eight parishes, re cognizing the doctrine and discipline of the Church of England, and granting a salary of .=25 sterling to every clergyman em ployed in the province. The Mission, of Augusta remained for some time vacant; but, in 1764, was again filled by the ap pointment of the Rev. Samuel Frink. Mr. Friiik remained in Augusta about three years, The population at the time of his first report, was 540 whites, 501 negro slaves, and about 90 Chickasaw Indians. In 1707 he was removed to Savan nah, and was succeeded by the Rev. Edward Ellington, June 30, 1768, -who informed the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, that there was not one place of worship of any deno mination, within a hundred--miles of him, any way. This faithful Missionary did every thing in his power to remedy this evil, generally setting out on Monday., and travelling 30 or

96

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

40 miles, performing divine service at three different places, ten miles wide of each other, on the three following days, and returning home on the Friday. Within a short time after his arrival at his Mission, he had baptized 178 children and two adults. During his residence at Augusta, he had travelled in the discharge of duty 3000 miles ; had baptized 428 persons, and raised the number of communicants from seven to forty. Although the Church of England was established by law in Georgia, the province divided into parishes, and commission ers appointed to see to the erection of a church, and the setting off a globe in every parish; yet all these provisions were nu gatory, as no one seemed to consider himself responsible for carrying them into practical operation. In 1709, there were but two churches in the whole of Georgia, and these were 150 miles apart. The separation of the colonies from the mother country, interfered much with the progress of the Episcopal Church, and for many years there were not, at any one time, more than three clergymen. In the State. Within a few years past, this denomination has greatly in creased. There are now connected with the Diocese of Georgia, about twenty-six clergymen, sixteen parishes, and over 800 communicants.
More than $3,380 were contributed for missionary and other purposes during the past year.
LUTHERAN CHURCH.--On the 37th of November, 1733, ninety-one persons of the Lutheran faith with two clergymen, the Rev. Messrs. Bolzius and Gronau, embarked from Europe for Georgia, and after a passage of one hundred and four days, landed in Savannah. Resting here for a few days, they pro ceeded to a tract of land situated on the north side of Savan- , nah river, about twenty-five miles from the city of Savannah, ( which had been granted to them by the Trustees, and to which they gave the name of Eben Ezer (Rock of Help), in consid eration of their gratitude to the Almighty for his protecting care. In the years 1735, 1736, 1741, the settlement was in creased by other colonists, and although much exposed to pri vations and sickness, they felt that the privilege of worshipping God according to the dictates of their conscience more than '

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

97

compensated them for all that they suffered. For some time they "were in the habit of holding their meetings for religious services in the tent of the Rev. Mr. Bolzius, one of their pas tors, and when the contributions of their friends in Europe enabled them to erect an orphan-house, divine worship was held in this building until their two churches were ready for their reception. About this time there was a settlement of Germans on St. Simon's Island, under the pastoral care of the Rev. Mr. Driesler, a gentleman, who by his exemplary piety had secured the love of all -who knew him. In Savannah a church had been established probably before 1759, under the care of Rev. Messrs. Martin Rabenhorst and Wottman, but divine service being conducted in the German language, and the younger part of the congregation being ignorant of that language, the church was closed, and remained in this situ ation for many years. The church was again opened in 1824, with preaching in the English language, the Rev. S. A. Mealy being their pastor. The present church -was erected in 1843 at a cost of 813,000.
The congregation at Ebenezer in the very beginning of the Revolution took an active part in favour of the colonies. This was to be expected. 'They said, "We have experienced the evils of tyranny in our native country ; for the sake of Liberty we have left home, lands, houses, estates, and have taken re fuge in the wilds of Georgia; shall we now again submit to bondage ? No ! we will not." With a few exceptions they stood by their country throughout the whole revolutionary conflict. Their church was converted into a stable by the British soldiers, and sometimes was used as a hospital for the sick and wounded. After the war the settlers began to scatter themselves 011 small farms from two to ten miles from the vil lage. The church \vas repaired, and the Rev. John E. Bergman arrived from Germany, and served the congregation as their pastor for thirty-six years. He preached in the German language, which proved, as far as the young were concerned, injurious to the interests of their church, and about the close of the eighteenth century, a few only remained of a congrega tion which once required the services of three clergymen at the same time.

9S

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

The Lutherans have within a fe"w years been increasing in Georgia. There are now nine Lutheran ministers in this State, who are engaged in building up the interests of that church. Besides the church in the city of Savannah, there are three churches in Effingham county, two in Coweta, one iri Henry, one in Merriwether, two in Macon county, and a missionary is now labouring in the city of Macon with some prospects of success. There are also Lutheran settlements in Randolph, Stewart, and several other counties in south western. Georgia. The statistics of this church in Georgia may be set down as follows :--Ministers nine, churches ten, communicants six hundred, Lutheran population two thou sand. The congregation at Ebenezer has a fund of some 814,000, from the interest of -which the expenses of the church are paid, and provision made for the education of the children. The cause of Missions, Temperance Societies, and all the other benevolent enterprises of the day are liberally supported by the ministers and their people.
BAPTISTS.--Members of this respectable denomination were among the first colonists which came to Georgia. In 1757, Mr. jVicholas Bedgewood, who was connected -with Whitefield's orphan-house near Savannah, went to Charleston, and was baptized by the Rev. Mr. Hart. Having received ordination he returned to Georgia, and in 1763, baptized and administered the Lord's Supper to several persons in the vici nity of the orphan-house. About 1770, or 1771, the Rev. Mr. Botsford, a very zealous Baptist minister, came to Georgia, a,nd established a church about twenty-five or thirty miles below Augusta, now known as Botsford's old meeting-house. Not long before the arrival of Mr. Botsford, the Rev. Daniel Mar shall with other Baptist emigrants settled on the Kiokee creek in Columbia county, and in 1772 established the first regular Baptist church in Georgia. The war with the Indians and the Revolution interfered very much with the labours of the minis ters of this denomination ; but when peace again threw her benignant smiles upon our country, they resumed their pious efforts, and have continued from that period to the present among the most self-denying and zealous Christians in our State. It is believed that the Baptists now embrace a greater

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

99

number of members than any other church. According to the

statistical table, contained in the minutes of their Convention

held in 1849, there "were in Georgia:

Associations,

50

Churches,

1,105

Church Members,

67,068

Baptized last year,

5,733

Gain of Convention Associations,

3,lN7

Gain to Convention,

5,239

Loss of An ti-JVIis si on Associations,

332

Cain of Neutral Associations,

1,183

Gain of United Baptist Associations,

111

Total gain in the State,

4,159

Number of ordained Ministers,

583

Number of Licentiates,

392

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.--At the Conference of Vir

ginia, held in 1780, a proposal was made for some preachers

to volunteer their services for the State of Georgia, and several

offered themselves for this new field of labour. Two of those

who offered, Thomas Humphries and John Major, were ac

cepted, and they went to their "work and were made a blessing

to many. They formed a Circuit along the settlements on

the banks of the Savannah river, around by Little river, in

cluding Washington. During this year they formed several

societies, containing upwards of 400 members. John Major, from

the plaintive style of his preaching, was called the " Weeping

Prophet." In 1799, George Clarke was sent to St. Mary's, in

Georgia. He did not, however, confine his labours to St. Mary's,

but travelled extensively in. Glynn and Camden counties. In

this year, the first Methodist society "was formed in Augusta,

under the direction of Stith Mead. In 3803, the number of

members in Georgia was greatly increased. Methodism was

established in Savannah in 1807. It is true, that as early as

1790, Hope Hull was sent to Savannah, and he preached a

few times in a chairmaker's shop belonging to Mr. Lowry ;

but such was the opposition manifested towards him, that he

was assailed with mob violence, and his success was small.

He "was followed in 170G by Jonathan Jackson and Josiah

Handle, but they left the place without making any permanent

100

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS,

impression. In 1800, John Garvin made .an ineffectual at tempt to collect a society in Savannah, and though he suc ceeded after many difficulties in inducing a few to attend his meetings for a season, yet he also abandoned the place in de spair. The next attempt "was made by a Mr. Cloud, whose improper conduct only increased the existing prejudices against the Methodists. At a Conference held in Sparta, December 29, 1800, the subject of making another attempt to establish Methodism in Savannah "was presented by a forcible appeal from some warm friends of the cause. Bishop Asbury selected Samuel Dunwoody, at that time young in the ministry, but humble, bold, and zealous. He laboured assiduously, and at the end of the year, returned twelve members, five whites and seven coloured. After hard toiling, the members succeeded in erecting a house of worship in 1812, which was called WesJey Chapel. Since that period, the Methodists have not only increased in Savannah, but in every part of Georgia, and next to the Baptists, are the most numerous denomination.* According to the minutes of the last Annual Conference, there were in Georgia 43,736 white members, 16,035 coloured, 139 travelling preachers, and fourteen superannuated, besides a large number of local preachers,
PRESBYTERIANS.--The compiler regrets that he has been unable to procure a history of the Presbyterian Church in Georgia. Mr. Sherwood, in his Gazetteer, says :
"A church was established at Medway, Liberty county, about 1757 ; minister, Rev. John Osgood. Their ancestors had emigrated from Dorchester, in Massachusetts, many years before, and settled at a place which they called Dorchester, in South Carolina, whence they removed to Medway.
" A Presbyterian church existed in Savannah about 1760 ; minister, Rev. John J. Zubley. A new house of worship was built in 1800, and another in 1819, the most elegant and costly ill the State.
' The first minister ordained in the up-country, 'was the Rev. Mr. Springer, in 1790."
The ministers of this church are highly educated men,

* See Bangs' History of Methodism.

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101

and have done much to promote the interests of religion and learning in Georgia. According to the report of the General Assembly for 1849, there are in Georgia five Presbyte ries--Hope-well, Georgia, Flint River, Cherokee, and Florida; 68 ministers, 107 churches, and 5059 communicants.
JEWS.--The compiler of this work is indebted to the kind ness of the Hon. Mordecai Sheftall, ST., for the following par ticulars in relation to the history of the Jews in this State. Upon their authenticity every reliance can be placed, as they were derived from manuscripts prepared by the grandfather of Mr. Sheftall. On the llth of July, 1733, the following per sons belonging to the Hebrew nation arrived in Savannah:-- Dr. Nimis and his mother, Mrs. Nunis; Daniel Moses and Sipra Nimis, and Shem Noah their servant; Mr. Henriques and wife, and Shem their servant; Mr. and Mrs. Bornal ; David Olivera; Jacob Olivera and wife and three children, David, Isaac, and Leah ; Aaron Depivea ; Benjamin Gideon ; Jacob Costa ; David Depass and wife ; Vene Real, Molena, David Moranda; Jacob Moranda; David Cohen, wife and four children, Isaac, Abigail, Hannah, and Grace ; Abraham Minis and wife, "with their two daughters, Leah and Esther; Simeon Minis ; Jacob Yowall; Benjamin Sheftall and "wife,
and Abraham De Lyon. The above-named persons sailed from London in the
second ship which left that port for Savannah, and arrived four days after the wards and tithings "were named. They brought with them the Safer Tora and the Hechal, which are still used in the synagogue of Savannah. Many of the first settlers lived to an advanced age. A. Minis lived G3 years, Benjamin Sheftall 73 years, Daniel Nunis 85 years, Moses Nunis 82 years. The descendants of on!y three of the first settlers are now living in Savannah, viz., Sheftall's, Minis's, and De Lyon's. Shortly after their arrival, they rented a house in Market Square, on a lot now belonging to A. Champion, Esq., for the purpose of divine -worship. The synagogue was called " K. K.. Mickva Israel." Here for many years they continued to observe the forms of their religion, until 1740 or 1741, when the congregation was dissolved on account of the many re movals to Charleston. In the year 1774, it was determined

102

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS

that new efforts should be made to resuscitate their congre gation ; and accordingly Mr. Mordecai Sheftall, a gentleman strongly attached to his religion, fitted up, at his own expense, a room in his house for the accommodation of the people, and worship was regularly observed until the American Revolu tion, when again the congregation was temporarily dissolved.
In 1786 the Jews met, and resolved to re-establish their congregation of K. 1C. JVIickva Israel. A house was hired in St. James's Square, and the heads of the congregation chosen. For many years, service was performed regularly on the Sab bath and holydays, but a combination of causes again produced a suspension of public worship.
Fora long period there was no place for religious worship; but in 1830 a neat synagogue was consecrated, and which was accidentally destroyed by fire in 1829,
After this event, Dr. Moses Sheftall, who was then Presi dent of the congregation, was very active in devising plans by \vhich money could be raised to build another synagogue. Subscriptions were liberally made not only by the Jews, but by Christians of every denomination; and in a short time another synagogue of brick was erected, and afterwards conse crated.
At present no services are performed, but it Is expected that the period -will not be long before a gentleman of ability will be engaged to perform the duties of minister. The Syna gogue in Savannah is the only one in Georgia.
UISCTPLES OF CintisT, OIL CiiiiisTiANS.-- There are nume rous congregations in Georgia, particularly in Chatham* Cass, Richmond, TV^alton, Fayette, Merriwether, and Walker. The distinguishing peculiarities of the disciples are: " that they acknowledge no ecclesiastical authority but that of Christ, and hold that the instructions He has given us, arc full, perfect, and complete. The Bible, therefore, is their sole guide in discipline and piety. Guided by it, they require sinners to know God, and obey the gospel of Jesus Christ, In order to their introduction into the knowledge of God's grace and faith. Repentance, confession of the Lord, and burial with him in baptism, are the evidences of this knowledge and obedience. The saints are expected, and required, to add to the faith,

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through which they have had this access to the favour of God and the participation of the Divine nature, virtue, knowledge, temperance, &c. They are taught, too, to continue stead fastly in the apostles' doctrine, the fellowship, the breaking of bread, and prayers--praising the Lord. This is the worship on the first day of the week. It is held by the disciples, that the whole duty of Christian ministers is set forth in the com mission of the Lord, Matt, xxviii. 19, 20; Mark, xvi. 15, 16-- and that they endanger their own salvation by departing from this great command--2 Tim. iv. 1, 2- The Acts of the Apos tles and their epistles to the churches and brethren constitute the development of that commission." In the city of Augusta the disciples have a convenient brick meeting-house, the gift of Mrs. Tubman.
ASSOCIATE REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.--During the year 1770, under the auspices of George III., a colony of Irish emigrants embarked for America. Upon their arrival in this country, they took up their residence at a place known at that time by the name of Q.ueensborough. These people sustained an ecclesiastical connection, with the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church. Some time after their settle ment, they were visited successively by the Rev. William Ronaldson, Wm. McCamah, .Tosiah Lewis, Thomas Clarke, and Mr. Paddy. In the year 1790, the Rev. David Bothwell was regulai'ly installed as their pastor, the duties of which he continued to exercise until the time of his decease, which took place in 1801. After his demise, the Church received occasional ministerial supplies from the Rev. Alexander Porter and Rev. Mr. McMullen of South Carolina. On his way to the city of Savannah the Rev. Mr. K.err spent a short time with the congregation. During the autumn of 1814, the Rev. Joseph Lowry, of South Carolina, having received a call from Bethel Congregation in Burke, was regularly install ed as pastor of the same. He continued to labour here until July 1840, being then called by death to give an account of his stewardship. Their present pastor is Rev. John S. Pressly, of South Carolina. There are two places of worship ; one in Jefferson, the other in Burke. The Presbytery of Georgia embraces ten congregations. The most of them are small,

104

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

a majority of them destitute at this time of settled pastors. Arrangements are making, however, for the settlement of at least a portion of them. The Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church is very nearly assimilated to the General Assembly (old school) Presbyterians. The most prominent features of distinction are in reference to psalmody and communion. The Associate Reformed Church, not being able to discover any divine "warrant for using in the praise of God songs of human composition, restrict themselves in praise exclusively to a version of the Scripture. " In sacramental communion they deem intercommunion inexpedient, and therefore practise that."
ROMAN CATHOLICS.--We have been unable to procure a history of this denomination. There are churches in Savannah, Augusta, Macon, Columbus, Locust Grove in Taliafero county, Atlanta, and Washington.
PROTESTANT METHODISTS.--These probably have "about 25 ministers, and 30 congregations.
MORMONS OR LATTER DAY SAINTS.--A church has re cently been organized in Fayette county.
In addition to the above there, are in different sections of the State, Universalists, Cumberland Presbyterians, Unita rians, &c., &c. The people of Georgia generally are a churchgoing people. Numerous camp-meetings are held in the middle and upper part of the State. The owners of slaves, in many parts, are taking active measures to have them instructed in the principles of Christianity.

COUNTIES.
APPLING.
BOUNDARIES,--Bounded N. by the Alatamaha, which sepa rates it from Montgomery and Tattnall; N E. by a part of Liberty, E. by Wayne, S. by Ware, and W. by Irwin and Telfair. Laid out in 1818. Part added to Telfair in 1819, to Ware in 1824, and to Telfair in 1825. Medium length 55 miles, breadth 35, square miles 1925.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The head -waters of the Great and Little St. Ilia are in this county. The creeks are, Ten-mile creek, Five-mile creek, Big Goose, Little Goose, Dougherty's, Car ter's, and others.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--Appling is sparsely inhabited. In 1845, the population was 2033 whites, 357 blacks; total, 2390. Amount of tax for 1848, $674 74. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Holmesville, Willis's Store. TOWNS,--Holmesville is the county site, having a court house and one or two stores. Population about 20. Distant from Milledgeville 115 miles, and 45 miles from Jacksonville. It is a healthy place. Made the county site in 1828. TOWN BLUFF, a small place on the Alatamaha. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, SOIL, PRODUCTIONS.--The face of the country is level. The soil is generally poor. The produc tions are cotton, sugar cane, corn, and rice, and the average products are about the same as in the adjacent counties, Quantities of lumber are sent to the Savannah market.

106

APPLING COUNTY.

CLIMATE, DISEASES.--The climate is moderate, and may be regarded healthy, although fevers and agues occur in some places.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION. -- Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing sects. Education is much neglected.
lioATis.--The roads are very good. EAIILY SETTLERS.-- The JMobbleys, Moodys, Overstreets, Halls, and Wilcoxes. CHARACTER, AMUSEMENTS. -- The people are remarkably kind and hospitable. As far as intelligence and morality are concerned, they are on a par with many other counties. The country abounds with game, and hunting is a favourite amuse ment. NAME.--Colonel Daniel Appling, after whom this county was named, was born in Columbia county, Georgia, on the 25th of August, 1787. His father was a prominent man in his time, and was a member of the Convention "which met at Louisville, in 1795, to revise our State Constitution. The capital of Co lumbia bears the name of Appling. At the age of 18, Appling entered the army of the United States as a lieutenant, and was stationed at Fort Hawking. From this place he accompanied his regiment to Point Peter, on the St. Mary's, and acquitted himself like a soldier. In the war of 1812, he received orders to repair to Sackett's Harbour, in New-York. At the battle of Sandy Creek, 30th May, 1814, he established his military fame- History records no exploit that is surpassed by the- bril liant achievements of that occasion. " Captain Woolsey left the port of Oswego, 28th May, -with 18 boats with naval stores, designed for Sackett's Harbour. He was accompanied by Major Appling, with 130 of the rifle regiment and about the same number of Indians. They reached Sandy Creek on the next, day, where they were discovered by the British gun-boats, and in consequence entered the creek. The riflemen were imme diately landed, and, "with the Indians, posted in an ambuscade. The enemy ascended the creek and landed a party, "which en deavoured to ascend the bank. The riflemen arose from their concealment and poured so destructive a fire upon them, that in ten minutes they surrendered, to the number of 200, inclu ding two post captains and six lieutenants. On the part of the

APFLING COUNTY.

107

Americans, but one man was lost. Three gun-boats were cap tured, besides several small vessels and equipments. After tins affair, Appling was breveted lieutenant colonel. In the attack on Plattsburg, Colonel Appling, with 100 riflemen, rendered important service. After the termination of the war, he re turned to Georgia and received the congratulations of his countrymen. The Legislature of Georgia, to show the high sense of his gallantry, passed the following resolution, 22d October, 1814 : ' While the Legislature of Georgia view, with the liveliest sensations, the glorious achievements of the Ame rican arms generally, they cannot but felicitate themselves par ticularly on the recollection of the heroic exploits of the brave and gallant .Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Appling, whom the State is proud to acknowledge her native son.; and, as a tribute of applause from the State -which gave him birth---a tribute due to the. lustre of his actions--be it unanimously resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Assembly met, that his Excellency the Governor be, and he is hereby requested to have purchased and presented to him, an elegant sword, suitable for an officer of his grade.' Colonel Appling died before this resolution was carried into effect, 18th March, 1818, at Fort Montgomery, of an attack of pleurisy, after three days illness ; and, at the next session of the Legislature, the Committee upon the State of the Republic reported, ' That, as Lieutenant Colonel Appling was removed by death, before the laudable design of the Legislature of 1814 could be car ried into execution, and as there was no male heir either to the fortune or honours of this deserving young soldier, into whose hands the State could commit this sacred pledge of its allbction and respect--Resolved, that the State "will assume to itself the guardianship of the fame and military reputation of her distin guished son, the late Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Appling ; and that the sword intended by her, as the just reward of his mili tary achievements, be deposited in the executive chamber, there to be preserved and exhibited as a lasting memorial of his fame, and a grateful proof of the sensibility "with "which Georgia cherishes the recollection of the patriotic services of her citizens.' " The sword may be seen in the executive office, at the seat of government, with the resolutions relating to it.

108

EIBB COUNTY.

BIBB.
Bounded N. by Monroe, N. E. by Jones, E. by Twiggs, S. by Houstoun, and W. by Crawford. Laid out in 1822. Length 19 miles, breadth 16 miles, 304 square miles.
RIVERS AND CREEKS.--The Ocmulgee river is in the eastern part of the county. The creeks are: Tobesofkee, Rocky, Savage, Echaconnee, Coleparchee, Stone, Swift, and Walnut.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the popu lation was 5957 whites, 4791 black; total, 10,749. Amount of State tax for 1848, $9,742 09. Sends two representatives to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Macon and Echacoiina. ORIGINAL SETTLERS.--Charles Bulloch, N. W. Wells, Geo. B. Wardlaw, Timothy Matthews, H, G. lloss, E. McCall, R. McCall, C. McCardill, Thomas House, Joseph Willet, David Flanders, A. Merriwether, J. Stone, Robert Colman, S. Rose, &-c. TOWNS--Macon, named after the Hon. Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina, is the seat of justice. Few places have advanc ed with more rapidity. The first lots were sold in 1823. It is situated on both sides of the Ocmulgee river, 30 miles from Milledgeville, 12 from Clinton, and 25 from Forsyth. The municipal government consists of a Mayor and eight Aldermen, who are known under the name and style of "The Mayor and Council of the City of Macon/' elected annually on the first Saturday in January. The city officers are : Clerk and Treasurer ; Marshal, who is styled Captain of the City Guard; a first and second Deputy Marshal, Bridge Keeper, Clerk of the Market, Sexton, City Surveyor, and Keeper of the Magazine, and Board of Health. We have not been able to learn exactly the population of Macon, but according to the best sources of information, we think we are safe in putting it down at 5,200. The Court House is a commodious brick building, three stories high, 93 by 47 feet, with a cupola. The Market House is a neat brick edifice, 100 feet by 40. In the second story is the Council Chamber, besides room for the city

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109

officers. The Jail is of brick, situated near the Court House. The Georgia Female College is situated upon an eminence, commanding a fine view of the city. It is constructed of brick, 160 feet by 60, four stories high, including the basement. The Academy is a fine brick building, situated in a beautiful and retired part of the city. The churches are, the Presby terian, constructed of brick ; Episcopal, a small, but neat build ing; Baptist, Methodist, and Catholic; besides two or three churches for coloured persons. The Hotels are commodious and ably conducted. A new Hotel has recently been com menced ; probable cost 826,000. Many of the private resi dences, on the " Hill," are beautiful, enclosed by grounds, or namented "with flowers, trees, &c-. A bridge connects both parts of the town. This was built by the State and purchased by the City for $25,000. Among the many things of which the citizens of Macon may justly boast, is their Cemetery. It is called "the Rose Cemetery," after S. Rose, Esq., a gentle man distinguished for his public spirit, and who, we believe, originated the plan. We are indebted to Mr. Rose for the fol lowing description of this interesting spot.
"It is situated about half a mile above the city on the banks of the Ocmulgee river, mostly on elevated ground, the highest point being 142 feet above its bed. Its entrance is through^ a lofty arched gate, constructed after the .Doric order of architecture. The area of ground comprised within the enclosure is about 50 acres. Another spot could scarcely be found in any section of our country so much diversified, and comprising so many distinct objects and combinations going to form a perfect picture of rural beauty. Many who have visited the Cemeteries of the North, and even the far famed Mount Auburn, think it far inferior in natural beauty and location to Rose Hill. A prominent feature in its scenery is the Ocmulgee river, along "which it extends nearly half of a mile. The banks are from thirty to sixty feet, high, and gene rally rocky and precipitous, and form an impenetrable barrier to its approaches. The higher parts of the ground are nearly level, and laid out as places of interment; other places have been selected by many in the wildest parts, almost overhanging the deep valleys. From the river deep and narrow dells
8

HO

BIBB COUNTY.

penetrate the ground from fifty to two hundred yards ; one of them divides it entirely near its centre, through "which a rivulet murmurs over a steep and rocky bed to the river. This is supplied by four springs, one at the head, outside the ground, and three within it. The water of one is reputed to be the coolest and purest in this vicinity. It is most beauti fully located, and is the most attractive spot for visitors. The banks around it are high and steep, and thickly wooded. Above it, tower giant poplars and the shady beech, and the sun can scarcely penetrate a beam to enlighten this quiet and solemn solitude. Seats are provided here for visitors, as well as in many other parts of the ground. Two rustic bridges of rock and earth cross this valley ; and in it a pond of about 80 yards in length, by 20 in breadth, has been excavated, supplied by pure water from the springs, and its banks neatly sodded "with grass. Around it, are several cypresses and weeping willows, and one rises from a mound in its centre. A variety of fine roses are also near it, and in perpetual bloom. These are also scattered over the ground, and along the "walks and roads, in great profusion. The ridges between the dells are steep, and generally terminate abruptly in rocky cliffs at or near the river. On their summits are most beautiful sites for burial lots, most of which are occupied. A broad avenue from the gate terminates on a rocky bluff at the river. Car riage ways are laid out wherever necessary. One makes the entire circuit of the ground; another winds along the heads of the valleys, and presents most picturesque views. The entire length of the roads and foot-walks is about 5 miles. Many of them have been constructed with great labour, being cut into the steep sides of the river bank and hills, wind ing through every place that presents any object of attraction. The lots of families are of different dimensions, from 30 to 40 feet square, and at prices varying from 1O to 30 dollars. About 150 have been allotted for strangers. A record is kept of all the interments, by which the occupant of every grave can be designated. Many of the lots are enclosed with iron and handsomely improved with monuments, and the most choice shrubbery, making it emphatically a " Garden of Graves." The first object that strikes a visitor on entering the gate, is

BIBB COUNTY.

Ill

a lot belonging to Macon .Lodge, No. 96, handsomely en closed, and planted with evergreen trees and shrubs, many of -which are from far-off lands. The oriental cypi~ess, from Asia, raises its graceful spire ; the balm of Gilead, JVorway and silver firs, the hemlock, arbor vitse, cedar, juniper, and wild olive, the broom and furze, and even the humble thorn, from whose branches was plaited the crown worn on Mount Calvary. This sacred ground is appropriated as the resting place to strangers belonging to the Masonic order. T'he Odd Fellows have also their enclosure, and beside it " that ancient and peculiar people," the Jews, have also their resting place. Most of the Cemetery is thickly wooded by a young and thrifty growth, interspersed with the towering poplar, giant oaks, beech and sycamore ; and it is worthy of remark that there is scarcely a tree, shrub, or -wild flower, that is known in our country, that may not be found within this area of 50 acres. Among those that most adorn it are the wild honey-suckle in abundance, woodbine, golden hypericum, &c. These, with its improvements and diversified landscape, cannot fail to attract the attention and leave deep impressions on every visitor. The river, murmuring over its rocky bed, wheeling around immovable cliffs of granite and flint, rolling on and on for ever, like the tide of human life, to mingle in the unfathorned and undefined abyss of eternity, imparts an instructive lesson, while the beauties of the scene disarm death of half its terrors."
Being in the centre of a thickly settled and fertile part of the State, Macon enjoys many advantages for business.
The value of real estate, according to the report of the assessors, is 81,098,760. The amount of goods sold is over 2,000,000 dollars.
The societies in Macon are the Masonic Lodge, Odd Fel lows' Lodge, Medical Society, Mechanics' Society, Benevo lent Society, &c.
In point of health, Macon will compare favourably with any place in our country. According to statistics prepared by the editors of the Georgia Journal and Messenger, it appears that the mortality in 1848 was only one to every 76 inhabi tants, or one and one-third per cent, of the entire population.

112

BIBB COUNTY.

The water of Macon is very good ; better than any between Savannah and Atlanta.
Vineville is about a mile from Macon. Population between 300 and 400. A delightful retreat from the noise and heat of the city.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, AND LONGEVITY.--The climate is as pleasant and as favourable to health as most places in Georgia. Bilious fevers, chills and pneumonia are the most prevalent diseases. The instances of longevity are the following : Mr. Richard Bullock died at 95, John Dalton at 80, Mrs. Cleve land at 90, Mrs. Mary Bullock at 84, Mrs. Flueiiing, 82. A negro man, belonging to Mrs. WiSliamson, died at the age of 100. There are now living Mr. David Gurganus, aged 80; Mr. Caleb Maiden, 80; Mr. Johnson, 86 ; Mrs. Hightower, over 85.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads, generally, are" in good order. There are fourteen bridges in the county.
MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--Flour mills, two; grist mills, seventeen ; saw mills, eighteen. Efforts are now making to raise a sum sufficient to establish a cotton factory ; and it is the general opinion that they will be successful.
FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The face of the country is hilly. The larger portion of the land is poor. The lands on the Ocmulgee, below and above Macon, are very productive, as well as the lands on some of the creeks. Land is worth about $4 per acre.
PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton, corn, wheat, &c. Cotton averages 400 pounds per acre ; corn from ten to twelve bushels. Bushels of corn for 1848, 177,416 ; ditto of wheat, 3,902 ; ditto of sweet potatoes, 5,905; bales of cotton, 3,050 ; pounds of pork, 703,263; number of calves, 862; ditto of iambs, 826.
RELIGIOUS SECTS.--Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, and a few Lutherans.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--In the character of the peo ple there is much variety. In the country the citizens are industrious, frugal, and kind. The inhabitants of Macon are devoted to business.
EDUCATION.--Schools are numerous. It speaks well for Macon that it has three bookstores. The newspapers are well

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113

supported. The names of gentlemen might be inserted who pay much attention to literature.
MINERALS.--Gold, granite, geodes, mica, quartz;, &c. MINERAL- SPRINGS.--Two chalybeate springs in the vicinity of the Cemetery, and one ten miles north of Macon, near the Ocmulgee. ANTIO.UITIES.--Abut nine miles from Macon, on the eastern side of the Ocmulgee river, there is an isolated eminence, known as Lamar's, usually called Brown's Mount, its base covering an area of 300 acres ; and on its summit there is a level area of perhaps fifty acres. Its size and conformation distinguish it from the artificial mounds in the vicinity. It is evidently the work of nature, and remarkable for being just on the verge of the flat river bottoms, arid presenting all the rugged appearance of mountain precipices on its western front. [Jpon its summit there is an old fortification, the stone walls of which embrace a space of about thirty acres. The walls of limestone are yet perfect, to the height of two and a half feet; and the fosse, on the outside, is yet knee-deep around . the whole enclosure. The walls were evidently built by a civilized race acquainted with military science, as, at intervals of sixty or eighty feet along the wall, there are buttresses and salient angles, not differing materially from those in use at the present day. Near the centre of the fortified area is an exca vation, floored with limestone, and the remains of an enclo sure of the same material around it. Its situation, size and appearance, point it out as a reservoir to contain water for the troops. The lands on the river, for several miles, are remark ably fertile, and were cultivated at the earliest period by the
Ocmulgee tribe of Indians, and were known as the Ocmulgee Fields. The extent and fertility of these fields may have tempted some race of discoverers to wrest them from the natives ; and it may be that this fort was built to protect them in their usurpation. These fields yet retain their character for fertility, as they receive annually a deposit from the "waters of the Ocmulgee, when ii overflows its banks, to the depth of eighteen inches, or two feel. About three miies above Lamar's Mount commences a chain of five artificial mounds. The two first are on the plantation of John B. Lamar, Esq. The re-

114

BIBB COUNTY.

maining three are at regular intervals, the last one situated near the old block-house at Fort Hawkins. * On one of them are the traces of a garden laid out and cultivated by Col. HawkinsThe two on Mr. Lamar's plantation have had the forest growth but recently cleared from around them, and present a very distinct outline of the circumvallations and other -works con necting them. Near each of these mounds are-protuberances of earth, as if the design had 'been to begin other mounds and the idea abandoned.
About one mile south of Macon, there are two conical mounds.
MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS.--In 1817 and 18, Mr. Roger McCall went down the river with 500 bags of cotton, the first that went from this point.
In 1825, first bank located at Macon. In January, 1833, the first steamboat arrived at Macon, The first court for Bibb county'was held on the 20th of March, 1823, in a small log building -which stood near the depot of the Macon and Western Railroad. Judge Shorter presided. The first presentment was against a free man of colour, for retailing liquor. The first indictment was for stabbing. NAME.--This county was named in honour of Dr. William Wyatt Bibb, a gentleman who, in the various positions that he' occupied, acquired great popularity. He "was the son of Wil liam Bibb and Sarah Wyatt, and-was'born in Charlotte county, Virginia. His parents came to Georgia in 179--, and settled in Elbert county, on the Savannah river, several miles above the Cherokee ford. After the death of Dr. Bibb, his wife ma naged the estate which came into her hands with great pru dence, so that-she "was able to. educate her children and give to each a competency. Dr. Bibb commenced his public career about 1803. Sis skiH and attention as a physician secured him an extensive practice ; and, after serving in the Legisla ture at a very early age, was transferred to the Congress of the United States by a vote so large that it.was evident he -was a favourite of the people. During Mr. Madison's adminis-

* Fort Hawkins, east side of the Oerrmlgee. Col. .Hawkins for many

vears resided here.

i

BULLOOH COUNTY.

115

tration, he was a leading member of the House of Representa tives. The compensation law, passed by Congress in 1814, was so unpopular in Georgia, that all of her representatives who voted for it, except Mr. Forsyth, lost their seats. Mr. Madison orlered Dr. Bibb the appointment of Governor of Alabama Territory, -which he accepted, and continued to dis charge its duties until his death. He married the daughter of Col. Freeman, of revolutionary memory. Dr. Bibb "was a spare man, with but little muscular power, his features good, hair light and thin, face handsome, with an expression kind and conciliatory. No man of the same grade-of qualifications exercised a greater influence. He governed by seeming to
obey.

BULLOCH.
BOUNDARIES, KXTENT.--Bounded N. by Emanuel and Scriven, E, by the Ogeechee river, dividing it from Scriven and Effingham, S. by Bryan, and W. by.Tattnall. Laid out in 1796, and a part set off to Emanuel, in 1812. Length about 40 miles ;, breadth 30. Square miles 1200.
RIVERS, CREEKS, LAKES.--.-The rivers are the Ogeechee and Cannouchee. The streains of minor importance are Nevills, Big Lotts, Little Lotts, Ten Mile, Mill and Black Creeks. Near the Ogeechee is a lake 10 miles long. ' POST OFFICES.--Statesborough and Mill Ray.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--According to the census of 1845, the population was 2145 whites, and 1160 blacks. Total, 3305. Amount of State tax for 1848, $127O 30 cents. Sends one member to the Legislature.
EARLY SETTLERS.--The families of the Hodges, Cones } Everetts, Measles, Nevills, OHffs, Williams, Burnetts, Jones, Waters, Hagans* &c.
TOWNS.--Statesborpugh is the county site ; a small place, having a court-house, jail, two stores, &c. From Milledgeville it is 120 miles; from Savannah 53 miles, and 15 from the Central Railroad. It is a healthy place.

116

BULLOCH COUNTY.

FACE OP THE CoTJWTKY, JVATURE OF THE SolL.----The
country is level. The soil is generally poor. Hammock lands are the best. The lands on the river are productive.
PRODUCTIONS, VALUE OF LAND.--Cotton, long and short staple, corn, wheat, rice, and sugar cane. Many of the farm ers make their own syrup and sugar. Five barrels of sugar have been made from three-quarters of an acre. Fruits of the best kind are raised, and large quantities carried to the Savannah market. The forests abound "with excellent lum ber, and are destined to be the source of great revenue to their owners. In the low grounds, the magnolia and bay are found in all their beauty. Cotton averages 400 pounds per acre ; corn, from 8 to 10 bushels. Wheat does not succeed so well, and probably averages about five bushels per acre. 2000 bales of cotton are annually produced and sent to Savan nah. Land may he bought at almost any price. The price ranges from 25 cents to one dollar per acre.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is healthy and pleasant. The appearance of the inhabitants speaks fa vourably for the health of the climate. There are few dis eases ; and we know of no section of Georgia in -which there are more chances for health than among the pine forests of Bulloch county. The oases of longevity which have come to our knowlege are the following : Joseph Hodges, who died at the age of 80. Mrs. Everett is. said to be 100 years of age.
MILLS.--Saw-mills, 8 ; grist-mills, 12. ROADS AND BRIDGES.--Roads and bridges are kept in good order. RELIGIOUS SECTS.--The most numerous are the Anti-Mis sionary Baptists. There are a few Missionary Baptists and Methodists. About 14 churches in the county. EDUCATION.--Education is much neglected. The school fund was once sufficient to educate many poor children, but owing to bad management, it has become exhausted. Few newspapers are taken, and few books read. CHARACTER OP THE PEOPLE.--The county is inhabited by an industrious and kind people. Although the lands which most of the citizens cultivate are poor, yet, by dint of industry and

BULLOCH COUNTY.

117

economy, they manage to supply their wants, which, however, are very few. Many rely, in a great degree, upon game, "with which the county abounds, and the productions of their or chards. The Bulloch county farmer would get rich, while others would starve. Much to the credit of the people, it is said that indisposition to contract debts is a peculiar trait in their character; and debts, when contracted, are honourably and punctually met. Whilst awarding praise to the inhabitants of this section of the State for many good qualities, it is our duty -to say, that as far as temperance is concerned, they are behind the times. Whisky has its votaries. The temperance effort is opposed. Those who have attempted to show the citizens the folly and ill consequences of intemperance, have been insulted and threatened. Even ministers of our holy religion have pub licly denounced the motives and efforts of those who have en deavoured to form temperance societies. We hope, for the honour of Bulloch county, that this will no longer be the case.
NAME.--This county was named after the Hon. Archibald Bulloch, who was a native of Charleston, South Carolina, and came to Georgia in 1790, and purchased a plantation on the Savannah river, "where he resided until the commencement of our revolutionary struggle. He then removed to Savannah, and became one among the most active of that illustrious band of patriots who opposed the arbitrary measures of the British Parliament. His name is signed to a call made in the Georgia Gazette, of July 14, 1774, to the inhabitants of Sa vannah, to take into consideration the propriety of resisting the oppressions of Great Britain, and he was placed upon a committee appointed to confer with the committees from the distant parishes. On the 15th of July, 1775, he was appointed a delegate to represent Georgia in the Congress at Philadel phia. On the 20th of January, 1776, he was elected President of the Executive Council of Georgia. At this trying period, he displayed great decision of character, and evidenced an attachment to the cause of freedom scarcely to be expected in a colony so weak as Georgia. The friends of liberty in Geor gia were few, but Mr. Bulloch was not to be intimidated. Undismayed by difficulties, he employed his time in confirming the hopes of the desponding. In a letter addressed to Col.

118

BULLOCK COUNTY.

Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, dated February 15, 1776, the stern patriot says, "there are few righteous souls among them ; a panic seems to have run among the people; assist ance is wanted from Carolina to overawe such men as would sell their birthright for a mess of pottage." This letter in duced Carolina to determine upon aiding the Georgia patriots. On the 3d of February, 1776, he was again elected to Con gress, but his duties as President of the Executive Council detained him at home. At the time -when Mr. Bulloch was elected President of the Executive Council, he delivered a speech, every sentence of which proves him to have been a firm champion of his country's rights. That speech is now before us, and we give the following extracts, that the people of Georgia may have an example of the spirit of their fore fathers :
" The people of this province, in opposing the designs of a cruel and corrupt ministry, have surmounted what appeared insuperable difficulties, and notwithstanding the artifice and, address that for a long time were employed to divert their at tention from the common cause, they at length by impercepti ble degrees, succeeded, and declared their resolution to assert their liberties, and to maintain them at all events in concur rence with the other associated colonies. For my part, I most candidly declare, that from the origin of the unhappy disputes, I heartily approved of the conduct of the Americans. My ap probation was not the result of prejudice or partiality, but proceeded from a firm persuasion of their having acted agreeably to constitutional principles and the dictates of an upright disinterested conscience. This is no time to talk of moderation ; in the present instance it ceases to be a virtue. An appeal, an awful appeal is, made to Heaven, and thousands of lives are in jeopardy every hour. Our northern brethren point to their wounds and call for our most vigorous exertions ; and God forbid, that so noble a contest should end in an infa mous conclusion. Remember in all your deliberations that you are engaged in a most arduous undertaking ; generations yet unborn may owe their freedom and happiness to your de termination."
When intelligence of the glorious events of the 4th of July,

BULLOCH COUNTY.

119

1776, reached Savannah, Mr. Bulloch read the Declaration of American Independence to a crowded assembly, being the first man who read this precious document in Georgia. How must his noble soul have glowed ""with proud emotions upon this oc casion ! This good man did not live to see the issue of the strug gle for liberty, for in less than one year after the Declaration of Independence, his country had to mourn his death. Mr. Bulloch was of a commanding carriage, and regarded one of the best looking men of his day. He had received a liberal education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Charleston, S. C., but upon his removal to Georgia devoted himself to agricul tural pursuits. He was one among the most popular men of his day, and deservedly so. Col. Lachlan Mclntosh, com mander of the Continental troops in Savannah, in honour of the high office which Mr. Bulloch held as President of the Executive Council, had ordered a sentinel* to be posted at his door. This did not suit his notions, as a republican, and he accordingly requested the removal of the sentinel, saying, " I act for a free people, in whom I have the most entire confi dence, and I wish to avoid on all occasions the appearance of ostentation." Mr. Bulloch, whilst in Congress, had acquired great distinction for his uncompromising and firm conduct, for in a letter addressed to him by John Adams, dated July 1, 1776, now before us, are the following lines :
" I was greatly disappointed, sir, in the information you gave me that you would be prevented from revisiting Phila delphia. I had flattered myself with hopes of your joining us soon, and not only affording us the additional strength of your abilities and fortitude, but enjoying the satisfaction of seeing a temper and conduct here somewhat more agreeable to your wishes than those which prevailed "when you were here be fore. But I have since been informed that your countrymen have done themselves the justice to place you at the head of their affairs, a station in which you may perhaps render more essential service to them and to America, than you could here."

* This sentinel was Mr. Belshazzar Shaffer, father of Jacob Shaffer, Esq. , of Savannah.

120

BAKER COUNTY.

Georgians ! let the memory of Archibald Bulloch live in your breasts. " Tell your children of him, and let their chil dren tell another generation."

BAKER.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county was laid out from Early, in 1825, and is bounded N. by Lee, and a part of Ran dolph; E. by Thomas and Irwin ; S. by Decatur and Tho mas ; and W. by Early. It is about 37^ miles in length, and the same in breadth.
POST OFFICES.--Newton, Albany, Concord, Fishtrap, Oak Lawn, Gillions.
RIVERS, CREEKS, &c.--The Flint river runs almost diagon ally through the county. The Cooleewahee, Ichawaynochaway, Chickasawhachee, are large streams, discharging them selves into the Flint. Turkey, Toms, and Walden, streams which help to form the Ochlockonee river, rise in this county. Pine Woods, Dry, &c., empty into the Flint from the east. There are many singular ponds in the county, strongly im pregnated with lime.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--\Vhen the cen sus of 1845 was taken, the population stood thus : 3729 "whites, 1924 blacks. Total, 4653. State tax for 1848, 82539 49 cents. Entitled to one representative in the Legislature.
TOWNS.--Newton is the capital, situated on the west bank of Flint river, 45 miles E. of Blakely, 22 from Bainbridge. It contains a court-house, jail, and two or three stores. Population about 30. Made the county site in 1831.
Albany, on the Flint river. It contains two churches, one hotel, five stores, one drug store, ten lawyers, eight doctors* and a number of mechanics. Population about 7 or 800. It is a place of some business, but considered unhealthy. The water is bad, and many of the citizens use cistern water. From 10 to 12000 bales of cotton are annually shipped from Albany.

BAKER COUNTY.

121

Byron is a small place in the north part of the county, for merly the seat of justice.
EARLY SETTLERS.--fThe Howards, the Dennards, Jordens, Catons, and others.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads and bridges are much neglected.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is un healthy. Chills, fevers, &c., prevail, and often prove fatal. There may be some localities "where health is enjoyed ; but these are few. There is a lady now living in this county, 82 years of age, "who has had 21 children.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Baptists and Methodists are most numerous. There are a few good schools in the county ; but generally, education is neglected.
FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The face of the country is level. The soil is uncommonly fertile, perhaps more so than any other portion of Georgia. The pine lands have the reputation of being very productive ; almost every thing grows 'well. Cotton averages from 800 to 1200 pounds per acre; corn, from 10 to 40 bushels per acre. Wheat does not appear to succeed, and little is sown. Sugar cane flourishes, and many of the citizens make sugar and syrup. 6000 bales of cotton are annually produced.
MILLS.--One steam saw-mill, and one about to be built. There are several saw and grist-mills.
MINERALS.--Very superior burr stone on Flint river. Shell rock abounds, filled with fossils.
CHARACTER, OF THE PEOPLE.--The people are hospitable, and are improving in habits of industry and temperance.
NAME.--This county was named after Colonel John Baker. In the year 1752, three families of high respectability emi grated from Dorchester, South Carolina, and formed a settle ment in St. John's Parish, now Liberty county, "which they named Medway. Among these, was the father of Col. John Baker, a gentleman who had been a soldier under Oglethorpe, in the expedition against St. Augustine, and "who, in the early annals of Liberty county, is represented as having acquired much distinction for strength of intellect, kindness of temper, and steadiness of conduct, as well as for his patient endurance

122

BAKER COUNTY.

of the sufferings which -were heaped upon him on account of espousing the cause of his country. We, "who are now happy in the enjoyment of the blessings of civil and religious freedom, are incapable of fully appreciating the immense sacrifices, the incomparable hardships, and the dangerous struggles which accompanied the revolutionary conflict. That portion of the State in "which Col. Baker resided had, from the very begin ning of the rupture between England and her colonies, evinced open and unreserved opposition to the former, and was doomed to experience a full measure of unmitigated severities from the hands of our unfeeling invaders. John Baker was one among the first objects of British vengeance. He beheld his house robbed, his bed and clothing destroyed, the temple of his God profaned, its minister thrown into a prison ship, and de nied the rights of a common burial when the enemy had caused his death ; and worst of all, he saw the tombs in the church-yard broken open, and their contents scattered to the "winds. -Is it any wonder, therefore, that his son, Col. John Baker, should always have been distinguished for his implacable hatred to tyrants? In 1774, we find Mr. Baker associated with others of a kindred spirit, in devising a plan to produce a concert of feeling and action, throughout the parishes of the province. In 1776, Capt. Baker collected a body of men, and made an attack upon Wright's Fort, on the St. Mary's river, but owing princi pally to the treachery of a part of his force, he was compelled to retreat. Among those who deserted the standard of free dom at this time, "were the McGirths, members of Baker's com pany, and "who after-wards obtained great celebrity as leaders of the tories, and -whose progress was always marked by cru elties that would have made savages blush. Soon after this af fair he was engaged as commander of a body of observation, stationed between the posts of Fort Howe, Beard's Bluff, and Fort Mclntosh ; and throughout the whole war he contributed his utmost efforts in favour of independence. Hefirst entered the army as a captain. In a skirmish at Bull Town swamp, he "was wounded. After the war he resided in Liberty county, where he died.

ERYAN COUNTY.

123

BRYAN.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county has Bulloch on the N., Chatham on the N. E., Atlantic on the E., and Liberty on the S. Laid out in 1793. It is 31 miles long, and from 5 to 8 wide.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The rivers are the Ogeechee, Cannouuhee, St. Catherine's. The creeks are Taylor's, Black, Bird's, Mill, &c. Collins's creek is a branch of the Medway.
POST OFFICE.--Eden. POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the popu lation of the county was 971 whites, and 2,387 blacks. Total, 3,358. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $1,398 84 cts. Sends one representative to the State Legislature. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE or THE SOIL.--The face of the country is very similar to that of the adjoining counties. The lower part is known as Bryan Neck and lies between the Great Ogeechee and Medway rivers. This part is settled by wealthy planters. The upper portion is inhabited by farmers, " who own a few slaves. The lands of the Ogeechee are of good quality, adapted particularly to rice. The inland swamps are small and few in number. The quantity of high land adapted to cotton and corn, is limited. PRODUCTIONS, VALUE OF LAND.--Rice and cotton are the chief products. During the two last years sugar and syrup have been made. Rice land has averaged when reduced to cultivation about $50 per acre, though at present it -would sell for $75 or $100 per acre. Uncleared river lands have generally sold for $10 per acre. High land of mixed quality uncleared and without a settlement sells from $1 to $2 per acre. Negro men hire at $60 per annum, women at $50. The average pro duce of rice annually, is 46,000 bushels, of Sea Island cotton 500 bags. ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are good. The bridges stand in need of repair. There is a bridge over the Ogeechee, on the road leading to Darien, 14^ miles from Savannah. AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACKE.--The average product of Sea Island cotton is about 100 pounds per acre; rice from

124

BRYAN COUNTY.

40 to 50 bushels, corn 15 bushels. When the rice lands on the Ogeechee were first cultivated, 92 bushels per acre have been harvested from, selected land, and 83 bushels the average of an entire crop. But the soil deteriorates under the present system of culture, and cannot without rest and manure be made to yield much more than one-half as much as "when new.
RELIGIOUS SECTS.--Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians, EDUCATION.--There is no academy, and no schools except those supported by the Poor School Fund. The children of the "wealthy are either educated by private teachers or sent to school in the more favoured portion of the country. The popu lation is too sparse to furnish pupils enough to sustain a regu lar school. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is 'warm. In the fall chills and fevers prevail. The only instance of lon gevity which has come to our knowledge is Mrs. Christiana Smith, who reached 88 years. This county has generally been healthy. The average number of deaths for a series of 20 years on Bryan Neck has been about 1 in 75. REMARKABLE PLACES.--Fort Argyle, so called by Oglethorpe, after John, JDuke of Argyle, stood upon the west bank of the Ogeechee river, built in 1733 as a defence against the Spaniards. Hardwick, so called from the Earl of Hardwick, Lord High Chancellor of England, situated on the south side of the Ogee chee river, 15 miles from the ocean. NAME.--This county bears the honoured name of Jonathan Bryan, one of the founders of the State of Georgia. He was born on the 12th of September, 1708, and was the youngest son of Joseph Bryan, an earJy colonist of South Carolina, and who rendered General Oglethrope very important aid upon his first landing in Georgia. Mr. Jonathan Bryan, after settling vari ous places in South Carolina, came to Georgia in 1752, the year in which the trustees resigned their charter. His know ledge of the country fully qualified him to impart useful in formation to those who desired to settle in the province, and the benevolence of his disposition was often displayed in ad vising and aiding the new settler. Three years after his ar-

BRYAN COUNTY.

125

rival in Georgia he became a prominent man, for upon the appointment of Mr. Reynolds as the royal governor, he was commissioned by the King a Judge of the General CourtThis was a highly responsible office, and Mr. Brvan's ap pointment to it, is an evidence of the high stand he had so early acquired. In addition to this office, he was appointed one of the royal counsellors of the colony. As long as the Crown respected the rights of the province, Mr. Bryan was disposed to recognize its authority, but when these rights were violated his independence would not suffer him to submit. According ly, when the friends of liberty convened in Savannah to give expression to their feelings, although Mr. Bryan at this time was 66 years old, he was placed upon the committee of cor respondence. Governor Wright learning the proceedings of this meeting, called the Executive Council together, at -which a motion was made to expel Mr. Bryan from the Council, be cause he had allowed his name to appear on the above-named committee. Mr. Bryan said, "that he \vould save them the trouble," and handed his resignation to Governor Wright. There is now in the possession of his family a silver vase pre sented to him with the following inscription : " To Jonathan Bryan, who, for publicly appearing in favour of the rights and lib erties of the people, was expelled from His Majesty's Council of this province. This piece of plate, as a mark of their esteem, is presented by the Union Society of Georgia. Ita cuique evemat de Republica meruit." The depredations committed on the frontiers of Georgia, had awakened many apprehensions in the minds of the friends of America, lest the cause for which they were struggling might be injured in Georgia, unless a sufficient force could be obtained to prevent their repetitionMr. Bryan exerted himself to remedy this very serious diffi culty, and repaired to Charleston and conferred with General Lee on the subject. He succeeded in convincing the Gene ral how much "would be gained by an expedition to Florida, and it was determined to undertake it; troops were sent to Savan nah, but the necessary arrangements for the expedition not having been made, it was relinquished. At the commence ment of the Revolution he was particularly active. He ha,, been in the Council of Safety, the Convention3 and State Con
9

126

BURKE COUNTY.

gress. To have such a man in their possession, was an ob ject with the British commanders, and accordingly, three nights after the reduction of Savannah, Lieut. Clark, of the Phcenix or Fowey man-of-war, and a party of armed men, were de spatched up Union creek, to his plantation in South Carolina, took him arid his son James prisoners, and placed them on board one of the prison-ships. Mrs. Morel, afterwards Mrs. Wyley, waited, upon Commodore Hyde Parker, and upon her knees solicited the release of her aged father. The unfeeling Commodore denied her supplication. The venerable patriot and his son James "were sent to J\ew-York, and after remain ing a considerable time on board a prison-ship, were placed on Long Island with the American prisoners. He was finally exchanged, repaired to Georgia, and continued to the end of the war an active and determined patriot. In Wayne's en gagement with Brown, Mr. Bryan, although 80 years of age, took a conspicuous part. In 1778, fears were entertained for the safety of the public records, and such confidence was placed in Mr. Bryan, that they were removed to his house at the Union. He closed his mortal career, March 12th, 1788. He was a tall and Jarge man, of wonderful strength arid hardihood, and of imposing appearance. He was the friend of the Wesleys, and Whitefield. His heart was the seat of kindness. To his neighbours he was obliging, to his servants remarkably in dulgent ; and to his praise be it said, that he took active mea sures to supply them with the ministrations of the Gospel. An old and favourite servant of Mr. Bryan, named Andrew, was the founder of the first coloured church in Savannah.

BURKE.
BOUND ABIES, EXTENT.--This county is bounded North by Richmond, East by the Savannah river, South by Scriven, Southwest by Emanuel, and West by Jefferson. This divi sion of the State was laid out as St. George's Parish in 1758, aad the name and designation changed to Burke county in

BURKE COUNTY.

127

1777. In 1793 a part "was added to Scriven, and in 1798 a part to Jefferson. It is 32^ miles long, and 32 miles wide, containing 1040 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Savannah separates this county from South Carolina, and the Ogeechee from Emanuel. Briar creek flows through the whole length of the county, and is celebrated for the rich lands upon its borders. The following streams empty into the Savannah river :--McBeans, Boggy Gut, Jobler's, Telfair's Mill, Sweet Water, Rocky, Beaver Dam, Walnut, Mclntosh, and some others, into Briar creek ; and Bark Camp, Jones's Mill, Baker's and Buck Head into the Ogeechee.
POST OFFICES.--Waynesborough, Brinsonville, Fryar's Ponds, Holcombe, Lester's District, Midville, Alexander, Sardis, Gerard.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--The population in 1845 was 13,636, of which 4,787 were whites, and 8,849 blacks. Amount of State tax for 1848, $6,111 GO cents. Entitled to two representatives to the Legislature.
TOWNS.--Waynesborough is the seat of justice, having a court-house, jail, two churches, Presbyterian and Methodist, one academy, market-house, &c. Number of inhabitants, 250. It is 80 miles East of Milledgeville, 25 from Louisville, 30 from Augusta, and 22 from the Central Railroad. Incorpo rated in 1812.
Alexander is a village of recent date, on the road from Waynesborough to Savannah, having a church, school, one store, blacksmith, one wheelwright, and one carriage-maker.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, ANH LONGEVITY.--The climate is mild. Formerly the county had the reputation of being sickly, but it is now the belief of many who have investigated the subject, that the health of the inhabitants has greatly improved ; and this is attributed, in a considerable degree, to the draining of the lands. The climate of Burke is peculiarly favourable to persons labouring under pulmonary complaints. There are some cases of longevity. Mr. James Alien died at 95 years of age; Mr. John Sutton, aged 97; Mrs. Fletcher 108 ; Mr, Lowery, a soldier of the Revolution, died at 79.
EARLY SETTLERS.--Col. John Clements, Messrs. William

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BURKE COUNTY.

A. Burton, Absalom Pryor, John Whitehead, Capt. Lett, M.

Marshall, Hugh Alexander, Wm. Greene, Clark Key, John

Emanuel, David Bmanuel, Capt. Whitaker, Daniel Evans, Lark Robinson, \Vm. Paramore, John Fryar, James Rawles,

Basil Grey, Samuel Lassiter, and Wiles Davies. MINERALS,--Dr. John Ruggles Cotting, in his report of a

Geological and Agricultural Survey of Burke and Richmond counties, has given to the public much interesting information,

and the compiler of this work acknowledges himself indebted

to this gentleman for the most of "what is here said in regard

to the rocks and minerals of Burke.

Beds of mai'l at Shell Bluff, Brushy creek, Briar creek,

and calcareous marl-in many of the springs, and in the banks of creeks, and forms much of the sub-soil of this region--

abundant at Shell Bluff, at the south end of Harris's and Ben-

noch's Mill and Buck Head creek.

f

Limestone, making good lime, is inexhaustible at Shell Bluff. Gypsum near Stone Bluff.

Burr stone in almost every part of the county. Brown oxyde of iron, 1 6 miles northwest of Waynesborough.

Chalcedony at Stone Bluff.

Agates

"

"

Pitch Stone "

"

Jasper

"

"

Fossils are abundant, among which are ammonites, encre-

nites, spantangus, area, buccinum, oliva, lucina, pecten, ba-

lanus, and cardita cytheria.

NATURE OP THE SOIL.-- The soil is fertile, and is constantly

improving ; peculiarly adapted to cotton, corn., &c.

REMARKABLE PLACES.---Burke Jail is noted for a battle

which took place in 1769 between the British, commanded by

Cols. Brown and McGirth, and the Americans, under the com

mand of Cols. Twiggs and Few, in which the latter were vic

torious. In this engagement Capt. Joshua Inman, of the

Americans, killed three of the enemy -with his own hand.

Shell Bluff, on the Savannah river, is about 80 feet high,

PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton and corn are the chief productions. Rye, oats, and potatoes are successfully cultivated. Orchards

BURKE COUNTY.

129

would do -well if attention were paid to them. The peaches which we have seen in Burke, would compare "with any in Georgia.
RELIGIOUS SECTS.--Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians are the most numerous.
EDUCATION.---Due attention is paid to education, particu larly among the wealthier classes. Provision is made for the instruction of poor children, although there is a large number who do not attend school. Some years back there was a library, known as the Burke County Social Library Company.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--The citizens generally of this county are in good circumstances, many of them wealthy, and are distinguished for benevolence and hospitality.
NAME.--This division of the State was named after Ed mund Burke, a distinguished champion of American liberty. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, on the 1st of January, 1730. He finished his education at Trinity College, from "whence he went to London, and entered himself at the Temple. Whilst here, he wrote several essays on subjects of general literature, which were published in the periodicals of the day; for it does not appear that he studied law with any intention of making it a profession. His productions gave evidence of uncommon powers of intellect, and drew towards him the most learned men of the day, among whom was the famous Dr. Johnson; and as proof of the high estimation which the Doctor had for the talents of Burke, it is affirmed that he would not tolerate contradiction from any one but Burke. His essay on the Sublime and Beautiful established his reputation as a "writer, and will always stand as a monument of his extraordinary genius. Talents like those of Burke could not fail to pave the way to dis tinction, and he was chosen member of Parliament under the Rockingham administration. The subject of his first speech was the affairs of America, in which he exerted himself to defeat the projects of a misguided ministry. During his par liamentary career, he embraced every occasion to speak in glowing terms of injured America. He opposed with firm ness the proposition to appoint in England a commission for the trial of treason beyond seas, the Boston Port Bill, the act for employing the Indians against the colonies, and indeed

130

BUTTS COUNTY.

every proposition having in view the slavery of America. On one occasion in Parliament he said: " It is inconsistent with the constitution of Britain that any subject should be taxed, but by himself or representatives." When Franklin and his associates requested to be heard on the subject of the Ameri can Congress, by the king, Mr. Burke exerted'all his eloquence to procure them a hearing, but to no purpose. It was not only as a member of the British Parliament that he exerted himself in behalf of the colonies, but in various pamphlets did he show the folly of attempting to subjugate them. He died on the 8th of July, 1797, in the 68th year of his age, and left a reputation behind him for being a man of extraordinary understanding. He -was noted for his benevolence and magnanimity, and to crown the -whole, was a believer in religion. He was a mem ber of the Church of England.

BUTTS.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county is bounded N. by the Ocmulgee., -which separates it from Newton ; E. by the Ocmul gee, which separates it from Jasper; S. by Monroe ; and W. by Henry. Laid out in 1825 from Monroe and Herjry. It is, on an average, 17 miles in length, 13 in width, and contains 221 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Ocumlgee flows along its eastern and northern boundary. The small streams are, the Tussahaw, Yellow Water, and Sandy creeks.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--The census of 1845 gave the population thus: 3,341 whites, 2,292 blacks; total, 5,633. Amount of tax returned for 1848, is $2,017 91. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Jackson, Cook, Indian Springs, Lofton's Store.
Towws.--Jackson is the county site, situated on the -waters of Yellow Water creek, 55 miles N. W. Milledgeville, 5 N. I-n'dian 'Springs, 20 W. Monticello, 28 E. Zebulon, 18 from

BUTTS COUNTY.

131

McDonough, 20 from Griffin, 28 from Covington, and 8 from

the Ocmulgee. Besides a court-house and jail, it contains two

churches, one academy for males and one for females, one ta

vern, three stores, &c. Population about 300. Amount of goods

sold per annum, about $40,000. The situation of the town is

pleasant. Incorporated and made the county site in 1826.

Dublin, a small place, eight miles from Jackson.

Lofton's Store, seven miles from Jackson.

MINERAL SPRINGS.--The Indian Springs stand high among

the fashionable resorts in Georgia; they are situated in the

fork of Sandy creek. The -waters are highly impregnated with

sulphur.

-*

Iron Spring is four miles E. of Jackson.

RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--The prevailing sects are

Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. There are" about 12

churches m the county. Much attention is paid to education.

The schools in Jackson and in other portions of the county are

said to be excellent.

ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are in fine condition, and

the bridges kept in good repair.

MINERALS.--Most of the minerals found in Jasper are in

this County.

FACE OF THE.COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL, &c.--The face

of the country is level. The gray lands prevail, and are admira

bly suited for cotton. The different grains do well. The va

lue of land is from 3 to $7 per acre. , Cotton averages 400 Ibs.

per acre; corn from two to four barrels; wheat about six

bushels. About 5,000 bags of cotton are annually produced.

The cotton produced in this county is said to be of a very

superior description.

CHARACTER OF FHE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.---The people are

industrious and honest. The amusements are such as prevail

in middle Georgia.

MANUFACTORIES, MILLS. -- Planters* Factory, capital

$50,000, owned principally by citizens of Jasper county,

situated at the Seven Islands, on the Ocmulgee river. Water

power unsurpassed by any in Georgia. Spindles, 3,200 ; looms,

52; yards of cloth made per day, 800; bunches of yarns, 100;

75 hands are employed, all whites. There are in the county

three flour mills, seven saw-mills, and six grist-mills.

132

BALDWIN COUNTY.

CLIMATK, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is similar to that of Jasper. The diseases are few, and confined to the water-courses. Among the instances of longevity are the fol lowing; Mrs. McMichael died at the age of 100., Mr. Butril over 80, E. Price, a revolutionary soldier, 79; Mr. Robert Grier, well known as the autfror of an almanac, died at the age of 80.
EART.Y SETTLERS.--Mr. McCord, James Harkness, Mr. Foster, Abner Bankston, Mr. Thaxtom, A. Robinson, Mr. Giles, John McMichael, Mr. Hendricks, Mr. Lindsley.
ANTiauiTiBs.--On Major Ward's plantation there are three mounds with embankments running to the river Ocmulgee. Dr. Tolefree, of Monticello, a few years ago,,excavated some of these mounds, and found a variety of Indian implements.
ISfAMK.--This county was named after Captain Samuel Butts, who lost his life in the battle of Chalibbee, on the 27th of January, 1814. He was a native of Southampton county, Virginia, and came to Georgia when very young, and settled in Hancock county, arid then removed to Monticello, Jas per county. Here he engaged in mercantile pursuits. When it 'was determined by the citizens of Jasper to raise a com pany, to aid in punishing the Indians for their cruelties upon our frontier settlements, Mr. Butts joined it as a common sol dier, but was elected captain before its arrival at the seat of war. For bravery no officer stood higher. He was shot while he was leading on his men. We would have been pleased to have given a more detailed account of this gentleman, but have been unable to get information upon which reliance could be placed.

BALDWIN.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded by Putnam and Han cock ; E. by Hancock and a part of Washington ; S. by Wilkinson; and W. by Jones. Laid out by the Lottery Act of 1803. Medium length 16 miles; breadth 154; 244 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Oconee runs through the middle of the county, into which Fishing, Black, Camp, and Tobler's creeks discharge their -waters.

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133

POST OFFICE.---Milledgeville. POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.----The popula tion in 1845, was 7450; of these, 2579 "were whites, and 4871 blacks. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $3959 90 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature. TOWNS.--Milledgeville is the seat of justice for the county, and the capital of the State of Georgia; situated on the \vest side of the Ocoiiee river, in lat. 33 4' 10". West Loii. from Washington, 6 19'. It is distant 659 miles S. W. of Wash ington City; 158 N. W. of Savannah; 89 W. S. W. of Au gusta ; 193 N. of Darien ; 32 E. of Macon, and 125 E. N. E. of Columbus. The town was named after Governor Milledge, a soldier of the Revolution, and a gentleman who rendered im portant services to Georgia. The court-house is constructed of brick, and the jail of stone, found in the vicinity of the town. There are four churches, Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian and Baptist. The other public buildings are a market-house, academy, and Masonic Hall. There are numerous stores and shops, five or six hotels, and -several societies, such as the Masonic Lodge, Divi sion of the Sons of Temperance, &c. Milledgeville is considered healthy. In 1848 the population was 2000. Many of the pri vate residences are beautiful. Amount of business is over $200,000 per annum. It was made a city in 1836. The Le gislature held its first session here in 1807. Midway, one mile and a half from Milledgeville, is the seat of Oglethorpe University. Population between 2 and 300. The schools have a high reputation. Scottsborough, named after General John Scott, four miles south of IVIilledgeville. It is a pleasant summer residence, and the schools are said to be very superior. MINERAL SPRINGS.--On land belonging to Col. Carter, just below Scottsborough, is a spring supposed to be possessed of the properties of sulphur. Jarratt's springs in Milledgeville, furnish excellent water. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, ^NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The northern part is hilly. The lands generally are much worn, but susceptible of improvement. Some lands on the Oconee river are fertile. The southern part is sandy. The produc-

134

BALDWIN COUNTY.

tions are cotton, corn, wheat, sugar cane, &c. Cotton aver

ages about 400 pounds pei" acre; corn from 8 to 19, bushels

per acre. Between 5 and 6000 bags of cotton are annually

produced.

ROADS AND BRIDGES.--Sufficient attention Is not given to

the roads and bridges.

RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Episcopalians, Metho

dists, Baptists, Presbyterians. The schools of this county were

formerly considered equal to any in Georgia. Those in Mil-

ledgeville, Midway, and Scottsborough, are now under the su

pervision of able teachers ; and public report speaks highly of

the improvement of the pupils.

MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--Milledgeville Manufacturing Co.,

situated in Milledgeville. Capital, 883,000. Main building

four stories high, built of brick. Engine 45 horse power ; cost

84000; made at Novelty Works, New-York.

3136 spindles.

53 looms.

1000 yards of cloth made per day (osnaburghs).

1000 do. No. 14 sheetings, per day.

135 bundles of yarns,

do.

110 operatives (whites).

4 bales of cotton used per day.

500 mattresses made per year.

Wages of operatives from $3 to $26 per month.

Great efforts made to secure the good conduct of the ope

ratives. Their condition greatly improved.

Goods sent to New-York, New-Orleans, Charleston, and

Savannah. Demand greater than ability to respond. This

factory took three honours at the fair at the Stone Mountain.

There are also three or four saw-mills, four or five grist

mills, and one flour-mill on the Ocon.ee.

EAKLY SETTLERS.--Among the early settlers were S. Holt,

A. Greene, K. White, Thomas Napier, David Fluker, and others.

CLIMATE, DISEASES, .LONGEVITY.--The climate is decided

ly healthy. Dr. Fort, an eminent physician of Milledgeville,

considers the county more healthy at this time than at any

former period. At one time, the deaths by bilious fever wore

as high as five per ceiit.; but the doctor says, the terrors of bi

lious fever have been much diminished. The instances of

BALDWIN COUNTY.

135

longevity are the following : Mrs. Huson, a lady now nearly 80, and presides at the table of one of the best hotels in Geor gia, with great dignity. Mrs. Tornpkins and Mrs. Robinson, both living, over 80. Mr. Abner Hammond died at an ad vanced age. Mr. John Dismukes was 93 years old at his death.
MINERALS.--Granite, felspar, &c. In the vicinity of Milledge ville the geologist may find much to interest him. Sir Charles Lye]], President of the London Geological Society, visited Geor gia in 1846, and in a volume containing a history of his travels, recently published, thus speaks of the country around MilledgeviUe ;
"It is striking, around Milledgeville, to see so many large detached and rounded boulders of granite lying on the surface of the soil, and all strictly confined within the limits of the granitic region. One of these, on the slope of a hill, three miles from the town, resting on gneiss, measured twelve feet in its longest diameter, and was four feet high. 1 presume that these boulders are nearly in situ; they may have constituted "tors" of granite, like those in Corn-wall, fragments of masses, once more extensive, left by denudation at a period when the country was rising out of the sea, and fragments may have been occasionally thrown down by the waves, and swept to a small distance from their original sites.
" Another most singular phenomenon in the environs of Mil ledgeville is the depth to which the gneiss and mica schist have decomposed in situ. Some very instructive sections of the disintegrated rocks have been laid open in the precipices of recently formed ravines. Were it not that the original intersecting veins of white quartz remain unaltered, to showthat the layers of sand, clay, and loam are mere laminrc of gneiss and mica schist, resolved into their elements, a geologist -would suppose that they wore ordinary alternations of sandy and clayey beds with occasional cross stratification, the whole just in the state in which they were first deposited. Now and then, as if to confirm the deception, a large crystal of felspar, eight or ten inches long, is seen to retain its angles, although converted into kaolin. Similar crystals, almost as perfect, may be seen washed into the tertiary strata south of the granitic region, where white porcelain clays, quartzose gra-

136

BALDWIN COUNTY.

vel, sand, and micaceous loam are found, evidently derived from the "waste of decomposed crystalline rocks. I am not surprised, therefore, that some geologists should have con founded the ancient gneiss of this district, thus decomposed in situ, with the tertiary deposits. Their close resemblance confirms me in the opinion, that the arrangement of the gneiss and mica schist in beds with subordinate layers, both hori zontal and oblique, was originally determined, in most cases at least, by aqueous deposition, although often modified by subsequent crystalline action.
" The surprising depth of some of the modern ravines, IE the neighbourhood of Milledgeville, suggests matter of curious speculation. At the distance of three miles and a half west of the town, on the direct road to Macon, on the farm of Pomona, is a ravine. Twenty years ago it had no existence; but "when the trees of the forest were cut down, cracks three feet deep were caused by the sun's heat in the clay; and, during the rains, a sudden rush of water through these cracks, caused them to deepen at their lower extremities, from whence the excavating power "worked backward, till, in the course of twenty years, a chasm, measuring no less than 55 feet in depth, 300 yards in length, and varying in width from 20 to 180 feet was the result. The high road has been several times turned to avoid this cavity, the enlargement of which is still proceeding, and the old line of road may be seen to have held its course directly over what is now the widest part of the ravine. In the perpendicular walls of this great chasm appear beds of clay and sand, red, "white, yellow, and green, produced by the de composition in situ of hornblendic gneiss, with layers and veins of quartz, as before-mentioned, and of a rock consisting of quartz and felspar, which remain entire to prove that the whole mays was once crystalline."
MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS.--The first court "was held in Baldwin,, July 21. 1806, Judge Tait presiding.
NAME.--The Hon. Abraham Baldwin was born in the State of Connecticut, in 1754. He graduated at Yale, in 1772, with the reputation of one of the best classical and mathematical scholars of his time. During the Revolutionary war, he was several years a professor of that institution, and,

BALDWIN COUNTY.

137

for a part of the war, a chaplain in the Continenta] army. At its close, he studied law. Georgia, then a frontier State, offered inducements to emigrants. Mr. Baldwin arrived at Savannah, in 1784 ; "was immediately admitted a counsellor at the Georgia bar, and fixed his residence in Columbia county. In three months he had gained so greatly the confidence of the people of that county, that they elected him a member of the Legislature. It is believed, generally, that he originated the plan of the University of Georgia, drew up its charter, and persuaded the -Legislature to adopt it. We do not find that the merit of this work has been assigned to any other. Mr. Baldwin was a man of decided literary and scientific mind, and it is very certain that he was one of the most ac tive supporters of the University. Let him be deemed, then, its father.
Two years had not transpired before Mr. Baldwin was elected to Congress. In 178G, he took his seat. From that year, until his death in 1807, he was a member at every ses sion, either of the House or of the Senate. In the Federal Convention that framed the Constitution^ he was a delegate from Georgia, taking an active part in the deliberations of that illustrious body. With his previous legislative experience and his knowledge of the Constitution, from being one of its au thors, the people of the middle district of Georgia considered his services necessary to setting the government in motion. We accordingly find Mr. Baldwin a representative under the new Constitution in 1789. He was one of the wisest and one of the most respected debaters in the new Congress. Upon many important topics, the journals of debates show Mr. Baldwin to have taken a prominent part. The venerable Na thaniel Macon assured the late Col. Tattnall, in 1826, review ing in conversation the members who had served from Geor gia, that the eloquence of Mr. Baldwin was of the highest order, and his reasoning powers equal to those of any other statesman in Congress. In 1802, Mr. Baldwin was one of the Commissioners of Georgia, who negotiated and signed the treaty of cession of our western territory to the United States. He was president pro tempore of the Senate of the United States, from April to December, 1802. Preferring the floor

138

BALDWIN COUNTY.

to the presiding officer's chair, he declined a re-election in the \vinter of 1803.
During the violent agitation of parties, he "was always moderate but firm--decided in his republican principles, but not denunciatory of those who differed from him. His gentle manners, his pure morals, his well-balanced mind, his argu mentative powers, his persuasive eloquence, his classical education, brought him nearer perhaps to the standard of his compatriot, James Madison, "with whom he served in the old Congress, in the Convention, and in the new Congress, than was any other statesman of the age in which they acted. He was most faithful in his attendance on his duties, having for twenty-two years of public service, up to the first moment of his last illness, been absent from his seat but one day.
In his private life, we are told that he was distinguished for beneficent and charitable deeds. " Having never been married, he had no family of his own. His constant habits of economy and temperance left him the means of assisting many young men in their education and their establishment in business ; besides which, his lather's family presented an ample field for his benevolence. Six orphans, his hall-brothers and sisterSj were left to his care by his father's death, in the year 1787. The estate that was to support them proved in solvent. He paid the debts of the estate, quit-claimed his proportion to these children, and educated them all, in a great measure, at his own expense."
He died very suddenly at Washington City, in March, 1807, in the service of his adopted State. And it may be truly declared., that Georgia lost in him one of her greatest, statesmen, and the Federal Union a public man whose capacity and past service indicated great future prominence in the an nals of the republic.

CAMDEIST COUNTY.

139

CAMDEN.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county has Glynn and a por tion of Wayne on the north, the Atlantic on the east, Florida and Atlantic on the south, and Ware on the west. The county was formed in 1777 from the parishes of St. Thomas and St. Mary's, and In 1808 a part was added to Wayne. It is forty-five miles long, and twenty-live miles wide, containing 1125 square miles.
RIVERS AND CREEKS.--The streams of most importance are the St. Ilia, St. Mary's, and Little St. Ilia, The creeks are the Hog 'Pen Branch, Spanish, Bullhead, Buffalo, White Oak, Todd's, Dover, and Big White Cap.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--The census of 1845 gave this county a population of 5,482. ' Of these, 1,721 were whites, and 3,761 blacks. Amount of tax returned for 3848 is $4,464 97. Entitled to one representative.
POST OFFICES.--Jefferson, St. Mary's, Langsbury, Cen tre Village.
ISLANDS.--Several Islands ai'e included in this county. Among them Cumberland and Jekyl are the most important. The Indian name of Cumberland Island was Missoe. The name was changed when Oglethorpe visited it, at the request of an Indian chief who had received some kindness from the Duke of Cumberland, to that of Cumberland. It is eighteen miles long, and from half a mile to three miles wide. The soil is of a light sandy character, adapted to the culture of cotton, corn, potatoes, &c. Lemons, figs, pomegranates, olives, oranges and melons grow finely. The frost of 1835 destroyed the fine forests of orange trees. Three thousand oranges have been gathered from one tree on Mrs. Shaw's plantation, formerly General G-reene's. Cotton averages two hundred pounds per acre, corn twelve bushels per acre, sweet potatoes seventy bushels per acre. Live oak, cedars, and a few pines, are the forest trees. A portion of the timber with which the frigate Constitution was built was furnished by this island. Deer, raccoons and opossums are abundant, and fish of every variety. More than half of the island is worthless as

140

CAMDEN COUNTY.

far as cultivation is concerned ; the other half is "worth eight dol lars per acre. The climate is temperate and healthy. Many of the negroes live to a great age. On the north end of the island, or rather on Little Cumberland, is a lighthouse sixty feet high, with a revolving light, and can be seen at sea twenty miles. Dungeness, formerly Gen. C-reene's property, is on this Island. There was formerly a fine house on the estate, but it is now going to ruin. Population, 24th of October, 1846, thirteen white men, eight "white boys, seven girls, eight women, negroes four hundred. In the war of I8]2 the island was taken by Admiral Cockburne, and although motives were offered to the slaves to desert their masters, but one accepted the offer. There is no church, the inhabitants attending service in St. Mary's. On the south-west side of the island are the remains of fort St. Andrews, built by Gen. Oglethorpe.
Jekyl Island received its name from Gen. Oglethorpe in honour of Sir Joseph Jekyl, his particular friend.
TOWNS.--Jefferson, the seat of justice, situated on the south side of St. Ilia river, has a court house, jail, three stores, &c. It is considered unhealthy, being surrounded by rice planta tions. It is twenty-five miles from St. Mary's, twenty-eight from Brunswick, and fifty from Darien. Small sloops come up to the town.
St. Mary's is beautifully situated on the north side of the St. Mary's river, nine miles from, and In sight of the ocean. It has a fine harbour, being accessible to the largest vessels. Population, 359 whites, and 268 blacks; total G27. There are five churches, Episcopal, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian? Methodist and African; court-house, market-house, and a spacious brick academy. There are nine dry goods and gro cery stores, one drug store, three schools, three ministers, three lawyers, three physicians, and a due proportion of mechanics. The town is very healthy. The streets are broad and adorned with shade-trees. For persons afflicted with pulmonary com plaints., the climate is said to be peculiarly favourable. The inhabitants have a high reputation for morals and intelligence. Amount of business done is about $30,000 per annum. Orange groves until recently adorned nearly every garden, and flourish ed with great luxuriance. An insect and the frost for a year or

CAMDEN COUNTY.

141

two past have greatly marred their beauty, and in some in stances nearly destroyed them ; yet they still form an interest ing feature in the place. Lat. 30 50', Lon. 4 51'.
Centreville, six miles from Coleraine, and three from St. Ma ry's river. Hides, &c., are brought here in large quantities from the contiguous counties.
Colerairie, forty-five miles above St. Mary's. It was once in a nourishing condition, but is now almost deserted.
Burnt Fort, on the St. Ilia, forty-eight miles from its mouth.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is warm. The diseases are such as prevail in the lower sections of the State. Lewis Welfbrd died at the age of 95 or JOO.
NATURE OF THE SOIL, PRODUCTIONS.--The lands upon the St. Ilia are celebrated for their fertility. Productions are rice and cotton.
NAME.--Of the illustrious members of the British Parlia ment, there were many who zealously advocated the cause of the injured colonies, but none with the activity and perseve rance of the Earl of Camden, after whom this county was named. In. every debate upon America he spoke at great length, and many of his speeches are still preserved. In his place in the House of Lords, opposing a bill respecting the Brit ish forces in America, this fearless champion of American Lib erty said : " I was against this unnatural war from the begin ning. I contend that America has been driven by cruel neces sity to defend her rights from the united attacks of violence, oppression, and injustice." By the friends of the ministry this language was denounced as violent, and in reply he said: " I do assure your lordships that I am heartily tired of the ineffectual struggle in which I am engaged. I would thank any of your lordships that would procure a vote for silencing me; but until that vote has received your lordships' sanction, i must still think, and as often as occasion may require continue to assert, that Great Britain -was the aggressor; that our acts with respect to America were oppressive, and that if I were an American I should resist to the last, such manifest exertions oftyranny, violence, and injustice." On another occasion he said : " My position is this ; I repeat it, I will maintain it to my
10

142

CAMDEN COUNTY.

last hour, taxation and representation are inseparable. The position is founded on the laws of nature. For whatever is a man's own, it is absolutely his own. No man has a right to take it away from him without his consent. Whoever attempts to do it, attempts an injury. Whoever does it commits a rob bery." Sentiments like these delivered by a legislator of Great Britain, were calculated to inspire the struggling colonies with confidence ; and the Earl of Camden was regarded by the friends of liberty as their most able champion. The colony of Massachusetts sent to him an address, acknowledging in grate ful terms their profound sense of his patriotic and intrepid de fence of the rights of His Majesty's subjects. America rung with his praises. Counties, towns, and villages were named after him. Georgia, to perpetuate the remembrance of his ser vices, attached his name to one of her divisions. We will give a short memoir of this distinguished friend of American liberty.
Charles Pratt, afterwards Lord Chancellor and Earl of Camden, was born in 1713, and was descended from an ancient and respectable family that had been settled at Careswell Priory, near Collumpton in Devonshire. His father was an eminent barrister in the reign of William III. and Queen Anne, and in the reign of George I. Lord Chief Justice of England. Af ter having received his education at Eton and Cambridge, he entered upon the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1738. Many obstacles prevented his rapid advancement. For years he "was without a single client, and he was about to aban don his profession but was dissuaded from doing so by his friend Lord Northington. Having conducted a case with great abil ity in one of the western circuits of England, he soon became known, and business crowded upon him. In parliamentary law he was well read, and was a favourite in all cases of political aspect. In July, 1757, through the influence of Mr. Pitt, he was made Attorney General, and soon after was elected to Parliament from the borough of Downton, which he continued to represent until he became Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, "which office he took January 23, 17G2. Whilst holding this high dignity, the celebrated John Wilkes was com mitted to prison upon the charge of making severe animadver sions upon the government, through the columns of a paper call-

CAMPBELL, COUNTY.

143

ed the " North Briton." By virtue of a writ of Habeas Cor pus, he "was brought into Westminster Hall. Three days \vere spent in the consideration of his case ; after which Chief Jus tice Pratt declared the -warrant by which Wilkes was appre hended to be illegal, and ordered him to be discharged. His intrepidity and independence on this occasion made him the idol of the people. Busts and prints of him were sold. A fine portrait of him by Sir Joshua Reynolds was placed in the Guild Hall of the city of London, which city also presented him with the freedom of its corporation in a gold box, and the example was followed by other large towns in the United King dom. One of the sights -which foreigners went to see in Lon don, was the Great Lord Chief Justice Pratt. In 1765, he was raised to a Peerage. The first speech which he made in the House of Lords was against the bill for taxing the colonies.-- We have already alluded to some of his speeches in favour of America. He never ceased to advocate their cause, and sec onded Lord Chatham in all his efforts to bring about a recon ciliation between the mother country and the colonies. The Earl of Camden invariably showed himself to be the friend of constitutional liberty, and embraced every opportunity of defending the rights of the people. Upon all the great ques tions brought before Parliament, he displayed the most pro found knowledge. In 1766 he was made Keeper of the Seal, and on the 30th of July, 1766, Lord Chancellor, which office he held for three and a half years. In 1782 he was ap pointed President of the Council, and in 1786 "was raised to the Peerage under the title of "Viscount Bayham of Bayham Abbey, in the County of Kent, and Earl of Camden. He died the 13th of April, J794, aged 81 years. His remains were deposited in the Parish Church of Seal, in Kent.*

CAMPBELL.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county has Cobb on the N.,. De Kalb and Fayette E., Coweta and Carroll S., and Carroll W.
* Walpole's Memoirs of George III.; Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors of England; Parliamentary Debates.

144

CAMPBELL COUNTY.

Laid out in 1828, from Coweta, Carrol], De Kalb, and Fayette. Lengtii 1C miles, breadth 12, square miles 192.
COUNTY TOWN.--Campbcllton is the seat of justice. It occupies an elevated position on the southeast side of the Chattahoochee river, distant from Milledgeville 151 miles, from Atlanta 22, from Newnan 25, from Marietta 20, from Fayetteville 20, and from Villa Rica 22. It has a very large court-house, built of brick, far too large for the county; a jail, an hotel, two churches, an academy, &c. Population 175. The water is only tolerable. Amount of goods annually sold is 25,000 dollars. Tiie merchants buy in Charleston and NewYork. The town was settled and incorporated in 1829.
Sand Town, is a small village on the Chattahoochee river, two miles from Garnpbellton.
POST-OFFICES.--Campbcllton, Cedar Branch, County Line, Dark Corner, Rivertown, Sand Town, Rasselas.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.----In 1845, the po pulation of the county was 4,705 whites, and 1,051 blacks: total, 5756. Amount of State tax, for 1848, $1,307 73 cts. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.--Methodists, Baptists, Presby terians, and Universal]sts.
EDUCATION-.-^-Education is neglected. MANUFACTURES, MILLS.-- Sweet Water Factory, situated on Sweet Water creek, 16 miles S. of Marietta; building five stories high, 48 by 120 feet. Designed for 6,000 spindles, 90 looms. Capita], $50,000. Water power good, 23 feet fall. Owners, Gov. McDonald and Col. Rogers. 11 saw-mills, 14 grist-mills, 2 flour-mills, 4 distilleries in the county, FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The face of" the country is broken and undulating. The lands on the rivers and creeks have a black and loamy soil, finely adapted to cotton, wheat, and corn. These are valued at 825 per acre. The red lands produce well, valued at $10 per acre. The gray hickory lands are "worth from 5 to $10 : and pro duce fine crops of corn. PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE.--Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c. Cotton averages 600 pounds per acre, corn 18 bushels, wheat 10 bushels. Three thousand bags of cotton are raised annually.

CAMPBELL COUNTY.

145

MINERALS.--Gold, iron, quartz, granite, soap-stone, fel spar, &c.
ANIMALS.--Deer, foxes, rabbits, &c. AMUSEMENTS.--Hunting, fishing, dancing and horse-racing. CHARACTER OF THE PUOI'LE.--The people are industrious and hospitable. Newspapers are well patronized, and a spirit of inquiry has been aroused among the people. ORIGINAL. SETTLERS.--Joseph Beaver, James Black, Thom as Black, James Davis. MARKET.--Atlanta is the market for most of the produce. ROADS AND BRIDGES, FERRIES.--Some of the roads are in fine order, others in a bad condition. The bridges are in good repair. Eleven ferries in the county. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is healthy. The diseases are mostly those of an inflammatory nature. The following are the instances of longevity which have come to our knowledge. William Wood, over 80; Hugh Rowan, 80; Mr. Winn, 80 ; Mr. McClarty, over 80. NAME.--Col. JDuncan G. Campbell, in honour of whom this county is named, was born in North Carolina, on. the 17th of February, 1787, received his education at Chapel Hill, and graduated in 180G. lie came to Wilkes county in 1807, and studied law -with Judge Griffin, and at the same time took charge of a female seminary. The ill health of Judge Griffin rendering it necessary for him to give up the law, Mr. Campbell soon succeeded to his practice. In. 1820, 21, 2, 3, he represent ed WiJkcs county in the State Legislature, where he com manded much respect for his talents and liberality. Whilst a member of the Legislature ho introduced a bill for the educa tion of females, but it met \vith great opposition and was not passed. In 1823, ho was appointed a commissioner to nego tiate a treaty with the Cherokee Indians for land : he was also a commissioner to form a treaty with the Creek Indians at the Indian Springs. The integrity of Mr. Campbell, together with that of Mr. Merriwether, in the negotiation of the treaty at the Indian Springs, was called into question, and the Legislature of Georgia, at their session in 1825, feeling themselves bound to protect their most worthy and distinguished fellow citizens, passed the following resolution ; " That they feel deeply and

146

CARROLL_ COUNTY.

gratefully impressed "with the important services of the Hon. Duncan G. Campbell and James Merriwether in obtaining the late cession of lands from the Creek nation of Indians, and that their confidence remains unimpaired in the honour, upright ness, and integrity of those gentlemen. That the General As sembly, representing the feelings and wishes of the good citi zens of this State, do not hesitate in saying, that they conceive that the treaty contains in itself intrinsic evidence of its own fairness, in the liberal and extended provisions which it con tains for the removal, preservation, and perpetuity of the Creek nation. Such treaty, so beneficial to the United States, the State of Georgia, and the Indians themselves, having been ne gotiated under circumstances requiring the most devoted zeal, persevering industry and firmness, we pronounce upon the conduct of the commissioners our most cordial approbation, and that a copy thereof be transmitted to each of said commis sioners, and also a copy to our senators and representa tives in Congress." Mr. Campbell was of middle height, thick stature, and light complexion. He died on the 31st of July, 1828.

CARROLL.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county has Paulding on the north, Campbell and Coweta on the east, Heard on the south, and Alabama on the west. Laid out in 1826, and a part add ed to Campbell in 1828, and a part to Heard in 1830. Length 26 miles, breadth 22, containing 572 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The principal streams are the Chattahoochee, and Little Tallapoosa rivers, and Turkey, Yellow Dirt, Whooping and Snake creeks.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845 the pop ulation was 6,482 whites, 529 blacks. Total, 7,011. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $1,400 13. Sends one repre sentative to the Legislature.

CARROLL COUNTY.

147

POST OFFICES.--Carrollton, Hickory Level, Laurel Hill, Rotherwood, Xallapoosa, Villa Rica, Burret Stand, Cerro Gordo.
EARLY- SETTLERS.--Among the early settlers were Hinche P. Mabry, W. G. Springer, Joseph Chambers, John Robinson, and Giles S. Boggess.
MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--Bowen's factory on Snake creek, ten miles from Carrollton, recently established, five hundred spindles, but calculated for more. One wool card establish ment near Carrollton. Several mills for pounding gold ore, nine saw-mills, ten grist-mills, one merchant mill, two distil leries.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--The Methodists and Bap tists are the most numerous. Near Carrollton are a few Pres byterians. Sufficient attention is not given, to the subject of education.
FACE or THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--Several ridges run through the'county. These ridges give origin to many springs. The soil is various. Some of the land is gray, and a large portion is productive red land. On the creeks the lands are fertile. The glades in this county might, under judi cious management, be rendered productive.
PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE, VALUE OF LAND.--Corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, &c. The culture of cotton has been but recently commenced, and has proved suc cessful. The staple is of a superior quality. Fruits, such as apples, pears, plums, and grapes, are very fine. Vegetables succeed well. The product of corn is from four to five bar rels per acre. Wheat from seven to forty bushels per acre. Cotton about seven hundred pounds per acre. Improved lands are worth from four to five dollars per acre. Wild lands sell low.
TOWNS.--Carrollton is the county seat, situated on an emi nence upon the waters of Little Tallapoosa, 151 miles northwest of Milledgeville, 26 miles from Newnan, 24 from Franklin, 26 from Campbellton, 34 from Van Wert, 46 from Marietta, and 18 from Alabama. It has a court-house, jail, two academies, two hotels, and one church. Population 250. Incorporated in 1829.

14S

CARROLL COUNTY.

Villa Rica is a pleasant village, situated in the centre of the gold region, on the ridge dividing the wa.ars of the Tallapoosa and Sweet Water Creeks. It has one church, one hotel, two schools, masonic lodge, division of the Sons of Tem perance. Population 200. Amount of business done in a year exceeds 8100,000. It was settled in 1830 hy persons interested in the mining operations. It is a healthy village, and the character of the population has much improved. Dis tant from Carrollton 1G miles northeast, 22 from Campbellton, 30 from Marietta, and from Cassville, Rome, Fayetteville, Franklin, Decatur, and Abacoochee Mine, in Alabama, 42 miles.
GOLD MINES, MINERALS.--Gold is abundant, and is said to be finer than any found in Georgia. Near Villa Rica there is an extent of country six miles long and one mile wide, in which there are numerous mines known as the "Carroll Mines." Many of them have proved to be profitable. The amount of gold obtained from these mines cannot be stated with accu racy. The general average is one pennyweight per hand.
West of Villa Rica 33 miles is a valuable mine, owned by Holland, Bonner, and others.
Bonner's mine, five miles southwest of Carrollton, is also very rich. Some iron is found ; also mica, quartz, granite, &c.
MINERAL SITIINGS.--In Villa Rica there is a spring slightly impregnated with sulphur, and in different parts of the county there are chalybeate springs.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--In the early settlement of this county, many irregularities "were committed ; but the popula tion at this time, in point of morality and good order, are equal to that of many of the older counties.
CLIMATE, DISEASES.--No country on earth has a more salubrious climate. The diseases are very few.
NAME.--This county is named after Charles Carroll. This venerable man, a signer of the Declaration of American Inde pendence, was born at Annapolis, Sept. 8, 1737. When very young, he was sent to France to receive his education. He remained there until 1757, when he visited London, and commenced the study of the law. He returned to the United States in 1764, with a mind very highly cultivated.

CASS COUNTY.

149

About this period,.the respective rights of the colonies occu pied much of Kle public attention; and among those "who boldly advocated their rights, was Mr. Carroll. In 1776 Mr. Carroll was appointed, in conjunction with four other dis tinguished gentlemen, to visit Canada, and persuade the in habitants to unite with the colonies in the cause of liberty ; but various circumstances rendered his mission abortive. Mr. Carroll came to Philadelphia just as Congress was discussing the question of declaring the colonies free and independent. lie was in favour of this ; but the delegates from Maryland were instructed to vote against it. Mr. Carroll, hearing this, left Philadelphia immediately for Anna polis, where the convention "was then sitting, and suc ceeded by his efforts in inducing that body to give their dele gates instructions to vote for independence. On the same day he was appointed a delegate to Congress. Mr. Carroll had not voted on this subject, not being a member of Congress at the time the votes were taken. Mr. Hancock asked him if he would sign it. Most "willingly, he replied, and immediately affixed his name to that immortal document; upon which one of the members remarked, " There goes half a million at the dash of a pen." Mr. Carroll aided in the formation of the constitution of Maryland in 1776, and continued in Congress until 1778. In the Senate of Maryland he served for several years, and was a member of the United States Senate for a long pe riod. In 1810 he quitted public life, and passed the remainder of his days in tranquillity. He died at Baltimore, Nov. 14, 1832, in his 96th year.

CASS.
SITUATION, BOUNDARIES.----This county lies partly in the primitive and partly in the transition formation. Bounded N. by Murray, E. by Gilmer and Cherokee, W. by Floyd, S. by Cobb and Paulding. Laid out from Cherokee in 1833.
POST OFFICES.--Cassville, Adairsville, Allatoona, Carters-

150

CASS COUNTY.

ville, Free Bridge, Iron Works, Kingston, Oothcaloga, Pme Log, Saliquoy, Stilesborough, Little Prairie, Fair Mount, Cold Run.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--The population of this county has increased with amazing rapidity. In 1845, the population -was 10,229 "whites, 2,295 blacks ; total, 12,524. The next census will undoubtedly show a larger number. Amount of State tax for 1848, $3,414 30 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature.
RIVERS AND CHEEKS.--The Etowah, Oostenaula,Coosewattee, and Conesauga rivers. Innumerable creeks water the county. Among them are : the Raccoon, Pettis, Euharlee, Pine Log, Salacoa, Two Run, Barnsley, Oothcaloga, and Stamp creek.
NATURE OF THE Son,,--There is a large quantity of rich land in this county. The red chocolate soil lying along the Etowah river, and in the Oothcaloga valley is mostly preferred. From its growth it is sometimes called " Hickory Sapling land." It is deep, and of a warmer nature than others. Lands of this kind have sold for 830 per acre, and it is doubt ful whether they can now be purchased for much below this sum. Where the land is -worn it answers for cotton very well; if fresh it forces the plant too much into weed. This description of land produces from 25 to 50 bushels of corn to the acre. Rye, oats, barley, and indeed every thing does well on this soil. There is another class of fertile land, but appa rently too cold to produce finely, during such short sea sons as prevail in Cherokee Georgia, These are principally upon Raccoon creek. There is a sort of land of a higher colour than either of the above, preferred by some, but old farmers do not consider it as productive as the chocolate lands. The remaining soils partake of the above qualities, and are reduced in value and fertility according to the quantity of rocks and gravel.
MINERALS.--No part of Georgia is richer in valuable rocks and minerals. A volume "would hardly contain what might be said on this subject. Iron ore, equal to any in the world, is abundantly diffused. Fine marble, limestone in any quantity, from which lime is made and sent to different parts of the State, elastic sandstone, amy this tine quartz, asbestos, soap-

CASS COUNTY.

151

stone, gold, slate, plumbago, lead, copper, manganese, titanium, shale, graphite, tripoli, fluor spar, calcareous spar, sulphate of barytes, chalcedony, and many varieties of flint. He who is fond of mineralogy has In this county a wide field before him.
TOWNS.--Cassville is the seat of justice, having a brick court-house, jail, three churches, Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian, two hotels, two schools, seven' stores, <fec. It is situated on the waters of Two Run creek, two miles from the Atlantic and Western Railroad, 32 from Marietta, 40 from Dalton, and 150 miles northwest of Milledgeville. In the vicinity are several fine springs. Population between 800 and 900. . The town was laid out in July, 1833. Mr. Jones. built the first house.
Cartersviile, oil the Atlantic and Western Railroad, two miles from the Etowah river*, surrounded by a rich country. Named after Col. F. Carter, of Milledgeville. Considerable business is done here. Population about 150. Foul' or five stores and hotel.
Kingston, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad. Here the Memphis branch road commences. This place is cele brated for the excellency of the "water. Three stores, three groceries, two blacksmiths, and tavern. Population 100. Named after J. P. King, Esq., of Augusta.
Adairsville, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad, 12 mifes from CassviJIe.
Dawsonville, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad, 5 miles from the Oostenaula river.
New Echota, situated at the confluence of Coosewattee and Connseauga rivers. This was formerly the capital of the Cherokec Nation, and the residence of several celebrated in fluential Indians. The treaty ceding the Cherokee lands to the United States, was made at this place.
MINERAL SPRINGS. -- Rowland's springs, situated about 6 miles from Cartersviile, are too well known to need, a particu lar description. They are becoming every season the centre of fashion. Multitudes from every part of the State resort here to partake of the excellent water, as well as the liberal fare of the worthy proprietor. In other parts of the coxinty are many fine springs; some are impregnated with mineral qualities.

152

CASS COUNTY,

FOREST TREES, FRUITS.--Hickory, poplar, pine, black gum, "walnut, elm, sycamore, &c. The fruit trees are the peach, apple, pear, quince, apricot. Peaches and grapes are very fine.
FISH.--Red-horse, catfish, sometimes weighing from 50 to GO pounds, buffalo, soft-shell turtle, in great abundance. In many places are to be seen the remains of the Indian fish-traps, formed by piling stones in a circle, the upper part being left lower for the purpose of admitting the fish. Muscle shells of exquisite beauty, and of rare species are found in the rivers and creeks.
RELIGIOUS SECTS. -- Baptists, Methodists, PresbyterianSj Episcopalians, and a few Roman Catholics.
EDUCATION.--The people are not indifferent to the cause of education. Exertions are making to establish good schools in every neighbourhood.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--There is a mixture of all classes in this county, and like every newly settled country, Cass has its full share of immoral citizens. The lands are so fertile that little labour is required to obtain the necessaries of life, and consequently there is a great lack of industry among some classes. Too much time is spent at the grocery. More attention ought to be paid to domestic comforts. Gardens should be attended to, orchards should be planted, and efforts made to render the general appearance of the farm-houses and outbuildings more comfortable. Many of the best and most intelligent people in Georgia and South Carolina have re moved to this section, and we are happy to state are using their influence in favour of religion and education,
MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--The "water power of Cass is im mense. The streams abound "with valuable shoals, and pro bably there is no part of the State where manufactories can be conducted with greater success. Cooper & Wyley's iron -works would do honour to any country. Their establishment is situated four or five miles from Cartersville, in a beautiful and healthy country, giving employment to three or four hundred persons. All kinds of hollow-ware, machinery and gearing are manufactured ; and it ought to be mentioned that Railroad .iron, the first made in Georgia, has been manufac-

GASS COUNTY.

153

tured at this place for the Georgia Railroad Company, and pro nounced by able judges to be very superior. Connected with this establish men tis'a flour-mill four stories high, built of granite, having four run of stones, and can turn out per day 350 barrels of flour. The iron ore Is procured about three or four miles from the works.
Allatoona iron works, on the south side of Etowah river, owned by Lother & Stovall.
Earle's iron works on Stamp creek. MOUNDS.--On the plantation of Capt. Tumblin, on the north side of the Etowah river, is a very remarkable mound, the height of which is 75 feet, and the circumference at the base 1114 feet. A large quantity of pottery and other re mains of antiquity have been found here, differing very much from those commonly found in other mounds. OKIGINAI. SETTLERS.--Among the early settlers are Mr. McAdams, Mr. Lowric, Capt. Tumblin, and Mr. Johnson. NAME.--Few men. now living have rendered more valuable services to their country, than the distinguished gentleman after whom this county received its name, .Lewis Cass was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, Oct. 9, 1782, and received his educa tion at Exeter Academy. He "went to Ohio, then the northwest ern territory, in 1799, and settled in Marietta, where lie studied law, and after the usual period was admitted to the bar, and com menced practice amidst the difficulties and privations of a new country. In 1806 he was elected a member of the Ohio I^egislature, and in 1807 was appointed Marshal of Ohio. In 1812 he volunteered under a requisition from the President, and was elected Colonel of one of the regiments of Ohiovolunteers. Gen eral Hull assumed the command of the army of which Cass's regiment made a part, at Dayton, and from thence he marched to Detroit. The incidents of that campaign make a part of the history of the country. Col. Cass was surrendered a prisoner of war with the rest of the army, and returned to Ohio, where after a short time he was released from his parole, and in the spring of 1813 was appointed a Brigadier General in the army of the United States. He served with Gen. Harrison during the whole of his northwestern campaign, and was at the battle of the Thames. In October, 1813, he was appointed Govern-

154

CHATHAM COUNTY.

or of the Territory of Michigan, and so continued until 1831 having been seven times nominated, and never having a vote against him in the Senate, nor a memorial against him from the territory over which he was placed. During this period of more than 18 years, he was occupied in the administration of the affairs of the country, and in conducting the extensive Indian relations upon the frontier. Mr. Cass has held 18 treaties "with the Indians as a commissioner on. the part of the United States, and acquired the cession of many millions of acres of land. In 1831 Gen. Jackson called Gov. Cass to the War Department, where ho remained until 1836, at which time he was appointed Minister to France. Here he con tinued until "November, 1842, "when he returned' to the United States. In February 1845 he was elected amember of the Senate of the United States. This hasty sketch will show that Mr. Cass's life has been an active one. As a "writer, he has acquir ed great reputation. In the 50th and 55th numbers of the North American Review, the reader may have an opportunity of reading two articles on the Indians, which cannot fail to convince him that Mr. Cass is perfect master of his subject. Whatever may be the feelings of party, all wrill acknowledge that Mr. Cass is a man of whom any country may be justly proud.
Mr. Cass w~as a candidate for the Presidency in 1849, but was defeated by Gen. Taylor. He is now a senator in Con gress from the State of Michigan.

CHATHAM.
>OUNWAIS.I"F.S, EXTENT.-- This county forms the South east corner of the State, and is bounded Northeast by South Carolina, Southeast by the Atlantic, South and West by Bryan, and North by Effingham. Medium length, 28 miles; medium breadth, 15 miles, containing 420 square miles, equal to 268,800 acres.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The chief streams are the Savannah, Big and Little Ogeechee. The smaller are St. Augustine's

CHATHAM COUNTY.

155

or Wilmington, Vernon river, Pipemaker's and Hainer's creeks, &c.
.POPULATION, T-AXUS, REPRESENTATION.--In 1840 the popu lation was 18,801; in 1845, 20,046. Amount of tax returned for 1848, 124,715 14 cents. Sends a senator and two repre sentatives to the Legislature.
ISLANDS.--Tybee island, at the mouth of Savannah river, five miles long, three broad, upon which there are two light houses. Wilrnington island, eight miles southeast of Savan nah, six miles long, four broad. Whitemarsh island, two miles long and t\vo miles broad. Isle of Hope, Skidaway, Liberty island, Green, Oakland, Great and Little Warsaw, Elba, Bear, Burnsides, Little Tybee, &LC. The soil generally on the sea islands is sandy, and produces cotton, corn, sweet potatoes in great perfection, and oranges, figs, melons, &c. The trees are, the oak, pine, gum, magnolia, cedar, wild cherry, wahoo, &c. The islanders are noted for their hospitality. Oysters, fish of every description, and wild ducks abound. The islands are generally healthy, and afford pleasant retreats for the citi zens of Savannah during the summer months,
HOADS AND BIUDCES.--The roads are unsurpassed by any in Georgia, and the bridges are kept in fine order.
FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The face of the country is flat, interspersed -with many swamps. The county has a large portion of fertile land. On the Savannah river the rice lands have long been celebrated for their fertility. The lands on the Ogeechee are very rich, and are mostly culti vated in rice. The inland swamp lands are productive, as well as the oak and hickory lands. The pine lands are poor, but will yield very well if manure is applied. In addition to rice and cotton, the soil produces corn, peas, besides almost every variety of fruits and vegetables.
TOWNS.--Savannah is the seat of justice, and the largest city in Georgia. It is situated on the southeast bank of the Savannah river, on a high bluff40 feet above low \vater mark, 12 miles in a direct line from the ocean, and 18 miles by the course of the river.
It is in north latitude 32 degrees, 4 minutes, 56 seconds ; west longitude 81 degrees, 8 minutes, 18 seconds, from Green-

156

CHATHAM COUNTY.

wich ; and 4 degrees, 6 minutes, 54 seconds, west longitude from "Washington City; 158 miles ESE. from the capital of the State, Milledgeville ; 120 SSE. from Augusta; 190 ESE. from Macon ; 90 WSW. from Charleston, and 662 from Wash ington.
GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY.--The government of the city consists of a Mayor and 12 Aldermen, who together are' de nominated the City Council. They are chosen annually, on the 1st Monday in December, from the people at large.
The Police consists, besides the above, of one marshal, 5 constables, and the city watch, composed of 64 members, -with a captain and other officers.
A Board of Health, composed of two persons from each ward and district, is appointed by the Mayor in May, every year.
All subordinate officers are chosen by the City Council. BANKS.--Bank of the State of Georgia--capital, $1,500,000--appropriated to Savannah, 8800,000. Planters' Bank--capital paid in $535,400. Marine and Fire Insurance Bank--capital $400,000--priv ileged to increase the same to $800,000. Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia--cap ital, 82,549,105, all of -which has been paid in--appropriated for banking purposes, $205,000. Savannah Institution for Savings--instituted in 1844. ITVSUIIANCE OFFICES.--There are several Agencies "where Marine, Fire, and Life Insurances can be effected. Foreign Consuls resident in Savannah, 10. VESSEL. PACKET LTNES,--There are always regular lines of packets from Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and other ports. STKAMBOAT COMPANIES.--Daily United States Mail Steampacket line between Savannah and Charleston. Semi-weekly United States Mail Steam-packet line, be tween Savannah and Palatka, Florida. Semi-weekly Steam-packet line between Savannah and Augusta. Steamboat Company of Georgia, plying between Savan nah and Augusta, capital ^100,000. The Company has three steamers, and 14 tow-boats of 150 tons each, and capable of

CHATHAM COUNTY.

157

carrying 750 bales of cotton each. Upwards of 100 persons are employed during the -working season.
Iron Steamboat Company of Georgia, plying between Sa vannah and Augusta. Capital, 8100,000. Has three steamers, with 15 tow-boats of 150 tons each, and capable of carrying 750 bales of cotton, each. The company has a boat yard and engine shop in Savannah, 'and employs 100 persons.
There are five or six steamers employed, not belonging to any regular line.
The steamer Isabel, of 1100 tons burthen, touches at Sa vannah on the 1st and 15th of every month, for Key West and Havana; returning, touches at Savannah about the 12th and 26th of every month.
Under an arrangement of the Government, steamers will touch at Savannah, with the United States mail, on their way to California and Oregon, via Havana, New Orleans, Chagres, and Panama.
STEAMSHIP LINE BETWEEN SAVANNAH AND Nnw-YoitK.----In this line there are two new superior ocean steamers, the Cherokee and one building, each upwards of 1200 tons burthen, unsur passed in strength, beauty of model, and solidity of machinery, and with all the latest improvements in them which experience has suggested.
WASHINGTON AND^JVuw OULKAXS MAGNETIC TEI.FGRAPH COMPANY.--Communicates with the following places : Augusta, Maoon, Columbus, Charleston, Mobile, New Orleans, Washing ton, New-York, Boston.
SAVANNAH FIUK COMPANY.--Formed in 1824, consisting of 35 members, and existing under the auspices of the City Coun cil. It has under its control seven suction receiving and dis charging engines, two receiving and discharging engines, and two suction and discharging engines, each with its complement of hose ; two hose carts with 2,000 feet of hose ; hook, axe, and ladder company, and bucket company.
SAVANNAH AND OGEEUHEE CANAL. COMPANY. -- Capital, 8160,000 in shares of 850 each. This company "was formerly the Savannah, Ogeechee. and Alatamaha Canal Company--ca pital, $199,235. It expended 8240,693 on the work, and suf fered it to go down. In January, 1846, the present company
11

r

158

CHATHAM COUNTY.

purchased the concern, and have since that time put the canal

in thorough repair, built a new lock near the city, in Stiles's

field, a.nd one near the Ogeechee river, and constructed a

wasteway at the Little Ogeechee river, to vent off the surplus

water. Amount of expenditures of the new company on the

work, about 816,000.

STEAM MILLS, MILLS, &c.--Shippers' cotton press, capita]

825,000; hydraulic cotton press, cost $25,000; Savannah

" Tyler" cotton press, cost $15,000; Steamboat Company of

Georgia cotton press, cost $20,000 ; Upper steam rice-mills,

Blake & Habersham's ; Savannah steam rice-mill; Savannah

steam saw-mill; steam saw-mill ; Oglethorpc steam saw-mill;

New Eagle steam saw-mill, capital $12,000 ; Vale Royal steam

saw and planirig-mill, capital $70,000 ; Col. Starke's steam

saw-mill, capital $8,000 ; steam "works for planing, &c.; C. Van

Horn's steam works; E. Jenck's steam mill, capital $20,000;

iron foundry of .Mlllar & Currie ; iron foundry of li. and J.

Lachlison.

In addition to the above, there are seven rice-mills and four

"aw-mills in the county. About three miles from the city, on the

i lantation of II. McCalpin, Ksq., there is a brick yard at which

:hcre have been made more than 60,000,000 of bricks--an

amount greater, it is believed, than has been made in any one

establishment in the southern country ; on the same plantation are a steam saw-mill, a rice barrel manufactory, and a planing

and grooving machine.

POPULATION.--

White Males, .

.

.

3,729

" Females, .

.

. 3,521

Coloured Males, Slaves, .

2,3lG

"

Females, "

.

. 3,370

Males, Free,

.

241

Females, "

.

. 396

Grand Total, City, .

. 13,573

HEALTH.--The statistics of the health of Savannah will

compare lavourably with those of any city in the United States.

The most sickly part of the year is during the winter months.

CHATHAM COUNTY.

Exportss from Savannah, of COTTON, RICE, and LUMBER, for ten years.

Yeare.
1825 1886 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1840 1847 1848

137,695 190,578 189,176 284,340 147,280 222,254 280,826 244,575 304,544 186,306 234,151 243,233

49,570,200 68,608,080 71,703,300 102,329,640 53,020,800 81,011,444 101,097,300 90,4!)2,760 115,720,720 74,522,400 98,343,420 104,590,190

7,231 11,455 21,332 24,392 23,587 22,004 20,281 28,543 20,217 32,147 31,730 30,136

Total feet of Lumber
14,205,200 8,390,400 7,518,750 5,933,251 8,270,583
18,585,044 10,083,448 10,449,558

Receipts of Cotton at Savannah,

From Sept. 1, 1837, to Sept. 1,

3, 206,048 bales.

a

a 1, 1838, to " 11,, 1839, 196,618 "

a

a 1, 1839, to " 11,, 1840, 295,150 "

a

11 1, 1840, to " 11,, 1841, 146,273 "

a

it 1, 1841, to " 11,, 1842, 228,390 "

tt 1, 1842, to " 1,, 1843, 299,173 "

a 1, 1843, to " 1, 1844, 243,420 "

it

it 1, 1844, to " 11,, 1845, 305,742 "

it

it 1, 1845, to " 11,, 1846, 189,070 "

a

it 1, 1840, to " 1,, 1847, 230,029 "

a

1, 1848, to " 11,, 1849, 391,372 "

Value of Real Estate in Savannah, as taxed by the City Au thorities since 1843.

1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

value

,f2,853,90O 3,245,827 3,279,988 3,300,734 3,462,073 3,600,000

\QQ

CHATHAM COUNTY.

CHURCHES.--Christ Church, Episcopal; .Lutheran Church, Independent Presbyterian Church, cost $120,000 ; First Bap tist Church, Methodist Church, Roman Catholic Church, First Presbyterian Church, St. John's Church, Episcopal; Second Baptist Church, Peiifield's Mariner's Church, Second Metho dist Church, Hebrew Synagogue, Methodist Church for col oured persons, First African (Baptist) Church, Second African (Baptist) Church, Third African (Baptist) Church.
CHARITART.E SOCIETIES.--The city is remarkably distin guished for the number of its chnritable societies.
Union. Society; object, support and education of male orphans.
Savannah Female Asylum ; thirty orphans under its care. Savannah Free School, Savannah Poor House and Hos pital, Georgia Infirmary, Widows'" Society, Clothing and Fuel Association, Hibernian Society, Irish Union Society, St. An drew's Society, German Friendly Society, Mechanics' Benev olent Society, Seamen's Port Society, The Female Seamen's Friend Society, The Institution of the Sisters of our Lady of Mercy. In addition to these, there are about 20 societies con nected with the different churches. There are five Masonic Lodges, four Odd Fellows' Lodges, and two Divisions of the Sons of Temperance. OTHER SOCIETIES.--Georgia Historical Society, Georgia Medical Society, Savannah Library Society. SCIIOOT.S.--Chatham Academy, eight schools for instruc tion in the higher branches, Savannah Free School, Savannah Female Asylum, Institution oi the Sisters of our Lady of Mer cy, and fourteen primary schools. PufJiLic BUILDINGS i:v ADDITION TO THOSE ALREADY NAMED. --Exchange, Artillery Armory, State Arsenal, Guard House, Market House, Oglethorpe Hall, Lyceum, Hall of the Georgia Historical Society, Odd Fellows' Hall, Solomon's Lodge Hall, Court House, Jail, Theatre, Gymnasium, Powder Magazine. Many of the private dwellings are beautiful, and the num ber is constantly increasing.
UXTTED STATES FORTIFICATIONS IN SAVANXAH Hi VEIL-- Fort Pulaski, named after Brigadier Count Pulaski, is situated upon Cockspur Island, 14 miles from the city. The site was selected by JVIaj. Babcock, of the U. S. Engineer Corps, about

CHATHAM: COUNTY.

161

20 years ago, but it "was not until 1831 that the work was commenced in earnest. In that year. Captain-Mansfield (now Col, . Mansfield, of the U. S. Engineer Corps,) took charge of its erection. It is a massive structure of brick, of which about 13,000,000 "were consumed. '.The entire cost of the "work has been near a million of dollars, and was nearly 10 years in con struction. It has been pronounced by competent judges to be one of the strongest and most perfect of the kind on the con tinent.
Fort Pulaski is situated on the exterior or first line of de fence, and calls for an armament of 140 guns, mostly long 32 pounders, and requires a garrison of one company in time of peace, two in time of war, and six in time of siege. The num ber of guns already mounted is 20, though every thing is in readiness, and the works could bo manned, the guns mounted, and the whole place made impregnable, in a very short time.
Fort Jackson, named after Governor James Jackson, is sit uated on the south side of the river, about three miles from the city. It was projected some forty years ago, and a fortifi cation of moderate pretensions constructed "which remained through the "war of 1812. Since that period several appropri ations for the work have been made by Congress, and the structure has been much improved, still it is an unfinished for tress. Congress at its last session appropriated 820,000 to wards its completion, and the work on it will soon be resumed.-- Fort Jackson is situated at an important point for the defence of Savannah; and there is no doubt but that it will receive a further and adequate appropriation from Government.
GREECE AND PUXASKI .MONUMENTS.--In March, 1S25, the citizens of Savannah, conceiving that the visit of Gen. La fayette to the city would afford a very favourable opportunity for paying a tribute of gratitude which had been too long with held, determined to avail themselves of the occasion to lay the corner stones of two monuments to be hereafter erected, the one to the memory of General Nathaniel Greene, and the other to the memory of Brigadier Count Pulaski. A committee was appointed, and under their arrangements the corner stone of a monument to " Greene" -was laid in Johnson Square, and one to " Pulaski''' in Chippewa Square, on the 21st day of March, 1825, by General Lafayette and the Masonic Lodges.

162

CHATHAM COUNTY.

Subsequently, donations -were received from the citizens and others, by the committee, for their erection, and in Novem ber, 1826, a lottery was granted by the Legislature, for the purpose of raising the sum of 835,000, to be appropriated to the object. After a few years, the funds not having reached an amount adequate for the erection of both, it was determined to erect one only for the present; that was placed in Johnson's Square in 1839, and is called the " Grecne and Pulaski Monu
ment."
The lottery is still in operation, and has produced, since the payment for the first monument, the sum of about $12,000.
NEW CUSTOM HOUSE ON THE CORNER OF BULL AND BAY STREETS.--This building is going forward in its erection as rapidly as a due regard to the stability and permanence of the structure -will admit. The basement is nearly finished. It is in length 110 feet, depth 52 feet, and in height, from the pave ment to the ridge of the roof, 52 feet.
The basement story will be devoted to the use of the Post Office and the Appraiser's department.
The first or principal floor for custom house purposes. The third, or upper story, for United States court rooms. ORIGINAL SETTLERS.--We could give along list of the ori ginal settlers, but space will not allow. Among the earliest, were General Oglethorpe, Captain Horton, Henry Parker, John. Fallowfield, Colonel William Stephens, Patrick Tailfer, Thomas Jones, Thomas Chriestie, Richard Turner, Paul Amatis, James Burnsides, Peter .Morel, Hugh Anderson, Anthony Camuse, P. Delegal, Walter Fox, Peter Gordon, James IToustoun, Samuel Lacy, John Pyc, Joseph Wardrope, Thomas Young, the Messrs, Sheftalls, D'Lyons, Noble Jones, James Habersham, John Milledge, Dr. ISTunis. EDUCATION, LITERATURE.-- This subject has always com manded due attention. The Chatham Academy is \vell en dowed, and many of the most distinguished men in Georgia were once pupils in this institution. Private schools are nu merous, and ample provision is made for the education of the poor. The Savannah Library has between 5 and 6000 vo lumes. The Georgia Historical Society is an institution that does honour to the State. It has already succeeded in collect-

CHATHAM COUNTY.

163

jng a large number of books, manuscripts, pamphlets, &c., con nected with the history of Gecn-gia, and lias published two vo. lumes of Collections. There are libraries connected with, some of the churches and Odd Fellows' Lodges. There are two reading-rooms and three newspapers. A taste for reading is extending itself. The autographs belonging to J. K. Tefft, Esq., and the library of A. A. Smets, Esq., are deserving of notice.
EMINENT MEN.--The list of'Chatham's eminent men is a lengthy one. Archibald Bulloch, John Iloustoun, General James Jackson, Dr. N. W. Jones, Jonathan Bryars, and many others, who distinguished themselves in the revolutionary con flict; and in later times, Dr. George J-pnes, James Jones, and others now living, who are well known, to possess talents of a high order, and invincible attachment to the interests of Georgia. Hon. James M. Wayne, Judge of the Supremo Court of the United States, is a native of Savannah,
Savannah has produced a number of authors. Major Hugh McCall published the first History of Georgia; and, not withstanding its imperfections, we will venture to say that without it, the people of Georgia would have been ignorant of much of the history of their State. Considering the circum stances under which Major McCali wrote his history, we are free to confess that few could have done so well ; and in our judgment he is deserving great praise.
In 1802, Dr. Holcotribc, of Savannah, commenced a peri odical entitled " The Georgia Analytical .Repository." In 1808, Judge Charlton, father of the Hon. R. M. Charlton, pub lished the Life of General James Jackson. In 1825, Dr. Da niel] published a valuable work, entitled "Observations upon the Autumnal Fevers of Savannah." Rev. Henry Kollock's Sermons were published not long after his decease. Many smaller works have been written by residents of Chatham. The poetry of the Hon. R. M. Charlton, and Henry R. Jack son, Esq., have earned for these gentlemen a high reputation. Dr. Caruthers was an able writer. The Hon. Mr. Berrian, Judge Law, Mr. Mclntosh, Dr. Arnold, and others, have done much to advance the literary character of Chatham couaty.
Co.!-. JOHN WHITE.--During the siege of Savannah, one of

f

1.64

CHATHAM COUNTY.

the most extraordinary captures took place, that the annals of warfare ever recorded. When Gen. Prevost called in his de tachments, he ordered the commandant at Sunbury, on the Georgia coast, upon, evacuating that post to put the invalids on board of the small armed vessels, and to send them by the inland navigation to Savannah under the care of ('apt. Trench, of the British Regulars. In consequence of head -winds, Capt. Trench and his command, were detained until some of D'Estaing's fleet were in possession of the pass, and he was induced to sail up the Ogeechee river until he reached a point about 25 miles from the city of Savannah. Having arrived here, he learned that the passage over land "was also blocked up by the allied force, and he therefore made a descent upon the shore, and finally took post -with his party about 15 or 20 miles from Savannah. Col. John White, of the Georgia lino., having as certained that Capt. Trench's force consisted of 111 soldiers possessing 130 stand of arms, and that he also had under his charge, in the river Ogeechee adjacent to his camp, five ves sels, four of them fully armed, and one of them mounting 14 guns, and manned by 40 seamen, formed the resolution of capturing the detachment. He disclosed his plan, to those who were with him. McCall, in his History of Georgia, says that the party consisted of Col. White, Capts. Geo. Melvin and A. E. Ulholm, a sergeant and three privates, seven in all. Other historians make no mention of Capt. Melvin, or of a sergeant, but give the whole praise to White, Elholm, and three soldiers, reducing the number to five. White built many watch-fires around the camp, placing them in such a position, and at such intervals as to induce Capt. Trench and his soldiers to believe that he was absolutely surrounded by a large force. The de ception "was kept up through the night by White and his com panions, marching from fire to fire with the measured tread and the loud challenge of sentinels, now hailing irorn the east of the .British camp, and then shifting rapidly their position and challenging from the extreme west. Nor "was this the only stratagem ; each mounted a horse and rode with haste in di vers directions, imitating the manner of the staff) and giving orders with a loud voice. The delusion was complete. Capt. Trench suffered himself to be completely trapped. White car-

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165

ried his daring plan forward, by dashing boldly and alone to the camp of the British, and demanding a conference with Trench. " I am the commander, sir," he said, " of the Amer ican soldiers in your vicinity. If you "will surrender at once to my force, I will, sec to it that no injury is done to you or your command. If you decline to do this, I must candidly inform you that the feelings of my troops are highly incensed against you, and I can by no means be responsible for any con sequences that may ensue." Trench thanked him for his hu manity, and said, despondingly, that it was useless to contend with fate or with the large force that he saw was around him, and announced his willingness to surrender his vessels, his arms, his men and himself to Col. White. At this instant, Capt. Elholm came suddenly dashing up at full speed, and saluting White, inquired of him where he should place the artillery* " Keep them back, keep them back, sir," answered White, " the British have surrendered. Move your men off, and send me three guides to conduct them to the American post at Sunbury/' The three guides arrived. The five vessels were burned, and the British, urged by White to keep clear of his iTien, and to hasten their departure from the enraged and formidable Americans, pushed on with great celerity, \vhilst White re tired "with one or two of his associates, stating that he would go to his troops in the rear and restrain them. He now em ployed himself in collecting the neighbourhood militia, with which he overtook his guides, and conducted them in safety to the Sunbury post. This took place on the 1st of October, 1779. Lee, in his memoirs, winds up his narration with the following sentence. " The extraordinary address of White was con trasted by the extraordinary folly of Trench, and both were necessary to produce this wonderful issue. The affair ap proaches too near the marvellous to have been admitted into these memoirs, had it not been uniformly asserted, as uniform ly accredited, and never contradicted. Capt. ElhoJm was an officer of Pulaski's Legion. Capt. JVIelvin, it is believed, lived and died in Savannah."
Col. White was an Englishman by birth, of Irish parentage, and was at one time a surgeon in the British navy. On leaving the naval service, he embarked "with his family for America, and purchased a suitable residence near Philadelphia. When

1G6

CHATHAM COUNTY.

the Revolution commenced, and all aliens were ordered to quit the country or to take the oath of allegiance, he preferred the latter, saying "that he had fought for the King as long as he ate his bread, but that now America was his home, and for Amer ica he would now fight." He entered the American army as a captain, and was promoted to the rank of colonel. His regi ment (4th Georgia Battalion) was ordered to Savannah. His exposure and fatigue brought on a pulmonary disease, of which he died in Virginia.*
RELIGIOUS SECTS.--It is probable that the Baptists are the most numerous- Besides these there, are Episcopalians, Me thodists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Catholics, Unitarians, Pro testant Methodists, Jews, Disciples of Christ, Anti-Missionary Baptists, Swedcnborgians. Including those in the city there are aboxit 30 churches in the county. The coloured people are mostly Baptists. Some of the planters on the Savannah river and other places, encourage preaching to their slaves, and have erected suitable buildings for their accommodation.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--For intelligence, hospitality and. benevolence, the citizens of Chatham are not to bo sur passed by any people In the United States; but upon this sub ject we prefer to use the language of another. " The records of the Legislature bear testimony," says Dr. Church, the able President of our University, "to the liberal and patriotic views which the representatives of your city and county have ever entertained upon this important subject. In all the conflicts of political parties, the representatives of Chatham have known no party feelings upon the subject of education. They have ever rallied to the rescue, when any of the institutions of learning needed their aid ; and it has long since become an axiom with the friends of the State University, when inquiring to whom that institution might look for support, that the re presentatives of Chatham need not be doubted. And often, in the hour of need, has that seminary been indebted, in no small degree, to your representatives for, if not its existence, at least for much of that assistance which it has received from the Legislature, and by means of which it has been enabled to accomplish much of what it ha,s thus far effected.

* Extracts from MSS. furnished by the lion. K. M. Charlton of Savannah.

CHATHAM COUNTY.

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167

" The people of Savannah may rejoice at the triumphs of her citizens in opening to the interior of the State a great highway, over which are brought to her -wharves the various products of industry and of art, and upon -which are daily returned to the doors of our people the necessaries, conveniences, and luxuries of life, which have been received in exchange for the fruits of their own labour."
TIMBER TREES, FIIUIT TREES.----In this county are found most of the trees, shrubs, and vines, mentioned in our botani cal catalogue. The season of flowering is1* very early. Con siderable attention is paid to the cultivation of fruits, but appfes and peaches do not succeed so well.
LONGEVITY.--Instances of longevity are not rare. Mrs. Jtidy Minis died in 18,26, at the age of 87. She and her mother were great whigs in the revolutionary war. After Savannah "was taken, they were confined to their dwelling by the enemy, and were finally ordered to leave the town. Mrs. McGlauken died at the age of 99; Mrs. Maria Allard at 90; Peter Pourria at 97 ; John Cabos at 99 ; Richard Dowdy at 84; Mrs. Rhoda Stevens at 84; Johnathan Bryan over 80; Mrs. Elizabeth Box at 79 ; Peter Devaux, a revolutionary sol dier, at 74; Pierre Constantine at 75; Dr. N. W. Jones over 80; Dr. George Jones over SO ; Shcftall Sheftall, Esq., was over 80.
ANTIQ,UITIES.--In the vicinity of Hainer's bridge there is an Indian mound, also on the plantation of Mr. Nan^azer at White Bluff, and in various places on the Savannah river. The one near Hainer's bridge is the largest.
MINERALS.--Bog iron ore is the only mineral found in Chatham. At Fairlawn it is abundant, as -well as in some other places. The foundation of the old Guard House is said to be constructed of this material. Porcelain clay, it is prob able is found near the Bluff of Savannah, for in 1741 China cups were made by Mr. Duchet from clay in the city, and. the Trustees of Georgia gave the manufacturer ,50 to encourage him in his enterprise.
FOSSILS.--Fossils have been found in several places. In 1823, Drs. Habersharn and Scriven found upon Skidaway Island a number of bones of large size. At Hainer's bridge, several years after the above discovery, a large quantity of

168

CHATHAM COUNTY,

bones, supposed to belong to the Mastodon Gigantcum, were found by Dr. Habersham and other gentlemen. In 1849, Major Williams also found a number of fossil bones near his plantation on Skidaway.
REMARKABLE PLACES.--The remains of Whitefield's Or phan House are about 9 miles from Savannah. In 1740, the Orphan House was erected, with funds collected in England and America by the Rev. Geo. Whitefiold. For some years it flourished, but owing to several causes it declined, and was finally destroyed by fire in 1770. The Countess of Hunting don, an eminently benevolent lady, aided Mr. White-field in founding the Orphan House. In 1808, the property was sold by order of the Legislature of Georgia, and the proceeds applied to the Hospital, the Chatham Academy and the Union Society. Several relics of by-gone days have been found amidst the ruins of the Orphan House, among them a sun-dial of beautiful workmanship, and a medal struck in memory of Whitefield, now in the possession of the author of this work. Among the archives of the Georgia Historical Society is a document containing a list of the orphans at this establish ment, which affords evidence that the ancestors of some of the most respectable families in Chatham, and other places in Georgia, were educated at this establishment.
Thunderbolt, 5 miles southeast of Savannah. According to Gen. Oglethorpe's account of Carolina and Georgia, this place received its name " from the fall of a thunderbolt, and a spring thereupon arose in that place, which still smells of the bolt."
Beaulieu, about 12 miles from Savannah, "was formerly the residence of Col. William Stephens, celebrated in the early history of the State,
Bonaventure is 4 miles from Savannah, known as the seat of Gov. Tattnall, one among the most lovely spots in the world. At the session of the Legislature in 1848, "The Evergreen Cemetery Company of Bonaventure '' was incor porated, the object of which is to establish a decent and suit able place for the burial of the dead- An area of 70 acres has been enclosed and partially improved, with the hope that the citizens of Savannah will make it their burial ground.

CHATHAM COUNTY.

169

Jasper Spring, about 2 or 3 miles from Savannah, near the Augusta road, is memorable for the rescue of some American prisoners, by Sergeants Jasper and Newton.
At Gibbon's Plantation, 7 or 8 miles from Savannah, a battle occurred in 1782, between Gen. Wayne and a body of Creek Indians, commanded by Guristersigo. The Indians fought with much spirit, but finally were compelled to fly, leaving Guristersigo and 17 of his warriors dead upon the field.
Brewton's Hill, now the property of Dr. Scriven, was the place where a portion of the British landed preparatory to their attack upon Savannah in 1778,
Cherokee Hill, 8 miles from Savannah, Hutches oil's Island, opposite to the city, and many other places in this county, are associated with revolutionary incidents.
In this work we have described many events that occurred in Chatham, and we deem it unnecessary again to refer to them. "We shall conclude our sketch of this interesting por tion of Georgia "with a few historical notices collected from various sources.
In the .MS. account of benefactions made to Georgia, now in the executive department at Milledgeville, are the following entries :
" Mr. Hume gave a silver bowl and spoon for the first child born in Georgia, "which being born of Mrs. Close, were given accordingly."
" Col. Bull came to Savannah with four labourers, and as sisted the colony for a month."
In 1733, on Skiclaway there were a village, guard-house, and battery of cannon.
The same year, Mr. Ogiethorpe, to take off the terror which the people had for alligators, having wounded and. caught one twelve feet long, had him brought up to the town, and set the boys to beat him with sticks until he "was beat to death.
Mr. Ogiethorpe agreed with Mr. Jonathan Bryan to furnish him with eighteen, hands to assist him in cutting roads from the Savannah to the Ogeechee river.
In 1735, the courts in Savannah were held in a hut, thirty

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CHATHAM COUNTY.

feet long and twelve feet -wide, made of split boards. In this hut also, divine service "was performed.
Dec. 10, 1735, the trustees ordered Plato's Works, in Greek and Latin, to be bought for the use of the colony.
King Tomachichi died October 5, 1739, four miles from Savannah, aged 97. His corpse was brought to the city and buried in Per civ al Square with appropriate honours.
The following ecclesiastical returns of Savannah were sent to England by the Rev. Mr. Frink, in 1771 :

Church of England,

Lutherans,

.

...

Presbyterians and Independents,

Jews,

......

Negroes,

.....

Infidels,

......

1996
In November, 1796, the first destructive fire occurred in Savannah. It broke out in a bake-house in Market Square, and destroyed 229 houses, besides out-houses, &:c. Estimated loss of property, one million of dollars.
In May, 1814, arrived in the waters of Savannah, the U. S. sloop of war Peacock, Lewis Warrington commander, (now Commodore Warrington, the 5th on the present list of postcaptains,) bringing in as a prize H. B. M. brig of war Epervier, Captain "Wales, of eighteen guns. The Epervier had on board $110,000 in specie, which was condemned and dis tributed according to law. . She was built in 1813, and was one of the finest vessels of her class in the British navy.
In April, 1819, arrived the steamship Savannah, from NewYork. This steamer was projected and owned in Savannah, and was the first steamship built in the United States, and the first that ever crossed the Atlantic. She left Savannah in May, for Liverpool, and afterwards proceeded to St. Peters
burg. In May of this year, James Monroe, the fifth President of
the United States, visited Savannah, accompanied by Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, General Gaines, and others. He was received with a southern welcome.

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In December of this year, 1819, departed this life, in the fourteenth year of his ministry, and in the midst of his useful ness, Henry Kollock, D.D., the esteemed and eloquent pastor of the Independent Presbyterian Church of Savannah. Dr. EoJJock was indeed " a burning and a .shining light," and faith fully fulfilled the arduous duties of pastor and teacher to his large congregation.
In January, 1820, occurred the largest fire -whichever rav aged the city. It commenced on the east side of Old Franklin ward: 463 buildings were destroyed, besides out-buildings. Loss upwards of $4,OOO,00O.
In March, 1825, General Lafayette visited Savannah. He was received with every demonstration of regard as the na tion's friend in the time of need, and as the nation's guest.
NAME.--The celebrated Earl of Chatham, after "whom this county is named, -was theson of Robert Pitt, Esq., of Boconnock, in Cornwall, and was born on the 15th of November, 1708. At the age of twenty-seven, he was chosen a member of Parlia ment. His talents and eloquence soon opened his way to the highest distinction. In 1757 he became prime minister, and by his vigorous exertions raised his country to a higher degree of prosperity and glory than she had enjoyed at any former period. In the difficulties between Great Britain and her American colonies, he boldly advocated the rights of the lat ter. His last effort in public was made on the 7th of April, 1778, "when the subject of American affairs was before the House of Peers. Bending under the "weight of years, and en feebled by disease, he entered the House supported by his son and Lord Viscount Mahon ; upon "which every nobleman arose to manifest their respect for one who had contributed so much to the glory of Great Britain. His pale and emaciated counte nance, his enfeebled limbs, wrapped in flannel, formed a melan choly contrast to the fire which still lighted his eye, and "which this day's exertions were doomed to quench for ever. As soon as the House was recovered from the emotious which his en trance had excited, the Duke of Richmond rose to move an address to the King on the state of the nation. The Earl of Chatham, in reply to the Duke, exerted himself "with so much energy, that he fell exhausted into the arms which were held out to support him; and after lingering a few "weeks he died

172

CIIATTOOGA COUNTY.

on the 11th of May, in the seventieth year of his age. His re mains were deposited -with great solemnity in Westminster Abbey, "where a monument was erected, to his memory, with the following inscription:
Erected by the King and Parliament, as a testimony to
The virtues and ability of
WILLIAM PITT, Earl of Chatham, During whose Administration Divine Providence Exalted Great Britain
To an height of Prosperity and Glory Unknown to any former age.*
A statue of this great man formerly stood at the intersec tion of Meeting and Broad-streets, in the city of Charleston, but has been removed to the middle of the court, fronting the Orphan House.

CHATTOOGA.
BOCTJVDAKIES.--This county is bounded JV. by Walker, E. by Floyd, S. by Floyd, and W. by Alabama. Laid out in 1838, from Walker and Floyd.
POST OFFICES.--Summerville, Alpine, Dirt Town, Tryon Factory, Teloga Springs, Broomtown, Melville, Chattoogaville.
POPULATION, TAXES, RiiPitKSifusrTATioN.--According to the last census, the population was 2,237 \vhites,732 blacks; total, 2; 989. The amount of State tax for 1848 was $1475 01. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
KIVKKS ANU CREEKS.--The principal streams are Chattooga river; Snake, Eukelanaquaw, John's, and Amuchee creeks.
TOWNS.--Summerville is the capital, situated in Chattooga valley, in the centre of the county, 195 miles N". W. of Milledgeville, 25 miles from Rome, and 16 from Lafayette. It has a handsome brick court-house, jail, two hotels, five dry
* Alien's American Revolutian. Mills' Statistics of South Carolina.

CHATTOOGA COUNTY.

173

goods stores, two or three churches, one or two schools. Po

pulation, 275. It is a healthy and pleasant village.

FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF SOIL.--The face of the

country is uneven, traversed by mountains and ridges running

N. E. and S. W. Although a small county, it contains much

good land. The bottoms are exceedingly fertile, "with a very dark

mulatto soil, covered with the largest trees. There is, upon the

highlands, a soil called chestnut soil, -which produces well for

six or seven years ; and, if manured, will last much longer.

VALUE OF LAND.--Land is "worth from 5 to $25 per acre,

and is increasing in value every day.

PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACR.E.--Corn, tobacco,

wheat, oats, potatoes, cotton, and indeed almost every thing

which is found in other portions of Cherokee Georgia. Cotton

yields from 600 to 1000-3bs. per acre ; corn from 3 to 8 barrels

per acre; wheat from 10 to 18 bushels per acre. Hogs are

raised in great numbers, and some mules and horses for

market.

VALLEYS AND MOUNTAINS.--Chattooga is a beautiful county,

interspersed with rich and delightful valleys and mountains,

unfolding picturesque and highly interesting scenery. The

names of the principal valleys are Broomtown, Chattooga, and

Armucha. The mountains are Taylor's Ridge and John's moun

tain ; there is also a very high peak which stands by itself,

called Dirtseller mountain ; the Indians called it Karte Kun-

teesky-

MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--Tryon factory manufactures cot

ton goods. Saw-mills, 8 ; grist-mills, 6 ; flour-mills, 4.

ORIGINAL SETTLERS.--Francis Kirby, Charles Price, John

F. Beavers, Edmund Sturdivant, Nelson Allman, Hugh Mont

gomery.

.

RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Missionary and Anti-mis

sionary Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. Good schools,

well supported, are in almost every part of the county. Edu

cation generally is on the advance.

CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--This county is filled with an

industrious and hospitable people, whose whole object seems

to be, to labour for the comforts of life, and afterwards to enjoy

them.

12

174

CHATTOOGA COUNTY.

MINERAL SPRINGS.--There are several fine mineral springs in the county, but none particularly celebrated.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is healthy, and the diseases are similar in character to those which prevail in Upper Georgia. Joseph Pollard and Henry Laurence are over 80 years of age; Mrs. Margaret Middleton is 90 years of age.
MINERALS.--Limestone, iron, pyrites, marble, and various petrifactions of shells, encrenites, &c.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are good, but the bridges are in bad order.
MARKET, COTTON.--Rome is the market. Between 2,000 and 3,000 bags of cotton are annually produced.
REMARKABLE PLACES.--Alpine, a beautiful seat, now the property of Mr. Force, a merchant of Augusta, was formerly the residence of Mr. Guess, the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet. Mr. Guess was once asked what induced him to form an alphabet, and how he proceeded in doing it. His re ply -was as follows :--" He had observed that many things were found out by men, and known in the "world, but that this know ledge escaped and was lost for "want of some "way to preserve it. He had also observed -white people write things on paper, and he had seen books; and he knew that what "was written down remained and "was not forgotten. He had attempted, therefore, to fix certain marks for sounds, and thought that if he could make tbir-gs fast on paper, it would be like catching a wild animal and taming it. He had found great difficulty in proceeding with this alphabet, as he forgot the sounds which he had assigned to marks, and he was much puzzled about a f character of the hissing sound; but -when this point was set tled, he proceeded easily and rapidly. This alphabet cost him a month's study. He afterwards made an alphabet for the pen (that is, for speedy writing), the characters of which he wrote under the corresponding characters of the other."
The following interesting particulars are taken from the Missionary Herald, October 1828 :--Mr. Guess is, in appear ance and habits, a full Cherokee, though his grandfather on his father's side was a white man. He has no knowledge of any language but the Cherokee, consequently, in his invention of

CHATTOOGA. COUNTY.

175

the alphabet, he had to depend entirely on his own native re sources. He was led to think on the subject of "writing the Cherokee' language, by a conversation which took place one evening at Sauta. Some young men were making remarks on the superior talents of the white people: one said that white men could put a talk on paper, and send it to any dis tance, and it would be understood by those who received it. They all agreed that this was very strange, and they could not see how it could be done. Mr. Guess, after silently listening to their conversation for a while, raised himself, and putting on an air of importance, said : " You are all fools ; why the thing is very easy; I can do it myself;" and picking up a Hat stone, he commenced scratching on it with a pin, and after a few minutes read to them a sentence which he had written, by making a mark for each word. This produced a laugh, and the conversation on that subject ended. But the inventive powers of Guess's mind were now roused to action, and noth ing short of being able to write the Cherokee language would satisfy him. He went home, purchased materials, and sat down to paint the Cherokee language on paper. He at first thought of no -way but to make a character for each word. He pursued this plan for about a year, in which time he had made several thousand characters. He was then convinced that the object was riot attainable in that way ; but he was not discouraged. He firmly believed that there was some way in which the Cherokee language could be expressed on paper, as well as the English ; and after trying several other methods, he at length conceived the idea of dividing the -words into parts. He had not proceeded far on this plan, before he found, to his great satisfaction, that the same characters would apply in different words, and the number of characters -would be comparatively few. After putting down and learning all the syllables that he could think of, he "would listen to speeches, and the conversation of strangers, and whenever a word oc curred which had a part or syllable in it which he had not before thought of, he -would bear it on his mind until he had made a character for it. In this way he soon discovered all the syllables in the language. In forming his characters, he made some use of the English letters, as he found them in a

176

CI-IEROKEE COUNTY.

spelling-book "which he had in his possession. After commenc ing upon the last-mentioned plan, I believe he completed his system in about a month. During the time he "was occupied Inventing the alphabet, he was strenuously opposed by all his friends and neighbours. He was frequently told that he was throwing away his time and labour, and that none but a de lirious person, or idiot, would do as he did. But this did not discourage him. He would Us ten to the expostulations of his friends, and then deliberately light his pipe, pull his spectacles over his eyes, and sit down to his work, \vithout attempting to vindicate his conduct. After completing his system, he found much difficulty in persuading the people to learn it: nor could he succeed, until he "went to the Arkansas and taught a few persons there, one of "whom wrote a letter to some friends in this nation, and sent it by Mr. Guess, who read it to the peo ple. This letter excited much curiosity. Here was a talk in the Cherokee language, which had come all the way from the Arkansas sealed up in a paper, yet it was vei*y plain. This convinced many that Mr. Guess's mode of "writing would be of some use. Several persons immediately determined to try to learn. They succeeded in a few days, and from this it quickly spread all over the nation, and the Cherokees (who, as a people, had always been illiterate) were, in the course of a few months, without school or expense of time or money, able to read and write in their own language.
NAME.--This county derives its name from its principal river, Chattooga.

CIIEROKEE.
BOUNDARIES.--Bounded north by Gilmer, east by Lumpkin and Forsyth, south by Cobb, and west byCass.. Organized in 1832.
POST OFFICES.--Canton, Boardtree, Ball Ground, Harnageville, Hickory Flat, Orange, Social Hill, Troy, Woodstoek, and Varenees.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION,--In 1845, the pop-

CHEROKEE COUNTY.

177

ulation was 8753 whites, 806 blacks; total, 9559. Since that period the population has increased 25 per cent. State tax returned for 1848, $1,818 97. Entitled to two representa
tives. RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Etowah river flows almost through
the centre of the county.' The Little river empties into the Etowah. The creeks are Cooper's, Sandy, Chicken, Alaculsa, Mill, Cane, Long Swamp, Mountain, Shoal, &c.
TOWNS.--Canton is the seat of justice, on the southeast bank of the Etowah river, 130 miles northwest of Milledgeville, 25 miles from Cassville, 31 from Marietta, 25 from Cumming, and 43 from Ellijay. The public buildings were located in Canton, in 1834, and consist of a handsome brick court house and jail. Population. 250. Amount of goods sold per annum, $50,000. The climate is favourable to health. Two deaths only have occurred among adults since the first settle
ment of the place. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL, &c.--The
portion of the county west of the Etowah, and south of Long swamp, is very hilly. The part that is traversed by Little river and its tributaries, is undulating. The section of the county east of the Etowah is hilly, except some portions con tiguous to Forsyth. Lands of the first quality are on Etowah river and Long swamp, adapted to corn and wheat, valued at $30 per acre. The second quality embrace the uplands, hav ing a gray and red soil, adapted to cotton, wheat and corn, worth $10 per acre. The balance of the land is hardly fit for cultivation. Cotton averages 700 Ibs. per acre. Corn 20 bush els per acre, wheat 10 bushels per acre. Oats do well.
MARKETS.--Charleston, Augusta, Marietta, and Etowah
Iron Works. MOUNTAINS.--Sharp mountain in the northwest part of
the county, is remarkable for its peak running up like a sugar
loaf. Pine Log mountain, three miles north of Canton. Pole Cat mountain, three miles west of Canton. GOT,D MIXES, MINERALS.--Gold is found in several places.
Pascoe's mines, on the Etowah river at the mouth of Sitting Down creek, 14 miles from Canton, are profitable.

178

CHEROKEE COUNTY.

Sixes' Mines, six miles southwest of Canton, on the road to Allatoona. The gold found here is regarded the finest of any in Georgia., that of Carroll county excepted. First operated upon by the whites in 1831, and have yielded $200,000. Owned by Gen. Alien Lawhorn.
William son's Mines, on the "waters of Little river, one mile from Sixes' mines, are regarded as rich.
Franklin JVJines, on Etowah river, five miles from Frog Town.
The other minerals are iron, sulphate of iron, and sulphate of copper, titanium, qua*J.z, granite and marble. Quicksilver and cobalt are said to exist.
On Long Swamp there are large quarries of marble, which are beginning to be a source of profit to the owners.
EARLY SETTLERS.--The early settlers "were Reuben Dan iel, Col. Brook, Joseph Donaldson, Phillip Croft, George Brock, and others.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are fair. There are three public bridges over Little river, one of which is a toll bridge. One toll bridge over the Etowah, near Bell's Ferry. A bridge is in the course of construction over the Etowah, at the old Downing's Ferry, six miles southwest of Canton.
MANUFACTURES, MILLS, &c.--Cherolcee county is favoured with great facilities for manufacturing purposes, but the citi zens have not yet directed their attention to this subject. Grist-mills, 10 ; saw-mills, 14 ; flour-mills, 7 ; distilleries, 12.
CLIMATE AND DISEASES.--The climate is healthy. There are no local diseases except in the vicinity of the low grounds. There is some bilious fever, especially on Little river. Pneu monia and pleurisies sometimes prevail.
LONGEVITY.--Mrs. Ruston died in 1847, over the age 01 100. Mr. James Barren died over 10O. Mr. Field is now living, aged 80. Mr. Dean is SO. Mr. James Leonard is over 80. Mr. Worthington died at the advanced age of 107 years.
RELIGIOUS SECTS.--Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Universalists.
EDUCATION.--Recently the subject of education begins to engage the attention of the citizens. The people of Canton

r

CLARKE COUNTY.

179

are particularly noted for their liberality in supporting

schools.

CHARACTER, AMUSEMENTS.--The people are industrious and

hospitable. The amusements are hunting, dancing, and fishing.

NAME.--This county was named after the Cherokee tribe

of Indians, "who once occupied the northern part of Georgia.

CLARKE.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded north by Jackson and Madi son, east by Oglethorpe, south by Greene, and west by Morgan and Walton. Laid out from Jackson in 1801, and parts set off to Madison in 1811, to Oglethorpe in 1813, and to Madison in '1829. Length, 30 miles ; breadth, 14 miles ; containing 280 square miles.
RIVERS AND CREEKS.--The Oconee flows through the county, and the Appallachee forms a ^>art of its western boundary. The streams of less importance are Green Briar, Rose, Wild Cat, Porter, Little Sandy, Big Sandy, Shoal and Cedar creeks, discharging themselves into the Oconee. Bar ber's and McNatt's empty into the Middle Oconee, and Lane's and Freeman's into the Appallachee.
-PosT OFFICES.--Athens, Farmington, Salem, and \Vatkins-
ville. POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1840, the pop
ulation was 10,552. In 1845, 10,343; of these 5364 were whites, and 4979 blacks. Emigration has been considerable. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $6070 53. Sends
two representatives to the Legislature. MINERAL SPRINGS.--Near Athens are chalybeate springs.
Helicon Springs, some years ago, -were the most celebrated.
TOWNS.--"Watkinsville, named after Col. Robert W^atkins of Augusta, was made the county site in 1802. It has a good brick court-house, jail, two churches, two taverns, two schools^ two stores, three groceries, one billiard room, one carpenter, one tailor, two blacksmiths, two tan-yards, two wagonmakers, one saddier, two shoe shops, two lawyers, one doctor, and one

ISO

CLAJIKE COUNTY.

minister. Population, 340. Amount of goods sold per an num, $25,090. Situated 3 miles west of the Oconee, 64 miles north-northwest of MiJledgeville. 7 miles south of Athens, 25 from Greenesborough, and 20 from Monroe A very obliging and kind people reside in this village.
Athens is on the west bank of the Oconee, 71 miles from Milledgeville, 93 from Augusta, 27 from Madison, 16 from Lexington, 33 from Greenesborough, and 40 from Washington. Few places have advanced with more rapidity than Athens, At this time it has a population of 3000. Amount of business done per annum, over $400,000. It is the market for Clarke, Jackson, Franklin, Habersham, Rabun, Elbert, Union, Madi son, Oglethorpe, Lumpkin, a part of "North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. The public buildings, not including those connected with the University, are the Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, and two churches for col oured people, town hall with a bell, market, and two or three large hotels. The Newton House is capable of accommodating 100 boarders. Franklin House is a spacious building, under the supervision of an obliging gentleman. The Planters' Ho tel is conducted by a worthy man, whose attention to his guests is -well known to travellers. The societies are branches of the Masonic Order, Odd Fellows' Lodge, Division of the Sons of Temperance, Bible Society, Mechanics' Mutual Aid Association, Lyceum, &c. The health of Athens is unsurpassed by that of any town of the same size in the United States. The citizens are noted for refinement and taste. Many of the private residences are beautiful, and are furnished in a costly manner. The gardens are laid out with much taste. The mansions of Col. Franklin, Judge Lumpkin, Gov. Lumpkin., Mrs. P. W. Thomas, Col. Lamar, and Mr. George Dent, are ornaments to the town. During Com mencement, Athens is thronged "with the beauty, fashion, and wealth of the State. Large parties are given nearly every eve ning during Commencement. At the Legislature of 1847, a charter was granted to a company for the purpose of construct ing a railroad from Clarkesville to Athens.
Salem, 11 miles south of Watkinsville. Population, 100. Has a church, school, <fcc. Much to the praise of this village, it has always supported good schools.

CLARKE COUNTY.

181

, Farmington, 6 miles S. of Watkinsville, is a healthy place, with a church, schools, &c.
FACE OF TH'E COUNTRY, NATURE OF SOIL.--The face of the country is hilly 'One-third of the land is worn out; but, in the opinion of many, may be restored "with proper care. The richest lands are on the different forks of the Oconee, of a gray colour, adapted to cotton and grain, value $6 per acre. The other lands, not embracing those that are worn out, may be worth from $2 to $4 per acre.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is mild. During the months of July and August, it is warm in the day, but the nights are pleasant. It is a healthy county. The dis eases arc few and confined to certain localities. The opera tives in the factories enjoy fine health. The instances of longevity are numerous. A few will be mentioned. Mrs. Esther Chesser died at the age of 100; Mr. Ned Bolan over 100: John Oliver, 80; Daniel McDonald, 80; Solomon Ed ward, 80; George Clifton, 80. Wm. Daniels lived in this county many years ; he was 96 years old when he died, and had 27 children. Mrs. Catherine Newton, was over 90. There are now living in this county the following persons: Mrs. Gardner, 90 ; William Clark, 80; Mr. Levin Smith, 80; Thomas Wade, 80 ; Thomas Woozencraft, 80. A negro died a few years ago named America, at the advanced age of 120 years.
MINERALS.--Rocks, mostly of the granite kind, are abun
dant.

Precious Garnets, Gold, .... Black Tourmaline, . Arragonite, Kaolin, .... Fine limpid prisms of Quartz, Fine Pyrites, Gneiss, .... Hornblend Slate, Sulphate of Barytes in tabular
Crystals, Felspar, .... Mica, ....

College Campus, Athens. Athens. Athens. Near Barber's spring. Trail creek. Near Hock spring. Near the Helicon springs. Ditto. Road to Lexington.
Lower end of the county. Asbury Hull's plantation. Various places.

182

CLARKE COUNTY.

EARLY SETTLERS.--Robert Barber, Rev. Hope Hull, A.

Boggs, Jesse White, Gen. Meriwether, Thomas Mitchell,

Joseph and John Espey, and Esley.

MANUFACTURES--

Athens Manufacturing Company, capital, $92,600

Spindles, . . .

2,500

.Looms, ....

40

Operatives, mostly females,

85

Overseers,

...

3

Expenses per month, .

$800

Goods manufactured per day, 1500 yards.

Bunches of yarn, . "

100

Machinery made in N. Jersey, cost $60,000

Amount of goods sold in Jan. 1848, $7,589 86

Aug. " 85,172 60

Goods sold mostly in the surrounding country. Some sent

to Augusta, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile and New Orleans.

Osnaburgs, stripes, bed-ticking, linsey-woolsey. Wages of

operatives from five to twelve dollars per month. Situated

within the limits of Athens.

Princeton Manufacturing Company, capital $54,000, or

ganized in 1836, and purchased by the present company, in

1845. Situated two miles S. W. of Athens, on the middle

branch of the Oconee.

Cotton spindles,

.... 2184

Wool do.

....

240

."Looms,

.

..... 45

Bales of cotton used per week,

21

Yards of cloth made per day,

.

1700

Bundles of yarn

"

..

90

Mattresses made per year, . .

100

The goods manufactured are shirtings, bod-ticking, linsey-

woolsey, jeans, checks, quality very superior ; sent through

Georgia, and to N. Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, New-York

and Philadelphia. Operatives healthy. The company make ar

rangements to have divine service at the factory twice a month,

and have provided a library for the operatives. This estab-

ment reflects credit upon the spirited owners.

Mars Hill factory, situated on Barber's creek, seven miles

CLARKE COUNTY.

183

S.W. of Athens. Capital 820,000 ; owned by Moses & Jen-

kinson. Water power fine.

Spindles, . . . . . 350

Looms, .....

12

Machinery cost .... 8000 dols.

Yards of cloth made per day, .

400

Bags of cotton consumed per day,

1^-

Number of operatives, . .

25

Wages of operatives per month, from 5 to 25 dols.

Saw-mill,

....

1'

Grist-mill, .....

1

Georgia factory, owned by John White, Esq., situated

four miles S, of Athens. Machinery cost $50,000.

Spindles,

....

1704

Bundles of yarn per day, . .

140

Looms, .....

20

Yards of cloth per day, . .

800

Operatives, ....

7O

Goods sent to North and South Carolina, Philadelphia, and New Orleans. New machinery has recently been erected.
Pioneer Paper Mill, owned by Albon Chase, and J. S. Linton. Located on Barber's creek, three and a half miles S. W. of Athens. Building of wood upon a stone basement, two stories high. It is intended to manufacture writing, printing, and wrapping paper ; but at the time we visited this establishment, the machinery for writing paper had not yet been obtained. From 5 to 600 pounds of paper will be made per day.*
Besides the factories just enumerated, there are in the county
23 Saw-mills. 17 Grist do. 3 Merchant do.
6 Distilleries.

RELIGIOUS SECTS.--Methodists, Missionary and Anti-Mis

sionary Baptists, Christians, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and

a few Roman Catholics, Jews, and Universalists. In the

county are--

* Now in operation.

184

CLARKE COUNTY.

11 Methodist Churches.

7 Baptist

do.

2 Presbyterian do.

1 Episcopal do.

1 Christian do.

ROADS, BRIDGES.--Some of the roads are in good order, and others much neglected. Over the Appallachee are three bridges. Over the middle branch of the Oconee, four. Over the north branch, one. Over Barber's creek, one. Over San dy creek, one.
NAME.--General Elijah Clarke, after whom this county was named, was a native of North Carolina; came to Georgia in 1774, and settled in Wilkes county. ' He was among the first of our revolutionary worthies. Endowed with hardihood and decision of character, he was fitted for any enterprise. When Georgia and South Carolina were evacuated by their governments, and the forces of the United States \vere with drawn from them, Clarke alone kept the field, and his name spread terror through the whole line of British posts, from the Catawba to the Creek nation. Justice has not been done to this meritorious officer. " The first action," says the late Ge neral James Jackson in his manuscripts, "in which the militia -were brought to disregard the bayonets of the British, was gained by him over a British detachment in South Carolina, at the Enoree: and yet the credit has been given to Colonel Williams, -who left the ground/' It is proper that Georgians should be made familiar with the history of those who, in ''the times that tried men's souls," devoted themselves to the cause of freedom, and at the expense of their fortunes and lives, pur chased the blessings which we now enjoy. In 1776, Clarke makes his first appearance in the history of Georgia, as captain of a company intrusted with the care of some -wagons loaded with provisions for the army. Whilst crossing a small stream. he was attacked by a body of Indians, -who, after a severe con test, \vere put, to flight. In Howc's expedition against East Florida, he rendered important services, -which were-duly ap preciated by his commander. In the battle of Ketttle creek, he mcreeaased his military fame. On the opposite side of the creek

CLARKE COUNTY.

185

there was a rising ground, in the rear of the enemy ; and with a foresight eminently characteristic of him, Clarke perceived that they would attempt to form upon it, and after some hours of severe fighting, he succeeded in gaining its summit. The enemy were beaten back, with a loss of 70 men killed and wounded, and 75 taken prisoners. Clarke's horse was shot under him, but he quickly mounted another, and rushed again into the fight. After the victory at Kettle Creek, many of the citizens of Georgia who had gone into South Carolina for safety, returned with their families and property to Wilkes county, but shortly afterwards "were much alarmed by the ap proach of a body of Indians ; and to Colonel Clarke "was com mitted the highly responsible duty of remaining on the fron tiers to guard the forts. This was a trying period. The ene my had devastated the fairest portion of Georgia. Cruelties which would have disgraced savages, marked their steps in every direction. Colonel Clarke's house was pillaged and burnt, and his family ordered to leave the State. Mrs. Clarke with her two. daughters departed for the North, with no other means of conveyance than a small pony of little value ; but even this was taken away after they had proceeded but a short way on their journey. The love of freedom, a persuasion that Heaven would favour the righteous cause of the Americans, in spired Clarke with hope; and the loss of his property, and the indignities offered to the helpless females of his family, did not In the least intimidate him, but nerved him to renewed action. Accordingly, he succeeded in recruiting men for his regiment, and gave the enemy so much trouble, by cutting off their sup plies, that it was determined to bring him to a general action. Colonel Irmis pursued him to Wafford's iron works, "where his ground had been judiciously chosen. Clarke waited the attack, and bravely defended his post. His constant annoy ance of the foraging parties of the enemy became so provok ing, that Colonel Innis resolved to augment his force, and drive him from the country. Having received reinforcements, Clarke met the enemy about four miles north of Musgrove's Mill, and defeated him. The loss of the British was 63 men killed, and 1GO wounded and taken prisoners. In this battle Clarke received two wounds with a sabre on the back of his

1S6

CLARKE COUNTY,

head and neck ; his stock buckle saved his life.* For a few minutes he was a prisoner in charge of two men ; but taking advantage of his strength and activity, ho knocked one of them down, and the other fled. In 1780, Cornwallis issued a proclamation, which instead of producing the effect which he confidently believed it would, only roused the patriots to greater exertions. Colonel Clarke about this time returned to Wilkes, for the purpose of raising a force to aid in the reduc tion of Augusta, then in possession of the British. He suc ceeded in obtaining 350 men, and reached Augusta unob served by the enemy; but owing to the loss of men in the siege, and to desertions, "was compelled to retire, first to Little river, and then to Kentucky, having under his protection not only his troops, but nearly four hundred women and children. Cornwallis hearing of his retreat, despatched Captain Ferguson with one hundred men to cut him off, supposing that he would be forced to return, through South Carolina; but Clarke, with his wonted foresight, secured himself against a capture by recrossing the mountains. This led to the decisive battle of-King's Mountain, which resulted in the death of Ferguson, and the destruction of his whole force. On the 20th of October3 1780, Clarke returned to his former position, on the borders ot South Carolina, ready again to battle with the foe. On the 9th of November, his gallant band joined General Sumter's camp, at the Fish Dam Fords on Broad river; and on the 18th of the same month,, Sumter took post at Blackstock's house, 35 miles from his former position, and in con junction with Majors Jackson and Chandler, Clarke was posted on the left of the house. We have now before us a letter, writ ten by one of the commanders at Blackstock's, in which he says : "At Blackstock's, at the head of his Wilkes rifle men, Clarke charged and drove the British light infantry in an open field, where, although he did not command, he might be said to have insured the day, by turning the enemy's right flank. This also, as well as the merits of his compatriot, Ge neral Xwiggs, who commanded during two-thirds of that ac tion, and gained it after General Sumter -was wounded. Dr. Ramsey has accorded to South Carolina/'

CLARICE COUNTY.

1ST

In the battle of Long Cane Creek, Col. Clarke was severe ly wounded, arid was carried off the field. After his recovery he joined the command of General Pickens, and was sent by him against Major Dunlap -whom he compelled to surrender. For a short time after this affair he -was confined with the small pox, but on the 15th of May he was so far recovered as to re sume his command, and was present "when Augusta surren dered to the Americans. Indeed, he had gallantly confined the British garrison to their works, for weeks before Col. L.ee ar rived. His. last opposition to the British arms was under Gen. Wayne before Savannah, which city he had the satisfaction to see evacuated, and his country altogether relieved from the British \jfoke. With the Indians, Col. Clarke was engaged in several battles, the principal of which was the battle of Jack's Creek, fought in 1787, in which he defeated the Creeks.
In 17--, Clarke made an attempt to settle on the Indian side of the Oconee river, and also crossed the St. Mary's to the Florida side and drove in the Spanish posts, I(1or these acts he incurred the displeasure of the United States Government. His merits as a soldier maybe easily known, when it is remem bered that he was solicited by two great European nations to engage in their service. That he had a commission of .Major General, with a salary of $10,000 a year in the service of France, can be seen by reference to the documents of Blount's conspiracy and Impeachment in the report of the committee of the House of Representatives of the United States ; page 143. He signed the treaty with the Cherokees made at Augus ta in 1783, the treaty of the Creeks in the same year, and that with the Creeks at Galphinton in 1785. He died in Wilkes county, December 15, 1799.*

COBB.
BOUNDARIES.--This county is bounded north by Cherokee and Cass, east by Forsyth and De ICalb, south by
* Items furnished by Col. J. W. Jackson.

18S

COBB COUNTY.

Campbell and a small portion of De Kalb, and west by Paulding. Laid out from Cherokee, and organized in 1832.
RIVERS, CRF-.EKS.--The Chattahoochee is the main stream. The creeks are Sweet \Vater, Powder Spring, Pumpkin Vine, Nickajack, Olleys, Noses, Proctors, Allatoona, "Vickery, Rot ten Wood, Noonday, Rcubs, Wylleo, Soap, and Mud.
POST OFFICES.--.Marietta, Powder Springs, Acworth, Gol gotha, High Bridge, Lebanon, Mill Grove, and RosweJL
POPULATION, TAXES, Rur-iiESENTAxroiv.--The population is increasing. The census of 1845 gave to Cobb 1CX518 Inhabi tants, of which 1,474 were slaves.
Amount of State tax for 1848, 82,691 Gl. Sexids two rep resentatives to the Legislature.
TOWNS.--.Marietta is the seat of justice, and one among the most pleasant towns in Cherokee Georgia. It. is situated on the highest point between, the Atlantic ocean and Tennessee river, being 1132 feet above the level of the former. It was incor porated and made the county scat in 1814. Distance from Milledgeville 113 miles northwest, from Augusta 100 miles, from Atlanta 20 by the railroad, from Dalton 80, from Cmnining 35, from Canton 23. The first house was built by James Anderson, Esq.
There are four churches--Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyte rian, and Baptist; several schools,hotels,stores,&c. Population, 1.500. Does considerable business, being the market for Cobb, Cherokee, part of Lumpkin, Forsyth, Gihner, .Paulding, and Carroll counties.
The town is rapidly improving. Since the 1st of May, 3848, more than GO houses have been built. Many persons from the low country of Georgia and South Carolina have recently re moved here. The climate and water will compare with any in the "world. Provisions are cheap. Marietta, from the ad vantages it possesses in point of situation, accessibility, cli mate, and water, is destined to be one among the most attractive places in our State.
Acworth i a small village on the 'Western and Atlantic Railroad, twelve miles N. W. "of Marietta, in the midst of a thickly settled courtti"y. Population about 50.

COEB COUNTY.

189

Powder Springs, twelve miles S. VV. of Marietta, on the

road to Villa Rica, in Carroll, has two churches, Methodist and

Baptist, and one school. Population 200.

Roswell, a pretty village, so called from Roswell King, Esq.,

situated 13 miles from Marietta and one mile from the Chat

tahoochee. Settled by persons chiefly from the seaboard of

Georgia and South Carolina, and is the seat of an extensive

cotton factory. It has one store, one church, one male and

female academy, &c.

FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF TIIE SOIL, VALUE OF

LAND.--The surface of the country is broken. The lands upon

the Chattahoochee are rich, and "will produce 800 pounds of

cotton per acre, 8 barrels of corn, and from 20 to 30 bushels

of wheat. The creek bottoms are also fertile, and well adapted

to cotton, "wheat, and corn.

The uplands are of a mulatto and gray colour, will produce

GOO pounds of cotton per acre, 5 barrels of corn, and about 15

bushels of \vheat. Best Chattahoochee lands are worth 820

per acre ; creek bottoms, 88 ; uplands, from $1 to $8 per acre.

AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE.----Corn 5 barrels, wheat 6

bushels, rye 5 bushels, cotton 500 pounds.

MARKETS.--Marietta, Macon, and Augusta.

MANUFACTURES, MILLS, DISTILLERIES.----Roswell factory, at

Roswell, on Vickery's creek, incorporated in 18-10. Capital

880,000.

Spindles, ...... 3,500

Looms,

,

.

40

Operatives, nearly all whites,

.

. 150

Bales of cotton used per day, ... 5

Yards of shirting made per day, .

. 1,100

Osnaburgs,

"

"

.

1,500

Bundles of yarn made per week, .

. 1,200

Hours of work per day, ...

11

The water-power fine. Wages of operatives dependent upon

their industry. The temperance principle strictly enforced.

Provision made for the instruction of the children. Goods ma

nufactured, have a high character, and are sent to Tennessee,,

Alabama, and to various parts of Georgia.

Nickajack factory, on Nickajack creek.

13

190

COBB COUNTT.

At Lebanon, the Roswell factory have an extensive merchant mill, capable of making from 1 to 300 barrels of flour per day. An extensive tannery, the property of Colonel Dunwoody, is located at this place. The leather made here is pronounced equal to any in the United States.
Grist-mills 21, saw-mills 21, besides several merchant mills on Soap creek. Seven miles east of Marietta is an extensive distillery, at "which are made 120 gallons of whiskey per day.
MOUNTAINS.--Kenesaw mountain, 2|- miles from Marietta, is 1828 feet above the level of the ocean; so called from an Indian chief who was accidentally shot by a white man, whilst on a hunting excursion. The view from the top of the moun tain is beautiful. Lost mountain, Brushy mountain, and Sweat mountain, are considerable elevations.
MINERAL SPRINGS.--The Powder springs have acquired some celebrity, and will, in the course of time, attract the no tice of persons seeking health and recreation. They are highly impregnated "with sulphur and magnesia, and are efficacious in the cure of diseases, particularly those of a cutaneous cha racter, and dyspepsia.
MINERALS.--Gold has been found on Proctor's creek, in the northern part of the county. At Allatoona, on Powder Spring creek, on Sweet Water creek, near Kenesaw mountain, and in Marietta. Granite is abundant. Silver, iron, lead, copper, talc, soap-stone, plumbago, quartz, &c.
ROABS.--The roads are as good as the nature of the coun try will allow. The principal road crosses theChattahooch.ee at the Standing Peach-tree, passes through Marietta and Allatoona to Cassville. Another main road passes through Sand Town in Campbell county to Allatoona, and is known as the Alabama road. Another road much travelled, is the one which crosses the Chattahoochee river at McAfee's bridge, and passes near Roswell to Vann's valley, and North Alabama.
RELIGIOUS SECTS.--The religious sects are Baptists, Mis sionary and Anti-Missionary, Presbyterians, Methodists, Epis copalians, and a few Uiiiversalists. There are about 20 churches in the county, and probably as many ministers.
EDUCATION.--There are manyrespectable schools in various sections of the county, particularly at Marietta and Roswell.

COBB COUNTY.

191

CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--Considering the recent settle ment of the county, the people generally may be said to be orderly and temperate. On public occasions irregularities are often committed, but upon the whole the population of Cobb will compare favourably -with many of the older counties of the State. The tone of morals is improving every day.
AMUSEMENTS.--These chiefly consist in hunting, dancing and visiting. Parties occasionally go to the Powder Springs, and the Keiiesaw mountain. Soirees are quite common in Marietta. -
CLIMATE.--The climate, though variable, is as healthy as any portion of the United States. Exposure to the cold and rain is hardly ever attended by serious consequences. No case of consumption has ever occurred in the county. The summer diseases are bowel complaints, &c. The -winter dis eases,are pleurisy and pneumonia.
INSTANCES OF .LONGEVITY.--Mr. Fleming is now living, over 94 years of age. JVIr. J. Collins, a revolutionary soldier, over 88. Mrs. Henry is over 80. Mrs. Dougherty is 85. Mr. Smith, is 80. Mr. Edwards died a few months ago, aged 90.
EARLY SETTLERS.--Among the early settlers were the fol lowing: Mr. James Aiiderson, JVIr. Slmpson, Mr. Massey, "Wil liam Crane, William Morris, Tho. Whitehead, J. D. Mulling, James Mohon, W. P. Maloney, James Powers, Edward iVIays, Bradley Smith, and J. Collins.
INDIAN TOWNS.--Swect^Vater Town, once inhabited by Cherokees, is on Sweet "Water creek, 14 miles north of Marietta.
Itenesaw Town, on Noonday creek, five miles northwest of Marietta.
Buffalo Fish Town, 16 miles southwest of Marietta. AwnauiTiiiS.--On Mud creek there are the remains of an ancient fortification, and on the Chattahoochee several small mounds. NAME.--John Cobb emigrated from Virginia in 17--, and settled in Columbia county, where his son Thomas W. Cobb was born, in honour of "whom this county was named. For some time he "went to school to Dr. Waddel near Applington, and made considerable proficiency in the lan guages. He afterwards studied law in the office of the

192

COLUMBIA COUNTY.

Hon. Wm. H. Crawford, and settled in Lexington. In a short period he attained to a degree of eminence in his profession which probably has been seldom surpassed by any lawyer in Georgia. He was elected to Congress in 1816, and in 1823, and in 1824 was elected senator, "which office he resigned in 1828, and became a judge of the Superior Court for the Ocmulgee circuit. He died in 1830 at Greenesborough, where he . had removed from Lexington. JVIr. Cobb "was deeply versed in the knowledge of the law, eloquent and argumentative. In his intercourse with men, he was sprightly and entertaining. He held religion in the highest veneration, and his house was open to the ministers of the gospel.

COLUMBIA.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county has \Vilkes and Lin coln on the IVorth, Savannah river on the Northeast, Rich mond and Jefferson on the South, and W^arren on the West. Laid out from Richmond in 1790. It is 35 miles long and 20 miles wide, containing 500 square miles.
POST OFFICES. --Appling, Berzelia, Culbreath, Darby's, Eubank's, Lombardy, Raysville, Republican, Thomson, White Oak, Wrightsborough.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--According to the census of 1845, the population was 3,888 whites, 7,382 blacks: total, 11,270. State tax for 184 1?, 85,197 and 70 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature.
RIVERS, CREEKS. -- The Savannah river separates this county from South Carolina, and Little river from Wilkes and Lincoln. .Keg, Lloyd, Uchee, Green Briar, Kiokee and Little Kiokee, empty into the Savannah. Upton and Sullivan's creeks discharge themselves into Little river. Sweet Water and Head Stall creeks in the southern part, are branches of Briar creek.
TOWNS.--Appling is the seat of justice, situated on Great Kiokee, 83 miles E. N. E. of Milledgev'ille, 23 from Augusta, and 30 from Washington. It has a court-house, jail, academy,

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stores, &c. Population about 100. This place is upon the decline. Incorporated in 1826.
Wrightsborough is on Town creek, 16 miles from Appling. It was settled before the Revolution by a colony of Quakers, under the direction of Joseph Mattock, "who had obtained for himself and followers a tract of land embracing 40,000 acres. It was named after Sir James Wright, formerly Governor of Georgia.
Raysville is on Little river, 10 miles from Appling. RELIGIOUS SECTS, .EDUCATION.--The Baptists and JVIethodists are the most numerous. Rev. Daniel Marshall, with other Baptist emigrants, settled on the Kiokee creek about 1770. Mr. Marshall immediately commenced preaching, and in a short time a church was constituted, the first Baptist church formed in. Georgia. There are a few Presbyterians, Universalists, and Roman Catholics in the county. There is not as much interest taken in the schools of the county as formerly. Common schools are in most of the settlements. Carmel academy, for some years under the supervision of the celebrated Dr. Waddel, was located about 2j miles from Ap pling, J. C. Calhoun, W. H. Crawford, and T. W. Cobb were pupils in this academy. MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--One wool-carding establishment, three or four merchant mills, one steam saw-rnill, nine saw mills, and ten grist-mills. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL, AVERAGE VA LUE OF LAND.--The face of the country is broken. The lands formerly were very productive, but have been injured by im prudent cultivation. The lands on the rivers arid creeks are fertile, peculiarly adapted to corn and cotton. The lands bor dering on Warren and Richmond are sandy. The average value of land is about $5 per acre. PRODUCTIONS.--The chief productions are cotton and corn. EART.Y SETTLERS.--Rev. Mr. Marshall. Joel Cloud, Peter Crawford, Joseph Mattock, Thomas White, William Smith, Perry Wilson, John Appling, Nathan Jones, Jesse Bull, W, Marbary, and the Few, Gibson, Evans, Jennings, Ramsey, and other families. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is mild. In

194

COLUMBIA COUNTY.

some parts bilious fevers occur. Many instances of longevity have occurred, Mr. Henry Burnley -was 80 when he died; Wm. Marbary 93 ; Mr. Owens, Mr. Stanford, Mr. Smalley, Mr. Spalding, and many others, were over 80. Mr. David Hodge lived to a great age. At the age of 102 he married a lady of 40.
MINERALS.--A very rich gold mine is in the upper part of the county, near Little river, and has been operated upon to great advantage. Granite, sienite, talcose- slate, felspar, smoky quartz, epidote, and hornblcnd. Porcelain clay is said to be abundant.
CHARACTER or THE PEOPLE.--The people generally are well informed, and a large portion of them are 'wealthy.
ROADS, BRIDF.S.--The roads cannot be said to bo good. The bridges are fair.
MINERAI, SPRINGS.--Russaw springs, near Ravsville, im pregnated with iron.
MARKET.--Augusta is the market. MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS.--Mr. Gibson, who resides in this county, has in his possession a remarkable stone, which it is affirmed has the property of curing the bite of a snake or mad dog. The compiler of this work has been assured by more than fifty respectable gentlemen, some of whom have been eye-witnesses to experiments made with this stone, that when applied to the wound it extracts the poison. Many instances have occurred in which persons "were relieved who had been severely bitten by poisonous snakes and mad dogs. It is not our business to speculate on this subject. We only state the fact, and remark that it is too well authenticated to admit of any doubt. EM [WENT MEN.--The Rev. Daniel Marshall, a zealous min ister of the Baptist denomination, lived and died in this county. His grave is near the court-house in Appling. Columbia claims for her sons Col. Daniel Appling, Rev. I. A. Few, Hon. Peter Crawford, and many other eminent gentlemen, "whose memo ries will always live in the hearts of the people. Judge Wright and the J.Ton. George W. Crawford, the present Secretary of "War, were born in this county. JNr AME.--This county was named after Christopher Colum bus, the discoverer of America, born in 1436 and died in 1506.

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COWETA COUNTY.

195

COWETA.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Laid out in. 1836, and is bounded N. by Carroll and Campbell, E. by Fayettc, S. by Troup and Meriwether, and W. by Carroll and Heard. Length 27 miles ; breadth 18. Area 486 square miles.
POST OFFICES. -- Newnan, 33cxar, Palmetto, Haralson, Keelron, Location, Lodi, Rio, Paris, Willow Grove.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION,--In 1845 the popu lation of this county was 7,211 whites, 3,706 blacks; total, 10,917. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, 83,836 02. Entitled to two representatives.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--Chattahoochee river ; Cedar, Wahoo, Sandy, Morgan, White Oak, Dead Oak, Keg and Little creeks.
TOWNS.--JN"ewiian, the scat of justice, is situated about the centre of the county, one hundred and twenty-six miles N. W. Milledgeville, thirty miles from La Grange, forty from Atlanta, twenty-five from Campbellton, twenty-five from Carrollton, from Franklin twenty, arid from Griffin thirty-five. It was incorporated and made the county site in 1828, The public buildings are a brick court house, which cost from eight to nine thousand dollars ; .jail; male and female academics ; a Methodist and Presbyterian church. There are seven or eight dry good stores, three taverns, twelve lawyers and three doc tors. The town has good sidewalks, and is well shaded. The citizens have taken much interest, in the temperance effort. More than 880,000 worth of goods sold per annum.
MILLS.--One wool carding mill, one steam saw-mill, six saw-mills, twelve grist-mills.
MARKETS.--Atlanta and Griffin. ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads and bridges are not in good order. REL.TGIOUS SECTS, EIX/CATTON.--The religious sects are Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians arid Lutherans. The most numerous are the t~wo first named. Considerable attention is paid to the subject of education. Schools exist in most of the settlements. Among the most prominent of the institutions are the Rock Spring Academy, and Longstreet Institute. In Newnan they have good schools.

196

COWETA COUNTY.

CLIMATE, LONGEVITY.--The climate does not vary much from that of other counties surrounding it. "Compared -with the "whole climate of Georgia, it may be termed medium, par ticipating largely of the advantages of the northern counties in growing grain, and of the southern in growing cotton." William Smith, John Neely, and Mr. Gray are the oldest per sons in the county ; all over 90 years of age.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--The people of this section are remarkable for sobriety and hospitality.
MINERALS.--Gold exists in some parts of the county. Some mines have been worked, but not to much advantage.
FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The coun ty is situated between the Chattahoochee river and Line creek. The soil is a loam, varied, however, into "what are termed light and heavy, or -what are called gray and red land, being more or .less sandy, and generally fertile. There are strips and patches of pine land, interspersed throughout the county, which are valuable for furnishing lumber. The main body of the county, however, is oak and hickory. There is scarcely any land -which is not capable of being successfully cultivated. The dividing ridge between the Chattahoochee river on the west, and Line creek on the east, passes through the centre of the county from northeast to southwest. This ridge varies but little in altitude from that of Atlanta, to which place it ex tends. The land on it is generally very fertile, a fact not often connected with land of the same elevation.
PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE.----Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, potatoes, &c. The produce of cotton is from 400 to 800 pounds per acre. Corn from four to six barrels per acre.
MINERAL SPRINGS.--There are mineral springs six miles southeast of Newnan, -with several varieties of water, sul phur, chalybeate and limestone, and have proved efficacious in many cases.
EARLY SETTLERS.--Col. Dickson, Mr. Henry R. Robinson, William M. Stokes, Bird Parks, J. M. Thomas, and A. J. Berry.
NAME.--This county received its name in 1826, to perpet uate the memory of General William. Mclntosh, a half-blood Creek, and head chief of the Coweta Towns. He was a daring

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197

soldier, and a useful ally during the late war with the British, who had excited many of the Creeks against us. Mclntosh, with some other chiefs, signed the treaty at the Indian Springs, by which the lands between the Flint and Chatlahooch.ee rivers were ceded. After this he was shot in his own house, by sev eral of the Indians unfriendly to the treaty, and his body con sumed with his dwelling.
Mclntosh was between 50 and 60 when killed. He left five wives and several children, most of whom had received a pretty good English education.*

CRAWFORD.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county is bounded north by Monroe, east by Bibb, south by Houstoun and Macon, and west by Talbot and a part of Upson. Laid out in 1822, and a part added to Upson in 1824. Length 17 miles, breadth 17 miles. Square miles 289.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Flint river is the only stream of any magnitude. The smaller streams are the Ulcohachee, Spring, Walnut, Sweet Water and Deep creeks.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--The population by the census of 1840, was 8493. Of these 4626 were whites, and 3867 blacks. Amount of State tax for 1848, 82,977. Sends one representative to the Legislature of the State.
POST OFFICES.--Knoxville, Francisville, Hammock Grove, Hickory Grove, Hopewell, and New Agency.
TOWNS.--Knoxville, near the centre of the county, is the seat of justice. Distant from Milledgeville 52 miles, 25 from Macon, 12 from Culloden, and 6 from the Old Agency.-- It has a court house, two hotels, four stores, two churches, Methodist and Baptist, and one academy. Population about 250. Made the county site in 1823, and incorporated in 1825.
Hopewell, six miles northeast of Knoxville, has a church, tavern, physician, &c.
* Sherwood's Gazetteer.

198

CRAWFORD COUNTY.

Francisville, six miles "west of K/noxville. Hickory Grove, twelve miles northwest of Knoxville. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The sur face is uneven. The northern part is tolerably productive ; of a dark gray soil adapted to cotton. The bottom lands are ex ceedingly fertile, but liable to inundations. In the southern part the land is poor, having a growth of pine. ROADS ANT) BRIDGES.--The roads are in fair order, and the bridges are said to be in a good condition. RtjiAftioTis SECTS, EDUCATION.--Methodist, Baptists, and Presbyterians. Education is neglected. At Hopewell there is a good school. PRODUCTIONS, JVEAB/KET.--Com, cotton, wheat, rye, &c. About 2000 bags of cotton made last year. JVTaeoii is the market. MILLS.--Four saw-mills and two merchant-mills. REVOLUTIONARY PENSIONERS.--Phillip Ma thews, aged 88 years; Jason Meador, 81; James Bailey, 80; Joel Ethridge, 77; Thomas Turner, 89; Daniel Hartley, 97; Lewis Goodwin, 74 ; Jacob Fudge, 83 ; CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--'The climate is pleas ant. The diseases are fevers, chills, &c. The instances of longevity are the folio-wing :--Mrs. Nancy Kates is now living, about 00 years of age. There is a negro woman also living in this county 125 years old. DISTINGUISHED MEN.--It was in this county that Colonel Benjamin Hawkins died. This event took place June 0, 1816. He was one of the revolutionary patriots, than whom none was more devoted to his country. At an advanced age, and \vith a constitution greatly impaired, he continued to discharge with zeal the important and perplexing duties of Indian Agent, as well as Commissioner for making treaties. With a philan thropy worthy of all praise, he had relinquished the enjoy ments of polished society, in which he shone conspicuously, with the sanguine hope of civilizing the Indians. Partial as was his success in effecting this purpose, no other man could have clone as much towards it. As a man of science he oc cupied an elevated rank. He was appointed by Thomas Jef ferson, Agent for Indian Affairs. He is buried at the Old

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Agency, 011 the Flint river. Col. Hawkins left a. number of manuscripts, containing valuable information in regard to the Indian country, &c.
NAME.--Among the namesof Georgia's great men,thatof the Hon. William HarrisCrawford,afterwhom this countyis called, should be placed in the first rank. His history shows how much may be done by study, industry, and honesty. He "was born in Amhcrst county, Virginia, on the 24th of February, 1772. The part of the county in which Mr. Crawford was born, is said to have been famous for large men. A Mr. Spencer lived there, who had the reputation of being the largest man in the world. Mr. Crawford's tamily were from Scotland. His father came from Virginia in 1779, and settled in Edgefield District, South Carolina, and in 1783 he removed to Co lumbia county, Georgia, -where he died five years afterwards, W. H. Crawford was a lad during the Revolution, and was raised with the hardihood of those scuffling times. After the death of his father, Mr. Crawford, in order to aid in the sup port of his mother's family, devoted himself to the business of instruction, for several years, until Dr. IVIoses \Vaddel opened a classical school in Columbia county ; when feeling the im portance of a knowledge of the languages, he resolved to avail himself of this excellent opportunity of obtaining an acquaint ance with the classics, and accordingly became a student in Dr. Waddel's academy, where his progress was so great, that he was soon employed as an assistant- After remaining in this academy two years, he came to Augusta, and formed a connection with Charles, afterwards Judge Tait, in the management of the Richmond Academy. In 1799 he removed to Lexington, and commenced the practice of the law ; and it was not long be fore his talents and great attention to business placed him at the head of his profession. When Mr. Crawford first com menced practice, the upper counties of Georgia were monopo lized by a clique engaged in legislative speculations. Efforts were made to secure his co-operation in these iniquitous pro ceedings, but with no success. For four years he represented Oglethorpe county in the Legislature of Georgia. In 1806 he was elected to the United States Senate, and in 1811 re-elect ed without opposition. In this body he occupied a pre-eminent

200

DECATUR COUNTY.

station ; and upon many important and exciting questions, evinced a judgment unsurpassed by that of any member of the Senate. In 1813,. President Madison offered him the appoint ment of Secretary of War, -which he declined. He was then sent Minister to Paris, where he remained two years, during which time he not only showed himself to be a fearless advo cate of his country's rights, but gained the favour of Parisian society by his open manners and instructive conversation. When he returned to the United States he was appointed to
the War Department, but in which he served only for a brief period. In October following, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury, and continued to discharge the duties of this important office until 1825, with an ability which men of all parties acknowledged. In 1825 he received a nattering vote for the office of President of the United States. In 1827, upon the death of Judge Dooly, Mr. Crawford was appointed judge of the Northern Circuit, which office he held until his death, which occurred in Blbcrt county. Sept, 15, 1834, aged 62 years. His remains lie at Woodlawn, his seat in Oglethorpe county.

DECATUR.
BOUNPARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded N. by Early and Baker, E. by Thomas, S. by Florida, and W. by the Chattahoochee river. It is thirty-six miles long and twenty-five wide, con taining nine hundred square miles.
RIVERS AND CREEKS. ---- The Flint river runs diagonally through the county, and the Chattahoochee forms the western boundary. Spring creek is a considerable body of water, emptying into the Flint. Musquitoe, Willocoochce, Little Attapulgus, Martin's, Horse, Turkey, Wolf and Sayers are the other streams.
POST OFFICES.--Bainbridge, Cairo, Olive Grove, Attapul gus.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the popu-

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201

lation was 3,491 whites, 2,896 blacks; total, 6,387. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,476 19. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
EARLY SETTLERS,--The Brutons, Maples, Neals, Harralls, Hardins and Martins.
TOWNS.--Bainbridge is the capital, situated on the east side of the Flint river, one hundred and ninety miles from Milledgeville, forty miles S. of Blakely, twenty-four N. of Quiiicey, twenty-six from the junction of the Chattaboochee and Flint, forty W, of Thomasville, and 43 N. W. of Tallahassee. It contains the usual county buildings, two churches, two hotels, an academy, four or five stores, &c. Population, 200.
Fort Scott is ten miles below Bainbridge, on the W. side of the Flint river.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--The most numerous reli gious sects are the Baptists and Methodists, Education is better attended to than formerly, although schools are much wanted.
MARKETS.--Bainbridge is the market. Cotton is shipped to Appalachicola.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.-- The climate Is tempe rate and pleasant. The county is not subject to any particu lar disease, although fevers prevail on the water-courses. The principal instances of longevity are Mr. Green Mitchell, now living, over eighty; Mr. Joel Dassie, now living, between eighty-five and ninety.
FACE OP THE COUNTRY, NATURE OP THE SOIL.--A few years since, Dr. Getting made an examination of this county, and from his report we extract the following information: " The northern part of the county, except a small tract for the distance of twenty miles immediately upon the river, is pine-barren, with occasional srnall circular patches denomi nated ' sinks. 3 The land, except for a year or two after clear ing, is unproductive. It has a sub-soil of coarse ferruginous sand and clay. With the exception of a tract of land on the E. bank of the Flint river, owned by Mrs. Williams, and some small strips of alluvium and hemlock, there is not much good land near the river N. of Bainbridge. In the N. E. extremity there are excellent tracts of land containing lime and "well pro-

202

DECATUR COUNTY.

portioned with sand, clay, and vegetable matter. On Richland creek, in the S. E. corner of the county, on the Ochockonee river, between the great and little Attapulgus rivers, and in several other places, excellent lands may be found.
" The Fowl Town tract of land is said to be the best east of the Flint river.
" Between the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers is a pinebarren, -with some fertile spots, which are better calculated for tile growth of cotton than corn, the soil being siliceous. Taken as a whole, it is an. excellent county, equal in ray opinion to the celebrated Burke lands in their pristine fertility. More corn and cotton can be raised in some parts of Decatur than, on the best lands in Burke ; and so far from its being ' a low, sunken frog-pond/ as has been represented, it is a dry, healthy county, much higher above the ocean than Burke." The productions are cotton, corn, sugar cane, &c. On the rich lands cotton will yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds per acre. About 4,000 bales of cotton are annually produced.
CAVES.--There are some caves in this county, among \vhich the Blowing Cave is the most celebrated ; but it is not in our power to gratify our readers with a description of it.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--The people are hospitable and industrious. Hunting is the favourite amuse ment.
TIMRF.R, TREES.--The forests furnish a great variety of the finest timber, such as the pine, cypress, various kinds of oaks, &c. The magnolia and laurel grow to great perfection.
NAME.--This section of the State received its name in honour of Stephen Decatur, who was born the 5th of .} anuary, 1779, in Maryland, where his parents had retired -while the British were in possession of the city of Philadelphia. When he -was only a few months old, his parents came back to Phila delphia. In 1798 he entered the navy as a midshipman, under the command of Commodore Barry. In 1801 he served as first, lieutenant of the Essex, one of Commodore Dale's squad ron to the Mediterranean. Some time after this, he was ap pointed to the command of the brig Argus, and proceeded to join the squadron of Commodore Preble, then lying before Tripoli. It was here that after some difficulty he obtained his

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commodore's permission to engage in a very dangerous enter prise, which was, either to re-capture or destroy the frigate Philadelphia as she lay in the harbour. He accomplished his design without the loss of a single man. For this gallant action, Congress voted him their thanks and a sword, and pro moted him to the rank of Post Captain. In the following spring he had the command of a division of vessels destined for an attack upon Tripoli. On this occasion, he displayed a bravery unsurpassed in the annals of warfare. In the engage ment, a Turk had killed his brother, Lieutenant James Decatur. Upon learning this, he determined to avenge his death, and singled out the commander of the Turkish boats. The Turk was armed with an espontoon, Decatur with a cutlass. In attempting to cut off the head of the weapon, his sword struck on the iron, and broke close to the hilt. The Turk at this moment made a push, which slightly wounded Decatur. He im mediately seized the spear. A fierce struggle ensued, and both fell.. By this time the Turk had drawn a dagger from his belt, and was about to plunge it into the body of his foe, when Decatur caught him by his arm, and shot him with a pistol which he had taken from his pocket. When Commodore Preble retired from the command of the squadron, Decatur took the command of the Constitution. From this ship he was re moved to the Congress, and peace being made with Tripoli, he returned to the United States. The "war of 1812 gave Decatur frequent opportunities of displaying his gallantry. On the 25th of October, 3812, he captured the Macedonian, one of the best ships in the English navy. The whole country resounded with his name, and every city vied -with each other in doing him honour. After the -war "with England had ended, a squadron under his command -was despatched to Algiers, to demand satisfaction for many injuries committed upon the commerce of the United States. He arrived before Algiers, June 22, 1815, and in a very laconic manner demanded a treaty. With some reluctance, the Dey consented to one item of the pro posed treaty, "which was the relinquishmcnt of all annual tri bute or ransom for prisoners. "Even a little powder," the negotiator said, " would answer." " II," replied Decatur, " you insist upon receiving powder as tribute, you must expect to

204

DE KALB COUNTY.

receive balls with it." ILL 48 hours the treaty was concluded, upon terms never before granted to a Christian power. He then went to Tunis and Tripoli, and by a similar process obtained redress; after "which he returned home, and was appointed one of the Board of Navy Commissioners. Whilst in the discharge of these duties, he was challenged to single combat "with pistols, by Commodore James Barren, and was mortally "wounded on the first fire. His death produced a great sensation through the country.

DE KALB.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded north by Cobb, east by Gwinnett and Newton, south by Henry and Fayette, west by Cobb and Campbell. J^aid out in 1823. Its medium length is 35 miles; breadth 19. miles, containing 475 square miles.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.----According to the census of 1830, the population, was 10,042 ; in 1840, 10,467; in 1845, 11,055. The next census will doubtless exhibit a greater Increase. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, f 3,530 88. Sends two members to the State Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Decatur, Atlanta, Cross Keys, Lithonia, Panthersvilie, Stone Mountain, and. Utoy.
RIVERS AND CREEKS.--The Chattahoochee is the chief stream. One of the head branches of the Ocmulgee is in this county. Nancy's, Peach Tree, Utoy and Camp creeks, empty into the Chattahooehee. Shoal, Snap Finger, and Pole Bridge, empty Into South river.
Toxvivs.--Decatur is the seat of justice. It is a pretty village situated on a ridge, dividing the waters of the Chattahoochee and South rivers; 95 miles northwest of Milledgevlllc, 30 from Covington, 34 from LawTCnceville, 8 from the Stone Moun tain., and 38 from McDonough. This place is proverbially healthy. The court-house is a neat brick edifice, and cost $5,100. A jail constructed of granite is under contract.-- There are two churches, Presbyterian and Methodist; the for-

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205

mer is built of brick and is a handsome structure. It lias two ho tels, two flourishing schools, several stores, &c. Population 600. Amount of business clone in Decatur is not so great as former]y. Incorporated in 1823.
Atlanta is a new place, formerly called Marthasville. but in 1847 it was incorporated, and its name changed to " The City of Atlanta." It has a mayor and six councilman, clerk of council, treasurer, city marshal, &c. The population may be put down at 2500, and this number is constantly augmenting. AtlaniaJ^jsituated on a high ridge G miles west of Decatur, 101 miles northwest of Macon, and is the point at which the Western and Atlantic, the Macon and Western, and the Geor gia Railroads connect. This has made Atlanta a place of bustie and business. At this time there are four churches, and another will be erected in the course of the year ; six schools, about twenty dry goods and grocery stores, &c.--Immense quantities of produce pass through Atlanta. Amount of busi ness done is over 200,000 dollars.
Stone Mountain, formerly called New Gibraltar, is a very thriving place; has four hotels, eight stores and several me chanics. Population 800. A stage from Gainsevillc comes to this village three times a week.
FACE OF THE COUNTRY.NATURE OF THE SOIL, AVERAGE PRO DUCT FEU ACRE, "VALUE OF J-.AND.--The face of the country is undulating. Much of the soil will hardly repay the labour of cultivation. The rich lands arc on the Chattahoochee and South rivers, Peach Tree, Nancy's, and Utoy creeks, and have been known to produce from 1000 to 1500 pounds of cotton per acre, and from 8 to 12 barrels of corn per acre. Wheat is rather an uncertain crop. The gray lands will produce from 500 to 700 pounds of cotton, per acre, from 5 to 8 bar rels of corn per acre, and from 15 to 25 bushels of wheat per acre. Lands of the first quality are worth from 20 to '25 dol lars per acre ; the other lands from 3 to 1O dollars per acre.
PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton, wheat, corn, rye, oats, potatoes, &c. The county is celebrated for fine fruits, particularly apples. These sold in Savannah last year, at five dollars per barrel, and "were said to be superior to the northern article. A small quantity of silk is manufactured.
14

2QG

W KALE COUNTY.

MINERAL SPRINGS--Within the incorporated limits of At lanta, there is a fine chalybeate spring, and another one and three-fourths of a mile south of Decatur.
MINERALS.--Some gold has been found in the vicinity of Rockbridge, near Yellow river, and on Nancy's creek ; asbes tos in large quantities at the plantation of John Evans, Esq.; granite in quantities sufficient to supply the State of Georgia for a century to come ; tourmaline, quartz, iron, &-G.
MANUFACTURES, MILLS, DISTILLERIES.--Two wool cardingmills, about 25 saw-mills, 35 grist-mills, 2 merchant-mills, 2 distilleries.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads and bridges are not kept in the state which the comfort and convenience of the citizens require.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, Catholics, Episcopalians, and Christians. In Atlanta and Decatur are good schools. The subject of education begins to be more appreciated than formerly.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--We hazard nothing in saying that the citizens of this county arc generally industrious and temperate. The farms are not kept with that neatness which could be wished. Some improvement in agricultural imple ments is much wanted.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is remark ably healthy. Indeed, the united testimony of intelligent men who have given this subject special attention, declares De Kalb to be unsurpassed for health by any region in the worid. It is not pretended that there are no diseases, but these are very few. A number of persons have died in this county at a great age. A few, only, of their names a.re inserted. John Biffie, 106; D. Greene, 90; Mr. Brooks, 92; Mr. Rooks, nearly 95; and there are now living, Wm. Terrell, 90 ; Mrs. Biffle, 100; and a great many between 80 and 90.
ORIGINAL SETTLERS.--William Jackson, George Heard, William Terrell, Judge Cone, Mr. Scaife, and James Mont gomery were among the first who settled in this county.
AivTiauiTiEs.--There is a mound near Montgomery's Fer ry, and what may be called an intrenchment six miles west of Decatur, on the Chattahoochee.

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MOUNTAIN.--The Stone or Rock mountain, as it is some times called, is one of the greatest curiosities which can be found in this or any other country. It is said to bo 2,22G feet above the creek, and is seven miles in circumference. This wonder of nature is visited by thousands during the summer season.
NAMF,.--In the Revolution -which gave birth to American freedom, many foreign officers of distinction, impelled by the love of liberty, attached themselves to the American army. Among these was the Baron De Kalb, to commemorate whose gallant conduct this county was named.
This meritorious officer was a German by birth, and came to America in 1777 or 1778, with recommendations to Con gress as an experienced soldier, entitled to their confidence. He was immediately appointed a Major General, and was placed at the head of the Maryland division of the army. For about three years ho served in the American army with great reputation, winning many friends by his simple manners and amiable disposition. He fell in battle on the 19th of August, 1780. The incidents of this battle deserve to be remembered, and we extract the following account from a work recently published. " At the battle of Camden, De Kalb commanded the right wing of the American army. In the commencement of this action, the American left wing was charged by the British infantry with fixed bayonets. This part of our army was composed of militia, who were unable to stand the attack, and threw down their arms, flying precipitately from the field. The continental troops here, though inferior in numbers to the British, stood their ground manfully, and maintained the con flict with great resolution. The British had the advantage of superior cavalry, and notwithstanding the brave example of De Kalb, who encouraged his men not only by words, but by deeds, they succeeded in gaining the day. The saddest loss was sustained in the death of the gallant De Kalb. In his last attempt to secure a victory, he received eleven wounds, and fell. He was caught by his aid, Lieut. Col, Du Buysson, who rushed through the clashing bayonets, and spreading his own form over that of the prostrate hero, received the wounds in tended for his fallen commander, exclaiming, as he fell beside

203

DOOLY COUNTY.

him, "Save the Baron De Kalb ! save the Baron De Kalb!" On hearing his name, the British officers interposed, and res cued them both from the fury of the men. The former sur vived hut a few hours. The British officer who had him in charge bestowed upon him every attention. As he condoled with him in his misfortune, De Kalb extended him his hand in gratitude, saying, "I thank you for your generous sympathy, but I die the death I always prayed for, the death of a soldier fighting for the rights of man." His last moments were spent in dictating a letter to General Smallwood, in which he expressed an affection for his soldiers, and his confidence in their valour. Gen. AVashington, it is said, when he visited Carndeiij inquired, for the grave of De lialb, and. upon its being pointed out lo him, observed with great emotion, " So, there lies the brave De Kalb, the generous stranger, who came from a distant land to fight our battles, and to water with his blood the tree of our liberty. Would to God he had lived to share its fruits." Lee, in his memoirs, says "that the Baron De Kalb was sober, drinking water only; abstemious to excess; living on bread, sometimes with beef soup, at other times with cold beef; industrious, it being hiw constant habit to rise at five in the morning, light his candle, and devote himself to writing."*

DOOLY,
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded N, by Houstoun and a portion of Macori; E. by Pulaski and a part of Irwin : S. by Irwin and a part of Baker ; and W. by Sumter and Lee. Or ganized in 1823, Length 35 miles, breadth 32; areti 1,120 square miles.
RTVEKS AND CREEKS.--The Flint river traverses the western line of the county. The streams of less importance are the Pennahatchee, Hogcrawl, Lampkin's, Limestone, Cedar, and
*In a work entitled Sketches of North Carolina, there is an interesting account of the last moments of I>e Kalb, given by the Rev. Humphrey Hunter, an eminent Presbyterian minister, who was a revolutionary charac ter, and witnessed the death of the brave soldier.

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Gum creeks, all of which are tributaries of the Flint; there are several other creeks which have their origin in this county, flow east, and discharge themselves into the Ocrrmlgee.
POST OFI'TCES.--Vienna, Cedar Creek, Traveller's Rest, Milwood, Hollidaysville.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--This county has been steadily increasing in population. The census of 1840 gave it 4,427 inhabitants, and the census of 1845, 6,247, exhib iting an increase of 1820 inhabitants. Amount of taxes for 1848 returned is $2,OO5 59. Seizds one representative to the Legislature.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is temperate. Remote from the water-courses the country is regarded healthy. The diseases are such as usually occur in the autumn. There are one or two instances of longevity in the county,
FACE OF THE COUNTRY, INATTJJIE 01* THE SOIL.--The face of die country is level. Much of the land is productive, particu larly on the river bottoms and hammocks, finely suited for cot ton, corn, and sugar-cane. The pine lands are remarkably fertile, adapted to cotton, grain, and potatoes. There is a large quantity of common pine Sand, scarcely fit for cultiva tion without the aid of manure.
AVERAGE PRODUCT pun ACRE.--Cotton averages GOO pounds per acre, corn 12 bushels, wheat 10.
TOWNS.--Vienna is the county town, situated on the wa ters of Pennahatchee creek. Population about 100. It is dis tant from Milledgeville 95 miles. The situation of Vienna renders it unhealthy.
Drayfon, 1-J- miles from Flint river, 30 miles from Americus, and 27 from StarkviUe ; considered healthy.
Traveller's Rest is in the northwest corner of the county. ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are excellent, but there is not much attention given to the bridges. KELIGFOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Baptists and Methodists are the most numerous. Education has been much neglected, but, as in other sections of Georgia, it is beginning to awaken attention. CHARACTER OF TUB PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--Kindness to strangers is a prominent trait in the character of the population.

210

DOOLY COUNTY.

Irregularities arc sometimes committed, but generally speaking, the people are honest, orderly, and industrious. More atten tion ought to be paid to their buildings by the farmers. There is too much anxiety to make cotton, and domestic comforts are neglected. Hunting deer is the chief amusement. Parties are frequently made up, "which leave home and spend a week in hunting, arid return laden with spoils.
PJJODUCTTOWS, MARKETS.--Almost every thing grows well. Cotton succeeds finely, as well as corn, potatoes, sugar-cane, &c. Little attention has been paid to the cultivation of fruits, but there can be no doubt of their success with due care. The county was once fine for grazing, but it has been injured by fires. Planters carry their crops to Macon and Hawldnsville.
Mn.ts.--Five saw-mills, five grist-mills, MINERALS.--There are no very valuable minerals in this county- The calcareous formation of the country furnishes a great variety of fossils. JN"AME,--The family of the Doolys originally came from Ireland and settled in North Carolina. Colonel John TJooly, from whom the name of this county was derived, settled in Jjincoln county about the beginning of the American Revolu tion, and received a commission as Captain in the Georgia continental brigade. His brother, Captain Thomas Dooly, a gallant officer, was murdered by the Indians under circum stances so aggravated, that ho determined, regardless of con sequences, to embrace the first opportunity to revenge his death. The circumstances were these : Early in a skirmish with the savages, on the twenty-second, of July, 177G, near the Oconee river, Captain Thomas T3ooly received a most severe wound ; but indifferent to his sufferings, he continued to encourage his men, and actually fired two shots at the enemy after he was wounded. His junior officer, more intent upon his own safety than upon his duty, neglected his commander, and was one among the first to leave the ground. Captain Dooly, in. an agony of suffering, implored his men not to leave him in the power of his enemies ; but seized with consterna tion, and following the example of their lieutenant, they left him to his fate, and when last seen he was in the act of defend-

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ing himself with the end of his gun. He was afterwards murdered by the foe, and Captain John JDooly concerted a plan'to attack the Indians at Galphinton, after propositions of peace had been made by the constituted authorities. The plan was discovered, Captain. Dooly was arrested, and a court martial ordered, but he gave up his commission, and was shortly afterwards appointed colonel of militia in Wilkes county. H.is conduct on all occasions was that of a, brave and active offi cer, anxious to he employed in cases where danger 'was to be incurred. The Indians were aware of his determination to punish them for the murder o his brother, and the mere men tioning of his name would create terror among them. Colonel Dooly was conspicuous in the various skirmishes on both sides of the Savannah river, above and below Petersburg. At Kettle creek he commanded the right wing of Colonel Clarke's force, and contributed to the victory which declared itself in favour of the American arms. After this signal action, he was engaged for a length of time in. affording protection to the frontiers, in which harassing duty he gained much credit. In 1780, this brave officer came to his death by the hand.s of a party of tories, who entered his bouse at midnight and mur dered him. He left several sons, among whom was Judge DOO!V) one of the ablest men in Georgia.

DADE.
BOUS-DARIBS.--Bounded N. by Tennessee, E, and S. by Walker county, and W. by Alabama.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--Lookout creek is the only stream of any size.
POST OFFICES --Trenton, "Wauhatcb.ee, Rising Town. Poi'ULATJoN, XAXKB, RKPRESHNTATION.--In 18 ! t5, the popu lation was 1,924 whites, and 103 blacks ; total, 2,027. Amount of State tax for 1848, $28O 29. Entitled to one representa tive to the Legislature. COUNTY TOWN.--Trenton is the seat of justice, situated on a stream known as Town creek, on a considerable eminence mid-

212

BADE COUNTY.

way between the Raccoon and Lookout mountains. It is a small place, having an inferior court-house and 'jail, and two or three stores. The population is perhaps 350. Good water and excellent health may be considered as the principal attraction^ of Trreenntoon. It is 231 m mieless IV. W.. of Milledgeville, 21 miles ff_r_o_ m__. LT a_ FT7a._ y__ etj-tie.-., a_n,,d.1 35 <i F: from -C,.,. __ SC<u-_m__r..n._ e,,v_-i:l!l!e,,.
NATUIIE OF THE SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, "VALUE OF LAANNDD. -- Dade can boast of lands equal in fertility to any in Georgia, producing -with little, labour abundant crops oi* corn, "wheat, oats, &c. Corn on tthee bottoms ooftteenn grows to tthee heeig ghtt of twenty feet. The main productions .are corn, wheat, rye and oats. Irish potatoes succeed well. Cotton does not seem to thrive, itnd very little is planted. Vegetables of almost every descrip tion grow most luxuriantly. The best lands are valued at 810 per acre.
MOUNTAINS. --Raccoon and Lookout mountains. AVERAGE PRODUCT FEU ACKE.--Cotton has been known to yield 1,000 Ibs. per acre ; corn averages 40 bushels per acre: wheat 20 bushels per acre. About 100 bags of cotton ar& raised in the county per annum. .FOKEST TREES, -- The oak, hickory, cedar, poplar, gum, pine, walnut, chestnut, locust, elder, mountain birch, and al! trees peculiar to mountain districts. ANOTAI.S.--Deer in abundance, -wolves, bears, and panthers in. the mountains, foxes, rabbits, &c. BIRDS. -- \Vi\d turkeys, quails, ducks, woodcocks, &c. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is cold in winter, but pleasant and invigorating in summer. Fever and
be

o ongevy are e oowng : rs. years ; Mrs. Carr, 80 ; Richard Cox, 85.
Avis RAGE PRICE OF GRAIN", PROVISIONS, EXPENSE ; F LIV ING. --Corn averages $1 per barrel, but has often been sold

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MINERAL SPRINGS.--Near Trenton is a sulphur spring, and several chalybeate springs in various portions of the county.
CAVES.--I)ade abounds with caves. One mile and half west of Trenton is a' large cave, known as the Saltpetre cave. Wauhatchee cave is very extensive.
MINERALS.--The mineral resources of this county are im mensely great. Bituminous coal abounds in the Raccoon and Lookout mountains. Dade is destined to furnish, the State with coal. Iron ore of excellent quality, and other valuable minerals, exist in various sections. A very pure variety of plaster is found on the plantation of Col. Robert H. Tatum.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--In this county, the refine ments of polished society do not exist. Isolated from the world, the people seem to care for nothing except the supply of their immediate \vants. Hospitality is eminently their cha racteristic. The stranger is greeted 'with a hearty wel come, and his conversation listened to with evident signs of pleasure.
MARKET.--Chattanooga is the market. ROADS.--For a mountain country, the roads are fair, MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--In the Lookout valley, 3| miles S, of Trenton, are iron works, which manufacture 400 pounds of iron per day. The ore is very fine, and the establishment supplies the whole Lookout valley with iron, as well as Wills valley in Alabama. Fifteen hands employed. Capital in vested $2000. Saw-mills, three ; grist-mills, five. RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--There is a great variety of religious sects. Several kinds of Baptists., Christians, .Me thodists, UmversalistSj Cumberland Presbyterians. Pious and educated ministers are much needed. Education is at a low ebb. ANTKJUITIES.--On the farm of Col. Perkins there is a stone fort, inclosing three or four acres, of which the Indians were unable to give any account. More than fifty mounds are in the county, and many of the rude cabins in which the red man once lived, are still standing, and are occupied by the farmers. EARLY SETTLERS.--This county is mostly settled by per sons from Tennessee.

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BADE COUNTY.

NAME.--We have a distinct recollection of the grief with which the people of the United States were overwhelmed, up on the receipt of the melancholy intelligence that a gallant and chivalrous band of soldiers had been attacked and cut to pieces by the Indians of Florida. All felt that the country had lost some of its noblest defenders ; and the circumstances under which they fell, roused the indignation of their countrymen, and a general desire was expressed to avenge the cruel mas sacre of as brave men as ever drew the sword. Major Francis Langhorne Dade was the commander of the detachment, to whose mournful destiny we have just alluded, and to perpetu ate whose memory this county received its name. Citizens of Dade ! ye may well be proud of the name which your beautiful county bears. The Dade family came from England as early as 1662, and purchased lands in Virginia, near what was called; the " Townshend Patent." The subject of this memoir was the son of Major Townshend Dade, and was born oh the 32d of February, 1791, in Prince William county, Va. He received his education under the care of the Rev. M. L. Weemsr well known as the author of the lives of Washington and Marion, together with several other smaller works. Upon leaving school, Dade became a student of law in the office of his cousin Gen. Lawrence Dade, of Orange county, Virginia; but a mili tary life seemed to have been his ardent desire, for "which his subsequent career proved that he was pre-eminently fitted. He relinquished the law, and entered the army, in 1813, and was for some time engaged in the recruiting service. His kindness of heart was exemplified whilst employed in this duty. At Louisa Court House, his drummer, "who was a little boy (son of a widow), "whom he had pledged his word he would protect as his own son, was drying the head of his drum by the fire in the tavern, when the landlord, who was a violent opposer of the war, came in and commenced beat ing him. Dade hearing it, came in, whereupon the man, a great burly fellow, attacked him, and he was compelled to resort to his sword to defend himself. In the scuffle, Lieut. Dade cut off the right arm of the landlord. *The matter was subjected to a judicial examination, and Lieut. Dade "was ho nourably acquitted of all blame. With his early military

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career we are not much acquainted, but we are able to state that in 1814, he received the appointment of Second Lieutenant in the 12th regiment of infantry,--was made Captain in the 4th regiment of infantry, to rank as such on the 24th of February, 1818 ; and the rank of Major, by brevet, was con ferred upon him February 24, 1828. With the exception of the time that he spent under Colonel, now Major General Scott, on the frontiers of Canada, two years in Louisiana, where he commanded a military post below-New Orleans, one year in Virginia on the recruiting service, and one year on the same business in New-York, the last 20 years of his life "were spent in Florida. In most of the difficulties and skirmishes in Florida he "was engaged, and acquitted himself to the entire satisfaction of his commanders. His knowledge of the country, of Indian character and habits, was acknowledged to be superior to that of any officer in the army; and hence it was that he was constantly engaged in active service, tie "was with Gen. Jackson .at the change of flags in Pensacola, and officer of the day when Col. Calava, formerly Governor of Flo rida, was put in prison for refusing to deliver up certain docu ments, particularly of judicial records relating to the titles of individual property. In his prudence and firmness Gen. Clinch had the greatest reliance, and charged him with the protection of the inhabitants who resided between Tallahassee and the Suwanee. In this responsible duty he distinguished himself for promptness, energy, and decision. On one occasion, he learned that the savages 'were on their way to burn Mr. Bellamy's house, and scalp and murder the inmates. Without a mo ment's delay, with only a few men, he rapidly pushed on, over took and captured the Indians. Two lovely young ladies were at Mr. Bellamy's house at this time ; one a daughter of Mr. Bellamy, the other Miss Duval, a daughter of the Governor. Major Dade arrived at the house the next day, covered with dirt from head to foot, and with a beard which had not been shaven for several days, and made his respects to the ladies, who met him as their deliverer, and overwhelmed him with their thanks. In compliance "with orders received from Gen. Clinch, dated October 17, 1835, directed to Brevet Major F. L. Dade, commanding, Key West, he proceeded with his com-

216

BADE COUNTY.

mand to Fort Brook. Upon his arrival at this post, two com panies, commanded by Captains Gardner of the 3d Artillery, and Fraser of the 3d Artillery, were ordered to repair to Fort King. Mrs. Gardner was very ill at this time, and much alarmed at the prospect of her husband's leaving ; and it was thought her life or death hung upon the course he should take. But Captain Gardner deeming his duty to command his com pany imperative, prepared to go, and was mounted and ready to start at reveille. Major Dade, commiserating the situatioa of Mrs. Gardner, with that magnanimity which all who knew him will readily acknowledge was a distinguishing trait in his character, proposed to Captain Gardner to go in his place. Noble man ! thy own safety was disregarded from a desire to alleviate the sorrows of another. It -was the last generous action of tliy life. From the knowledge which Major Dade had of the country, it "was confidently expected that he would be able to conduct his command to Fort King. At the head of one hundred men he started from Fort Brook for Fort King, but had not proceeded five miles, when he was over taken by Captain Gardner, who had concluded to accompany the detachment; but who refused, in the peculiar relation in which he stood to Major Dade, to assume the command. On Tues day, the 29th of December, 1835, intelligence was received at Fort Brook, by a wounded soldier who had escaped from the field of battle, that on the previous day, at eight o'clock in the morning, when the detachment was 65 miles from this post, it was attacked by an immense body of India.ns, and completely cut to pieces. The Indians "were in ambuscade, and cut off the advance guard by the first fire. By this fire, Major Dade, who -was mounted, and half way between the vanguard and the head of the battalion, -was shot, and fell at once from his horse. It was afterwards ascertained that Mecanope, the chief of the principal band of the Seminoles, struck the first blow in this battle. He had stationed himself in the forest, and on the approach of our troops, fired the first shot. This shot struck Major Dade; and as he had often met Mecanope, it is not improbable that the Jatter knew the person and appearance of the former, orthat his rank and station had been ascertained by the Indian spies. The troops were surrounded by spies almost

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217

upon their whole march. At night, Major Dade selected favour able positions to encamp. Having crossed the further fork of the Withlocoochee, on the afternoon of the 27th of December,, he encamped on a knoll whose advantageous position probably deterred the enemy from making the attack. That night he exhorted the men to be on the alert; encouraging them, that if they should not be attacked there, they could get through safe to their destination ; and it was doubtless with buoyant hearts that they commenced the next morning's fatal march. Every officer was. killed. They "were eight in number: Captains Gardner and Frascr ; Lieutenants Basinger, Mudge, Henderson, Keans, and Assistant-Surgeon Gatlin. On the 20th of February, the remains of Major Dade, his brother officers, and nearly one hundred soldiers, "were interred "with appropriate honours. Major Dade, although a strict disciplinarian, was be loved by his soldiers. Not one of them who had known him for any length of time, but "would have shed the last drop of blood in their veins in his defence. When he was about to leave Tampa Bay for theWithlocoochee, his favourite sergeant, Peter Thomas, volunteered to accompany him, and fell by his side when attacked by the Indians. Major Dade, in the pri vate relations of life, won all hearts by his courteous and affable manners. His mind was highly cultivated, and it is thought that if his life had been spared, he had intended to write a history of Florida, for which his great knowledge of that country peculiarly qualified him. To his family he -was every tiling that could be desired--a devoted husband, an af fectionate father. Among the last words that he uttered just before he started upon the fatal expedition, were those in rela tion to Mrs. Dade and their only daughter, ' : little Fanny," as he was wont to call her. \Ve confess that we admire Major Dade for his nobility of soul--for his bravery--for his gene rosity--but most of all, wre admire him for his strict attention to the duties of religion. He had been blessed with a pious mother, and her early instructions were not lost upon him. The soldier who was willing to brave every danger, who was a stranger to fear, entertained a high regard for the obligations of religion ; and we can assure our readers, that Major Dade never engaged in battle without imploring the divine protec-

218

EARLY COUNTY.

tion. tic was a reader of the Scriptures, an observer of the Sabbath ; and wherever he pitched his tabernacle in the wilds of Florida, might be heard his voice ascending to Heaven in the morning and evening prayer.

EARLY.
BOUNDARIES, EXT.KNT.--This county is bounded N. by Ran dolph, K. by Baker, S. by Decatur, and W. by Alabama. Laid out in 1818, and a part added to Decatur in 1823, and a part to Baker in 1825. Length 37-^ miles, and breadth 25 miles.
RIVEKS AND CREEKS.--The Chattahoochee river is the prin cipal stream. Spring creek, which is a considerable stream, rises in this county and empties into the Flint river. Colomokee, Harrods, Sowahach.ee and Big creeks empty into the Chattahoochee. Some other streams have their origin in this county, and discharge their waters into the Ichawaynochaway.
POPULATION, TAXES, RF,FRKSEN.TATIO'N.----In 1845 the popu lation was 6,009 ; of these 3,001 were whites, and 3,908 blacks, showing 1 a greater equality in. the number of "whites and blacks than any county in the State. Amount of tax returned for 1849, $2,366 08. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
POST OITICKS.--Blakoly, Fort Gaines, Pachitla. TOWNS.--Blakely is the capital. It is a small but pleasantly located village, named after Capt. Blakely of the navy, who dis tinguished himself in. the war of 1812. It contains about 25 or 30 families, court-house, jail, school, two stores, two hotels, one church, &c. The place is considered healthy, and the water tolerable. It is 180 miles from Milledgeville, 40 miles N. of Bainbridge, 30 S. of Cuthbert, 42 W. of Nowton. Business to the amount of 840,000 is annually transacted. JVIade the county scat in 1826. Fort Gaines is on a beautiful bluff of the Chattahoochee, 160 feet above common -water-mark. It contains two churches, one school, two taverns, &c. Population 400. More than $150,000 worth of goods annually sold. It is #5 miles from Cuthbert,

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219

20 from Blakely, 35 from Porter's Ferry, and 55 from New
ton. CLIMATE. DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--This section of our State,
except in the lime-land valleys, is decidedly healthy. There are no diseases peculiar to the county. Pneumonia sometimes occurs, but no cases of consumption have ever been known. Among the oldest inhabitants were Mrs. Roberts, who is said to have been over 100 at the time of her death ; Mr. Dill, Mr. Z. Cowart, and Mrs. Rebecca Collier, over 80 ; there are now living Mr. and Mrs. Golding, both near 90 ; and Mr. and Mrs.
Yeldell, both over 90. EARLY SETTLEIIS.--Benjamin Collier, the Sheffields, Jud^e
Bush, Joseph and Richard Grimsley, the Hayes family, Jesse Brown, Alsey Harris, Robert Jackson, the Porter family, and
others. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.----The face
of the country is gently undulating, almost without an eleva tion worthy of being called a hill, and two-thirds covered with forests of the tallest long-leaf pine. The surface is not a white sand, but is largely mixed with oxyde of iron underlain by red clay. On the Chattahoochee river, and several large creeks which drain the country, there are tracts of rich lands with oak and hickory growth, the product of which in cotton may be estimated from 800 to 1,200 Ibs. per acre, in corn from 1G to 35 bushels, wheat 6 to 12 bushels, and the production in oats is equal probably to any lands in Georgia. There are some
excellent pine lands. RELIGIOUS SF.CTS, EDUCATION.--The Baptists are the most
numerous. There are Episcopal and Reformed Methodists. Education has recently engaged more attention than formerly, although the number of schoois is still small.
MILLS.--Saw-mills G, grist-mills 11. MINERAL STRINGS.--On the Chattahoochee, on the planta tion of Mrs. Glenn, there is a spring impregnated with the pro
perties of sulphur. MINERALS, ROCKS.--No primitive rocks are found. Con
cretions of iron, fossils, marl, and such other formations as be
long to southwestern Georgia. PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton, corn, sugar-cane, sweet potatoes,

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EARLY COUNTY.

&c. Very little attention is paid to the cultivation of fruits. Amount of cotton raised 3944 bales.
ANTIQUITIES.--Six miles north of Blakely, on Little Colomokee creek, at the plantation of Judge Mercier, is a mound 52 feet high, -with an embankment surrounding it, and a ditch leading to the creek. Upon its summit are large trees. This mound has recently been penetrated to the depth of 50 feet, with the expectation of finding treasure, but nothing has been found but bones. There are other mounds on 13ry creek arid Chattahoochee river.
ANIMALS.--Deer are abundant. Wolves and panthers are often killed. Wild turkeys are plentiful.
CHARACTER OF THE PKOPJ^E.--The people of this county have a high reputation for good order, hospitality, &c. Persons who have visited this part of the State are lavish in the praise "which they bestow upon the people.
AMUSEMENTS.--Game being abundant, much time is devo ted to the chase ; the other amusements are fishing and dan cing.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads and bridges do not reflect credit upon the inhabitants.
KAMI;.--This county is named in honour of Governor Peter Early. This gentleman was born in Madison county, Virginia, on the 20th of June, 1773, and came to Georgia about 1795 or 1706, and commenced the practice of the law in Wilkes county. In 1802 he was elected to Congress by a large majority, and soon became a leading member of that body. When the im peachment of Judge Chase was before Congress, he was asso ciated with Randolph, Rodney, JMicholson, Clark, Campbell, and Boyle, in conducting the prosecution. His speech on this occasion is said to have been the ablest that was delivered on the side of the prosecution. He continued in Congress until 1807, when he was appointed by the Legislature, Judge of the Superior Court in the Ocmulgee circuit. For this station he seems to have been eminently qualified. Firm, independent, and energetic, lie administered justice \vithout fear. In 1813 he was elected Governor of Georgia. This was a critical pe riod. Accumulated disasters had nearly broken the spirit of the nation, and the howling tempest of war raged with vio-

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ience. Whilst the stoutest hearts trembled for the safety of the country, the resolute rnmd of Governor Early beheld the threatened storm without dismay, and boldly prepared to avert its fury. With incredible dispatch he organized the militia of the State, and gave to our menaced frontiers an imposing atti tude of defence. His military arrangements were in the main extremely judicious ; and his administration of the government, from beginning'to end, was most able and patriotic. Uninflu enced by the selfish conduct which characterized some of the States, he cheerfully rendered the National Government every assistance in his power towards carrying on the war with vigour and effect. The following fact will speak for itself: An officer in the service of the United States being destitute of funds, and unable to procure a further supply, in conse quence of the embarrassed state of the national finances, ap plied to Governor Early for a loan of $80,000, and pledged for its payment the faith of the General Government. Rather than the operations of the army should languish, the request was readily granted, and a warrant for the amount drawn upon the treasury of the State. It was suggested by a gentleman who happened to be present, that as the union of the States might not be of very long duration, in -which case each mem ber of the confederacy must defend itself, that it -would be "well to husband our resources. To this hint Governor Early mag nanimously replied, that he hoped such a thing would never happen, but if it should, he had no wish that Georgia should survive the general wreck ; he wanted to swim or sink toge ther. In 1814, a majority of the Legislature desired to con tinue what was called the Alleviating Law. Governor Early considered its continuance inexpedient and unconstitutional, and vetoed it, and.on this account was not re-elected Gover nor. Some circumstances connected with this event gave him such a disgust to public life that he resolved to abandon it alto gether, and never again meddle in political affairs ; but this determination he "was compelled to relinquish. His country men, to convince the "world that their confidence in him was undiminished, and perhaps to soothe his feelings for the harsh and unmerited treatment he had received, elected him by com mon consent to the senatorial branch of the ensuing Legisla-
15

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turc, in. which capacity he agreed to serve, because, to use his own words, he felt bound to comply -with the wishes of his constituents, as they had always shown a correspondent dispo sition to oblige him. lie died on the 15th of August, 1817, in Greene county, and the people of Georgia felt that a distin guished statesman, jurist, and patriot had descended to the tomt.

EFFINGHAM.
BOUNDARIES, EXTF.XT.--This ancient county has Scriven on the north; Savannah river on the east; Bulloch, and a part of Bryan on the west, and Chatham on the south. It was set tled at a very early period, and constituted a part of the pa rishes of St. Matthew and St. Philip. In 1793 a portion of it \vas added to So-riven, and in 1794, a portion to Bryan. Length, 30 miles; breadth, 10 miles ; area, 480 square miles.
Rivisits, CIIKKKS.--The Savannah and Ogeechee are the chief streams, from both of which the people of the county de rive immense advantages, affording them facilities for convey ing wood and lumber to Savannah, and furnishing an abun dance of fine shad at ihe proper season. The other creeks are Big and Little Ebenczer, Turkey Branch, Jack's, Lockner's, and Ivogler's, emptying into the Savannah, and se veral others into the Ogeechee.
POST Oii-FicEs.--Springfield, Reform, Pleasant Grove. POPULATION, TAXKS, REPRESENTATION-.--In 1845, the num ber of inhabitants was 181G -whites, 1641 blacks. Total, 3457, State tax for 1848, $1854 16 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature. TOWNS.--Springfield is the county site ; situated in a heal thy pine barren, 140 miles S. E. of Milledgeville ; 27 from Sa vannah, and aboiit five miles from Whitcsville. It has a court house constructed of wood, but no jail; an excellent acade my, well endowed, with house for teachers ; three churches, two stores, and one or two groceries. It is a place of little note, and has nothing to recommend it but health, pure air,

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good water, and. a line school, Formerly, many of the citi zens of Savannah were in the habit of resorting to Springfield during the summer season ; but the facilities for reaching the upper parts of the State, have caused it to be no longer a place of any great resort. J^aid out and made the seat of "justice in 1799.
Ebenczer is an old German settlement on the bank of the Savannah river, 25 miles from Savannah. It was once a flourishing place, and is connected with many interesting inci dents in the history of Georgia. The church is a venerable looking edifice, and has near it a grave-yard, in which are bu ried the remains of a former generation.
Whitesville is a small, healthy place, upon the Central Rail road, 30 miles from the city of Savannah.
FACE or TUB COUISTTIIY, NATURE OF THE Sou...--The greater portion of the county is level. The soil is various, but by far the largest proportion is unproductive. On the ri vers there are hammock lands, which produce very well. The river lands arc extremely fertile, and were formerly cultivated to great advantage, but are now mostly abandoned; owing1 to their being so frequently inundated,
PRODUCTIONS, AVURAGR PRODUCT PEE, ACRU, JViAUKtiT.---- Cotton, rice, corn, rye, peas, potatoes, &c. A few persons raise silk. All the fruits succeed. The Savannah market is much indebted to this county for peaches, apples, pears, quinces, grapes, &c. JVIelons of delicious flavour are pro duced. The forests yield excellent pine and cypress, and large quantities are sold to the Railroad Company, and in Savannah, The average product of corn per acre is nine bushels. 'The bay lands will produce from 800 to 1000 pounds of cotton per acre. The average produce, however, is about 350 pounds per acre.
Three hundred and fifty bags are annually produced Savan nah is the market.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are surpassed by few in Georgia. The bridge over Ebcnezer creek is the property of the Ebenezer church, from which a considerable fund is de rived.
MILLS, &c,--Saw-mills, 6 ; grist-mills, 12. The people of this county make fine fishing-lines of silk, which always meet

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with a ready sale. Some of the descendants of the Germans are celebrated for making cow-bells, superior, we are in formed by hardware merchants in Savannah and Macon, to any manufac tured in Europe or the Northern States.
MINERAL STRING.--In Springfield is a spring which has been examined by Dr. Getting, and found to possess mineral properties,
MINERALS.--No rocks in the county. Marion the Savan nah river.
CLIMA.TF,, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is healthy, Indeed a more salubrious climate cannot be found in the South, In the pine lands the sun is oppressive; but the nights are pleasant. On some of the creeks fevers prevail ; but the pine lands afford a resort during the summer months. Instances of longevity are numerous. Rev. Mr. Bergman, pastor of the Il/utheT*an Church in Eberiezcr, lived to an advanced age. He was a man of profound learning, but little acquainted with the world. Mrs. Ann Deimiinger died at the age of ninety-one years, and had lived sixty years in the county. Mr. Paul Bevil, a soldier of the Revolution, died at. eighty, Mrs. Neidlinger died at the age of eighty-eight years. Mr. Snider, nine ty years old, and Mr. Jonathan Rhan, seventy-nine, were both revolutionary soldiers.
CHARACTER OF Fiii; PI-SOPI^E.--The majority of the people are the descendants of Germans, and they still retain many of the customs of their iorefalhers. Honesty and industry are their leading traits. Very few of the citizens are rich, but generally speaking, in comfortable circumstances. Although the soil is barren, they manage to get the necessaries of life by industry and frugality.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION', -- The prevailing religious denominations are .Lutherans, Baptists, and Methodists. Pro vision is made for the instruction of the children of the poor. The county academy is richly endowed.
ORIGINAL SKTTLF.RS.--Baron Von Reck, Rev. John II. Boblius, Rev. J. C. Gronder, Rev. Mr. Boltzius, John Brodie, B. Zant, Thomas Gsohwandel, Paulus Zitrauer, J. J. ZubH, R. Eischberger, J. Spielbiegler, M. Burgsteiner, J. Schartner, G-. Sclvwaiger, V. Lemmenhoiler, C. Leimberger, S. Reiter,

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J. Ernst, J. Plotter, L. Crause, P. Gruber, .7. T. Arnsdorff, M. Zettler, M. Hortzug, J. Schmitlt.
REMARKABLE PLAGUE.--Abcrcorn, sixteen miles from the city of Savannah, was a noted place in the early settlement of Georgia. In 1733, ten families settled here. It is now private property, and no memorial of its former condition can be seen.
Sister's Ferry is a public place thirty miles from the city of Savannah.
NAME.--In referring back to the history of our Kew>lution, it is pleasing to recollect that in Great Britain a great num ber of men, distinguished for their integrity, their talents and patriotism, opposed -with unwearied ardour the attempts of the ministry to destroy the liberties of America. They believed that if the constitutional rights oi the colonies were disre garded, the destruction of thcis" own liberty would follow. Among the illustrious members of the British Parliament who defended the resistance of the Americans, stands Lord Kffingham, after whom, this county was called in 1777. Ila.ther than take up arms against the colonies, he resigned his com mission as an officer in the British army. The following are extracts from the letter he wrote on the occasion of his resig nation ; "April 12, 1775. To Lord Barrington, Secretary at War: I beg your Lordship to lay before His Majesty the peculiar embarrassment of my situation. Your Lordship is no stranger to the conduct I have observed in. the unhappy disputes with our American colonies. My request of your Lordship is this, that you will assure His Majesty that he has not a subject who is more ready than I am, with the utmost cheerfulness, to sacrifice his life in defence of His Majesty's crown and person. But the very smtie principles which have inspired me with these unalterable sentiments of duty and affection, will not sufler me to be instrumental in depriving any part of his people of those liberties, which form the best security for their fidelity and obedience to his government. As I cannot, without reproach from my conscience, consent to bear arms against my fellow-subjects in America, in what, to my weak discernment, is not a clear cause ; and as it seems now to be fully resolved that the 22nd regiment is to go upon American service. I desire you Lordship to lay me in the most

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dutiful manner at His Majesty's feet, and humbly beg that I may be permitted to retire. Your Lordship will easily con ceive the regret and mortification I feel at being necessi tated to quit the military profession, which has been that of my ancestors for many generations, to which I have been bred from my infancy, to which I have devoted the study of my life, and to perfect myself in "which, I have sought instruction and service in "whatever part of the "world they were to be found." This manly conduct of Lord Efringham was not unnoticed by many of the people of Great Britain^ In Dublin, at a meeting of the merchants, resolutions complimentary to him -were adopted. Among these resolutions, we notice the following : " Resolved, That the sincere thanks of this guild be presented to the Right Honourable JEarl of Effingham, in testimony of our approbation of his public conduct, particu larly exemplified in his refusing to draw that sword, v. hich had been employed to the honour of his country, against the lives and liberties of his fellow-subjects in America, and honestly and spiritedly resigning a commission which he could no longer hold consistent "with the principles of a true English man, or of a real friend to the interest of Britain." In the House of Lords, he plead the cause of injured America, In his place in Parliament, he uttered such sentiments as the fol lowing : " They come to you with fair argument : you have refused to hear them. They know they ought to be free you tell them they shall be slaves. Ever since I was of an age to have any ambition at all, my highest has been to serve my country in a military capacity. If there was an event on earth 1 dreaded, it was to see my country so situated ag to make that profession incompatible "with my duty as a citizen. That period has, in my opinion, arrived, and I have thought myself bound to relinquish the hopes I had formed, by a- resig nation of what appeared to me to be the only method of avoid ing the guilt of enslaving my country and imbruing my hands in the blood of her sons." This noble patriot belonged to an old and highly illustrious family, whose exploits form one of the brightest pages in English history.

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ELBERT.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county is situated between the forks of the Savannah and Broad rivers, and is bounded N. by Franklin; E. by the Savannah river; S. by Wilkes, Lincoln, and a part of Oglethorpe ; and W. by Oglethorpe and Madison. Laid out from Wilkes in 1790. It is 32 miles long, and 16 miles wide ; containing 512 square miles,
POST OFFICES.--Elberton., Amandaville, Cold Water, Cook's Law Office, Eagle Grove, Montevideo, Petersburg, KuckersviHe, Broad River.
POPULATION, TAXES; REPRESENTATION.--Elbert, according to the last census, had 5925 whites; 5323 blacks. Total, 11,248. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $3,973 60 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature.
RIVERS, CEREKS----Savannah and Broad rivers are the most important. The following creeks empty into the Savan nah river, viz., Beaver Dam, "Van's, Cold Water, Cedar and Powder Bag ; and Deer, Dove, Falling, and Wahachee, into Broad river.
TOWNS.--Elberton is the capital, situated in the centre of the county, on the waters of Falling creek, 90 miles N. N. E. of Milledgeville, 78 from Augusta, 32 from Carnesville, 26 from Lexington, 23 from Petersburg, and 11 from the Savannah river. It has the usual county buildings, one hotel, one aca demy, &c. Population 300, The water is excellent, and the town healthy. Made the county site in 1790.
Ruckersville is on Van's creek, four miles from the Savan nah river, and seven miles from Elberton. Population about 200. It is a healthy and thriving place, and the inhabitants are noted for their hospitality.
Petersbui'g is at the junction of the Savannah and Broad rivers. This was once among the most prosperous towns in Georgia ; but it is now in a state of dilapidation. A feeling of melancholy and loneliness is experienced by the visitor when he remembers what the town was in former days.
NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The lands from Elberton to Pe tersburg, and across to each of the rivers, were originally

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very fertile, but have been impoverished by. bad cultivation, although they still continue to produce -well. The lands on the Savannah and Broad rivers are very superior, adapted to the cultivation of corn, cotton, and wheat. The lands on Savan nah river are less subject to freshets than those on the Broad river, and are worth, on an average, ten dollars per acre, There is in this county a section known by the name of the Flat Woods, extending from Broad to Savannah river, from five to seven miles in breadth, commencing just below- Colonel Hoard's plantation, and extending to Mr. Tate's, about seven miles. The growth is black-jack and whortleberry. The soil is of a black colour, mingled with oxyde of iron, adapted to corn. It retains manure better than the other lands. Value, $5 per acre. There are excellent lands on Beaver Dam creek, worth irom five to eight dollars per acre.
PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACKE.--The -pro ductions are cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, &c. Grasses do not succeed. Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre, corn three barrels do. ; "wheat, seven bushels do.
MANUFACTURES, MII.I.S, BOATING BUSINESS.--It is proposed to erect a cotton factory* on Broad river, four miles above its junction -with the Savannah, -where there is a fine fall. Capi tal -$32,000. It is intended to run 5,OOO spindles ; 1500 are procured.
Elbert factory, on Beaver Dam creek, six miles from Ruckcrsville.
Much of the produce of this county is carried in "boats down the Savannah river, to Augusta,. The boats are gene rally 75 feet in length, six feet wide, pointed at both ends, and having round bottoms. When loaded, they draw 15 inches. They are under the care of a patroon and six hands, and carry from 40 to 60 bales of cotton. The trip to and from Augusta consumes six or seven days. Kates of boating to Augusta, from 75 cents to 81 per bale.
ROADS, BRIDGES, FUURIES.--The roads are in a bad condi tion, as "well as the bridges. Six public ferries on the Savan nah, six on Broad river, besides several private ones.

* Now in successful operation.

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RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Missionary Baptists, Me thodists, Presbyterians, Christians, and a few Episcopalians. There are 18 or 20 churches in the county. A deep inter est is felt in the cause of education.
CHARACTER OF TIIF. PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--"Were we called upon to name the section of Georgia in -which the citizens dis play the most kindness and hospitality, we should feel a strong inclination to say it is in Elbert county. The inhabitants are patriotic and intelligent, simple in their manners, and devoted in their attachment to Georgia. Fox-hunting is a favourite amusement.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is pleasant. The lower part is subject to bilious fevers and chills. The up per part is as healthy as any region in the United States. The instances of longevity are uncommonly numerous. There are now living--Mrs. Sarah Harbin, aged 95 ; Mrs. Murray, over 94; Mr. Win. Gaines, 91; William Ward, 92; Mrs. Teasley, over 85; Barbary, a negro woman belonging to Mr. Colson, is now living, over 100; Mrs. Heard, the widow of the Hon. Stephen Heard, died at the age of 83.
MINERAL SPRINGS.--There is a sulphur spring one mile from Ruckersville, on the road to Petersburg. Near Mr. Rucker's plantation is a spring which formerly had considera ble reputation. The Big and Little Holly springs arc celebra ted for the excellency of the water.
EART.Y SETTLERS---Among the early settlers were the Al iens, Hoards, Ruckers, Banks, Olivers, Whites, Tates, Watkins, Baileys, Blackwells, and others.
ANTIQ.UITI.ES.--There is a mound in this county which is worthy of notice. It is situated on the Savannah river, about three miles above Petersburg, on the plantation of Captain Rembert. Bartram, the celebrated botanist, who travelled through Georgia, visited this mound, and thus describes it: "These wonderful labours of the ancients stand in a level plain, very near the bank of the river, now '20 or 30 yards from it. They consist of conical mounts of earth, and four square terraces. The great mount is in the form of a cone, 40 or 50 feet high, and the circumference of its base two or three hundred yards, entirely composed of the loamy rich

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earth of the low grounds : the top, or apex, is flat ; a spiral path, or track, leading from the ground up to the top, is still visible, where now grows a large, beautiful spreading red cedar. There appear four niches excavated out of the sides of this hill, at different heights from the base, fronting the four cardinal points. These niches, or sentry-boxes, are entered into from the 'winding path, and seem to have been meant for resting places, or look-outs. The circumjacent level grounds are cleared, and planted with Indian corn at present; and I think the proprietor of these lands, who accompanied us to this place, said that the mount itself yielded above one hundred bushels in one season," Bartram describes these mounds as they appeared to him in 1773. In 1848, accompanied by Captain Rembcrt, the author of this "work visited these mounds. The large one corresponds exactly "with Bartram's description of it, with this exception, that the sides and summit are covered with a growth of large cane, and several large trees. The smaller mounds have been almost destroyed. Captain Rembert has excavated the smaller mounds, and found human skeletons, jars, pipes, beads, breastplates, stone hammers, hatchets, arrow heads, &c., &c. Some of these are now in our possession, and are really objects of curiosity.
REMARKABLE MEN.--Gen. Samuel Blackburn was of Irish descent. lie was a classical scholar, and for some time after his removal to Georgia, taught the academy in Washington, Wilkes county. Whilst thus employed, he prepared himself for the practice of the law. His fine voice, expressive features, noble person, perfect self-possession, keen wit. and forcible lan guage, directed by a well cultivated and powerful intellect, made him one of the most eloquent men of his time. He married Gov. Matthews's daughter, and soon after settled in Elbert county, on Broad river. He was advancing success fully in his profession and political influence, until the meeting of the Legislature of 1795. He "was a member of the Legis lature -which passed the infamous Yazoo act, -which rendered him so unpopular, that he left the State and went to Virginia, where he practised law until his death. He was several times a member of the Legislature in Virginia from Bath county. In politics he was a federalist. His powerful and

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abusive denunciations of the republicans when he -was a mem ber of the Virginia Legislature, made him long remembered. He died March 3d, 1835, in Bath county, Virginia, aged 77 years.
BEVEELI' ALLEIV. -- In the year 179--, Beverly Alien and Billy Alien carried on the business of merchandise, in the county of Elbert. Their store-house and residence were on- the hill' rising from Beaver Dam creek, on the side of the road leading from Fish Dam ford on Broad river, to the Cherokee ford on the Savannah. They were both young, and belonged to a family which emigrated from Virginia to Georgia, soon after the revolutionary war. Beverly Al ien was handsome, with a fine voice and ardent tempera ment. He was one of the converts of Bishop Asbury, during his tour through Georgia. From public praying he com menced exhorting, and soon after preaching. 'Without any of the learning of Whitefield, he had much of his enthusias tic eloquence. Preaching was a rarity when Beverly Al ien became a convert. Men pricked up their ears, their souls were stirred within them, when they heard striking exhibi tions of the punishments of the lower world for their sins, and the joys of the upper for their repentance.
When Beverly Alien held forth upon these subjects, the whole population crowded together to hear him. He became the idol of the people.
Some time in the year 1795, Beverly Alien, with his brother, went to Augusta, to buy goods with the money they had, and the credit they could obtain. Whilst there,, the foreign merchant of whom they had purchased their first stock of goods, found them buying goods of others, instead of first discharging their debt to him. He caused a Ca. Sa. writ to be issued for their arrest, returnable to the United States Dis trict Court. The Aliens being informed of this, armed them selves and took possession of a room in the public house, and fastened the doors against entrance. The marshal Forsyth, the father of the celebrated John Forsyth, pursued them, forced open the door, and was upon his entrance shot dead by Beverly Alien. The Aliens immediately fled to Elbert county, and were pursued by a warrant for their ar-

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rest, upon a charge of murder. William Barnet, for a long time afterward a well-known public man, and member of the Legislatur/e, and member of Congress, -was the Sheriff of Elbert county. Upon receiving the warrant he assembled a large guard, and went in pursuit. The Aliens had concealed them selves in a high log-house, which stood for a long time after the event alluded to, on the side of the road near Beaver Dam creek. The place of their concealment being communicated to the Sheriff, he surrounded it "with his guard. The doors were barricaded so as to prevent entrance. After many fruit less attempts to get the Aliens out, the house was set 011 fire. Billy Alien, finding resistance in vain, opened the doors and gave himself up. The fire -was put out, and search com menced for Beverly Alien, the principal offender- lie 'was at first concealed between the ceiling of the cockloft, and the roof. The Aliens "were immediately confined in the jail of the county. This became known to the people. The news spread that the servant of God was in jail for resisting an effort to take from him his liberty, to separate him from his home, friends, and flock, by confining him in jail in Augusta, through the process of the United States Court, the instrument by -which the federalists intended to deprive the people of their rights, and for a debt to one who was not a citizen of the State. In these days the people were a law unto them selves. The restraints of government were very slight during the dominion of Great Britain, and scarcely felt at all in the States, especially on the frontiers of the new States ; voluntary associations called Lynch Men afforded some protection against thieves. Personal rights -were secured from violation only by the sure aim of a good gun, or a heavy fist and a fearless spirit. Liberty, and especially liberty of person was, from the habits of speaking, acting, and feeling of the times of the Revo lution, and immediately after, considered by many as the chief good. In such times, among such people, operated upon by such causes, the Aliens could not remain prisoners. The Sheriff, finding that their rescue would be attempted, set off with his prisoners for Washington, Wilkes county. He was headed on the road, and considered it safest to return. He

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increased his guard to sixteen men, but many of these proved to,vbe the friends of the prisoners. On the night after his re turn from the attempt to secure the prisoners, in VVilkes jail, the jail of Elbert was attacked by 200 men, the doors forced open, and the Aliens permitted to escape. The friends of the prisoners on guard, had, previous to the attack, taken the powder from the locks of the guns of all the guards, from . whom any danger was apprehended, except one. Beverly Alien fled to the most distant western frontier of the United States. He lived to old age, apprehensive during his entire life, that he might be arrested for the killing of Forsyth. Billy Alien, "whose crime consisted in. being in company with his brother when the act of violence was done, was permitted soon after to return to his home, 'where he remained unmo lested during his life. As soon as search after Beverly Alien had ceased, inquiries began to be made about the persons who were engaged in his rescue. John Rucker, one ol the rescuers, used to amuse himself after the alarm had passed away, by telling some of the incidents which he said happened to him whilst concealed to avoid arrest, and which became a sort of sing-song among all the little boys of the country for a long time afterwards. Middleton was Barnet's deputy. They 'were small, active, quick-spoken men. One of the guard, Xhomas Gilmer, was a very fat man, weighing three hundred, liucker said he had fled to the Savannah river, and concealed himself under its bank. \Vhilst hid, he heard, a great many small frogs crying " Middleton and Barnet! Middleton and Barnet;" and imitating what he was describing, he would com press his lips, and drawing his voice only from his teeth, very quick, he would imitate the sound of the frogs. He said he stood this cry -without flinching, but after a while he heard a big bullfrog cry out, " Tom Gilmer ! Tom Gilmer!" and this he would repeat with swelled cheeks, and full voice, which he said he could not stand. He then plunged into the water, and made for the Carolina side of the river.
THE FREEMANS--Col. Halman Freeman and John Free man, w~ere among the first settlers of Wilkcs county. They both engaged in the strife between the Whigs and Tories of Upper Georgia, during the latter part of the revolutionary

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war ; Col. Halman Freeman commanded a regiment in the battle of Jack's creek, between the Georgians and Creek Indians, in the year 1779. His only daughter married Dr. William W. Bibb.
The place in -which John Freeman lived was first settled bv a Scotch colony, under the direction of Lord George Gor don. Exertions have been made to ascertain 'whether this Lord Gordon was tho fanatic who led the anti-Catholic mob of London, in the year 177--, but in vain. Lord Gordon left Broad river, upon the commencement of the revolutionary war. The Scotch people whom he brought to Broad river had given their indentures of service to him for five years, to pay his expenses in bringing them to this country. Upon going over he sold them for servants.*
The following, with some slight alteration, is from Mrs. Ellet's " Heroic Women of the American Revolution :"
NANCY HART,---In this county is a stream, formerly known as " War-woman's Creek." Its name was derived from the character of an individual who lived near the entrance of the stream into the river. This person was Nancy Hart, a woman ignorant of letters and the civilities of life, but a zealous lover of liberty and the " liberty boys," as she called the Whigs. She had a husband, whom she denominated " a poor stick," because he did not take a decided and active part with the defenders of his country, although she could not conscientiously charge him with the least partiality towards the Tories. This vulgar and illiterate, but hospitable and valorous female patriot, could boast no share of beauty--a fact she herself would have rea dily acknowledged had she ever enjoyed an opportunity of looking in a mirror. She "was cross-eyed, with abroad angular mouth, ungainly in figure, rude in speech, and awkward in manners, but having a-woman's heart for her friends, though that of a Catrine JMorttour for the enemies of her country. She was well known to the Tories, who stood in fear of her revenge for any grievance or aggressive act, though they let pass no opportunity of worrying and annoying her when they could do so with impunity.

* From MS, kindly furnished by the Hon. George R. Gilmer.

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On the occasion of an excursion from the British camp at Augusta, a party of Tories penetrated into the interior, and having savagely murdered Colonel Dooly in bed, in his own house, they proceeded up the country for the purpose of perpe trating further atrocities. On their way, a detachment of five of the party diverged to the east, and crossed Broad river, to make discoveries about the neighbourhood, and pay a visit to their old acquaintance, Nancy Hart. On reaching her cabin, they entered it unceremoniously, receiving from her no -wel come but a scowl ; and informed her they had come to know the truth of a story current respecting her, that she had se creted a noted rebel from a company of king's men who "were pursuing him, and who, but for her aid, would have caught and hung him. Nancy undauntedly avowed her agency in the fugitive's escape. She told them she had at first heard the tramp of a horse rapidly approaching, and 'had then seen a horseman coming towards her cabin. As he came nearer, she knew him to be a Whig, and flying from pursuit. She let down the bars a few steps from her cabin, and motioned him to enter, to pass through both doors, front and rear, of her single-roomed house ; to take the swamp, and secure himself as well as he could. She then put up the bars, entered her cabin, closed the doors, and went about her business. Pre sently some Tories rode up to the bars, and called out boister ously to her. She muffled her head and face, and opening the door, inquired why they disturbed a sick, lone woman. They said they had traced a man they wanted to catch, near her house, and asked if any one on horseback had passed that way. She answered no, but she saw somebody on a sorrel horse turn out of the path into the woods some two or three hun dred yards back. " That must be the fellow," said the Tories ; and asking her direction as to the way he took, they turned about and went off". " Well fooled;" said Nancy, "in an opposite course to that of my Whig boy ; when, if they had not been so lofty-minded, but had looked on the ground inside the bars, they would have seen his horse's tracks up to that door, as plain as you can see the tracks on this here floor, and out of 'tother door down the path to the swamp."

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This bold story did not much p]ease the Tory party, but they could not wreak their revenge upon the woman who thus unscrupulously avowed her daring aid to a rebel, and the cheat she had put upon his pursuers, otherwise than by ordering her to aid and comfort them by giving them something to eat, She replied, " I never feed king's men if 1 can help it; the villains have put it out of my power to feed even my own family and friends, by stealing and killing all my poultry and pigs, except that one old gobbler you see in the yard."
""Well, and that you shall cook for us," said one, who ap
peared the head of the party ; and raising his musket, he shot down the turkey, which another of the men brought into the house, and handed to Mrs. Hart, to clean and cook without delay. She stormed and swore a-while--for Nancy occasion ally swore--but seeming, at last, resolved to make a merit of necessity, began with alacrity the arrangements for cooking, assisted by her daughter, a little girl some ten or twelve years old, and sometimes by one of the soldiers, with whom she seemed in a tolerably good humor, exchanging rude jests with him. The Tories, pleased with her freedom, invited her to partake of the liquor they had brought with them, an invitation "which "was accepted with witty thanks.
The spring, of which every settlement has one near at hand, was just at the edge of the swamp, and a short distance within the swamp was a high snag-topped stump, on which was placed a conch-shell. This rude trumpet was used by the family to give information, by means of a variation of notes, to Mr. Hart, or his neighbors who might be at \vork in a field or clearing just beyond the swamp, that the "British ers" or Tories were about; that the master was wanted at the cabin, or that he was to " keep close," or " make tracks" for another swamp. Pending the operations of cook ing, Mrs. Hart had sent her daughter Sukey to the spring for water, with directions to blow the conch in such a way as would inform him there "were Tories in the cabin, and that he " keep close" -with his three neighbors who were with him, till he should hear the conch again.
The party had become merry over their jug, and sat down to feast upon the slaughtered gobbler. They had cautiously

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stacked their arms "where they were In view and within reach ; and Mrs. Hart, assiduous in her attentions upon the table and to her guests, occasionally passed between them and their muskets. Water was called for, and as there -was none in the cabin--Mrs. Hart having so contrived that--Sukey was again sent to the spring, instructed by her mother to blow the conch so as to call up Mr. Hart and his neighbours imme diately. Meanwhile, Mrs. Hart had slipped out one of the pieces of pine which constitutes a " chinking" between the logs of a cabin, and had dexterously put out of the house, through that space, two of the five guns. She was detected in the act of putting out the third. The party sprang to their feet. Quick as thought Mrs. Hart brought the piece she heid to her shoulder, and declared she would kill the first man who approached her. All "were terror-struck, for Nancy's ob liquity of sight caused each one to imagine her aim was at him. At length one of them made a motion to advance upon her. True to her threat, she fired. He fell dead upon the floor! Instantly seizing another musket, she brought it to the position in readiness to fire again. Hy this time Sukey had returned from the spring, and taking up the remaining gun, carried it out of the house, saying to her mother, " Daddy and them, will soon be here." This information increased the alarm of the Tories, who understood the necessity of recover ing their arms immediately. But each hesitated, in the confi dent belief that Mrs. Hart had one eye at least upon him for a mark. They proposed a general rush. No time was to be lost by the bold woman; she fired again, and brought down another Tory. Sukey had another musket in readiness, which her mother took; and posting herself in the doorway, called upon the party to " surrender their d------d Tory car casses to a Whig "woman." They agreed to surrender, and! proposed to " shake hands upon the strength of it;" but the conqueror kept them in their places for a few moments, till her husband and his neighbours came up to the door. They were about to shoot down the Tories, but Mrs. Hart stopped them, saying they had surrendered to her, and, her spirit being up to boiling heat, she swore that " shooting was too good for them." This hint was enough. The dead man was dragged out of
16

238

ELBERT COUNTY.

the house ; the 'wounded Tory and the others "were bound, taken out beyond the bars, and hung ! The tree upon which they "were swung was pointed out in 1838, by one who lived in those bloody tirnes, and "who also showed the spot once oc cupied by Mrs. Hart's cabin, accompanying the designation "with this emphatic remark : " Poor Nancy! she was a honey of a patriot, but the devil of a wife!"
NAME,.--The folio-wing sketch was furnished by Dr. John son, of Charleston, S. C., who says : For the particulars in the subjoined notice of General Elbert, I am wholly indebted to the friendly researches of Mr. I. K. Teft, of Savannah. The parents of Samuel Elbert were both natives of England, and his father a Baptist minister in Prince William parish, South Carolina, in which settlement their son Samuel was born in the year 1740- At an early age he became an orphan, and went to Savannah to seek employment and earn his subsistence. Here he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and continued to be so engaged until the commencement of the' American Revolu tion ; here also he married .Miss Elizabeth Rae, daughter of a planter in the vicinity of Savannah.
The first evidence that we find of Elbert's partaking in the all-absorbing incidents of the Revolution, is his signature to a document pledging his allegiance to the K_ing of Great Britain, dated the 4th of June, 1774, thus : " Samuel Elbert, Captain of the Grenadier Company."* A Council of Safety was ap pointed on the 22tl of June, 1775. of which he was elected a member. The General Assembly of Georgia passed a resolu tion to raise a battalion of continental troops ; and on the 4th of February, 1776, the following field officers were ap pointed : Lachlan Mclntosh, Colonel ; Samuel Elbert, Lieu tenant Colonel ; Joseph Habersham, Major.

* It may be said that this was nothing more than a qualification or pre liminary to the holding of that commission required liy Governor Wright. It is remarkable that Elbert and Joseph Habersharn signed the pledge on the same day. and are commissioned on the same clay in the same company, di rectly after the news was received of the despotic measures enforced against .Boston, under the well-known Boston Port Bill. The address from Boston to the other provinces, was dated the 13th of May, 1T74, and sent by express. This paper was signed three weeks after that date.

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On the 16th of September, 1776, Elbert was promoted to the rank of Colone], and in May, 1777, he commanded in an expedition' intended by President Gwinnett for the reduc tion of East Florida ; but it failed in its object, and after some skirmishing, the troops were withdrawn. In the next year, 1778, the British retaliated, and an invasion of Georgia was projected by General Provost, aided by -the Indians and Royalists from Florida. The Carolinians were called upon for their aid, and it was promptly and liberaliy afforded.
On the 19th of April, 1778, Col. Elbert having heard that some British vessels were at anchor at Frederica, obtained the galleys and manned them with some of his own landsmen. With these he went in pursuit of the enemy. They proved to be the brigantine Hinchenbrook and sloop Rebecca, privateers which had been infesting the southern coast, and had gone in with their prize, a brig, for refitting and plunder. Colonel Elbert boarded them, and after a smart resistance, succeeded in capturing all of them.
The combined movements of the Georgians and CaroHnians, on this occasion, certainly saved the State from the intended invasion, but they did no other good. Their army was badly provided for and badly conducted. General Robert Howe, of North Carolina, was unfortunately the commander of this gallant but ill-fated army. A \vant of concert among ihe commanders caused the .expedition to be abandoned, and Elbert returned to Savannah, with his regiment shattered by disease and thinned by death. Here they were attacked on the 29th of December, 1778, by an expedition sent direct from JYew-York, under CoL Arch. CampbeJJ, defeated, and driven at the point of the bayonet through the streets of Sa vannah. The Georgia troops, under Elbert, made a brave but ineffectual stand against the victorious British regulars, and retreated fighting them.
The next battle in "which Col. Elbert was engaged, was at Briar creek, where General Ashe, of North Carolina, com manded the Americans. This -was a complete surprise and total defeat. The British amused General Ashe by a feint at the bridge, "while they crossed the creek above him, and

240

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had actually gained the rear of his army before the alarm was given. Col. Elbert rallied a few of his command, and fought until he was struck down. He was then on the point of being despatched by a soldier with uplifted bayonet, -when he made a masonic sign of distress. An officer noticed it, instantly responded, stayed the arm of the soldier, and Elbert's life was saved by the benevolent principle of brotherly love, even among enemies, and in the heat and hurry of battle.
While a prisoner on parole in the British camp, Elbert was treated with great respect and kindness. Offers of pro motion, honours and rewards, were made to him ; and cour tesy, persuasion and blandishments, used to seduce him from the American cause. It is a tradition in his family, that when these were declined, an insidious attempt "was made by means of two India,ns to murder him, his -person being mi nutely described as the object, for their aim. Elbert, in his mercantile transactions "with the Indians, "was a favourite among them. He fortunately discovered his enemies in time, gave a signal which he had ior;merly been accus tomed to use aniong them, "when their guns were immedi ately lowered, and they then came forward and shook hands with him.
This signal had probably been agreed upon and used, when with his company, by order of Gov. Wright, he guarded the Indian chiefs back to the Cherokee nation. This attempt on Elbert's life was probably not made by any of the British army, all of whom continued to treat him kindly. There was a gang of lawless marauders calling themselves Royalists, but by the Americans called Schofelites, plundering and devas tating the south of Georgia, and retreating "with their plunder into Florida. Against these men Elbert had been particularly active, and they were remarkably vindictive. At that time, also, there was much virulence prevailing between the Whigs and Tories, inciting them to acts more cruel than those of the savages. Even the atrocities of civil war can neither justify nor excuse such deeds as were then com mitted.
When the three southern States were overrun by the

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British troops after the fall of Charleston, Col. Elbert having been exchanged, -went north-ward, .and offered his services to Gen. Washington. They were gladly accepted by this excel lent judge of human character, and at the siege of Yorktown, in Virginia, Col. Elbert was honoured with the command of the grand deposit of arms and military stores, a post of great trust and responsibility ; and by his strict adherence to his orders, merited and received the approbation of the Com mander-in-chief. Here also he contracted other friendships. Here he became intimate with Lafayette, and corresponded with him several years. One of his sons was called Lafayette in consequence of this intimacy.
Col. Elbert was gradually advanced in rank by the Legis lature of Georgia, and finally made Major General, the highest military rank in the State, In civil offices he was also fa voured, having been elected Sheriff, an office then considered the most desirable, the most profitable in Georgia. In 1785, he was elected Governor by a vote almost unanimous, at a time when the affairs of the State required to be conducted with energy, judgment and decision. The State has gratefully perpetuated his good name by calling one of its best cotton counties " Elbert."
On the 2d of November, 1788, Gen. Elbert died in Savan nah, after a lingering illness, at the early age of 48 years, leaving a widow and six children. His funeral was honoured by the attendance of the Cincinnati Society, the Masonic Lodges, and all the military of. that city. Minute guns 'were fired by the artillery, and a funeral sermon delivered by the Rev. Mr. Lindsay. His remains were interred in the family cemetery on the mount at Kae's Hall, three miles above Savannah. His honour, patriotism, and valour, are com mended as examples to future generations.

242

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EMANUEL COUNTY.

EMANUEL.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded N. by Jefferson and Burke; E. by Scriven, Bulloch, and a part of T'attnall; S. by Tattnall and Montgomery; and W. by a part of Washington and Laurens. Laid out in 1812 from Bulioch and Montgomery. It is 45 miles long and 41 "wide, containing 1845 square miles.
RIVEKS, CREEKS,--Besides the Ogeechee river, which sepa rates it from Burke, there are the Big Cannouchee, the Little Cannouchee, Great Ohoopee, Little Ohoopee, and Little Ogee chee rivers, and Pendleton's, Daniel's, Long, Deep, Cypress, Sculls. Fifteen Mile, Jack's, Sartain's, and Yamgrandee creeks.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--"When the census was last taken, the county had 2,936 whites, and 747 blacks; total, 3,683. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $1,05883'. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
POST OFFICE.--Swains borough. TOWNS.--Swainsborough is in the centre of the county, 80 miles S. E. of Milledgeville, 30 from Statesborough, 44 from \Vaynesborough, 35 from Dublin, 40 from Mount Vernon, and 98 from Savannah; it has a court-house and jail. Two or three families reside here. Opposite to the Ninety-five mile Station there is a settle ment, made by some of the planters in Burke county, to which they resort in the summer for health. CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--Emanuel is inhabited by peo ple in whose character republican simplicity and kindness of heart are very conspicuous. Wealth does not abound, but the inhabitants are perhaps as happy and comfortable as those who live in cities. They are accustomed to labour from their youth, and are satisfied with little. Health is their only inheritance. AMUSEMENTS.--The county abounds With game, and the citizens spend much of their time in hunting. Dancing is a favourite amusement. RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--The most numerous sect is the Anti-Missionary Baptists. There are a few Missionary Baptists and Methodists. Education is at a low ebb. There are but few schools, and those of the most inferior description.

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ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads and bridges are not kept in good order.
MILLS.--Four or five saw-mills, eight or nine grist-mills. EARLY SETTLERS.---Philip Newton, Mr. Kennedy, William Stephens, Edward McGar, Edward Lane. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY. -- The climate is very healthy. There are but few diseases, except those common on water-courses. There are several aged persons now living in this county. Mr. Philip Newton is supposed to be SO years of age. Mr.-Millar is over 80. Mr. Headspeth is 80. Mrs. Campbell died in this county at the age of 100, Benjamin Fareclauth 83, A. Sutton 82, Jacob Durdan 85, David EdenfieJd 79, Matthew Curl 78, Wilson Drew 75, Henry Brown 70. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL, PRODUC TIONS.--The face of the country is level. Most of the land is unproductive. On the Ogeechee some good land may be found. The productions are cotton, corn, sugar-cane, and rice. About 1,000 bags of cotton are annually produced. The county affords a fine range for cattle and hogs, and probably no part of the State furnishes better beef and pork. YALtiE OF LAND.--The average value of land is fifty cents per acre. NAME.--The gentleman in honour of whom this county is named was the Honourable David Emanuel, who came to Georgia about 1768 or 1770, and settled on Walnut Branch, Bear Waynesborough, from whence he moved to the head of Beaver Dam creek. At a very early age he took up arms in defence of his country. Burke county was the scene of some very severe skirmishes between the Americans and British, in which Emanuel participated under his brother-in-law, General John Twiggs. On one occasion he was captured by a party of loyalists commanded by Captain Brantley, and conveyed to McBean's creek, where, after consultation, it was determined to shoot him. Brantley ordered a large fire to be made, and made Emanuel and his fellow-prisoners, Lewis and Davis, take oft" their clothes, with the exception of their shirts. They then de signated three men to shoot them, and placed the prisoners be tween them and the fire. The wr ord " fire" was then given,

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FAYETTE COUNTY.

upon which Davis and Lewis received their death-shot; but the man who -was directed to despatch Emanuel missed his aim, upon which our hero, with the rapidity of lightning, leaped over the fire and made his escape. For many years he was a member of the Legislature from Burke county. He was Presi dent of the Senate, and for some time filled the executive chair. He is represented to have been a fine-looking man, amiable, of good judgment and inflexible integrity. He died in 1808, at the age of 64 years. We are sorry to learn that the lot in. which this patriot was buried has been of late years converted into a horse lot!

FAYETTE.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded JV. by De Kalb, E. by Henry, S. by Pike, and W. by Campbell and Coweta. This county is a portion of the territory acquired by the United States, for the use of the State of Georgia, of the Creek Indi ans, by a treaty made at the Indian Springs, January 8, 1821. Organized in 1821. Medium length, 27 miles; breadth, 18. Square miles, 48G.
POST OFFICES. -- Fayetteville, Fairburn, Jonesborough, Rough and Heady, York, Red Oak.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the popu lation was 5,895 whites, and 1,669 blacks ; total, 7,514. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $ 1,917 08. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
RIVERS, CitEEKs.--The Flint river flows along the eastern part of the county. Line, White Water, Flat, and Rose creeks are some of the other streams.
TOWNS.--Fayetteville, the seat of justice, is a pretty town in the centre of the county. The court-house is a very sub stantial and neat brick building ; cost $8,000. The jail is of wood. There are two churches, two good schools, three stores, five groceries, and several mechanics' shops. More than $100,000 worth of goods are annually sold. It was incor-

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porated and made the county site in. 1823. Distant from Milledgeville 107 miles, N. W.; from Griffin 20 miles, from Newnan 23, from McDonough 21, from Campbellton 20, and from At lanta 25, One Masonic Lodge, one printing office, one Divi sion of the Sons of Temperance.
Jonesborough, on the Macon and Western Railroad, 1O miles N. E. of Fayetteville, has been settled about six years, and has a population of 200. It contains one church of the IV^ethodist denomination, .three schools, besides stores and shops. The .population is improving. The place is called after Samuel G. Jones, Esq.
Rough and Ready is 11 miies from Atlanta, on the Macon and Western Railroad.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Baptists, .JVTethodists, Chris tians, Presbyterians, Universalists, Roman Catholics, Episco palians, and a few Mormons. The subject of education does not engage the attention of the people as much as it ought, although there are indications of a greater interest than formerly.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, -- The citizens are spirited, industrious and temperate. Great changes have been pro duced through the instrumentality of religion and temperance.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are far from being in the best condition. There are more than a dozen bridges which are kept in tolerable repair.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is generally healthy. The most common diseases are fevers of the remit tent and intermittent character, pleurisies, &c. Mr. VV, Waldroup died in this county, at the age of 104 years; Mr. Graves died over 80; Mr. Planes, 87 ; Mr, Gray, 80 ; Mr Gil bert Gay, 80; Wm. Gay, over 80; Mrs. Waldroup, over 80; Mr. John Fuller, 94 ; Morris Harris, 87 ; Wm. Powell, 90 ; Wm. Shaddix, 82; Greene Hill, over 80 ; Henry Mitchell, 85, S. R. Minor, now living, is 90, and editor of the Fayetteville Advertiser ; says he owns the original type of Dr. Franklin. John Dearing, S. Wilkins, Simon Whitaker, James and Wm. Brassell, Z. Petty, C. Williford, are over 80.
EARLY SETTLERS.--Collin Alford, Alexander Ware, T. D, King, C. Terry, James Montgomery, Gilbert Gay, Wm. Gay,

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FAYETTE COUNTY.

Robert and Win. Harkins, James and Irvine Spradley, J. R. Cox, Joseph Anthony, Jesse Laseter, I. Haines, Wm. Gilleland, James Alford.
FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OP THE SOIL, AVERAGE PRODUCT .-- The county is generally level. The lands are principally gray, suitable for cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, &c., valued at five, three, and two dollars per acre, according to quality. Corn averages three barrels per, acre ; wheat, eight bushels per acre ; cotton, 500 pounds per acre. Over 4,500 bags of cotton are annually raised in this county.
MILLS. -- Saw-mills, eight ; grist-mills, nine ; merchantmills, three. A cotton factory is about to be erected on White Water creek, ten miles from Fayetteville. One wool-carding machine.
MINERALS.--Granite,, quartz, iron, tourmaline, mica, &c. MISCELLANEOUS NOTICE.--First court held at the house of J. R. Cox.
NAME.--In the oration delivered by the Hon. John Quincy Adams before both houses of Congress, on the life and character of Lafayette, the speaker said : "As in the firmaneiit that rolls over our heads, there is among the stars of the first magnitude one so pre-eminent in splendour, as in the opinion of astronomers to constitute a class by itself; so, in the fourteen hundred years of the French monarchy, among the multitudes of great and mighty men., \vhich it has evolved, the name of Lafayette stands unrivalled in the solitude of glory." Gilbert JVIottier Lafayette, the asserter of the rights of man, the intimate friend of Washington, was born in France, at Chavagniac, in the province of Auvevgne, September G, 1757. At seven years of age, he was sent to the College of Louis le Grand, at Paris, where he received his early education. Under the patronage of the Queen of France, he obtained the rank of a commis sioned officer. In 1774 he married a lady of high birth and large fortune. This alliance procured for him every enjoy ment which rank and wealth could bestow. About this time, the attempts of the colonies to acquire their freedom, had ex cited in France a powerful sympathy in their favour; and among those who were desirous " to crusade for freedom in

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freedom's holy land/* the noble Lafayette stands first. As soon as he heard that Congress had declared the colonies free and independent, he came to the resolution to devote himself to their cause. Accordingly, he presented himself before the American Commissioners at Paris, and offered his services. These were accepted ; and after various sacrifices and difficul ties,'he left France, and landed on the 25th day of April, 1777, in South Carolina. He immediately proceeded to Philadelphia, where Congress was then in session, delivered the despatches intrusted to him by the American Commissioners at Paris, and renewed his offer of devotion to the cause of liberty. Struck with astonishment at the gallantry of the young and noble foreigner, Congress appointed him a Major General in the army of the United States. Lafayette, losing no time, di rected his course to the head-quarters of Washington, -who received him "with great cordiality, and took him under his special direction. He soon received a command in the conti nental army, and throughout all the trying scenes of the Revo lution, displayed a bravery and skill which more than realized the expectations of the country. At the battle of Brandywine he received a severe wound, but he would not consent to alight from his horse to have it dressed. In 1778, there was a probability that war would take place between England and France ; and with the approbation of Washington he left the United States, to discharge his duty to his native country. His arrival in France was hailed by all classes with every demon stration of respect. To his government he represented the .wants of America, and succeeded in obtaining efficient aid. He remained in France throughout the year 1779, and was appointed to the command of the King's own Regiment of Dragoons. He returned to the United States in 1780, and from that period to the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, he was engaged in active service. After the capitulation of Yorktown, he again asked permission to visit France, "which being granted, he again left the United States for his native country, and upon his arrival, spent much of his time in promoting the interests of the Americans. He succeeded in inducing the government to render further assistance; but peace having been concluded between the contending parties, the fleet des-

248

FLOYD COUNTY.

tined for America did not sail. In the year 1784 he again visited the country, the independence of which -was owing in a great measure to his exertions. He was received with every mark of respect. In the States \vhich he visited, legislative assemblies, municipal bodies, officers of the army, and all classes of society, vied with each other in rendering to him the homage of their gratitude. During the French Revolution, he was the steady friend of liberty* As commander of the National Guards, he saved the lives of the Royal Family of France. No man occupied a more prominent place than did Lafayette. In. August, 1825, he again visited the United States, and from one extremity of the country to the other, millions of freemen gave him a hearty -welcome. He died May 21, 1834. In the United States, the intelligence of his death was received -with emotions of profound sorrow. All felt that one of the best of men was gone for ever.

FLOYD.
BOUNDARIES.--This county is bounded N, by Chattooga, E. by Cass, S. by Paulding, W. by Alabama. Laid out from Cherokee, in 1832.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The chief rivers are the Oostenaula and Etowah, "which unite their waters at Rome, forming the Coosa. The other streams are Armucha, Cedar, " Heath's,Rocky, Ball Play, and Spring creeks.
MOUNTAINS.--There is a range of mountains entering the northwest corner of the county, and running through it in a southwest direction, separating the waters of the Chattooga from those that empty into the Oostenaula, and known as Taylor's ridge. The Turnip mountain is a spur of Taylor's ridge. There are other ra,nges of mountains of less magni tude.
TOWNS.--Rome is the seat of justice, and is situated at the junction of the Etowah and Oostenaula rivers, upon several high hills, and commands an extensive view of Taylor's ridge

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and other mountains. It was incorporated and made the county site in 1834, since which time it has increased rapidly. It is thought that the construction of the Memphis Railroad will .make Rome an important trading point. Property has greatly increased in value, and confidence is felt that capital ists will be induced to settle in this place. In Rome is an elegant brick court-house, located upon a lofty eminence. The jail is a plain building, constructed of wood. Population 1,000. It is 176 miles from Milledgeville, from the Cave springs 17 miles, from the Alabama line 1-6 miles, from Cedar Town 17 miles, and from Kingston, by the railroad, 17fmiles. Rome is 'considered healthy, and although situated at the junction of two rivers, has not.suffered from the diseases incident to such localities. The citizens are intelligent, hos pitable, and enterprising. The town can boast of a rigid police. Disorderly conduct meets with prompt punishment. Stages daily leave Rome for the west. The water of Rome is both freestone and limestone. In the vicinity are several fine springs.
. Opposite to Rome is a small village called Hillsborough. Cave Springs, situated in the southern portion of the
county, near the Alabama line, with a population of 200. On the land belonging to the corporation, liquor cannot be sold. In the village are one hotel, two churches, three stores, &c. It was settled in 1831, by persons from different parts of Georgia, and "whose character for morality and intelligence is unsurpassed by that of any people.
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS, EDUCATION.--^Methodists, Pres byterians, Baptists, Episcopalians, and a few Roman Catholics. Education has recently become a subject of much solicitude among the inhabitants. At Cave Springs there is an excellent academy, called the Hern Manual Labor School, under the qare of the Baptist denomination. At this place, there is also a good female school, having about thirty pupils. The Georgia Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb is located here. The inmates number about eighteen, who are supported by the State. It is under the immediate direction of O. P. Fannin, Esq., aided by two competent teachers. The advancement of the pupils has exceeded the most sanguine expectations of the public.

250

FLOYD COUNTY.

POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In. 1^45, the num ber of inhabitants was 4,617 whites, and 1,604 blacks; total, 6,221 ; but it is thought that the population has increased 33 per cent. Amount of State taxes paid, $2,569 53. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Rome, Cave Springs, Hermitage, Mission ary Station, Calipoenia, Coosa, Johnson, V arm's Valley.
NATURE OF THE SOIL, VALTJE OF JJAND, AVERAGE PRO DUCT.--The lands in this county have a high reputation. The bottom, lands are very productive^ These are composed of a dark and loose loam, adapted to the cultivation of corn and wheat. Cotton does not succeed so-well, owing to the seasons. These lands are valued at $20 per acre. The valley lands are also very fertile, composed of a dark mulatto soil, adapted to corn, -wheat, barley, rye, oats, and cotton. It is the opinion of some of the experienced farmers that, take one year -with an other, the valley lands are better suited to cotton than the bottom lands. They sell for $12 50 per acre. The lands on the margin of the bottoms and valleys vary in character; they are worth $5 per acre. The mountain and hill lands are worth about $2 per acre. There is in this county a tract of land, commencing on the west of the Oostenaula and Coosa rivers, extending to Turnip mountain, the surface of which is almost a perfect plain resembling the flat lands of Houstoun county, badly watered. Experiments prove, that this scope of country is susceptible of cultivation. Marl is found in 'several places, and many salt lakes. Some of the -lands pro duce 1700 Ibs. of cotton per acre; some 12 to 1400 Ibs.; but the average may be put down at 800 Ibs. per acre. Cora from 5 to 12 bushels, wheat from 10 to 30 bushels per acre.
EARLY SETTLERS.---Floyd county was originally settled by persons from the older parts of Georgia, South Carolina and Tennessee.
MINERAL SPRINGS, CAVES.--Cave springs are situated on Little Cedar creek, in Vann's valley. These springs issue from a mountain east of the valley. The force of the water is sufficient to turn an overshot mill. There is a cave fifty yards from the springs. You descend into it at an angle of ninety degrees. Beautiful stalactites are in the different apart-

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ments of the cave. The creek formed by the spring .runs off with great swiftness, almost as swift as the mountain stream, until it ente-rs into Big Cedar. There are several other springs in this vicinity, the water of "which is just as good as that of the Cave springs. About a mile and a half northeast of Rome, near Mr. Mitchell's plantation, is Nix's cave. The interior is filled "with stalactites. Mr. Nix resides near this cave, and is always ready to guide visitors .through its differ ent apartments. On Mr. Mitchell's plantation is Woodward's cave, formerly notorious as a depository for stolen goods. The entrance is through a large rock, -which is nearly 100 feet perpendicular. There are a number of small caves in vari ous parts of "the county.
MINERALS.--Iron, plumbago, galena, pyrites, slate, agate, satin spar, besides ostreas, coral, ammonites, encrenites, coprolites, &c. The limits of this work will not permit us to give a particular account of the various minerals and organic remains which are abundant in this county. To do this a volume would be necessary.
REMARKABLE PLACES.--In the fork of the Etowah and Oostenaula rivers, near Rome, many human bones'are found. In 179-, a battle was fought on this spot, between the "whites and Indians.
CHARACTER OP THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--A large ma jority of the inhabitants are moral and intelligent. Like a] 1 the other newly settled counties of Georgia, it has its propor tion of idle and dissolute people. The temperance effort has succeeded admirably. The amusements are hunting and fish ing. The neighbouring mountains abound with game, and the rivers with the finest fish.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are not kept in good order. .At Rome, there is a good bridge over the Etowah, whic.h cost 83000, belonging to a private individual. , CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is pleasant. In some-places chills and fevers occur. John Funderburk is over 90 years of age, rides on horseback, and reads without glasses.
NAME.--This division of the State was named after Major

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Gen. Floyd, -who died in Camden county, 24th day of June, 1829. He was the son of a revolutionary soldier, who, it is said, "wore on the front of his helmet, a silver crescent with the -words " .Liberty or death." Gen. Floyd came from South Carolina, "where he was born in 1794; and settled in the south ern part of Georgia. In 1803, he became a member of the State Legislature. His associates 'we're such men as Jackson, Tattnall, and Milledge, all of whom had the highest respect for his inflexible patriotism, and his unimpeachable integrity. In 1806, he was appointed Brigadier General of the 1st brigade, Georgia militia. In this command he established so great a reputation as a military man, that Gov. Early, in 1813, select ed him to command the Georgia troops in an expedition against the Creeks, who for some time had been engaged in a sanguinary and unprovoked massacre upon the helpless fron tier settlements of Georgia and Alabama. On one occasion, the savages surprised a fort where there were 300 men, women and children, and "with the exception of 17, who made their escape, all were cruelly put to death. This affair created a great feeling of indignation in Georgia, and it is no won der that a universal desire "was felt to avenge the death of their countrymen. The direction of such an important matter as defending the frontier settlements, and of punishing the Indians for their aggressions, could not have been coitimitted to a man possessing more energy of character than Ge neral FSoyd. Too much space would be required to follow him on his march, in which he displayed his ability as a most skilful commander. Suffice it to say, that co-operating with General Jackson, he waged a destructive war against the savages. At Autossee, Tallassee, and Camp Defiance, the enemy were defeated with great loss. In one of these en gagements Gen. Floyd was severely wounded ; but, although labouring under acute pain, he refused to retire from the field. After the close of the Creek campaign, Gen. Flojai was invested 'with the comma.nd of the troops at Savan nah, which command he retained to the end of the war. In 1820, he was elected a representative to Congress, where he served two years. As a private citizen, Gen. Floyd, in

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the relations of husband and father, had no superior. His friendship was warm, sincere and disinterested. His gene rosity knew no bounds. His benevolence was unsurpassed. To him the relief of distress "was a duty. His hospitality re minds one of the good old times of which we now only read. Inflexibly honest, he prided himself on his punctuality in ful filling his engagements. His high sense of honour made him abhor every thing deviating in the least degree from the most correct principles.

FORSYTH.
BOUNDARIES.--Bounded, N. by Lumpkin, E. by Hall, W, by a part of Cobb and Cherokee, and S. by Gwinnett. Laid out from Cherokee, in 1832.
TOWNS.-- Gumming, named after Colonel William Gum ming, of Augusta, is the county town, situated on Vickery's creek, 145 miles N. W". of Milledgeville, on rather an undu lating surface, surrounded by beautiful scenery, and within two and ,a half miles of Sawney's mountain, which lies north, .raising its majestic head high above the clouds. The court-house and jail are constructed of wood. It has two churches, two hotels, two schools, five stores, &c. The amount of goods sold here per annum exceeds -$30,000. Several societies, such as the masonic lodge, temperance soci ety, &c. Population about 400. The town is healthy and the water excellent. Gumming "was incorporated and made the county site in 1834.
NATURE OP THE SOIL, VALUE OF LAND, AVERAGE PRO DUCT.--The lands on the rivers and creeks are fertile, having mostly an alluvial soil, dark and sandy, adapted to corn, wheat, and cotton. Value $25 per acre. The uplands are productive, adapted to corn and wheat. Value 85 per acre. The upland ridges are worth from one to two dollars per acre, and the rocky broken ridges vary in price, according to the quantity of gold supposed to be found upon them. Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre. The low lands average 40 bushels of
17

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corn per acre, and the second quality lands four to five barrels; the third quality lands produce from two to three and a half barrels per acre. The bottoms produce from 15 to 20 bushels of wheat, second quality lands eight to ten bushels per acre, and the third quality from five to eight bushels per acre.
PRODUCTIONS.--Corn, wheat, cotton, rye, oats, potatoes. Fruits and vegetables do well; tobacco grows finely. In 1846, 80,000 Ibs. of tobacco were made. About 350 bags of cotton made annually.
ORIGINAL SETTLERS. -- The original settlers "were James Hays, Mr. Hardy Strickling, Charles Jackson, William Blackstock, Mr. Jacob Scudder, and others.
CHARACTER OP THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--For sociability and hospitality the citizens of this county cannot be excelled. The houses of all are open to worthy strangers. The amuse ments are hunting, dancing, and fishing; some cock-fighting and horse-racing in certain sections.
MOUNTAINS. -- Sawney and Coal mountains. The latter may be considered a continuation of the former, although a level intervenes between them.
RIVERS AND CREEKS.--The principal rivers are the Chattahoochee and Etowah ; the creeks are Two Mile, Four Mile, Six Mile, Baldridge's, Davis's, Vickery's, Dick's, and John's creeks, and discharge their waters into the Chattahoochee river; the Sitting Down creek empties into the "Etowah.
MILLS, DISTILLERIES.--Saw-mills 13, grist-mills 21, mer chant mill, 1 ; distilleries 5 ; one wool-carding establishment, half a mile southwest of Gumming. It is proposed to erect a large cotton manufactory on the Chattahoochee. There are several tobacco manufactories in the county.
POPULATION. TAXES, REPRESENTATION. --The census of 1845 assigns to this county 6,911 whites, 798 blacks; total 7,709. Amount of State tax received, $1,384 48. Sends one representative to the .Legislature.
POKT OFFICES. -- Gumming, Big Creek, Hartford, High Tower, Vickery's Creek, Warsaw.
ROADS, HitinoEs, FEIIRIES.--The roads and bridges are in pretty good condition. Thirteen ferries on the Chattahoochee, and one toll bridge over the Etowah.

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RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION. -- Baptists, Missionary and Anti-Missionary ; Presbyterians of old and new school, Metho dists, Episcopalians, Universalists and Bible Christians. There are 15 Baptist churches, 18 Methodist, and 2 Presbyterian in this county. More attention is paid to education than for merly. There are about 30 schools in the county.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is as healthy as any portiori of Cherokee Georgia. Typhoid fever, pleu risies, &C., are the most common diseases. The cases of longevity are the following: Mr. Barnett, 80; Mr. Ilogers, 80; Mr. Hill, 80 ; John Samples, 80; Mr. Wills, 90 ; has voted for every President. Several other cases occur, but our limits will not permit us to name them.
MzwEfiALs.--Forsyth lies in the gold region, and it is be lieved that gold can be lound in almost every branch in the county. Sawney's mountain, near Gumming, contains an abundance of gold, and indeed it may be regarded as an im mense mine of gold. Strickling's mines have produced finely, and in various parts of the county the precious metal exists. Silver and copper are found in several places. Two or three diamonds have been found. Iron, talc, and many of the pre cious stones, such as the ruby and garnet. We cannot afford space to dwell largely on. the mineral resources of this section of the State. They are inexhaustible, and can never be fully known until our Legislature orders a geological survey of the State.
MOUXDS, AND OTHBlt OlSJGCTB OF INTEREST.'----Oil Mr.
Rogers's plantation, 12 miles south of Gumming, on the road to Lawrenceville, are several small mounds. On the road from Canton to Dahloncga, 10 miles northwest from Gumming, is a very remarkable rock. It is an unhewn mass of granite, eight and a half feet long, and two and a half feet wide. It is three-sided, with irregular converging points, upon which are characters, seventeen of them varying in shape. The largest circles are eight inches in diameter. From its appearance it must have been wrought at a very remote period. The de signs are very regular, and it is probable that they were executed by the same race of people who constructed the mounds in this and other sections of the State. What the

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characters on this rock mean, the oldest inhabitants cannot tell. The oldest Indians could give no account of it. Would it not be proper for the Legislature to make a small appropria tion to convey this curious relic of antiquity to Milledgeville?
Mr. Samuel Julian has a marble font, presented to him by James Daniel, formerly a judge in the Chcrokee nation.
NAME.--The merits of the Hon. John Forsyth, in honour of whom this county is named, are written in the history of his country. He was born in Frederick county, Virginia, and came with his father to Georgia when he was about four years of age. He studied the classics under the Rev. Mr, Springer, who had charge of an academy of great repute in WiJkes county. He then went to Princeton College, "where he was graduated in 1799. After his collegiate course he studied law in Augusta with Mr. Noe?, and commenced practice in 1802. A short time afterwards he 'was appointed Attorney General of tiie State, and in this office acquired great distinction. In 1811 he was honoured by his fellow-citizens with a seat in the House of Representatives of the United States. Here he be came a warm advocate of Mr. Madison's administration, and defended the policy, justice, and conduct of the war. Upon most of the important topics which then agitated Congress he distinguished himself. In 1818 lie resigned his seat in the House of Representatives, and was elected a member of the Senate. In this august body he displayed the superiority of his talents, and the whole counti-y regarded him "with pride and admiration. During the winter of 1818, ho was sent minister to Spain, where he remained several years engaged in adjust ing the differences between that country and the United States. By his skill and prudence, he brought matters to a successful termination. Whilst in Spain, Georgia elected him a member of the House of Representatives of the United States, in -which body he took his seat in 1828. At this session he showed himself to be the firm friend of the rights of Georgia. The report which he then made on the subject of the original compact, by -which the United States had agreed to extinguish the Indian title to the territory -within Georgia, is acknow ledged by the most able men to be equal to any ever presented to Congress. In 1837 he was elected Governor of Georgia,

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and warmly and ably sustained the ground he had taken in the councils of the nation relative to the Indian question. At the expiration of his term as Governor he was again elected to the Senate of the United States, where he remained until 1834, when he succeeded Mr. Me Lane as Secretary of State. During no period since the war of 1812, had our foreign rela tions involved questions more important; and tlie honour and success with which they were conducted were owing, in a great degree, to the talents and firmness of Mr. Fovsyth. He died in Washington City on the 21st day of October, 1841, in the 60th year of his age. The intelligence of his death was received by the citizens of Washington and throughout the country with emotions of great sorrow. In. person lie was upright, and finely proportioned ; height about five feet eight inches. As a speaker Mr. Forsyth never failed to attract at tention. In the Boston Morning Post of ----------, a corres pondent thus speaks of Mr. Forsyth :
"Mr. Forsyth's manner is peculiarly Virginian., respectful in his language, courteous and complimentary to his antago nist. Without ever exhibiting passion, he evinces deep feeling. His voice is peculiarly melodious, and without talking fast, the words seem to melt into each other, like one continued sound, not unlike the enunciation of Judge Story, though with less compass of notes. He uses but little gesture, and his most emphatic passages are always in an under tone, which produce a solemn effect and leave a deep impression. It is the still small voice in which he pours out heart and soul and feeling, charming the audience into a silence, as if they were listening to the last fading notes of an ./Eolian harp, when they felt that the spirit of the wind was fading away. His countenance is fair and pleasing, with a smile always playing around his lips." Mr. Forsyth was not a hard student in the " midnight lamp" sense. He was, however, a deep thinker. He mastered the contents of a book "whilst others would be turning over its leaves. His knowledge was extensive, and whatever he knew was always at his command. As an off-hand debater he had no superior. To his lofty spirit as a man, was added a breast overflowing with the most tender affection for his
family.

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FRANKLIN" COUNTY.

FRANKLIN.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT. -- Franklin is among the oldest of the upper counties oi the State, and originally embraced an extent of country '''beginning at Savannah river, where the west line of Wilkes county strikes the same; thence along the said line to the Cherokee Corner; from thence, on the same direction, to the south branch of the Oconee river; thence up the said river to the head or source of the most southern stream thereof; thence along the temporary line separating the Indian hunting-ground, to the northern branch of the Savannah river, known by the name of Keowee, and down the said river to the beginning." The boundaries have been much changed since that period, portions of it having been assigned to Jack -on, Madison, Hall, and Habcrsham. The present boundaries are thus ;--On the North by Habersham and. Tugaloo river; on the FJast by Tugaloo river; on the South by Jackson, Elbert, and Madison ; and 011 the West by Hall, Habersham, and Jackson. Length 26 miles; breadth 25 miles : square miles 650.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--TheTugnloo river, which separates it from South Carolina, and Hudson's Fork, North Fork, Middle Fork, branches of the Broad river. The creeks which empty into the Tugaloo are Reid, Long Shoal, Shoal, and Gum Log. The others are Double Branches, Nail's, Bear, Werd's, Webb's and Easternally creeks.
TOWN.--Carnesville is the county town, named after Thomas B. Carnes, an eminent lawyer and judge, situated on Stephens's creek; distant from Milledgeville 108 miles; from Madison's Springs 13 miles; from Clarkesville 30 miles; from Elberton 30 miles ; from Savannah river 25 miles ; from Andersonville, South Carolina, 25 miles; and from Athens 35 miles. It has a good brick court-house, a jail, two hotels, stores, &c. Population 100. Dwellings 17. It was made the county site in 1805.
POST Opi'-ic.Es.--Carnesville, Aquilla, Hudson, Bowersville, BushviUe, Fair view, Grove Level, Middle River, Parser's Store, Walnut Hill.

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POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--According to the census of 1845, the population was 7,913 whites, and 2,087 blacks; total, 10,030. The amount of State tax for 1848, is 81,770 80 cents. Entitled to two representatives.
EARLY SF.TTL.ERS.--The Clevelands, Gilberts, Pulliums, Albertons, Manly s, Mr. Stonecypher, Philip Thomas, John Goram, Daniel Bush, Russel Jones, Mr. Shannon, and Mr. Little.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is salubrious, although much sickness has sometimes prevailed. Franklin can show a long list of aged persons. We can only mention the names of a few : Mr. Hale died last year at the age of 117; John Watson arid wife died at the age of 00 ; Thomas Clark died at 90 ; Wm. Spears, a revolutionary soldier, reached 110; Henry Parks, 100 ; Elisha Dyer and wife, 93; Samuel Mackey was over 100 ; Jesse Marshall, a soldier of the revolu tion, over 97 ; Mr. John Stonecypher, 90 ; David Guess, 90. There are many persons now Jiving in this county over 90 years of age.
MINERAL SPKINGS.--Franklin springs, 9 miles southeast of Carnesville. On Gum creek, in Carnesville, and on Mr. Hayton's land, there are springs possessing medicinal properties. Freestone springs are abundant throughout the county.
INDIAN MOUNDS, ANTIQUITIES,--Several on Savannah river. Various articles of pottery, shells, rifles, and guns have been found in the graves of the Indians buried on the Hudson river.
MINERALS.--Iron ore abounds. Gold has been found in one or two places. Fine specimens of quartz near Carnesviile.
NATURE ov THE Son.,--Lands of first quality are situated on Tugaloo river, adapted to corn, wheat, and cotton, worth $10 per acre. Second quality are on Hroad river, adapted to cotton, corn, and wheat, valued from 86 to 88 per acre. Third quality embraces the hills and ridges, valued 82 per acre. The face of the country is level in the south ; the balance is broken.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDTJCATIOX.--Missionary 'and Anti-Mis sionary Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. There are in the county, fourteen Missionary Baptist churches, two

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FRANKLIN COUNTY.

Anti-Missionary Baptist, sixteen Methodist, and three Presby terian. In point of education the people of this ancient county are chargeable with neglect. Schools are muph -wanted.
AMUSEMENTS.--Fox hunting, dancing, quillings. CHARACTER, OF THE PEOPLE.--Generally speaking, the people of this county maybe said to be frugal and industrious. In some portions, the inhabitants are too much given to low and vulgar habits. A spirit of enterprise is wanted. The various politi cal meetings 'which are held during electioneering campaigns, have produced a very deleterious influence upon the habits of the people of this county, as well as in other parts of Georgia. Intemperance has diminished, and we hope that the time will come when the gatherer of future statistics may have it in his power to say there are no distilleries in old Franklin, For hospitality the citizens of this section of Georgia cannot be excelled. To exercise the rites of hospi tality, we believe that the citizens of this county -will sub ject themselves to any inconvenience. The ladies of Franklin are models of industry, and it is said are remarkably fond of dress : but this is not to be -wondered at, for this may be said of all ladies. MANUFACTURES, MILLS, DISTILLERIES.--A "wool-carding establishment will soon be in operation on Rice creek, in the southern part of the county. There are in the c,ouiity 31 grist-mills, 15 saw-mills, and a large number of distilleries. The business of making whiskey was formerly carried on very extensively, but we are gratified to learn that it has been greatly diminished. BRIDGES, ROADS, FERRIES.--A number of bridges in the county and in fair condition. The roads are much neglected. One ferry on the Savannah, four on the Tugaloo, and several others. AVERAGE PRODUCTS, AMOUNT OF COTTOJV MADE, MARKETS. --Cotton averages 400 pounds per acre ; corn 3 barrels per acre ; wheat, 6 bushels per acre. Over 3600 bags of cotton are annually made. Planters carry their crops to Athens and Augusta, and a large quantity of cotton is carried to Andersonvitte, South Carolina.

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NAME.--Benjamin Franklin, an eminent philosopher, states.man, and patriot, was born in Boston, January 17, 1706. At ten years of' age, he was taken from school and assisted his father in his business, which was that of a tallow-chandler and soap-boiler. At the end of two years, he was bound an apprentice to his brother, who was a printer. Having a great taste for books, his leisure moments were employed in reading works which his'limited means allowed him to purchase ; and so anxious was he to improve his mind, that he often passed the greater part of the night in reading.
During his apprenticeship, his brother began to print the "New England Courant," for which Franklin wrote several esays. On account of some misunderstanding between his brother and himself. Franklin left Boston and came to Phila delphia, where he found employment in a printing office, After a short period he "was induced to go to London by pro mises of assistance from Sir William Keith, who had professed great friendship for him ; which promises, however, were not fulfilled, and Franklin found himself in London "without a single acquaintance or friend, but obtained employment in a printing office. In 1726, he returned to America.
Shortly after his arrival in Philadelphia he commenced busin'ess for himself. The claims of business did not extinguish his taste for literature. He formed the plan of the Library Company of Philadelphia. In 1732, he commenced the publication of " Poor lii chard's Almanac," which 'was continued by him for 25 years. In 1736, he "was appointed Clerk of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, and in 1737, Post Master of Philadelphia. In 1738, he organized the first fire company, In 1747, he was chosen a member of the Assembly, and con tinued in this station ten years.
At this time he was engaged in experiments in electricity, and made the discovery which has immortalized his name, viz : the identity of the electric fluid and lightning. In 1753, he was appointed Deputy Post Master General of the British colonies, and in the same year originated several scientific so cieties which are now the pride of America. In the "war be tween France and England, he filled several important offices, the duties of which he discharged with industry and zeal.. In

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GILMER COUNTY.

1757, he was sent to England as the agent of Pennsylvania, and whilst residing there "was appointed agent of Massachu setts, Maryland, and Georgia. In England he was highly honoured, chosen a fellow of the Royal Society, and received the degree of Doctor of Laws from several universities. In 1766, he was examined at the bar of the House of Commons in regard to the repeal of the Stamp Act; and in 1775, he re turned to America, and the day after his arrival, was elected a member of Congress. Various important missions ,were in trusted to him by his country, in all of which he evinced his devotion to the cause of liberty. His name is on the Decla ration of American Independence.
In 1776, he was sent as commissioner plenipotentiary to France, and concluded a treaty with this kingdom, February 6, 1778. While he 'was acting as a commissioner for nego tiating peace with the mother country, his uniform answer to repeated questions as to the terms which might be obtained, was, " Nothing but independence.'' On his return to Phila delphia, he filled the office of President of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and served as a delegate to the Federal Con stitution in 1787.
This venerable man died April 17, 1790, and was buried in Christ Church burying ground, in Philadelphia. When his death was known, Congress ordered a general mourning for him throughout the United States for one month. In France there were also expressions of public sorrow.

GILMER.
BOUNDARIES.--This county is bounded N. by Tennessee and North Carolina, E. by Union and Lumpkin, S. by Cherokee, and W. by Cass and Murray. Laid out from Cherokee, and organized in 1832.
RIVERS, CREEKS. -- The rivers are Ellijay and Tacoa. The creeks are Carticary, Ticanetlee, Talona, Mountain, Talk ing Rock, Mountain Town, Fighting Town, Sugar Town,

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and Tumbling. Many of these afford excellent situations for mills.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--According to the census of 1845, the population -was 4,558 whites, 149 blacks ; total, 4,707. The tax as returned for 1848, is $871 68. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Ellijay, Prince Edward, Tacoa, Talking Rock, Blue Ridge.
TOWNS.--Ellijay is the capital of the county, situated on the northwest bank of the Ellijay river, 171 miles N. W. of Milledgeville, 40 miles S. W. of Blairsville, 35 miles N. W. of Dahlonega, 40 miles N. of Canton, 28 miles E. of Spring Place, and 43 miles from Murphy, North Carolina. Popula tion 150. IE has a court-house, jail, five stores, &c. The place is said to be healthy. Public buildings located here in 1834.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY", -- This county may be said to have a healthy climate, although in certain sections there is .considerable sickness. The diseases are pneumonia, pleu risies, &c. Cancers are common, and we have heard of a gentleman in the county who cures them by certain charms, and in "whose skill many place entire confidence. Several cases of longevity have come to our knowledge. Among them are Mr. Underwood, over 80, enjoying fine health; James Kell, over 90; Mr. Smith, 90; Mrs. Ellis, 90; Mrs. Carroll, 84; George Brock and wife, over 80 ; Mrs. Cox, 84 ; Mrs. Lucy Harris and Mrs. Ringcaird, over 85,
MILLS, DISTILLERIES, RIFLES.--In the county are 22 grist mills, 9 saw-mills, 1 jug factory, 4 distilleries. One and three quarters of a mile from Ellijay is Wood & Jones's rifle manu factory. Price of rifles from fifteen to forty dollars, and are said to be superior articles.
FACE OF THE CoUNTHY, NATURE OF THE SoiL 3 VALUE OF
LAND.--The face of the country is broken by mountains, the principal of which are Cohuttah, Frog, Coal, Bald, Long Swamp, AmacoJola, Turnip Town, Tallona, and Sharp Top. The best lands are in the valleys and. on. the water-courses ; inclined to be of a black sandy soil, adapted to corn, oats and rye. Wheat does not succeed so well. The broken lands having a growth of post oak, walnut and hickory, in the opinion of many are better suited to wheat than the lands on

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the rivers and creeks. The mountain, lands arc suitable only for grazing. For the best lands, ten dollars per acre may be put down as the average value. The uplands are -worth about four dollars per acre.
MINERALS.--This county is rich in minerals. Gold exists at the White Paths, six miles from Eliijay, on the road lead ing to Blnirsville. The mines at this place embrace three lots owned by different persons, and have been worked for two years. One hundred and twenty pennyweights of gold have been found in this locality in one mass. Carticary mine, 10 miles E. of K Hijay, is a rich deposit mine. Iron ore, of a very excel lent quality, is abundant. Beautiful marble, white, variegated, is found in several places, and it is confidently asserted that it is not. to be excelled by any in the United States. Several gentlemen have entered largely into the marble business ; be tween sixty and seventy hands arc kept in constant employ in the quarries. Good mill-stones are found on Tallona creek.
MINERAL SPRINGS.--On Briar creek is a spring having medicinal properties, besides others in various portions of the county.
CHAUAcrEit OF THE PEOPT,E, AMUSEMENTS.--This county has been settled by people from various places, and it is diffi cult to define with precision the character of the population. Our own observations would lead us to say that generally the citizens of this county are kind and hospitable, not inclined to industrious habits, and not sufficiently interested in the subject of temperance. In political matters they are well informed, but in agricultural knowledge we think there is room for improvement. Bear hunting is a popular amuse ment. The Cohuttah mountains, at certain seasons, abound with, bear, and they often fall victims to the sure aim of the Gilmer rifle.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Baptists, Missionary and Anti-Missionary, are the most numerous. The other denomi nations are Methodists and Presbyterians. Schools are much wanted, and we are happy to state that a great interest is be ginning to be felt in the cause of education. The country is still new, and allowances roust be made for the want of schools.
EARLY SETTLEIIS.--J. P. Alexander, Samuel Jones, Benja min Griffith, Stephen Griffith, and others.

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NAME.--Georgia has named all of her civil divisions, with the exception of the counties of Liberty, Union, jMuscogee, Coweta, Cherokee, and Chattooga, after distinguished men. Messrs. Cass, Troup, Hiumpkin, and Gilmer, are the only gentle men now living, whoso names are thus commemorated. If unwa vering attachment to the principles of American liberty--if incorruptible integrity--if long and faithful services to his na tive State--if strict adherence to justice and truth, at a period when jealousy, prejudice, and ignorance united In denouncing the judicial proceedings of Georgia " as unconstitutional, un just and wicked," be qualities, the possession of which gives a citizen a claim to distinction, then is George R- Gilmer most justly deserving a conspicuous place on the catalogue of Geor gia's worthy sons. Mr. Gilmer was born on the llth of April, 1790, on the southern side of Broad river, about two miles above the Fish Dam ford, then in the county of Wilkes, now Oglethorpe. His ancestors were among the most respectable citizens of Virginia, and many of bis relatives acted a promi nent part in the Indian wars, and In. the war of the lie volu tion. His father came irom Augusta county, Virginia, to Georgia, m 1785, and settled in \Vilkes county.
The company into which young Gilmer was thrown, was of a character to inspire him with an aversion to tyranny and injustice. Many of the original settlers of Wilkes had been in the Revolution, and some of them had occupied high stations in the army. With these, Mr. Gilmer's father was upon the most intimate terms, arid they were accustomed to meet at his house, where the incidents and men of '76 were frequently the themes of conversation. Governor Matthews, Colonel Taliafero, and others of the same stamp, would notice the deep attention with which young GiJmer listened, and took much pleasure in communicating to him many facts associated with the Revolution, and the early history of "Wilkes county, which left a strong impression upon his mind, and which have been treasured up to this day. Hence it is, that Mr. Gilmer now surpasses any man in Georgia, in a knowledge of the men and incidents of the revolutionary war, especially as it was con ducted in the upper part of Georgia. He went to several schools, if schools they might be called, for it must be remem-

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GILMER COUNTY.

beretl, that, at thai time the means of education were not as abundant as they are at this period. Now, the Latin, Greek, and Mathematics, are taught in almost every neighbourhood, but then, the only schools "which existed were conducted by deserters from the army or navy, or by some adventurer, who with the multiplication table at his tongue's end, and ability to rehearse the Ten Commandments, came to Georgia for the purpose of enlightening the people. Of course, Gilmer derived no important advantages from schools of this description ; and fortunately for him, when, he was thirteen years of age his fa ther sent him to Dr. Wilson's Classical School, near Abbeville Court House, South Carolina, and afterwards to the Academy of Dr. \Vaddcl. At these institutions he studied the languages, and would have entered college, but his ill health prevented. He then employed his time in teaching his younger brothers, and a few of the children in the neighbourhood of his father. After this, he commenced the study of the law with the Hon. Mr. Upson, but, was compelled to abandon it, on account of his health, although he had been admitted to the bar. His physician, Dr. Bibb, then a Senator in Congress, believing that an active life might improve his health, obtained a commission for him in the regular army.
In October, 18 L3, he was appointed First Lieutenant in. the 43d regiment of infantry, and took up his quarters near Wash ington, where Capt. Tattnall had established a recruiting sta tion. At this period, a friendship -was formed between the latter officer and Lieutenant Gilmer, which was never after wards broken. Both served together in a legislative capacity, not only in the House of Representatives in Georgia, but also in the Congress of the United States. As soon as a few re cruits were collected, orders were received from General Pinclmey to place them under a suitable officer, and to march them to the Creek territory. With this command Lieut. Gil mer was invested, and by the prompt manner "with which he executed his orders, as -well as by his subsequent prudent ar rangements, contributed most essentially to the quiet of the whites, residing near the Chattahooche, and who had been much alarmed by hostile appearances on the part of the In dians. After the war Mr. Gilmer returned to Oglethorpe, and

GILMER COUNTY.^

267

in 1818, commenced the practice of law at Lexing-ton, and soon acquired reputation as an able lawyer. I1 he citizens of Oglethorpe, relying upon his talents and patriotism, called upon him to represent their interests in tho State Legislature ; and for two years he was their faithiul representative. The jour nals of the house for that period will show that his course was independent and fearless. By his exertions chiefly, a law was enacted to prevent private banking, at that time a very sore evil. Mr. Gilmer is entitled also to the praise of having made the first effort which excited public attention to the impor tance of establishing an Appellate Court for the correction of Errors. In 1820 he was elected to Congress, and again in 1824. In 1828 he was re-elected to Congress. He had left his home for Washington city, when Governor Forsyth issued his proclamation declaring his election, but failing to give notice of his acceptance within the time required by law, Governor Forsyth declared his appointment vacant, and ordered a new election. Mr. Gilmer declined being a candidate.
As a member of Congress, Mr. Gilmer distinguished him self by his ability and devotion to the interests of Georgia, His speeches evince much clearness of understanding, and vi gour of intellect. We have now before us a speech which he delivered in Congress "when the Revolutionary Pension Bill was before that body, which we think does him great honour. We will give an extract from this speech. Mr. Gilmer said, "that he did not understand that our debt of gratitude was confined to thqse who performed military service. It extend ed to all who aided in the cause of freedom. Those men who filled the civil departments of the government ; those who de fended our rights from 1763 to 1775, by exposing to the people their violation by British laws, and taught them their value ; who pointed out the consequences of submission to lawless taxation, and the glorious consequences of successful resist ance--were they entitled to no gratitude for their services ? Sir,1' said Mr. G.. " the battle of Lexington and Bunker Hill would never have been fought, but for the victory which Ame rican intelligence had gained over British sophistry. Upon what principle was it, that the fatigues and exertions of the body were to be paid for, and not those of the mind ? And

258

GLL.MKR COUNTY.

why forget that pure and elevated patriotism that united into one common feeling of resistance the "whole female society of the colonies to the British duty upon tea? If-we are to pay this debt of gratitude, we must compensate every impulse that carried forward the ball of the Revolution. What, rule could be formed for determining the extent of the benefits conferred upon our country, by the soul-inspiring and spirit-stirring elo quence of Patrick Henry ? We might yet have been depen dent colonies, but for the unwearied industry and mental energies of Benjamin. Franklin." Sentiments like these do honour to human nature. They emanate from a lofty, a ge nerous heart. In 1828, Mr. Gilmor was a candidate for Go vernor, and was elected, his opponent being Major Joel Crawford. In 1830, he was again a candidate for the guber natorial chair, but was defeated by Mr. Lumpliin. In 1S32, his fellow-citizens selected him as one of their representatives in Congress ; and in 1831- he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated. In 1830, he was President of the Board of Electors of President and A' ice-President, when the votes of that body were given for Judge White, of Ten nessee. The next year he "was elected to the chief magis tracy of Georgia, the duties of which demanded so much lahour as seriously to jnjure his health. No Governor of Geor gia had ever been, called upon to perform so many compli cated and delicate duties. The situation of the Cherokee In dians--the injustice said to liavc been practised upon them by the State oi Georgia--the conflicting opinions of tbo United States Government, and the constituted authorities of Geor gia, all conspired to render Governor Gilmer's administration any thing else than pleasant. Wisdom, prudence, and firm ness were requisite to conduct the helm of state at this criti cal period ; and -we believe we utter the sentiments of every thinking man in Georgia, when we say that Governor Gilmer's administration was marked by all these attributes.
Few persons have any idea, oi the immense responsibi lities which devolved upon JVtr. Gilmer, when Governor; and although by his manly and independent course he received a large share of abuse, it is now acknowledged by all parties, thai the policy he adopted was correct, and that the measures

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, 269

he recommended to the people of Georgia were wise. For in stance, in his message to the Legislature, in 1830, he recom mends that the lots of land which contain gold should be ex empted from -distribution by lottery. " The spirit of specula tion which the disposition of the lands by lottery is calculated to produce, has always been the greatest objection to that system. The knowledge that the lands contained valuable mines of gold would increase that spirit to the most injurious extent. The community would become highly excited by the hope of acquiring great wealth without labour. The morals of the country would be in danger of corruption from the temptation which would be held out by law to the commission of innu merable frauds. Regular industry and economy would ior a time be suspended by restless idleness, and imaginary as well as real and unnecessary expenditures. In most cases even the successful owners of the rich prizes would not be really bene fited. Prodigality is the xisual result of riches suddenly and easily obtained. Mines are like the accumulation of the peo ple's money in the public treasury. The government should manage them for general and not for individual advantage. If they should prove exceedingly profitable, the State would thereby be enabled to relieve the people from taxation, improve all the roads, render its rivers navigable, and extend the ad vantages of education to every class of society." Now -we are willing to submit these sentiments to the nicest scrutiny. Their truth cannot be denied. Had the gold mines been re served to the State, as recommended by Governor Gilmers what an immense revenue would be at its command! Rail roads would be found running in every direction. Schools for the benefit of the poor would be established through the length and breadth of the State. The burden of taxation would be hardly felt, and our people would move onward in their career of prosperity. Again, Mr. Gilmer's course in regard to the missionaries confined In the penitentiary wag looked upon as cruel and unjust. Now, what were the facts in this case ? By the laws then in force, no white person, however respectable,, had the right to reside in the Indian territory "within Georgia, -without a license granted him upon his taking the oath to support the constitution and laws of the State. It "was
18

270

GILMER COUNTY.

noticed that many white persons residing in this territory were using exertions to thwart the policy of the General Govern ment, and to oppose the execution of the laws of Georgia, The .Legislature required that all white men residing among the Cherokoes should take an oath to support the constitution and laws of Georgia. Two hundred and three took the re quisite oath; but an obstinate and perverse opposition was made to the authority of the State by certain missionaries in the employ of tho American Board of Commissioners for Fo reign Missions. These men refused to take the oath, and in various ways were opposing the policy of the General Govern ment. They had been treated with remarkable forbearance. Due regard had been paid to their sacred office. No oath was required of them that would militate against their conscientious opinions. Dr. Butler and Mr. Worcester "were not sentenced to the penitentiary for residing among the Cherokees, but for refusing to take an oath to support the laws of Georgia. They refused the clemency of Governor Gilmer, when offered to them, oven upon the simple condition of removing from the territory, and whatever punishment they suffered was brought upon them by their own misconduct. We know Governor Gilmer to be one of the kindest men in the "world. We believe that it would be impossible to induce him to commit an unkind act. He was only the organ of the people of Georgia, and he would have failed to shed " a lustre upon his native State" had he permitted himself to be influenced by the opinions of north ern fanatics. The celebrated William Wirt proposed to Go vernor Gilmer, in behalf of the Cherokees, to submit to the Supreme Court of tho United States for its determination, upon a case to be made between the State of Georgia and the Che rokees, the question " whether the Legislature of Georgia had competent authority to pass laws for the government of the Indians residing within its limits," To this proposition the Governor of Georgia would not for a moment listen. "We have now before us the letter of Governor Gilmer, in reply to that of Mr. Wirt proposing the settlement of the Cherokee matters to the Supreme Court of the United States ; and as this letter con tains much information, in regard to the true position of things at that time, and as few of our readers may have seen it, we

r
GILMER COUNTY.
take much pleasure in laying it before them, believing that it should hold an exalted place in the annals of Georgia.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, G-EOKCIA, Milledgoville, 19th of Juno, 1S30.
Sir,--Your communication, addressed to the Governor of Georgia, has been reeeived, informing him of your emplovment by the Cherokee 'Indians to defend them against the operation of the laws of the State, and proposing a reference of what you have thought proper to call the dispute between the Chorokee nation and the State of Georgia to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Governor of Georgia knows of no reason why he should he notified that professional duty required of you to take fees of all who ask your advice. Georgia claims no jurisdiction over the lawyers of Maryland. Your justifi cation will have become appropriate when that State inter feres with your professional business. Why it should be the misfortune of a citizen of Maryland (as you say it is yours), to differ with, the constituted authorities of Georgia, is not very clearly understood. You are neither responsible for the legislation of the State, nor subject to its control. There is no doubt but that many other lawyers, distinguished like your self (as you say), profess to believe that the State has usurped authority., and violated the faith of treaties, in passing laws for the protection of the rights, and punishing the crimes of the Indian people who reside within its limits. It is known that the extent of the jurisdiction of Georgia, and the policy of re moving the Cherokees and other Indians to the West of the Mississippi, have become party questions. It is not, therefore, surprising that those "who engage in the struggle for power should find. usurpation and faithlessness in the measures of the Govern ment accordingly as the loss of office or the hope of its acquisition, may enlighten their understandings. What you say of the fallibility of the constituted authorities of Georgia, is a truism of universal application, and can have no meaning but by your intention to render the application particular. You say that the Supreme Court of the United States is a high, impartial, and enlightened tribunal. Why such commen dation ? The promise you make to use your professional in-

272

GILMER COUNTY.

fluence to prevent your clients, the Indians, from committing violence upon the people of Georgia, is very kind, coming as it does from a private citizen of another State, and will with out doubt create an obligation upon the people whose safety is intended, commensurate with the favour to be received. There are no fears felt in Georgia from Indian violence, although it is highly probable that your efforts will be productive of some mischief. It is believed that the Cherokees in Georgia had de termined to unite with that portion of their tribe who had removed to the West of the Mississippi, if the policy of the President "were sustained by Congress. To prevent this result, as soon as it became highly probable that the Indian bill would pass, the Cherokees were persuaded that the right of self-gov ernment would be secured to them by the power of the Su preme Court, in defiance of the legislation of the General and State Governments. It was not known, however, until the receipt of your letter, that tho spirit of resistance to the laws of the State, and views of the United States, which of late has been evident among the Indians, had, in any manner, been occasioned by your advice. Although insurrection among the Indian people of Georgia may be the consequence of your proceedings, and those who act in. unison -with you, the constituted authorities of the State disclaim all right to interfere -with you in any manner, so long as you keep your self beyond the jurisdiction of the State. You have thought proper to give the Governor of Georgia an account of the civil ization of the Cherokees, describing those whom you have known to be polished gentlemen, and those whom you do not know to have ceased to be savages. What you say of the intelli gence of the members of the Cherokee tribe who were in Wash ington. City last winter, is partly true, and equally descriptive of many others. They are not Indians, however, but the children of "white men, whose corrupt habits or vile passions led them into connection with the Cherokee tribe. It is not surprising that the white men, and the children of white men, have avail ed themselves of the easy means of acquiring wealth which the Cherokee territory has presented for thirty or forty years, nor that intelligence and spirited activity should increase with their increase of wealth; nor that when wealth, intelligence,

GILMER COUNTY.

273

and industry were confined, to the whites, and the children of white men, that the power over the tribe should become central in the same hands. But that these causes were calculated to produce similar effects upon the Indians (the real aborigines) is,disproved by every example among the thousands which the experience of the two last centuries has furnished in every part of this continent. The Cherokees have lost all that -was valuable in their'Indian character--have become spiritless, de pendent, and depraved as the -whites, and their children have become wealthy, intelligent, and powerful. So long as the Cherokees retained their primitive habits, no disposition was shown by the States, under the protection, of whose govern ments they resided, to make them subject to their laws. Such policy would have been cruel, because it would have interfered with their habits of life, the enjoyments peculiar to Indians, and the kind of government -which accorded with those habits and enjoyments. It was the power of the whites, and their children among the Cherokees, that destroyed the ancient laws, customs, and authority of the tribe, and subjected the natives to the rule of that most oppressive of governments, an oli garchy. There is nothing surprising in this result. From the character of the people, and the causes operating upon them, it could not have been otherwise. It was this state of things that rendered it obligatory upon the State of Georgia to vindi cate her rights of sovereignty, by abolishing all Cherokee government -within its limits. Whether intelligent or ignorant, the State of Georgia has passed no law violative of the liberty, personal security, or private property of any Indian. It has been the object of humanity and "wisdom to separate the two -classes among them, giving the rights of citizenship to those who are capable of performing its duties, and properly estimating its privileges, and increasing the enjoyment, and the probability of future improvements to the ignorant and idle, by removing them to a situation where the inducements to action will be more in accordance with the character of the Cherokee people. Your suggestion that it would be conve nient and satisfactory if yourself, the Indians, and the Governor would make up a law case, to be submitted to the Supreme Court for the determination of the question, -whether the Legis-

274

GILMER COUNTY.

lature of Georgia has competent authority to pass laws for the

government of the Indians residing within its limits : however

courteous the manner and conciliatory the phraseology, cannot

but be considered exceedingly disrespectful to the government

of the State. No one knows better than yourself, that the

Governor would grossly violate his duty, and exceed his autho

rity, by complying with such a suggestion ; and that both the

letter and spirit of the powers conferred by the constitution

upon the Supreme Court, forbid its adjudging such a question.

Your suggestion is but an evidence of the state of that contest

in which the advocates of power are exerting themselves to

increase the1 authority of the departments of the General Gov

ernment; whilst the friends of liberty and the rights of the

people are in opposition, endeavouring to sustain the sove

reignty of the States. It is hoped that the efforts of the Gene-"

ral Government to execute its contract with Georgia, to secure

the continuance and advance the happiness of the Indian tribes,

and to give quiet to the country, may be so effectually success

ful, as to prevent the necessity of any further intercourse

upon this subject. Yours, &C.,

GEORGE R. GILMER.

WILLIAM WIRT, Esq.

Whilst Mr. Gilmer was Governor, in 1837 and 1838, the Indians were removed from Georgia, and we have no doiibt that by their removal their condition has been greatly im proved. Mr. Gilmer has retired from public life, and holds no appointment except that of trustee of Franklin College. He resides in Lexington, Oglethorpe county, and devotes his time to the cultivation of a farm. For recreation he has explored much of the country in the vicinity of Lexington, and has collected a most beautiful cabinet of minerals and Indian relics. In stature he is about five feet nine inches--com plexion sallow--piercing eyes. In his dress plain, and what some might consider unfashionable. His manners are pecu liarly fascinating. 1-Iis mind is filled with immense stores of historical lore. His conversational powers are uncommonly great, and no one can be in his company without forming the conclusion that he possesses no ordinary powers of mind.

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GLYNN COUNTY.

275

We are not acquainted with Mr. Gilmer's religious opinions, but we know that he holds in high regard the institutions of Christianity ; that he possesses a generous heart, which leads him to aid the wretched and relieve the needy. " Serus in ctElum redeas."

GLYNN.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded N. by Mclntosh ; E. by the Atlantic ; S. by Camden, and W. by Wayne.. It is one among the oldest counties in Georgia, being first laid out into two parishes, viz., St. Patrick's and St. David's, in. 1765, al though extensive settlements had been made many years ante rior to that period. In 1777 the parishes above named were formed into the county of GJynn. Length 22 miles ; breadth 18; square miles 396.
RiyERs, CREEKS, SWAMPS.--The Alatamaha, Turtle, Little St. Ilia, McCoy's, and St. Simon's, are the chief streams. The creeks are Academy, Fort's, Gibson's, Cowpen, Burnett's, Ten Mile, Wallace. There are many large swamps, such as Buf falo, Little Buffalo, College and Turkey.
POPULATION', TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1840 the pop ulation of the county was 5,302 ; in 1845, 4,327 ; of these 617 whites, 3,710 blacks. Amount of state tax returned in 1848, $2,674 03. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES,--Brunswick, Bethel, Frederica. FA-CB OF THE COUNTSr, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The face of the country is broken by extensive swamps, which, "when drained, become the most valuable lands in the county. The soil may be thus described : First, the pine barrens, having a light sandy soil unfit for cultivation unless highly manured. Second, hammock lands, light and sandy but fertile, peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of cotton. Third, tide lands, -which consist of river swamp lands within the limits of the proper rise and fall of the tides. These constitute the fertile rice lands of the Alatamaha. Fourth, inland swamp, consisting of a rich clay soil, productive if drained and embanked. The swamp lands bordering the Alatamaha in some places are two miles wide and of inexhaustible fertility. The product of rice

276

GLYNN COUNTY.

is from 30 to 80 bushels per acre. Corn upon hammock lands averages 15 bushels per acre. When manured they have been known to yield 50 bushels per acre. Pine lands average 8 bushels per acre. Cotton averages about 125 pounds clean per acre. The islands have a gray soil, and produce cotton, corn, potatoes, peas, cane, &,c. Apricots, figs, oranges, and some other tropical fruits grow to great perfection. Olives too are successfully cultivated, and oil made from the olive grown upon St. Simon's has been pronounced by competent judges to be inferior to no article of the same kind made in Europe. As it is the opinion of many intelligent persons that the olive can not only be successfully but profitably cultivated in our State, we here insert copious extracts from a letter on this subject written by James H. Couper, Esq., one of the most scientific planters in Glynn, and who has had much experience in the culture of the olive- The letter was originally addressed to the JTon. Mitohell .King, of Charleston, who read it at a meet ing of the South Carolina Agricultural Society. Says JVIr. Cou per : " The first and all-important question which presents itself is whether our climate is adapted to the olive tree. The facts which will be presented, are, I think, decisive that the immediate seaboard of South Carolina, Georgia, and the -whole of Flori da, and the borders of the Gulf of Mexico, are as suitable for the cultivation of the olive as the south of France.'"' After proving from a variety of facts that the climate of the olive region in France is no milder than the maritime districts of South Carolina; Georgia, and the whole of Florida, Mr. Cou per proceeds thus : " The actual growth of the olive tree itself proves this? most conclusively. At Oungeuess, on Cumberland island, Georgia, a number of trees bore abundantly before the fatal spring of 1835. In 1825 my father imported, through a French house in Charleston, two hundred trees from Provence, via the Langucdoc canal and Bourdeaux. They were five months on the way, and did not arrive until May ; notwith standing 'which a very lew only failed to grow. These trees were planted at Cannon's Point, his residence, on St.. Simon's Island, lat. 31 2Q/, and had borne several crops of olives when the severe cold of February, 1835, (8 of Fahrenheit,) injured them so much that it was necessary to cut them down to the

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GLYNN COUNTY.

277

ground. They all threw up shoots from the old stumps ; and many of "them have now attained to a diameter of nine inches. For the last two years they have produced some fruit ; and this year about one half of the trees are bending under the weight of an abundant crop. About, one hundred trees raised from cuttings, arc also beginning to bear. It is now twentyone years since the importation of these trees, and with the exception of the destructive season of 1835, they have never in the slightest degree been injured by the cold. The last winter was one of unusual severity ; the thermometer having sunk to 19 Fahrenheit; and although the sweet oranges on the same plantation were much injured, some having been cut down to the ground, I could not perceive th.it a single leaf among 250 olive trees had been touched by the frost. This experience is certainly very satisfactory, the more particularly as it is certain that the season of 1835 was the coldest known. on this coast for at least one hundred years, as is proved by the destruction of orange trees on St. 'Simon's Island, which had stood since the occupation of that, island by Gen. Oglefhorpe, and of others at St. Augustine, which dated still farther back. The effect of one such disastrous year should not dis courage the introduction of so valuable a tree. In the south of France they have persevered in its cultivation, although in 1709 and 1788, almost every tree was destroyed to the ground, and they were severely injured in 1740, 1745, 1748, 1755, and 1768. It may be doubted whether the olive tree can be culti vated beyond the influence of the sea air on the coast of Caro lina and Georgia -with the varieties at present known. But it maybe hoped that this plant will in time become acclimated ; and that by pursuing the plan of raising from the seed, which has been iound to produce hardier plants, new kinds adapted to a greater range of climate may in time be introduced. The gradual extension of the olive from the southern to the northern shores of the Mediterranean would encourage this expectation. The southern coasts of Italy and Spain, which are now the great oil markets of the world, -were destitute of the olive du ring the early periods of Roman history.
" The suitableness of the soil of our southern, coast to the olive tree, admits of no doubt. It thrives in every soil which

278

GLYNN COUNTY.

is not -wet. That the sandy lands of our seaboard are adapt ed to the olive, needs no other proof than the luxuriant growth of the trees on St. Simon's and Cumberland islands. Should the olive become acclimated to the interior of the States of South Carolina and Georgia, it "will find in the open and gravelly soil of the tertiary slope, between the granite ridge, and the tide water, its most congenial soil. The next question which presents itself is the introduction of that tree, likely to prove such a source of profit to the agriculturist as to be worthy his attention. A calm examination of this part of the subject, will probably disappoint those -whose standard of pro fit has been the exaggerated hopes of the cotton culture, and who tolerate no delay in reaping the reward of their labour; but it may present a sufficient inducement to devote some time and expense to the subject, to a class of persons less im patient of growing rich, and who believe that the direction of a part of the agricultural labour of .the Southern States to new objects, is called for by the excessive production of a few staples, and that the introduction of a new plant affording a wholesome and nutritious article of food, and -which is impor tant to many valuable manufacturers, will add very materially to the wealth, happiness and independence of the country. The distance at which the olive trees are planted is 1'egulated by the circumstance, whether the ground is to be devoted solely to them, or is to be cultivated at the same time in grain. In the first case they are placed nearer, and in the latter far ther apart. Jt may be assumed as a safe ground of calcula tion, that 25 trees may be planted to the acre, when the land is cropped, and 50 if devoted exclusively to the olive. The product of oil varies very much 'with the size of the tree, the character of the soil, and the fruitfulness of the season. In France, we are informed that at Toulon they have great trees that are known to yield 20 to 30 livres a tree, (40 to 60lbs.,or from 5-|- to S-^- gallons of oil). When they give a crop, which is once in two years, and sometimes once in three, small trees yield 3 livres (Gibs.), 5 livres (10 Ibs.), and 6 livres (12 Ibs.) each. ' In L-anguedoc, olives pay in general 3 livres (6 Ibs.) each tree per annum, some 5 livres (10 Ibs.). At Pingean, some large and fine trees are known to give 84 Ibs. of oil, or

GLYNN COUNTY.

37-9

11-| gallons, as .the gallon weighs 7-^- Ibs. ; but they reckon that good trees give Q livres (12 Ibs,} one 'with another." In the article Olive, in JMichaux' North American Sylva., vol. 2, page 196, Mr. Hillhouso observes, ' the mean produce of a tree may be assumed in France, at 10 Ibs. (l- gals.) ; and in Italy at

15 Ibs. (2 gallons,) ; but single trees have been known in the productive season to yield 300 Ibs. (41 gallons). Young states the produce of a field of 209 trees in Tuscany to

have been in

1786. 30 barrels, (ISO Ibs. each) or 615 gals.

1787. 1788.

3" 8"

"

"



61 "

"

"

"

164

1789.

25 "

"

"

"

512

66 barrels,

1352, " or

average per annum of 338 gallons, being 1 gallons per tree. On a very bad stony soil, though in the plain, I found it took

20 trees of 25 years' growth to yield a barrel of oil (30-J gal lons) ; but In a'fine soil and with very old trees, a barrel per

tree has been known.'

"From these statements, assuming that the district to which

I have conjecturally limited the olive culture has a climate as

favourable for it as that in the South of France, we may place the product of a tree in full bearing, as giving a mean annual

yield of one gallon of oil, or 25 gallons to the acre, when the land is cultivated at the same time in some other crop, or at

50 gallons if exclusively devoted to the olive. Estimating the

oil at the moderate price of 75 cents per gallon, and the value will be in the former case, 818-f per acre, and in the latter,

$37-2- * ut to the first must be added the value of the corn or

other crops cultivated on the same land; and which may be

put down at nearly a full crop every second year, as the trees are reckoned hi Italy to diminish the grain crop only one-

fifth.

" If the facts given above are sufficient to prove the impor tance and practicability of cultivating the olive among us, no

impediment is presented by the difficulty of propagating it, as it is readily increased by seed, by cuttings, suckers, portions

of the root, or by grafting. The mode of raising by the seed

280

GLYNN COUNTY.

is only resorted to in order to produce new varieties, or as stocks for grafting, as the fruit from seedlings, although yield ing an oil of a more delicate and higher flavour, is usually very small. Grafting improves the quality of the fruit; but is not so generally resorted to as propagation by suckers and cuttings. The last is the most practised. Limbs from an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, are cut in lengths of from twelve to fifteen, inches. Trenches five feet apart and six to eight inches deep being prepared, the cuttings are placed in them, about eighteen inches apart, and in an oblique position, so that "when the earth is filled in, from one to two inches will remain above the ground. On the exposed end a little gardener's cement should be smeared, to exclude the water ; and over the whole some moss or loose sand is drawn, for some time, to diminish the evaporation. In dry -weather the cuttings should occasionally be watered, until they have taken root. Until the third year nothing more is required than to cultivate among the young plants, and to trim them to a single stem. When three years old, the young trees should be planted out in the usual way. at distances of from thirty to forty-eight feet. The holes should be made large and deep, and had better be dug several months before the trees are put out. The subsequent cultivation consists in removing the suckers, trimming out the dead wood, Jn manuring moderately once in three 01* four years, digging around the roots annually, and in ploughing once a year the intervals, unless a crop of grain is cultivated among them. Much difference of opinion exists in France, on the subject of pruning ; but unless it is deemed desirable to keep the trees low for the facility of gathering the fruit, or to diminish the risk of their being blown down by high winds, all that appears to be necessary is to re move the decayed wood, and to keep the head of the tree mo derately open, for the free admission of light and heat. With us, the liability to severe gales of wind, "will recommend low trimming: and the same evil "will probably lead to the practice of gi'aftiiig on seedling stocks, the tap root of "which will in sure the stability of the future tree. From cuttings, in thin soils, the roots \vill be too superficial for safety,
" The manufacture of this oil is extremely simple ; and re-

GLYNN COUNTY.

281

quires no very complicated or expensive machinery. The latter consists of a mortar, a revolving stone, or some other contrivance for separating the pulp from the stones, and of rendering it a paste ; a revolving stone, like a bark or cidermill for crushing the stones ; a lever or screw press for the pressing of the oil from the pulp and stones ; bags of coarse cloth or hair to contain the puip ; and wooden or earthen ware vessels for receiving the oil from the presses, and for se parating it from the mucilage-
"As soon as the olives are ripe, which is indicated by their becoming of a dark colour and soft, they are gathered by hand, and spread out over floors to the depth of a few inches. In this situation they remain three days, being turned daily, and the decayed berries carefully picked out. They are then placed in the mortar or under a stone, and moderately triturated, until the pulp is reduced to a paste, and is detached from the stones. The stones having been removed, the pulp is then put into coarse and strong bags, and placed under the press, -which should be worked very slowly at first. From the press the oil mixed with mucilage runs into wooden vessels, half filled with water. After standing from twelve to twenty-four hours, to give time to the mucilage to separate from the oil, the latter is decanted into other vessels, and remains undisturbed for about twenty days. It is then ready to be decanted again, and finally put into barrels, in which it is to remain. During this repose, nearly all the mucilage will have been precipitated ; but the oil is still liable to be troubled until it has been exposed to the cold.
" The oil from this expression is of the first quality. The pulp or cake remaining in the bags from this first pressure, is then broken up, moistened wjtli warm, water, returned to the bags, and again pressed. The oil from it is nearly equal to the first, and may be mixed with it.
" The stones having been reduced to a paste by grinding under stones, are pressed in the same way, and yield an inferio oj], of a harsh taste, and running rapidly into a state of rancidity. The refuse of the manufacture forms a valuable manure.
" The above is a mere outline of the mode of cultivating the

282

GLYNN COUNTY.

the olive, and of extracting the oil. To entei* fully into the subject, would occupy many sheets of paper ; and such de tailed information is probably foreign to your purpose, which, it Is presumed, is to recommend it to the attention of the South, by presenting for'consideration its most important, features;-- and to go no farther into rniiiutiic than may be necessary to an accurate knowledge and correct appreciation of it.
" The experiment made by my father--who, thoug'h 88 years no longer allow of his taking an active part in field operations, is still deeply interested in the subject--has proved so satis factory, that it is my intention to prosecute it on a larger scale, We have succeeded perfectly in pickling the olive, and in making from it the finest oil I have ever tasted. This season I ex pect to make several hundred bottles of oil ; and if I am not disappointed by a hurricane, I hope this winter to submit a sample for your critical judgment. Having now about 250 trees of various ages ; and intending to increase them, I hope in a few years to be able to test conclusively the question of the oliv'o culture in Georgia. The experiment -will not. be a costly one, as the ground occupied by olives is cultivated at the same time in other crops."
Some years ago sugar was made to some great extent in Glyrm, but its culture has been discontinued for sale, except on two plantations.
EAKLY SETTLERS.--A long list of the early settlers mi^ht be inserted, if space permitted. We will mention only the names of a few ; Major HOT ton, John Coupcr, William Molntosh, James llarrison, Moses Burnett, John Piles, William Clubbs, John 13. Jirardcau, Thomas Spalding, and others.
HKLICIOUS SECT,^, KuucATiow.--Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Episcopalians.
Besides the County Academy, which is well endowed, there are a few district schools of an elementary character. The "wealthy classes employ private tutors for their children.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGF.VITV.----The climate iy 'warm. The temperature is, however, moderated by the sea breezes, and the thermometer rarely exceeds 90.
In. the summer and autumn fevers and agues occur in the lower lands. The islands are regarded as desirable places of

GLYNN COUNTY.

2S3

resort during the sickly season ; in very wet seasons they arc occasionally subject to light cases of fever.
A large number of persons have lived to a great age in this county. On St. Simon's, there are, in a population of 80 whites, six heads of families 'who are more than 75 years of age. Mr. P. Grant was 84 when he died ; was at the battle of Bloody Marsh under Gen. Oglethorpe. The wife of this gentleman died at the age of 80. Captain Christopher Pouflain Dubignon died at 87 years. Mr. John C cm per is now living, who has reached more than 90 years, possessed of great conversational powers, extraordinary memory, and whose rnind is stored with highly interesting incidents con nected with southern Georgia. This gentleman and the Hon. Thomas Spalding, of the adjoining island of Sapclo, are the only two surviving signers of the Constitution of Georgia.
MINERALS, ROCKS. Fossils, SHULI.S.--There are no miner als or rocks in this section, hut a great variety of interesting fossils have been found In different places. In the Brims wick canal, during the years 1838 and 1830, a large quantity of fos sil hones was discovered.
This county has acquired much celebrity among the na turalists of Europe and this country for the number of beautifal and rare shells which have their habitat in its rivers and creeks. Among these is tho Unio spinosus, said to be found only in the AlaUimaha river, and which Is esteemed very highly by the lovers of Conehology, A reference to the Cata logue of shells found in Georgia, will show that this county is peculiarly rich in unios. aiiadontas, arnpullaria, <fec.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--Intelligence is a leading trait in the character of the people. Many of the planters have been educated in norlhcrn colleges, and their minds have been enriched by foreign travel. In polite literature, in philosophy, in political knowledge, some of the citizens have gained a high reputation. Their writings have not only ornamented the pages of scientific works in the United States, but also those of Europe, and have received the unqualified approba tion of learned societies on both sides of the Atlantic. Hos pitality also eminently characterizes the people of Glynn. The well furnished house of the planter is always open to the

284

GLYNN COUNTY.

traveller, and the offer of compensation is almost regarded as an indignity. 1'roperly introduced, the stranger is made to understand that he is at home. Horses, guns, boats, and wellstocked libraries are at his command, and he soon feels that he is amongst those "whose principal gratification is derived from seeing him happy. No one can spend a week in Glynn without coming to the conclusion that he is in no ordinary society.
AMuriKMBNTri.--The amusements are hunting, dancing,visit ing, and fishing. Boat-racing is also a favourite pastime with the inhabitants of the island. In. nothing do the planters pride themselves more than in their boats, which are constructed with a special view to elegance and lightness. Washington Irving says, that when in England he heard gentlemen dwell on the shape and beauty of particular trees on their estates, with as much pride and technical precision as though they had been discussing the merits of statues in their collection;" and the same remark is applicable to the islanders of Glynn, that, in stead of discussing the merits of trees, they discuss the merits of their beautiful boats. These boats have generally fancy names, such as Lady Love, Star, .Lightning, Lizard, &c. A .boat race is an exciting occurrence to all classes, but especial ly to the slaves, who really think that the reputation of the plantations to -which they belong, depends upon the swiftness of their masters' boats.
TOWNS.--Brunswick is the seat of justice for this county; situated on the cast bank of an arm or branch of Turtle river, 201 miles S, E. of MiLIedgeville, 80 S. S. \V. of Savannah, 8 miles from St. Simon's lighthouse, and about 13 miles from St. Simon's bar. " The site of the town is a beautiful bluff of close sand ; the soil is perfectly dry and very eligible for a large city, being elevated from eight to twelve feet above high water, and extending itself up and down the river for upwards of two miles, affording a delightful situation for a town of the largest extent. The beauty of its location, its splendid river, and circumjacent islands, make it altogether the handsomest site -we have seen on our coast for the erection of a commercial emporium and naval depot." Three naval officers, appointed by Congress to report on the comparative advantages and faci-

GLYNN COUNTY.

285

lilies of a port, south of the Chesapeake, for the establishment of a navy, yard, unhesitatingly declared it as their opinion, that Brunswick possessed greater facilities for such purposes than any place south of Chesapeake Bay. The basin is capacious enough for vessels of the largest size. At the outer bar there is an unvarying depth of water of not less than 18 feet, at low tide, and about 24 at high. Induced by the advantages of Brunswick as a port, and by other circumstances, efforts were made to bring it into notice ; but these were unsuccessful,, and Brunswick no longer attracts public attention.
Frederic a is on the west side of St. Simon's island, and was settled in 1739. It received its name in honour of Frede rick, Prince of \Vales, only son of George the Second. It was laid out by General Oglethorpe, with wide streets, crossing each other at right angles, and planted with rows of orange trees. This place was the favourite residence of General Oglethorpe, and figures much in the early history of Georgia ; but its days of glory have departed, and I'Yexlerica of 1849, cannot be recognised as the Frederica of 17Sy; with its regu lar magistracy, strong fortifications round the town, &c.
SEASONS.--This county has experienced a full share of disasters by hurricanes. In. 1752, and 8th September, 1804, and on the 14th September, 1824, occurred hurricanes which did much injury to the crops and buildings.
ISLANDS.--On the coast of this county are numerous islands, the chief of which are St. Simon's, Jekyl, Colonel's, Blythe, Crispin, Little St. Simon's, Long Island, .Rainbow, Hammock. Latham's, &c.
St. Simon's is between the Alatamaha and St. Simon's Sound, separated from the main land by Macoy's river. It is twelve miles long and three broad.
Jekyl Is a pretty island, so called by Oglethorpe, after Sir Joseph Jekyl, an eminent lawyer and eloquent statesman of England.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads and bridges are very good. AGRICULTURAL, PRODUCTIONS FOR 1848. -- The following statement is furnished by James Myers, Esq., receiver of tax returns for the county :
19

286

GLYNN COUNTY.

No. of bags of Sea Island cotton, .

. 1,519

" bushels of rough rice, .

. 91,416

"

"

corn, .... 44,105

"

"

sweet potatoes,

. 27,120

"

"

cow peas, .

.

. 3,815

" barrels of syrup, .

.

.

105

"

"

sugar, ,

1,099

MILLS, &c.--There are no public mills, except a lum

ber-mill at Brunswick. Three steam-engines are used on

rice plantations, on the Alatarnaha, to thresh and pound rice;

and horse-gins for cleaning cotton are found on the principal

cotton plantations.

.MARKF.TS.--Savannah and Charleston.

ANTIO.UITIRS.--Indian mounds are of frequent occurrence;

but the most remarkable monument of that race is to be found

in the large collections of oyster shells on the islands. In some

places they form hillocks fifteen feet high, and frequently cover

several acres to the depth of many feet. The existence of

arrow heads and pieces of broken pottery among them leaves

no doubt of their origin. At Fred erica are still to be seen the

remains of Oglethorpe's fortifications, and of the tabby-houses

erected by him.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES.--In 1736, when Oglethorpe came

to Georgia, and settled at Frederica, the most interesting man

next to himself, was Captain Horton. He had been a gentle

man of family and fortune in England ; but, like many in his

rank of life, had been extravagant. He joined General Ogle-

thorpe's regiment, and upon his arrival in Georgia, settled at

Jekyl island, and established a brewery. With "white labour

ers and supernumerary soldiers he cleared 400 acres of live-

oak land, which he planted in barley and rye, besides 22 acres

of low ground, "which he planted -with hops. He erected the

necessary buildings for a brewery, and supplied the regiment

with porter and beer. The Hon. Thomas Spalding has often

been assured, by persons who had drank these articles, that

they were as good as those made in England. He also planted

10,000 orange trees, running in extended avenues along the

island. A few of these trees were in full growth until 1835,

when they were killed by the frosts. When General Ogle-

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287

thorpe left Georgia for England, Major Horton was intrusted with the. command of his regiment, and of the province. He removed to Savannah, and continued to administer the govern ment until he died.
A battle "was fought, July 7, 1742, on St. Simon's island, between Oglethorpe's regiment and the Spaniards. The latter were defeated -with great loss, and the place where the engage ment occurred has ever since been called " Bloody Marsh."
In 1788, the Creek Indians overran the country from the Alatamaha to the St. Mary's. Captain John Burnet, father of Col. Burnet, whose name appears as a signer of the Constitu tion of 1798, lived at the head of Turtle river "with his family and slaves, attending to largo stocks of cattle. All the people had fled from the main land, to the islands. Going out one day with his son, the late Col. Burnet, he discovered Indians at some distance sitting upon a high log, armed with rifles. "John," said the old man, " let us charge them." " Father," the son replied, "do not charge them ; there are more Indians behind the log." " Come, John," the father replied, " we must charge." He did charge, and his son followed him. When they had reached within a few yards of the log', ten Indians rose up and discharged their entire fire upon the old man. He received several wounds, one of which, in the ear, .finally proved mortal. With the aid of his son and a black boy, he was able to reach his house. About two weeks alter, 100 Indians in the dead of night stole into his enclosure, hav ing killed the negro who stood sentinel at the gate. They at tempted to fire the house, in which there were five or six males and two females. Repeated efforts "were made by the savages to force the doors, but those within "were upon the alert, and continued firing upon the enemy for four hours. The eldest daughter of Capt. Burnet, assisted by her younger sister, loaded the muskets below and handed them through the scuttle to their brothers above. The firing was heard at St. Simon's island, many of the inhabitants of which came to the beach to listen to it ; and as soon as daylight came, thirty men col lected and proceeded to Mr. Burnet's. Upon their arrivaJ, they found that within the house one negro had been killed. Mr. Moses Burnet received three severe wounds. All of Mr.

288

GLYNN COUNTY.

Burnet's negroes had been carried away by the Indians. Some months afterwards, the Indians acknowledged to the Commissioners who made the treaty at Colerain, that during the night of the attack upon Mr. Burnet's house their loss had exceeded thirty men.
During the war of 1812, a detachment of one hundred men from Cumberland island, of the British invading army, took possession of St. Simon's, where they remained for three weeks. Whilst on the island, they succeeded in carrying off' three hundred slaves. To the credit of many of the negroes, they remained true to their masters. On the plantation of Mr. Couper, a remarkable instance of fidelity occurred in the conduct of his driver, Tom, who is worthy of a passing notice, not only for his great fidelity and intelligence, but from having come probably farther from the interior of Africa than any other negro in America,; his native village being Silla, on the "Niger, a few days' journey west of the celebrated city of Timbuctoo. He is a Mahometan in religion, and of the Foolah nation, the most intelligent of the native African tribes.
NAME.--The county of Glynn may be proud of bearing the name of John Glynn. who was eminent in his profession as a lawyer, highly esteemed for his probity of character, and conspicuous for his love and unwavering support of rational and constitutional liberty. His known liberal principles made him the ardent friend of the American colonies, and it was to honour these principles that the State of Georgia attached his name to this portion of her territory. In the Annual Register, from 1758 to 1779, the name of Sergeant Glynn frequently appears as a leading counsel in the. most important law cases, arid he is uniformly mentioned with respect, for his modera tion, independence, conscientiousness, and learning. In his address to the freeholders of Middlesex, which he represented in Parliament, he says : " Honour or infamy will deservedly attend me in the same manner as my future conduct shall an swer or disappoint your expectations. I do not owe your sup port to any personal friendship or connexions, and am therefore free even from the temptation of leaning to them: my obliga tions are to the public ; and to the public I will return them. The freedom of a county election is the last sacred privilege

GREENE COUNTY.

289

we have left; and it does not become any honest Englishman to survive it. For my own part, I will not, I think lameness in a cause like this, is infamy. I promise that no discourage ment shall ever make me desert you, who have shown, that you will not desert yourselves." Sentiments worthy the atten tion of American freemen! Mr. Glynn obtained his seat in Parliament without the expenditure of a single shilling. He was distinguished for the equity, energy and ability with which he opposed Lord Mansfield's writ of attachment for a supposed contempt in case of libel, and was the first practitioner who dared to controvert the legal opinions of the Chief Justice.* He was the counsel of Wilkes, when he was prosecuted by the British Government for "writing the 45th number of the North Briton and the Essay on "Woman, and in 1769 he pleaded as a member of the House of Cornmoas in favour of Wilkes.t For his conduct on the trial of Wilkes, he gained much ap plause. From various parts of the kingdom thanks were sent to him for the zealous efforts he made to defend the constitu tional liberties of the subject. He was Sergeant of .London, the legal adviser of the first city in the world, until his death, which occurred in 1779.

GREENE.
BOUNDARIES, EXENT.--The boundaries of this county are as follows :--On the North, Clarke and Oglethorpe ; on the East, Taliafero ; on the South, Hancock and Putnarn ; and on the West, Putnam and Morgan. Laid ont from Washington in 1786, and portions of it since that, period added to Hancock, Oglethorpe, Clarke, and Taliafero. It is 22 miles long, and 17 miles wide, containing 374 square miles.
RIVEIES, CF.F-KKS.--The Ogeecheo river, which rises in the county seven miles northwest of Greenesborough. The Georgia
* Posthumous Works of Junius. f Walpole's Memoirs of the Reign of George III.

290

GREENE COUNTY.

Railroad passes over the head waters of the Ogeechee, on the plantation of Mr. Burke. The Oconee and Appalachee water this county. The smaller streams -which empty into the Oconee, are Town, Beaver Dam, and Richland creeks. Shoulder Bone rises in this county.
POST OFFICES.--Greenesborougb, Cracker's Keck, Merrell, Penfield, Public Square, Scull Shoals, Union Point, White Plains.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--Greene, in 1845, had a population of 4,515 whites, and 7,458 blacks; total, 11,973. Amount of State tax for 1848, 85,158, 75 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature.
CJ-IMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is mild, and as healthy as any portion of middle Georgia ; subject to few diseases, and those principally arising from colds. Instances of longevity are not rare. Mr. William Harris died in this county at the age of 100 years ; Rev. F. Cummins, 82; Mr. Archibald Parkins, 94--was at the battle of Guilford Court House; Mr. Stewart, 90; Mr. Shaw, 87; Major Pullain, 87; and others could be named, if our limits allowed.
TOWNS.--Greenesborough is the capital, eligibly located between the "waters of Richland and Beaver Dam creeks, 40 miles north of Milledgeville, 22 miles from Eatonton, 18 from Madison, 25 from Lexington, and 31 from Washington. The town is laid off with taste, and many of the buildings are beautiful. The water is excellent. Population about 600. It has a splendid court-house nearly finished, a jail, two hotels, two churches, two academies, six stores, &c. Great attention is paid to their gardens by the citizens. The verdant shades and shrubbery which surround many of the residences, will challenge the admiration of the visitor. Greenesborough was incorporated in 1803.
Penfield, seven miles north of Greenesborough, is the seat of Mercer University. Population about 300.
W^hite Plains, 11 miles S. E. of Greenesborough, is a small village ; one church, two or three stores. It has an excellent school.
Union Point is at the junction of the Georgia Railroad and the Athens branch.

GREENE COUNTY,

29l

MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--Long Shoals factory; capital, $100,000- The Company own 500 acres of land, including all the water power on the Greene county side of the river. The main building is of brick, with stone foundation and tin roof, 150 feet long, and three stories high. Connected with the fac tory, is a building of brick, having a store, school-room and place of -worship.
Scull Shoals Cotton Manufacturing Company, 14 miles northwest of Greenesborough, on the Oconee river.
Sixteen saw-mills ; fifteen grist-mills ; three or four flourmills.
NATURE OF THE SOIL.--There is much worn-out land in this county ; but it is confidently believed that, by judicious management, it may be redeemed; and it affords us much pleasure to state, that many of the planters are turning their attention to this subject. Lands which some years ago were considered worthless, have been made to produce abundantly. The best lands are situated on the water-courses.
AVERAGE PPODUCT PER ACRE.--Cotton averages 50O Ibs.; corn, 3^- barrels ; -wheat, 10 bushels.
MINERALS.--Excellent granite, beautiful amethystine quartz, and most of the minerals found in the adjoining counties.
PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton, corn, "wheat, rye, oats, &c. Fruits do very well when proper attention is paid to them. The Hon. Judge Stocks has raised lemons in his garden of a large size and fine quality.
EARLY SETTLERS.--Jonas Fauche, Wm. Heard, S. M. Devereaux, Isaac Stocks, Joseph Heard, John Pinkerd, John Harrisoii, Samuel B. Harris, John Young, Josiah McDonald, Charles Watts, Joseph White, George Reid, Major Porter, and others.
EMINENT MEN.--Greene county has produced a number of distinguished men. Among them may be mentioned Jonas Fauche, a gentleman whose merits have not been properly ap preciated by the people of this State. In the eai'ly settlement of Greene he bore a conspicuous part in the defence of the frontiers against the Creek Indians. He was a very peculiar man in every respect.
Rev. Dr. George F. Pierce, President of Emory College,

292

GREENB COUNTY.

distinguished as an orator, and Judge Dawson, United States Senator from Georgia, were natives of this county.
Rev. Dr. Francis Cummins died in this county. With few interruptions by occasional sickness, he had preached the gos pel more than half a century. He was one of the oldest and most respectable Presbyterian ministers In the. Southern States. His native place was Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. Af ter completing his education in his native State, he served for some time in the army for the defence of his country, before the close of the revolutionary war. He was licensed to preach the gospel in the State of North Carolina, and soon after the peace, settled in South Carolina. He afterwards removed to Georgia, and preached to the congregation among which he died, for twenty-three years. Having resigned his charge, and preached his farewell sermon, he ' "was taken sick on the nest day, "with influenza, and was unable to go out again. He died, as he had lived, in the vigorous exercise of his faculties, intelligently, calmly, and confidently trusting in the gospel of Christ.
Major Oliver Porter was four times elected elector of Pre sident and Vice-President, and frequently a member of the Legislature of Georgia.
IJ..L:rJ iGious SECTS, EDUCATION.---Baptists, .Methodists, and Presbyterians. The Baptists are the most numerous. There are a few Episcopalians and Roman Catholics. Edu cation has always engaged the attention of the citizens. In Greencsborough, Penneld, and other places, excellent schools are to be found.
MINERAL SPRINGS.--In various parts of the county there are springs supposed to be impregnated with mineral qualities, but none that are particularly celebrated.
MISCELLANEOUS -REMARKS.--The author of this work has in his possession the original muster-roll of a detachment of Captain Fauche's troop of dragoons, dated Feb. 25, 1794, and regrets that its great length prevents its insertion.
NAME.--Two quarto volumes, containing the Hfe of Major General Nathaniel Greene, in honour of -whom this county is named, have been written by the Hon. Judge Johnson, of South Carolina. This work we have freely used in the following

GREENE COUNTY.

293

memoir. On the 37th day of May, 1743, at Warwick, in Rhode Island, Major General Nathaniel Greene was born. His father was a Quaker, and carefully educated his sons in the principles of that sect. No education beyond the simplest rudiments was bestowed upon his children. In constant
Dloyme.nt at his father's business, Greene had few opportu nities for improving his mind, and it was not until he was 14 years old, that he began to feel the importance of so doing. The forming of an acquaintance "with a young collegian in duced him to turn his attention to intellectual pursuits, which he did with extraordinary perseverance amidst great disadvan tages. The acquaintance he accidentally formed with the cele brated President Styles, of Vale College, and Lindley Murray, author of a Grammar, "was of much advantage to him. Their conversation--their advice as to what books he should read, contributed much to his improvement. "When the famous Stamp Act had produced among the colonies a determined spirit of resistance, Greene caught the spirit of the times, became fully convinced of the injustice of the act, and at once resolved that he would join the ranks of freedom. He first became a soldier in the Kentish Guards. After the battle of Lexington, Rhode Island embodied three regiments of militia, and placed them under the command of Greene as Brigadier General. In 1775 he took his command before Boston, and formed an ac quaintance with General Washington, "which at length ripened into a friendship which continued to the end of his life. Soldiers of distinction, on his first appearance in the camp at Cam bridge, from the ardour of his zeal, unremittcd activity, and strict attention to every duty, pronounced him a man of real military genius. Gen. Greene "was immediately employed in active service. In the memorable retreat of the army through the Jerseys, he was the firm supporter of Washington. On the 25th of Dec., 1776, he crossed the Delaware in command of the left wing of the army, which in the surprise at Trenton cut off the retreat of the enemy to Princeton. All the hard ships and sufferings of this gloomy "winter, when despondency began to sit upon the bravest, were borne cheerfully by him. At the battles of Brandywine, German town, Monmouth, he displayed every quality of a soldier. The retreat through

294

GREENE COUNTY.

Rhode Island he managed -with a skill almost unparalleled in the annals of war. As the head of the Quarter-Master's depart ment, he rendered incalculable benefit to his country. It was an office which required much prudence and vigor, and Greene, surrounded by embarrassments, conducted its various and important duties with capacity, diligence, and integrity. Upon his resignation of this office, in August, 1780, Washing ton said to him: "You have rendered the path of duty in the Quarter-Master's department so broad and plain, that it will not be easy for your successors to mistake it." Congress, in 1780, authorized the Commander-in-Chief to nominate a suc cessor to General G-ates in the southern military department. Washington, having a high sense of General Greene's qualifi cations, and induced also by the washes of the southern dele gates, nominated him for this responsible office ; and without loss of time, and disregarding his private concerns, he pro ceeded to the south.
Upon assuming the command he found himself surrounded by difficulties, but in a short time he succeeded in giving con fidence to the army. The victory at the Cowpens, although achieved under the immediate command of General Morgan, was the first stroke of General Greene's policy in the south. At the battle of Guilford Court-House, he was compelled to retreat, but not without much loss on the part of the enemy. About this time, when there was much to discourage him, he was advised to retire to Virginia, but the gallant soldier re plied, " I will recover South Carolina or die in the attempt." On the 8th Sept., 1781, the victory at the Eutaw Springs covered him with glory. For his conduct on this occasion he received the thanks of Congress, a British standard; and a gold medal. After the war he returned to Rhode Island, from which he came to Georgia, and settled at Mulberry Grove, formerly the property of Gov. Graham, situated on the Savan nah river, 14 miles from the city of Savannah, a gift from the State of Georgia. Shortly after his settlement it pleased Di vine Providence to cut short that life, the most of which had been spent in the service of his country. He died at the house of Air. William Gibbons, near Savannah, from exposure to an intense heat of the sun, June 19, 1786. When the news of his death was received in Savannah, universal gloom pervaded

GWINNETT COUNTY.

295

the community. "Every demonstration of respect was shown to his memory. Judge Stephens informed Judge Johnson that his body was placed in the tomb of the Jones's ; but when a committee, appointed by the City Council of Savannah, pro ceeded to examine the vault, with a view to the removal of his re mains, they could not be found. M^e have heard it stated that some persons, unfriendly to Gen. G-reene, came to the cemetery three days after his body was placed in the vault, removed it, and buried it near the place now occupied by the Quoit Club in Savannah. Shame that the spot where the relics of the Hero of the South lie interred, cannot be designated. The citizens of Savannah have erected a monument to the memory of Gen. Greene in one of their most beautiful squares.

GWINNETT.
.BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county has Hall on the N., Jackson on the N. E. ? Walton on the S. E., De Kalb on the S. W., and the Chattahoochee on the W. Laid out under the Lottery Act of 1818. Its length is ahout 39 miles, breadth 19; containing 551 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Chattahoochee river is the chief stream. The head waters of the Alcovy, Appalachee, and Yellow rivers, are in this county. Richland, Level, Suwanee, are tributaries to the Chattahoochee. Beaver Ruin and Jackson creeks discharge themselves into Sweet Water creek, which flows south, and empties into the Yellow river.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION--The population in 1845 was 8014 whites, 2048 blacks; total, 10,OG2. Amount of tax returned for 1848., $3476 and 40 cents. Entitled to two representatives to the State Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Lawrenceville, Auburn, Cains, Choice's Store, Orrsville, Pinkneyville, Rock Bridge, Suwanee, Sweet Water, Yellow River.
FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--In the northern part of the county the face of the country is hilly.

296

GWINNETT COUNTY.

There is a belt of red land, which enters the county at the east, and runs south, which is of very superior quality. The river and. creek lands are fertile. A large portion of" the soil is gray land. More beautiful farms than many with which we met in this county, cannot be found in Georgia. We were pleased to notice the number of fences made of stone.
PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT PEE ACRE.--The pro* ductions are cotton, corn, wheat; and indeed this county fur nishes all the resources necessary for the support and comfort of industrious farmers. Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre ; corn 20 bushels; wheat 10 bushels.
VALUE OF LANDS, COTTON.--Red lands command $8 per acre. The lands on. the Chattahoochee are worth from $20 to $30 per acre. The gray lands are worth from 50 cents to $3 per acre. About 2500 bags of cotton are raised annually.
MARKETS.--Augusta, Stone Mountain, Atlanta. MINERAL SPRINGS.--Bankston's springs, six miles from Lawrenceville, on the road to the Stone mountain, are said to be very mnch like the Madison springs. There is a limestone spring in the Sugar Hill district, twelve miles north of Lawrenceville, and another on the farm of Mr. Elisha M. Winn, six and a half miles east of Lawrenceville. MINERALS.--Gold is found in the Chattahoochee, in the Sugar Hill district, and in various places. Granite of excel lent quality is abundant; also antimony, iron, quartz, burr stone, &c.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--This county has a fine cli mate, and is generally exempt from .diseases, except those which emanate from colds. Instances of longevity are numerous. Daniel Clover, aged 87 ; John Lawrence, 85 ; Stephen Har ris, 90 ; Jonathan Johnson, 80; Lewis Dishoiis, 90 ; Owen An drews, 90; Edward Jackson, 87; Sarah Hunt, 81 ; Mrs. Shadock, 100; Mrs. Ruth Liddel, 90 ; Mrs. Campbell, 90; .John Davis, 110, who connected himself with the church when he was 99; Mr. Hunt, 100; John McDade, 95; George Thrasher, 93; George Wilson, 100; and many others might be named, who reached a great age. There are now living, Nathan Dobbs, aged 92 ; Mrs. McCree, 93 ; Thomas Cox, 92 ; Leonard Wills, 92; John Brown, 90; John Bowen, 90 ; J. S. Head, 85 ; Mrs. Elizabeth Haney, 84 ; Elizabeth Gower, 83.

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EARLY SETTLERS.--Among the early settlers "were 'Wil liam Nesbitt,. Isham Williams, Ashel R. Smith, William Maltbie, and Colonel Hutchins.
ROADS, BRIDGES.--The roads are generally in good order. There is a fine bridge, called McAfee's Bridge, over the Chattahoochee, 220 feet in length, covered, and on stone arches. It is on the main road from .Lawrenceville, west.
REIJGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION,--Baptists, Methodists, Pres byterians, Episcopalians, Universahsts, and New Lights. Good schools are in JLawrenceville ; but generally speaking, too lit tle attention is given to the subject of education.
MOUNTAIN.--The Hog mountain is in the northern part of the county.
MANUFACTURES, MILLS, DISTILLERIES.--The streams, par ticularly Ivy creek, afford many facilities for manufacturing purposes. In the county are, 2 wool-carding mills, 9 saw mills, 26 grist-mills, 3 merchant mills, 7 distilleries. Three of these only do a regular business.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--The citizens of this county are industrious and frugal ; and it is worthy of special remark, that they have always been noted for their promptness in re sponding to the calls of their country in times of emergency. During the Creek outbreak in 1836, a call was made upon the county for volunteers ; and in less than two hours after the re ceipt of the Governor's orders, two companies, having each 100 men, were organized. The citizens contributed $600 to aid in fitting out these brave soldiers. In the Court House Square at Lawrenceville is a monument reflecting much cre dit upon those who erected it. On one side of the monument is this inscription : " This monument is erected by their friends, to the memory of Capt. James C. Winn, and Sergeant Anthony Bates, Texan volunteers of this village, who were taken in honourable combat, at Goliad, Texas, and shot by order of the Mexican commander, March 27, 1830." On the other side: "To the memory of Ensign, Isaac S. Lacy, Sergeant James C, Martin, and Privates William M. Sims, John A. V. Tate, Robert T. Holland, James H. Holland (brothers), Henry W. Peden, James M. Alien, members of the Gwinnett Company of Mounted Volunteers, under the command of Capt. H. Gar many,

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GWINNETT COUNTY,

who were slain in battle with a party of Creek Indians, at Shepard's, in Stewart county, June 9, 1836. Their remains rest beneath this monument."
TOWN.--Lawrenceville is the county town, and is eligibly situated on the ridge which divides the head waters of the Alcovy and Yellow rivers. It is 90 miles N. N. W. of Milledgeville, 30 miles S. of Gainesville, 45 miles W. of Athens, 21 miles N. W. of Monroe, 28 miles N. of Covington, 16 miles N. W. of the Rock mountain, 24 milos N. E. of Decatur, 40 miles from Marietta. It has a handsome brick court-house, jail constructed of granite, two churches, Presbyterian and Me thodist, two hotels, &c. Population 400. There are two academies, one for females, the other for males. The male' academy stands upon a high hill, from, which is presented a fine view of the Rock mountain. The citizens are quiet and orderly, hut are sometimes disturbed by noisy persons from the country. A rigid police is much wanted. Incorporated in 1821.
NAME.--This county was named after the Hon. Button Gwinnett, who was born in England, came to Georgia in 1772, and settled on St. Catherine's island. For some time after the beginning of the revolutionary difficulties, he was in doubt as to the course he would take; but the arguments of Dr. Lyman Hall, with whom he was intimate, convinced him of the jus tice of the American cause, and in 1775 he commenced taking an active part in public affairs. In 1776, at the meeting of the General Assembly in Savannah, he was appointed a represen tative to Congress, and his name is affixed to the Declaration of American Independence as a delegate from Georgia. He' was a member of the Convention which met in February, 1777, to frame a constitution for the future government of the State. Upon the death of Mr. Bulloch, he became Governor of Georgia. A delegation from South Carolina called upon Mr. Gwinnett during the early stage of the Revolution, for the purpose of suggesting to him the expediency of recommend ing that Georgia should place herself under the jurisdiction of the former ; but to the praise of Mr. Gwinnett let it be known, that he treated the suggestion with contempt. An unfor tunate misunderstanding occurred between General .Lachlan

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299

Mclntosh and 'Mr. Gwinnett, "which resulted in a duel. The parties fought near Savannah, at the distance of twelve paces. Both gentlemen -were seriously wounded. Mclntosh reco vered, but Gwinnett died twelve days after the combat-- 27th of May, 1777.

HABERSHAM.
This county is bounded, JNT. by Rabun and Union, E. by the Tugaloo river, S. by Franklin and Hall, and W. by Lumpkin. Laid out by the Lottery Act of 1818. It is 31 miles long and 23 wide, containing 713 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS. -- The Chattahoochee, the Soquee, and Middle rivers ; Duke's, Little Mud, Panther, Toccoa, Mossy, Shoal, Flat, Deep, Glade, Hazel, and other creeks.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION. -- In 18<t5 there were in this county 7,316 whites, 1,195 blacks; total, 8,411. Amount of State tax returned for 1818, 81767 58. Entitled to two members to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES,--Clarkesville, Batesville, Dawson, Hollingsworth, Mount Yonah, Loudsville, Nacoochee, Walton's Ford, Toccoa Falls.
FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE Son.,, "VALUE OF LAND.--This county is broken by mountains. The soil is formed mostly from the decomposition of granite. The most valuable lands are below the Currahee mountain, on Tugaloo, Middle, Hudson's, and Soquee rivers, adapted' to wheat and corn, and command $10 per acre. The oak and hickory lands are valued at $3 per acre. The mountain and ridge lands can be purchased at almost any price.
AVERAGE PRODUCT PBH ACHE, COTTON, MARKETS.--Corn averages 15 bushels per acre, wheat 5 bushels. About 50 bates of cotton are annually produced. The markets are Athens and Augusta. Many of the merchants make their purchases in New-York, but, most of them in Charleston.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is unsur passed by any in the world. The Indians were accustomed

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HABERSHAM COUNTY.

to say that they never knew fever to prevail in tlabersham, and always represented it as the most healthy portion of their country. There are but few diseases. The instances of lon gevity are the folio-wing, viz.: Robert Turner, a soldier of the Revolution, 90; "Mrs. Turner 90; Mr. McCollum, nearly 100; John Cibbes, 95.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Methodists, Baptists, Pres byterians, and a few Episcopalians. The latter are chiefly persons from the seaboard, who resort to Clarkesville in the summer. Considerable attention is paid to the subject of edu cation, and common schools are numerous.
MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--There is no cotton factory in the county ; 3 gold-mills, 4 jug manufactories, 8 or 9 distilleries, 20 saw-mills, 30 grist-mills, 1 flour-mill. The females of this county are remarkably skilful in weaving jeans. Beautiful saddle-cloths are also made, and sent to Clarkesville, where they , meet with a ready sale.
ROADS, BRIDGES.--For a mountain country the roads are fair. On the Tugaloo river, on the road leading from Clarkes ville to Pendleton, South Carolina, is an elegant covered bridge, resting on three arches, 12 by 16 feet. On the Chattahoochee is a bridge 183 feet long. The Unicoy turnpike road runs from North Carolina to Clarkesville, 40 miles, crossing the Blue Ridge. There is also a turnpike from Major Logan's, at Loudsville, across the Blue Ridge, through the Tesnatee gap, seven miles long ; cost 83 ; 000. It is the property of Major Logan, pays a good interest, and is chartered for thirty years.
TOWNS.--Clarkesville is most delightfully situated, near the southwest bank of the Soquee river, eight, miles above its con fluence "with the Chattahoochee. The beauty of the village is greatly increased by the picturesque grandeur of the surround ing country. On approaching the village, the first object which arrests the eye is the Blue Ridge. The Yonah moun tain, ten miles distant, is in full view, and other mountains pre sent themselves at a distance of from 8 to 20 miles. Clarkes ville has become a favourite retreat of many families from South Carolina and Georgia, -who have erected fine houses. The water is delicious. The court-house is of brick, but not well arranged. The jail is a plain wooden building. There are

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three churches, Methodist, Episcopal, and Presbyterian ; and a Baptist church will soon be erected. The hotels are three in number, and understand the art of making travellers com fortable. This town, named after Governor John Clarke, was incorporated, and made the county site in 1823. Distant 136 miles N. of Milledgeville, 58 from Athens, 50 from Pendleton, South Carolina; 12 from Tallulah Falls, 28 from Gainesville, and 24 from Clayton.
Loudsville is in the western part of the county, 13 miles N.E, of Dahlonega, and 21 from Clarkesville, surrounded by mountains, and amidst the gold region. The place has been settled 16 years, has one store, school, and a church belonging to the Methodists,.
Mount Yonah is east of Dahlonega ; has three stores, one blacksmith's shop, one' tailor, one hotel, one distillery, one 'school and church. Population about 70.
Nacoochee Valley, situated 12 miles N. W. of Clarkesville, has three stores, one hotel, one church, and several mechanics' shops. The valley is about eight miles long and about half a mile wide. It is one among the most beautiful valleys in the world. The land is productive, rewarding the farmer with liberal crops of corn, wheat, &c. More than 1,200,000 dollars worth of gold has been found in this valley. . MOUNTAINS.--Yonah, Ellick's, Sail's, Skitt's, Tray, and Currabee. The latter deserves special notice. It rises gradually in a conical form until it reaches an elevation of 900 feet. On the east it sinks completely to the usual level of the land ; but, on the western side, after descending for many hundred feet, it blends with a ridge that unites it with the chain of the Alleghanies.
FALLS.--The celebrated falls of Tallulah are in this county, and all who have visited them unite in saying that they merit a high place among the natural curiosities of the United States. The following account of these falls is from the pen of David P. Hillhouse, Esq.: " The stream is, by the Cherokee Indians, called in some places Tarrurah, at other places Tallulah. It is the western branch of the Tugaloo river, and the rapids are situ ated about ten miles above its junction with the Chattooga, which is the eastern branch of the Tugaloo. The rapids are
20

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HABERSHAM COUNTY.

about 12 miles from Clarkesville. The river passes through a range or ridge of mountains, for somewhat more than a mile, forming for its bed an awful gulf, and for its banks stupendous fronts of solid rock, like those of Niagara, just below its great cataract, and of the Genesee river below the fall in that stream, a few miles above Lake Ontario. These banks of TalluJah are worn by its waters in many places into caverns and gro tesque figures, and often the sides are perpendicular, and smooth beyond the means of art to imitate. Just at the head, and also at the foot of the rapids, the banks of Tallulah river are not more than ordinary height above common water mark. In the intermediate distance, the height of the banks varies from 200 to 500 feet perpendicular. The width of the river is from 15 to 100 feet. There are four perpendicular pitches of "water, of from 50 to 80 feet, and a great many smaller cata racts of from 10 to 20 feet perpendicular pitch. There are but two or three points by which a person can possibly descend to the bed of the river, and these are the tracks of small rivu lets emptying themselves into the river on the -west side, and making several very steep precipices, down which one may possibly pass by aid of the shrubbery that grows in the hol lows. When arrived at the -water's edge, to look out at the opening of the great cliffs above, is surprising, interesting, and alarming !
" These cliffs, combined with the foaming, roaring, bound ing, impetuous current of water, exhibit novelty, beauty, and grandeur in the greatest degree. At the instant the visiter views the current some hundred feet below him, he shrinks back in apprehension of his destruction : still curious to view it more, he cautiously advances again, until by degrees he be comes so familiar to the scenery, as to be perfectly delighted with it. At every step he beholds some new dress that gives ad ditional interest to the prospect. But there is no tinselled or
nament to the banks of Tallulah. In a "wild, uncultivated, and barren country, no art has been introduced to deface this grand exhibition of nature. Sculptured chasms and fonts, elevated por tals, formidable stockades, impregnable fortresses, deep perpen dicular cascades, and successive bounding currents, added to the many rainbows that continually shine (when, the sun does)

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through th'e spray that rises from the falling water, and the variegated colours in front of the rocky banks of red, white, yellow, and brown, and the small rivulets that pour down into the gulf from the mountain's top, give novelty, beauty, sublim ity, and awe to the rapids of Tallulah."
The Toccoa falls are on a creek of the same name. The water falls more than 185 feet perpendicular. No description can give an idea of the beauties of tins fall and the surround
ing scenery. MINERALS.--A great variety of minerals is found in tla-
bersham. It was in this county that the first gold mines were discovered in Georgia. The following is a list of the princi
pal ones; . Loud's vein has been a rich mine; not now in operation.
Has been excavated to the depth of 135 feet. Gordon's, near Loudsville, is considered rich. Lewis's, one mile from Loudsville, would be valuable were
water convenient. Holt's, two miles from Loudsville, is thought to be rich. Richardson's mines, on Duke's creek, in Nacoochee valley,
have yielded 150,000 pennyweights of gold. They are still worked. Forty hands employed. Deposit mine.
White &. McGie's mines. Vein and deposit. Have yield ed 66,000 pennyweights of gold in eight years.
Gordon & Lumsden's mines, on Duke's creek. Vein and deposit. Produced in 10 years 100,000 pennyweights of
gold. Williams's mine, on the Chattahoochee, has been in opera
tion about 20 months, and paid fair "wages. Little John's mine, on Duke's creek, is an excellent vein.
Has been worked two years, and has yielded 30,000 penny
weights. Horshaw's mine, on Sauly creek, has yielded largely. Iron is abundant. Some years ago there were iron works
on the Soquee river ; but for reasons unknown to us, they have been discontinued. In addition to the minerals already named, the county has cyanite, garnets, carnellans, augite, asbestos, tourmaline, rubies, plumbago. Three diamonds have been
found in the county.

3Q4

HABERSHAM COUNTY.

CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--The people of this section are accommodating and hospitable. To strangers they are particularly attentive, and take much pleasure In communicat ing information in regard to the various objects of interest with -which the country abounds. Some of the most intelli gent men in the State reside in this county.
AN"TIQ,UTTII;S,--In 1834, says .Mr. Sherwood, in his Gazetteer of Georgia, a subterranean Indian village "was discovered in Nacoochee valley by gold miners, whilst excavating a canal. The depth to which it is covered varies from seven to nine feet. Some of the houses are imbedded in a stratum of rich auriferous gravel. They are 34 in number, built of logs from six to ten inches in diameter, and from ten to twelve feet in length. Cane baskets and fragments of earthenware were found in the rooms. Specimens of curious -workmanship, such as crucibles and mortars, have been also found.
NAME.--This county "was named in honour of Col. Joseph Habersham. This sterling patriot was born at Savannah, on the 28th of July, 1751. His father, James Habersham, was a native of England, and accompanied his friend the Rev. George Whiteneld, to Georgia, in 1738, by whose advice he took charge of the Orphan House, situated about nine miles from Savannah. He was a man of uncommon piety, and ne glected no opportunity of inculcating upon the minds of his children the important truths of religion. The subject of this memoir -was educated at Princeton College, -whilst under the able presidency of Dr. Witherspoon. At an early period of his life he imbibed a love for independence .; and accordingly, when only 23 years of age, he was placed upon the first com mittee appointed by the friends of liberty, on the 27th of July, 1774. Not many months after this, several gentlemen met at the house of 13r. Jones to concert a plan by "which access could be had to the magazine in Savannah, -which contained a large quantity of powder. On the llth of May, Mr. Haber sham accompanied by Noble, W. Jones, Edward Telfair, Wil liam Gibbons, Joseph Clay, and John Milledge, effected an en trance into the magazine, took out the powder, sent a part of it to Beaufort, and concealed the remainder. Agreeably to notice given, a number of the sons of liberty met in Savannah,

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on the 21st of June, 1775, to select a committee, whose duty should be to co-operate -with the other colonies in the strife of freedom, and Mr. Habersham was placed upon this commit tee. In the following month, learning that a vessel had ar rived at Tybee, "with powder for the use of the oppressors of their country, a band of patriots headed by Mr. Habersham took possession of her, and sent a large quantity of the powder to Savannah, 5000 pounds of which were immediately des patched to Boston, and -were probably used at the memorable battle of Bunker Hill. Mr. Habersham shortly after this, had another opportunity of showing his great decision of character. Gov. Wright having rendered himself very obnoxious to the patriots, Mr. Habersham raised a company of volunteers and took the Governor prisoner. Such devotion to the cause of his country placed him in the foremost rank of that illustrious company, -who had hazarded every thing in the noble cause of freedom, and accordingly he was appointed Major of the first battalion of troops raised in Georgia, In this new capa city he gave proof of his merits as a soldier. On every occa sion in which danger was to be encountered, or service per formed, he was actively engaged. He was present at the siege of Savannah, and bore a conspicuous part in its dangers. Geor gia was not unmindful of the worth of her faithful son. In 1785, he was elected Speaker of the General Assembly, and again, in 1790, was elected to this high office. In 1795, he received from General Washington the appointment of Postmaster General of the United States, the duties of "which he discharg ed, not only to the close of Washington's administration, but throughout that.of the elder Adams. When Jefferson became President, Mr. Habersham resigned, and returned to Georgia. He closed his active and useful life on the 17th day of No vember, 1815, in the 65th year of his age.

II ALL.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county is bounded N". by Habersham and a corner of Lumpkin, E. by Franklin and

306

HALL COUNTY.

Jackson, S. by Gwinnett, W. by Forsyth and Lumpkin. Laid out by the Lottery Act of 1818. Length 30 miles, breadth 24 ; 730 square miles.
RIVERS AND CREEKS. -- The principal streams are the Chattahoochee, Chestatce, Oconee and Little rivers. The creeks are numerous, among which are the following : Shoal, Flowery, Flat and Limestone, emptying into the Chattahoo chee; Middle \Vahoo, East "Wahoo, and others.
POST OFFICES.--Cainesville, Argo, Chestnut Hill, Gillsville, Hog Mountain, Gailey's Mill.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.----The number of inhabitants in -this county, in 1845, was Ci,817 whites, and 1,346 blacks; total, 8,163. The amount of tax paid into the State treasury, for 1848, $1, 773 65 cts. Sends one representa tive to the Legislature.
CHARACTER or THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--The citizens are generally well informed. One hundred and seventy newspapers are taken 'in the county. The people are ge nerally temperate and hospitable, but rather shy of strangers. More industry is wanted, although there is great improvement as far as this is concerned. Hunting and rifle-shooting oc cupy a large portion of the time of the people ; and they have the reputation of being expert with the rifle.
RELIGION, EDUCATION.--The Baptists and Methodists are about both equally divided. There are a few Presbyterians. In the county are about seventeen Methodist churches, six teen Baptist, and one Presbyterian. Education, does not com mand the attention which its importance requires.
jNTATURE OF THE SoiL, VALUE OF LiAND, PRODUCTS, MARKET.
--The bottoms of the Oconee river have the best soil, and are well adapted to the growth of corn. On the Oconee river there is a body of land in one locality consisting of 5000 acres, said to be very superior. On the Chattahoochee river there is also much good land. By far the largest portion of the land in this county is sandy. Corn, wheat, rye, and some cotton, are the productions. Corn averages on the rich lands eight barrels per acre. On other lands two barrels. Wheat ten bushels per acre. Cotton about 300 Ibs. per acre. Athens has a large share of the business of this county. The best

HALL COUNTY,

307

lands sell at $12 per acre. The inferior kinds from $2 to 88. 350 bags of cotton made in a year.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate in "winter is variable; in summer pleasant, and bracing. Most of the dis eases are spring diseases. Cases of go'itre, in a mild and mo dified form, occasionally occur. Several medical gentle men have instituted inquiries whether any cases of consump tion have ever occurred in this county, and they have not been able to learn the occurrence of a single case. The instances of longevity are Mrs. Floyd, over 1Q<5; Mrs. Young, 108; Mr. Young, son of this lady, 86; Mrs. Nancy Glaze, 102; Mr. Gowder, 96 ; Capt. Armour, over 8O--was in the battle of Vinegar Hill in Ireland.
MILLS.--Ten saw-mills, fourteen grist-mills, two merchant mills, one upon the Chestatee, the other upon the Chattahoochee.
ROADS, BRJITGES, FERRIES,--The roads are fair. Bridges two. Ferries two.
ORIGINAL SETTLERS.--Robert Armour,Messrs. Boyd,Bates, Stringer, Floyd, Young, and Nicholls.
MINERALS.--To the geologist and. mineralogist, this county offers an interesting field. A great variety of minerals exist. The first diamond ever discovered in Georgia, was found in Hall county. Dr. Daniell owns the diamond found about two miles from Winn's ferry. Those owned by Dr. Banks and Major Belf, were found among the old gold diggings of the gold region of this county. One of the diamonds found here brought $200. It is the opinion of several scientific gentle men, that if proper attention were paid to this subject, large quantities of diamonds might be found in a certain section of Georgia, of which Hall is a portion. This county is also fa mous for gold. W^e give a list of the principal mines.
The Glade mines are the most extensive, situated on Flat creek, about two miles from the Ciiattahoochee, thirteen miles north of Gainesville ; this is a deposit vein. These embrace sixty or seventy acres ; coin about 92 cts. per pennyweight; have been worked sixteen years ; owned by Dr. Banks.
Hayden's mine, joining the above, on the same creek. Stocking Eater mine, on a branch entering into Flat creek. Deposit mine.

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HALL COUNTY.

Smith's lot, on the same branch, a rich mine. On the Chestatee, the Chattahooch.ee, on Mud and Gamp creeks, and In various other places, gold is found. More than a million dollars worth of gold have been ob tained in Hall. The other minerals are iron, silver, lead, ruby, tourmaline, amethyst, emerald, cyanite, granite, soap-stone, and elastic sand-stone. MINERAL SPRINGS.--The Sulphur Spring, six miles N. of Gainesville, on the road leading from Gainesville to Clarkesville, has been known to the public for several years: The water pours from an excavation made in the rock, at the rate of one gallon in three minutes. The "waters are strongly im pregnated with sulphur'and magnesia. These springs have been found to relieve obstinate cases of liver diseases, female derangement, &c. They are the property of Mr. L." A. McAfee, a gentleman eminently qualified to take charge of a watering establishment. If good accommodations, fine water, beautiful scenery, are recommendations of any place, then the Sulphur Springs of Hall county may be put dowr^ as among the most delightful spots in Georgia. The Limestone Spring, about two miles from Gainesville, is much frequented. COUNTY TOWN.--Gainesville is the seat of justice for this county, delightfully situated, with a climate equal to that of Italy. It has a fine brick court-house, built at an expense of eight thousand dollars, jail, &c. Distant from Milledgeville 111 miles ; 22 from Jefferson ; 40 to 'Athens ; 30 to Lawrenceville ; 30 to Clarkesville ; 45 to Carnesville. Gainesville Is quite a handsome town. The citizens pay much attention to their grounds. Is is a rjlace of considerable resort for per sons from the low country. About thirty thousand dollars worth of goods are sold in Gainesville per annum. Population 400. INDIAN MOUND.--Opposite to ^Winn's ferry is a mound 50 yards wide. NAME.--In a work entitled " Sketches of North Carolina," by Rev. Wm. Henry Foote, it is stated : " When it was necessary for the American forces to march

HALL COUNTY.

309

into the Cherokee country in Georgia to quell the Indians, a company was raised in Iredell for that expedition, and Rev. James Hall -went with his friends as chaplain to the army. During the expedition, which lasted two months, the chaplain offered public prayers, very regularly morning and evening, but had but one opportunity of preaching. On that occasion he took his stand under a large shady tree ; the army, consist ing of about 4000 men, was drawn tip around him ; and the sol diers, in honour of the first gospel sermon preached in the In dian territories, named the adjacent country after the chaplain, Half county, of which Gainesville is the seat of justice."
This is a mistake. The county was named after Dr. Lyman Hal], a steady and inflexible patriot of the revolution. He was born in Connecticut, in 1731, and graduated at Yale College, 1747. After his collegiate course he studied medicine") arid removed to Dorchester in South Carolina, and came to Georgia, accompanied by several persons, to whom a grant of 31,950 acres of land was made, in what was then known as St. John's Parish, south of the Ogeechee river. The people of this parish -were early and decided advocates of the cause of liberty, and before any general measures had been adopted by the colony, had sent a delegate to the Continental Congress. That delegate was Lyman Hall. Upon ^taking his seat in the Congress at Philadelphia, in 1775, a difficulty arose as to whe ther the parish of St. John's should be considered as repre senting the colony of Georgia. Mr. Hall stated his wish merely to "hear and assist in the debates, as he only repre sented a part of Georgia, and to vote only when the sentiments of Congress were not taken by colonies. Soon after this Geor gia, by her provincial assembly, determined to join the other colonies, and Lyman Hall, in conjunction with others, "was selected to represent the -whole province. Owing to severaij causes, only three members from Georgia were present in the Congress at the signing of the declaration. Mr. Hall was one of these, and his name stands among those noble men who proclaimed the Independence of America. Mr. Hall was compelled to remove his family to the north when the British took possession of Georgia, and his property was confiscated. He returned to Georgia in 1782, and in the succeeding year

310

HANCOCK COUNTY.

was elected Governor of that State. He afterwards removed to Burke county, where he died, in the 67th year of his age. He was six feet high--manners easy and polite.
The following is the inscription upon the slab which covers the remains of this patriot:
Beneath this Stone rest the Remains of
the Hon. LYMAN HALL, Esq., formerly Governor of this State,
who departed this life the 19th of Oct., 1790, in the 67th Year of his Age.
In the Cause of America, he was uniformly a Patriot.
In the incumbent duties of a Husband and a Father, he acquitted himself "with affection and
Tenderness-- But Reader, above all, know from this Inscription
that he left this probationary Scene as a True Christian and an Honest JVIan.
" To ttiese so mourn'd in Death, so lov'd in Life, The childless Parent and the widow'd wife, With tears inscribe this monumental Stone That holds his Ashes and expects her own."

HANCOCK.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county has Greene and Taliafero on the N., Warren on the E., Washington and a part of Baldwin on the S., and Putnam on the W. It was la'id out of parts of Washington and Greene, in 1793. In 1807 a portion of it was added to Baldwin, and in 1825 a portion to Taliafero. Its medium length is 22 miles ; breadth, 20 miles ; 440 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The north fork of the Ogeechee river separates the county from Warren, and the Oconee from Put nam. The other streams are Little Ogeechee river, Shoulder

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311

Bone, PoweJl's, Beaver Dam, Fort, Town, Buffalo, Dry Pork, Sandy Run, Fulsom's, and Island creeks.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1840, the popu lation was 9,659; in 1845, 10,049. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $4,468 45, Sends one representative to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.-- Sparta, Devei'eaux's Store, Long's Bridge, Mount Zion., Powelton, Rock Mills, Shoals of Ogeechee.
TOWNS.--Sparta is the seat of justice, distant 24 miles N. E. of Milledgeville, 14 S. W. Powelton, 22 W. Warrenton, 28 E. Eatonton. It has the usual county buildings, a Presby terian, Methodist and Baptist church, male and female acade mies, stores, &c. Population 700. This place is proverbial for the intelligence of its inhabitants. It was made the seat of justice in 1797.
Powelton, in the N. E. part of the county. Population 150. Two churches and an academy.
Mount Zion, 7 miles from Sparta. Population 200. Three churches. Settled in 1811.
EARLY SETTLERS.--William Rabun, formerly Governor of
Georgia, Gen. Henry Mitchell, Boiling Hall, Charles Aber-
crombie, Gen. David Adams, and Henry Gray bill'.
FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL. -- The. county is on the dividing ridge between the primitive and secondary, or rather tertiary formations. The northern por tion is very hilly, with a red aluminous soil. The southern portion is flat pine woods, with silicious soil. The best lands are on Shoulder Bone and its waters.
PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT PEE ACRE. -- The pro ductions are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, peas, rye, barley, and ground nuts in small quantities. Cotton averages 550 pounds per acre ; corn 12 bushels ; and wheat from 5 to 6 bushels.
VALUE OF LAND, COTTON, MARKETS.--The value of land ranges from $1 to $20 per acre. Sales are usually $2 50 to $3. From the best estimates that could be made, there were made in the county in 1848, 1"2,000 bags of cotton. Savannah and Augusta are the markets,
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is mild but changeable. The thermometer in Sparta has been known to

1

312

HANCOCK COUNTY.

fall thirty degrees in one night. Snow is unusual, not occur ring more than once in three years. Rheumatisms, catarrhal fevers, are the most common winter diseases. Bilious and intermittent fevers occur in the summer and autumn. The cases of longevity which have come to our knowledge are, Dr. Timothy W. Rossitta, died in 1845, aged 92; was a sur geon in the navy during the American Revolution, and resided in this county 45 years. Gen. Henry Mitchell, a soldier of '76, -wounded whilst bearing the colours of liberty, died at 79. Mrs. Tabitha Marchman, 91.

PAUPERS, POOR SCHOOL FUND, &c.--

Number of paupers supported by the county, 21

Whole amount paid for ditto,

. . $453

Poor School fund from the county, $447

""

" " State, . 108---$555

Number of poor children in the county,

. 228

138 of whom are taught at the public charge.

Deaf and dumb persons,

...

8

Lunatics. ....... 5

EDUCATION, LITERATURE, NEWSPAPERS.-- From the earli est settlement of this county, the citizens have been particu larly distinguished for their great attention to the subject of education. At this time there are four academies, besides twenty common schools in the county. Rev. Mr. Beman, near Mount Zion, has a select school. The merits of this gentleman as an instructer are well known. The schools at Sparta and Poweltou have done much for the cause of female education. Several newspapers have been published in Han cock. Farmers' Gazette was published in Sparta from 1803 to 18O6. The Missionary, by the Rev. Mr. Gildersleve, com menced at Mount Zion about 1819 or 20 ; afterwards published in Sparta, then in Charleston, and has since been incorporated with the Watchman and Observer, in Richmond, Virginia. The Hancock Advertiser, by J. P. Norton, was published at Mount Zion and at Sparta, about 1834.
ROCKS, MINERALS.--Granite in abundance.

r

HANCOCK COUNTY.

313

Quartz Amethystine, . On the plantations of Dr.

Whitten and Mr. Al

fred Barkesdale. Agate of beautiful varieties, Ditto.

Red Jasper, at

. . Mr. Presly Harper's.

Fine white Chalcedony, at Capt. Hardwiche's.

Prase, on

. . . Buffalo creek.

CarneUans, on ... Shoulder Bone creek.

Beautiful green Chalcedony, on Buffalo creek.

Lydian Stone,

. . Mr. Hunt's.

Brown Jasper, . . . Ditto.

Noduiar Argillaceous Iron, "Various places.

Brown Hematite,

. . Ditto.

Sulphuret of Iron, associated

with Quartz, . . Rev. Mr. Battle's. Ditto in small cubic crystals of

Gneiss, on . . . Buffalo creek. Plumbago, in small quantities, Sarsnett's Mills, Felspar, .... W. A. Greeiie's.

Hornblend,

. . . Ditto.

Granular Epidote, . . Dr. Whitten's.

Schorl,

.... Near Sparta.

Asbestos, .... Shoulder Bone creek.

Brown Opal,

. . . Rock Mills.

Galena, .... Mr. Foster's. Steatite, .... Various places. Bog Iron Ore, . . . Ditto.

Carbonate of Lime, in small

quantities.

Green Mica,

.

.

. Mr. Greene's.

Kaolin, abundant in .

_

Lower part of the

county.

Zircon, a rare mineral, .

. Rev. Jesse Battle's.

Native Gold, .

.

-

Near Sparta.

Ditto in deposit, .

.

. Rev. Jesse Battle's.

For the above list of minerals we feel much pleasure in

acknowledging our obligations to Dr. Pendleton, of Sparta, a

gentleman of rare attainments in science.

SHELLS.--Shoulder Bone and Buffalo creeks afford fine

314

HANCOCK COUNTY.

specimens of the muscle. The t/nio Hoptonensis, complanatus, radiatus, Anodonta gibbosa, and Alasmadonta, inhabit the above-named waters, Dr. Terrel, several years ago, found a pearl of considerable size and beautiful lustre, in one of the muscles of Fort creek, and Dr. Pendleton has recently found several in Buffalo creek.
MILLS.--Corn-mills, 5 ; corn and "wheat mills, 10; saw mills, 13.
RELIGIOUS SECTS.--Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyteri ans. In the county are nine Methodist, nine Baptist, two Presbyterian, and one Protestant, Methodist church.
R.OADS AND BIUDGES.--Roads and bridges are very good. CHARACTER OP THE PEOPLE.--Of the people of this county it can be said that they have a high sense of religious and mor al obligations. In science and literature, many of the citizens of this county have distinguished themselves. Love for Geor gia, and for her institutions, is a prevalent feeling. The planters take a deep interest in the affairs of government. Excellent private libraries are numerous, and reviews and newspapers are liberally patronised. The compiler of this work here takes occasion to say, that from no section of the State has he received more important aid, than from the citi zens of Hancock. 'To Tuttle H. Audas, Esq., Clerk of the Superior Court, a gentleman well acquainted -with the history of his county, our thanks are due for valuable information. Han cock is proud to own as her son Col. William G. Bonner, who has gained the applause of every true Georgian for his splendid map of the State. DISTINGUISHED MEN.--Hancock has furnished her share of distinguished men. Hon. Dixon H. Lewis way born, in Han cock. G-OV. McDonald was brought up in this county. , Hon. W. T. Colquitt, A. H. Chappell, Hopkins Halsey, M. A. Coop er, Gen. S. A. Bailey, Lieutenant Governor Horton, and Col. J. W. Fanmn, both of Texas, were either born or raised in Hancock. MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES.--Shoulder Bone creek is cele brated as being the place where a treaty was made with the Creek Indians in 1786. It "was signed by eight Commission ers on the part of the State, and 59 head men of the Creeks.

r

HANCOCK COUNTY.

315

For the faithful performance of this treaty, the Indians agreed to leave in the hands of the Commissioners five of their people, namely: ChuuockHe Mico, of the Cowetas; Cuchas, of the Cussetas; Emathlocks, second man of the Broken Arrow; and Enautaleche, nephew to the head man of the Swaglos,
MOUNDS.--We are indebted to a gentleman of Hancock for the following account oi some remarkable mounds in this county:
." The principal mound is located in a second bottom, some 400 feet north of the centre prong of Shoulder Bone creek, a tributary of the Oconee, and some 12 or 15 miles from its mouth. I should suppose the base of the mound 20 feet above the level of the creek. The mound, a few years ago, was 37 feet high, and covered at least 5,800 square yards of surface, and in its form semi-oval, or the segment of a circle of some thing like 2,000 feet. Around this, though not equidistant from the mound, are the remains of a ditch or entrenchment, containing about four acres, nearly square, and one side was more or less picketed, or zigzag in its course, I should .sup pose this excavation was some 10 or 13 feet wide, and how deep I cannot tell, as it was all in cultivation and filling up when I first saw it. In the line nearest to the mound, some 40 feet east, was a very large excavation not yet filled up. Whether that was made to get earth to make the mound, or a reservoir for water, is conjectural. Near the mound, in the enclosure, is a smaller excavation, some 60 feet in diameter, from which a very large amount of human hones have been exhumed, both before and since I took possession of the land, and human hones have been ploughed up and washed up in other places of the enclosure, though none that I have heard of out side. There were, and are now, the fragments of much broken, rude earthenware, and one of the jars, unbroken, is now in my possession. Also, rude beads, one musket barrel, and my hands within the last 10 years found a round iron ball, about 1|- inches in diameter, about 300 feet from the large mound, near the spring in the neighbourhood. In the edge of the first bottom is another mound, not so large, a compound of clay and sand. When the country was first settled, the surrounding hills and valleys were pretty much covered

1

316

HANCOCK COUNTY.

with either cane or wild pea and other luxuriant plants. I understand the Indian, found here said they knew nothing about them. The large mound -was evidently thrown up by human agency, for though it has never been regularly ex amined, it has been excavated in various places,"
NAME. When the Legislature of Georgia named this por tion of her territory Hancock, they designed to commemorate the services of John Hancock, whose name appears so conspi cuous upon the Declaration of American Independence. Mas sachusetts had the honour of giving birth to this illustrious man. He graduated at Harvard College, when he was only seventeen years old ; after "which he was a clerk in the count ing-house of his uncle, to whose wealth and business he succeeded in 1764 ; but his commercial arrangements did not prevent his taking an interest in the cause of his countrys freedom. None exerted himself with more vigour in framing associations intended to hinder the introduction of English goods. When the good of his country required sacrifices, there were none which Mr. Hancock was unwilling to make. His patriotism was displayed in 1775, when it was proposed by the American officers who conducted the siege of Boston, to bombard and destroy the town, that the foe might be driven out. Mr. Hancock, whose property was thus exposed to destruc tion, was among the first to request that no regard to his inte rests should obstruct the operations of the army. When the Revolution broke out, he must have stood high among his countrymen, for he had the honour, in conjunction with Sa muel Adams, to be made an exception to the pardon offered by the Royal Governor of Massachusetts, in the proclamation de claring the province in a state of rebellion. In 1775, he was elected to the- august station of President of the Continental Congress, In 1780 he was made Governor of Massachusetts, which office he continued to hold for several years. He died in 1793, the year in which this county was named after him. The author of Familiar Characters describes Mr. Hancock " as being nearly six feet in stature, of thin person, stooping a little, and apparently enfeebled by disease. His manners were very gracious, of the old style of dignified complaisance. As a public man, his country is greatly indebted to him."

HARRIS COUNTY.

317

HARRIS.

BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county haS'Troup and Meriwether.on the N., TaJbot on the E., Muscogee on the S., and the Chattahoochee on the AV. Laid out from Troup and Musco gee, in 1827. Length 2O miles, breadth 18 miles ; 360 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Chattahoochee forms the western boundary of the county. West End, Standing Boy, Sowahachee, Mulberry, Flat Shoal, OkJ House, and Mountain creeks, empty into the Chattahoochee.
POST OFFICES.--Hamilton, Cochran's Cross Roads, Ellerslie, Mulberry Grove, King's Gap, Piedmont, Waverly Hall, Whitesville, Valley Place.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--Population in 1845, 7,166 whites, 6,972 blacks; total, 14,138. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $4,922'49 cents. Sends two rep resentatives to the Legislature.
TOWNS.--Hamilton is the seat of justice, two miles north ofMulberry creek, at the extremity of the Oak mountain, and one mile south of the Pine mountain. It is a small place, sur rounded by beautiful: scenery. Population about 400. It con tains a pretty court-house, a jail, two churches, one male school, onefemale school. Amount of goods sold per annum, 850,000. It is healthy, and the -water good. Distant from Milledgeville 110 miles; from Columbus 22^ miles ; from Talbotton 22^-; from Greeneville, 22^- ; from La Grange, 22^-; from West Point, 22^-; and 11 from Whitesville. Incorporated and made the county site in 1828:
Whitesville is on the road leading directly from Columbus to La Grange. Population 150. Distant from Columbus 27 miles.
Valley Place, 1O miles N. E. of Hamilton, in the valley between the Oak and Pine mountains. One church, one school, two stores, &c. Cochran's, 7 miles N. of Hamilton.
Ellerslie, 10 miles S. E. of Hamilton. RELIGIOUS SECTS.--Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. EDUCATION.--This subject is generally appreciated, and schools are established in nearly every portion of the county.
21

318

HARRIS COUNTY.

MI

Merchant-mills,

Grist-mills,

Saw-mills,

.

Distilleries,

PRODUCTIONS. -- The productions are similar to those of

Troup and the adjoining counties.

Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre.

Corn

"

4 barrels " "

Wheat from 10 to 12 bushels " "

MARKETS, COTTON. -- Columbus and Griffin. Eight thousand

bales of cotton are annually produced.

FACE OF THE COUNTRY, J\ATURE OF THE SOIL, VALUE OF

LANB. -- There is much variety in the face of the country. The

Pine mountains enter the county near the N. E. corner. THe

Oak mountains enter the county at its eastern corner. Above

the Pine mountains, east of the road leading to Columbus, the

country is level; having a thin, light soil, productive "but not last

ing. West of the road, from Columbus to La Grange, it is a

broken, rich ccmntry, heavily timbered. As you approach the

Pine mountains it assumes a rocky and knolly aspect. In the

valley between the Oak and Pine mountains the soil is gray;

growth, Spanish oak and hickory. South of the Oak mountain,

upon the head waters of Mulberry creek, and extending all the

way down said creek, the soil is rich.

Improved lands are "worth $5 per acre. Unimproved lands

from 3 to 4 dollars per acre.

CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE. -- The citizens of Harris are

clever and spirited. In morality, intelligence, and benevo

lence, they are upon an equality with the people of the adjoin

ing counties.

EARLY SETTLERS. -- W. C. Osborn, W. Switzer, Hon. M.

J. Welborn, John Greer, N. Harden, S. Clay, R. R. Brown,

Gen. JMcDougald, Gen. Low, arid others.

MINERALS. -- Gold has been found in the Pine mountains,

and most of the minerals which exist in the adjacent counties

are found in Harris.

BRIDGES AND ROADS. --Nothing very favourable can be said

of the bridges and roads. Their condition "would be improved

by more attention on the part of the citizens.

HARRIS COUNTY.

319

CLIMATE.--There is nothing -which distinguishes the cli mate from that of the neighbouring counties. In. the mountains the air is coo3 arid invigorating. The diseases are such as commonly prevail in western Georgia. Among the cases of longevity we have learned the following. There are nowliving Mr. Arthur Redding, over 80 ; Mr. W. Swann, over 80 ; Mr. McCraw, 90.
ANTIQUITIES.--There are two or three Indian mounds on Mulberry creek.
NAME.--Charles Harris, Esq., after "whom this county was named, was born in. England in the year 1772, and received his education in I'Yance. He came to Georgia in 1788, .and studied law in the office of Samuel Stirk, Esquire, and gradually rose to high distinction in his pro fession. He -was regarded by many as the most profound lawyer in the State. His reasoning powers were great. He neither aimed at ornament nor eloquence. As an evidence of his great reputation as a lawyer, it may be stated that he was employed in the city of Washington, in an appeal case of great importance from the Court of Admiralty in Georgia, a large fee of five thousand dollars being given to him. Wm. Pinckney and Wm. Wirt, two lawyers of great celebrity, -were associated -with him, and such was his modesty, that although his pecuniary resources were very limited, he gave to the above-named gentlemen one thousand dollars each out of his fee. When the case c-ame before the court, Mr. Pinckney rose and said, that Mr. Wirt and himself had concluded that nothing they could say to the court could possibly be necessary, or add any -weight to the masterly reasoning given in the brief by the gentleman from Georgia. The brief was then read by Mr. Finckney, and the decision of the court given in favour of the client of Mr. Harris.
Mr. Harris was a gentleman of uncommon modesty, and although importuned in the most earnest manner to accept of honours offered to him by his fellow-citizens, with the excep tion of those of Alderman and JMayor of Savannah, in one or the other of which offices he served for more than twenty years, he could not be prevailed upon to do so. More than, once did he refuse the highest offices in the gift of the people

320

HARRIS COUNTY.

of Georgia. Gov. Jackson appointed him Judge of the East ern Circuit, without consulting him ; Mr. Harris, however, anxious as he was to gratify his friend, declined the appoint ment, from a belief that the discharge of its duties would fre quently call him from the enjoyment of the domestic circle, to which he was remarkably devoted.
A year or two afterwards, whilst he was still a young man, he was elected by the Legislature of Georgia, Judge of the Eastern Circuit, without his solicitation or that of his friends, but he would not consent to take the appointment. When the -retirement of Mr. Milledge from the Senate of the United States rendered it necessary to fill the vacancy, although there were many aspirants to this distinguished office, the Legislature and both parties (Crawford and Clarke) united in the selec tion of Mr. Harris, if he would serve. An express was sent to Savannah to ascertain his views, but ,he positively refused the honour. A short time "afterwards, ill health, the loss of his wile, to "whom he was tenderly attached, and other domestic afflictions, caused him gradually to seek retirement, and he lost that tone of feeling which had given delight to all "who had the happiness of his acquaintance. He died March 17'th, 1827, lamented by all classes of people.
Mr. Harris was rather above the middle stature. His manners were affable and pleasing. His benevolence Was proverbial. When the widow saw. him she blessed hinj. When the orphans saw him they were glad. Widows, orphans, the distressed, and the poor, looked up to him as a friend, whom they might approach at any time. Mr. Harris was of a highly respectable family. His father was William Harris, barrister, who was first cousin of Lord Malmesbury. His mo ther was the sister of the hereditary Champion of England, Charles Dymock, who attended at the coronation of George the Third, and his father was one of the two squires of the Champion who attended the coronation. The Dymocks were a branch of the De Bergs, who had been Champions of Eng land from the accession of the Norman family.

HEARD COUNTY.

321

HEARD.

BOUNDARIES.---This county is bounded- on the N. by Carroll, on the E. by Coweta, on the S. by Troup, and on the W. by Alabama. Laid out from Troup, Coweta, and Carroll, in 1830.
RIVERS, CREEKS. -- This county is well supplied "with streams. The only river is the Chattahoochee, into which all

the creeks in the county empty; which are, the White Water, Sundalhatchee, Hillabahatchee, Brushy, and others.

POPULATION, REPRESENTATION, TAXE,S.--In 1840, the po pulation-was 5,?.39 ; in 1845, it was. 5,998; so that in five

years, there has been an increase of 669. Sends one repre sentative to the Legislature. Amount of taxes returned for

1848, $1,930 30. POST OFFICES.--Franklin, Berrien, Corinth, Enon Grove,
Houstoun, McBride's Mills. TOWN. --r Franklin is the seat of justice ; it is situated
on the east bank of the Chattahoochee, river, 145 miles from .MiJledgeville, 30 from West Point, 20 from La Grange, 33 from Greeneville, 20 from JVewnan, 25 from Carrollton, and 30 from Wedowee, Alabama. Population 250. It "was incor porated and made the county site in 1831. There is an excel lent brick court-house and a strong jail in Franklin.
Corinth, 11 miles east, and Houstoun, 9 miles southwest of Franklin, are thriving villages. St. Cloud's and McBride's Mills do considerable business.
MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--One cotton factory doing a good business,' 17 grist-mills, 13 saw-mills, 3 flour-mills.
SURFACE OP THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOJL.-- The

surface is very hilly. About one-third of the county consists of rich oak and hickory land; two-thirds are pine mixed with oak and hickory, and remarkably productive. All the lands rest upon a good clay foundation. The soil is light and easily

cultivated. AVERAGE PRODUCTS PER ACRE, AMOUNT OF COTTOIV.--

Corn averages, per acre, . . 20 bushels.

Wheat "

"

.

15

Cotton "

"... 800 pounds.

322

HEARD COUNTY,

There are some small bodies of bottom lands upon the river and its tributaries "which -will yield 50 bushels of-corn, or 2,000 pounds of cotton per acre. Between 4,500 and 5,000 bags of cotton are made annually.
PRODUCTIONS.--The leading productions are cotton, corn, and wheat; rye, oats, and barley are produced in small quan tities ; .most of the fruits and vegetables known to middle Georgia are successfully cultivated. The forest trees are larger than any in the adjacent counties.
EARLY SETTLERS. -- Major Daniel Wh'itaker, Mr. C. B. Brown, Colonel Winston Wood, John Jean, Thomas Awbry, and Colonel Dent "were among the earliest settlers.
RELIGIOUS SECTS.--Methodists, Missionary and Anti-Mis sionary Baptists, Protestant Methodists, and Presbyterians. In the county there are nine Methodist Episcopal churches, three Protestant Methodist, nine Missionary Baptist, two Anti-Mis-' sionary Baptist, and one Presbyterian.
INDIAN MOUNDS, &c.--There are a few small mounds near the Chattahoochee. On Colonel Dent's farm some negroes ploughed up a gun, having on it the British coat of arms.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--No section of Georgia is favoured with a more salubrious climate. The diseases are few, and those which do prevail are manageable. The only instance of longevity which has come to our knowledge is that of Mr. James Stewart; he has exceeded his threescore and
ten, being over 80 years of age.. He is one of the soldiers of " J 76."
MINERALS.--Gold has been found in the bed of the Chatta hoochee, and in all the creeks and branches on the "west of it. On Black Jack mountain, near the Alabama line, is a vein mine, supposed to be valuable. Iron ore and some specimens of lead have been found.
ROADS, BRIDGES.'--The public roads are not kept in good order. There are but few bridges. The interests of the county call for a bridge over the river at Franklin.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--There is much republican simplicity in the mariners of the people. They are improving in every thing calculated to make them good citizens and honest men.

r

HEARD COUNTY.

323

MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS.--Colonel Dent, of Franklin, is apiong the oldest settlers in the county, and he writes to the author of this work in the following manner : " I have never heard of a case of fever and ague here, and only a few cases of bilious fever. There is not a quart of stagnant "water on the west side of the river in the county. It is the most hilly and the most healthy county in the State, and holds more valu able water-power than any other territory that I ever saw of the same area. If the contemplated railroad from Atlanta to West Point is completed, and a bridge erected across the river at Franklin, Heard will be one of the most desirable counties in the. State."
NAME.--This county received its name in honour of Ste phen Heard, one among the most active officers of the revo lutionary war. He. was born in Ireland, and with his father, John Heard, emigrated to Virginia during the period of the French war. In those stirring times, education beyond the common branches was enjoyed by few, and Mr, Heard was not among that few. He served under Gen. Washington, during the French war, as a captain, and acquitted himself with honour. In 17--, when hundreds of the people of Vir ginia, attracted by the fertility of the lands in what 'was called the Broad River Country, in Georgia, were leaving the Old Dominion, Mr. Heard came to Wilkes county, and settled on Fishing creek. But little time was afforded him to cultivate (he soil; for hostilities having taken place between Great Britain and her colonies, he hastened to the standard of lib erty, and under Col. Elijah Clarke, contributed his best efforts in defending the western portions of Georgia against the attacks of a cruel enemy. At the memorable battle of Kettle Creek, he acted a distinguished part, not only by encouraging the Americans by his patriotic speeches, but also by taking an active part in the engagement. During a portion of the time when Georgia was overrun by the British, and when gloom sat upon the countenances of all, he was President of the Execu tive Council, and in this capacity did all in his power to inspire the desponding people with hope. After the war he resumed his agricultural pursuits, and was among the most influential men in Wilkes. He was Chief Justice of the

324

HENRY COUNTY.

Inferior Court, and a Trustee of the Academy in Washington. He died 15th November, 1815, and left four sons, one of whom. Co]. Thomas J. He,ard, of Elbert county, has been fre quently a member of the Legislature. Mr. Heard was married twice. His first "wife was a Miss Germany. During his absence from home, the tories came to his house and drove her off, a.nd such was the exposure she suffered, that it brought on a severe sickness which finally terminated her life. His second wife was Miss Elizabeth Darden, who died in Elbert on the Gth of June, 1848, at the advanced age of 83 years. The brother of Stephen Heard, Major Barnard Heard, was taken prisoner by the tories in "Willies and carried to Augusta in irons, where he was sentenced by a court-martial to be hung ;. but on the day before the siege of the town commenced he made his escape, and fought on that occasion, under Clarke and Jackson ; and after the battle he went to the British gar rison, where he found his father, John Heard, who was quite advanced in years, almost exhausted by hunger, with another old man, both of whom he took by the hand, and brought them to the American post.

HENRY.
.BOUNDARIES, EXTENT. -- This county is bounded IN", by De Kalb, N. E. by Newton, E. by Butts, S. by Pike, and W, by Fayette. Laid out by the Lottery Act of 1821, and portions since that time added to other counties. It is 27 miles long and 15 rniJes wide, containing 405 square miles.
RIVERS, CHEEKS.--South river, one of the head branches of the Ocmulgee, and Cotton river. The creeks are Trouble some, Sandy, Towaliga, Indian, Tussahaw, Little Walnut, Line, and Reeves.
POST OFFICES.--McDoriough, Double Cabins, Flat Rock, Forste\'ville, Locust Grove, Sandy Ridge, White House, Stock Bridge, Bueiia Vista, Spring.
Popu.LA.Tio3Y, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--The population, according to the census of 1S45. was 9,669 whites, and 3,786

HENRY COUNTY.

325

blacks; total," 13,455. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $3,360 82. Entitled to two representatives to the Legislature.
Towxs, PUBLIC PLACES.--McDonough is the capital, and is .pleasantly located on the waters of Walnut creek. First settled in 1822; incorporated and made the county site in 1823. From Milledgeville it is distant 70 miles N. W., from Fayetteville 20, from Griffin 18, from Covington 21, from Jackson 10, from Indian Springs and from Decatur 28. The public buildings are a brick court-house, jail, three churches, and one academy. This town declined in business when Grif fin was first settled, although it now begins to revive. The amount of goods sold in a year is over $50,000. Population 500. Great effo rts are making to put a stop to the sale of ardent spirits in McDonough.
HolJJnsworth's Store, or Tucker's Cabin, is 14 miles N. of McDonough.
Double Cabins, 6 miles N. of Griffin. Bale's Store, on Sandy Ridge, 10 miles E. of McDonough. White House, 7 miles N. E. of McDonough. Cotton River, 6^- miles N. of McDonough. Piftsficld, 8 miles W. of McDonough. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is healthy, and there are few diseases except on the water-courses. The instances of longevity are the following, Mr, John Smith, between 90 and 100 ; Mr. James Daniel, over 80 ; Mr. John Treadwell, over 80 ; Mr. Jacob Coker, over 80; Mr. John Wyatt, over 83 ; Mr. Richard Card, over 80; Mr. John Oslin, 80; Mr. Ezekiel Cloud, 92 ; Mr. Cunclc, 82. RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Baptists the most numer ous, Methodists, a few Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, Universalists and Christians. There are about thirty churches in. the county. Proper attention is paid to education. MARKETS.--Atlanta, Griffin, JVTaeon, and Jonesborough, MINERAL SPRINGS.--Five miles east of McDonough, on Key's Perry road, is a spring said to have mineral qualities. MOUNTAIN.--Little Rock mountain, in the N". E. corner of
the county. CHARACTER OF THE PEOPI.K.--The citizens of this county
are plain and unassuming in their manners, industrious, benevo lent, and enterprising.

326

HENRY COUNTY.

FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OP THE SOIL.--The face

of the country is uneven. The bottom lands are fertile, com

manding $15 per acre, and are "well adapted to cotton and

corn. The mulatto or hickory lands are productive, and sell

for >1O per acre. Common gray lands are worth from $5 to

$6 per acre. Ridge lands from $1 to $2 per acre.

MINERALS.--Iron, tourmaline, flint, quartz, &c. Gold has

been found on Walnut creek, but not in quantities sufficient

to justify labour.

MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--One cotton factory near McDo-

nough.

^

..



Merchan t-mills,

. .4

Saw-mills, ...

8

Grist-mills,

... .14

Distilleries, . .

6 or 7

ROADS.--The roads and bridges are much neglected.

AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE.--

Cotton averages . 5QO pounds per acre.

Corn

"

4 barrels "

Wheat " . .

12 , "

NAME.--This county bears the name of Patrick Henry, of

whom Mr. Jefferson said he was the greatest orator that ever

lived, and to whom Mr. Randolph applied the scriptural expres

sion, " Never man spake like this man." The life of Mr. Henry

has been written'by the Hon. William Wirt ; but as this vol

ume may not be accessible to most of our readers, we shall

freely make such extracts from it as will serve to give an idea

of the principal incidents of the life, and the most striking

features in the character of the great Virginia orator, states

man, and patriot. Patrick Henry was born on the 27th. of

May, 1736, in Hanover county, Virginia. The advantages

of an education were within his reach, but so irksome did he

find the restraints and confinement of a school, that he made

but little progress in his studies. His gun and fishing-rod were

preferred to Horace and Eucjid. A't the age of fifteen, he en

gaged in mercantile business, but its drudgery he found to be

as ill suited to his taste as the confinement of a school, and

at the expiration of a very short period, this was abandoned.

At 18 years of age he married, and directed his attention to

HENRY COUNTY.

327

the culture of a farm, but his ignorance of agriculture, and his aversion to labour forced him to give up this business, and-he again turned merchant, but succeeded no better than he had some years before. Henry now had recourse to the lav?, and after .looking into Blackstone, and other principal law books, for a short time, he was admitted to the bar. No one thought that he could ever succeed in a profession which required an intensity of application to which he had given grounds to helieve that he could not habituate himself. But to the as tonishment of all, his first opportunity to show what he could do in his new profession, resulted in his being placed at the head of the bar. The cause in which he was first employed was that known as the " Parsons' cause." Mr. \Virt says, that Mr. Henry rose very awkwardly, and faltered much in his exordium. The people hung their heads at so unpromising a commencement. The clergy were observed to exchange sly looks with each other, and his father is described as having almost sunk with confusion from his seat. But these feelings were of short duration, and soon gave place to others of a very different character. For now were those wonderful fa culties which he possessed for the first time developed, and now was first witnessed that mysterious and almost superna-: tural transformation of appearance which the fire of his own eloquence never failed to'work in him ; and as his mind rolled along and began to glow from its own action, all the exuviee of the clown seemed to shed themselves spontaneously. His attitude by degrees became erect and lofty. The spirit of his genius awakened all his features. His wonder-working fancy, and the peculiar phraseology in which he clothed his images, produced an effect so grea/t, that it is said, by one who heard him, " that he made their blood run cold and their hair to rise on end/' In 1764, he again made one of his most brilliant efforts before a committee on elections, in the House of Bur gesses ; and again in 1765, as a member of the House of Bur gesses, "when he introduced his resolutions on the Stamp Act. It was here that he said, " Cgesar had his Brutus--Charles the First his Cromwell--and George the Third"----upon which the Speaker cried out " Treason 1" " Treason, treason!" echoed frofn every part of the house. Henry, nothing daunted, in a voice

328

HOUSTOUN COUNTY.

of thunder added, " may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it." From this time Mr. Henry became one of the most influential men in America. AH re* garded him as the champion of liberty. In his integrity the people fully confided, and honoured him "with the most elevated offices in the land, viz., Delegate to the first Colonial -Con gress ; in 1774, Governor of Virginia, &c. Until 1794 he was regular in his attendance upon the courts. Mr. Henry died on the 6th of June, 1799. In private life, no man was more amiable. In the truth of Christianity he. was a firm be liever, and did all that precept and example required to re commend it to others. He left a large number of children.

HOUSTOUN.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Houstoun is bounded JV. by Crawford and Eibb, E. by Pulaski and Twiggs, S. by Dooly, and W. by Macon. It is 35 miles long and 25 wide. Square miles 875.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Ocmulgee flows along the eastern part of the county. Sandy Run, Spring, Mossy, Piney Woods, Groose's and Big Indian, empty into the Ocmulgee ; Hog Crawl, Lampkins and Tucsawhachee have their origin in this county.
POST OFFICES.--Perry, Batesman's Store, Busbayville, Fort Valley, Hayneville, Graceville, Minerva, Wellborrr's Mills, Wilna.
TOWNS.--Perry is the county town, situated in the centre, upon the waters of Big Indian creek, 67 miles from Milledgeville, 32 from the Central Railroad, 28 from the Ocmulgee' river, 35 from Macon, and 23 from Hartford. It contains the usual public buildings, three churches, two flourishing schools, one large hotel, three stores, four groceries, apothecary's shop, and a small bookstore, attached to the post-office. There are between 40 and 50 mechanics of all kinds. Population, 500. The water is pure. For a number of years past, it has been as healthy as any town or village in the State. The town is improving very fast.
Fort Valley is 12 miles north west of Perry; has three

r

HOUSTOUN COUNTY.

329

stores, .one Methodist church, one academy; 32 miles from the Central Railroad. Population, 250.
Hayneville is in the southeast part of the county ; has two churched, three stores, academy, &c. Population, 140.
Henderson, on the road leading from Perry to Vienna. Po pulation, 15O.
MARKETS.--Savannah, Macon, and Hawkinsville are the chief markets.-
MANUFACTORIES, MILLS.--There is a cotton factory on Mossy creek. Grist-mills, 13 ; saw-mills, 8.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--The citizens of this county are "well informed, industrious, and generally tem perate. The amusements are hunting and fishing.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--The Baptists are the most numerous.. The other denominations are the Methodists, Presbyterians, and a few Universalists. Education does not receive the attention -which it merits.
POPULATION, &c.--According to the census of 1845, there were 7,078 whites, and 7,568 blacks. To Mr, Moore, the tax receiver for this county, we are indebted for the following infor mation :--"In 1848 the number of polls "was 1,197. Slaves, 8,763." Amount of taxes returned to the State in 1848, $5,517 and 31 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature.
NATURE -OF THE SOIL, QUANTITY OF LAND.--The soil is rich, and mostly of a limestone formation. The first quality lands are on the rivers and creeks, adapted to cotton and corn. The lands generally lie level, and are easily cultivated. There are in the county 99,208 acres of second quality oak and hickory lands; 40,005 acres of third quality oak and hickory lands; pine land, 182,068 acres; swamp land, third quality, 2,888 acres.
PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT TER ACRE,--The generous soil of this county produces cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, sugar-cane, rice, &c. The product of cotton, upon the oak lands, is from 7 to 800 Ibs. per acre; corn, 18 to. 25 bushels per acre ; wheat, from 8 to 10 bushels per acre ; rye, 6 to 10 bushels per acre.
FOREST TREES, FRUITS, FLOWERS.--Cypress, pine, oak, hick ory, poplar, and maple, are the principal forest trees.

330

HOUSTOUN COUNTY.

The fruits are apples, pears, figs, plums, &c. This section of the State is rich in flowers : the fringetree, the silk-weed, trumpet-flower, and many others. CLIMATE, DISEASES.--This county is as healthy as most parts of Georgia similarly located. The season of 1847 was very wet, and there was much sickness among the inhabitants. In fact, all the sickness for the ten previous years would not equal that of this year. The diseases most common are bilious and intermittent fevers. The instances of longevity are the follow ing :--Simpson Chance died at 90; Thomas Dozier-at 84; Aaron Low at 80; Mrs. Ellen Dupree, 83. EARLY SETTLERS.--Ho well Cobb, David Clark, Alien Wiggins, Ttev. J. JTuIwood, Heardy Hunter, John Hardy, Wnj. Smith, Robert Saunders. IV A ME.--The Houstouns are among the most ancient and reputable families in Georgia. The name often occurs in the history of our State, "when it was under the direction of the Trustees under the royal Government, and after it had in com mon with the other colonies declared itself independent. A Dr. William Houstoun was employed, as early as 1732, to col lect plants for the colony of Georgia; and the public garden in Savannah was indebted to him for many tropical plants which he had obtained in the West Indies. Sir Patrick Hous toun was a prominent man under the royal government, being Register of Grants, arid one of the Counsellors, when John Reynolds was Governor of Georgia. John Houstoun, a son of Sir Patrick Houstoun, in honour of whom this county is named, was among the earliest and most zealous advocates of the co lonies. On the 14th of July, 1774, a notice appeared in the Georgia Gazette, published in the city of Savannah, calling upon the inhabitants of the province to assemble, for the pur pose of taking into consideration the oppressions of the colo nies, to which was affixed the name of Mr. Houstoun, associa ted "with those of N. W. Jones, George Walton, and Archibald Bulloch. Pursuant to this call, a number of the citizens, not only of Savannah, but of several distant parishes, convened, and after nominating John Glenn, Esquire, Chairman, they appointed a committee of thirty gentlemen to prepare and re port resolutions to be recommended to the whole province for

r

HOTJSTOUN COUNTY.

331

its adoption. Mr. Houstoun was placed on this committee ; add in the discharge of its onerous duties evinced much deci sion and zeal. At a crisis so momentous, it was fortunate for Georgia that there were men like Mr. Houstoun, willing and able to serve her. On the 15th of July, 1775, lie 'was appoint ed one of the representatives of the province to the Congress in Philadelphia; and the same honour was conferred upon him the 2d -of February, 1776. His name would have appear ed on the Declaration of American Independence, had he not been called from Congress to counteract the influences of the Rev. Mr. Zubli, a delegate from Georgia, who had suddenly left Philadelphia for the purpose of using his efforts at home against the Declaration. On the 8th of May, 1777, Mr. Hous toun was appointed a member of the Executive Council ; and on the 8th of January, 1778, was elected Governor of Geor gia. The invasion of East Florida had long been a favourite object of Mr. Houstoun; and soon after his elevation to the executive chair, he expressed to Major General Robert Howe, then in command of the Southern Department, his willingness to co-operate with him in this expedition. The force thought necessary for the expedition being raised, General Howe, ac companied by Governor Houstoun, proceeded against East Flo rida. Arriving at the St. Mary's river, numerous obstacles prevented further progress, and a council of "war was called to decide whether a retreat would not be proper ; and it was de termined that, under present circumstances, a retreat was not only expedient, but absolutely necessary. Governor Houstoun was a man of high spirit, and was unwilling to relinquish the command of the Georgia militia to General Howe ; and this misunderstanding between the Governor a,nd the General was probably one of the principal causes which led to the failure of the expedition. In 1784- he was again Governor of Georgia. In 1787, In conjunction with John Habersham and Lachlan JVTdntosh, he was appointed a Commissioner by the General Assembly on the part arid behalf of the State of Georgia, for settling disputes respecting boundary, with the State of South Carolina ; but he differed in opinion from the other Commis sioners, and protested against their proceedings. His protest may be found on page 666, in Mar bury and Crawford's Di-

332

IRWIN COUNTY.

gest. Mr. Houstoun was by profession a lawyer, comparable to any of his day. He died at White Bluff, near Savannah, 20th July, 1796.

IRWIN.
Bo UNDARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded J\T . by Dooly and Telfair, E. by parts of Telfair and Ware, S. by Lowndes and Thomas, and W. by Baker. It is about 52 miles long, and 28 wide. Square miles, 1456. Laid out by the Lottery Act of -1818. Parts set off" to Thomas and Lowndes in 1825.
HEVERS, CKEEKS.--The Ocrvmlgee and the Allapahaw ri vers are the chief streams. Little river rises in the northern part of the county. Among the creeks may be named, San dy, Hat, Lake, Big House, Willocoochee, Indian, Domes, Lit tle House, Deep, Warrior, Tyty, Pine "Woods, &c.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845. the po pulation was 3145 'whites, 321 blacks ; total, 2466. Amount of taxes for 1848, $823 66 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
POST OFFICE.--Irwinville. TOWN.--Irwinville is the seat of justice, 112 miles from Mi 11 edge vi He, 60 miles from Hawkinsville, and 80 from Jack sonville. It has a court-house, tavern, and one or two stores. EARLY SETTLERS.--The Paulks, Youngs, Wilcoses, and Hendersons. MARKETS.--Hawkinsville, Macon, and Albany. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE or SOIL, PRODUCTIONS. --Some parts of the county are broken. The lands are gene rally pine-barren. Some excellent lands are in the eastern part of the county. The productions are cotton, sugar-cane, wheat, &c. The average product of cotton is 600 pounds per acre. RF.LIGIOUS SECTS, KDUCATION.--Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing sects. The schools are few, and more at tention ought to be paid to education.

r

IRWIN COUNTY.

333

ROADS AND'BRIDGES.--The roads and bridges are gene rally good.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--The people are kind and sociable. Much time is devoted to hunting. Temperance has not advanced -with so much rapidity as in other counties.
CLIMATE.--The climate is warm. The diseases are simi lar to those of the adjacent counties.
MINERAL SPRING.--There is a mineral spring on the Ocnrulgee river, 22 miles from Hawkinsville.
IVA ME.--General Jared Irwin, after whom this county was named, was of Irish descent. His parents emigi'ated to Meck lenburg county, North Carolina, and came to Georgia when he was about seven years old.
He served his country faithfully many years during the lat ter part of the revolutionary war, and afterwards in campaigns on the Georgia frontiers, against the Indians. lie at one time commanded a' detachment of Georgia militia in the Creek country. In early life he lived in Burke county ; afterwards he removed to \Vashington county, which he often represent ed in the Legislature. He was a Brigadier General of the mi litia; he was in the Convention for revising our State Consti tution in 1789 ; in a Convention for the same purpose in 1795, and President of the Convention that formed the present Con stitution in 179.8. The Presidency of the Senate was fre quently conferred upon him, at various periods, from 1790 to 1818, when he died. As Governor, in 1796, he had the hon our of signing the Act rescinding the Yazoo Law. lie was again Governor, from November 7, 1806, to November 9, 1809. At the close of the war of independence, he was a member of the first Legislature that convened under our present form of government.
He was a very pure man, and an excellent neighbour, whom all around him looked upon as a guide.* Hospitality was his chief virtue. In every station he occupied he exhi bited his devotion to the public good. In his manners he was affable, and in his disposition kind. In religion, he was a Congregationalist. To the poor and distressed he "was a warm friend. He died at Union Hill, in Washington county, on the
22

334

JACKSON COUNTY.

1st of March, 1818, aged 68 years. One of his sons, Jared Irwin, Jun., was at the first graduating class at Athens; and another, Capt. John Irwin, commanded a company of cavalry in the Creek war, under the heroic General John Floyd, dis tinguishing himself at the battle of Autossie, and in other en gagements.*

JACKSON.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded N. W. by Hall, N. E. by Franklin, E, by Madison, S. by Clarke, W. by Walton and Gwinnett. It is 23 miles long and 18 wide ; square miles, 414.
RIVERS AND CREEKS.--The branches of the Oconee flow through this county. Big Sandy, Mulberry, Barber's, Curry's, Cider and Beach creeks, are some of the streams.
POST OFFICES.--Jefferson, Barber's Creel;, Bascobel, Har mony Grove, Mulberry, Marcus, Maysville, Farmers' and Mechanics' Mills.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--The population in 1845 was 6,265 whites, and 2,728 blacks ; total, 8,993. Return of State tax for 1848 is $2,495 49. Sends two representatives to the Legislature.
TOWN.--Jefferson is the seat of justice, situated on the waters of the Oconee river; has a brick court-house,jail, two hotels, one church, one academy, five stores, &LG. Amount of goods sold per annum, $15,000. Distance from Milledgeville 87 miles, from Athens 13, from Gainesville 20, from Lawrenceville 30, from Carnesville 30, from Monroe 28, from Madison 40, and from Watkinsville 27. The town has de clined in business within the last few years. It was made the county site in 1806, and incorporated in 1812.
MINERALS.-- This county abounds with granite and quartz. Near Mr. Appleby's are found elegant crystallized quartz. Some iron is found ; soapstone, mica, asbestos and tourmaline.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate of Jackson
* Furnished by Col. J. W. Jackson.

JACKSON COUNTY.

335

is favourable to health. The diseases are fevers and pneu monia. Instances of longevity are not rare. Among others are Mr. Henry Angling, aged 80; Mr. Amos Stapler, 80 ; Mrs. Brown, over 100.
CHARACTER or THE PEOPLE.--The people of this county are not particularly noted for any one trait of character. They are on a par with ma,ny other sections of Georgia, as far as in telligence is concerned. Newspapers are taken all over the county, but there is among the _citizens a ..great lack of the spirit of enterprise and inquiry. Many of the ladies of this co~unty~are "skilful with' the needle. \Ve have seen many spe cimens of their silk, lace, &c., that reflect much honour upon their ingenuity and industry.
RELEGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Baptists, Methodists, Pres byterians, and Universalists. The interest in the subject of education is daily increasing, and there are some good schools.
MINERAL SPRINGS.--There is a mineral spring on the plant ation of the Rev. Mr. Harrison, north of Jefferson.
NATURE OP SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, AND AVERAGE PRODUCT PEE ACRE.--Much of the soil of this county is unproductive, although there are some" good" lands on the branches of the Oconee. The productions are cotton and the different grains. Cotton averages per acre 40O pounds ; corn 2^- barrels per acre; and wheat 7 bushels per acre.
NAME.--In attempting to give a history of the life of Ma jor General James Jackson, to perpetuate whose memory this county received its name, according to the plan adopted in our biographical sketches, we frankly confess our inability to do him that justice "which his valuable services most richly merit. We must therefore beg our readers to allow us to deviate from our rule in appropriating a larger space than is our custom to the life and services of this eminent patriot and. soldier. JNfever had Georgia a more devoted friend, and to no man, we fearlessly affirm, does she owe so great a debt of gra titude ; and yet, astonishing to say, there are thousands of our citizens wholly unacquainted with his history. It is the duty of Georgians to make themselves familiar with the character and actions of those gallant spirits who stood by their country in the hour of her greatest extremity, and who in the contest

336

JACKSON COUNTY.

for freedom hazarded life, property, and interest. A knowledge of the sacrifices they made, and the hardships they endured, will teach us to value the blessings of a free government; andi stimulated by their noble example, we shall always manfully re-' sist any encroachment upon our liberties. The history of Mr. Jackson is the history of Georgia at eventful periods, as our memoir -will fully show. It is not our object to attempt to prove that Mr. Jackson -was faultless. We are free to confess that he had many faults. And who has not faults? That which we desire to prove to the citizens of Georgia is this-- that if there be one worthy of the Revolution more entitled to their gratitude than another, this distinction belongs to General James Jackson.
He was born at Moreton Hampstead, in the county of Devon, England, September 21st, 1757. His father, like many other impartial Englishmen, was opposed to the attempts made by Parliament to restrain the liberties of the colonies, and in his family circle would often speak in commendable terms of the resistance of America. Jackson, who, from his infancy, had exhibited an abhorrence against oppression, would listen most attentively to the conversation of his father, and thus gradually imbibed a sympathy for the colonies, whose consti tutional rights were so unjustly violated, and accordingly he resolved to leave England and take up his abode in America. He arrived in Savannah in 1772, when only fifteen years of age, penniless, and an entire stranger to every one except John Wereat, Esq., who had been intimate with his father in England. Samuel Parley, Esq., attorney at law, a gentleman whose legal attainments had secured him an extensive prac tice, pleased "with the talents and industry of the youth, re ceived him into his office, and superintended his studies. But the times were exciting. People spoke their sentiments freely in regard to the differences between Great Britain and her colonies, and expressed opinions that the time had arrived when it became the latter to assume a hostile attitude. Jackson laid aside his law-books, and, with his bosom burning with the love of liberty, associated himself with that portion of the citizens who had resolved no longer to wear the chains of slavery. . Such men as Bulloch, Houstoun, Jones, and Hall, encouraged

JACKSON COUNTY.

337

the ambitious 'youth, because they saw in him, enthusiasm, .courage, and talents. The first time that Jackson had an op portunity of distinguishing himself "was when an attack was proposed against Savannah, by a fleet of vessels commanded by Captain Barclay, aided by land forces under Majors JVIaitland and Grant. The armed vessels grounded, and thus the expectations of the foe -were defeated. A party of volunteers, among whom "were John Morel, Thomas Hamilton, James Bryan, and James Jackson, then only nineteen years of age, proceeded o that part of the river where the vessels lay, and set them on fire, the crews, however, making their escape, "with the loss of their clothes and arms. This affair gained him the approbation of his fellow-citizens, and upon the organization of a company of light infantry he was elected lieutenant, and afterwards captain; but shortly afterwards resigned, from an impression that injustice had been done him by his colonel. About 1778, he "was appointed brigade major, and the chroni cles of this period speak highly of his military talents and fide lity. In the battle at Medway, "where General Scviven "was killed, he commanded a party of volunteers, received a wound, and acquired fresh laurels for soldierlike conduct. After the fall of Savannah, in 1778, in company with his friend JMr. Milledge, he went to South Carolina, and joined the command of General Moultrie. During the progress of these sons of liberty, barefoot, and clothed in rags, they "were apprehended as spies by some American soldiers, and condemned to be hung. The gallows was actually prepared, and but for the timely arrival of Major Peter Deveaux, "who accidentally heard of the transaction, these two patriots "would have been exe cuted. It is an incident worthy of notice, that both, at a sub sequent period, became Governors of the State of Georgia, and successively Senators in Congress from that State. We are unable to say in -what capacity he served under General Moultrie; but, whatever it was, we are sure that he was not want ing in any of the attributes of a gallant and faithful soldier. In 1779, he was at the ill-fated siege of Savannah, attached, as it is thought, to the division of troops under Colonel Marbury. Here he exerted himself, with others of bis brave asso ciates, to recover the town. The result of that siege is well

1

338

JACKSON COUNTY.

known. The Georgia soldiers did their duty, and many of them on that day sealed their devotion to liberty with their blood. Among the "wounded was Lieutenant Edward Lloyd, a Georgian, who had his right arm carried away by a cannonshot ; and Major Jackson, "whilst aiding the surgeon in dress ing the shattered stump, expressed to the wounded lieutenant his deep sympathy for the casualty which had happened to him; upon which the chivalrous Georgian observed, " that as bad as such a prospect presented to so young a man, he would rather be in his than in Captain Stedman's situation," an officer ^vho had evinced cowardice or deserted his post on the morn ing of the assault. Georgia being now in possession of the British army, many of its noble defenders \vere compelled to retreat to South Carolina, among whom 'was Major Jackson. In August, 1780, General Sumter was attacked at Blackstock's house by Col. Tarlton. Tlamsey, Mills, Sims, and otherCarolina historians, have given accounts of this engagement; but in our opinion they have not done full justice to the Georgia troops, who acted a conspicuous part on that occasion.
In our memoir of General Twiggs, we have referred to this subject; and desirous, we may say resolved (at least as far as our exertions can effect it), to give the meed of praise to the little corps of Georgians who were engaged in this battle, we here affirm that it can bo proved by indubitable testimony, that i\'Iajor J ackson was unsurpassed in this action by any officer ; that his support of Col. Elijah Clarke was conducted with skill and efficiency ; and that the men under his command displayed an intrepidity that would have done honour to vete ran troops. Xariton fled from the field, and Jackson "was ordered to pursue him; but, owing to the fleetness of his steed, Tarlton made his escape -with a loss of 30 to 40 horses, which Jackson brought back. The battle of the Cowpens gave Jack son another opportunity of evincing his unconquerable desire to serve his country. The arduous duties of his office as Brigade Major were performed with his accustomed energy and skill- Gen. Andrew Pickens, "who had the South Caro lina and Georgia militia under his command at the battle of the Cowpens, bears the following testimony in favour of Ma jor Jackson: " Major Jackson, by his example, and firm, active

JACKSON COUNTY.

339

conduct, did much to animate the soldiers, a,nd insure the suc cess of the day. He ran the utmost risk of his life in seizing the colours of the 71st British regiment, and afterwards intro ducing Major McArthur, commanding officer of the British infantry, as a prisoner of war, to Gen. Morgan. 3? After this battle, he was engaged on a difficult tour of duty in North Carolina, which he executed in a manner so satisfactory to Gen. Greene,* that he authorized him to raise a partisan legion of infantry and cavalry, for service in Georgia. This he ac complished in a short time, for few officers ever possessed to a greater extent the art of recruiting men. His eloquence on these occasions was powerful. When he described, in burn ing words, the cruelties of the enemy, the perils and hard ships of the Georgians--and -when he avowed his willingness to share every danger with them, the effect upon the crowds that he addressed was irresistible. Shouts of " Liberty and Jackson for ever/' rent the air, and forthwith offers of en listment came from hundreds of lips. Having organized his legion, he received Gen. Greene's commission as Lieut. Colonel commanding, which was afterwards confirmed by Congress, The appearance of his legion, when equipped, must have been singular, for in the Colonel's own description of them, he says: " My dragoons were clothed and armed by themselves, except pistols; even their caps, boots, and spurs. Their coats were made of deer-skins, dressed, and turned up "with the little blue cloth I could procure." But what was dress to such men? They possessed iron hearts. Speaking of the sufferings of his men," the Colonel says: " My whole corps for months "were without anything to quench their thirst but the common swamp water near Savannah, and for 48 hours together without bread, rice, or any thing like it." At the reduction of Augusta, Col, Jackson's services "were of the most valuable character. Just before that event, the militia had begun to manifest signs of despondency. Overcome by long service, destitute of almost every necessary of life, and giving up all hope of succours

* He had been introduced to General Greene by General Morgan in <i most shabby dress, for he was poor, and unable to purchase rich military clothing. It is said that his appearance was./to General Greene's eye, so remarkable, that he immediately formed a high opinion of him.

340

JACKSON COUNTY.

from Gen. Greene's army, they had formed the resolution of retiring home. Jackson being informed of this state of feel ing, instantly repaired to the camp, and, by his animating ad dresses, quelled the tumult, and called upon them, in a manner peculiar to himself, not to tarnish the laurels whi'ch-they had already gained, by deserting their country in a time of so much need. His interference "was effectual. The drooping spirits of the militia -were roused, and they resolved to bid defiance to their foes. Nobly did these men. fight. Jackson's arrange ments at the beginning of the attack upon Augusta, contribut ed in a great degree to the success of the' American armsHe led one of the advance parties, and performed other peril ous duties with great honour to himself. After the surrender of the town, he received orders to level the fortifications, to collect as many men as possible, and join the army of Geri. Greene ; but, having marched about thirty miles, he found it impossible to reach the main army, and therefore returned to Augusta, of which he had been appointed commandant.
In July he was ordered to advance towards Savannah, and take post midway between this town and Augusta. It was here that a conspiracy was formed in his infantry, to kill Col. ' Jackson in his bed, but happily it was discovered- by a sgldier who acted as his,waiter, named Davis. This honourable rn*ari observing that something uncommon was going on in the camp, determined to find it out. To accomplish his object, he mingled among the men, and branded the Colonel with many opprobrious epithets. Supposing they might have a useful accomplice in. Davis, the conspirators divulged their secret to him, which he immediately communicated t6 Col. Jackson. The infantry were drawn out, the ringleaders instantly arrested under a charge of cavalry, tried by a court martial, and executed. Davis "was rewarded for his fidelity by the Legislature, with a gift of 500 acres of land,'a horse, sad dle and bridle. Before Col. Jackson "with his legion reached Ebenezer, he had several skirmishes, with the foe, in which' he was generally victorious. On the 3d of November, 178l,'he determined to surprise the British post at the Ogeechee-ferry. His approach to the post was conducted with so much addres$ that it was not perceived until the demand was made upon'*ft

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to surrender. The British commander was in the act of deliv ering his sword to Col. Jackson, when Captain Goldsmith was killed by Captain Patrick Carr. This sanguinary action
induced the commanding officer of the British to believe that the Americans designed to butcher his men in cold blood, and , suddenly springing to a house -which was the place of defence, he ordered his men to resume their arms and fight for their lives. The consequence was, that Jackson was compelled to abandon his enterprise. ' With his force much thinned, he proceeded about a mile, when he attacked a house in which /were fifteen loyalists, commanded by Captain Howeu ; and 'the whole party were either killed or taken prisoners. A few hotirs after this affair, he was attacked by a superior force, consisting of the whole British cavalry from Savannah, under Lieut. Col. Campbell, and compelled to retreat to a swamp; but not until he had killed or disabled as many of the foe as he had men under his own command. , Efforts were made to dislodge him, - but the Colonel could not be easily caught. Taking advantage of the night, he retreated towards Ebenezer. Upon reaching Ebenezer, he was ordered by General "Twiggs' to retreat to Burke county, for the purpose of re1 Enforcements. After his force had been considerably aug'mertted, he was for some time engaged in cutting off the foraging parties of the enemy. In February, 1783, General Anthony Wayne was ordered to Ebenezer, and Col. Jackson joined him. Between this period and the end of the war, he was incessantly.employed in active duty. Wayne had the highest confidence in his ski|l and bravery, and accordingly, when.any hazardous .enterprise was to.be accomplished, JackSQH was selected. On one occasion he was detached with thirty dragoons .to -destroy the rice on Governor Wright's plantation. Having performed this duty, in his retreat he passed through the camp of two hundred sick tones. Fortuflate for this party that it fell into.the hands of Col. Jackson! Their atrocities had long merited punishment, but to the hon our of our magnanimous soldier, he left them unmolested. On the 12th of July, 1782, the British evacuated Savannah, and Gen. Wayne honoured Col. Jackson with the distinction of receiving from the British the surrender and keys of the town.

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He entered it with his ever-faithful cavalry, having the proud satisfaction of being the first American officer who in actual command had been within its lines since its fall, in 1778. The . following order will show in "what estimation Col. Jackson was held by General Wayne, the commanding officer :
" HEAD QUARTERS AT GIBBONS'S, "July 10, 1782.
"As the enemy may be expected daily to evacuate the town, the troops -will take care to be provided -with a clean shift of linen, and to make themselves as respectable as poss.ible for the occasion. The officers are particularly called upon to attend to this order, and see it executed in their respective corps. JVo followers of the army are to be permitted to enter the town until the main body has marched in. Lieut. Col. Jackson, in consideration of his severe and fatiguing service in the advance, is to receive the keys of Savannah, and.is allowed to enter the western gate, keeping a patrol in town to apprehend stragglers who may steal in "with the hope of plun der. Marauders may assure themselves of the most severe and exemplary punishment."
After the war Col. Jackson took up his residence in Savan nah, and married Miss Mary Charlotte Young, daughter of William Young, an ardent patriot, and devoted himself to the practice of the law, in which he soon became eminent. In July, 1782, the Legislature of Georgia, in consideration of his great and useful services to his country, presented him with a house and lot in the city of Savannah, When elected to the Legislature, -with a magnanimity eminently characteristic of him, ho laid aside his revolutionary animosity against some of the tories, who "were greatly indebted to his exertions in pro curing for them a release from the penalties of the confisca tion acts. To induce him to advocate their restoration to citi zenship, bribes were offered him by some, whose conduct in the war of the Revolution was marked by an extent of flagitiousness that admitted of no possible shadow of palliation ; but the high-minded patriot scorned every offer of this charac ter. Sooner than he would have pleaded, for gold, the cause of treason, he would have submitted his head to the block. In 1784 he became Colonel of the 1st regiment, and in 1786 he

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received the commission of Brigadier General; the duties of which were peculiarly arduous, having charge of the opera tions against the Indians, who were then making inroads upon our southern settlements. When only 31 years of age he was elected, in 1788, Governor of Georgia, but for reasons which he deemed satisfactory he refused to serve. About this time he was made Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of IVIasons, in Georgia, and honorary member of the State Society of the Cincinnati. In 1789 he was elected to represent the Eastern District in the first Congress held under the Federal Constitution. Between this period and 1806 he held almost every high office in Georgia, viz. : member of the -Legislature, Major General^ member of the Convention that framed the present Constitution of the State, of which he wrote the greater part; Elector for President and Vice-President; Governor, and Senator to Con gress In all the offices with which his countrymen honoured him, he strictly conformed to what he considered right. It was natural to expect, in the incipient stages of our govern ment, that men intrusted with responsible offices would ex pose themselves to opposition and calumny ; and Mr. Jackson, for the,fearless and conscientious discharge of his duty, expe rienced a full share of misrepresentation and abuse : but, no thing daunted, he persevered in every measure which he believed would advance the interests and reputation of Geor gia, and this the people of Georgia acknowledged more than once. In the year 1791, General Anthony Wayne, who had become a citizen of Georgia, and possessed very justly the veneration of her people, was induced, doubtless with honest purposes In himself, yet certainly, perhaps unconsciously, by the. instigations of Gen. Jackson's adversaries, to become a candidate in opposition, for the same district in Congress. An animated contest was waged before the people. Gen. Wayne was returned. Gen. Jackson presented himself before the House of Kepresentatives, in February, 1792, contested the return, personally conducted his claim to the seat, and obtained a decision, awarded "without a dissenting voice, that General Wayne was not entitled to retain It. By the casting vote of the Speaker alone, the House refused to declare Gen. Jackson elected. The concluding speech of Gen. Jackson is repre-

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sented to have been a display of brilliant oratory, followed by long continued applause. " With these sentiments, Mr. Speaker," said he,, in closing, "I submit the facts J have brought forward to the House, and with them I commit the rights of myself, the .rights of the State of Georgia, and I had almost said the rights of the United States, to their decision; and I beg leave to repeat, that a, free representation was what we fought for ; a free representation was what we obtained; a free representation is what our children should be taught to lisp, and our youths to relinquish only with their lives."
The Legislature of Georgia, December 21st, 1791, passed almost with unanimity the following resolution : "Resolved, That the approbation and thanks of this Legislature be com municated to Gen. James Jackson, a representative"from the. county of Chatham, for his exertions in bringing forward to public investigation an attack on the liberties and privileges of the citizens of this State in the last election-for a member, to represent this State in the Congress of the United States." In general politics he was attached to the Republicap party, but acted always with independence, according to his sense of right. He was opposed to high duties, anfet to a bank of the United States, both upon expediency and constitutional grounds, and voted against the charter of the first baftk. He was among the first that took ground for the South on the sub ject of slavery. As early as February, 1790. he foresaw the difficulties now impending over the South. A few days pre viously a petition had been sent from the Quakers, praying the abolition of the slave trade. On the 12th of February, a petition was presented from a Pennsylvania society for pro moting abolition of slavery generally, calling upon Congres&'Jo "loosen the bands of slavery and promote a general ettjoyment of the blessings .of freedom.'' This last embraced the incendiary movements of the present day. Mr. Scott, a mem ber frona Pennsylvania, followed the presentation of this peti tion by saying, that he could not perceive how any person could be said to acquire property in another, and declared that if he were a federal judge, and imported Africans were brought before him r he did not know how far he might go. It was then that Gen. Jackson uttered the words which brought upon

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him the wrath of the writer of the life of Roger Sherman. Every word Jackson then said, applies at this day. In reply to Mr. Scott, he said that he "differed from the gentleman last up, and supposed the master had a qualified property in his slaves; that the contrary doctrine would go to the destruc tion of every 'species of personal service. The gentleman said that he did not stand in need of religion to induce him to reprobate slavery ; but, if he is guided by that evidence which the Christian system was founded on, he will find that religion is not against it; he will see from Genesis to Revela tion the current setting strong that way. There never was a government on the face pf the earth but what permitted slavery. The purest sons of freedom in the Grecian Repub lics, the citizens of Athens and Lacedemon, all held slaves. OEL this principle the nations of Europe are associated; it is , the basis of the'federal system. But suppose all this to have been wrong, let me ask the gentleman if it is policy to bring forward a business at this moment likely to light up the flame of civil discord ; for the people of the Southern States will resist one tyranny as soon as another; the other part of the continent may bear them down by force of arms, but they will never suffer themselves to be divested of their property withoitt a struggle. The gentleman says if he was a federal judge he does not know to what length he would go in emancipating these people; but I believe his judgment would be of short duration in Georgia : perhaps even the existence, of such a judge might be in danger." We have given these extracts from Gen. Jackson's speeches, to show that he never lost sight of his 'duty to the South; that he was always prepared to defend her rights. \Ve come now to "what we consider one of the most valuable services "which Gen^ Jackson ever ren dered to the people, of Georgia; we mean the bold stand he took against the nefarious " Yazoo Act. 3 * ^Ve are candid when we'affirm that the mere thought of the cir cum stances and history of this disgraceful procedure, causes us to feel a sickening emotion ; and we would not introduce this subject were we not desirous of doing justice to Gen. Jackson, and convincing the people of Georgia, that if he had done for them no other service than thwarting the purposes of the friends of

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the Yazoo Act, this alone should endear him to their remem brance. Several projects for the sale of large tracts of land had heen presented at different times to the Legislature of Georgia. In 1794 and 1795, the General Assembly passed an act conveying to four associations, viz., the Georgia, the Geor gia Mississippi, the Upper Mississippi, and the Tennessee companies, 35,000,000 acres of land for 8500,000, lying be tween the rivers Mississippi, Tennessee, the Coosa, Alabama, and Mobile. The bill was contested in both Houses. It passed by a majority of ten in the House of Representatives, and two in the Senate. The sale of this land produced much excitement through the State, for it 'was known that all who voted for the bill, "with one or two exceptions, were directly or indirectly bribed. On their return home they were met by their constituents with marked disapprobation, and it is placed beyond all doubt that one member of the Legislature was killed on account of his vote. From the very beginning of this villainous scheme to defraud the State of Georgia of her western territory, Gen. Jackson "was indefatigable in his efforts to oppose it. By correspondence "with the most eminent citi zens in the State, and by communications in the papers of the day, he evinced a determination to hold up to public scorn the agents in this wicked transaction. No opportunity was per mitted to pass in "which he did not show himself the uncompro mising opponent of the scheme, which the Yazoo adventurers had proposed to enrich themselves. In the discussions which he had in public and private, in regard to this matter, he doubt less allowed his feelings to get the ascendency of his judgment. Naturally excitable, it is admitted that, in the expression of his opinions, he often employed language to which his best friends took exceptions; but it must be remembered that the Yazoo speculators left no method unemployed to lessen his reputation in Georgia. As early as 1794, when a Senator in Congress, he was, on two distinct occasions, approached by a man exalted in office, who affected to be his personal friend, and was offered any number of acres he could require, even to half of a million, without paying a dollar, if he "would embark his influence against the honour and interest of Georgia. When bribes had no effect upon Mr. Jackson, his enemies

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resorted to other methods to destroy his influence, His char acter was assailed--and we may add, his life often placed in jeopardy. The defeat of the Yazoo Act was the absorbing subject of his thoughts. In every step which he took, he firmly believed that be was engaged in a righteous cause. Noble man ! Heaven willed that you should live to see your efforts to defeat this scheme of unparalleled fraud, crowned with success. In 17i?*>, whilst he was a Senator in Congress, many of his fellow-citizens, especially of Scriven arid Chat ham counties, requiring his aid to oppose the machinations of the Yazoo speculators, earnestly desired him to resign. He complied with their z'cquest, returned home, was elected a member of the Legislature, became a member of the commit tee appointed to investigate the conduct of their predecessors, and, let it be known to the people of Georgia, and let them tell (heir children, that to Gen. James Jackson chiefly is due the credit of having this odious act repealed. The whole corrup tion was overturned, and it was determined to obliterate it from history and to commit the very records of it to the flames. This was executed in a solemn manner. Tradition informs us that when the public functionaries were assembled in the State House Square in Louisville, to commit the registers of dishonour to the flames, a venerable man, whose head was whitened with the frosts of fourscore winters, unknown to any present, rode through the multitude, and made his way to the officers of the government. Alighting from his horse, he commenced an address, in which he stated he had been led there by a desire to see an act of justice performed; that he did not think that earthly fire should be employed to manifest the in dignation which the occasion required, but the lire should come from heaven. W^ith his trembling hands, he took from his bosom, whilst a deathlike silence prevailed amidst the throng, a burning-glass, and applying it to a heap of papers, the con flagration was completed. Meanwhile the old man retired unperceived, and no traces of him could afterwards be found. Citizens of Georgia! long ere this ye should have erected a monument to the memory of your Jackson. In the establish ment of the University in Athens, Mr. Jackson cheerfully co-operated with Baldwin, Milledge, and other friends of edu-

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cation. IVo man was more anxious to advance the cause of literature in Georgia, and he always referred to his agency in the organization of our State University, with feelings of pe culiar pride. In 3802, he was associated "with Abraham Baldwin arid John Milledge in ceding to the United States the State territory "west ol the Chattahoochee. J\lr. Jackson died in the city of Washington on the 19th of March, 1806, whilst serving Georgia as Senator in Congress. He 'was buried four miles from \Vashington, but by order of Congress his remains were removed to and interred in the Congressional burial yard, about the year 1836. On his tomb is the follow ing inscription, the production of the Georgia delegation in Congress, On front side :
" To the memory of .Major General JAMES JACKSON, of Georgia, who deserved and enjoyed the confidence of a grate ful country--a soldier of the Revolution."
On the reverse : " He was the determined foe of foreign tyranny, the scourge and terror of corruption at home. Died 19th of March, 1806, in the 49th year of his age." Mr. Jackson "was about 5 feet 7 inches in height, stout, broad-shouldered, with a full breast, a large penetrating eye, high forehead, prominent features, and thin, sandy hair. His mind was strong, and much improved by reading and observa tion. Although much employed, he found time to prepare a large volume of notes, in manuscript, on. Ramsey's History of South Carolina, containing a vast amount of information in regard to the revolutionary "war as carried on in Georgia. In the private relations of life he "was kind and affable. Possess ing a warm temperament, he was too apt to suppose himself slighted when really nothing of the kind was intended. To educate his children was with him an object of much solici tude. Pour of his sons are now living, polished, patriotic and useful citizens. To his servants he was proverbially kind. As "we have already intimated, Mr. Jackson had his faults. He "was often led to do things "which, upon cool reflection, caused him pungent sorrow; and most of the difficulties in which he \vas involved, and "which frequently caused the shedding of his blood, arose from the character of the times. Georgians !

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Countrymen ! We have, for your information, given an ac count of the services of Gen. James Jackson. He was your friend, and remember, that 'when Jackson thought that his mortal career was almost finished, he said " that if after death his heart could be opened, Georgia would be legibly read there." What a sentiment! Treasure it up in your minds, citizens of Georgia !

JASPER.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Jasper county has Morgan and Newton on the N., Putnam on the E., Monroe and Butts on the W., and Monroe and Jones on the S. This county was laid out by the name of Randolph, in 1807 ; but the name was changed to Jasper in 1812. A part set off to Morgan in 1815, and a part to Newton, in 1821. Length, 24 miles, breadth 16 miles. Square miles, 384.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Ocmulgee, which divides the county from Butts and Monroe, is the chief stream. The creeks are Herd's, Wise's, Rocky, Falling, Cedar, Murder, Shoal, White Oak, Wolf and Panther.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--According to the census of 1845, this county had a population of 11,056, of which 4,562 were whites, and 6,494 blacks. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, 84,551 24 cts. Sends two representa tives to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Monticello, Palo Alto, Shady Dale, Hillsborough, Mechanicsville.
MINERALS.--Gold, iron, granite, mica, quartz, felspar, jasper, tourmaline, garnet, rose quartz, amethystine quartz, and gra
phite. MINERAL SPRINGS.--There is a mineral spring three miles
from Monticello, on Mrs. Wilson's plantation, the waters of which are said to be impregnated with medicinal qualities.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.----The morals of the people are improving. Industry and economy are traits in their character. Dancing is a fashionable amusement.
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JASPER COUNTY.

RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Methodists, Presbyterians and Baptists. Of churches there are 10 Methodist, 1 Presby terian, 2 Oxford Baptists, 4 Anti-Missionary and 7 Missionary Baptists ; total 24. Education is not neglected, but in this county as well as in most of the counties in the State, the system adopted for the education of the poor is defective.
MARKETS, &.c.--Covington, Madison, Macon, are the chief markets. 10,000 bags of cotton are annually produced.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is tempe rate. The diseases are fevers, chills, and pneumonia. There are now living, Anthony Dyer, over 83; George Clark, 90; Mr. Caps, nearly 80 ; John Davidson, over 80 ; David Smith, over 80 ; 'Richard Carter, 83. Dr. Carroll died at the age of 100 ; Jeremiah Campbell, a revolutionary character, was over 80 ; Sion Barnett, published the first proclamation connected -with the Mecklenburg meeting, was present at the battles of Stono and Cowpens, and died at the age of 82 ; Littleton John son, 86; Mr. Waters, 105, killed by fall from a horse; Mr. Abner Chapman, 86 ; Mrs. Chapman, 80 ; Mr. Yaney was at the siege of Savannah, and was within five steps of Pulaski when he was shot down. A negro man named Shade, at 110; Gilbert Shaw, at 80, killed by a tornado, in 1842.
TOWNS. --Monticello, so called from the residence of Thomas Jefferson, is the county site, situated on the waters of Murder creek. The court house is a handsome brick edifice, cost upwards of 812,000. The jail is a plain building. There are in the town, three churches, Methodist, Baptist and Pres byterian, one county academy for males and one school for fe males, two hotels, five stores, several mechanical shops, seven or eight lawyers, and four physicians. It is 35 miles W. JN". W. of Milledgeville, 125 from Augusta, 28 from Forsyth, 36 from Marion, and 16 from the Indian springs. The citizens of this town are eminently distinguished for intelligence and polite ness. More than 8100,000 worth of goods are annually sold. The fire in 1843 destroyed property valued at 50,000.
Hillsborough, 9 miles S. E. of Monticello, has one church, two academies, and one store ; population 100. Named after Mr. Isaac Hill, one of the early settlers of the county.
Shady Dale, 8 miles from Monticello, has two churches, one"

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academy, one tavern, one store. The population are said to be unsurpassed by any, for integrity and industry.
ROADS, BRIDGES.--The roads are fair, and the bridges are kept in tolerable order.
EARLY SETTLERS.--Jeremiah Cox, Ilichard Carter, Adam Glazier, Sylvarius \Valker, Joel Wise, Charles Cargile, AVilHam Scott, Stokely Morgan, Anthony Dyer, General J. W. Burney, Isaac Hill, Capt. Eli Glover, Major Pearson, Wil liam Perm, the McClendons, Mr. Cargile, Thomas Broters, James Smith.
EMINENT MEN.--Gen. Adams, Capt. Butts. ANTIQUITIES.--On Murder creek are several mounds, in which have been found many articles of pottery. In the S. W. part of the county have been found several excavations, supposed to have been made by De Soto in his search for the precious metals. MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS.--On the 17th of May, 1847, a portion of the county was visited by a severe hail storm, which "wholly destroyed the crops, timber, stock, &c. The hail was as large as a man's fist, and twenty-seven days afterwards a large quantity was brought to Monticcllo. The following items are from the books of the clerk of the Superior Court of Jasper county :-- On Monday, 21st of March, Judge Early presiding, it appeared that 23 names of grand jurors were called. Judge Early decided that no court could be held." Among the first indictments was one for cattle stealing. The first presentment was against a per son for profane swearing. NATURE OF SOIL, FACE OF THE COUNTRY, PRODUCTIONS.-- The surface is undulating, rather broken, particularly the east ern half of the county, on account of the great number of streams. The upper portion is more level. The county, near the Ocmulgee, is hilly and productive. The lower part is aluminous loam, peculiarly adapted to grain and cotton. The other portion is composed of gray soil, adapted to cotton. There is, south of Monticello, an extent of country called the Glades, resembling the flat -woods of Elbert. It is rather flat and rocky, covered with thorns and scrub oaks. The productions are the same as in the contiguous counties.

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IVjiM-E.--The county of Jasper received its name in honour of Sergeant Jasper, "whose gallant deeds in the "wai1 of the .Revolution claim the gratitude of every American. It is be lieved that he was an Irishman by birth, and that he emigrated to America before the Revolution, and settled in one of the middle districts of South Carolina. At the beginning of the war he enlisted in. the second South Carolina regiment of infantry, under the command of the brave Col. Moultrie. In the attack -which was made upon Fort Moultrie, 28th of June, 1776, Jasper was present, and gave the first proof of his daring courage. In the beginning of the action the flag-staff of the Americans was shot away. Jasper immediately took up the flag and fastened it on a sponge staff". Taking it into his hand, amidst a galling fire from the ships of the enemy, he de liberately planted it. An action like this could not escape attention. Gov. Rutledge presented him "with a sword, and offered him a commission; but "with a modesty characteristic of him, he declined the latter. Such was the confidence placed in his bravery and enterprise that he received permis sion from his commander to go and come whenever he thought proper. On one occasion he entered the British lines in dis guise, and ascertaining their strength, returned to the Ameri can camp and communicated it to the commander.
The recapture of certain prisoners by Jasper, with the aid of his friend Newton, near Savannah, is peculiarly interesting. Learning that a number of American prisoners were to be brought from Ebenezer to Savannah for trial, he determined to release them at all hazards. With Newton as his compan ion, at a spring two miles from Savannah, and about 30 yards from the main road, he waited the arrival of the prisoner?. When the escort, consisting of a sergeant, corporal and eight men, and the prisoners in irons, stopped to refresh themselves at this spring, two of the guard only remained with the captives. The others leaned their guns against the trees, when Jasper and Newton sprung from their hiding place, and seized the guns, and shot down the two sentinels. The re maining six soldiers were deterred from making any effort to recover their guns, by threats of immediate death, and were forced to surrender. The prisoners were released, and Jasper

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and Newton, with their redeemed friends and captive foes, crossed the Savannah river and joined the army at Purysburg. In the disastrous siege of Savannah the gallant Jasper lost his life. Shortly after the battle of Fort Moultrie, the lady of Colonel" Bernard Elliott presented an elegant pair of colours to the second regiment, to which Jasper was attached. Her address on the occasion concluded thus : " 1 make not the least doubt, under Heaven's protection, you will stand by these colours so long as they wave in the air of liberty." In reply, a promise "was made that they should be honourably supported, and never should be tarnished by the second regiment. This engagement was literally fulfilled. Three years after they were planted on the British lines at Savannah. One by Lieutenant Bush, who was immediately shot down. Lieutenant Hume, in the act of planting his, was also shot down. ; and Lieiit. Gray, in supporting them, received a mortal wound; and while Jasper was in the act of replacing them, he received a death shot. An officer called to see him, to whom he thus spoke : "I have got my furlough. That sword was presented to mo by Governor Kutledge, for my services in the defence of Fort Moultrie ; give it to my father, and tell him that I have worn it with honour. If he should weep, tell him his son died in the hope of a better life. Tell Mrs. Elliott that I lost my life sup porting the colours which she presented to our regiment. If you should ever see Jones, his wife and son, tell them that Jasper is gone, but that the remembrance of the battle which he fought for them, brought a secret joy to his heart, when it was about to stop its motion for ever." Hon. II. M. Charlton, in his eulogy on Jasper, says : " Who has written his epitaph ? Who has built up his monument? Shame! shame upon us, that we are compelled to exclaim, in the language of the poet:
"' We carved not a line, we raised not a stone, But left him alone in his glory.' "
Sergeant Jasper married Miss Elizabeth Marlow, while he was stationed at Fort Moultrie. They had two children, Wil liam and Elizabeth, both of whom were educated in Charles ton. After the death of Sergeant Jasper, his widow married a Mr. Wagner, of Charleston.

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JONES COUNTY.

JONES.
Boum^Aii-iEs, EXTENT.--This county has Jasper, and a por tion of Putnam, on the North ; Baldwin on the East; Twiggs, and a portion of Wilkinson, on the South ; Bibb and JVlonroe on the West. .Laid out in 1807. It is 21 miles long and 18 wide; square miles, 378.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The chief river is the Ocmulgee. The creeks are Cedar, Falling, Walnut, and Line.
POST OFFICES.--Clinton, Blountsville, Larks viUe, and Tranquilla.
jPoptJT.ATiox, TAXES, REFK.ESENTATION.--The census of 1845 gives to this county a population of 4,136 -whites, and 5,933 blacks: total, 10,009. Amount of State tax for 1848, $4,016 23 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legis lature.
Towws.--Clinton is the seat of justice, named after Gov. Clinton, of IVew-York ; situated near the centre of the county, 22 miles W. S. W. of Milledgeville, 14 from Macon, 25 from Forsyth, 23 from Monticello, 28 from Irwinton, and 28 from Marion. It has a court-house, jail, two churches, Methodist and Baptist, male and female academies, two taverns, several boarding houses, stores, mechanics' shops, &c. Population, 300. The town is said to be healthy. Incorporated in 1816.
Blountsville, a small place 10 miles from Clinton, 16^- from Milledgeville.
FACE OP THE COUNTRY", NATURE ov THE SOIL.--The face of the country is generally hilly and broken. The soil is much \vorn, although still productive.
PRODUCTIONS.--Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, barley, millet, and sugar-cane. Cotton wilj average 600 Ibs. per acre ; corn, two barrels per acre.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is variable. Fever and ague are the most common diseases. Pneumonia sometimes prevails,, and is generally fatal. An African, named Sam, the property of J. S. Billingslea, at the time of his death was supposed to have been 130 years old ; Mrs. Rachel Amos died at 81 ; Mr. Arthur Harrup at 85.

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RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Methodists and Baptists are the most numerous. In the county there are about twenty churches.
Education is highly appreciated. Twenty-five schools in the county.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roacls and bridges are in good order,
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--The people are generally moral. Few litigations occur, and seldom cases of a criminal character are brought into court. People generally are well educated.
MANUFACTURES, MILLS,--One cotton-gin factory in Clinton goes by steam, and employs at least one hundred hands. The profits of this establishment are $20,000 per annum.
Massey's cotton-gin factory, 11 miles from Clinton, employs thirty hands. Flour-mills 7; saw-mills 8; grist-mills 12.
J\IINEKAI,S AND MINERAL SI-RINGS.--There is a chalybeate spring at Antioch meeting-house, and a sulphur spring at Massey's. Iron, quartz, mica, and granite, are the chief minerals.
EARLY SETTLERS.--William Butler, Samuel Dale, Roger M'Carthy, Robert Cunningham, John R. Gregory.
MOUNDS.--There is a mound eight miles from. Clinton, on the road to JVlilledgeville, and one on Cedar creek, near lilountsville.
NAME.--The Hon. James Jones, after whom this county was called, was born in the State of Maryland,, and came to Georgia when very young, under the care of his uncle, the late Colonel Marbury. lie received the principal part of his education at the academy in Augusta. At the age of eighteen he was placed in the office of a gentleman, eminent in the profession of the law, in the city of Savan nah. After his clerkship he was admitted to the bar, where his talents were soon discovered ; but shortly afterwards con necting himself in marriage, he declined the practice and be came a planter. At the age of twenty-three, the people, of Chatham county elected him to the Legislature- In that body he acquitted himself with independence, and was for several years placed first on the list of Chatham's representatives. In

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JEFFERSON COUNTY.

January, 1795, he was at Augusta, where the Legislature was then sitting, the firm opponent of the celebrated Yazoo Act; but his efforts to defeat it were unsuccessful. But in 1796 he succeeded, with other patriotic men, in passing the law rescind ing the Yazoo sales. In May, 1798, ho was a member of the State Convention which framed the present Constitution, and warmly advocated that part of it which asserts the right of Georgia to the whole of her western territory. In October, 1798, he was elected a representative to Congress by almost an unanimous vote of the people ; losing not more than three hundred votes out of nearly ten thousand. Mr. Jones was one among the most distinguished members of the republican party, and an eloquent speaker. He was op posed to the administration of JN'Ir. John Adams, and con tributed much to the casting of the vote of Georgia for Mr. Jefferson. He died at his post at Washington City, 011 the 12th of January, 1801, having given evidence, that he was Georgia's friend, who "would have sacrificed life and fortune to serve her. His remains lie in the Congressional burial ground, by the side of those of his political and personal friend, Gen. James Jackson. His descendants are found in the family of the Hon. William Law, of Savannah, who mar ried his daughter.
There have been several other patriotic men in Georgia of the name of Jones. Among them, the venerable Noble Wimberly Jones, the friend of Oglethorpe, who survived the Ameri can Revolution, and lived to an extreme old age ; and his son, the late Judge Jones, who was a distinguished member of the Legislature from Chatham county, a judge of the Superior Court, and senator in Congress.

JEFFERSON.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded N. E. by Richmond, E. by Burke, S. by Emanuel, W. by Washington, and N. W. by Warren. Laid out from Burke and Warren, in 1796. It is 30 miles long, and 23 broad. Square miles, 690.

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RIVEKS, CHEEKS.--The Ogeechee is the principal stream, the tributaries of which are Rocky Comfort, Duharts, Dry, Big, and Spring creeks. Brushy and Reedy creeks discharge their waters into Briar creek.
POST OFFICES.--Louisville, Reedy Creek, Sylvan Grove, Woodburn, Perm's Bridge, Spear's, Turn Out.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.----The census of 1845 gave this county a population of 8,306, of which 3,535 were whites, and 4,771 blacks. State tax for 1848,83,289 90 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
RELIGIOUS SECTS.--Episcopal and Protestant Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Associate Reformed Presbyte rians.
EDUCATION.---Some attention is paid to education. A con siderable number of adults are unable to read or write.
FACE OF THE COUNTIIY, NATURE OF THE SOIL, VALUE OF LAND, PRODUCTIONS, MARKETS.--The county may be called leFe). The soil is diversified. A large portion of the land was formerly very productive. The lands are divided thus : 1st, the red stiff soil; 2d, light chocolate ; 3d, sandy. Pro ductions--cotton, corn, wheat, rye,potatoes, &c. Cotton aver ages 400 pounds per acre ; corn, 10 bushels ; wheat, 10 bush els. The different fruits succeed very well. Land is worth $3 per acre. Amount of cotton produced annually 12,OOO bales. Savannah and Augusta are the markets.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.----The climate is mild. The diseases are intermittent and remittent fevers. The in stances of longevity are, Mr. Aaron Tomlinson, who died at 80 years of age. This gentleman was an officer in the Revo lution, under General Greene. Mrs. Raiford died at 82 years of age. Dr. John Bouton was 87 when he died. Thomas Wasden was 80. William Lyon, over 88, a soldier of the Re volution. General Solomon Wood died over 80. He was a captain in the revolutionary war. He distinguished himself by his opposition to the Yazoo Jaw, held many offices in this county, and was highly esteemed by his fellow-citizens. John J. Schley died over 80. Jacob Sodown, a revolutionary sol dier, was considerably over 80. There are now living, Mr. William Whigam, aged 80 ; Mr. Joseph Price, 79 ; Mr. Wil liam Paradise, 82.

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JEFFERSON COUNTY.

TOWNS, &c.--Louisville is the county town, situated on Rocky Comfort creek, 54 miles from Milledgeville, 26 from Saundorsville, 25 from Waynesborough, 45 from Augusta, 10 miles from the Central Railroad ,and 110 miles from Savannah. It was once a place of importance. It 'was made the seat of go vernment for the State of Georgia, by the Constitution, on the 16th of May, 1795, and continued such until 1804, when it was removed to JVIilledgeville. Since that period it has deteriorated. It has now a court-house, built of the materials which formerly composed the state-house, a jail, church, academy, one tavern, five stores, &c. Population 100. It was in Louisville that the papers connected with the celebrated Yazoo Acts were publicly burnt. About $25,000 worth of goods are annually sold.
Pine Hill, a summer retreat, four miles from Louisville. ROADS, BRIDGES.--The roads arc tolerably well kept. The bridges are six. Two over Rocky Comfort creek ; two over Big creek; four over the Ogeechee river; all of which are generally in good condition.
MINERAL SPRINGS.--There is a spring near the Warren line called Jefferson Bath, supposed to be impregnated with mineral virtues.
Near Louisville is a spring formerly resorted to for its me dicinal qualities.
ClIA RACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS. ---- The people
are moral, industrious, and kind. Temperance has produced a great change in the habits of the people. The amusements are chiefly hunting, fishing, and da.ncing.
MILLS, &.c.--Kight saw-mills ; 13 grist-mills; 2 flour-mills. One burr stone quarry near the Ogeechee.
ORIGINAL SETTLERS.--Win, Hard wick, John Fulton, the family of the Clemmons's, Pattersons, Lawsons, Gambles, Capt. Wrii. Haddon, Capt. Patrick Connelly, Andrew Berrihill, the Shellmans, John Berrien, the Whiteheads, Hamptons, &c. The most of the settlers of this county were from Ire land, and located themselves three miles below Louisville, at a place which they called Queensborough.
DISTINGUISHED MEN. -- Under this head we record the names of Benjamin Whit alter, long the able Speaker of the

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House of Representatives, Judge Gamble, and Major John Berrien. The celebrated Patrick Carr, we believe, resided in this county. He was murdered, it is thought, by some of the descendants of the tories.
MINERALS, ROCKS.--There are several localities in which shell marl is found, particularly on Brushy creek. Near Louisville is found burr stone, equal, it is said, to the cele brated French burr; nodular oxyde of iron, agate, chalce dony, hornstone, carneliah. I^ossils of great variety and inte rest are abundantly diffused, sxich as the Clypeaster, Spantangus, Anunchyles, Turritella, Ammonites, &c.
NAME.--This county was called after Thomas Jefferson. For nearly a century was this illustrious man engaged in the service of his country ; and probably next to Washington, the people of the United States are more indebted to him than any other man. He was born at Shadwell, in the county of Albemarlo, Virginia, April 2,1743, and educated at the College of William and Mary ; after -which he studied law under the cele brated George Wythe, afterwards Chancellor of the State of Virginia. When his oppressed country demanded his assist ance, he cheerfully rendered it. With his able pen, lie zeal ously defended the rights of the colonies. In 1774, he published his summary views of the rights of the colonies in America, one of the greatest productions of the day, and which contributed much to open the eyes of his countrymen to the nefarious designs of the British Parliament. In 1775, he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and continued until 1777 one of its brightest ornaments. The part which he acted in the Declaration of American Indepen dence merits particular notice. On the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee submitted his motion for independence. It was debated until the 10th, when its further consideration was postponed until the 1st of July, and a committee in the interim was appointed to prepare the Declaration. The committee consisted of John Adams,, Benjamin Franklin, lloger Sherrnan, Robert R. Livingston, and Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Adams and Mr. Jefferson were named as a sub-committee to prepare a draft. This was written by Mr. Jefferson, and submitted to Mr. Adams, who made no alterations. It was then presented

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to the whole committee, when Franklin and others made some alterations. Some portions of it were omitted by Congress, but the spirit and arrangement remained the same as when reported. As a composition, the merit of it belongs to Mr. Jefferson. In 1777 Mr. Jefferson left Congress, and was employed for two years in revising the laws of Virginia. Im portant statutes \vere made to conform to the republican senti ments which the Revolution had introduced; and by Mr. Jef ferson's efforts, many wholesome changes were made in laws -which militated against religious liberty. In 1779 he was elected G-overnor of Virginia. In 1781 he published his Notes on Virginia, a -work which increased his fame as a philosopher. The work was written at his summer residence. " Whilst Jefferson was confined," says Tucker, " at Poplar Forest, in. consequence of a fall from his horse, and was thereby pre vented from engaging in any active employment, public or private, he occupied himself with answering the queries which Mons. De Marbois, then Secretary of the French Legation to the United States, had submitted to him respecting the physi cal and political condition of Virginia, "which answers were afterwards published by him under the title of INfotes of Vir ginia. When we consider how difficult it is, even in the pre sent day, to get an accurate knowledge of such details in our country, and how much greater the difficulty must then have been, \ve are surprised at the extent of the information which a single individual had thus been enabled to acquire, as to the physical features of the State--the course,length, and depth of its rivers; its zoological and botanical productions; its Indian tribes ; its statistics and laws. After the lapse of more than half of a century, by much the larger part of it still gives us the fullest and the most acurate information we possess of the subjects upon which it treats. Some of its physical theories are, indeed, in the rear of modern science ; but they form a small portion of the book, and its general speculations are marked -with that boldness, that utter disregard for received opinions which always characterized him ; and the whole is written in a neat, flowing style--always perspicuous, and often peculiarly apt and felicitous."
In 1783, Mr. Jefferson was again elected a delegate to Con-

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gress from the State of Virginia; arid in 1784, was sent as Minister Plenipotentiary "with Franklin, John Adams, Jay, and Laurens, to negotiate treaties with several European pow ers. . In 1785 he "was appointed Resident Minister at the Court of France. Whilst in France, he was the object of admira tion among Hterary men for his extensive knowledge. On his return to the United States in 1789, Washington appointed him Secretary of State, in which office he continued until De cember 3793, when he resigned, and lived in retirement for several years. It was at this period that he was unanimously elected President of the American Philosophical Society. To fill a post which had been occupied by Franklin and Rittenhouse, was considered by Mr. Jefferson as a great honour ; and whilst he presided over this useful society, employed his best exertions in advancing its objects. In 1797, "when John Adams was elected President, Mr. Jefferson was chosen Vice-Presi dent. When the period for another election arrived, he "was elected President, to which office he was again elected in 1805. On the 3d of March, 1809, Mr. Jefferson closed his political career, and with the exception of excursions which business required, he resided at Monticello. Here strangers and foreigners repaired to see the Sage of America. Forget ting the exciting subject of politics, he devoted himself to science. He commenced the University of Virginia by his own private donations. Mr. Jefferson -was particularly friendly to Georgia. Whilst Secretary of State, in his correspondence with Hainmond, replying to'his complaints respecting laws passed in Georgia, he says : " The following are the acts of your catalogue which belong to this head, with such short observa tions as are necessary to explain them. Beginning at that end of the Union where the "war raged the most, we shall meet \vith the most repugnance to favour. If the conduct of Georgia should appear to have been peculiarly uncomplying, it must be remembered that that State had peculiarly sxiffered; that the British army had entirely overran, it--had held possession of it for some years : and that all the inhabitants had been obliged either to abandon their estates and fly their country, or to remain in it under a military government." Mr. Jeffer son died on the 4th of July, 182G. During his sickness, he

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was conscious that he could not recover. With each of his family he conversed separately, and to his daughter he present ed a morocco case, which being opened after his decease, was found to contain a request that if any inscription was placed on his tomb > he should be described as the author of the De claration of Independence, of the statutes of Virginia for,re ligious freedom, and the father of the tlniversity. On Monday before he died, he desired to know what was the day of the month, and upon being told that it was the 3d of July, he ex pressed a wish to see the fiftieth anniversary of the Declara tion of Independence. His wish was granted. His last
words were, " I resign myself to my God, and my daughter to my country."
His remains repose at Monticello. A granite obelisk 8 feet high, and a piece of marble, mark the spot where Jefferson lies. The following is the inscription upon his tomb :

Here lies buried THOMAS JEFFERSON, Author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the Statutes of "Virginia for religious freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia.

Mr. Jefferson's life has been published, and those who de sire to become familiar with his history will do well to refer to it.

LAURENS.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county is bounded on the N. by Wilkinson and Washington, on the E. by Montgomery and Emanuel, on the S. by Montgomery, and on the W. by Pulaski. Laid out in 1807, and portions of it added to Pulaski in 1808-9. It is 32 miles long and 22 wide, containing 704 square miles,
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Oconee, which flows through the county, is the only stream of any considerable size. The creeks,

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The instances of longevity are: Mrs. Elizabeth Hudson, 91 years old at her death; Jonathan Jones, 80; James Darsley, 90.
MILLS.--Saw-mills 12, grist-mills 20, ORIGINAL SETTLERS.--General Blackshear, Colonel McCormick, Jonathan Sawyer, Colonel Hampton, the Robinsons, and others. RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION, CHARACTER OF PEOPLE.-- Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations. Education is at a low ebb. Competent instructers are needed. There is an academy at Dublin, besides several district schools. The people are no better or worse than those of other counties, where no efforts have ben made to place edu cation on an enlightened and permanent basis. The popula tion is nearly stationary, and exhibits no great signs of im provement. EMINENT MEN.--General Blackshear resided in this county. At the age of 16 he took up arms in defence of his country. In 1790 he came to Georgia, and defended the lives and pro perty of the people during the incursions of the Indians on the frontiers. He died in 1817, at the age of 74, leaving behind him the character of a valued citizen, honest man, and brave soldier. The Hon. George M. Troup, so conspicuous in the history of our State, is a resident of this county. ADDITIONAL REMARKS.--The oak and hickory lands consti tute one-third of the cultivated lands of the county ; the remain der are, for the greater part, the open pine woods and wiregrass. The wire-grass lands are easily susceptible of improve ment : a little manure is sufficient to give from ten to twelve bushels of corn, ten to twelve of "wheat, and 200 bushels of sweet potatoes. The "wire-grass itself is valuable. There is no other known grass in the south, -which resists the cold and furnishes food to cattle, sheep, and hogs, and in the spring or early sum mer, to the table of the farmer the finest butter, rich in flavour and beautiful in colour. It is true that, as the season advances and winter approaches, this grass, like every perennial, be comes coarser and tougher, and is therefore less relished; but never so coarse or tough as not to afford aliment sufficient to sustain life. Besides the wire-grass, there is the lightwood,

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the poor man's fuel, and charcoal--a fire kindled in three mi nutes for warmth, cooking, and for every household purpose. Should the time .ever come when steam shall be found to be cheaper for every mechanical operation, upon an extensive scale, than water-power, the pine forests will be invaluable. Every material for building, of excellent quality, and abundant, is furnished by these forests. Tar and turpentine might now be made to great advantage. Such a combination of advan tages makes this county, as "well as others in the same parallel, a garden spot to the poor man, arid a wide field to the manu facturer of cotton and wool, whenever he shall find it his inte rest to prefer steam to water-power.
PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, sugar-cane, &c. NAME.--lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, whose name this county bears, was the son of the Honourable Henry Lau rens, President of Congress, and was born in 1755, in Charles ton, S. C. He received his early education in his native city, and in 1773 accompanied his father to Europe, and was placed at one of the best colleges at Geneva. In classical learning, polite literature, mathematics, and philosophy, he be came a'proricient. He was entered a student of law in 1774, but finding that the claims of Great Britain were interfering with the liberties of his country, he became anxious to place himself in the American army; but his father expressing a wish that he should remain in England until his studies were completed, he continued until he was of age. He returned to Charleston in 1777, joined the army, and was immediately ap pointed by General Washington his aid-de-camp. He dis played great gallantry at Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. After the battle of Monmouth, he attached himself to the army in Rhode Island, and greatly increased his reputation as a military man. In the session of Congress, 1778, this body re solved, that "' John Laurens, Esq., be presented with a continen tal commission of Lieutenant Colonel, in testimony of the sense which Congress entertain of his patriotic and spirited services as a volunteer in the American army, and of his brave conduct in several actions, particularly in that of Rhode Island, on the 29th of August last." Mr. Laurens, however, declined this honour ; for however desirous of military fame, he was
S4

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LEE COUNTY.

unwilling to accept an office which he thought might expose him to the jealousy of older officers. In 1779, the operations of the enemy were directed chiefly against the more southern States; and as the post of danger was the one he always de sired, he repaired to South Carolina. At Coosawatchie, defend ing the pass with a few men against the whole of Provost's army, he was wounded. Garden, in his Revolutionary Anecdotes, says, " he probably was indebted for his life to the gallantry of Capt. Wigg, who gave him his horse to carry him from the field, when incapable of moving, his own being shot under him." He headed the light infantry, and was among the first to mount the British lines at Savannah. In the siege Of Charleston he displayed great intrepidity. In 1781 he was sent by Congress on a special mission to France, to ask for a loan of money, and to procure military stores. For his success in this business he was honoured with the thanks of Congress. Upon his return, he immediately rejoin ed the American army, which was then commencing the siege of Yorktown. The terms of the capitulation were arranged by him, and he received with his own hand the presented sword of Cornwallis. After this he repaired to South Caro lina, a portion of 'which "was still in the possession of the enemy; and whilst leading a detachment against a' foraging party of the British army, near Combahee, in South Carolina, the 27th of August, 1782, he received a wround which terminated his life. His character is thus given by Alien : " Colonel JLaurens, uniting the talents of a great officer -with the knowledge of the scholar and engaging manners of the gentleman, was the glory of the ai'my and the idol of his country."*1

LEE.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT. -- Bounded on the, iV. by Sumter, on the E. by Dooly, on the W. by Randolph, and on'the S.
* Vlamscy's Soiiih Carolina. Alien's Biographical Dictionary. Garden's Revolutionary Anecdotes.

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by Baker. It is 40 miles in length, and 25 miles in width ; square miles 1000.
Lee county constitutes a portion of the territory acquired from the.Creek Indians, lying between the Flint and Chattahooch'ee" rivers, and west of the Chattahoochee, and was laid off in 1826 ; since which period, portions of it have been added to Muscogee, Marion, Randolph, and Sumter.
TOWNS.--Starkville is the seat of justice, situated nearly in the centre of the county; 130 miles S. W. of Mil ledge ville, 15 miles N. of Albany, and 35 miles south of Americus. The court house and jail are inferior buildings, constructed of wood. It has a church of the Baptist denomination, stores, shops, and one hotel. Population, 100. The water is not good. The town was made the county site in 1832, and named after Major Ge neral John Stark, of revolutionary memory.
Palmyra is situated on Kiiichafoona creek, 10 miles from Starkville, and 5 from Albany. This was once a flourishing village ; but owing to its proximity to Albany, and its urihealth iness, it is on the decline. About 10 families reside here.
DISEASES.--Intermittent and remittent fevers, but they are easily managed. Congestive fever, which sometimes occurs, is more difficult to manage. The western portion of the county is considered healthy for this part of Georgia.
MILLS.--Eight saw-mills, eight grist-mills, one merchant-
mill. NATURE OF THE SOIL, AVERAGE PRODUCTS, VALUE OF
LAND.--The lands in the -western part of the county are of an inferior quality, having a reddish, thirsty, sandy soil. The central portion is of a grayish soil, much cut up by shallow ponds. Where it is sufficiently elevated it produces corn and cotton well. The eastern part is mixed with oak and hickory, not having many tall trees. The central part is pine land. The southern portion is the most fertile, having a large pro portion of red oak and hickory land, generally supposed to contain lime, but examinations prove-that this is a popular er ror. These lands lie mostly on Fowl Town creek. In the fork of Fowl Town and KJnchafoona creeks there is pine land, equal to any in the world. On Kmchafoona and Muckalee creeks, are many rich plantations of hammock

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land, and adjoining upiands. Average product of cotton, per acre, is 800 pounds ; corn, 20 bushels per acre ; wheat, 10 bushels. To orchards littie attention Is paid. The average value of the best lands is $10 per acre.
ORIGINAL SETTLERS.--Among the first settlers were Wil liam Howard, Aaron Jones, Lewis Bond, and John Bullbright.
POST OFFICES. --Starkville, Chermba, Palmyra, Sumterville, Chickasawhatchie.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.----In 1845 the popu lation was 2,370 whites, 2,706 blacks; total, 5,076; Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,066 41. One representative to the
Legislature. MINERALS.--The minerals are burr-stone and various fossils,
such as pectens, asplartorbis, spantangus, &c. CAVES, SUBTERRANEAN STREAMS.--There are a great many
small caves and subterranean streams in this county, ROADS AND BRIDGES.--These are commonly kept in good
order. RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Baptists, Methodists, and
a few Presbyterians and Episcopalians. Education has not engaged much of public attention. There are some good schools in the county.
RIVERS AND CREEKS.--The Flint river forms its eastern boundary. The creeks are, Kinchafbona, Muck alee, Fowl Town, McGlendon's, Middle, Chickasawhatchie, Sugar, Moss, Chelia,w, Butler's, Chokeefichickee, IVIuckaloochee, Hiloka, and others.
NAME.--On the Vth of June, 1776, a member of Congress, from the State of Virginia, moved "that the colonies declare themselves free and independent. 1 ' That member was Richard Henry Lee, to honour whose-eminent services this county was named. He was born January 20, 1732, and received his edu cation in England. Upon his return home, he spent much of his time in the pursuits of literature. When 25 years old he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, and in all the debates of that assembly took a leading part,, evincing proof of uncommon, powers of mind. To this gentleman has been attributed the credit of originating the plan of corres ponding committees between the different colonies, a mea-

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sure which was afterwards .found to be so highly useful. In 1774, he was a member of the-first general Congress, where he became one among the most prominent men, employing his eloquence and pen in iavour of every measure which he re garded as beneficial to his country. His speech in the Congress of I77C, when he made his celebrated motion foz" Independence, produced a change in the minds of many who doubted the propriety of taking so firm a stand, and was followed by the appointment of a committee to take the subject under con sideration, of which Mr. Lee would have been chairman, had not the indisposition of some of his family required his pre sence at home.
The British, knowing the agency which Mr. Lee bad in the declaration of his country's independence, made several efforts to secure his person. On two occasions he but barely escaped his enemies. In 1778 he -was again elected to Congress. In 1780 he resigned his seat from ill health. Between this period and 1784 he served in the Legislature of Virginia ; and as the commander of the militia in his county, protected it against the enemy.
In 1784 he was chosen. President of Congress, after which he served his country in various capacities. In 1792 ill health forced him to retire from the cares of public fife, and in 1794, June 19, this illustrious man descended to the grave, leaving behind him a character for talents, eloquence, and patriotism, which will be commensurate with the liberties of America.

LIBERTY.
HISTORY OF THE SETTLEMENT, ORIGIN OF ITS N-AJME.--While Georgia was a colony under the trustees, the excellent.charac ter of its lands attracted the attention of a company of persons who had emigrated from Dorchester, New England, and settled on the northeast bank of Ashley river, about 18 miles from Charleston. In 1752 they proposed a settlement in Georgia, and sent three persons to view the lands. On the IGth of May

1

370

LIBERTY COUNTY.

they arrived at Midway, so called*from its supposed equal dis tance from the rivers Ogeeehee and Alatamaha. Having exa mined the country, they returned arid made their report. About this period the Council of Georgia granted them 31,950 acres of land. In the beginning of August, 1752, six persons set off by land, and seven more by "water, to survey the lands and make settlements, but both parties returned -without accom plishing their objects. " On the 6th of December, 1752, Mr. Benjamin Baker and family, Mr. Samuel Bacon and family, arrived at Midway, and proceeded to form a settlement. Soon after, Messrs. Parmenus Way, William Baker, John Blliott, John Winn, Edward Sumner, and John Q,uarterman, arrived and began to settle. Finding a general disposition in the peo ple to remove, the Rev. Mr. Osgood -went into the new settle ment in March, 1754, and the whole church and society gra dually collected and settled there."* This settlement formed a considerable part of what, in the early division of Georgia into parishes, was called St. John's parish. In 1777, the pa rishes of St. James, St. Andrew; and St. John, by'an act of the .Legislature, "were formed into Liberty county ; the spirited determination of her inhabitants at the breaking dut of the Revolution to send delegates to Cqngress before the rest of the province had acquiesced in that measure, having induced the Legislature to change the name of St. John's parish to that of Liberty county.
SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Liberty county extends from the Atlantic Ocean on the east, where it takes in the island of St. Catherine's, sixty or seventy miles info the'inte rior, "where it is connected with Tattnall county on the "west. At this latter point it has a breadth of between thirty and forty miles, but at its eastern extremity it is narrowed to a distance of ten or fifteen miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Medway river, and partly by the Cannouchee; and on the S. by the South Newport river, Mclntosh county, and the Alatarnaha.
NATURE OF THE SOIL, PRODUCTS, MARKET.--The'eastern part is intersected by many large and dense swamps. The surface is level, and the soil is composed mostly of sand and

* A short account of the Congregational Church at Midway, Georgia, by JohnB. Mallard, A. M.

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clay. In the vicinity of .the swamps the clay is very pure and tenacious. The western portion has generally a sandy and barren soil. In many parts the surface is covered over with a very coarse white sand and gravel. The products are cotton, rice, corn, oats ; "wheat is cultivated in small quan tities in the upper part of the county. Many of the planters make their own sugar and syrup, and a small quantity is ex ported. Cotton may be said to average 100 pounds per acre, corn 15 bushels ; two thousand five hundred bags of cotton are made in a ye'ar, and about four or five thousand bushels of rice are annually exported. Savannah is the market. Fifty thousand bushels of rice were exported in 1848.
VALUE OF LAND, WASTE LANDS.--The average price of land is $2 50 per acre. In this county there was at one time a quantity of land lying waste, but of late the quantity has been diminished.
TIMBER. TREES, FRUIT TREES.--Several varieties of the oak, pine, palmetto, ash, gum, cypress, magnolia, poplar, maple, and hickory. The orange" tree thrives. Apples, peaches, and grapes succeed in the northern part of the county.
The late Dr. John M. B. Harden, M. D., in an able article on the soil, climate, and diseases of Liberty county, in the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal for October, 1845, gives a catalogue of the different plants found in Liberty county, and observes, "that the Syiva and Flora of this county are unsur passed'by any in the world."
POST OFFICES.--Hinesville, Riceborough, Walthourville. 1 COUNTY TOWN, VILLAGES. ->--Hinesville is the county town, situated in the northwest part of the county, 180 miles southeast of Milledgeville, and 40 miles north of Savannah ; it has a neat court-house, jail, one Methodist church, one aca demy, and three or four stores. Population .about 200. This town was named after C. Hines, Esq., who for several years represented the county in the State Legislature. It is remark ably healthy. Walthourville is situated in the northwest part of the county, about six or seven miles from Taylor's creek. Popu lation, 500. It has two flourishing academies,'male and female, two churches, and two stores. Distance from Riceborough 10 miles, from Savannah 40 miles.

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LIBERTY COUNTY.

Dorchester is a village lately settled, about five miles f^om Sunbury, and contains 12 families and an academy. It is a pleasant and healthy place.
Riceborough is situated on North Newport river, 31-| miles S. S. W. of Savannah, and 28|- N. of Darien. The stationary population does not exceed 25 whites and as many blacks. It contains three or four stores, and is the principal shipping port of the county.
Sunbury is on the S. side of Medway river, on a bold bluff, eight miles E. S. E. of Riceborough. It -was built in 1758. Immediately after the Revolution -it was quite a flourishing seaport, having about 40 families residing in it, and 12 or 15 square-rigged vessels have been seen in its harbour atone time. Tradition says that the first masonic lodge ever organ ized in Georgia, held its first meeting under an old oak tree in Sunbury ; and also, that the St. George's Society, now the Union Society of Savannah, held a meeting under the same tree. A piece of this tree is still preserved in the family of the Sheftalls, in Savannah. Sunbuvy -was taken by the British in the "war of the Revolution. The remains of the old fort, from which Colonel Macintosh sent to the British commander the gallant reply, " Come and take it," are still to be seen.. The venerable Dr. Me Whir* resided in Sunbury whilst it was in the height of its prosperity, and kept a school to which pupils resorted from almost every part of Georgia. Sunbury is now a deserted village, inhabited by not more than six or eight families
ROADS ANB BRIDGES.--In no part of Georgia do the citizens pay so much attention to their roads, as in Liberty county. On account of the numerous swamps, there has been an immense amount of labour expended in the construction of bridges and causeways ; the bridges are generally small. The longest bridge is at Riceborough, at the head of the tide navi gation of North Newport river. Riceborough was formerly known by the name of ' ; The Bridge."
POPULATION, TAXES, &c.--The census of 1845 gives to this county 1,854 whites, 5,517 blacks; total, 7,1*71. State tax for 1848, $3,639 41 cts. One representative.

* Sco under head of Eminent Men.

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CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY,--Liberty county for many years after its first settlement "was very sickly, but for ten or fifteen years past it has proved to be as healthy as any other county with the sa.me population in our State. Dr, Harden, in an article on the climate of Liberty county, remarks : " .Many causes have contributed, to bring about this state of things. F"or many years after its first settlement the culture of rice was the chief business - of the inhabitants. At present the dry culture system is every where adopted, and nothing but cotton and corn is raised as articles of export. Some of the people early introduced the custom of removing from their plantations during the summer and fall seasons ; but it "was not generally adopted until of late. It is now very rare for families to reside on their plantations during the sickly seasons, and in deed many have entirely abandoned them for healthier loca tions in the pine lands. But probably a more important cause for the improved health of ' the county may be found in the change of" the habits of the people. The black population is better fed and clothed now than formerly, and the habitations of both white and black are greatly im proved. The use of intoxicating drinks has been almost en tirely given up, and less drastic and poisonous medicines are now employed." The most common diseases are fevers, rheumatism, and bowel affections ; two or three cases of goitre have occurred. IVIany instances of longevity are found among the blacks.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, IVUMBER or CHURCHES.--The religious sects are the Congregationalists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists. There are about twelve churches in this county.
EDUCATION.--The people of Liberty, from their earliest settlement, have paid much attention to the subject of educa tion. Excellent schools are found in different portions of the county ; and it is believed that a greater number of young men from Liberty county graduate at our colleges, than from any section of Georgia. Indeed, it has become proverbial for furnishing able ministers and instructors. Number of poor children, 111. Educational fund, 896 26.
SOCIETIES.--The Medway and Newport Library Society was formed in 1752, and has about 700 volumes, kept, we regret

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to learn, in a very bad state of preservation. The other So cieties are the " Auxiliary Bible Society," the " Female Edu cation Society," the " Ladies' Missionary Society," and the " Association for the Religious Instruction of ^Negroes." An Agricultural Society "was organized in 1844, and holds an annual fair on the 1st day of January.
IMPROVEMENT OF LANDS.--The planters have until lately paid little or no attention to the preservation of their lands; the practice heretofore being to -wear out the virgin soils, and clear new lands. They are beginning, however, to find the advantages of a system of manuring, and other recently intro duced improvements. On account of the low prices of the Sea Island cotton, some of the planters are reclaiming the old rice fields and swamps.
VALUE OP TOWN LOTS.--The value of town lots is $2,838. Stock in trade, $3,850. Money at interest, $56,573.
EMINENT MEN.--This county claims some eminent men, among whom the following may be named :
LV. Lyman Hall, who "was one of the signers of the Declara tion of American Independence, resided for many years in this county.
Major Moses Jones, aid to General Lachlan Mclntosh, was cut in two by a cannon ball, "whilst planting the standard of his country on the ramparts at Savannah.
Doctors Dun-woody and Axon, "were distinguished prac titioners of medicine.
Benjamin Baker, at the age of 23, attended Gen. Oglethorpein his expedition against St. Augustine. During the Re volution he suffered many hardships. In 1776, " he was engaged for almost a week in studying and writing for the public, comparing several constitutions of government, and en deavouring from these to compile one suitable for the province of Georgia." For more than twenty-seven years he was clerk of the Medway church. At his death he left several volumes of manuscripts. Colonels William and John Baker, his sons, -were active soldiers in the revolutionary war.
General Stewart resided in this county. Dr- Me Whir claims Liberty county as his residence. This venerable man was born in Ireland, 1759, and came to Ame-

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riea in 1783. For ten years lie conducted a school in Alex andria, of which Gen. Washington was a trustee. In 1793 he came to Georgia and established himself in Sunbury, where he conducted a school ior several years. He then devoted him self to the improvement of the moral condition of the people of Liberty, Bryan and Mclntosh counties. Although now nearly 90 years of age, his interest in his Master's cause seems undiminished, and his only regret is, that on account of the infirmities of age, he is not able to do more. Dr. McWhir was the founder of the first Presbyterian church or ganized in Florida. Mr. Audley Maxwell was a member of the first General Assembly in Georgia, which met. in Savannah, on the 15th day of January, 1751.
Dr. J. M. B. Harden, who died about two years since, was a resident of this county. He was born on the 19th day of January, 1810, in Bryan county. He early discovered a love of, and an aptness for learning ; and after the usual prepara tion at home, he -was sent to a public school in the village of Sunbury. He did not, however, remain here long. When only eleven years of age, he was deprived by death of bis father's guardian care. By this providence, the physical, moral, and intellectual care of six orphan children devolved upon his mother, and under whose watchful eye her son completed his scholastic studies. In the autumn of 1826, he was transferred from his maternal home to the office of Dr. William C. Daniell, of Savannah, there to pursue the study of medicine, a profession of his own choice. Dr. Daniell soon estimated his abilities, and gave him proper direc tions in his course of study. His esteem, for his preceptor ripened into friendship, "which he cherished all his life. Hav ing pursued his medical studies with ardour and delight, till the fall of 1828, his preceptor thought him qualified, and recom mended him to attend a course of medical lectures. For this purpose he visited Charleston, and remained until the close of the lectures in the spring of 1829. After his return home he continued his studies with unabated zeal; and in the fall of that year Dr. Daniell recommended to him the propriety of ap plying at once to the Medical Board of Georgia for a license

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LIBERTY COUNTY.

to practice. Being then only nineteen years of age, he hesitated, lest his age should prove a barrier to a success ful application. After mature reflection, he yielded to the suggestions of his friends, and carried with him from Dr. Daniell letters to several members of the Board, highly com mendatory of his qualifications ; and after a thorough and sat isfactory examination, he received a license. On his re turn, he commenced his professional career in the midst of his relatives and friends, among whom he had grown to manhood. His skill and devotion to his profession soon gained for him the esteem and confidence of the neighbourhood, and his proi pects were every way flattering. He continued the practice at home but a short time, when he received an invitation from Dr. Raymond Harris, then of .Liberty county, an experienced physician, to associate with him in the practice of the profes sion. Dr. Harden accepted this overture, and in the fall of 1830 removed to Liberty county, and soon entered a wide field of usefulness. Here he remained until December, 1833, when he contracted a marriage with Miss Le Conte, -which event fully determined him to fix his permanent abode in that county.
In the -winter of 1835 and 'SB, he returned to the Medical College of Charleston, where he received his degree of Doctor of Medicine, and the award from the Faculty of a silver cup, "with suitable inscriptions, for his Thesis, written in Latin. He then returned home and resumed his practice with renewed vigour and success. His exposures to the inclemency of the weather in attending on the sick, and his laborious application to his hooks, sowed the seeds of disease in his constitution, which gradually wasted his physical strength, so that a few years before his death he had abandoned his practice, except under special and peculiar circumstances. He died on the morning of the 10th of February, 1848, under the roof, and in the embrace of his only sister, near Tallahassee, in Florida.
In manners, Dr. Harden was kind and conciliating, pos sessing social feelings, and delighting in the society of his family and friends. He "was conscientious and honourable in all his dealings with mankind, and his friendships were sincere and confiding.
He was an excellent mathematician, and well versed in

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377

ancient and modern history. He was particularly skilled in the sciences allied to his profession, as chemistry and botany, and had made great progress in astronomy, geology, coiichology, zoology, &c. &c.
Liberty county claims several other eminent men, but the plan of this work will not allow an extension of the list.
ORIGINAL SETTLERS.--Benjamin Baker, Samuel Bacon, Parmenus Way, John Stevens, Richard Spencer, Richard Ba ker, Josiah Osgood, Samuel Way, John Elliott, John Quarterman, Rev. John Osgood, Sarah Mitchell, John MitcheU, Sam uel Burnley, Edward Way, Edward Sumner, William Baker, and others.
Dr. Stevens, in his History of Georgia, says : " The acces sion of such a people was an honour to Georgia, and has ever proved one of its richest blessings. The sons of that colony have shown themselves "worthy of its sires ; their sires were the moral and intellectual nobility of the Province."
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--The character of the people generally is upright and virtuous, and they are unsurpassed for the great attention paid to the duties of religion. ' MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS.--It may be gratifying to many of our readers to be made acquainted with the history of the Midway church, in this county, and we take pleasure in giving the following abridged account, for which we are indebted to John B. Mallard, Esq.
The first house for public worship was erected on Midway Neck, near the plantation of Mr. Thomas Mallard. About 1754 measures were taken to build a new meeting-house. Mr. James Maxwell was employed to saw the lumber, and the Rev. Mr. Osgood, Samuel Burnley, Richard Baker, Ed-ward Sum ner, and Benjamin Baker, to determine its size and form. It was erected at the Cross Paths, on the north side of the north branch of Newport swamp, 44 feet by 36, with a gallery 18 feet in its story, and pitched roof, hipped at one end, and a small steeple at the other. The steeple was placed west, and the pulpit north. This house was destroyed by fire in 1778, by a body of armed men, under the command of Col. Provost. At the close of the Revolution a coarse building was put up near the place where the old meeting-house stood, 40 feet by 30, with

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LIBERTY COUNTY.

posts in the ground, and the sides filled up with poles. The present meeting-house was built in 1792. The body of the house measures 60 feet by 40. Its gallery is large and com modious. Near the foot of the pulpit stands a marble font presented to the church by the Rev. Dr. Me Whir. There is a large cemetery connected with this church.
.List of the pastors of the Midway church, from its organ isation to the present time :
Rev. John Osgood, Rev. JVIoses Alien,* Rev. Abiel Holmes, D. D., Rev. Cyrus Gildersleeve, Rev. Murdock Murphey, Rev. Robert Quartcrman, Rev. J. S. R. Axon.
MOUNDS, MINERALS, &c.--In many places in the county are to be found mounds, and in, and around them, various instruments for domestic and warlike purposes, such as ar rows, spear-heads, pottery, &c. In various places, a few feet below the surface, oyster shells may be found.
Marl occurs in many localities, arid sometimes it is very rich in carbonate of lime. Beautiful crystals of the sulphate of lime have been found in Bulltown swamp. Petrified wood is dug up at various depths, and on the North Newport and JVIedway rivers, the stumps and trunks oi cypress trees and arrow-heads are found at the depth of four feet.
REMARKABLE SEASONS.----On the 15th of August, 1753, oc curred one of the severest hurricanes ever experienced in the United States, and this county had its share of the calami ties resulting from it. On the 8th day of September, 1804, another great hurrjeaiie occurred. The last great hurricane took place on Wednesday night, the 14th of September, 1844. Dr. Harden says : "It commenced to blow from N. E. about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, and gradually increased until pro bably 1 o'clock at night, when its violence was greatest. The

* This gentleman was bom in Northampton., Mass., Sept. 14,1748. About 1777 he was established at Midway. At the reduction of Savannah by the British troops, Mr. Alien was taken prisoner. The Continental officers were sent to Sunbury on parole, but Mr. Alien, who was Chaplain to the Georgia Brigade, was denied this privilege, lie was sent on board a prison-ship, and in attempting to recover his liberty by swimming to land, he was drowned. His body was washed on an island, and was found by some of his friends. They requested of the Captain of a British vessel boards to make a coffin, but were refused.

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wind then suddenly shifted S. E., and soon began to moderate. The rain, or rather mist, that fell had a saltish taste for miles in the interior, evidently being mixed with spray from the seawater. The appearance of desolation that was presented to the eye the next morning was awful in the extreme."
ISLAND.--St. Catherine's Island is about 13 miles long and one and a half miles wide. The soil is sandy, and is ca pable of the highest cultivation by the application of manure. Sea Island cotton, corn, sugar-cane, peas, potatoes, are the pro ductions. The yield of cotton is from 350 to 200 pounds per acre. Corn 20 to 25 bushels per acre. Potatoes 400 bushels per acre. It is high, dry, arid healthy. The island is owned by three gentlemen, who cultivate it with 300 slaves.
St. Catherine's Island is celebrated as being formerly the residence of that celebrated half-breed Indian woman, Mary Musgrove, who married the Rev. Mr. Bosomworth. She was styled and recognized by General Oglethorpe as queen of the Creek Nation. She was artful, perfidious, and ambitious, and exerted a despotic sway over the tribe. She asserted claims to the site of Savannah and the surrounding country, and threatened the infant colony with her vengeance, and was ap peased only by concessions to her of the islands of Qssabaw, St. Catherine's, and Sapelo. Twenty years since, the man sion in which Bosomworth and his queen resided, was stand ing. It was singular in its construction and appearance, being wattled "with hickory twigs, and plastered within and without with mortar made of lime and sand, and surrounded by spacioijs piazzas. Tradition designates the spot where this extraor dinary woman was buried.
HISTORICAL, NOTICES.--Liberty county was the theatre of many important events during the Revolution. We can only name a few. At a meeting held in the city of Savannah to decide whether deputies should be sent to join the de puties of the other colonies, at the general Congress, it was decided in the negative, and St. John's parish, now Liberty county, dissented from this negative, and resolved, "that if the majority of the other parishes would unite "with them, they would send deputies to join the General Com mittee, and faithfully and religiously abide by and conform to

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LIBERTY COUNTY.

such determination and resolutions as should be entered into and come from thence recommended ;" and the articles of the Continental Association, emanating from that body, were adopt ed by the people of St. John's. On the 23d of January, the iorty-five members of the Provincial Congress entered into a non-importation, non-consumption, and non-exportation asso ciation. To these proceedings the people of St. John's took exceptions, and their Committee withdrew from the Provincial Congress. On the 9th of February they addressed a letter to the General Committee in Charleston, praying to be received into their association ; but their petition was refused. On the 25th of March, they met and elected Dr. Lyman Hall as a delegate to Congress. At this period the parish of St. John's possessed nearly one-third of the entire wealth of the province, and its inhabitants were remarkable for their upright and independent character- " Alone she stood, a Pharos of Liberty in England's most loyal province, renouncing every fellowship that savoured not of freedom, and refusing every luxury which contributed to ministerial coffers. Proud spot of Georgia's soil !"
The decided conduct of the people of St. John's exposed them to great suffering, for the enemy laid waste all before them.* Several engagements occurred, in this county. At Bull town Swamp, Col. John Baker, with a party of mounted militia, fell into an ambuscade, in which he, Captain Coop er, and William Goulding, were "wounded. About one mile and a b alf south of Midway church, the brave General Scrivenf fell into an ambuscade and was mortally wounded. At Sunbury, and at several other places, the patriots of Liber ty displayed a courage which would have done honour to any people. The following is taken from McC all's History of Georgia:
" On the 4th of June a party of British officers were en gaged to dine with Mr. Thomas Young, at Belfast, on. the river Medway, to celebrate the King's birth day ; Capt. Spen cer, who commanded an American privateer, got intelligence

* See Biography of General Daniel Stewart. f See Biography of General Seriven.

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381

of the intended feast, and prepared to surprise them. He pro ceeded up the river in the evening, and landed with 12 men ; and between 8 and 9 o'clock at night, Spencer entered the house arid made Col. Cruger and the party of officers prisoners of war. As Spencer intended to carry off some negroes, he kept 'his prisoners under aguard until the- morning, when he re ceived their paroles and permitted them to return to Sunbury. Col-. Cruger was soon after exchanged for Coi. John Mclntosh, who had been taken prisoner at Brier Creek."
In the year 1788 the inhabitants suffered much from the depredations of the neighbouring Indians. Several skirmishes took place, in which the Indians -were generally worsted. Colonels Stewart and Maxwell, Lieuts. Way, Winn and Jones,
nd many others, were active soldiers during these trying times.

V

LINCOLN.

. .'BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county is bounded N. by Elbert, N. E. and E. by the Savannah river, S. by Columbia, W. by Wilkes. Laid out from Wilkes, in 179G. It is 22 miles long and 9 miles wide, containing 198 square miles.
RIVERS, CHEEKS. -- The Savannah river separates the county from South Carolina, Broad river from Klbert, and Little river from Columbia. The creeks are Fishing, Mills, Pistol, Gray's, Lloyd's, Cherokee, Shivers, Soap, "Dry Fork, &c.
POST OFFICES.--Lincolnton, Double Branches, Goshen. POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1.845, the po pulation was 7,899; of these 4,383 were "whites, and 3,526 blacks. State tax returned for 1848, 82,228 29 cts. Sends one representative to the Legislature. TOWNS.--Lincolnton is the seat of justice, situated on the Waters of Soap creek, in the centre of the county, having a brick court-house, built in 1823 at a cost of 84,000, a jail, one church, common to Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians, one academy for children of both sexes, one store, two black smiths, one wheelwright, four lawyers, two doctors, and two
25

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LINCOLN COUNTY.

or three societies, among which is a division of the Sons of Temperance, and which has -wrought marvellous changes in ihe habits of the people. Lincolnton is distant 90 miles N. E. of Milledgeville, 18 from Washington, 36 from Elberton, 22 from Appling, 40 from Edgefield, 37 from Abbeville, 7 from the Savannah river, and 27 from the Georgia Railroad, Popu lation, 150. Incorporated in 1817.
Lisbon, on the south side of Broad river, -was laid out as early as 1786. Small place.
Goshen, 6 miles N. of Lincolnton, having a church, hotel, school, a,nd several mechanics' shops.
Leathersville, 6 miles S. of Lincolnton. CHARACTER OF THE PEOPT.E.--A great change has taken place in the character of the people, the effect -we are told of religion and temperance. A few persons are still to be found regardless of morality and order; but upon the whole the citizens of Lincoln will not suffer by a comparison with those of any section in the State. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.-- The climate is healthy, although within the last four or five years there has been' much sickness in this county. There are several instances of longevity. Absalom Tankisley, is over 80; Peter Guice, oveV 80; Mrs. Linville, over 90 ; Emily Glaze, over 80; Mrs. Betsey Paradise, 85 ; Mrs. Crossin, 81 ; Abraham Booth, a soldier of the Revolution, died at the age of 100; John Matthews died at 84--was at the battle of Brandywine ; William Nor man, also a revolutionary soldier, died at 79 years of age; Mrs. Hill died in this county at the age of 100. Seven, of her sons were captured by the Indians, and six of them stoned to death.
FACE or THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL, AVERAGE PRODUCT.-- The face of the country is hilly, and liable 'to -wash into gullies after a rain. The lands on the Savan nah and Little rivers and Fishing creek are productive;, dark mulatto soil, adapted to corn; producing from three to five barrels per acre. The red and gray soils are adapted to cotton; but much broken and easily 'washed. Most of the county is under culture. In addition to cotton and 'wheat, the 'land produces peas, tobacco, and potatoes ; cotton averages 500

r

LINCOLN COUNTY.

3S3

pounds per acre ; corn two barrels, wheat five bushels. Very little attention is paid to orchards.
MARKET.--Augusta is the market. Between 4 and. 5000 bags of cotton are annually produced.
MINERALS.--A variety of minerals is found in this county. Gold on Mr. John Benson's land, on Fishing creek, two and a half miles from Danburg, and in two or three other places. Novaculite is found on a hill 'two miles from Lincolnton. It is seen projecting above the surface of the earth through four or five acres of ground, and is therefore probably quite exten sive. It is found very much inclined, or nearly in a vertical direction. There are several varieties of colour in the same locality. That which is found exposed to the atmosphere is mostly of a yellowish' straw-colour, but that which is taken from beneath the surface is mostly of a greenish "white.* Ame thystine quartz, on the plantation of" Mr, Hogan, 6 miles from Limestone. Iron ore and granite in every part of the county,
ROADS.--The market roads are kept in good order; the others are much neglected.
MILLS, D IST ILL EH IE s.--Saw-mills, 8; grist-mills, 12; flourmills, 2; no large distillery.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Methodists, Baptists, Pres byterians,, Universalists, and Roman Catholics. There are six Methodist, seven Baptist, and two Union churches. Some attention is paid to education, but not as much as is necessary.
AMUSEMENTS.--The amusements are few ; pony racing in sojne sections, dancing and hunting.
MOUNTAIN.--Graves' mountain, near the line of Wilkes and Lincoln, six miles S. W. of Lincolnton, 300 feet high. Fine view from the summit.
EARLY SETTLERS.--Among the early .settlers -were the Graves', Suttons, Bussys, and Bentleys.
EMINENT MEN.--Col. John Dooly, an officer of the Revo lution, resided in this county. (See biography of Dooly, page 210.) Thomas W. Murray lived in this county, and repre sented its interests in the Legislature.
MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. -- At Lincolnton, at various

* Silliman's Jc

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LINCOLN COUNTY.

times for the last five years, curious sounds, resembling those of distant thunder, have been heard. The noise has been so great as to produce a shaking of the glasses, fences, &c.
There is a young gentleman now living in this county, Mr. Sterne Simmons, who is 25 years old and weighs 504 pounds.
1ST AM E.--Major General Benjamin .Lincoln, to commemo rate whose worth this county was named, deserves a high rank in the fraternity of American heroes. He was born in Hingham. .Mass., January 23, 1.733, in the same house in "which he died on the Oth of May, 1810. lie was not favoured with a good education ; but by reading, compensated in a great mea sure for this defect. For forty years he followed the occupa tion of a farmer, although during this period he was honoured with many civil and military offices. Having taken a firm stand in favour of his country, he determined to devote himself to her liberties ; and Washington, knowing his integrity and abi lity, recommended him to Congress as an excellent officer, and he "was appointed by that body a Major General In the conti nental establishment. He was in several engagements with the enemy, in one ol "which he received a severe wound, which occasioned lameness during the remainder of his life. Wash ington selected him to take the chief command ol the southern department. Upon coming to Charleston, in 1778, he found himself embarrassed by circumstances which would have en tirely discouraged any man not possessing unconquerable energy. In the attack upon Savannah in 1779, in conjunction with the French, he was repulsed. At the siege of Yorktown he distinguished himself, and his name is to be found among those of the general officers "whose services were particularly mentioned. In 1781 he was chosen by Congress Secretary at War, which he resigned, October, 1783: In 1786-7, he was appointed to command a detachment of militia to oppose Shay's insurrection ; and by his prudent measures the insur rection was suppressed. In 1789, Washington appointed him Collector of the port of Boston, winch office he held until within two years of his death. In Lincoln's character strength and softness, the estimable and amiable qualities, were happily blend ed. His mind was quick and discriminating. As a military commander he was judicious, brave, arid indefatigable. From

LOWNDES COUNTY.

35

early life he had been a communicant of the church, lie was about five feet nine inches in stature ; his face round, his eyes blue, and his complexion light. He wrote essays on va rious, subjects. He -was a man of true piety. All (its trusts he performed "with incorruptible integrity.*

LOWNDES.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT. -- Bounded IV. by Irwin, E. by Ware, S. by Hamilton and Madison counties in Florida, and W. by Thomas. Laid off from Irwm, and organized in 1825. Its length from N. to S. is 52 miles, breadth 40, and contains 2080 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The rivers are the Allapahaw, Little, and Withlacoochee. Among the creeks are the Allapahoochee, Ocopilco, Allapacoochee, Cat, Camp, Mule, &c.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENT ATTOTO.--The population has been steadily on the increase. The census of 1845, gave this county 4,437 whites, 1,662 blacks; total, 6,099. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,169 91 cents. Sends one representa tive to the Legislature.
POST QFFLCES.--Troupville, Allapahaw, Ocopilco, PiscoJa, Sharp's Store, Flat Creek.
TOWNS.--Troupville is the seat of justice, immediately in the fork made by the confluence of the Withlacoochee and Little rivers. It has the usual county buildings, three hotels, two churches, four stores, several mechanics' shops, two physicians, and four lawyers. It is distant from Milfedgeville 180 miles S. ; 40 from Thomasville; 75 from Wares borough, and 75 from Irwinville. It is a healthy and pleasant village. Population about 20 families. Made the county site in 1828. Named after George M. Troup.
EARL^ SETTLERS.--Rev. William A. Knight., Benjamin Serman, Barn Boyd, William Smith, and others.
RKHGTOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.----Methodists, Baptists, and a few Presbyterians. There are churches in almost every
* Thatcher's .lourrml. Sullivan's Letters. Sanderson's Lives.

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neighbourhood. The people have, until within a few years back, been rather unmindful of the great blessings of education, but are now beginning to be more solicitous for the welfare of their children, and schools are springing up in various parts of the county. Number of poor children, 307 ; educational fund, $266 24 cents.
ROADS, BRIDGES.--These are generally good. Almost al! the roads are natural ones, depending but little upon the labour of the Inhabitants for their good qualities.
MILLS.--16 saw and grist-mills, 8 grist-mills, 2 rice-mills. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The ge neral face of the country is level. The land is divided into pine and hammock. Of the former, there are 629,629 acres; of the latter, 43,000 acres. The whole, of the land is produc tive, and some of the hammock lands produce as well as any land in the State. The southern and western portions con tain the Jargest bodies of good land. PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE.--Rice, cot ton, corn, wheat, and indeed almost every thing grows finely in this county. It Is supposed the product of cotton per acre stands thus: from. 800 to 1,000 pounds of black seed, and from 1,000 to 1,400 pounds of green seed. Corn produces from 15 to 20 bushels per acre. MARKETS.--The farmers usually carry their produce to Newport and Columbus in Florida, Centreville and the bluffs of Ocmulgee in Georgia. The want of a convenient market is the most serious inconvenience under -which the farmers labour. SPRINGS. -- The beds of almost all the streams abound in springs, impregnated -with various mineral substances, chiefly sulphur. One of these, discovered in the bed of the \Vithlacoochee, has been turned to account by some of the citizens, and Is now a place of considerable resort. Around It a small village has sprung up, containing a store, church, and fine school. The village is called Boston, after the disco verer of the spring, Thomas M. Boston. .MINERALS.--The rocks which are found are chiefly sand stone, limestone, and flint. MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS.--Almost every stream of note in this county has some natural curiosity connected with it.

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387

Many of the streams disappear and are not seen for miles, \vheti they again make their appearance, and flow as tran quilly to their destination as if nothing strange or unusual had happened to them. Others present caves in their banks, into which' a part of the stream is diverted, and at the entrance you will often find a thriving mill. Among the curiosities of this county may be placed the large open ponds, covering some six square miles, "without any tree or stump in them. A portion of the surface of these ponds is covered "with beautiful and rare botanical specimens. The streams and ponds abound in fish of various kinds. The woods are filled -with game of all sorts.
VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $9,162. Value of stock in trade, $18,035. Money at interest, 837,434.
ANTiauiTiES.--Within a few miles of Troupville are the ruins of an old town. Large live oaks grow in front of the ruins in straight rows, and so regular in their distance that it Js'scarcely probable they are of spontaneous growth. Roads are also discernible. These are 'wide and straight.
NAME.--William Jones Lowndes, m honour of whom this county is named, was the youngest child of Rawlins Lowndes, by his second wife, a native of Georgia. His father -we be lieve was born in South Carolina. For talents and integrity Rawlins Lowndes was one of the most distinguished men in South Carolina before, during, and after the Revolution. His son, Wm. J. Lowndes, was born in or about the year 1781, and received his education altogether in Charleston. The first school in which his talents became remarkable, was that under the care of the Rev. Mr. O'Gallaher, a Catholic priest of great learning and liberality. After a while this seminary was ex tended by a junction with two other schools, one under the Rev. Arthur Buist, a Presbyterian, and the other under the Rev. Henry Purcel, an Episcopalian. In this academy Lowndes was decidedly the best scholar, and the most dis tinguished for exemplary deportment. At the close of one of the terms, Addison's Play of Cato was performed by the stu dents with great applause, and Lowndes acted the part of Juba.

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He studied law in Charleston, and when admitted to the bar, associated himself with the late John k Cogdell.
In the year 1807, when the frigate Chesapeake was attacked by the Leopard, a British 60 gun ship, all Americans were fired with indignation. About this time MV. Lowndcs raised a uniform company, called the Washington Light Infantry, and was elected their first Captain.
In 1812 Mr. Lowndes was elected a member of Congress for Charleston District, and soon acquired distinction. He grew up very rapidly; his figure was tall, his health impaired by study, and his voice feeble. His first speech 'was not gene rally heard in. the House, but when published, was read and admired. After that it was remarked that the members of both parties in Congre.se, when he was speaking, would quit their seats and crowd around him, to listen and profit by his strong arguments, urged in the best forensic language. Mr. .Lowndcs united cordially with the Southern delegates in every motion for carrying on the war with England, with all possi ble energy, both by sea and land. At the close of the war, when the first bill was brought forward for chartering the Bank of the United States, in January, 1815, he voted against it, believing that it placed, too much, patronage in the hands of the President.
In 3818 he became Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means, and so continued until he resigned his seat in Con gress in 1822, on account of ill health. He had served ten years in. that body, during one of the most eventful eras in American history. Mr. Lowndes's speeches have been pub lished in most of the newspapers in. the United States, and still may be read 'with interest ; but his official reports, while Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means, are consi dered to be of the highest character and authority. In the -winter of 1831, the members of Congress and other influential citizens, began to discuss the relative merits of men who would be suitable candidates ior the nest Presidency. The Legisla ture of South Carolina was then in. session ; the members of that body felt a lively interest in the result of that election, and in a conclave with the influential citizens who generally visit Columbia upon such occasions, mot and nominated Mr.

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Lowndes, to be supported by them as a candidate for the Pre sidency. Other States and districts adopted the suggestion; and in his answer to the communication, sent to him, he made the memorable remark, " that the Presidency was an offi.ce which no man should either seek or decline ;" a maxim that should ever be in the minds of American statesmen. It was an opinion then expressed by many of the best informed poli ticians, that had Mr. Lowiides's health enabled him to remain in the United States, he would have been most probably elected President. At that election there were very serious and strong objections made to the other two candidates, but to him none could be offered. Mr. Lowndes had hoped, by re tirement, to recover his health, but the prostration had gone too far. and his physicians, finding that there was no improve ment in his health, recommended a sea voyage and change of climate. He accordingly sailed in October, 1822, tor Europe ; hut his disease was too deeply seated, and he died on the voyage. The newspapers of the day spoke highly of his character.
"He was mild and unobtrusive. In modesty, unequalled. Whilst living he would have rebuked, the faintest expression of praise. He lived for the happiness of those around him. tie was a great man. Wisdom and virtue gave him a moral and political power.''
Mr. Taylor, of New York, said of him, in his place in the House of Representatives of the United States, " that the highest and best hopes of the country looked to Mr. Lowtides for their fulfilment. The most honourable office in the civilized world, the chief magistracy of this free people, would have been illustrated by his virtues and talents."
Mr. Lowndes was remarkably happy from his youth in all his domestic concerns, being always associated with nume rous friends and affectionate relations. He married early in life the daughter of Thomas Pinckney, "who still survives him. He left three children, two sons and a daughter, now the wife of Lieut. J. Rutledge, of the U. S. Navy.
For the above sketch of Mr. Lowndes, we are principally indebted to Dr. Joseph Johnson, of Charleston, S. C.

390

LUMPKIN COUNTY.

LUMPKIN.
BOUNDARIES,--Bounded N. by Union, E. by Habersham and Hall, S. by Forsyth, "W. by Cherokee and Gilmer. Laid out from Cherokee, in 1838.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION. --The census of 1845 gives to this county 8 : 979 -whites, 1,175 blacks; total, 10,154. Amount of taxes paid into the State treasury, for 1848, $1,689 66. Sends two representatives to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Amicalolah, Auraria, Barrettville, Calhoun, Cross villc, Dahlonega, New Bridge, Pleasant Retreat, Mechanicsburg.
RIVERS AND CREEKS.--The rivers are the Etowah, Chestatee, Tosnatce; the creeks are Yellow, Amicalolah, Shoal, Nimble Will, Cain, Yahoola, Town, &c.
MOUNTAINS.--The Blue Ridge is in the northern part of the county; Walker's mountain in the easrern part.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.----Methodists, Baptists, Old and New Presbyterians, Universalists, Episcopalians, and Ro man Catholics. Education has been very much neglected, but recently a new spirit has been awakened on this subject, and efforts are making to introduce schools in every section of the county. According to the Digest of the State for 1848, the number of poor children in this county was 958. The educa tional fund is $830 85.
OitiGircAL SETTLERS. -- The original settlers were C. J. Thompson, Colonel Riley, Gen. Fields, .Lewis Rolston, Mr. Leathers, and J, Blackwell.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY. -- The climate of this county is pleasant, but subject to great and sudden changes. Some fever prevails on the water-courses. Lumpkin can show a long list of" persons who have attained to a great age. Mrs. Young, now living, is over 100. John J. Williams is over 90--was in the battle at King's Mountain. Mr. John Harnes is over 100; Samuel Evans, 85 ; Mr. Harper, 80 ; John Alex ander, 84. Mr. Alien died in this county at the age of 115 years ; Mr. Watts died at the age of 90 ; Mr. James Boyd was over 100 years, and his wife, Nancy Boyd, over 94 years. Richard Ledbetter, a revolutionary soldier, at his death was

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100 years old ; Mrs. Smith lived to the age of 103 ; Mrs. Sally Bright died at the age of 112.
CHARACTER, AMUSEMENTS,--The gold mines have brought together a large number of persons, and consequently the population of this county is composed of a great diversity of character. Many of the operatives in the mines are dissipated and regardless of the future. The permanent inhabitants are intelligent and spirited. Fishing, dancing, hunting, and pic nics, are the favourite amusements.
NATURE OF THE SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT, FRUITS,--Some fine bodies of land are on the rivers and creeks. The soil is dark and easily cultivated, peculiarly adapted to corn and wheat, worth -$"2O per acre. The hickory and oak lands have a mulatto soil, producing corn, "wheat, and tobacco, valued at $5 per acre. The ridge lands are valuable only for timber and mining ; value SI per acre. Average pro duct of corn per acre, six barrels. The crops of wheat and rye are uncertain. Apples succeed well. Some attention is paid to horticulture. Dr. Singleton has raised oranges and lemons of remarkable size in his garden at Dahlonega.
GOLD MINES.--Dr. Singleton's mines embrace 2,080 acres in the vicinity of Dahlonega, most of which were originally purchased for farming purposes, but subsequently found to contain gold. Some have been profitable, others "would hardly pay the cost of -working. On one single branch, known as . Stover's Branch, more than 150,000 pennyweights of gold 'have been found. Some of the branch mines have been worked over, three or four times, and proved a source of profit to the operators.
We consider this an appropriate place to give a general account of the gold mines in Cherokee Georgia, for which our thanks are due to Dr. Stevenson, formerly of Canton, a gen tleman of science, and perfectly familiar "with the mining ope rations.
" The first discovery of gold in this State was made on Duke's creek, Habersham county, in 1829. The mass weighed three ounces. After this, discoveries were rapidly made in all directions from Carolina to Alabama, and some of the mines were immensely rich. The gold obtained for the first few years was from the alluvion of the streams ; after which many

392

LUMPKIN COUNTY.

diluvial deposits were found, and subsequently many rich veins. The gold in the veins is generally embedded in sulphuret of iron and quartz, sometimes in quartz alone, and in a few instances in micaceous and talcose slate, the auriferous pyrites being interspersed in minute crystals through the slate. The first mentioned class are common, and abound every where, running parallel "with the formation of the country, the general direction of "which is !N". E. and S. W., corresponding "with the Alleghany chain of mountains. These veins are usually enclosed in micaceous or talcose schist, some in chlorite and hornblend, rarely in gneiss or granite. In some in- 1 stances the root of the vein is slate, and the floor, granite or gneiss. The decomposition of the different strata varies from 50 to 100 feet, and decreases as you near th'e mountains; where the overlaying rocks terminate and the veins cease to be auriferous. A few veins have been found which traverse, the formation in which they are enclosed, and in every instance the gold is found to contain from 15 to 66 per cent, of silver, whereas all parallel veins are alloyed with copper, from to -4aa-, and without a trace of silver. Of the former class is the Potosi mine, in Hall county, "which runs JV. W. by W., is one foot wide (average), and was immensely rich in pockets. .The first cropped out and extended about 12 feet deep by 15 laterally, yielding over 10,000 dwts. Some 10 feet from that, another pocket occurred, much richer, the gold being enclosed in felspar' with octahedral crystals of quartz radiating from it, without a-' particle of gold. These veins are evidently of comparatively recent formation. Ore "which yields 35 cents per bushel is considered profitable, provided the veins are large enoughtafurnish abundantly, and there is no extra expense. Where there is mucli water it requires expensive machinery, and'the ore must be rich, and the vein of considerable size, to justify it, Many mines have, and do yet yield much more--from 50 cents to 100 cents per bushel, and a few even more, even reaching to several hundred dollars per bushel. Of such are the Calhoun and Battle Branch veins, and also the celebrated 1052 mifte near Dahlonega. These are technically called pocket veins, ' as the gold is found in limited portions of them, the rest with out any. The greatest depths yet reached do not exceed 80

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feet below the -water level, nor more than 140 feet below their outcrop; whereas, in the old world, they have gone more than 2,000 .feet. We consequently can form no opinion relative 'to their productiveness. Generally the mines are abandoned as soon as the water appears ; the operators being men of but little capital, and ignorant of the proper mode of "working be low the water level. Another and more powerful reason is, that, with but few exceptions, the veins become poorer as you descend, and below the \vater very poor. The mode of-work ing the mine or ores is by amalgamation. The ore is first reduced to-powder, either wet or dry, by the action of stamps or pestles, weighing from 100 to 500 pounds; after which it passes through different sized screens or grates, and then through various amalgamating machines, by which the quick- silver is made to take up the particles or dust of gold, forming an amalgam, which is distilled in a retort, saving the quick.silver for further use, and the mass of gold is melted in a crucibie, into bars or ingots for coining. Its average fineness is 23 carats, From the beat information I possess, the amount obtained from 1829 to 1838, was 10.000,000 dwts., and from that time until now, 4,000,000 ; every year diminishing, not withstanding the great improvements in machinery and in creased practical knowledge. I am of the opinion, however, that by introducing the smelting process, as practised in Russia, the mines of Georgia and North Carolina could be made to . yield several millions per annum with the same force that now digs but half of a million. Mr. Van Buren, while Presi dent, was kind enough to send a special despatch to the Kmv peror of Russia, at my request, for information on the subject, which only confirmed me in the opinion I had formed. The result of over a hundred trials, made here and at the north, on auriferous pyrites, gave a mean yield of 42 times as much as by the best system of amalgamation extant. This seems ex travagant, but nevertheless it is true. I speak of sulphurated ores--iron or. copper pyrites, in which the gold' is in a state of chemical combination, without metallic properties--a salt, on which quicksilver cannot act; and, having no specific gravity, it is impossible to save it; nor do we get any except such as have been revived by volcanic heat, and aggregated, so as to

1

394

LUMPKIN COUNTY.

give it gravity. I have tried some such ores, which 1 yielded 66 times more than we got by mills. I have known many miners to work over their sand five or six times, and still make a profit. JYow, by working by fire, the mines would last longer and pay much larger profits. It certainly would be bet ter to make $100 per day from three bushels of ore, than from 100 or 200 bushels. It is true, the expense is greater, but the profits may be made to reach fivefold more than they do. See the Russian statistics, and you observe that, previous to the introduction of this system, the government mines yielded but from ten to twelve millions ; and since, with a less number of hands, they yield from 60 to 120 millions.*'"
The following are the principal gold mines in Lumpkin county :----
Singleton's mines, near IJahlonega, embracing more than 2,000 ncres.
Calhoun's mine, on the Chestatee river, has yielded enor mously.
J. E. Calhoun's mine, on the Chestatee river, five miles from Dahlonega, has been a very rich deposit mine, and is not yet exhausted.
Cain creek and Yahoola creek are celebrated localities. On the hitter is the famous Jot, 105^, which once created such a sensation among the gold speculators.
In almost every portion of this county gold exists. Evi dence of its existence meets the eye of the traveller in every direction. Since this "was written, several valuable mines have been discovered. A correspondent of the National Intelligencer thus describes the appearance of things in this county. " On approaching DahJonega, I noticed that the water-courses had all been mutilated 'with the spade and pickaxe, and that their waters were of a deep yellow ; and, having explored the coun try since then, 1 find that such is the condition of all the streams \vithin a circuit of many miles. Large brooks, and even an occasional river, have been turned into a new channel, and thereby deprived of their onginaJ beauty. And, of all the hills in the vicinity of Dahlonega which I have visited, I have not seen one which is not actually riddled with shafts and tunnels.''' No section of Georgia deserves more attention than the gold region of -Lumpkin county.

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395

TOWNS.--Dahlonega, the capital of this county, is situated 14 miles from the Blue Ridge, on a high hi]|, commanding a view of Walker's, Mossy Creek, and Yonah mountains. It is 141. miles from Milledgeville, 35 from Gaincsville, 30 from Clarkesville,, 30 from Gumming, 35 from Blairsville, and 35 from Ellijay. The court-house is constructed of brick, the jail of logs. It has eight or ten stores, four groceries, two capital hotels, three churches, Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian, one market-house, one engine-house, one academy, one ma sonic lodge, one printing office, in -which the Dahlonega Watch man is published, &c. Dahlonega is a thriving place. The amount of goods sold is stated to be ST5,000 per annum. The character of the population has undergone a great change within a few years. Religion and morality have warm advocates ; and a more orderly population cannot be named. Gold is often found in the court-house square, particularly af ter a shower ; and the little boys often pick up pieces of gold, weighing from \ of a dwt. to one dwt. Population about 1,000. The town was incorporated in 1833, and became the seat of the public buildings in 1835. The U. S. Branch Mint establishment is localed in this town. The building is quite large, and cost $70,000, and the machinery $30,000. Dr. Singleton was the first superintendent appointed by General Jackson. The Indian name for Dahlonega was Tau-Iau-iieca, meaning yellow money.
Auraria, alias jVuckollsville, is situated six miles from Dah lonega, on the road leading to Gainesville.
Leather's Ford is situated on the Chostatee river, II miles below Dahlonega, inhabited mostly by persons engnged in mi ning operations. Population about 30.
MINERALS,--Besides gold, magnetic iron exists in great quantities on the bead waters of Amicalolah creek ; native cop per in Singleton's mines: small particles of silver are some times found; also lead, antimony, cyanite, rubies, asbestos, sulphate of iron, quartz, granite, pyrites, &c.
ROADS, BK.IDGKS.--"When the nature of the country is taken into consideration, the roads may be said to be good, al though there is room for great improvement. There are seven or eight bridges in the county.

1

396

LUMPKIX COUNTY.

MISCELLANEOUS.--The value of town Jots is 834,505. Va lue of stock in trade, 829,360. Money at interest, $12,366.
FAT_,.LS.--Amicaiolah Falls are 17 miles "west of Dablonega, near the road leading to Tennessee. The name is said to be a compound of two Cherokee words, " ami,"' signifying water, and " calolah" rolling or tumbling. A writer* in the Orion, vol. ii., page 352, thus describes these falls : " The view from the top does not (as is the case at Tallulah) comprehend the whole extent of all the cascades ; but, on some accounts, is preferred. The range of mountains to the south and west, as it strikes the eye from the summit of the falls, is truly sub lime; and the scene is scarcely surpassed in grandeur. The view from the foot embraces, as strictly regards the falls them selves, much more than the view from above, and is therefore perhaps the better; both, however, should be obtained, in or der to form a just conception of the scene; for here we have a succession of cataracts and cascades, the greatest not ex ceeding GO feet, but the torrent in the distance of 400 yards descending more than as many hundred feet. This creek has its source upon the Blue Kidge, several miles east of the falls; and it winds its way, fringed with wild, flowers of the richest dyes, and kissed in. autumn by the purple wild grapes, which cluster over its transparent bosom ; and so tranquil and mir ror-like is its surface, that one will fancy it to be a thing of life, conscious of its proximate fate, raiding all its energies for the startling leap ; and he can scarcely forbear moralizing upon the oft recurring and striking vicissitudes of human life, as illustrated in the brief career of this beautiful streamlet."
NAME. -- This county was named in honour of Wilson JLumpkiri. This gentleman is a resident of Athens, Clarke county, Geoi'gia, in the enjoyment of fine health, and devoting himself to the pursuits of agriculture. From memorandums obligingly furnished us by this distinguished gentleman, we are able to furnish the people of Georgia with the follow ing memoir. Mr. Lumpkin was born in Pittsylvania coun ty, State of Virginia, on the 14th January, 1783. When he was one year old his father removed to Georgia, and settled

* General Hansell, of Marietta.

LUMP KIN COUNTY.

397

in that part of the State then known as Wilkes county, now Oglethorpc county. At this period the means of education, were very limited, there not being a good grammar-school within twenty miles of his residence ; and being unable to send his children from home to be educated, they received no other instruction than that which Is acquired in a common country school. When young Lumpkin was fourteen years old, his father held the office of Clerk of the Superior Court of Oglethorpe county, and knowing that many advantages would "be enjoyed by his son in an office of this kind, he em ployed him in copying, writing, &c. This was o incalculable benefit to his son, compensating in no small degree the want of a regular education, and introducing him to many gentle men of the legal profession. He imbibed a great fondness for reading, and during the time that he continued in this office he devoted all his leisure moments to reading law. A short time after he was twenty-one years of age, he was elected a member of the Legislature lor Oglethorpe county, by almost an unanimous vote, and ior several years continued a mem ber, discharging his duties with zeal and fidelity. He served for several years both as a member oi the House of Representatives and Senate of the United States. "When he was solicited to become a candidate for the office of Governor of Georgia, he reluctantly consented, and was elected, and at the close of his executive term was re-elected. JVIr. Lumpkin has filled many other responsible offices, but the limits fixed to these sketches will not allow us to enumerate all of them. We cannot however consent, in justice to a faithful public servant, to omit the following. In 1823, Mr. Lumpkin was commis sioned by President Monroe to ascertain and mark the bound ary line between Georgia and Florida. Under a commission of General Jackson, he was one of the first Commission ers appointed under the Chcrokee treaty of 1835. The records of the country "will bear testimony to the ability and justice with which he discharged that delicate and difficult trust. When, the Legislature o Georgia created a Board of Public Works, with a view of commencing a systematic course of Internal Improvement, it provided for a Board to
26

398

MACON COUNTY.

consist of six members. Of this Board, Mr. Lumpkin was ap pointed a member. The act also directed that a civil engi neer should be appointed, to take a general survey of the State, "with a view to report upon the expediency of canals and railroads ; and it also directed that a member of the Board should accompany the engineer. Mr. Lumpkin was selected, and in his report he recommended a route, which varied very little from the present location of our railroads. It will be seen from this short sketch, that JVIr. Lumpkin has been an active man all his life. To the interest of this State he has devoted much labor. He enjoys better health now than at any period before he was sixty years old, works every day, and reads more than at any iormer period of his life. lie never had a lawsuit or arbitration. He has been a member of the Baptist church ior nearly fifty years, and is an active and liberal supporter of many benevolent institu-

MACON.
BOUNDARIES.--It is bounded N. by Crawford, E. by Houstoun and a part of Talbot, S. by a portion of'Dooly and Sumter, and W. by Marion.
RIVERS, CREEKS. -- The Flint* river flows through the county, and has the following tributaries : viz. Beaver, Juni per, Horse, White Water, Buck's, Buck Head, Spring, and Beaver creeks.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the popu lation as given in the census was 3,324 "whites, 1,870 blacks ; total, 5,194. Amount of taxes returned for 1848, $1,701 83 Sends one representative to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES. -- Laiiier, Grarigerville, Hamburg, Mar shallsville, Martin's Store, Horse Head, Newson's Mills, Fredonia.
TOWNS,--Lamer is the seat of justice, situated on the
* The Indian name of Flint river is Thronateeska.

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MACON COUNTY.

399

west side of the Flint river, 80 miles from Milledgeville, 22 from Perry, 25 from Knoxville, and 25 from Aiuericus. It has the usual county buildings, two churches, two hotels, three stores, &c. Population about 200. It is a very pretty village.
FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The coun try is level. The eastern bank of the Flint river averages from 100 to 200 feet high, for several miles. West of the Flint river, pine land mostly prevails, the greatest part of . which is fertile. East of the Flint river, the lands are mixed, generally productive.
PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton, corn, wheat, and other products peculiar to this section of Georgia.
EDUCATION, RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.--Education is not neglected, although more attention ought to be paid to it. Number of poor children, 295 ; educational fund, 8255 84. Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations.
ROADS AND BRIDKTC-S.--The roads and bridges are gene rally kept in good order.
CHARACTER OP THE PEOPLE.----This county has an intelli gent population.
MARKET.--Mac on is the market. ROCKS, MINERALS, FOSSILS, MOUNDS.----Marl exists in con siderable quantities on the plantation of I. E. Helvenstein, Esq.j Buck's creek. The banks of the Flint river contain numerous interesting localities, in which are found curious fossils. On the Flint river are several mounds. VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $7,825; value of stock in trade, $7,704. Money at interest, $18,690. MISCELLANEOUS.--There are several fine hedges of the Cherokee rose in this county. Col. John Young has his entire plantation enclosed by hedges of this description, and all his cross-fences are of the same. He has now almost eight miles of fence of this kind on his plantation. Col. Young was the first gentleman to introduce these hedges in Macon county, and many are following his example. NAME. -- The Hon. Nathaniel Macon, -whose name this county bears, "was one of the few patriots of the American Revo lution who survived to tell the trials of that day to the present

400

MACON COUNTY.

generation. In the memorable year 1776, then not 18 years old, and while a student at Prmceton, New Jersey, burning with youthful ardour, and fired with holy enthusiasm in the cause of public liberty, he abandoned his collegiate studies, and performed a short tour of duty in a company of volun teers ; thus in his youth evincing an attachment to those/prin ciples which in after life he supported with so much firmness, ability, and undeviating consistency. After his return from New Jersey, hearing of the fall of Charleston, South Carolina, in the spring of 1780, he joined the militia troops of his native v State, as a common soldier, and continued with them until the provisional articles of peace were signed, in the fall of 1782. During this eventful period, he gave proofs of that in difference for office and emolument, and that unaffected de- " voted ness to bis country's good, which his future history so conspicuously illustrated. He served in the ranks as a com mon soldier, and though command, and places of trust and confidence, as well as of relative ease and security, were often tendered him, he invariably declined them ; desiring only to occupy the station, and to share the hardships and perils com mon to the greatest portion of his fellow soldiers. And al though in very humble circumstances as to property, he never would charge or consent lo receive one cent for such services, He gave his heart and soul to the cause in which he embark ed. He loved his country, and like a dutiful son gave her in time of need--'twas all he had--his personal service. And even . when that country srruled with prosperity, and, with a munifi cence deserving all praise, made liberal provision for the soldiers of the Revolution, he declined the proffered bounty. Often has he been heard to say, (disclaiming all imputation upon others,) that no state of fortune could induce him to ac-' cept it. In those times, too, were developed those noble traits of Roman character which attracted to him the confidence and esteem of his countrymen ; and becoming generally known throughout the State, they -won for him a popularity to which his country is indebted for his long, useful, and illustrious services in the public councils. His countrymen elected him while yet in the army, and scarcely twenty-four years of age, a member of the Legislature, "without his solicitation, or even

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401

kcojvJedge; and, reluctant to part with his comrades in firms, he was induced only by the persuasions of his commanding officers "to accept the station. After serving in that capacity many years,.he was chosen, at the age of" thirty-two, a member of Congress, in the House of Representatives, and took his seat at the first session of the second Congress, in 2701, which he filled uninterruptedly, under successive elections, till the winter of 1815, when he was chosen by the Legislature a Se nator in Congress, without his solicitation, and in one sense against his wish ; for his maxim was, " frequent elections and accountability at short intervals." In January, 1816, being then at Washington in the discharge of his duties as a member of !he House of Representatives,, he resigned his seat in that body, and.assumed his new station as Senator. On that occasion he declined and rejected double pay for travelling, al though abundant precedents entitled him to it. The Legis lature continued to him his honourable distinction and high trust, until November, 3828, when he was induced, by a " sense of duty," springing out of his advanced age and infirmities, to resign, resigning also at the same time his offices as Justice of the Peace, and Trustee of the University of North Carolina, both of which he filled for many years. During his congres sional career, he was chosen m 1801, at the first session of the seventh Congress, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and continued to preside over the deliberations of that body, until the tenth Congress. The duties of the chair "were dis charged by him "with distinguished abilities, and an impar tiality which secured the esteem and affection of his political friends, and won the confidence and admiration of his politi cal adversaries. Not being able from severe indisposition to attend at the commencement of the tenth Congress, a new in cumbent "was elected to the chair. He was several times elected President pro tern, of the Senate, and the last time chosen to that station he declined its acceptance. The office of Postmaster-General was twice offered him. But office however high, or emolument however great, had no charm for him. His engagement was always to his constituents, and that he was determined to fulfil to the letter. No lure could tempt him to lay it down. His was the ambition that

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prompted only to virtuous deeds. He sought with great earnestness and untiring industrv the path of .duty, and fear lessly pursued it--obliging no one from favour or affection, and yielding nothing to the suggestion of resentment or en mity. Indeed, there was no passion he would gratify at the expense of duty. In 1835, his fellow-citizens again called him from his cherished retirement, by electing him a member of the Convention, charged with the important duty of revising and reforming the Constitution of his native State, of which body he was chosen President by unanimous suffrage. In 1836, he was chosen an elector of President and Vice-Presi dent--on the Republican ticket--and at the proper time re paired to the seat of government, and performed the duty re quired of him. This was the closing act of Mr. Macon's pub lic life.
Of his political creed it is scarcely necessary to speak. His unconquered consistency--the frank and manly avowal of his opinions on all proper occasions--the prominent and distinguished part it was his lot to act in support of every re publican administration, sufficiently proclaim it. Suffice it to say, he was a republican of the old school, and possessed, with out qualification or abatement, the affection and confidence of a Jefferson, a Madison, a Monroe, and a Jackson ; and of the whole host of distinguished statesmen with -whom he was a co-labourer in the cause of democracy and free government. His political principles wT ere deep-rooted; he became attached to them from early examination, and was confirmed in their correctness from mature reason and long experience. . They were the principles of genuine republicanism ; and to them through life he gave a hearty, consistent, and available sup port. With them he never compromised ; and the greater the pressure, the more pertinaciously he stood by them. Adopt ing, to the fullest extent, the doctrine which allowed to man the capacity and the right to self-government, he was a strict constructionist of the Constitution of the United States ; and never -would consent, however strongly the law of circum stances--the common plea of tyrants--might demand it, to exercise doubtful powers. Jealous of federal authority, his most vigilant efforts "were directed towards restraining it with-

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in due limits. A democrat by nature as well as education, he was persuaded, that on the popular part of every government depend its real force, its welfare, its security, its permanence, its adaptation to the happiness of the people.
..Though so long honoured and so many years the depositary of public confidence and public trusts, he had the rare merit of never having solicited any one to vote for him, or even in timated a wish that he should ; and, though no one ever shared more fully the confidence and esteem of a large circle of warm and influential friends, his is the praise of never having soli cited the slightest interest for his own preferment.
But it was in private life the rare excellences of this great and good mail shone brightest. " To be and not to seern, 5 '" was his maxim. Disdaining the pride of power--despising hypocrisy, as the lowest and the meanest vice--with an honest simplicity and Roman frankness of manners, he gave to inter course an ease and freedom which made his society and con versation sought after by all "who knew him. Industry, eco nomy, and temperance distinguished the character of JVIr. Macon, during every portion of his long life, and he was always'truly exemplary in the discharge of every social and domestic duty. His love of justice and truth, and his integrity of heart commanded universal confidence, esteem, and respect. In his dress, his manners, his habits, and mode of life, he in dulged no fondness for superfluities ; but he never denied him self the use of what was necessary and convenient.
The vainness of ostentation and the littleness of pride were alike disgusting to him. His neighbours, even the humblest, visited him without ceremony, and in all their difficulties ap plied to him for advice and comfort, which he never failed to afford in a manner the most acceptable. The society of his neighbourhood, embracing an unusually large circle, seemed as it were to constitute but one family, of which he was the head and the guide ; and the rich stores of his mind were com. mon property. Such was the morai influence 'which he ex erted around him, that his example and his precept "were allowed the force of law. His heart was the seat of the benevolent affections; and that he enjoyed, while living, the happiness that attends their constant exercise, was sufficiently attested

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by the many, of both sexes and all ages, who attended his interment, "with tears and deepest sorrow; and that he was. not wanting in the offices of humanity, was proven by the heart-rending scenes exhibited in the moans and lamentations of his numerous black lamily, when they "were permitted to view, for the last time, his mortal remains. They, indeed, had cause for sorrow. Never had slaves a kinder master. In.every thing connected with their health and comfort he made the most liberal and ample provision--in. food, raiment, bedding, and dwellings. In their sickness, his attentions to them were those of a kind and tender friend. Nor did he neglect their' moral instruction and discipline. He was fond of reading, but his favourite study was man. To this predilection did be^owe that consummate knowledge of the human character, and those practical lessons of wisdom, of so much consequence to the conduct of life, which gave him rank among the " wisest and best." He died in AVarren county, North Carolina, on1 the 29th day of June, 1837, in the 79th year of his age.*

MADISON.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Madison is bounded N. by Frank lin, FJ. by Elbert, S. by Oglethorpe and a part of Clarke", and, . W. by Jackson. Laid out from Oglethorpe, Jackson, Frank- lin, and Elbert, in 1811, and additions made to it in 1813, '19, 23, '29, '31. Length 14 miles, breadth 13. Square miles/182.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--North and south prongs of Broad riverj Mill Shoal, Brushy, Holly, Fork, Blue Stone, and Shoal creeks.
Pofr OFFICES.--Danielsville, Brookhne, Madison's Springs. POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--The census of 1845 gave to this county 3,615 whites, 1,099 blacks ; total, 5,314. Amount of State tax for 1848, $1,498 70 cents. Sends ene representative to the Legislature. TOWN.--Danielsville, named after General Alien Daniel, situated on a high, uneven surface, is the capital. Distant from Milledgeville 87 miles N., 15 from Athens, 23 from Les-
* Furnished by the Hon. Mr. Kdv/iirds, of North Carolina.

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ington, 8 from the Madison Springs, 23 from Jefferson, and 20 from CarnesvJlle. This is quite a small village, having a court-house, jai), two stores, mechanics' shops, one Pres, byterian church, and one or two schools. Population 35. Healthy and quiet village. Made the county site in. 1812. Incorporated in 1817.
RELIGIOUS SHOTS, .EDUCATION.---- Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, a few Universalists and Reformed Methodists. In the county are six Baptist churches, two Presbyterian, three Methodist. Education is beginning to be appreciated. Number of poor children 210 ; educational fund, $182 13 cents.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is pleasant and healthy, l^evers occur on the water-courses. There are several instances of longevity. Mr. James Pittrnan is 93; Mrs. Lettuce Milligan 89, and reads without glasses ; Mr. Stephen Groves is over 98 ; Mr. James Thompson is 80 ; Mr. James Carath is over SO ; Mr. James Saunders is 80 ; Capt. Robert L. Tate, 80.
EARLY SETTLKRS.--Samuel Long, Jacob Everhart, Sa muel Woods, Stephen Groves, and others,
MINERALS.--Gold on Broad river, eight or nine miles E. of Danielsville. Large quantities of iron ore ; and several years ago iron works were in successful operation. Four miles be low Danielsville, on the south fork of Broad river, granite, quartz, and the minerals of the adjoining counties are found.
CHAR ACT EK OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--The people of this county have the reputation of being industrious and fru gal. Hospitality is one among their most prominent, charac teristics. The amusements are dancing, hunting, fishing, quiltings, and sociables. One or two instances of gander-pull ing, have occurred within a few years past.
NATURE OF THE SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, VAL.UE OP LAND.---- Good lands are on Blue Stone creek peculiarly adapted to corn, wheat, and cotton. Value about 3H|- per acre. The lands on the north fork of Broad river are very inferior. On the south fork the lands are productive, valued at about $S per acre. The northwest part of the county is poor ; the land hardly worth <S>1 per acre. The productions are cotton,

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corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, sweet potatoes, and Irish pota toes. Fruits and vegetables do well.
AVERAGE PRODUCT IJ ER ACRE.-- Cotton, averages 400 pounds per acre; corn, 2^- barrels; "wheat, 5.V bushels. Two thousand bags of cotton are annually produced.
AVERAG-U PlUCE OF GllAIN, PROVISIONS, LABOUR.----Com
averages $1 25 per bushel ; wheat, 75 cents ; butter,12^ cents per pound ; eggs, 0 cents per dozen ; pork, 4 cents per pound ; bacon, 7 cents ; beefj 2^-; turkeys, 75 cents per pair ; fowls 20 cents do. ; geese, 50 cents do.; tallow, 8 cents per pound ; wax, 20 do. Board at hotels, $8 per month. White men hire at 88 per month ; negro men, at $60 per annum ; negro women, at $45 do.
ROADS, BRIDGES, FERRIES.--The market roads are kept in good order. There is only one bridge of importance in this county. Ferries, eight.
-Mixj.s, DiSTTLi-iRBiES,--Saw-mills 13 ; grist-mills 14 ; flourmills 3; arid a number of small distilleries.
VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &-c.--The value of town lots is $2,150. Value of stock in trade, $11,000. Money at interest, $44,790.
MINERAL SPRINGS.--Madison Springs, 23 miles N. W. of Athens, The water is impregnated with iron, and efficacious in the cure of several diseases, and is much resorted to in the summer.
Misci;i.T.,ANEoi7s.--AUSTIN DAUNEY.--In the beginning of the revolutionary conflict, a man. by the name of Ay cock removed to "VVilkes county, having in his possession a mulatto hoy who passed lor and was treated as his slave. Aycock was not the bravest of men, and when called upon to do mili tia service manifested much uneasiness, and did his duty so badly, that his Captain consented to exchange him for his mu latto boy, then eighteen years of age--a stout, hardy youth-- upon Aycock's acknowledging that he was the son of a white woman, and consequently free. The boy had been called Austin, to which the Captain added Dabney.
Dabney proved himself a good soldier. In many a skirmish with the British and tories, he acted a conspicuous part. He was with Col. Elrjah. Clarke in the battle of Kettle Creek, and

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was severely wounded by a rifle-ball passing through his thigh, by which he was made a cripple for life. He "was unable to do further military duty, and -was without means to procure due attention to his wound, which threatened his life. In. this suffering condition he was taken into the house of ------ Harris, where he was kindly cared for until he recovered. His grati tude to the good people by whose attention he was restored, was never forgotten. He laboured for Harris and his family more effectually than any slave could have been made to do.
After the close of the war, when prosperous times came, Austin Dabney acquired property. In the year 18-- he removed to Madison county, carrying with him his benefactor and family. Here he became noted ior his great fondness for horses and the turf, and "was seldom without a fine racer. He attended a,Il the races in the neighbouring counties, and betted to the extent of his means. His courteous behaviour and good temper always secured him gentlemen backers. His means were aided by a pension which he received from the United States, on account of his broken thigh.
In the distribution of the public lands by lottery among the people of Georgia, the legislature gave to Dabiiey a lot of land in the county of \Valton. The Hon. Mr. Upson, then a representative from Oglethorpe, was the member who moved the passage of the law. The preamble was as follows :-- "Whereas, by an act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia,, passed on the fourteenth day of August, 1786, It* is stated that the said Austin Dabney during1 the Revolution, instead of advantaging himself of the terms to withdraw him self from the American lines and enter with the majority of his colour and fellow-slaves in the service of his Britannic Majesty and his officers and vassals, did voluntarily enrol himself in some one of corps under the command of Colonel EJijah CJarke, and in several actions and engagements behaved against the enemy with a bravery and fortitude which would have honoured a freeman, and in one of which engagements he was severely wounded, and rendered incapable of hard servitude ; and policy and gratitude demand a, return for such service and behaviour, from the Commonwealth ; and it was further stated jn said act that said Austin should be entitled

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to the annuity allowed by this State to wounded and disabled soldiers ; and the said Austin having petitioned the Legislature for some aid in his declining years ; and this body considering . him an object entitled to the attention and gratitude of the State/'
At the election for members of the Legislature the year after, the county of Madison was distracted by the animosity and strife of an Austin L)abncy and an Anti-Austin Dabney party. Many of the people were highly incensed that a mulatto negro should receive a .gift of the hind -which belonged to the freemen of Georgia. Dabney soon after removed to the land given him by the State, and carried with him the family of Harris, and continued to labour for them, and appropriated whatever he made for their support, except what was necessary for his coarse clothing and food. Upon his death, he left them all of his property. The eldest son of his benefactor he sent to Franklin College, and afterwards supported him whilst he studied law with Mr. Upson, in Lcxington. When Harris \vas undergoing his examination, Austin was standing outside of the bar, exhibiting great anxiety in his countenance ; and. \vhen Harris was sworn in, he burst into a flood of tears. He understood his situation very 'well, and never was guilty of impertinence. He was one of the best chroniclers of the events of the war, in Georgia. Judge Dooly thought much of him, for in the war of the Revolution he had served under his father, Col. Dooly. It was Dabney's custom to be at the pub lic house in .Madison, where the Judge stopped during court, and ho took much pains in seeing his horse well attended to. He frequently came into the room where the judges and law yers were assembled on the evening before the court, and seated himself upon a stool or some low place, where he would commence a parley with any one who chose to talk with
him. He drew his pension in Savannah, where he went once a
year for this purpose. On one occasion he went to Savannah in company with his neighbour, Col. Wyley Pope. They tra velled together on the most familiar terms, until they arrived in the streets of the town. Then the Colonel observed to Austin that ho was a man of sense, and knew that it was not

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suitable for him to be seen riding side by side with a coloured man through the streets of Savannah ; to which Austin replied, that he understood that matter very well. Accordingly, when they advanced along the principal street, Austin checker! his horse and fell behind. They had not gone very far before Col. Pope passed by Gen. James Jackson's house, who was then Governor of the State. Upon looking back, he saw the Governor run out of the house, seize Austin's hand, shake it as if he had been his long-absent brother, draw him off his horse, and carry him into his house, where he stayed whilst in town, and was treated with marked kindness. Col. Pope used to tell this anecdote with much glee, adding that he felt cha grined when he ascertained that whilst, he passed his time a 1 public house, unknown and uncared for, Austin was the hon oured guest of the Governor.
NAME.--This county receives its name from James Madi son. Tins illustrious man was born in Virginia, on the 5th day of March, 1751. About the age of twelve, ho was placed under the care of able teachers, and after the usual prepara tory course, lie became a member of Prince tori College, where he graduated. Upon his return home he pursued an extensive course of reading, and thus laid the foundation for that cmi' nence to which he afterwards attained. At the commence ment of the difficulties between Great. Britain and her colo nies, he warmly espoused the cause of the latter; but, owing to ill health, did not join the army. At 25 years of nue, Vir ginia honoured him with a seat in the Legislature. He was also a member of the Council of the State, until his election to Congress in 1779. The journals of this body show that he dis tinguished himself as an active arid leading member. Many of the state papers of this period were composed by .Mr. JVIadison, and are acknowledged to have been the product of a mind well trained.
In 1784, '5 and '6, he represented his State in the Legisla ture. During these periods questions of great importance were discussed in the Virginia Legislature, and in all of these he took a conspicuous part. In the Federal Convention at Philadelphia for framing the Constitution, no member distin guished himself more than Mr. Madison. The debates of this

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Convention, were preserved by him. In the Interval be tween the close of the Convention at Philadelphia for fram ing the Federal Constitution and the meeting of the State Legislatures to sanction it, that celebrated "work, the Federal ist, was "written, and the chief contributions to It, were made by Mr. Madison. He was in Congress in 1789, and remained a member until 1797. In 1801 Mr. Jefferson gave him the office of Secretary of State, 'which office he held through eight years of Jefferson's Presidency. In this department he estab lished his reputation as a consummate statesman. "On the com plicated questions of the conflicting rights of war and peace, colonial commerce, contraband trade, impressment of seamen, search and seizure of ships, and others too numerous to men tion, Mr. Madison did not present one view unmarked with
power of research, of argument, and of reasoning, unsur passed in the annals of diplomatic writing." In 1809 he was elected President of the United States, and was re-elected for a second term. The history of his administration is the his tory of the country at a very trying period. JVZr. Madison, at the close of his term, had the satisfaction of seeing his coun try prosperous. At sixty-six years of age he retired from the turmoils of public life, and resided on his estate in Virginia. For twenty years his chief enjoyments were derived from his farm and books. In 1829, although eighty years of age, he was prevailed upon to become a member of the Convention which sat in Richmond to amend the Constitution of the State of Virginia. At the age of eighty-five his mind was bright, his memory retentive, and his conversation highly de lightful and instructive. He closed his mortal career June 38, 1836.

MARION.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded North by Talbot, East by Macon, South by Sumter and Stewart, and West by Muscogee. Laid off In 1837, from Lee and Muscogee. Length, about 41 miles ; breadth 30 ; square miles, 1,230.
RIVEKS, CREEKS.--There are no very large streams in this

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county. The creeks are the Kinchafoonee, Juniper, Buck, Pine Knot, Uchee or Richland, and White Water.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--The census of 1845 .gave this county a population of 6,552; of these 4,701 were whites, and 1,851 blacks. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,293 and 31 cents.
POST OFFICES.--Pea Ridge or Buena Vista, Tazewell, Glenalta, Pineville, Trycam, Poindexter.
TOWJVS.--Buena Vista, made the county site in^ 1847, is situated 7 miles south-west from. Tazewell, 101 from Milledgeville, 33 from Columbus, 28 from T.albotton, and 26 from Americus. A fine brick court-house is in the progress of erection. It has two large taverns, two churches, four dry goods stores, two groceries, seven lawyers, three physicians, &c. Amount of business done is over $40,000 per annum. Population about 200. It is a healthy village.
Tazewell, formerly the county site, is about 25 miles from Flint river. Population, about 100. Since the removal of the county buildings, the place has declined.
.Pineville, a small village in the western corner of the coun ty, 15 miles from Tazewell.
Glenalta is in the northern part ; has a store, doctor's shop, fcc.
Poindexter is in the southeast part. .NATURE OF THF. Sou...--There is a great diversity in the soil. In some parts the land is red and stiff; but the most of it is a loose sandy soil, and very productive. A consider able portion bordering upon Talbot is poor pine land. PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton, rice, corn, potatoes, peas, and sugar cane. It has been ascertained that from 12 to 1,500 Ibs. of sugar can be produced to the acre. VALUE OF LAND, MARKETS, COTTON.--Lands are worth from $3 to $20 per acre. Columbus and Macon are the mar kets. From 8 to 10,000 bales of cotton are annually pro duced. ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are neglected. Bridges are in good order. RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--.Methodists and Missionary Baptists are the most numerous. There are a few Anti-Mis-

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MARION COUNTY.

siooary BaptistSj Episcopalians, and .Presbyterians. In some neighbourhoods there are good schools, and we are happy to hear that the interest in education is constantly increasing.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS. ---- The citizens of this section of the State are orderly and moral. The chief amusement is hunting.
MANUFACTURES, MILLS,--At Tazewell is a -wool-carding establishment, which does a good business; two merchantmills ; ten saw-mills ; eight grist-mills.
MOUNDS.--There are several mounds. The most re markable are on Col. Brown's plantation.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is healthy. Some fevers and chills occur on the water-courses in the fall. There are a few persons in the county over 80 years of age; George Buchanan and John Mayo were 81 at their death.
VALUE OF TOWN LOTS.--The value of town lots is $7,404. Value of stock in trade, $10,650. Money at interest, $32,475.
NAME.--General Francis Marion, after whom this county received its name, was born at Winyaw, near Georgetown, South Carolina, in 1732. It does not appear that he received any thing more than a plain Knglish education. At the age of 16 he went to sea in a small vessel bound for the West Indies. Whilst on the voyage, the vessel foundered, and the crew, consisting of sis persons, were compelled to take the boat, and after enduring incredible hardships, Ma rion with three of the crew reached land. This disaster changed his wish to become a seaman, and he spent thirteen years in the cultivation of the soil. In 1761 he volunteered in an expedition against the Cherokees, first under the com mand of his brother, and afterwards as Lieutenant under Cap tain Moultrie. During this campaign, he led the forlorn hope at the battle of Elchoee, and displayed on that bloody occa sion a firmness and skill which laid the foundation of that reputation which he afterwards gained. At the close of the Cherokee war, he resumed his agricultural labours, where he continued until 1775, when ho was returned to the Provincial Assembly of South Carolina, as a member from St. John's Berkeley. This body resolved to risk every thing in defence

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of their rights, and raised three regiments. Marion was ap pointed Captain in the second regiment. Until the attack upon Fort Moultrie he was engaged in the recruiting service. In the attack made by the British on Sullivan's Island and Savannah, his bravery was the theme of admiration. He was not present at the siege and capture of Charleston. Major Garden, in his Revolutionary Anecdotes, relates the following incident as explanatory of the reasons why Marion was not present with his regiment in the defence of the capital ;-- " Lieut. Colonel Marion had dined, a few days previously to the siege of Charleston, with a friend in the house nest to RoupeFs, in Tradd-street. A mistaken idea of hospitality had occasioned his entertainer, according to the universal practice of the day, to turn the key upon his guests, to pre vent escape until each individual should be gorged to a surfeit with wine. Marion attempting to escape by a window, fell into the street and dislocated his ankle in a shocking manner. This accident saved him from captivity. After he had partially recovered from this injury, he was again in the field, and joined ' the continental army under Gates, and was despatched by him to watch the motions of the enemy, and furnish intelli gence. After he had collected a small band of patriots, he rendered various important services by his attacks upon the enemy. In 1780 he was appointed Brigadier General, and in vested with the command of a military district, the duties of which he continued to perform until the 8th of September, when he commanded the front line of Greene's army in the battle at Eutaw Springs. Congress returned him their thanks for his gal lant conduct on this occasion. He was in active service until the close of the Revolution, when he returned to his farm.
" In the decline of life, in the modest condition of a farmer, Marion seems to have lived among his neighbours very much like the ancient patriarch, surrounded by Jus flock. He was honoured and beloved by all. His dwelling was the abode of content and cheerful hospitality. He died peaceful and assured on the 27th day of February, 1795, and was buried in St. Stephen's Parish. The marble slab which covers his remains, bears the following inscription :-- .'Sacred to the memory of Brigadier General Francis Ma-
27

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McINTOSn COUNTY.

rion, who departed this life on the 27th day of February, 1795, in the 63d year of his ago, deeply regretted by his fellow citizens. History will record his worth, and rising generations embalm his memory as one of the most dis tinguished patriots and heroes of the American Revolution, "who elevated his country to honour and independence, and secured to her the blessings of liberty and peace. This tribute of veneration and gratitude is in commemoration of the noble and disinterested virtues of (.lie citizen, and the gallant exploits of the soldier who lived without fear, and died without re proach.' " *

McINTOSI-I.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.---Bounded N. by Liberty, E. by the Atlantic, S. by Olynn and Wayne, and W. by Liberty and Waync. Laid out from Liberty, in 1793. Medium length, 40 miles; medium breadth, 16 miles; 640 square miles.
POST OFFICES.--Daricn, South Newport, Fort Barrington. POPULATION, TAXKS, REmjiaiLNTATioN.--In 1845 the popu lation was 1,261 whites, and 4,369 blacks ; total, 5,630. State tax returned in 1848, $3,124 74. Sends one representative to the Legislature, RIVEUS, CRF.EKS. -- The Alatamaha river is the principal stream. The other streams are Sapelo river, Doctor's and Jones's creeks, &c. TOWNS, &c.--Darien is the capital, situated on the north bank of the Alatamaha river, 190 miles S. E. of Milledgeville, 60 from Savannah, 30 from Rice borough, 38 from Hides ville, and 12 from Brunswick. It has a court-house, jail, five churches, one hotel, one academy, twelve stores, &c. The town is beautifully shaded with live oaks, some of which are over one hundred years of age. The water is good, but the location of the town is unfavourable to health, being surrounded by swamps. Population 250 "whites, and 350 blacks. It was formerly a place of much business, but the construction

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of the Central Railroad has taken much of the produce which used to come to Daricn. Situated upon a river which fur nishes inexhaustible supplies of the best piae lumber in the \vorld, and accessible to ships of heavy burthen, nothing is wanted but perseverance to insure prosperity to the town. Immense quantities of lumber and some turpentine are now brought to Darieii. It was settled in 1735, by a" colony of Scots, mostly from Inverness and its vicinity. Its former name was New Inverness. History speaks highly of the bravery of the people of Darien at Fort JYFoosa, three miles from St. Augustine, -where a severe battle was fought with the Spaniards in 1740. It is recorded that " the most bloody part of all, fell to the unhappy share of our good people of Da rien, who almost to a man engaged under the command of their leader, John Moore Mclntosh."
Fort Barrington, 12 miles N. W. of Daricn, on the Alatarn ah a.
South Newport is north of Darien. Jonesvillc is in the northern part of the countjr . EARLY SETTLERS.--liev. John IVIcLeod, Joseph Burgess, Mr. McBain, the Macintoshes, McDonalds, Cuthberts, Clarkes, MeCleans, Mackeys, Palmers, and many others. NATURE OF THF. SOIL,.--The Alatamaha lands are of inex haustible fertility, producing large quantities of rice and sugarcane. The pine lands are valuable for their timber. MANUFACTURES, MIT.T.S.--Four steam saw-mills. Within a few years past several of the citizens have engaged in the manufacture of turpentine, with considerable success. ISLANDS. -- Sapelo, Wolf, Doboy, Kurd's, Blackboard, Broughton, Dcmere, Butler's, Wright's, Patterson'V Little Sapelo, Black, &c. ANTICILIITIKS.--On the west bank of the south channel of the Alatamaha river, opposite Darien, are the remains of an ancient fort or fortification, embracing about an acre of ground., supposed to be the work of the French or Spaniards. In Darien there is a mound, and another one on the Ridge road. SPRINGS.--Four miles from Darien there is a spring, sup posed to be impregnated with mineral qualities. At Baisden's Bluff, there is an excellent spring. ROADS AND BRIDGES.--These are kept in good repair.

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McINTOSH COUNTY.

EDUCATION.--The -wealthier classes are highly educated, but. generally little interest is felt in the subject of education. Number of poor children, 127; educational fund, 8110 12.
C-LoiATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is warm, and unhealthy. The planters are in the habit of retreating, during the summer months, to the pine lands. Numerous instances of longevity are recorded. Mrs. Susannah Ford died in this county at the age of 113 years ; Mr. John Grant, a soldier under Oglethorpe, was nearly 90 at his death ; Mrs. Mary Ann Mclntosh died in 1835, aged 100 years; George White, 81 ; John Ca!dcr, 77- Both oi' these gentlemen "were soldiers of the Revolution. Mr. Thomas Spalding, we believe, is the oldest person now living in the county. We cannot permit this opportunity to pass without a tribute to the worth of this distinguished gentleman. Of such a man any country might be proud. He has filled many high offices, and contri buted much to advance the agriculture and literature of Geor gia. His residence is on Sapelo Island.
CHARACTER 01-' THE PEOPLE.--Like all parts of lower Geor gia, the citizens of Mclntosh are generally intelligent and hospitable.
RELIGIOUS SECTS. -- Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and a few Episcopalians.
VALUE oi' TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is 343,882. Value of stock in trade, $40,200, Money at inte rest, 82,850.
NAME.--This county was named to commemorate the ser vices of the Mclntosh family. The Mclnloshes were among the earliest settlers of Georgia; and their name is associated with, almost every event in its history, from the arrival of Oglethorpe to the present time. In the war against the Spaniards, in the war of the Revolution, in that, of 1812, and in the recent war against Mexico, the Mclntoshes acquired great distinction. Major General Lachlan Mclntosh, a hero of the Revolution, was born at 'Bovlarn, riot far Jrom Inverness, in Scotland. His fa ther. John More Mclntosh, with 130 Highlanders, came to Georgia with Oglethorpc, in 1736, and settled upon the Alatahama, at a place which they called Inverness, now Darien. At this early period, the means of education in Georgia were very limited ; but young Mclntosh, blessed with an intelligent

MoINTOSII COUNTY.

417

mother, and favoured with the friendship of Oglcfhorpe, was carefully instructed in the ordinary branches of au English edu cation, together with mathematics and surveying. For some time he resided in Charleston, clerk in the counting-house of Henry Laurens, Esq., hut mercantile pursuits riot suiting' his views, he returned to Georgia, where he remained until the voice of his country summoned him to arms. Mr. Macintosh was called from his retirement, to take command of the first re giment which Georgia organized ; and when afterwards three regiments were raised, he was appointed Brigadier General. Owing to some unpleasant circumstances resulting from his duel with Mr. Button Gwinnett, he "was induced to accept of a command in the central army under Washington,* The west ern frontiers of the country being the scene of great atrocities, committed by the Indians, it was determined to punish them; and Washington, who entertained a high opinion of his justice and military talents, selected Mcliitosh to conduct it. With a force of 500 men, he marched to Fort Pitt, and in a short time succeeded in giving repose to the frontiers. In 1779, he received orders to repair to the south, to take command of the Georgia troops at Augusta, and to be in readiness to march to Savannah. In the siege of the latter place he bore an active part, and commanded the 1st and 5th South Carolina regi ments of militia. After the fall of Savannah, he retreated to Charleston, and was present when that city surrendered to Ge neral Clinton, 011 the 12th of JYfn.y, 178O. He was kept as a prisoner of war for a long period, and never resumed his com mand. He remained in Virginia until the close of the war, when he returned to Georgia. He died in Savannah, in 1S06, in the 79th year of his age.
Lieut. Col. John Mclntosh was also a soldier of the Revo lution, and did much service. He had command of the Fort at Sunbury, when Col. Fuser, of the British army, demanded its surrender ; to which he returned the memorable answer-- "Come and take it." At the battle of Brier creek, he displayed a bravery which will always entitle him to the highest rank as a soldier. With Elbcrt he stood his ground until nearly every man was killed. Upon surrendering his sword, a British offi cer attempted to kill him, and he was only saved by the timely
* Sec page 298.

418

McINTOSH COUNTY

1

interference of Sir vEneas Mclntosh, of the British army. In 1814 he was found in the defence of his country.. He. died in Mclntosh county, November 12, 1826.
Col. John S. Mclntosh, who lost his hfc in the late war with Mexico, was born in .Liberty county, on the 19th of June, 1787, and -was the fourth son of Col. John Mclntosh, of revolu tionary memory. He entered the army in 1812, as lieutenant, and was attached to the rifle regiment, in which he performed severe service in Canada, and on our northern frontier. In. May, 1814, a detachment of his regiment, under the command of Major Daniel Appling, was ordered to accompany Captain Woolsey, of the navy, in charge of a number of boats, laden -with supplies for the vessels of war, then recently built at Sackctt's Harbour. After leaving Oswego, they entered Sandy creek, where they were to be landed, and thence conveyed overland to their destination. Sir James Yeo, commanding the lake fleet, ascertaining the particulars, des patched several gun-boats and cutters to capture these stores, arid the escorts. Accordingly, they entered the creek, disem barked a body of marines and seamen near where Capt. Woolsey was engaged in landing the stores. The small band-of ri flemen, apprized of the approach of the enemy, concealed them selves in the woods; the gun-vessels as they approached fired shot into the bushes, to disperse any enemy that mi^ht be there. As soon as the flotilla and troops got sufficiently near, the rifles poured upon them a destructive fire, and in a few mi nutes the whole were either killed, wounded, or prisoners, not a man escaping. AJ1 the gun-boats fell into their hands. This signal defeat induced the British commander to raise the block ade immediately, and they disappeared from the harbour. For his gallantry in this action, the Legislature of Georgia compli mented Mclntosh with a swovd. In another conflict with the enemy, in defending the hospitals at Buffalo, he received a se vere gunshot wound. On his recovery, he married a lady of New-York, and rejoined the army. When hostilities ceased, be was employed in different parts of the country, and served with General Jackson throughout the Indian war, and for a considerable time commanded the post at Tampa, in .Flo rida. Thence he was removed to Mobile, and afterwards

r

McINTOSH COUNTY.

419

to the command of Fort Mitchell, in Georgia, during the con troversy with the Federal Government, a situation of great de licacy fora Georgian ; he contrived, however, in obeying his orders, to give no offence to his native State. He was then employed in the west; remained some time at Fort Gibson in Arkansas, and was thence transferred to Prairie du Chien ; then to the command of Fort Winnebago in Wisconsin; then to the command of Fort Gratiot in Michigan, and finally to Detroit, from which place he was ordered to Texas. He arrived at Cor pus Christi in October, 1845, and reported to General Tayloi' ; and on leaving this place for the Rio G-rande he commanded a brigade. He was present at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palm a, on the 8th and 9th of May. At the former he displayed his usual self-possession in the midst of dangers; and in a charge of lancers, 1500 strong, he threw his thin but gallant regiment into square to receive them, and poured upon them a fire so deadly, that great numbers were slain, and the rest broke and fled in confusion.
At daylight on the morning of the 9th, .the Mexicans be ing reinforced by unknown mimbers, and our army surrounded by perils, and encumbered by a large train, of supplies, a council was called to deliberate -whether to return to Point Isabel, to intrench and wait for reinforcements, or to pro ceed to the relief of Fort Brown. Colonel Mclntosh promptly and energetically advocated the latter measure, and the hazards of another battle. Jn a few minutes, the little ar my, with their brave General at their head, was moving, 'forward. The battle of Resaca de la Palma soon ensued, in which Colonel Mclntosh was hopelessly wounded. When charging the Mexican lines, his horse was killed in passing through the chapparal, and a number of Mexicans in am bush sprung upon him. One plunged a bayonet in his thigh ; another bayonet struck his wrist, passed between the bones of the left arm, which it broke, and came out on the opposite side, a little below the elbow. While defending himself alone against such odds, he received another bayonet in the mouth, which lie grasped with his teetii; the sturdy Mexican thrusting it forward with all his strength, overturned and pinned him to the ground, the bayonet's point passing out at the back of the

420

MoINTOSH COUNTY.

neck, behind the ear. Supposing him dead, the party ran into, the thicket and disappeared. . Recovering himself somewhat, Col. Mclntosh moved slowly towards more open ground,, and was looking about among the scattered troops for his faithful regiment, which was at that moment hotly engaged with the enemy, "when he met Captain Dun can of the artillery, who, in the hurry of the battle, not observing his -wounds, <" asked for support to effect an important movement. The Colonel turned to the Captain, presenting a most terrible sight; the blood from some of his numerous wounds had clotted on his face, and he answered with difficulty, " I will give you the support you need." Captain Duncan, perceivinghis situation, asked, with some emotion, if he could be of anyservice to him. Colonel Mclntosh replied, " Yes, give me some water and show me rny regiment;" but he was so exhausted fi'om loss of blood that he soon fell. His life was long despaired of; and his only chance for repairing a constitution broken by long and hard service, seemed to be a northern climate, to which he retired as soon,as he could travel. Spending a brief period -with his friends in Georgia, and remaining a few months with his children in New-York, he again applied for service in Mexico, 'while yet his health Was too feeble to encounter the perils of war. On his way to the seat of war, he visited Sa vannah, where he received from the hands of his fellow-citizens a sword, with appropriate devices, for his gallantry. On reach ing Vera Cruz, be was placed in command of an ill-assorted train, having a large amount of money for the army, then mov ing on towards the city of Mexico. He had proceeded but a. short distance "when he was attacked by hosts of guerillas. To risk the treasure so much needed with such an undisci plined and inefficient band, would have been imprudent, and he halted for reinforcements, which were supplied by General Cadwailader, from Vera Cruz:. After many brushes with the enemy and a tiresome march, the train reached its destination in safety, and he 'was again restored to the 5th infantry, which loved him as a father, for ho required no service in which he "was unwilling to lead. He was at the battle of Contreras, Cherubusco, and at the murderous slaughter of Molino del Rey, in which he was mortally -wounded at the head of

MERIWETHER COUNTY.

421

his columns. A ball passing through his leg, he fell, and before he recovered himself, another penetrated below the knee, in the same leg, and ranging along the bone of the thigh, lodged in the hip, from "which it was never extracted. He survived his wounds several weeks, and died in the city of Mexico, deeply regretted by the whole army. The Commanding Ge neral of Division, in this terrible battle, remarked of Colonel Mclntosh: " In my official reports it has been among my most pleasing and grateful duties to do full justice to an officer and soldier, than whom none, not one, is left of higher gallantry or 'patriotism. ' He died as he lived, the true-hearted friend, the courteous gentleman, the gallant soldier and patriot." In honouring his memory, the Legislature of Georgia directed his remains to be removed from Mexico to his native State, and the citizens of Savannah testified their respect for his virtues bjr a military and civic procession, and placed his remains in the tomb of his venerated kinsman, Major General Lachlan Mclntosh, on the 18th of March, 1848.
In personal appearance, Colonel Mclntosh was soldierly, of middling stature, and well formed for strength and activity; fair complexion, of a rather warm temperament, taciturn among .strangers, but with friends kind and cheerful. He left, to mourn their loss, four sons and a daughter.

MERIWETHER.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county is bounded N". by Coweta, E. by Pike and Upson, S. by Talbot and part of Harris, and W. by Troup. Its length is 26 miles, breadth IT miles. Laid out from Troup, in 1827.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--Flint river, dividing the county from Pike and Upson, is the principal stream. The creeks are Red Oak, White Oak, Pigeon, Cane, Walnut, and Bear.
POST OFFICES. -- Greeneville, Erin, Farmersville, Flat ' Shoals, Gold Hill, Rocky Mount, Texas, Warm Springs,
White Sulphur Springs, Woodbury, Wood House. POPULATION, TAXES, REFKESEMTATION,--In 1845, the po-

422

MERIWETHER ^COUNTY.

pulation was 15,381 ; of these 8,625 were whites, and 6,756

blacks. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, is $5,348 38

cents. Sends two representatives to the State Legislature.

TOWNS, VILLAGES,--Greeneville, named in honour of Ma

jor General Nathaniel Greene, is the seat of justice. It is lo

cated nearly in the centre of the county, on a high ridge, on

the waters of Walnut creek. It in a pretty village, well shaded,

having a fine brick court-house, constructed at an expense

of $8,000, a jail built of wood, a beautiful church belonging

to the Methodists, a neat Baptist church, one academy for

females and two for males and females, besides a number of"

stores, &c. Population about 500. The town has been favoured

with a large portion of health for five years past. The water

is only tolerable. The population, is moral, intelligent, and

sociable. Incorporated and made the county site, in 1828.

It is 108 miles W. of Milledgevillo, 10 from the Warm Springs,

10 from the Sulphur Springs, 17 from the Chalybeate Springs,

20 from .La Grange, 33 from Griffin, 25 from Zebulon, 30 froin

Talbotton, and 25 from JMewnan. Goods to the amount of

$75,000 are annually sold. Merchants buy their goods prin

cipally in Charleston and JVew-York.

Sandtown is 10 miles S. of Greeneville. Population, be

tween 50 and 60.

.*

Flat Shoals, 12 miles E- of Greeneville. The water-power

is unimproved, although it presents inducements for manufac

turing purposes unsurpassed by any in Georgia. It is a very

romantic spot.

MINERALS.--Gold has been found near the Coweta line,

15 miles from Greeneville. About .$10,000 worth of gold has

been found in one locality. In various parts of the county

this valuable metal exists in small quantities. Some iron is

found; also an inferior kind of granite.

.MANUFACTURES, MILLS,--One wool-carding machine, on

Cane creek, one ditto on Flat Shoals, 4 merchant-mills, 8

grist-mills, 5 saw-mills, one steam saw-mill.

RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Methodist, Missionary and

Anti-Missionary Baptists, Presbyterians, Protestant Methodists,

and a few Episcopalians.

Sufficient concern is not felt in the subject of education.

MERIWETIIER COUNTY.

423

There are good schools at Greeneville and Harmony. We hope, that the period is not far distant when Meriwether will take a deeper interest in the cause of education. JVumbcr of poor children, 164. Educational fund amounts to $142 23 cents.
\'ALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $50,824-. Value of stock in trade, $56,200. Money at inte rest, 820,015.
EARLY SETTLERS.--Among the early settlers "were Abiier Durham, Levi M. Adams, Gen. Hugh W. Ector, Thomas E. Hardeway, Major Kendall, B. Gates, D. C. Rose, Wm. Harris, G. Talbot, David Keith, William Fowles, Joseph Sentellj John H. Jones, J, A. Perdieu, and others.
CLIMATE, DISEASES,--The climate is temperate, but sub ject to frequent changes. The diseases are intermittent and bilious fevers, and pneumonia. JVIeasles, mumps, and whooping cough are sometimes very prevalent, but seldom followed by fatal consequences. The county may be regarded healthy.
INSTANCES OF LONGEVITY.-- There are now living Isaiah Fuller, over 80--this gentleman enjoys fine health and culti vates his farm ; Mrs. Rimes is over 80; James Sewell, over 80 -- the following were revolutionary soldiers: Alexandez' Smith, who is still living, aged 85; Lewis Jenkins died at 90 ; Giles Kelly is living, 87 ; George Earnest died at the age of 85 ; \Vm. Morgan is 81 ; his "wife of the same age ; Seih Thompson died at 80 ; Abner Wheelus died last sum mer at the age of 80 ; Mr. Chuiin, is alive 80 years of age.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are generally good, al though more attention would make them better. There are a great many bridges, most of which are kept in good repair. The bridge over the Flint river, at the Flat Shoals, is 300 yards long.
CHARACTER. OF THE PEOPLE.--As far as we have had it in our power to make observations, we are prepared to say, that Meriwether is inhabited by a moral, industrious, and frugal people. Many gentlemen of intelligence live in the county. Judge Warner, of the Supreme Court of Georgia, resides in Greeneville.
AMUSEMENTS.--Dancing, hunting, fishing, and parties, are among the chief amusements.

424

ME RIWETHER COUNTY.

FACTS OF THE COUNTUY, NATURE OP THTC SOIL.--The surface of the country is undulating, The Pine mountains rise in this county W. of the Flint river, and afford a variety of picturesque scenery. Good lands are found, particularly oa Flint river, Red. Oak, and White Oak creeks. The soil -is mostly gray, although interspersed with mulatto soil. The county affords but little land unfit for cultivation. Land is "worth about S4 per acre.
PRODUCTIONS, COTTON, MARKET. -- Cotton, corn, "wheat, rye, &c. Fruits and vegetables succeed well. Cotton ave rages 550 pounds per acre ; corn, 3^- barrels ; "wheat, from 4 to 10 bushels per acre. Between. 12 and 15,000 bales of cot ton are annually produced, the most of which is sent to Griffin.
MINERAL SPRINGS.--This county is celebrated for its valu: able medicinal springs.
The Warm Springs are situated on a spur of the Pine mountain, 36 miles from Columbus. A fountain, gushing forth 1,400 gallons of water per minute, of 90 degrees temperature, is among the greatest wonders in Georgia. The bathinghouses are fine, and every arrangement is made to accommo date visitors.
The Cold Spring is three quarters of a mile from the hotel, affording 4,000 gallons of water per minute. There are someother springs in the county.

ANALYSIS OP THE WARM SPRINGS. -- Properly designated Carbonated Chalybeate Waters.

Uniform temperature, ..... Specific gravity (distilled water being 1000),

90 deg. Fahrenheit. 998

In the wine pint, containing 28.875 cubic inches, the fol lowing quantities are found :--

Carbonic Acid Gas,

......

or in '100 cubic inches of the water, . . .

Protoxide of Tron, suspended in Garb. Acid, . .

or, regarded as a Carbonate of Iron, . . .

Oxide of Calcium (Lime),

.....

Oxide of Magnesium (Magnesia),

...

Hydro-Sulphuric Acid (Sulphuretted Hydrogen), .

1.11 cub. in. 3.84 c. i. gas. 2.14 grains. 3-29 " 4.64 < ! 11.68 t; a trace.

MERIWETHER COUNTY.

425

THE COLD SPRING. -- A beautiful, large and sparkling fountain of Acidulo- Carbonated Chalybeate Waters, dis charging of free Carbonic Acid Gas, from a surface of about 5 feet square, 5341 cubic inches per hour ; furnishing also, in the water, by separate analysis,

Of Carbonic Acid Gas, to the Wine Pint, (28.875 cub. in.) 2 cub in. Iron, in the form of Prole-carbonate, suspended in Curb. Acid, 3.60 grs.

The other ingredients regarded as nearly the same, and in the same proportions as in the Warm Springs.
A. MEANS, Emory College, Oxford, Ga.

MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS.--The first court in this county was held in a log-cabin, near Greeneville, Judge Colquitt presiding, on the 1st day of September, 1838.
The first presentment made by a Grand Jury was against the Central Bank, at Milledgeville.
NAME.--This county received its name in honour of Gen. David Meriwether, a devoted friend to his country and to the rights of man. Virginia, gave him birth, in 1755, His edu cation, like that of many other great men, was limited. In the war of '76, he shouldered his musket in the strife for freedom, and after serving some time, was made a Lieutenant in the United States army, and shared in the toils and glory of the War in New Jersey. He was also at the siege of Sa vannah, and was there taken prisoner. About 1785, he set tled in Wilkes county, and took an active part in public af fairs. Every thing -which -was calculated to promote the in terests of religion and education, met in Mr. JVIeriwether an ardent and zealous friend. "When Asbiyy and the first Me thodist missionaries came to Georgia with the message of the Gospel of peace upon their lips, and when persecution had al most discouraged them from making further efforts on the frontiers, Mr. Meriwether, -who highly appreciated the labours and the objects of these holy men, became their warm advo cate, and did every thing in his power to induce them still to con tinue their opposition against vice and irreligion, which in those days prevailed among all classes. He connected himself with

426

MONROE COUNTY.

the Methodist church in 1788, a period "when religion was un fashionable, and \vas to the close of his life an upright Christian. For several years he represented the interests of Wilkes county, in the State Legislature, and in 1800 was elected a represen tative to the Congress of the United States, and was a wit ness and participant in the memorable struggle between Jef- ' ferson and Burr, being a warm supporter of the former. He was frequently appointed by the General Government to hold treaties wJth the Indians, and thereby acquired an unusual influence "with their chiefs, as well as great know ledge of their character. He "was associated with General Jackson, and Gov. McMinn, of Tennessee, in concluding a treaty with the Cherokees, by which a large portion o the territory west of the Appalachee, was ceded to the United States, for the use of Georgia. He made a treaty also with the Creeks, and having much to do with the tribes within the limits of Georgia, secured their confidence to an extent e'qual to any public man in his day, Mr. Meriwether lived to the age of threescore and ten, and died in Clarke county, near Athens, honoured by those who knew him; leaving one daughter and seven sons, some of whom have distinguished themselves in the departments of politics, law, and medicine.

MOAT ROE.

MONROE COUNTY.

437

POST OFFFCES.--Forsyth, Culloden, Gulletsville, Johnston- . ville, Prattsville, Russellville, and Unionville.
POPULATION, TAXF.S, HUPRESENTATION.--In 18-15 the popu lation was 7,483 whites, and 9,157 blacks ; total, 16,640. State tax returned for 1848, $6,290 27 cents. Entitled to two representatives.
TOWNS.--Forsyth is the county town, situated on'a ridge dividing the waters of Rum and Tobesofkee creeks, 50 miles W. N. W. of Milledgeville, 25 from Macon, 10 from the In dian Springs, 20 from Jackson, and 26 from Zebulon. The court-house is constructed of brick, and is a very neat building. The jail is of wood. There are three churches, Methodist, Bap tist,, and Presbyterian; two hotels, two schools, seven or eight lawyers, seven or eight stores, besides many mechanics' shops. There is a spacious brick edifice, formerly the seat of the Southern Medical College, now 111 a ruinous condition.
There are several societies in this town, such as the Ma sonic Lodge, Division of the Sons of Temperance, Debating So ciety, &c. In the summer months, hacks depart every day for the Indian Springs. The citizens are eminently distin guished for moral and social virtues. The town "was incorpo rated and made the county site in 1823.
Culloden is a quiet and pleasant village, 32 miles west of Macon, 65 from Columbus, and 16 from Forsyth. This place was selected by gentlemen of wealth having large families to educate, on account of its healthiness. It is named after Mr. William Culloden, one of the first settlers. By a special act 'of the Legislature, no ardent spirits can be sold within one mile of the village. It has a church, two or three schools, hotel, several stores, and mechanics' shops. First-rate schools have been supported, and there is now an excellent seminary for young ladies, under the supervision of Professor Darby, a gentleman of much experience in teaching, and who has also acquired celebrity as the author of a work on the Botany of Georgia.
Gulletsville, 12 miles north of Forsyth, near the Towaliga river.
Russellville, 8 miles northeast of Culloden. Prattsville, 9 miles from Forsyth.

428

MONROE COUNTY.

NATURE op -ejiE SOIL.--The soil is various, combining the

best and the worst. The lands on the "water-courses are rich,

dark chocolate soil, -well timbered, and admirably adapted to

the cultivation of cotton. The mulatto and gray lands are,.

tolerably productive.

VALUE OF LANDS, PRODUCTIONS.--The best lands bring $10

per acre ; gray lands from 3 to $5 per acre.

Cotton is the chief product, 12,000 bales of which are

annually produced.

, ' '

Corn, wheat, rye, barley, tobacco, potatoes, all do well.

Farmers are not sufficiently attentive to ditching and manur

ing ; and unless a change takes place, it may be confidently ex

pected that the same disastrous effects will be produced upon.

the soil which have been witnessed in many sectiorisof 'middle

Georgia.

ROADS AND BRIDGES.--No praise can be given to tfcte citi

zens for good roads. More attention to the state of the roads

is absolutely necessary to secure the comfort of the traveller.

The bridges are kept in tolerable repair.

MANUFACTURES, MILLS, DISTILLEIUES.--One large shoe fac

tory in Forsyth ; the flour-mills have a high i-eputation, of which

there are 11 ; saw-mills, 13; grist-mills, 20 ; wool-carding

machines, 2. We are pleased to say that there is not'one

large distillery. Efforts are making to establish a cotton fac

tory.



'

K.ELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Methodists, Baptists, Pres byterians, and a few Episcopalians. JN"o people have mani-. fested a greater interest in the subject of education than those of Monroe. liberal subscriptions have been made for the purpose of establishing good schools. In Forsyth, Culloden, and at. the Montpelier Springs, are institutions of learning which probably will compare "with any in Georgia.
CHARACTER OF TIII; PEOPLE.--The people are highly intel ligent, industrious, and temperate.
MINERALS.--Gold exists in several localities. Iron, plum bago, quartz of various kinds, granite, felspar, 6cc.
METEORIC STONK.--" On the 8th of May, 1828, a meteoric stone fell near Forsyth. About four o'clock a black cloud ap peared south from Forsyth, from "which two distinct expla-

MONROE COUNTY.'

429

sions were heard in immediate succession, followed by a tre mendous r,umbling or "whizzing noise, passing through the air, which lasted about four minutes. This uncommon noise was on the same evening accounted for by Mr. Sparks and Cap tain Postian, who were informed by some negroes working in a field one mile south of Forsyth, that they had seen a large stone descending through the air, -weighing, as it wT as afterwards ascertained, 36 pounds. This stone was in the course of the evening, or very early the next morning, reco vered from the spot where it fell. It had penetrated the earth two feet and a half. The outside wore the appearance as if it had been in a furnace. It was covered about the thickness of a common knife-blade with a black substance, somewhat like lava that had been melted. On breaking the stone, it had a strong sulphureous smell, and exhibited a metallic sub stance resembling silver." A fine specimen of this Aerolite may be seen in the cabinet of Franklin University. A small frag ment of it is also in the cabinet of the author of this work, for which he is indebted to the kindness of an accomplished young lady of Forsyth. Professor Shepard, of Charleston, has ana lyzed this Aerolite. Its specific gravity is 3.52, and contains the'folio wing ingredients : viz :

INFickel-Iron, .

.

.10 per cent.

Howardite,

.

.

70 " "

Anh&j



10 to 15 per cent.

Magnetic Pyrites,

.

Apatite, in traces.

2 to 5 " "

The Nickel-Iron consists of

Iron, .

. 89.00

Nickel, .

9.60 Chromium and loss, 1.40=100.00

The mixture of the earthly minerals in the stone gave as

follows. Silicic Acid, . . ; 50.00

Protoxyd Iron,

.

.

.

Magnesia, ....

Lime, .....

Alumina, ....

33.33
9.30 5.30 1.8O

99.73 38

430

MONROE COUNTY.

MOUND.--There is a small mound on the plantation of Mr. Casling, one mile from Culloden.
CLIMATE, DISEASES.--The climate is mild, and the county generally healthy. Like every other country where there are rich lands, bilious diseases sometimes prevail.
VAI.UE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $40,425. Value of stock in trade, $41,910. Money at inte rest, $281,278.
MINERAL SPRINGS.--Montpelier springs, 17 miles west of Macon, formerly much resorted to, but now the seat of the Georgia Episcopal Institute.
FA.L.LS.--On the Xowaliga river are the falls known as the Towaliga Falls. In the Illustrations of Georgia, a work pre pared with much taste and ability by William C. Richards, Esq., this wonder of Georgia is thus described : " The pleasing impressions first received were continually enhanced by suc cessive and varied, views, "which may be obtained at will. Indeed, so fine is the view afforded from many different points, that it is difficult to decide which is the most attrac tive ; arid passing from rock to rock, the beholder is ever delighted with new features. This variety is the greatest charm of the scene. The river above the falls is about 300 feet wide, flowing swiftly over a rocky shoal. At its first descent it is divided by a ledge of rock, and forms two pre cipitous falls for a distance of fiJty feet. The falls are much broken by the uneven, surface over "which the water flows, and on reaching their rocky basin are shivered into foam and spray."
NAME.--The life of the illustrious man, whose name is given to this county, is interwoven in the history of our country. For a period of more than 50 years he was be fore the public; and in that time he filled more important offices than any other man in the United States. James Monroe was born on Monroe creek, Westmoreland county, Virgini;;, on the 28th of April, 1758. Westmoreland has been called " the Athens of Virginia." Some of the most renowned men in this country have been born "within its borders. Among these may be mentioned Washington; Richard Henry JL.ee and his three brothers, Thomas, Francis,

MONROE COUNTY.

431

and Arthur; Gen. Henry Lee, and the late Judge Bushrod Washington. Mr. Monroe's ancestors came to this country as early as 1652. He received his education, at the college of William and1 Mary, and subsequently studied law In the office of Mr. Jefferson. At the first breaking out of the revolution ary war, he entered the army, and encountered all the rigours of the camp. He was "with Washington during his retreat through New Jersey, and volunteered to ]oin in the attack on the Hessians at Trenton. At this period he -was a Lieutenant in the company of Capt. Washington ; and on the fall of his superior officer, "was called upon to assume the command. In the battle of Trenton he "was wounded. Upon his recovery, he was invited to act as aid to Lord Stirling, and. served with him two campaigns, being present at the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. Washington, confiding in his ability to organize an additional corps, recommended his appointment to the command of a regiment of the Virginia line. He was accordingly promoted to a. Colonelcy, but before the re giment was completed, the war was over. In 1780 Mr. Jefferson intrusted to-Mr. Monroe the important office of military com missioner to the southern army under De ICalb. At the age of 34he was elected to represent his district in Congress. Here he remained for three years, after which he was sent to the Legis lature of his native State. From 1790 to 1794 he -was a mem ber of the Senate of the United States, from "which he was sent as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to France. Upon his return, he was elected Governor of "Vir ginia. Mr. Jefferson, in 1803, sent him again as Minister to Prance ; and jn conjunction with Mr. Liyingston, he negotiated the treaty which added Louisiana to the United States. He then went to London as successor to JVIr. King ; after which he returned to the United States, and for a short period spent his time at his seat in Virginia. In 1810 he was again elected a member of the Virginia Legislature, and shortly afterwards Governor of the State. At this period he became Secretary of State under President .Madison. \Vh.en the war of 1812 was declared, the War Department was placed under his charge. Pie was a xealous advocate of that war. In 1817 he was elected President of the United States, and re--

432

MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

elected in 1821. After his retirement, he filled the office of Justice of the Peace in Loudon county, and was associated with Jefferson and Madison in founding the University of Virginia. He died July 4, 1831, in the city of New^York, being in the 74th year of his age.

MONTGOMERY.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county has a part of liaurens and -Emanuel on the N., Emanuel and Tattnail on the E., Appling and Telfair on the S., and Telfair on the W. Laid out from Washington, in 1793 ; part added to Tattnail, in 1801 ; part to Laurens, in 1811 ; and a part to Emanuel, in 1812. It is 26 miles long, and 24 miles wide, containing .624 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Little Ocmulgee, or Auchee Hachee, flows in the southwest part of the county ; the Oconee flows through the county. The creeks are Lott's, Limestone, Flat, Cypress, Red Bluff, Alligator, Tiger, Little, Okewalkee, Pendleton, and Swift.
POST OFFICES.--Mount Vernon, Colquitt, Boxville. POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--According to the census of 1845, the population was 1,399 whites, 459 blacks; total, 1,858. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $625 99. Entitled to one representative to the Legislature. TOWNS, PUBLIC PLACES. --Mount Vernon is the capital, situated one mile from the Oconee river. Distant from Milledgeville, 87 miles S. S. E. ; 40 from Jacksonville ; 40 from Reidsville ; 38 from Swainsborough ; 33 from Dublin; 100 from Savannah, and 110 from Augusta. It contains a court house, one store, confectionery, &c. It is a healthy place. Colquitt is in the southeast part of the county. Boxville is in the southern part. PACE op THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL, VALUE OP LAND.--The country is level. The soil is generally sandy.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

433

Some parts are fertile. The productions are cotton, sugarcane, corn, wheat, oats, &c. Between 500 and 600 bales of cotton are annually produced. Land sells from 25 cts. to $3
per acre. EAKLY SETTLERS.--Among the early settlers are the Con
nors, Alstons, McMillans, McCranies, McLeods, Mcliityres, Adams's, Walls, &c.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--The religious sects are Methodists and Baptists. Education is neglected. Amount of poor school fund, $2,500.
MILLS.'--Saw and grist-mills, 5 ; grist-mills, 4. MARKETS.--Savannah and Darien. . VALUB OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots, according to the last Digest of the State, is $505. Value of stock in trade, $370. Money at interest, $3,422. NAME. -- Montgomery county was named after General Richard Montgomery, an early martyr in the cause of liberty. He was born in Ireland, in 1736. After receiving a liberal education, he embraced the profession of arms. In the war between England and France, he evinced military talents of the highest order, and upon its termination resigned his com mand, came to America, purchased a seat on the Hudson river, Mid married a daughter of Robert R. Livingston, Esq. Here he devoted himself to books and the improvement of his farm, but when his country called him to defend her rights, he promptly responded to the call. By the Congress of 1775 he was appointed a Major General, and jointly "with Gen. Schuyler went with the expedition against Canada; but the latter being prevented by sickness from taking the command, it devolved upon him. During the war in Canada, he acted a conspicuous part. His kindness, industry, vigilance, and bra very, -were such as to encourage and animate his soldiers, who were illy supplied with arms, and suffering the rigours of a northern winter. At the siege of Quebec, this gallant soldier lost his life. He advanced at the head of the New- York troops, and assisted with his own hands in pulling up the pickets which obstructed his approach, when he was killed, with two of his aids, by the only gun fired by the enemy. The whole country mourned his loss. To express their high sense of his

434

MORGAN COUNTY.

services, Congress directed a monument to be executed by Mr. Cassiers, of Paris, to be placed In front of St. Paul's Church, New-York, -with an appropriate inscription. His remains rested forty-two years in Quebec, and by a resolution of New-York were brought to the city and deposited, on the 8th of July, 1818, in St. Paul's Church. Ramsey,in his Ame rican Revolution, says : " Few men have fallen in battle so much regretted, on both sid^s, as General .Montgomery. In America he was regarded as a martyr to the liberties of man kind ; in Great Britain, as a misguided good man, sacrificing to what he supposed to be the rights of his country. The minister himself acknowledged his worth, while he reprobated the cause for -which he fell. He concluded an involuntary panegyric by saying, ' Curse on his virtues, they have undone his country.' "

MORGAN.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county is within the primary formation. It is bounded on the North by Clarke; on the Bast by Greene ; on the South by Putnam and Jasper; and on the West by Walton and Newton. It was laid out from Baldwin in 1807. The length is 17 miles, breadth 16, area 272 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Appalachee and Little rivers are the chief streams. The creeks are Indian, Sugar, Sandy, Hard Labour, and others.
POST OFFICES.--Madison, Ebenezer, Buck Head, Fair Play, High Shoals, Park's Bridge, Rehobothville, and .Double Shoals.
POPULATION., TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--According to the census of 1845, the population stands thus: 3,360 whites; 6,210 blacks ; total, 9,570. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $4,859 04 cents. Entitled to one representative to the Legislature.
TOWNS.--Madison is the county town, situated on the ridge which divides the waters of Sugar and Hard Labour creeks, surrounded by a beautiful and fertile country. The court-house is a spacious brick building, and the jail Is con-

MORGAN COUNTY.

435

structed of granite. In the town are three churches, Methodist,
P]Presbyterian, and Baptist, all neat edifices ; two hotels, eight dry
^oods stores, one printing office, &c. Madison has long been celebrated for excellent schools, and at this time there are two or three establishments for the educa,tio_n of children, which have considerable rermtation. There are several societies, such as the Masonic Lodge, Division of the Sons of Temperance, Bible Society, Sunday Schools, &c. Population about 1,200. It is a busy and thriving place, the amount of goods sold being over $230,000 per annum. Twenty thousand bags of cotton have been brought to Madison in one season. It is 43 miles N. N. W. of Milledgeville, 18 from. Greenesborough, 22 from Eatonton, 27 from Athens, and from Augusta, by the railroad, lO^J miles. It was incorporated and made the county site in 1809. In point of intelligence, refinement, and hospitality, this town acknowledges no superior. Connected with one of the hotels is a negro man, named Jack, "whose remarkable politeness and singular manner of expression, have made him one of the lions of middle Georgia.
Wellington is a small place on the road from Madison to Watkinsville ; it has one store, one hotel, &c.
Rehobothville, 14 miles north of Madison ; it has a church, hotel, and school. This place is incorporated.
Buck Head, on the Georgia Railroad, 7 miles east of Madi son; it has a store, church, &c.
EARLY SETTJ,ERS.--Among the early settlers were Henry Carlton, Bedney Franklin, William Brown, Jesse and Charles Matthews, Dr. William Johnson, Lancelot Johnson, Adam G. SafFoId, Reuben Mann, Dr. John Wing-field, D. W. Porter, Isham and Jeptha Fanning.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, I-JONOEVITV.--This wa,s formerly re garded an unhealthy county, but it has very much improved within a few years, and the bills of mortality will compare with those of "any section in the same latitude. Bilious fever and pneumonia are the most common diseases. The cases of longevity are Matthew Cochran, who died at 90 years of age ; Robert Barclay, 90 ; George Campbell, 85 ; Mr. Burton, about 85; Mr. Gilbert, over 100.; and Mr. Bullard, over 90. Two or three negroes died in the county over 100. There are now

436

MORGAN COUNTY.

living Judge SafFold, over 8O ; John G-. Heard, over 80; and Mr. Giles, 85.
MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--High Shoals factory, on Appalachee river, makes domestics and yarns; it belongs to a private company, and has done -well. One cotton-gin manufactory on Gap creek. 12 miles southwest of Madison. Seven saw-mills, nine grist-mills, and three flour-mills.
IVIiNliiiALS.---Some gold has been found in the western part of this county. Excellent granite Is abundant. A small quantity of iron is found- Soaps tone, 10 miles south of Madi son, on Mr. Smith's plantation, and is used for making hearths.
MINERAL SI'RTNGS.--About one mile north of Madison, on Judge Saftblds's plantation, is a spring supposed to possess mineral properties; also, on Dr. Ballard's plantation, there is a spring having chalybeate qualities.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--Sufficient attention is not paid to the roads. Many of them are in a bad condition. There are ten bridges in the county, many of which are neglected.
FACE OF THE CotfNTiiY. NATURE or THE Soil., VALUE OF TjAivix--The face of the country is undulating. The lands of the best kind are embraced in a section of country commenc ing a fow miles below Madison, and extending across the county, from east to -west, on the waters of Little Oconee and Appalachee- rivers, and Indian and Sugar creeks ; they are of the mulatto soil, well adapted to cotton, and worth on an aver age $>f> per acre. Another description of interior gray lands is worth about ^3 per acre. The value of land, however, de pends upon its situation. There is much waste land in the county, but it is beginning to feel the benefit of agricultural im provements, which will doubtless restore it, in a great de gree, to Its original fertility.
PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT PEE ACRE.--Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, are the principal productions. Or chards do not appear to thrive. From 12,000 to 14,000 bags of cotton are produced in one year. Cotton averages 500 pounds per acre. Wheat is not sowed in any quantity; when sowed in proper land, yields 10 bushels per acre. Corn, 3?, barrels per acre.
VALUE OP TOWN I-OTS.--The value of town lots is

MORGAN COUNTY.

437

8113,000 ; value of stock in trade, $73,450 ; money at in terest, $193,493.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Methodists, Baptists, Pres byterians, and a few Episcopalians and Roman Catholics. There is a fund for the education of poor orphan children left by Mr. Braceweli, amounting to $30,000 ; the interest of which is annually applied to the objects specified. There are as many well educated gentlemen and ladies in -Madison as in any portion of the State. Number of poor children, 210 ; educational fund, $183 13.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--Morgan is set tled by an intelligent population. .Many of the citizens are wealthy, and live in much style. The ladies, especially those of Madison, are remarkably pretty, and many of them highly accomplished. The amusements are dancing, hunting, fish ing, &c.
NAME.--This county derives its name from General Daniel Morgan, who occupies a high place upon the list of our revolutionary -worthies. He was born in New Jersey, in 173G; and, like many of the illustrious men in every country, was the maker of his own fortune. At the age of seventeen years he left his parents, came to Virginia, and engaged him self as a wagoner. \Vhen the time for which he was employed had expired, he joined Braddock's expedition. I3uring this campaign he endured many hardships. In one in stance he was unjustly and severely punished by being brought to the halberd on a charge of disrespect to a British officer, and received 500 lashes. The military knowledge which he had acquired during Braddock's expedition probably pointed him out to the influential men of his neighbourhood as qualified to take command of a rifle corps ; and so great was his popularity, that in a short period 9G men enrolled them selves under his command. "With this company he hastened to Boston, and shortly afterwards -was detached by the Commander-in-Chief -with Arnold in his expedition against Quebec. No officer displayed more gallantry than Capt. Morgan, Here he was taken prisoner ; and upon being ex changed, he repaired to the army, and was appointed by Washington to the command of a regiment. He \vas -with

438

MORGAN COUNTY.

Gates at the surrender of Burgoyne, and contributed to' the glory of the memorable events at Saratoga. His bravery and skill at the Cowpens, -where he defeated Tarlton, crowned him with unfading laurels. At the end of the war he retired to his estate, and devoted himself to agricultural pursuits, He was elected to Congress, but after serving two sessions ill health compelled him to resign. He died on the 6th of July, 1802.
We found among some old papers the folio-wing letter, addressed by General Morgan to the refugees of Georgia :--
" GENTLEMKN,--Having heard of your sufferings, your at tachment to the cause of freedom, and your gallantry of address in action, I had formed a pleasing idea of receiving in you a great and valuable acquisition to my force. Judge, then, of my disappointment when I find you scattered about in parties, subjected to no orders, nor joining in any general plan to promote the public service. The recollection of your past achievements, and the hope of gaining future laurels, should prevent your acting in such a manner for a moment. You have gained a character, and why will you risk the loss of it, for the most trifling gratifications? You must know that in your present situation you can neither provide for your safety, nor assist me in annoying the enemy. Let me then entreat you, by the regard you have for your fame, by the love for your country, repair to my camp, and subject your selves to order and discipline. I -will ask you to encounter no dangers or difficulties but what I "will participate. Should it be thought desirable to form detachments, you may rely in being employed in that business if it be more agreeable to your wishes ; but it is absolutely necessary that your situa tion and movements should be known to me, so that I may be enabled to direct them in such a manner that they may tend to the advantage of the whole.
** 1 am, gentlemen, -with every sentiment of regard, " Your obedient servant, "DANIEL MORGAN.
" Camp on Pacolet, Jan. 7th, 1781."
Lee, in bis Memoirs, thus describes General Morgan :-- " He was stout and active ; six feet in height, strong, not

MURRAY COUNTY.

439

too much encumbered with flesh, and was exactly fitted for the toils and pomp of war. His mind was discriminating and solid, but not comprehensive and combining. He reflected -deeply,, spoke little, and executed with keen perseverance whatever he undertook."

MURRAY.
BOUNDARIES.--This county is bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Gilmer, S. by Cass, and W. by Walker. Laid out from Cherokee, and organized in J832.
POST OFFICE.--Spring Place, Coosawattee, Dalton, Holly Creek, Red CJay, Pleasant Valley, Red Hill, Sugar Valley, Tunnel Hill, Resaca, Twiriersville.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the cen sus gave to this county 6,160 whites, and 518 blacks ; total, 6,678. The population is rapidly on the increase. Taxes returned for 1848, $2,199 65. Sends one representative to 'the Legislature.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The county abounds with fine streams, the chief of 'which are the Connasauga and Coosawattee. The minor streams are Holly, Swamp, Sugar, Sumac, Rocky, Mill's, Olhoogata, Cooyehultee, and others.
MOUNTAINS.--The Chattoogata Ridge, in the western part of the county.
TOWNS.--Spring Place is the county town, situated a mile and a half E.'of Connasauga river, 230 miles N. W. of Milledgeville, 12 from Dalton, 40 from Lafayette, and 30 from Eilijay. The scenery around this village is beautiful, the Cohuttah mountains being in full view. It was formerly a missionary station for the Cherokees. It contains the usual county buildings, 2 hotels, 1 academy, 4 stores, 3 groceries, 1 saddler, I carriage-maker, 2 blacksmiths, 2 tanyards, 3 lawyers, and 2 physicians. Population, 250. The water is excellent and abundant, there being 40 springs in the compass of half a mile. Incorporated and made the county site in 1834.
Dalton, formerly called Cross Plains. It received its pre sent name in honour of Mr. Tristam Dalton, an eminent

440

MURRAY COUNTY.

merchant of New England. The lots were sold in 1846, by Mr. Edward White, who -was sent out by a company who had previously purchased the land. Since that period, the population has increased to 1,500. It is well situated on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, 100 miles N. of Atlanta, and 35 S. E. of Chattanooga. It is environed by mountains, from the summits of which the eye is regaled with the grandest scenery. Much money and labour have been expended in grading the streets. It is a place of considerable trade, being at this time the market for a large portion of East Tennessee, Southwestern Virginia, Western North Carolina, and a large part of Northeast Georgia. Immense quantities of produce are brought hereby wagons. It has one church, three or four hotels, eighteen stores, seven groceries, one cabinet-maker, one jeweller, tenor twelve carpenters, two painters, three bricklayers, one candle factory, one large candy manufactory, one tinner, three law yers, four doctors, two schools, several societies, one newspaper, one extensive cooperage, and one wheelwright. The weather here is sometimes very disagreeable. The water is inferior, although near the town are some fine springs, particularly Thornton springs, and a spring on the farm of Colonel Ha milton.
RELIGIOUS SECTS. EDUCATION. --The religious sects are Missionary and Anti-Missionary Baptists, Cumberland Presbyterians, Methodists, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, and Universalists. The inhabitants are beginning to interest themselves in the subject of education. Number of poor children, 322; educational fund, 8279 26.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--Murray county is settled by persons from different parts of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia, and it is therefore difficult to say pre cisely what are the peculiar traits in their character. Upon the whole, we think we may venture to state that religion and morality are on the advance. Practices which were formerly countenanced, have now but few advocates. The amuse ments are dancing, racing, cock-fighting, gander-pulling, and bear-fights.
MINEKAL, SPRINGS.--Cohuttah springs^ 10 miles from Spring Place, on the watei's of Sumac creek. The water is said to be

MURRAY COTNTY".

441

strongly impregnated "with medicinal properties, and the place is beginning to attract the notice of the public. Arrangements are being made to accommodate visiters. There are fine springs in almost every section of the county.
FOREST TREES, FRUITS.--The forests abound with valuaable trees, such as the oak (various species), hickory, maple, black walnut, sycamore, birch, locust, pine ; &c. The fruit trees are the peach, apple, plum, and pear. Nuts and berries are abundant.
MINERALS.--Gold, lead, silver, zinc, hydraulic limestone, fiuor spar, and graphite. Organic remains are abundant,
FACE OF TIIE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL. -- A con siderable proportion of the county is mountainous. A view of the country from one of the peaks of the Cohuttah moun tains, near Spring Place, is calculated to fill the mind with wonder at the grandeur of nature's works. Here can be seen Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee, and at a distance a continuous ledge of mountains. The lands of this county are generally very fertile, producing all the comforts of life. The lands on the rivers are very valuable, and command high prices.
The following analysis of the soil of the plantation of Richard Peters, Esq., in the Oothkolaga valley, was made by Dr. Antisell, Chemist to the American Agricultural Associa tion, and is applicable to much of the soil in Murray county, as well as other portions of Cherokee Georgia.
The constitution of 1,000 parts of the surface soil con sisted of

Moisture, ...... 195.7

Vegetable matter, ....

73.9

White siiicious sand, .... 630.0

Alutnnia and protoxide of iron, . .

94.8

Carbonate of lime,

....

1.2

Magnesia,

.....

0.3

Saline substances, soluble in water, as

chloride of sodium,

. . . 2.1

Gypsum, and lime with organic acid, ,

2.O

Potash and phosphoric acid, . .

traces.

1,000.0

442

MURRAY COUNTY.

PRODUCTIONS, -- Corn, -wheat, rye, oats, Irish potatoes, beans, and indeed almost every thing will grow in this highly favoured region. Industry and perseverance will make it pne of the garden-spots of Georgia.
VALUR OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--^-According to the Digest for 1848, the value of town lots is $74,690. Value of stock in trade, $31,227. Money at interest, $7,802.
ROADS AiVD BRIDGES.--For a mountainous and new coun try, the roads are fair. There are five or six good bridges in the county.
MANUFACTURES, MII/LS.--Allaculsa iron -works do a good business. Fourteen saw-mills ; 20 grist-mills ; 3 merchantmills.
CLIMATE.--The climate is subject to great changes, but cannot be considered more unhealthy than the other portions of upper Georgia. Many of the inhabitants are regardless of the precautions absolutely necessary in a climate so change able, and therefore suffer considerably from sickness.
ANTIQUITIES.--On the Cohuttah mountains are the remains of an ancient fort, but when and for what purpose constructed, ~we are unable to say.
NAME.--This county 'was named after Thomas W. Mur ray. He \vas the son of David Murray, who came from Prince Edward county, Virginia, and settled in Wilkes county, just after the revolutionary war. He was born in Lincoln county, in 1790, and received his education at Dr. Waddel's school, Wellington, Abbeville District, South Carolina, and studied law in the office of Mr. George Cook, of Elbert county. About 1819 he became a public man, and acquired distinction, not so much for the brilliancy of his talents, as for his honesty and independence. He was for several years a member of the .Legislature, and once Speaker of the House, "which office he filled with great dignity and impartiality. He was a candidate for Congress, but died before the election, of a disease of the heart. Mr. Murray belonged to what was called the Clarke party, but did not always vote with it. His opinions were formed after much deliberation, and when formed, "were difficult to be changed. The petty artifices sometimes resorted to by politicians, met with 110 encourage-

MUSCOGEE COUNTY.

443

ment from Mr. .Murray. He believed that virtue could be found among enemies, and therefore treated them with justice. In stature he was five feet eleven inches, with remarkably large features.

MUSCOGEE.
This county is bounded N. by Harris and a part of Talbot, E. by Marion, S. by Stewart, and W. by the Chattahoochee, which separates it from Russell county in Alabama. Laid out in 1826, and portions of it set off to Harris, Talbot, and Ma rion,, in 1827. It is 23 miles long, and 18 miles "wide, contain ing 414 square miles.
POST OFFICES.--Columbus, Halloca, Shell Creek, Upatoi, Roland, and Bald Hill.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--The census of 1845 gave to tins county a population of 9,711 whites, 6,632 blacks; total, 16,343--being at that time the most populous county in the State, -with the exception of Chatham and Monroe. Amount of State tax for 1848, $11,517 43. Entitled to two representatives to the Legislature.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--No country is more highly favoured 'with extensive water facilities than Muscogee county. The prin cipal stream is the Chattahoochee, affording to the inhabitants a steamboat navigation to the Gulf of Mexico. The distance lo its confluence "with the Flint is 300 miles ; to the Appalachicola Bay, 430 miles. The smaller streams, all of which empty into the Chattahoochee, are Upatoi, West Upatoi or RandaU's, Nocheefaloochee, Bull, Standing Boy, arid West End creeks.
TOWNS.--Columbus is the seat of justice, situated at the foot of the falls, on the east bank of the Chattahoochee river. It was laid out in 1828, and is the third city in the State. Immediately before the town rugged and large rocks rise over the whole bed of the river, and convert it into a succes sion of rapids. It is laid off in oblong squares of four acres, each divided into eight square lots of half an acre. Its length,

444=

MUSCOGEE COUNTY.

parallel with the river, is a mile and a quarter; in breadth, a little more than half a mile. Columbus is divided into six wards, named Franklin, Randolph, St. Clair, Thomas, Few, and South. The position of the city in relation to some im portant places in this State and Alabama is as follows:-- From. MiUedgeville, it is 128 miles, W. S. W. ; from Fort MitcheJl, 11 ; from JMewnan, 69; from Lurnpkin, 35; from Macon, 90 ; from Augusta, 220 ; from Savannah, 290 ; from Montgomery, in Alabama, 90 ; from Eufawla, 45. The present population is 5074 ; or 1701 white males, 1543 white females ; 1522 slaves, owned by residents, 26G by non-resi dents; 15 free persons of colour, males; 27 free persons of colour, females. The value of real estate, as assessed on the 1st of January, 1848, was $1,402,815. Amount of taxes received the same year, $21.000.
The city officers are, a Mayor, twelve Aldermen, Clerk of Council, Treasurer., Marshal, Deputy Marshal, City Attorney, City Physician, Sexton, Bridge Keeper, Hospital Keeper, Board of Health, Port Wardens, Fire Wardens.
There are several fine public buildings in Columbus; among these, the most prominent is the Court House, one of the most elegant edifices of the kind in Georgia, The churches are seven in number ; Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, Presby terian, Roman Catholic, and two for coloured persons. The Methodist Church is an elegant structure, buiH at an expense of $10,000. The Odd Fellows 5 Hall is a plain but substantial brick building, in "which there is an excellent school, under the direction of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Many of the private houses are large and beautiful, enclosed by grounds adorned with shrubbery, trees, &o- -Like all other places in our State, Columbus has a number of Benevo lent Institutions, among which are the Orphan Asylum, the Hibernian Society, &c. There are two military companies, viz., the Columbus Guards, and the City Light Guards. The city is as healthy as any place in the same latitude. About seventy deaths probably occur in a year. The hotels are well conducted. Columbus does a large amount of business. From 60,000 to 78,000 bags of cotton are annually received, and it commands much of the trade of Troup, Meriwether,

MUSCOGEE COUNTY.

445

Harris, Talbot, Stewart, Marion, and Randolph counties in. Georgia, and a portion of Eastern Alabama. There are gene rally about sixteen steamboats plying between Columbus and the bay. These boats on an average carry about 900 bales of cotton. Freights vary according to the state of the river and quantity of cotton on hand. Seventy-five cents per bale is the usual freight to Appalachicola. Insurance three-quarters percent. The boats run from the 1st of November to the 1st of June. There is a handsome bridge over the river belonging to the corporation of Columbus, which cost $40,000, and yields an annual income of $10,000. No place in the United States possesses greater advantages for manufacturing purposes than Columbus. Capt. Hall, of England, during his visit to this town, observed that the value of its water power could not be estimated. The present, improvements of this water power were commenced in the spring of 1845 by the Water ."Lot Company, composed of four persons, and which has since been incorporated by the Legislature of Georgia. There are thirty-six building lots, one half of winch are improved by a large canal, or aqueduct, built of granite, "with walls 9 feet thick, and 1130 feet long; and an average width of 90 feet between the walls.
Columbus is destined to become one of the largest manufacturing towns in the southern country. The citizens have been aroused to a sense of their advantages, and have invested considerable capital in manufactures. Should the railroad, designed to connect Columbus "with the Mae on and. Western Railroad at Barnesvillo, ever be completed, it "will place her on the line of northern and southern travel, open a communication with Macon, Savannah, Augusta, and Charles ton; and upon the completion of the Tennessee road, it will afford the most expeditious route from Nashville to New Orleans.
MANUFACTURES.--As has already been stated, this county possesses great facilities for manufacturing purposes. The effective fall of the Chattahoochee at Columbus is 14 feet ; the length of the dam is 500 feeta and the depth of the water on the dam at usual low water mark is 16 inches,--which, by calculation, shows that 2G20 cubic feet of water per second
29

446

MUSCOGEE COUNTY.

will afford 2777 horse power ; which amount of horse power

will turn 72 overshot or breast -wheels, each 14 feet long,

which will drive 194,877 frame spindles, with corresponding

looms ; -which amount of spindles will consume 48,800 bales

of cotton per year,--there being 12 to 15 per cent, waste

on the cotton will make the amount rather larger. The

spindles and looms mentioned will employ 6,431 operatives,

to pay -which 831,180 per week 'will be necessary.

Columbus Factory ; capital $50,000 ; situated three miles

from Columbus, at the head of the falls, having 50 feet of fall

within 300 yards ; commenced in 1834.

Spindles

...... 1800

Looms

......

32

Wool-carding machines ....

2

Pounds of cotton spun per day .

.

1000

Number of operatives (chiefly girls) .

. :80

Wages of operatives, per month, from $10 to $12.

The goods are sold principally in Columbus. The owners

speak highly of the conduct of the operatives.

Coweta Falls Factory ; capital 880,000 ; situated in Colum

bus ; commenced operations in 1844. The "whole proceeds of

the concern since that period have been appropriated to the

furnishing of the building "with machinery, which has been

made on the spot from Georgia iron.

Spindles, ...... 2,700

Looms, ,,..... 45

Pounds of cotton used per day, .

.

900

Hours of work per day, .

.

.

.12

Operatives, .

.

.

,

...

75

Amount of wages per annum, .

. 66,000

Cost of machinery and machine shop, $60,000

The goods are sent to Eastern Georgia, Western Alabama,

New Orleans, and Mobile.

Howard Manufacturing Company; located in Columbus ;

capital, $85,000; designed for 5,000 spindles and 75 looms, and

will employ 100 hands. .Manufactures sheetings, shirtings,

and yarns.

Carter Factory, belonging to Colonel Carter, of Milledge-

r

MTJSCOGEE COUNTY.

447

ville; Intended for 5,000 spindles and 100 looms ; not yet com pleted.
Variety Works, situated in Columbus, owned by Winter and Brooks ; manufactures wooden articles ; capital employed, 830,000. Hands employed, 60.
Winter's Merchant Mil), now in process of erection; eight stories high, and, with the machinery to be put in it, costing 830,000. There is a factory department connected with this establishment calculated for 3,000 spindles, to employ 75 hands, and will manufacture yarn exclusively. Capital esti mated at $30,000, when spindles are all up and in operation.
Rock Island Paper Manufactory. This establishment, now in process of erection, is situated on the Chattahoochee, 2^ miles above the city. The building is constructed of wood, 160 feet long, -with rock basement, part one story and part two .stories, to contain four engines, one Foudronier, and one cylin der machine, and capable of working up a ton of material per day. AVill manufacture printing, writing, and wrapping paper. Machinery driven by two of Rich's centre-vent wheels, 30 horse power. Owned by a joint stock company. Capital, $40,000.
Cotton Gin Manufactory; E. T. Taylor & Co.; steam power; capital, 840,000. Brick building, 44 by 90 feet, three stories high. Employs 40 hands in the various departments. Manufactures about 18 gins per week, and is prepared to manufacture 50 per week.
Columbus Iron Foundry; Wm. R. Brown & Co. propri etors ; capital, 85,000. Amount of work turned out annually, 8 to $10,000. Manufactures steamboat work, mill gearing, water-wheels, gin gear and gudgeons, cast iron railing for grave-yards, fencing, machinery for factories, &c.
In connection with, the above is Gary & Stanford's finish ing shop ; capital, $3,000. Amount of "work turned out annu ally, 5 to 86,000. Steamboat repairing, mill irons, iron doors, wrought iron railing, &c., and all kinds of finishing manufac tured.
Janney's Iron Foundry and Machine Shop ; manufactures same as the two preceding. Has an engine of ten-horse power; employs six hands, and turns out 6 to $7,000 "worth of work

44.8

MUSCOGEE COUNTY.

per annum ; about that amount of capital invested. Manufac tures steam engines complete, except the boilers.
In addition to these establishments, there is the old City Mill, "with four run of stones for the manufacture of meal and flour, situated above the Coweta Falls factory. A company is forming, -with a capital of $100,000, to build a cotton factory, to occupy three lots between the Howard Company lot and Mr. Winter's.
MiNJ3B.AT.i3.--From the very partial observations which we made when we visited this section of the State, we have no doubt that it is rich in minerals. .Near the river, at Colum bus, we noticed masses of granite and gneiss. In the vicinity of Columbus are found iron ore in small quantities, rose quartz, agates, and beautiful jasper ; felspar in abundance, carnelian, hornblend, epidote, and pyrites. In other parts of the county have been found pitchstone, hornstone, sulphuret of iron, prehnite, lignite, cyanite, black, green, and white mica, kaolin, pipe clay, garnets, chalcedony, talc, gibbsite, &c. The vertical rise and fall of the Cbattahoochee Is no less than 60 or 70 feet in the course of the year. When the river is low, there is ex posed to view not only the horizontal tertiary strata, but the subjacent cretaceous deposits, containing ammonites, baculites, and other characteristic fossils.* At Snake and Upatoi creeks, organic remains are found.
NATURE OF TIIB SOIL, PRODUCTIONS.--The nature of the soil is various, from the richest vegetable mould to the poor est sand. Cotton, corn, ryes oats, potatoes, and wheat, are the chief productions.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, .LONGEVITY.--The climate is variable. Along the creeks fevers prevail in the summer; but generally the county may be considered healthy. Mrs. Clara iVleigs died at the age of 89; Philemon Hodges at 83 ; Richard Christmas at 77. Mrs. Gaillon is over 87.
ROADS.--The roads are not kept in the best orderRELIGIOUS SECTS. -- Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics. EDUCATION, LITERATURE.--Columbus has a number of fine

Dr. .LvelFs Second Visit to the United States.

NEWTON COUNTY.

449

schools, in many of -which a thorough education may be ob tained. Number of poor children in the county, 485. Edu cational fund, $420 63 cents. A taste for reading is daily in creasing. The newspapers of Columbus are 'well conducted. Many of the citizens take an interest in natural science. The late Dr. Boykin devoted, 'much time to botany and other branches of natural history. Several gentlemen are now form ing cabinets of minerals and shells. In the departments of theology, medicine, and law, there are many gentlemen in Columbus who have acquired celebrity.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--IVo people surpass those of Muscogee In hospitality; and for intelligence they will not suffer bya comparison with any community. The citizens of Colum bus are particularly noted for their attention to strangers.
MARKET.--Columbus is the chief market for the county. NAME.--The name of Muscogee is given to this division of the State * to perpetuate the name of a tribe of the Creek nation.

NEWTON.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county is bounded N. by Walton and G-winnett; 13. by Jasper and Morgan; S. by Butts and Jasper, and W. by Henry and De Kalb. It is 23 miles long, and 15 miles broad ; containing 330 square miles.
RIVERS AND CHEEKS.--The rivers are Yellow, Ulcofauhachee, and South. The Bear and Cornish creeks empty into the tllcofauhachee river ; Gun, Big Haynes, Little Hay TICS, and Beaver Dam, empty into Yellow river ; Snapping Shoal, Wild Cat, and Honey, empty into South river.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845 the po pulation was 7,765 whites, and 4,324 blacks; total, 12,089. Amount of taxes returned for 1848, $4,115 "70 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Covington, Conyers, Leaksville, Newborn,
* See page 28.

450

NEWTON COUNTY.

Oak Hill, Oxford, Newton Factory, Sheffield, Starnsville, Rock Plains.
SPRINGS.--.Many of the springs in this county are said to have mineral properties, but none have acquired notoriety.
VALUE or TOWN LOTS.--The value.of town lots, accord ing to the Digest of 1848, is ,$97,417. A^alue of stock in trade, $41,620. Money at interest, $175,721. Capital invested in manufactures, 645,000.
MINERALS.--The county abounds with fine granite. On Rev. JMr. Itogers' plantation, there is a quarry that supplies the county with granite for sills, &c. Gold in small portions is found. Iron ore is abundant.
MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--Cedar Shoals Factory, on Yel low river, three miles from Covington ; owned by Philips & Dearing. Capital invested, 840,000. Spindles, 1184; looms, 10 ; bunches of yarns made per day, 80 ; yards of Osnaburgs made per day, 400 : pounds of cotton used per day, 600; number of operatives, 45 ; wages of do. 85 75 per month. One (iouring-mill, one saw-mill, shingle and lath-mill.
Newton Factory ; manufactures cotton goods. In the county are 7 saw-mills, 13 grist-mills, 4 flour-mills.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are generally as good as those of the surrounding counties, but sufficient attention is not paid to their condition. The bridges are in bad repair. There are five bridges over the Yellow river, and four over the Alcovi.
PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE.--Corn, cot ton, -wheat, rye, oats, and barley, are the chief productions. Few experiments have been made with the grasses. Peaches are excellent. Vegetables succeed when attention is paid to them. Small quantities of rice are made. Corn averages| barrels, wheat G bushels, and cotton 400 pounds per acre. Between 8 and 10,000 bags of cotton are made in one year.
NATURE OF THE SOIL.-- The land is generally undulating. East of the Alcovi it is level. The most productive lands-lie on the rivers,, and are adapted to grain and cotton ; average value $6 per acre. On Yellow river the soil is rather sandy, adapted to wheat and cotton; average value, $6 per acre. Lands upon the creeks are worth 84 per acre. The ridge lands are valued at $3 per acre, according to locality.

NEWTON COUNTY.

451

AMUSEMENTS.--In the lower part, of the county, there is some horse-racing. Hunting, fishing, and parties are the prin cipal amusements.
CHARACTER or THE PEOPLE.--The people are generally well informed. In the late war "with Mexico, many of the citizens of this county did themselves much honour. The Legislature of 1847, passed resolutions expressive of the thanks of the people of Georgia, " to the brave and gallant officers and privates of the Newton County Cavalry." (See Acts for 1847.)
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is salubri ous, although there is more sickness in particular sections of the county, than formerly. Congestive fevers and pneumonia are the prevalent diseases. The instances of longevity are the following : Mr. Richmond Terrell is living, aged 89 years : Mr. Robert Pullen, is 80 ; Jim, a free coloured man, is 100 ; Mrs. Weathers, who was over 90, died last year ; Mrs. Bowery, died at the age of 94 ; Mrs. Shell, over 90; Mrs. Bass, died over 90 ; Mr. Thomas McClean, over 100 ; Char lotte, belonging to Rev. Mr. Saunders, died in 1847, at the age of 120 years ; Mr. Tretwell, died at the age of 100.
RELIGIOUS SECTS. -- Methodists are the most numerous, There are also Missionary and Anti-Missionary Baptists, Pres byterians, a few Episcopalians and Itoman Catholics. There are in the county 13 Methodist Episcopal churches, and 3 Reformed Methodist churches.
EDUCATION.--This important subject is better attended to than formerly. .Number of poor children, 481. Educational fund, $418 04 cents.
ORIGINAL SETTLERS.--Rev. Charles IT. Saunders, Dr. Conyers, Dr. Bates, Gary Wood, Judge Sims, Moses Milton, J. P. Henderson, Daniel Kelly, Henry Taliey, Rev. Mr. Colley, and George Cunningharn.
TOWNS.--The county town is Covington, situated upon Dried Indian creek, 67 miles from Milledgeville, 18 from Monroe, 28 from .Lawrenceville, and 40 from Atlanta. Population between 5 and 600. It has a brick court-house, jail, one female academy, one church, eight stores, &c. About 120,000 worth of goods are sold per annum. The place was named after General Leonard Covington, an officer of 1776. Incorporated in 1822.

452

OGLETHORFE COUNTY.

Oxford is a beautiful village three miles from Covington, having a population of about 450 ; and is known as the seat of Emory college. Many wealthy persons, influenced by a desire to have their children educated, have removed to Oxford. It is one among the most healthy spots in Georgia. The lots were sold with the express understanding, that if ardent spirits should be sold upon them, they should be considered as for feited.
Sandtown, 13 miles from Covington, on the road to Milledgeville, has a church, school, and several mechanics' shops. About twelve families reside here.
Oak Hill, 10 S.W. of Covington, on the McDonough road, has a church, school, and store ; and is inhabited by a very moral people.
NAME.--The compiler of this work feels much regret, that owing to his inability to procure information concerning Ser geant John Newton, his notice of him must be necessarily brief. His father was the Rev. John Newton, once minister of a Baptist church in Charleston, and who came to Georgia soon after the American Revolution, and settled in JefFei'son county, where he devoted his time in attending to the duties of his sacred calling. He died in 1790. Sergeant John Newton, it is probable, was born in Charleston, and entered the army in the early period of the revolutionary war, and continued in it until his death. We have in our memoir of Jasper, given an account of the capture of a British detachment, two miles from Savannah, by himself and Newton, a deed which will cause the names of these dauntless soldiers to be remembered as long as there are hearts capable of appreciating true courage. At the surrender of Charleston, Newton was taken prisoner, and soon after died of small-pox.

OGLETHORPE.
.BOUNDAKiiis, EXTENT.--This county is bounded North by Madison and Elbert; East by Wilkes ; Southeast by Taliaferro ; South by Greerie, and West by Clarke. It lies within the granite region. Laid out in 1793, and since that time por-

OGLETIIORFE COUNTY.

453

tions of it have been added to Greeiie, Madison, and Taliaferro counties. It is 28 miles long, and 16 miles wide, containing 448 square miles.
RIVEIIS, CREEKS.--Broad river separates the county from Elbert, and the Oconee forms part of its western boundary. Beaver Dam, Little Clouds, Groves, and Little Beaver Dam creeks empty into the south fork of the Broad river; Tillet's, Millstone, and Goose Pond into Broad river, together "with others, viz.: Ilanson, Town, Troublesome, Buffalo, Indian, and Dry Fork. Several streams of a less size, in the west part of the county, are tributaries of the Oconee.
POST OFFICES.--Lexington, Bairdstown, Bowling Green, Goose Pond, Millstone, Philomath, Salmonvilie, and State Rights.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1840, the popu lation was 10,808; in 1845, 11,001. Of these, 4,338 were whites, 0,663 blacks. There is now less emigration from this county than formerly. Amount of tax returned for 1848, 84,257 and 35 cents. Sends two members to the Legislature of the State.
TOWNS.--Lexington is the county seat. It is situated 3^ miles E. of the Athens branch of the Georgia Railroad, 64 miies N. N. E. of Milledgcville, 25 from Washington, 75 from Augusta, and 26 from Elberton. Lexington is not the busy, thriving place which it formerly was. Its declension is owing to its proximity to Athens. It has a neat court-house and jail; two churches ; one academy ; one female school, of a very superior character; one Masonic Lodge; one Odd Fellows' Lodge ; one Division of the Sons of Temperance; three doc tors; six lawyers ; one minister; two teachers; four stores; cabinet-makers, blacksmiths, and other mechanics. Amount of goods sold per annum, $70,000. Lexington has been pre eminent among the villages of Georgia for its highly culti vated state of society. Many of the most distinguished men in our State have resided in Lexington. Among them, lion. William II. Crawford, Judge Cobb, and Stephen Upson, Esq. Governor Gilmer is now a resident of the village.*

* Since the above was written, wo understand that Lexington is Improving-. Every house is occupied.

454

OfiLETHORPE COUNTY.

Bowling Green is eight miles southwest of Lexington, con taining a population of about SO.
Bairdstown is 16 miles south of Lexington, on the Athens branch of the Georgia Railroad, and seven miles from Union Point. It contains an extensive carriage factory and a i^ood school, &c. This is a nourishing village, surrounded by a fine country.
\Voodstock, 14 miles southeast of Lexington, near the Taliaferro, Wilkes, and Greene line, beautifully situated on a ridge dividing the "waters of Long creek and Little river. It has an. excellent school, one store, one tan-yard, one blacksmith, one tailor, one "wheelwright, and one church. Population, nine families. A steam, saw, grist, and flour-mill is in the progress of construction.
Wood!awn, celebrated as being the residence of Hoii.Wm. H. Crawford, 2-|- miles from ."Lexington.
EDUCATION, REIJIOIOUB SKCTS.--Education is appreciated by the people of this county. The seminaries of learning in Lexington formerly were very celebrated, and good schools still exist in this and other places. The male academy in Lexington -was built in 1806 or '7, with funds left by Mr. Francis Meson. This gentleman was from Ireland, and after accumulating some money by teaching, he commenced a store in Lexington, and, by industry and economy, he succeeded in. making $-10,000. At his death, besides several legacies to his friends, be bequeathed $11,000 for founding an academy. The Legislature directed that the name of Oglethorpe County Academy should be changed to that of Meson Academy, which name it still retains. The venerable Dr. Cummins was once the Rector of this institution.
Number of poor children in the county, 156 ; educational fund, $135 28 cents.
The religious denominations are, Baptists, Methodists, Pres byterians, and a few Episcopalians and Swedenborgians. In the county are nine Methodist churches, ten Baptist, and two Presbyterian.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--Some of the roads are kept in fine order, and others are very much neglected. The bridges are few.

OGLETHORPE COUNTY.

455

MILLS.'--Flour-mills, 4 ; saw-mills, 14; grist-mills, 10; and one steam, saw, grist, and flour-mill.
FACE OF TIIU COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL, PRODUCTIONS. -i-The county is hilly : the western part is red land, the cen tral gray, and the eastern partakes of several varieties. The lands upon Goose Ponds have long been noted for their fer tility. The productions are cotton, wheat, oats, rye, &c. The average product per acre of cotton, is 500 Ibs.; of corn, 2^ barrels. Wheat is only raised for home consumption, and probably averages seven bushels per acre. Between 12 and 15,000 bags of cotton are annually produced,
VALUE OP TOWN LOTS.--The JDigest of 1848 values the town lots at $24,OO. Value of stock in trade, $'34,200. Money at interest, 8207,998.
CHARACTER OF TITE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--The citizens of this county are sociable., well informed, and patriotic. Among the amusements are hunting, fishing, and parties. There is a beautiful spot on Millstone creek, 12 miles north of Lexmgton, embracing about one hundred acres, called Jesa.mine Grove, at which splendid pic-nics are often, held.
EARLY SETTLERS.--Governor Matthews, T. M, Gilmer, Prank JVTeriwether, John Gilmer, John Lumpkin, Mr, Collier, Mr. Hugh McGehee, John. Thomas, and others.
ROCKS, MINERALS, &c --There is an abundance of fine granite in this county. On the farm of Gov. Gilmer, there is an immense mass of granite, so nicely balanced on another mass of the same material, that a child can move it. Near Lexington is a, small cove surrounded by hills, which shut it out from observation. Here Gov. Gilmcr found a pile of rock, wrought into different forms, allbrdiiig evidence that it was intended as a place for religious worship. The above-named gentleman has removed many of these rocks to his garden. Gold has been found on Long creek, and in one or two othei" places. A great variety of beautiful quartz, par ticularly of the amethystine species, felspar, jasper, agate, auri ferous copper, barytes, iron ore, and many other minerals exist in various parts of the county, Cherokee Corner and the vici nity of Lexington, are interesting localities. Gov. Gilmer

456

O6fLETHORP COUNTY.

devotes his leisure moments to the study oi the antiquities and mineralogy of Oglethorpe county. His cabinet is filled with the choicest specimens, and the-"walks of his garden are ornamented with the beautiful amethystine quartz.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is mild and healthy. A few cases of fever occur in. the fall. Mr. Daniel Dupree, 80 years of age, and Mr. Jacob Eberhart, over 00, are now living. Mr. Clifford Woodruff died over 104 years of age; Mrs. Taylor, over 90. Mr. Charles Strong, who was at the taking of Cornwallis, died at the age of 84 ; his wife, Mrs. Sarah Strong, is now living, over 80.
EMINENT MEN.--This county boasts of having furnished Georgia with several men who stand high on the list of her sons, such as Judges Lumpkin and Cobb, Hon. Mr. Upson, Gov. Gilmer, and Hon. W. H. Crawford.
The celebrated George Matthews, formerly Governor of the State, resided in this county. He was the son of John Matthews, who emigrated . to Virginia from Ireland, in 1737, and settled in Augusta county. From his youth he was accustomed to danger. The Indians west of the Ohio river, the most warlike of all the aborigines of Ame rica, made frequent incursions into western Virginia, from 1754 to 1774. In George Matthews they found a formi dable enemy. In 1761 a family not far from his father's resi dence was murdered by the savages. He and two or three of his relations, supposing from the firing that there was a shootingmatch among some of the neighbours, went to join in the sport. On riding up to the pJace, they saw dead bodies lying in the yard. Matthews immediately perceived their danger, and wheeled his horse for flight ; the Indians rose from tiieir concealment and fired; Matthews, however, effected his escape, collected as soon as possible twenty of his neighbours, pursued the Indians, overtook and killed nine of them. Capt. Mat thews acted an important part in the battle which took place on the lOth of October, 1774, at the junction of the Ohio with the ICenawha, the greatest ever fought between the Virginians and Indians, The fight commenced at sunrise and continued until evening, when Capt. Matthews,

r

OGLETHORPE COUNTY.

457

Capt. Shelby, (afterwards Governor of Kentucky.) and Capt. Stewart were ordered by General Lewis, the officer in com mand, to proceed up the Kenawha river and Crooked creek, under cover of the bask and bushes, and attack the Indians in the rear, and they were driven across the Ohio.
Soon after the commencement of the revolutionary war. George Matthews received substantial proof of the high esti mation in which he was held by his countrymen for the ser vice he had rendered Virginia by the deieiice of the frontiers against the savages. In 1775 he was elected Colonel of the 9th regiment of the "Virginia troops on the Continental estab lishment. For nearly two years Col. Matthews and his regi ment were stationed on the eastern shore of Virginia. In 1777 he was ordered with his command to join the army un der Gen. Washington. Our great chief knew well the value of Col. Matthews' services, his own experience being acquired on the frontiers of Virginia. As soon, therefore, as the con test of the Revolution assumed the shape of a war in earnest, Washington ordered Col. Matthews to join him. He did so, and took part in the battle of Brandy-wine. At the battle of Germantown, Col. Matthews and his regiment attacked suc cessfully the British troops opposed to him, pushed on to the middle of the town, and captured a regiment of the enemy. After this, in a skirmish, he was knocked down by the enemy, and received a very severe wound with a bayonet. He was confined on board the British prison-ship in the harbour of New-York, where he endured the most severe sufferings, Mr. Jefferson, then Governor of Virginia, in a letter to Colonel Matthews, says, " AVe know that the ardent spirit and hatred of tyranny -which brought you into your present situation, will enable you to bear up against it, -with the firmness which has distinguished you as a soldier, and look forward with plea sure to the day when events shall take place against which the wounded spirit of your enemies "will find no comfort, even from reflections on the most refined of the cruelties with which they have glutted themselves." Col. Matthews was not ex changed until the termination of the war, when he joined the army under Gen. Greene, as commander of the 3d Virginia regiment. Whilst in the South he purchased a tract of land

458

OGLETIIORPE COUNTY.

called the Goose Pond, on .Broad river, and removed to it with his family in 1785. His high reputation in the late war made him at once the principal man in Georgia. In 1786 he was elected Governor. Ife was the first representative of the people of Georgia in the Congress of the United States, under the present Constitution. He -was again Governor of Georgia in 1794 and 1795. In 1811 a class of men "who called them selves patriots, obtained the ascendency in Florida. These men threw off the Spanish yoke, and declared themselves free to do what they pleased. They petitioned the United States to make Florida a portion of its territory, and Gov- Matthews was appointed agent to negotiate with the constituted authori ties of Florida for the annexation of the country to the United States. Governor Matthews made a treaty, which was, however, strongly remonstrated against by the Spanish Gov ernment, and finally disavowed by the President, Mr. Madison, as not having been made with the constituted authorities of Florida, according to the terms of Gov. Matthews' instructions. The disavowal of Mr. Madison, enraged Gov. Mathewa to such a degree, that it is said he started for Washington to sub ject Mr. Madison to personal chastisement. He swore that he would expose the whole affair to the world. His high state of excitement, added to the fatigaie and exposure he had undei'gone, brought on a fever whilst on his way to Washing ton to execute his threat, and of which he died in Augusta, Georgia, March, 1812.
Gov. Matthews was a short, thick man, with stout legs, on which he stood very straight. He carried his head rather thrown back. His features were full, his hair light, and his complexion fair and florid. His looks indicated a periect free dom from fear, and he felt himself equal to any man. He ad mitted no superior but George Washington. He spoke of his services to the country as unsurpassed, except by this great chief. His dress "was in unison with his looks and conversa tion. He wore a three-cornered cocked hat, fair-top boots, a shirt full ruffled in front and at the wrists, and occasionally a long sword at his side. It was during Gov. Mat thews' second term of service as the Chief Magistrate of Geor gia, that the land speculators, alter many years of effort, sue-

OGLETHORPE COUNTY.

459

ceeded in procuring the passage by the Legislature of an ope rative law for the sale of the "Western Territory of the State.
When Gov. .Matthews read, it was always aloud, and "with the confidence which accompanied the consciousness of doing a thing very well. lie pronounced fully the / in would, should, and ed at the termination of "words, "with a long drawling accent, lie spelled cofTee thus, Kauphy. When Governor, he dictated his messages to his Secretary, and then sent them to Francis JVT. Simmons, to put them in grammar, lie wrote Congress with a K. His memory was very retentive. Whilst he was a member of Congress an important document which had been read during the session was lost. He was able to repeat its contents verbatim. Whilst Sheriff and Tax Collector of Augusta, Virginia, he knew the name of every man and woman in the district.
Mr. Adams, when President, nominated Gov. Matthews to the Seriate for Governor of the Mississippi Territory, and afterwards withdrew the nomination upon finding the oppo sition to his appointment very great, on account of the Yazoo Act. When Matthews heard of this, he immediately set out for Philadelphia, where Congress sat, to chastise him. Upon his arrival in Philadelphia, he made directly to the President's house, hitched his horse, and "went to the door, his revolution ary sword at his thigh, his three-cornered hat on his head, and gave a thundering knock at the door. Upon the servant opening the door, he demanded to see the President. He was answered that the President was engaged. He replied to the servant, <e that he presumed his business was to carry mes sages to the President. Now, if you do not immediately in form him that a gentleman wishes to speak to him, your head will answer the consequences." The servant returned and in formed the President, that a very strange old fellow wished to see him, and would take no denial. Mr. Adams directed that he should be admitted. Upon Gov. Matthews entering the room where the President was, he said : " I presume you are Mr. Adams, President of the United States." The President bowed. The Governor continued : " My name is Matthews, sometimes called Gov. Matthews ; well known at the battle of Germantown, however, as Col. Matthews of the Virginia line. Now,

460

OGLETHORPE COXJNTY.

sir, I understand that you nominated me in the Senate of the United States, to be Governor of the Mississippi Territory, and that afterwards you. took back the nomination. Sir, if you had known me, you would not have taken the nomination back. If you did not know me you should not have nomi nated me to so important an office. Now, sir, unless you can satisfy me, your station of President of these United States shall not screen you from my vengeance," Mr. Adams, ac cordingly, set about satisfying him ; which he did with the more good will on account of the Governor being known to be a stanch Federalist. Upon inquiring after Goy. .Matthews' sons, and receiving a most laudatory description of them, he promised to appoint his son John supervisor of the public re venue m Georgia. Upon which the Governor expressed him self as content, saying, " My son John is a man about my inches, with the advantages of a liberal education, u.;d for his integrity I pledge my head."
The first business before the Legislature of 17--, after the organization, was to determine whether Gov. Matthews was to be considered Governor. Whilst engaged in this discussion, the Clerk of the House went into the Executive Office; the Governor accosted him, saying--" What are these fellows about that they do not let me know that they are organized and ready to receive my message ?" The Clerk told him the members were discussing whether they should recognize him as Governor. "By the Eternal !" exclaimed the Governor, " if they don't I will cut an avenue from this office through them."
In the life of Greene, by Johnson, the salvation of the Ame rican army at Brandywine is ascribed to the good conduct of two regiments, one of which was commanded by Matthews. A county in Virginia was named after him.
MANUFACTURES.--The 'war of the Devolution left the people of Virginia penniless, and restless in spirit. They had made great exertions, and sacrificed much to obtain independence. Most of the luxuries, and many ofthenecessari.es of life, had been derived irom abroad, purchased by their tobacco and flour. The war cut off exportation. The merchants owned but few trading vessels, and these few their country could not defend.

OGLETHORPE COUNTY.

461

The hope of great blessings to bo derived from the right of selfgovernment had stimulated the people to make the exertions necessary to obtain their object; and when the independence of the .United States was acknowledged by Great Britain, the blessings which they expected to follow appeared for a while to be deferred, or not to be obtained. The capita] -with which trade had to be carried on was exhausted by the war, and it required time to create it anew. The means of making capital were obstructed by Great Britain by restrictions upon the trade of the States. How to improve their condition was a question which they anxiously sought to solve. At this time Georgia held out to emigrants from other States the inost seductive offers of land to those "who would take pos session. The officers and soldiers who had served during the war had formed the most favourable opinion of the fertility of its soil. Gov. Matthews had served in Georgia during the war. Soon aiter peace he made preparations for removing to a tract of land, then and yet known as the Goose Pond,--a dis puted title to "which he had purchased "whilst in the army. Influenced by his judgment, Francis Meriwether, Benjamin Taliaferro, P. Gilmer, and John Gilmer, visited Georgia in. 1784, in search of suitable lands for settlement. They were pleased with the lands in the vicinity of the Goose Pond, and pur chased them. Gov. Matthews, Francis Meriwether, John Gilmer, and Benjamin Taliaferro, removed to Georgia imme diately afterwards, -with their families. From 1785 to 1795 the lands on Broad river were settled chiefly by the relations or friends of these first emigrants. They formed a society of the greatest intimacy and cordiality, mutual wants making the surest foundation for the interchange of mutual kindness. It is difficult to obtain materials to give a full account of the first settlers of the Broad river country. Few letters can be found, or manuscripts. Although they left no written memo randums of themselves, the evidence of their energy may be found in every part of the southern and western country.
NAME.--Oglethorpe county bears the name of the illustrious founder of Georgia. The history of General Oglethorpe has been compiled by several authors in England and in this country, and it is for the benefit of those "who may not have
30

462

OGLETHORrE COUNTY.

access to a complete account of this distinguished personage that wo give the following particulars. The founder of the colony of Georgia was the son of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe, and was born in London on the 21st of December, 1688, At the age of sixteen, he "was admitted, a student of Corpus Christ! College, hut it docs not appear that he finished his studies, the military profession having more charms for him than literary pursuits. His first commission "was that of Ensign. In. 1714, he "was Captain Lieutenant in the Guards of Queen Anne. After her death fie -withdrew from the British army, and took service with Prince Eugene, and was with him when he crossed the Danube, and defeated the Grand Vizier Ali at Petcrwaradin, in I71G; and also in the following year, when Eugene besieged and took Belgrade. On these occasions his active services gained him the appro bation of his commander. Shortly afterwards he returned to England, and at twenty-four years of aga he was brought into Parliament from Hashrnere, in Surrey ; and he continued to represent that borough by successive elections for thirty-two ycai-s, during which time he distinguished himself by several able speeches : and in the laws for the benefit of trade many salutary regulations -were proposed and promoted by him. In Parliament he introduced a motion " that an inquiry should be instituted into the state of the jails in the metropolis. A committee was appointed to attend to this matter, of which he was chairman; and it is said. " that the effects of this inter-position have been felt ever since by the unhappy prisoners." In 1732; he made an effort in Parliament to restore a constitutional militia, and to abolish arbitrary impressment of seamen. As a member of the British Parliament, he \vas always found on the side of justice and humanity. In the year 1732., Oglethorpe planned a colony, unlike any other that had its origin among men. Twenty-one gentlemen, con curring with his views, petitioned the king for a grant of lands in South Carolina, and liberty to lay out such charities as they themselves should give, or receive from others, in con veying over and establishing unfortunate families in America; and that the charity collected rnay not terminate in the per sons first relieved, but extend itself to the latest posterity.

OGLETIIORPE COUNTY.

403

The petition 'was received, and a charter of incorporation granted. .The patent was dated 9th of June, 1732, and the colony was called Georgia. .- -In November, 1733, Oglethorpe, with 116 settlers, em barked for Georgia; and on the 13th of January, 1733, the ship dropped anchor outside of the bar, at the port of CharJeston>s South Carolina. After having been received in the kindest manner by the Governor of the Province, and aided by many of the inhabitants of Carolina, Oglethorpe proceeded On his voyage, and arrived at Yamacraw, and fixed upon this place as the most convenient and healthy situation for the settlers. Here they marked out a town, and called it Savannah.
After he had placed his colony in as good a situation as cir cumstances would allow,, he secured the good will of the In dians. A general meeting of the chiefs was held in Savannah, and a treaty of friendship made with them. Oglethorpe then re turned to England, carrying with him Tomachichi, his queen, and several other Indians, who were received by the king of . England with marks of great respect and kindness. From the time that Oglethorpe returned to England, which was in the spring of 1734, to the end of the year 1735, he was assiduously employed in advancing the interests of his colony. Upon his return, he visited Ebenczcr, where the Saltburghers were set tled, the Highland settlement on the Alatamaha, and. St. Si mon's Island. Upon this island he laid out a fort, with four bastions, which he named Fredcrica. Anticipating diiiicufty between England and Spain at this time, on account of cer tain unreasonable demands on the part of the Governor of St., Augustine, iie embarked for England, for the purpose of induc ing his government to adopt measures to protect the colony. Oglethorpe was appointed Brigadier General, and was directed to-raise a regiment for the protection of Georgia. After spend ing some time in recruiting and training his men, on the 1st of July, 1738, he left England, with a regiment consisting of 700 men, and arrived on. the south end of St. Simon's Island, on,the 10th of September. A month after his arrival he vi sited Savannah, where he was received -with every demonstra tion-of respect. He did not remain here long, but set. out on

4G4

OGLETHORPE COUNTY.

a journey over 300 miles, to Cowetah, one of the principal towns of the Creek Indians, "where all the chiefs were to be assembled. He was received by the Council -with the warm est friendship ; and they renewed and confirmed all the trea ties which they had formerly made with him. He then re turned to Savannah, and was present at the funeral solemni ties of his tried and beloved friend, king Tomachicbi, and then proceeded to Frederica. It was about this time that an inva sion of Florida was determined upon. Oglethorpe went to Charleston, and by his representations the Assembly voted 120,000, and 400 men, to aid in the enterprise. The regi ment of Carolina arrived at Darien the 1st of May, and was joined by Oglethorpe's favourite regiment, the Highlanders, all destined against St. Augustine. Space is wanted to detail all the incidents connected "with this expedition. W^e have only room to remark that it proved unsuccessful, owing to circum stances -which Oglethorpe could not foresee, and to disap pointments which he least expected. In 1741 he resided at Frederica. His homestead consisted of a cottage, a garden, and an orchard for oranges, figs, and grapes. This cottage, and fifty acres of land attached to it, were ail the landed domain Gene ral Oglethorpe reserved to himself. Aiter the General went to England, it became the property of the father of Thomas Spalding, Esq. Scarcely a vestige now remains to tell where Ogle thorpe lived. In 1742, the Spaniards sent 3,000 men to drive Oglethorpe from the frontiers. The General had with him only 700 men, and his situation "was very critical; but by measures which reflected the highest honour upon his character, he en tirely defeated the expedition. In conformity to positive or ders from the English government, he left Georgia in 1743, to answer charges preferred against him by Lieut. Col. Cook; and soon after his arrival a court-martial was called, which, after the most dispassionate deliberation, declared the charges brought against him to be false, malicious, and groundless, and consequently, Cook was dismissed from the service. In March, 1744, he was appointed one of the field officers, under Field Marshal the Earl of Stair, to oppose the expected inva sion from France. On the 15th of September, 1744, he mar ried Elizabeth, the only daughter of Sir Nathan Wright, a !ady

PAULDING COUNTY.

4(35

to whom he had been long attached. McCaEI, in his History of Georgia,. says, " At the commencement of the American war, being the senior officer of Sir William Howe, he had the prior offer of the command of the forces appointed to sub due the rebels. He professed his readiness to accept the ap pointment, if the ministry would authorize him to assure the colonies that justice should be done them." General Oglethorpe closed his useful life on the 1st of July, 1785. For 74 years he had been in the British army, and at his death was the oldest officer in the army.*

PAULDING.
BOUNDARIES.--This county is bounded N. by Floyd and Cass, E. by Cobb, S. by Carroll, and W. by Alabama. Laid out from Cherokee, and organized in 1833.
POST OFFICES.--Van Wert, Cedar Town, Huntsville, NewBabylon, Pumpkin Pile, Yellow Stone.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, accord ing to the census, the population was 3,664 "whites, 775 blacks; total 4,439. Amount of State tax for the year 1848, $1,078 76 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
KIVERS, CUEEKS.--The Tallapoosa river has its source in this county. The creeks arc Pumpkin "Vine, Little Cedar, Day, Floyd, Hzll's, Camp, Euharlee, Raccoon, and Sweet Water,
TOWNS.--Van Wert, in the valley of Euharlee creek, is the county site. It has the usual public buildings, one church, two hotels, one academy, two or three stores, mechanics' shops, &c. Population 1OO. The water is bad, and the vil lage is said to be unhealthy. Distance from Milledgevilie, 108 miles N. W. ; from Villa Rica, 24 ; from Rome, 22; from Cedar Town, 13; from Cave Springs, 22 ; from Cartersville, 18; and from Marietta, 34.
Cedar Town is in the middle of Cedar Valley, in a rich section of country, twenty miles south of Rome. It has a fine church, female school, and one of the best limestone springs
* Spalding's Life of Oglethorpe, in the Collections of the Georgia Histo rical Society.

466

PAULDING COUNTY.

in the State. The valley is filled with an intelligent and thrifty population.
NATURE OF THE SOIL, VALUR OF LAND. -- There are some fine lands in this county, especially on Pumpkin Vine, Euharlee, Tallapoosa, and Raccoon creeks, adapted to corn, wheat, and tobacco; valued from $10 to $15 per acre. The gray lands are -worth $2 to 810 per acre. The ridge lands can be bought for almost any price.
MOUNTAINS. -- The Dug Down mountains cross the county from east to 'west.
ROADS AND BRIDGES. -- The roads are neglected, and many of them are very bad. There are but few bridges.
AVERAGE PRODUCT run ACHE. --Corn averages 6 barrels per acre; wheat, 12 bushels do.; cotton, 700 pounds do. Five hundred bags of cotton are annually produced.
MrsvERALs.--Gold has been found 10 miles from Van Wert, and other places ; also iron, and many of the minerals com mon to the adjoining counties. Some curious fossils have been found near Van \Vert, on Mr. Jones's plantation. .':
.EDUCATION, RELIC.TOUS SECTS.--Little attention is paid to education. We anticipate with pleasure the period when the citizens of this county, as well as of others, aided by the mu nificence of our Legislature, will take measures to improve the minds of their children, and thus lit them to value their political rights, and make them useful members of society. Number of poor children, 508. . Educational fund, $440 57. The religious sects are Missionary and Anti-Missionary Bap tists, Methodists, Christians, and Universalists.
CHAit-ACTER. or THE PEOPLE. -- Industry and enterprise are wanted. A kinder people cannot be found in Georgia.
CLTMATF:, DISEASES, LONGEVITY. ---- The climate is similar to that of the adjacent counties. There are some localities re garded as most subject to fevers. The instances of longevity are the following: Mr. Brooks is now 88 ; Mr. Hillbune is over 89 ; Mrs. Butler 81.
KAKT.Y SETTLERS. --Mr. "Whitmael, A. Adair, the Porsylhs the Yorks, the Philpots.
VALUE or TOWN LOTS, &c. -- The value of to.wn lots is $ 4,000 ; value of stock in trade, $6,405 ; money at interest,

PAULDIJSfG COUNTY.

4g7

NAME.--This county received the name of Paulding in honour of John Paulding, one of the captors of Andre. He was born in the village of Peekskill, New-York, in 1759. Va rious accounts have been given of the capture of Aridre, but we think the most authentic is contained in the History of Westchester County, New-York, by Robert Bolton ; a. -work evincing, on the part of the author, much ability and research. It appears that "Williams, Van Wert, and Paulding, were on a journey to see some relations. The three were seated beside the road, in the bushes, amusing themselves at cards, when their attention was arrested by the galloping of a horse. On approaching the road they saw a gentleman riding towards them, seated on a large brown horse, which was afterwards ob served to have marked on the near shoulder U. S. A. The rider was a light, trim-built man, about five feet nine inches in height, with a bold, military countenance, and dark eyes, and was dressed in a round hat, blue surtout, crimson coat, with panta loons and vest of nankeen. As he neared them, the three cocked their muskets and aimed at the rider, who immediately checked his horse, and the following conversation ensued :
Andre--" Gentlemen, I hope you are of our party " Paulding--" What party ?" Andre--" The lower party." Paulding--" I do." Andre--" I am a British officer ; I have been up in the country on particular business, and would not be detained a single moment." He thereupon pulled out a gold watch., and exhibited it, as an evidence that he was a gentleman, and re turned it again to his fob. Paulding thereupon remarked, " We are Americans." Andre--" God bless my soul! A man must do any thing to get along. I am a Continental officer going down to Oobbs' Ferry to get information from below." Andre then presented a pass from General Arnold, in which was the assumed name of John Anderson. Seizing hold upon the reins of the horse, they ordered him to dismount. Andre exclaimed, "You will bring yourself into trouble." " We care not for that," was the reply. They took him down, ten or fif teen rods, beside a run of water, and Williams proceeded to search the hat, coat, vest, shirt, and pantaloons, in which they

4G8

PAULDING COUNTY.

found $80 in Continental money, and at last ordered him to take ofl'his boots. At this he changed colour. Williams drew off"the left boot first, and Paulding seizing it, exclaimed, "My God.' hero it is," In it three half sheets of written paper were found, enveloped by a half sheet marked " Contents, West Point." Paulding again exclaimed, " My God .' he is a spy,): On pulling off the other boot, a similar package was found. Andre was now allowed to dress, and they marched him across the road into the field, about 20 rods. The young men winked to each other, to make further discoveries, and inquired from whom he got the papers. " Of a man at Pine's Bridge, a stran. ger to me," replied Andre. He then offered them, for i liberty, his horse, equipage, and one hundred guineas: this they refused to take, unless he informed them where he ob tained the papers. He refused to comply, but again offered his horse, equipage, and one thousand guineas. They we firm in their denial, and he increased his offer to ten thousand guineas and as many dry goods as they wished, which should be deposited in any place they desired; that they might keep him and send some one to New-York with his order, so that they could obtain them unmolested. To this they replied, that it did not signify for him to make any offer, for he should not go. They then proceeded to the nearest military station, which was at ATorth Castle, about twelve miles distant, and deli
vered him to Colonel Jameson, commanding officer. The con
duct of Paulding -was the theme of admiration throughout the
-whole country. For his services the State of lSTcw-York pre
sented him with a farm, situated within the town of CortJantlt.
Congress also voted him a silver medal and an annuity for life.
The medal was presented by General Washington, in presence
of the whole army. On one side of the medal was inscribed,
" Fidelity," and on the reverse, " "Vincit amor Patrise." A
few minutes before this patriot expired, he called Dr. Fountain, his medical attendant, to his bedside, and thus addressed him:
" .Doctor, please tell all those who ask after me, that I die a
true republican." He died on the 18th February, 1818. A
handsome monument, erected by the Corporation of New-York,
marks the spot where he is interred. On the front of the
pedestal is the following inscription :

PAULDING COUNTY.

469

" Here repose the mortal remains of JOHN PAULDING,
Who died 18th February, 1818, In. 60th year of his age.
On the morning of the 23rd of September, 178O, Accompanied by two young farmers of the county of
Westchester, "Whose names "will one day be recorded
on their own deserved monuments, He intercepted the British spy, Andre.
Poor himself, He disdained to acquire -wealth by the sacrifice of his country.
Rejecting the temptation of great rewards, He conveyed his prisoner to the American camp,
and, By this act of self-denial, The treason of Arnold was detected, The designs of the enemy baffled, West Point and America saved,
And these United States, Now, by the Grace of God, free and independent,
Rescued from the most imminent peril."

On the fourth side of the pedestal:
" The Corporation Of the City of New-York
-Erected this tomb As a monument sacred
To Public gratitude."

Efforts have been made to prove that the three captors of Andre are not entitled to the praise which has been awarded to them. In the Congress of the United States, a member as serted that the character of these men was infamous. He accused them of being as often in the camp of the enemies of their country as in our own ; of being destitute not only of patriotism, but of common honesty and honour ; of belonging to that detestable gang usually known by the name of Cow Boys.

470

PIKE COUNTS.

These charges have been fully refuted, and we believe that our countrymen are prepared to accoi'd to the captors of Andre the fairest page in the annals of freedom.

PIKE.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Pike county has Fayette and Henry on the N., Monroe and a part of Butts on the E., Upsoii on the S., and the Flint river and Line creek on the W. It was laid out in 1822, and before portions of It were added to Upson "it commenced at the centre line of the eleventh district of Monroo, running west on the line dividing Houstoun and Mon roe to the corner of the first and sixteenth districts of Hous toun ; thence in a direct line to the mouth of Big Potato creek; then up the Flint river to the county line dividing Monroe and Fayette ; then on said line east to the county line of the third section of Monroe ; then south on said line and the centre lines of the seventh and eleventh districts of Monroe, to the beginning." It lies "within the granite: region, and is 23 miles long and 17 miles wide, embracing 391 square miles.
POST OFFICES.--Zebulon, Griffin, Barnesville, Liberty Hill, Milner.
POPULATION, TAXEK, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845 Pike had 7>9'21 whites, and 3,473 blacks; total, 13,394. The popula tion has doubtless increased since that time. Taxes returned for 1848, $4,489 18. Sends two members to the Legislature.
RIVERS AND CREEKS.--The Flint river forms a part of the western boundary, and is remarkable for the rich lands on its borders. The other streams are Big Potato, El kins, Birch, Flat, Grape, Honey Bee, Sunday, Wasp, Fly,and Rose-creeks.
TOWNS.--Xebuloii, a quiet and pleasant villages is the county seat. It is distant 77 miles W. of "Milledgeville, 27 from Fayetteville, 10 from Flint river, 17 from Thomaston, 25 from Forsyth, 50 from Macon, and 12 from Griffin. The court-house is built of brick, and cost $8,000. The jail is'a plain building, constructed of wood. A tolerable fair business

PIKE COUNTY.

471

is done. There are two churches, two academies, &c. The capital .was formerly Newnan, but in 1825 this honour was conferred upon Zebulon. , . Griffin, called after Gen. L. L, Griffin, its founder, is situ ated on the Mac on and Western Railroad, at the extreme northern boundary of the county. This town was commenced in 1840, by the Monroe Railroad, and Banking Company. Mr, Win. Leakc bought the first lot for -$1,000, .Tune 8, 1840. Griffin is the market for Meriwether, Henry, Pike, a, por tion of Troup and Fayette, a part of Upson, Monroe, and Butts, A large amount of business is transacted. Probably over $400,000 worth, of goods are annually sold. The town is improving in every respect. At present there are three churches, three or four hotels, five large warehouses, forty or fifty stores, besides a large number of mechanics' shops, &c. The population exceeds S,000, and for orderly conduct and moral habits cannot be surpassed in Georgia. Every thing connected with this place affords proof of the energy and enterprise of the citizens. The comfort of many of the hotels, the number and excellence of the schools, the success of the temperance effort, the various mechanical operations recently introduced, and the quantity of goods in spacious brick stores, all indicate that Griffin is destined to vie successfully with many older places.
A company has lately been organized, called the Griffin and West Point Plank ]toad Company, designed to con nect the two places by means of a road constructed of plank. Should this work be accomplished, it will not only greatly contribute to the prosperity of Griffin, but afford superior faci lities to the planters for the transportation of produce. The town, of Griffin is healthy, the water good, and being the cen tre of a large extent of countiy, will undoubtedly become a place of great importance. The municipal regulations are rigidly enforced, and in no town of the same size are there less intemperance and. disorder. The citizens take much interest in the Sabbath school system, and their schools are well at tended. The Southern Mutual Insurance Company originated in Griffin, and its operations have been conducted with great success.

472

PIKE COUNTY.

Barnesville is a thriving little village, named after Mr. Barries, -who first settled here. It is on the Macon and West ern Railroad, 18 miles from Griffin. It has two hotels, four or five stores, a church, school, &c. It is the point from which the Columbus stages depart. More business is transacted in JBarnesville than one would suppose, and the population will not suffer by a comparison with any in Georgia.
Milner, on the railroad, 12 miles below Griffin. Liberty Hill, 13 miles S. E. of Griffin. MILLS.--Nine saw-mills ; 14 grist-mills; 4 flour-mills. MOUNTAINS.-- The Pine mountains are in the southern part of tbe county. BRIDGKS AND ROADS.--The roads are fair, although some are very bad. The people of Georgia are not in the habit of keeping their roads in a good condition. The bridges are in good order. MAIL ROUTE.--New-York and New-Orleans Mail Line, owned by Richard Peters, E. L. Ellsworth, and D. E. Beman. On this line are 18 stages; 240 horses, besides a number of extras; 15 drivers ; 8 agents. Staging reduced to 93 miles; running time, 18 hours between Griffin and Opelika. The route passes through Greeneville, La Grange, and West Point. Extra coaches are always ready to carry forward in fast time any number of through passengers, without detention. The roads are excellent, the agents are accommodating, the coaches new, horses good, and the drivers temperate and experienced. Indeed, this is one among tbe most superior mail routes in the United States. The average number of passengers each way per day, is 10. About 48,000 bushels of corn, and over 1,152,000 pounds of fodder are consumed by the horses con nected -with this route, per annum. Contract for carrying the mail, $6,000 per annum. MINERALS.--Beautiful rose-coloured quartz at Mr. John Lamar's, three miles west of Griffin ; also smoky quartz, tour maline, beryl, iron, &c. In the banks of the railroad a species of white clay is found, used very frequently by some medical gen tlemen in the place of magnesia, and said to be superior to mag nesia as an antacid. In the vicinity of Barnesville and near the Baptist Church, beautiful crystallized quartz is found, and near Zebulon are rare specimens of quartz and other minerals.

r

PIKE COUNTY.

473

RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Methodists, Baptists, Pres byterians, Universalists, a few Episcopalians, and Christians or Disciples of Christ. Education, although generally not com manding sufficient attention, may be said to be on the ad vance. In Zebulon, Griffin, and other places, are excellent schools. Number of poor children, 447. Educational fund, $387 67.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--Religion and morals are highly appreciated, and in no portion of Georgia has the temperance effort been crowned with greater success. The clergy have been indefatigable in their labours, and much of the great improvement which has taken place in the character of the population is to be attributed to the influence of religion. The amusements are hunting, fishing, &c.
VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town, lots is $119,000. Value of stock in trade, $116,670. Money at interest, $257,815.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is mild, and generally healthy. On the creeks diseases of a bilious Idfld occur. Judging from the number of old persons nowliving in this county, we should say that it is decidedly favourable to longevity. Mr. Adam Cooper is now" living between 90 and 100--a very remarkable old man, -who has had his coffin made for eight years past, as \vell as his shroud, both of -which he keeps under his bed. Mrs. Crawford is 105 years old. Mr. Harper, recently deceased, was 90. Mrs. Lushlin. -was over 90- Mr. William Nelson died a few years ago at the age of 100 ; and there is a church in the county, called Century Nelson, in memory of the fact that he had numbered 100 years.
NATURE OF THE Son,, PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE.--In this county there is little rich land, except on the Flint river and the creeks, but Jarge bodies of fair average land. It is interspersed with gray and mulatto soil. The southern part is hilly. Cotton averages 400 pounds per acre ; corn,, 4 barrels ; -wheat, 10 bushels; bags of cotton annually produced, about 8,000.
EARLY SETTLERS.--Gen. Daniel, James .Neal, J. B, Read, J. B. Williamson, H. G. Johnson, W. E. Mangum, Gideon

474

PIKK COUNTY.

Barries, Willis J. Alilner, Wm. Ellis, Bur well Orr, and John

Neal.

NAME.-- The name of Zebulon Montgomery Pike (after

"whom this county is called) "will descend to posterity as one

among the most gallant heroes which any age or country ever

produced. He was the soil of an officer in the Am'erican army,

and was born in the State of New Jersey, on the 5th day of

January, 1779. At a very early age he received a commis

sion as Ensign, and afterwards of .Lieutenant, and attached

himself to his father's company, "which was then stationed on

the "western frontier of the United States. Whilst engaged

in his military duties, he endeavoured to supply the defects of

his early education by diligent study. Almost without any

aid he made considerable proficjency in the Latin, French,

and Spanish languages, the elementary branches of mathe

matics, and polite literature. He had the habit of writing

upon the blank pages of some favourite volume any thought

that occurred to him whilst reading. The following extract

is from the blank leaves of a book, which he valued very

highly, and will illustrate his lofty spirit:--" Should my

country call for the sacrifice of that life which lias been

devoted to her services from early youth, most willingly shall

she receive it. The sod which covers the brave shall be

moistened by the tears of love and friendship ; but if I fall far

from my friends, and from you, my Clara, remember that the

choicest tears which are ever shed are those which bedew the

unburied head of: the soldier : and when these lines shall meet

the eyes of our little ----------, let the pages of this little book

be impressed on his mind as the gift of a father, "who had

nothing to bequeath but his honour; and let these maxims be

ever present to his mind, as he rises from youth to manhood.

First, preserve your honour free from blemish ; second, be

always ready to die for your country/' '' Kaskaskias, Indian Territory.''

" 2. M. PIKE.

- In 1805, this ambitious youth was sent by the government of the United States at the head of an expedition for the pur pose of tracing the Mississippi to its source. He embarked at St. Louis, on the 9th of August, 1805, with twenty men, in. a

PIKE COUNTY.

475

stout boat, with provisions for four months. The narrative of this expedition has been given to the public, and evinces on the part of Pike an invincible fortitude amidst perils, and a cheerful endurance amidst privations. After eight months' absence he returned, and shortly afterwards was appointed by Gen. Wilkiiison to command an expedition to explore the interior of Louisiana. This expedition "was accompanied by hardships to "which the former bore no comparison. Cold, hunger, and every privation, *were willingly suffered to fulfil the.pbjects of the expedition ; and he arrived at Natchitoches OB..the 1st July, 1SO7- Upon his return, Congress was pleased to signify to him their sense of his xeal, perseverance, and intelligence. He then was appointed Captain, shortly after Major, and in 1810 a Colonel of Infantry. During the inter vals of military duty he published an account of his two expeditions ; and although this work is far from being fault less,; it is, nevertheless a very sprightly arid highly interesting narrative. Upon the declaration of war, Colonel Pike "was stationed with his regiment upon the northern frontier ; and at the beginning of the campaign, in. 1813, was appointed a Brigadier General in the army of the United States. The eyes of the country were directed to the man whom they regarded as the chosen champion who was to redeem their reputation from that disgrace with which it had been stained by a long series of disasters. In the expedition against York, he was selected as the commander. On the 25th of April, he sailed from Sackett's Harbour in the squadron of Commodore Chauncey. On the day before the expedition, he thus -writes to his father :--" I embark to-morrow in the fleet at Sackettjs Harbour, at the head of a column of 1500 choice troops on a secret expedition. If success attends my steps, honour and glory await my name ; if defeat, still shall it be said we died like brave men, and conferred honour even in death on the American name. Should I be the happy mortal destined to turn the scale of war, "will you not rejoice, oh my father V M.a-y heaven be propitious, and smile upon the cause of my country ! But, if we are destined to fall, may my fall be like Wolfe's--to sleep in the arms of victory." These words were prophetic. After the whole force had landed, Gen.

476

PULASKI COUNTY.

Pike, in person, led on the attack. The fire of the enemy was soon silenced by his artillery, and a surrender was momently expected, when the British magazine exploded, causing death all around. Just before the explosion Gen. Pike had sat down on the stump of a tree, engaged -with one of his aids in examining a British sergeant, who had been taken prisoner. In the explosion a quantity of la^ge stones was thrown in every direction, one of which struck Gen. Pike on the breast; upon which he said, " I am mortally wounded ; "write to my friend IX, and tell him what you know of the battle, and to comfort my ------ ." As the troops passed by their dying General, he excJaimed, " Push on, my brave fellows ! push on, and avenge the death of your General." Whilst the surgeons were carrying him off the field, a great noise was heard in the direction of the American troops. Pike turned his head
usly, upon which a sergeant said, " The British union

Was Cari ii?i_i. nj LIIO v>viiiii.nju.L;,i't; ft vcsci, emu, jut UC1UJ.O ito
breathed his last, the British standard was brought to him, upon which, having made a sign to have it placed under his head, he expired. A more gallant hero never lived. Noble man ! " When our children shall read the history of patriots and heroes who have fallen in the arms of victory ; when their eyes glisten, and their young hearts throb wildly at the kindling theme, they -will close the volume that tells of Epaminondas, Sydney, and Wolf, and say, We too had our Mont gomery and our Pike/'

PULASKI.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county is bounded N. by Twiggs and a part of Wilkinson, E. by Laurens, S. by Telfair and Irwin, and W. by Dooly and Houstoun. Laid out from Laurens, in 1808. Length 32 miles, breadth 17 ; square miles 540.

PULASKI COUNTT.

477-

RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Ocmulgee flows through the county. Gun Swamp creek is quite a large stream. South Fork Shell Stone, Jordan's, Limestone, Moscheto, Cross, Cypress, Folsom's, Cedar, Bluff, Reedy, Muddy, and. Tucsawhacb.ee or Big .Creek discharge their waters into the Ocmulgee.
POST OFFICE.--Hawkinsville. . POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the po pulation of this county was 3,51& whites, 2,399 blacks ; total, 5,911. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $2,224 81 cents. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
TOWNS.--Hawkinsville is the county town, situated on the west side of the Ocmulgee river, 61 miles from Milledgeville, 47 from Macon, 32 from Vienna, and 45 from Jacksonville. It has the usual county buildings ; six stores, two churches, two hotels, &LG. Population, 175. It is an unhealthy place. About $150,000 worth of goods are sold per annum. Amount of cotton received per annum, 6,000 bales. Incorporated in 1830.
Hartford is opposite to Hawkinsville, formerly a thriving place; but now nearly abandoned on account of its unhealthiness.
EARLY SETTLERS.--James Phillips, M. McComuck, S. Mitehell, S. Coalson, J. Johnson.
MILLS.--There are in the county between 20 and 25 saw mills, and about the same number of grist-mills.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--The prevailing sects are Baptists and Methodists. There is a want of interest in the subject of education.
VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $49,866 ; value of stock in trade, $43,250 ; money at interest, $7,445.
PACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE Son.. -- The lower part of the county is level. The upper part is rolling. Much of the land is unproductive. The lands on the east side of the Ocmulgee are rich, producing cotton, corn, &c. Land is worth on an average, f 3 per acre.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are good. The bridges are neglected.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, &c.--The climate is hot and un31

1

478

PULASKI COUNTY.

healthy. Remote from the swamps diseases are not so com mon. We hare been able to ascertain but one case of longevity, Jacob Parkerson, a soldier of the Revolution, was 79 at his death. One or two negroes have reached an advanced age.
CnATCACT~F.il OF THE PEOPLE.--The temperance effort has bad. a happy influence upon the population. The amount of immorality has greatly diminished. Hospitality and kindness to strangers are traits iri the character of the people.
ROCKS.--'Pulaski offers a wide field to the geologist. The rotten limestone formation prevails, rilled with shells of almost every variety. Fossil bones and petrified wood are very com mon. On the banks of the river at Hawkinsville, petrifactions are abundant.
AwTiat.'TTiFS.--There are a number of sma]i mounds in various parts of the county, on the Ocmulgec river.
1STA:\TF-.--This division of the State was named after Count JPulask'i. After Casirnir Pulaski had unsuccessfully contended for the principles of liberty in his own country, he determined to connect himself -with those who were engaged in the same struggle in America. Dr. Franklin, then minister to the Court of France, to whom Pulaski was introduced in Paris, thus writes to Gen. Washington : " Count Pulaski, of Poland., an officer famous throughout Europe for his bravery and conduct in de fence of the liberties of his country against the great invading powers of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, \vill have the honour of delivering this into your hands. The Court here have en couraged and promoted his voyage, from an opinion that he may be highly useful in our service." Furnished with such a testimonial, Pulaski found no difficulty in getting employment in the American army. In the battle of Brandywine he had a post near Washington, and by his bravery and activity, con firmed the reputation which he had in Europe, as an accom plished officer. After the battle, Congress appointed him to the command of the cavalry, with the rank of Brigadier Gene ral ; but owing to some dissatisfaction among the officers un der him, he resigned his command and joined the main army at Valley Forge. In 1778, with the approbation of Washing ton and Congress, he raised a corps, which was afterwards

479
PUTNAM. BOUXD.'.RIES, EXTENT.--Tills county is bounded JNJ'. by Morgan and Grecne, E. by Greene and Hancock, W. by Jas per, and S. by Jones and Baldwin. .Laid out in 1807, lines established and confirmed in 1808, and a part taken from it and added to Jones, in 1810. It is about. 20 miles long and IS wide, and contains 360 square miles. POST OFFICES. -- Eatonton, Clopton's Mills, Rockviile. Glade's Cros Roads, Slanfordville. Poi'ULATrox, TAXJJS, R p. PRESENT ATI ON. -- The census of 1845 gives the population thus : whites, 3,756 ; blacks, 7,183 ; total, 10,939. State tax returned for 1848, 84,831 37 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislatur/e. RivE-rts. GRKEKS.--The Oconee and Little rivers are the

1

480

PUTNAM COUNTY.

chief streams. The creeks are Murder, Rooty, Crooked,

Glady, Lick, and others.

TOWNS.--Eatonton, named after General Eaton, is the seat

of justice, in the centre of the county, on a high ridge, 22

miles N. N. W. of Milledgeville, 22 from Greenesborough, 22

from Madison, 18 from Monticello, 28 from Clinton, 28 from

Sparta, and 24 from Macon. It has a court-house, jail, one

church for Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians ; a branch

of the Bank of the State of Georgia, Masonic Hal!, two

academies, eleven stores, mechanics' shops, &c. The town

is distinguished for its beautiful groves. It was made the

county site in 1808. Population, 600.

Stanfordville, 12 miles from Eatonton, has a church, two

stores, school, &c. This place was formerly known by the name

of Half Acre, or Devil's Half Acre, an appellation given to it,

from the wickedness of the inhabitants. We are pleased,

however, to say that it no longer merits this name. It is now

a quiet and moral village.

Rockvillc, 11 miles from Eatonton. It has two stores,

church, school, &c.

Glade's Cross Roads, 9^ miles from Eatonton.

NATURE OF THE SOIL, VALUE OF LAND.--The soil is of the

description called mulatto, peculiarly adapted to cotton. . The

soil has been impoverished by a bad system of cultivation.

The farmers are beginning to adopt measures to reclaim the

lands ; and a hope is entertained that they will be restored to

a produce sufficient for all purposes. The county "was origin

ally laid off into lots of 202^ acres ; and such has been the

fertility of the soil, that in 1847 there was only one lot which

retained its original growth. Lands are increasing in value,

and are scarce at $5 and $8 per acre.

IMPROVEMENTS.--Farmers are providing themselves "with

useful agricultural fixtures.

FRESHETS.--These are sometimes very tremendous, sweep

ing away dams, bridges, and mills.

MANUFACTURES, MIT/LS.--The Eaton Manufacturing Com

pany, situated on Little river, three miles west of Eatonton.

Capital $70,000.

Spindles,

-

1,836

Looms,

-

36

r

PUTNAM COUNTY-

481

Bundles of yarn per day, 10O

Yards of Osnaburgs, "

1000

Number of hands employed, 97

Wages of operatives, from $12 to 20 per month.

Annual expense of hands, $7,000.

About 100 yards of bagging per day are made from waste

alid inferior cotton.

In addition to the above, a quantity of rope is also made.

Proper attention is paid to the instruction of the children of

the operatives.

Merchant-mills, six, of a very superior character ; grist-mills

five; saw-mills fourteen.

FOREST TREES, FRUITS, FLOWERS.--The various kinds of

oak peculiar to middle Georgia, pine, poplar, sycamore, beach,

maple, ash, gum, elm, cucumber, &c. Fruits do well when

proper attention is paid to them. In Eatonton some taste for

flowers is displayed. The garden of Judge Mcriwether is

well worth a visit.

CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is the same

which prevails in the middle counties of Georgia; and the

diseases are similar in character. Mr. William Hathorn died

in this county at the age of 109 ; Mr. Francis "Ward was be

tween 80 and 90 ; Mr. Joseph Turner was over 80.

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS, EDUCATION.--The principal re

ligious denominations are Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyte

rians. Education receives a due share of attention. Number

of poor children, 164. Educational fund, $142 24 cents.

ANTIQUITIES. --On the road to Covington are the remains

of an ancient fortification. Six miles W. of Eatonton are two

or three Indian mounds.

PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, barley, peas, &c.

AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE.--Cotton, 600 pounds ; corn,

three.barrels ; wheat, 10 bushels. From 8 to 10,000 bales of

cotton are made per annum,

ROADS AND BRIDGES.--These require more attention.

MINERALS.--A vein of copper has been found in the west

ern part of the county, one mile from Stanfordville. Granite

is abundant; iron ore, tourmaline, quartz. Some years ago,

a few particles of gold were found.

1

432

PUTNAM COUNTY.

JMARKETs,--Savannah, Augusta, and Ma con, VA.LUE OF TOWN LOTS, &e.--The value of town lots, ac cording to the Digest of 1848, is 849,066. Value of stock in trade, 843,127; money at interest,-$325,920. Capital invested in manufactures, over $50,000. -Mrsc.ET.T.ANEous.--The first Superior Court for this county was held at I-Iillsboi'cmgh, by Judge Early. The first, election was held in January, 1808. JNTAME.--This county received its name to commemorate the services of Israel Putnam, a hero of the Revolution, who was born at Salem, Massachusetts, January 7, 1718. The accounts we have of his intrepidity border on the marvellous. His bold attack of a wolf, while in her den, is related with great parti cularity, in a memoir written by General Humphrey, and need not be repeated in this sketch. In the -war which broke out in 1755, between England and France, he was appointed a captain of Rangers, and after wards served under Generals Abercrombie and Amherst, on the frontiers, and in Canada. His numerous adventures would fill a volume. Upon one oc casion he was compelled to surrender to an Indian, who bound him to a tree which stood directly between the fires of the contending parties. The balls flew thick from each side; many struck the tree, whilst some passed over the sleeves and skirts of his coat. During this time, a young savage amused himself by hurling his tomahawk, to see how near he could throw it without striking his head. The weapon ytruck in the tree a number of times, at a hair's breadth from the mark. Af ter this, a Frenchman levelled his gun within a foot of his breast, but it missed fire- Whilst a prisoner among the In dians, he endured the most shocking barbarities, in one in stance he was stripped, and a fire was kindled to roast him alive ; but a French officer saved him. After the close of the war, he commanded the Connecticut troops in an expedition against the Western Indians. In 17G2, when war was de clared between. England arid Spain, he had the command of the Connecticut regiment, which was sent to Cuba, and was present at the taking of the fortifications of Havana. He was ploughing in the field when he heard of the battle of Lexington ; upon which, leaving his plough in the field, and

r

PUTNAM COUNTY.

4S3

without changing his clothes, he repaired to Cambridge, riding in one day one hundred miles. He was immediately made a Brigadier General in the provincial army, returned to Connec ticut, levied a regiment, and repaired again to the camp. In ihe memorable battle of Bunker's Hill he displayed consum mate bravery. Washington had the greatest confidence in his courage and skill, and trusted him with the command of the city of JYew-York, at the time when it was thought that the whole force of the enemy would attempt to take possession of it. The fidelity with which he executed this important com mand was acknowledged by Washington in general orders. In August, 1776, he was stationed at Brooklyn, Long Island, In the following October or jVovembcr he "was sent to Phila delphia, to fortify that city. In January, 1777, he -was ordered to take post at Princeton, where he remained until spring. At this place the following incident occurred: Captain McPherson, of the British army, had been severely wounded ; and be lieving that his end was approaching, expressed a wish that General Putnam would permit a friend in the British army at Brunswick to come and assist him in making his will. This re quest created much embarrassment in the mind of Putnam. He desired to be humane, but was unwilling that the weak ness of his post should be seen by a British officer, for at this time he had. but fifty men under his command. He therefore adopted an expedient to gratify the 'wishes of the British offi cer, and at the same time prevent any discoveries as to the weakness of his post. A flag -was despatched with McPhcrson's request, but under an injunction that his friend should be brought in the night. In the evening, lights were placed in all the College buildings, and in every apartment of the vacant houses throughout the town. During the -whole night, the fif ty men, sometimes all together, and sometimes in. small detachmenfSj were marched from various quarters by the house in which McPherson. lay. The officer on his return reported, that General Putnam could not have a force of less than 4 or 5,000 men. On one occasion, a tory by the name of Palmer was detected in the camp. The enemy demanded him, threaten ing- vengeance if he were not given up ; upon which General Putnam wrote the following reply : " Sir, Nathan Palmer, a

1

484

.

RABUN COUNTY.

lieutenant in your king's service, -was taken in my camp as a spy. He was tried as a spy, he was condemned as a spy, and he shall be hanged as a spy. P. S. Afternoon. He is hanged." Upon the loss of Fort Montgomery, Washington directed Putnam to fix upon a spot on which to huild another fortifica tion ; and to him belongs the credit of selecting West Point. In December, 1779, while on his way from Connecticut to Head Quarters, General Putnam was attacked by a paralytic affection, under "which he languished until his life was brought to a close, 29th of May. 1790, aged 72 years. "Born a hero whom nature taught and cherished in the lap of innumerable toils and dangers, he was terrible in battle. But from the amiableness of his heart, when carnage ceased, his humanity spread over tho field like the refreshing zephyrs of a summer's evening. The prisoner, the sick, the forlorn, experienced the delicate sympathies of this soldier's pillar."*

RABUN.
BouivDARiKS, EXTENT,--Rabun. forms the N. E. corner of the State, and is bounded N". by Mac on county, North Caro lina, E. by Chattooga river, which separates it from South Carolina, S. by Habersham, and W. by Union. Laid out in 1819. It is 20 miles long, and 20 wide, containing 400 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Tennessee, Chattooga, Tallulah, and CJIufta rivers, are the principal streams. The creeks are Gumekelbke, War Woman's, Stekoa, Tiger Tail, Wild Cat, Persimmon, and Mud creeks. The Tennessee river rises in this county, within four miles of Clayton, and soon swells to a considerable stream. The gap of the Blue Ridge, near its source, is perhaps the lowest in the United States,. The wa ters of the Savannah rise near the same point. General Millar, who once resided in this county, commenced a canal to unite the waters of the Tennessee with those of the Savannah.
* Thatchcr's Journal. American Biographical Dictionary. National Por trait Gallery.

RABUN COUNTY.

485

POST OFFICE.--Clayton. POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.----In 1845 the popu lation was 1,825 whites, and 93 blacks. Amount of taxes returned for 1848, 8409 90. Entitled to one representative. 'TOWN.--Clayton is the seat of justice, and is situated near the centre of the county, at the foot of the Blue Ridge, it is 156 miles N. of Milledgcville, 25 from Clarkesville, and 9 from the North Carolina line. Population, 16. It has a court-house, jail, and church, one grocery, one academy, and one lawyer. At the time this notice was prepared, there was no trade of any description carried on in Clayton. The town was loca ted, incorporated, and made the county site on lot number 21, in the second district, in 1821. It was first named Claytonsville, after Judge Augustus S. Clayton, but in 1823 the name was changed to that of Clayton. NATURE OF THE Son..--A few fine bodies of land are in the county, principally on the water-courses. In the vicinity ofMockeson Court Ground, there is some superior land. This place is so hemmed in by impassable mountains, that it cannot without difficulty be reached by a vehicle, without passing through a corner of South Carolina. Twenty-five or thirty families reside here, composed of the most substantial citizens in the county.
MINERALS.-- Granite abounds; iron, carbonate of iron, alum, &c. Gold has been found in several localities, parti cularly on Persimmon creek. PowclTs, Stonecypher's, and Smith's mi Lies have been tolerably productive. Morgan's mines are thought to be rich
EARLY SETTLERS.--Mr. John Dillon, Mr. Williams, Mr. Edward Coffee, JVIr. David Moscly, Mr. Benjamin Odell, and others.
AVERAGE PRICE OF GRAIN, PROVISIONS, &c.----

Corn, averages

.

.

30 cts. per bushel.

Oats

"

.

-

-30

Uye

".

.

.

50

Wheat " from 75 cts. to 1 00

"

"

Irish potatoes average .

40

"

"

Sweet "

"

50

'

"

486 -

RABUN COUNTY.

Pork averages

.

.

3^- cts. pound.

Bacon

9

Beef

"...

2 "

Eggs

"

Chickens " - .

.

6

dozen.

I 00

"

"

Turkeys "

.

.

.75

" pair.

Board can be had at $4 to $8 per month.

CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is cold in

winter, but pleasant and bracing in summer. The diseases are such as usually occur in mountainous districts. The fol

lowing are the cases of longevity which we have been able to

ascertain. Mr. Williams died in this county at the age of

110 years, and was a drummer in the revolutionary war. Mr.

Wall is now living, over 80 ; Mr. John Steele, over 80 ; MrJosias Callahaii, 80.

MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS. -- Rabun is a county of moun

tains. In "whatever direction the eye is turned it beholds

ridges of mountains, one behind the other, " like a dark blue sea of giant billows, instantly stricken solid by nature's magic

wand." The different peaks are named Bald mountain,

Screamer, Pinnacle, Tallulah, &c. The valleys are Tennessee,

War Woman, Persimmon, Tiger Tail, and Simpson's creek.

ROADS AND BRIDGES.--A resident of the county informs

the author that the roads are bad, bad as roads can be. The

turnpike road extending from Habersham to IVorth Carolina,

runs through Rabun, and is now in a very bad condition.

There are no bridges or ferries. When the waters are too

deep for fording, the people are compelled to wait until they

subside.

CAVES, FALLS.--In the county are several caves, but none

particularly celebrated. Ten miles IV. E. of Clayton is a beautiful fall, called Eastatoah, and about four miles from Clay-

ton are the Stekoa falls, "which many persons think superior

in beauty to the far-famed Toccoa falls.

MILLS, DISTILLERIES.--The water-power in this county is

equal to any in the State. Saw-mills, 3 ; grist-mills, 10 or 15; distilleries, 0.

FOREST Tit RES, FRUITS.-- The forest trees are hickory,

oak, poplar, pine, walnut, maple, fir, spruce pine, chestnut,

r

RABUN COUNTY.

4Q7

cedar, &c. Apples grow in great abundance, and of superior quality. The farmers carry large quantities below, for which they obtain means to procure sugar, coffee, and salt.
ANIMALS, FISH.--There are vast numbers of deer in the mountains; also bears and wolves. The streams are well supplied with fish ; there are, however, no large rish except in the rivers. Here can be had to great perfection the delicious mountain trout. A very peculiar fish, called the " jumping mul let," is caught in great numbers at a shoal on War Woman's creek. The process of catching them, as it has been, de scribed, is this. The fish in immense numbers come up to the foot of the shoal and attempt to jump over the obstacle ; not being sufficiently active to reach the top, they necessarily fail back, and in their descent are caught in baskets held by the fishermen for the purpose.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, TEMPERANCE, EDUCATION.--Baptists and Methodists ; the former are the most numerous. The tempe rance effort has been productive of good. In almost every settlement there is a school, in "which the common branches are taught. Number of poor children, 435. Educational fund, $377 28.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--If the records of the court in Rabun be any criteria by 'which to judge the character of its population, then we are prepared to say that the character of the people is good as to morals and punctu ality in persona] matters, as there are not a dozen cases', in cluding civil and criminal, returned to the court in a year. The amusements are hunting and fishing. Indeed, we have been informed that hunting is the principal business of many. Energy and industry are much "wanted.
VAT,UE OF TOWN LOTS, &.c.-- The value of town lots is S3,825. Value of stock in trade,^82,500. Money at inte rest, $1,495.
NAME.--This county "was named after William. Rabun, formerly Governor of the State of Georgia. He was born in Halifax county, North Carolina, on the 8th of April, 1771. He came to Georgia "with his father, Matthew Rabun, in 1785, who, after residing in Wilkes one year, removed to Hancock. Mr. Rabun was not favoured with a good education, but em-

488

RAEUN COUNTY.

braced every opportunity of improving his mind. At the age of seventeen he became a member of the Baptist church, and continued a zealous and exemplary Christian to the end of his life. In all the benevolent operations of the day, he took a leading part; indeed, to promote the interests of his fellowmen, appeared to give him real enjoyment. In Hancock he . was very popular, for although he never urged any claims that he might have to the consideration of the people, he was for many years their representative and Senator in the Legisla ture, and was never defeated for any office for which he was a candidate. He became President of the Senate, and upon the resignation of Gov. Mite hell, acted as Governor of Geor gia from JVlarch, 1817, to JVovember of the same year, "when he was elected Governor by the Legislature. During his administration, a correspondence took place between Gen. Andrew Jackson and himself, relative to an attack upon an Indian village, called Chehaw. It appears that a Captain "Wright had destroyed the village just named, being a violation of the orders which he had received from Gov. liabun. This was done after Gen. Jackson's assurance to the people of that village that they should be protected, and whilst their "warriors "were fighting with Jackson against the common enemy. This provoked the General's ire, and accordingly he addressed the Governor of Georgia the following letter:

ON MARCH TOWARDS PliNSACOr.A,
7 miles advance of Fort Gadsden, May 7, 1818.
SIR,--1 have this moment received by express the letter of Gen. Glascock (a copy of which is enclosed), detailing the base, cowardly, and inhuman attack on the old "women and men of the Chehaw village, whilst the warriors of that "village "were "with me fighting the battles of our country against the common enemy, and at a time too when undoubted testimony had been obtained and "was in my possession, and also in the possession of General Glascock, of their innocence of the charge of killing Leigh and the other Georgian at Cedar creek. That a Governor of a State should assume the right to make war against an Indian tribe in perfect peace with, and under the protection of the United States, is assuming a respoiisi-

RAI3UN COUNTY.

489

bility that I trust you will be able to excuse to the government

of the United States, to which you will have to answer, and

through which I had so recently passed, promising the aged that

remained at home my protection, and taking the warriors with

me in the campaign, is as unaccountable as strange. But

it is still more strange that there could exist, "within the United

States, a cowardly monster in human shape, that could violate

the sanctity of a flag, when-borne by any person, but more

particularly when in the hands of a superannuated Indian,

chief, worn down with age. Such base cowardice and mur

derous conduct, as this transaction affords, has not its parallel

in history, and shall meet with its merited punishment. You,

sir, as a Governor of a State, within my military division,

have no right to give a military order whilst 1 am in the field :

and this being an open and violent infringement of the treaty

with the Creek Indians, Capt. Wright must be prosecuted and

punished for this outrageous murder ; and I have ordered him

to be arrested and confined in irons, until the pleasure of the

President of the United States is known upon the subject.

If be has left Hartford before my orders reach him, I call upon

you, as Governor of Georgia, to aid me in carrying into effect

my order for his arrest and confinement, which I trust will be

afforded, and, Capt. Wright brought to condign punishment for

this unparalleled murder. It is strange that this hero had not

followed the trail of the murderers of your citizens ; it would

have led to Mickasucky, where we found the bleeding scalps

of your citizens ; but there might have been more danger in

this, than attacking a village containing a few superannuated

women and men, and a few young women, without arms or

protectors. This act will to the last age fix a stain upon the

character of Georgia.

(Signed)

ANDREW JACKSON.

To this letter Gov. Rabun sent the following answer :
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, GEORGIA,
Milledgeville, 1st June, 181.8.
SIR,--I have lately had the honour to receive yours of the 7th of .May, founded on a communication from Gen. Glascoclc, relative to the attack recently made on the Chehaw village.

490

RABUN COUNTY.

Had you, sir, or Gen". Glascock been in possession of the facts that produced the affair, it is to be presumed, at least, that you would not have indulged in a strain so indecorous and unbecoming-, I had, on the 31st March last, stated the situa tion of our bleeding frontier to you, and requested you, in respectful terms, to detail a part of your overwhelming force for our protection, or that you -would furnish supplies, and I would, order out more ti'oops, to "which you have never yet deigned to reply. You .state, in a very haughty tone, " that I, as Governor of a State under your military division, have no right to give a, military order whilst you are in the field." Wretched and contemptible indeed must be our situation, if this be the fact; when the liberties of the people of Georgia shall have been prostrated at the feet of a military despotism, t/ien, and not till then, will your imperious doctrine be tamely submitted to. You may rest assured that if the savages con tinue their depredations on our unprotected frontier, I shall think and act for myself in that respect. You demand " that Capt. Wright be delivered in irons to .Major Da vis, your agent." If, sir, you are unacquainted with the fact, I beg leave to inform you, that Capt. Wright was not under your com mand, for he had been appointed an officer in the Chatham county militia, which was drafted for the special purpose of assisting Gen. Games in reducing Amelia Island. That object having been, accomplished before our militia had taken the field, Gen. Games, as soon as their organization was com pleted, assumed the right of ordering them to the frontier, with out even consulting1 the State authority upon the subject. Capt. Wright being at that time in a state of debility, failed to march, and of course was not mustered into the service of the United States. He however followed on to Hartford, where, rinding himself not likely to be received into the service of the United States, he tendered his services to command the contemplated expedition, which were accordingly accepted. Having violated his orders by destroying the Chchaw village, instead of Hoponms and Philemrnis towns (against which the expedition was directed), I had previous to receiving your de mand ordered him to be arrested ; but before he was appre hended agreeably to my orders, he was taken by your agent,

RABUN COUNTY.

491

and afterwards liberated by the civil authority. I have since

had him arrested and confined, and shall communicate the

whole transaction to the President of the T/nited States for

his decision, together with a copy of your letter.

(Signed)

WM. RABUW.

To this letter G-en. Andrew Jackson made the following

reply :

HEAD QUARTERS. DIVISION SOUTH, Nashville, Ten., August 1, 1818,

SIR,--Your letter of the 1st of June was not received until this day, though a gasconading notice of such a commu nication having been -written appeared long -since in the Georgia journals. I am not disposed to enter into any con troversy with you relative to our respective duties, but would recommend an examination of the laws of our country before you hazard an opinion on the subject. '' The Liberty of the

people prostrated at the feet of a, military despotism," are cant expressions for political purposes ; the better part of the com munity know too well that they have nothing to apprehend from that quarter. The military have rights secured to them by the laws of our country as well as the civil: and in my respect for those of the latter, 1 will never permit those of the former to be outraged -with impunity. Your letter of the 21st of March, on which you, and the journalists, dwell with so much force, you must have been aware could not have readied me in time to produce the object required. ''' fhc situation of our bleeding frontier" at that period was magni fied by the apprehensions of a few frontier settlers, and those who had not understanding enough to penetrate into the designs of my operations. You have forgot that; Col. Hayne,

with 800 or 400 Tennesseans, made a movement for the security of the pretended assailed point in Georgia, and did not pursue me until satisfied of the perfect security of that frontier. Whilst you are so tenacious of your own executive powers, it may be necessary to explain upon what authority Capt. Wright received instructions to call for a reonforcement from Fort Early, garrisoned by militia, who, you will not deny, were at that time in the service of the United States,

and under my command. (Signed)

AND. JACKSON",

492

RABUN COUNTY.

To the above, Gov. Rabun sent the following reply :-^,

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, ,GEORGIA, Milledgeville, Sept. 1, 1818.
SZJK,--I have lately had the honour to receive your letter of the 1st ult. I supposed that our correspondence on this subject had finally terminated, but the renewal on your part has induced me to make this short reply. I find that the same angry disposition, which no doubt dictated your letter of the 7th of May last, is still rankling in your breast. It is very certain that I have never intentionally assailed your feelings, or wantonly provoked your frowns ; and I flatter myself that it is equally certain that I shall never find it necessary to court your smiles. You are not disposed to enter into a con- ' troversy with, me relative to our respective duties, but recom mend " an examination of the laws of our country before I again hazard an opinion on the subject" Your advice is good, and should be attended to (at least) by all public offi cers. I hope that you will now permit me in turn to recom mend to you, that before you undertake to prosecute another campaign, you examine the orders of your superiors with more attention than usual. You assert " that the better part of the community know too well that they have nothing to apprehend from a military despotism" --and in proof of the assertion it might have been well for you to have called my attention to your late proceedings at St. Marks and Pensacola, as affording conclusive evidence on that point. The situation of our bleeding frontiers, you say, was magnified by the ap prehensions of a few frontier settlers, and those who had not understanding enough to penetrate into the designs of your operations. Indeed, sir, we had expected that your presence at the head of an overwhelming force would have a/forded complete protection to our bleeding and distressed citizens, bordering on an extensive and unprotected frontier ; but our prospects "were only delusive, for it would seem that the laurels expected in Florida were the objects that accelerated you more than the protection of the " ignorant Georgians." If Col. Haynes and his 300 or 400 Tennesseans, made a movement for the security of the pretended assailed point of

r

RANDOLPH COUNTY.

493

Georgia, it was certainly a very unsuccessful one. When

you shall have explained to me by what authority you sent

Majoi' Davis into this State with orders to apprehend Capt.

Wright, (who was not under your command,) and place him

in irons, &c., then I shall deem it my duty to explain to you

the motives which induced me to call for a reenforcemeiit

from Fort Early.

WM. RABUN.

Mr. Rabun died -whilst Governor, at his plantation, 34th of October, 1819, a few-days before the expiration of his office. The message which he had prepared for the Legislature was sent to that body, Matthew Talbot being Governor pro torn. The message concludes thus : " Upon a strict examination I trust it will appear to the satisfaction of my fellow-citizens, that in every situation in which I have been placed, my highest object and only aim have been, to promote the interests and prosperity of our beloved country." We believe that the people of Georgia will confirm the truth of this declaration.

RANDOLPH.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT,-- This county is bounded N. by Stewart, E. by Lee, S. by Early and Baker, and W. by the Chattahoochee. Laid out from Lee, in 1828. Length 40 miles, breadth 37 ; square miles 1,080.
POST OFFICES.--Cuthbert, Brooksville, Cotton Hill, Eutaw, Georgetown, Lowell, Pataula, Pumpkintown.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the po pulation of this county was 11,084; of these, 7,131 were whites, and 3,953 blacks. State tax for 1848, $3,480 37 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Chattahoochee separates the county from Alabama. Pataula, Ocetahnee, Tobenanee, and Cemocheehobbee creeks, flow into the Chattahoochee ; Pachitla, and Fushachee flow south, and empty into the Ichawaynochaway, which discharges itself into the Flint river. The smaller streams are Sandy, Pumpkin, Hodchodkee, and Socohachee creeks.
32

494

RANDOLPH COUNTY.

TOWNS.--Cuthbert is the seat of justice. It has a brick court-house, handsomely arranged ; cost $16,000 ; a jail, con structed of wood ; two churches, Methodist and Baptist; three hotels, two academies, one resident minister, one Masonic Lodge, and one Division of the Sons of Temperance. ,The streets are regularly laid off, and are shaded -with China and mulberry trees. The "water, although slightly impregnated with lime, is good. Population 500. This is a thriving town, doing business to the amount of $80,000 per annum. It -was made the county site in 3831 ; incorporated in 1834, and nam ed after the Hon. J. A. Cuthbert, of Mobile. It is 150 miles from Milledgeville, 22 from Lumpkin, and 40 from Americus.
Georgetown is a small village on the Chattahoochee, N. W. of Cuthbert. It has a warehouse, four stores, one gro cery, and two blacksmiths. Four thousand bags of cotton are received here in a year. -Population 100.
ROADS, BRIDGES.--The roads are excellent ; the bridges are kept in tolerable repair.
MILLS,--Grist-mills 18, saw-mills 12, merchant mill 1. The streams afford every facility for manufactures, and it is hoped that the citizens will soon turn their attention to this subject.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--The Baptists stand first in point of number. There are Methodists, Presbyterians, Epis copalians, and a few Universalists.
Education is on the advance. The people are anxious to have good schools.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--The population of this county is highly intelligent. Hunting, fishing, shooting matches, and dancing, are the chief amusements.
REVOLUTIONARY CHARACTERS.--Peter Bucholter, 77 ; Ezekiel Bryan, 75: John Brown, 77 ; Thomas Davis, 85; Ri chard Darby, 102.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is mild. There are but few diseases, and it may be called a healthy county. Mr. Love died a few years since at the advanced age of 117. He was a soldier of the Revolution, and was an active man, though blind for 30 years before his death. Mrs.

RANDOLPH COUNTY.

495

Darby is now living, aged 105 years ; she enjoys good .health, and can walk 15 or 20 miles in. a day.
ANIMALS.--Bears, deer, foxes, wolves, "wild cats, otters, minks,- beavers, &c.
NATURE OF THE SOIL, VALUE OF LAND.--This county contains a large quantity of rich iand, capable of producing al most every thing.
Lands of the first quality are worth $7 per acre; do. se cond, $4 do. ; do. third do. from 50 cents to $1.
- CAVES, FALLS, SPRIXGS. --Several extensive caves are in this county. Falls are numerous on the small streams. At Lowell, on Pataula creek, the stream bursts its way through a ledge of rocks for 600 yards, exhibiting a very picturesque scene, and well adapted for a factory. Large lime springs are very common.
MARKETS.--Appalachicola is the chief market. PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, sugar cane, &c. Many of the planters make their own sugar. Rice is cul tivated in sufficient quantities for domestic use. Fruits thrive : melons are delicious, AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE.--Cotton on the first quality lands will average 1200 pounds per acre ; corn, 30 bushels per acre ; wheat, 15 bushels per acre. On the second quality lands, cotton averages 700 pounds per acre; corn, 20 bushels per acre; wheat, 10 bushels. Third quality "will average 300 pounds of cotton; corn, 5 bushels: wheat, 5 bushels. Ten thousand bags of cotton are made in one year. IMPROVEMENTS WANTED.--Manufactures ought to be intro duced. Attention ought to be paid to the raising of sheep. VALUE 01-' TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $32,080. Value of stock in trade, ,$25,850. Money at inte rest, $31,898. NAME.--In 1807, the Legislature of Georgia named that portion of the State, now known as Jasper, Randolph ; and,, in 1812, for reasons stated in the preamble of the resolution, the Legislature enacted, " that the county of Randolph shall be called and known by the name of the county of Jasper," Six teen years after-wards, viz., 1828, the Legislature resolved " that this division of the State shall be called Randolph, in honour of

496

RANDOLPH COUNTY.

John Randolph of Roanoko." This gentleman "was born June 3d, 1773, in Prince George county, and was descended, in the seventh generation, from Pocahontas, the celebrated Indian princess. His mother was a very pious woman, and endea voured to bring up her son in a strictly religious manner. Eia education was conducted in a very irregular way--first at a country school, and then at three tliJlerent colleges--Princeton, Columbia, and William and Mary. He read law in the oJRce of Edmund Randolph. It does not appear that John Randolph made any great proficiency iu law reading. Black-
stone and Coke were laid aside, and Chaucer, Shakspearc, and Milton substituted in their place. When about 26 years of age, he commenced his political career, and met the celebrated Patrick Henry, then in his 67th year, and held a Joug and animated discussion with him. The sceno has been thus described :*
Mr. Henry, enfeebled by age and ill health, with a linen cap upon hia head, mounted the hustings and commenced \vith difEculty; but, as he proceeded, his eye lighted up with its wonted nre, his voice assumed its wonted majesty; gradually accumulating strength and animation, hia eloquence seemed [ike an avalanche threatening to overwhelm his adversary, tn the course of liis speech ho said, " The alien und sedition laws were only the fruits of that constitution the udoption of which he opposed. , . . . If we are wrung, let us all go wrong together"--at the same timo clasping his hands and waving his body to the right and left, his auditory unconsciously waved with him. As he Jani^hcd, he literally descended into the arms of the obstreperous throng, and was borne about in triumph, when Dr. John H. Rice exclaimed, " The sun ha? set in all his glory!" As Mr. Henry left the stand, Mr. Randolph, with undaunted courage, arose in his place. He was of a youthful and unprepossessing appearance. The nudicnce, considering it presumptuous ibr him to speak after Mr. Henry, partially dispersed, and an Irishman present exclaimed, " ITuZ / fuZ / t(

/jearing^ a ^zne cAr<;A org^z?t/' He commenced--his singular person and peculiar aspect, his novel, shrill, vibratory intona-
- William Wiir.

RANDOLPH COUNTY.

497

tioas; his solemn, slow, marching and swelling periods; his caustic crimination of the prevailing political party ; his cut ting satire; the tout ensemble of his public debut, soon calmed 'the tumultuous crowd and inclined all to listen to the strange orator, while he replied at length to the sentiments of their old favourite. To Mr. Henry this "was a new event. He had not been accustomed to a rival, and little expected one in a. beardless boy. He returned to the stage and commenced a second address. In. the course of Ins remarks he frequently alluded to his youthful competitor with parental tenderness, complimented his rare talents,, and while regretting what he deprecated as the political errors of youthful zeal, actualiy wrought himself and audience into an enthusiasm of sympathy and benevolence that issued in an ocean of tears. Mr. Ran dolph never forgot this occurrence. Eighteen years after wards, in Congress, speaking of the General Ticket law, which was carried by the Democratic party by a majority of live votes only in the popular branch of the Virginia Assembly, lie said, " Had Patrick Henry lived and taken his seat in the As. sembly, that law would never have passed. In that case, the electoral vote of Virginia would have been divided, and Mr. Jefferson lost his election. Five votes ! Mr. Chairman, Patrick Henry was good for five votes." Mr. Randolph was a member'of Congress, at different intervals, for about 24 years, and at all times commanded respect for his talents and eloquence. He belonged to the republican party. He was opposed to the war with Great Britain, but offered himself for any post which might be assigned him. In the administration of Mr. Monroe he opposed the Greek resolutions and the internal improvement system of the general government. During the administration of John Quincy Adams, he was elected senator, and. it "was at this time that he used remarks which led to the duel with Mr. Clay. Tho meeting between Mr. Clay and Mr. Ran dolph is thus described by General James Hamilton, the se cond of the latter: " The sun was just setting behind the blue hills of Randolph's own Virginia. Here were two of the most extraordinary men which our country in its prodi gality had produced, about to meet in mortal combat. While Tattnall* was loading Randolph's pistol, I approached my friend
* Colonel Edward F. Tattnall.

498

RANDOLPH COUNT?.

1 believed for the last time;'I took his hand; there was not in its touch the quickening of one pulsation. Ho turned to me and said, * Clay is calm, but not vindictive. I hold my pur pose, TTamiHon, in any event. Remember this/ On handing him his pistol, Colonel Tattnall sprung the hair trigger. Mr. Randolph said, ' Tattnal], although I am one of the best shots in Virginia, with either a pistol or gun, yet J never fire with the hair trigger ; besides, I have a thick buckskin glove on, which will destroy the delicacy of my touch, and the trigger may 6y before I know where I am/ Kut, from his great solicitude for his friend, Tttttnall insisted upon hairing the trigger. On tak ing their position, the fact turned out as Mr. Randolph had anticipated. His pistol went 06] before the word, with the . muzzle down. The moment the event took place, General Jesup, Mr. Clay's friend, called out that ho would instantly leave the ground with his iriend, if this occurred again. Mr. Clay at once exclaimed, it wus entirely an accident, and beg ged that the gentleman might be allowed to go on. On the word being gi?en, Mr. Clay fired without effect* Air. Randolph discharging his pistol in the air. The dnoznent that Mr. Clay saw that Mr. Randolph had thrown away his fire, with a gush of sensibility ho instantly approached him and said, with an emotion t can n&v&T forget, ' 1 trust in God, my dear sir, you are untouched. After what has occurred, T would not have harmed you for a thousand worlds/ Deeply affected by tbis scene, J. could not reirnin from grasping Mr. Clay by the hand, and said, ' My good sir, we have been long separated, but after the events of to-day, I feel that we must be friends for over/ " In 1A30, General Jackson appointed Mr. Randolph Minister to Russia, but he suddenly returned to the United States. He died at Philadelphia, May 24, 1H33. For the Bible he had great veneration, and to the poor he was charitable. Afore, much more might be said of this wonderful man; but we have already gone beyond the limits fixed to our biographical sketches.

RICHMOND COUNTY.

499

RICHMOND.
BOUNDARIES, NAME, EXTENT.--This county is bounded N. W. by Columbia, N. E. by the Savannah river, S. by Burke and a part of Jefferson, arid W. by Jefferson. Ac cording to the Act of the House of Assembly, passed in 1758, "for constituting and dividing the several districts and divisions of this province mto parishes, and for establishing religious worship therein, according to the rites and ceremonies of the Church of England," the district of Augusta (as it was then called) "was constituted the parish of St. Paul. It retained this name until 177*7, when the Legislature declared the name to be changed to that of Richmond county, in honour of the Duke of Richmond--a warm friend of American liberty. No mem ber of the British Parliament opposed with more zeal the unjust conduct of the ministry towards the colonies, than Charles Lenox, third Duke of Richmond. He was born on the 22d day of February, 1735, and entered the House of Lords in 1756 ; at tached himself to the Whigs, of which party the Duke of New castle was the leader. At the coronation of George III. he car ried the sceptre and dove. In 17G5, he was appointed Ambassa dor Extraordinary to the King of France. In the commence ment of the reign of George the Third, he was made Colonel of the Sixteenth Regiment of Infantry, and received much praise for his military skill in the battle of Minden from the Prince of Brunswick. His political career dates from 1763, when he rendered himself conspicuous by the freedom and ability with which he spoke against the measures of Lord Bute. Whilst Secretary of State, to which he was appointed in 17G6, he gave proof that he possessed every qualification necessary for so important an office. Whenever an opportu nity presented, he showed himself to be a zealous supporter of civil and religious liberty. When the subject of Ame rican affairs occupied the attention of the Grand Committee of Inquiry of the British Parliament, 7th of April, 1778, he took a firm sta,nd in favour of the colonies. On this occa sion he moved an address to the King on the state of the nation, in which he distinctly avowed his belief that the

500

RICHMOND COUNTY.

independence of America was already established, and that the mother country would act wisely by immediately re cognising it. The last speech "which the Earl of Chatham made was in reply to the Duke of Richmond, to "which the latter rejoined by asking in. the most respectful manner the Earl of Chatham to point out the means by which -America could be made to renounce her independence, saying, "that if his Lordship could not do it, no man could." The motion of the Duke of Richmond was lost by a great majority. His sense of honour was high. For parliamentary reform he was a warm advocate, and -was for many years at the head of a society having parliamentary reform for its object. In 1782 he was appointed Master of Ordnance, and shortly afterwards deco rated with the Order of the Garter. In 1803 he retired from public life, and died without issue on the 29th of December, 1806. The Duke of Richmond was a liberal patron of the arts. His house "was filled with the choicest specimens, and artists received from him the most unbounded marks of attention.
Richmond county is 27 miles Jong, attd 25 wide, containing 675 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Savannah river separates the county from South Carolina. The creeks are Butler's, McBean, Spirit, Rocky, Rae's, Rock, and Cupboard, emptying into the Savannah. Sandy Run, Boggy Gut, and Headstall, discharge themselves into Brier creek,
I*ot'U.LATioWj TAXKS, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845 the cen sus gave this county a population of 14,090 ; of these, G,8GO were whites, and 7,230 blacks. The amount of State tax re turned for 1848, which exceeds that of any county except Chatham, is $16,631 6G. Sends two representatives to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Augusta, Belair, McBean, Richmond Fac tory,
CAPITAL,.--Augusta is the capital of the county, and the second city in size in the State. To Gen. Oglethorpo is Augusta indebted for its name, in honour of one of the royal princesses, who was named Augusta. It is situated on the southwest bank of the Savannah river, 9a miles li). N. E. of

RICHMOND COUNTY.

501

Milledgeville, 130 N. N. W. of Savannah, ISO N. W. of Charleston, 83 W. of Columbia, in lat. 33 33', long. 5Q IS'. The city is handsomely laid out, with wide streets, crossing each other at right angles. With the exception of Broad and Centre, fill the streets fire named after distinguished men.
The city is generally -well built, mostly of brick. Many of the houses recently erected display much elegance 'and taste. Immense quantities of cotton and other produce are received in Augusta and conveyed to Charleston by railroad, and to Savannah by steamboats. The number of steamboats which ply between Savannah and Augusta, is constantly in creasing. Augusta is most favourably situated for trade, being in the centre of a thickly populated and wealthy country. The merchants are remarkably active, and spare no pains to induce planters and country merchants to transact their busi ness in Augusta.
GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY.--The city is governed by a Mayor and twelve Aldermen, called the City Council. The subordinate officers are Clerk of Council, Treasurer, City Marshal," City Constables, Jailer, Keeper of Magazine, Keeper of Hospital, Clerk of Upper Market, Clerk of "Lower Market, Keeper of the Bridge, Keeper of the City Clock, Keeper of the City Hail, Superintendent of Streets, Pumps, and Water works, City Surveyor, Board of Health, Sexton, and twelve Watchmen. The police is excellent, and there is no city where better order exists.
POPULATION.--According to the census of 1845, the popu lation of Augusta was 3,948 whites, 440 free persons of colour, and 3,114 slaves : total, 7,502. The number of in habitants since that period has greatly increased.
PQULTC BUILD IN os.--The city has a number of elegant public buildings. The Medical College at the corner of Telfair and \Vashington streets "was finished in 1833. The City Hall is an ornament to the city. It is built of brick, three stories high, with a cupola surmounted by the figure of Justice: cost .$100,000. The Masonic Hall is a showy edi fice, fronting Broad street ; erected in 1826, and cost 630,000. The Jail is constructed oi brick--one of the best in the State : cost $28,000.

502

RICHMOND COUNTY.

The ^Richmond Academy and the Augusta Free School

are neat buildings, and conveniently- arranged. There are

nine churches in the city. The Episcopal, or St. Paul's

church, has a venerable appearance. The interior has been

remodelled and much improved. It stands within the limits

of an ancient fort. The first minister was the .Rev. Jonathan

Copp, a native of Connecticut. The Methodist church is a

large and neat brick building. The Baptist and Presbyterian

churches, and the meeting-house of the Disciples of Christ,

or Christians, are neat and convenient edifices. The Roman

Catholic church is a brick building.

There arc two markets, one of which is "well supplied with

meats and vegetables. There are four large hotels, besides

several private boarding-houses.

BANKS, &c.--

Georgia Railroad and Banking Company, . Capital $375,000

Augusta Insurance and Banking Company,

"

375,000

Branch Bank State of Georgia, .

.

."

450,000

Bank of Augusta, .

.

. ".

.

"

650,000

Mechanics' Bank,

.

.

.

.

."

500,000

Brunswick Bank, .,..."

200,000

There are several Insurance Agencies.

FJKK DJDI-AIITMEIVT.--The Fire Department is under excel

lent management. The old Fire Company has six sections

and six engines. The Independent Fire Company has three

engines.

Augusta has a number of benevolent institutions. At the

head of them stands the Augusta Free School. There are

several societies for relieving distress and promoting religious

objects. The order of Freemasons, and the fraternity of Inde

pendent Odd Fellows, arc very respectable institutions.

The Cemetery of Augusta embraces ten acres, and is beau

tifully Jaid out, surrounded by a brick wall six feet high ; cost

$0,000.

WATER WORKS.--These supply the city with water brought

from Turknete springs, three miles distant. They belong to

the Corporation, who purchased them from the late Samuel

Hale for .$18,000. For $12 per annum, any family may have

an abundance of good water. The city derives over $3,000

per annum from these "works.

RICHMOND COUNTY.

503

BKITIGE.--There is an excellent bridge over the Savannah river, owned by the city, purchased of G. B. .Lamar, Ksq., for the sum of $ 100,000. It is 3,100 feet long, and 31 feet high. The revenue accruing to the city from the bridge in 1848, was 823,678 50.
RIVER, FitusntsTs.--Augusta is at the head of steamboat navigation. Opposite Centre-street the river is 350 yards wide, and below Mill-street it is 191 yards xvide. It is navi gable for steamboats generally for eight mouths in the year, and sometimes for nearly the whole year ; and it is thought could be made navigable at all times for steamboats of a light draft, by the judicious expenditure of a small sum in deepen ing the shallow bars. The distance from Augusta to Savan nah by the river, as has been ascertained by Mr. Hillhouse, is 231 miles. In 1790 there was a bridge over the river oppo site Centre-street, built by the late Col. \Vad.e Hampton, of South Carolina, which was carried away by the great freshet of that year, known as the Yazoo freshet. On the 28th of May, 1840, the river rose 37 feet above low water mark, by which a large portion of the city was inundated, and much injury done to property. In March, 1841, there was another freshet, the river rising -53 feet.
VALUE OF REAL ESTATE.--The value of all the real estate in Augusta, exclusive of the churches, academy, college, and buildings owned by the city, which pay no tax, has varied for the last ten years from $1,700,000 to 82,000,000.
AUGUSTA CANAJ..--This is a splendid monument of the enterprise of the citizens of Augusta, William Phillips, Esq., Engineer of the canal, has furnished us with the following information.
"In September, 1844, at the request of Col. Henry H. Gumming, an examination of the falls in the neighbourhood of Augusta was commenced, with a view of ascertaining the practicability oi rendering them avail able lor manufacturing and other purposes. The report, of the Engineer, indicating a favourable route for a canal, and showing considerable fall, was considered at a, meeting of the friends of the enterprise on the 9th of January, 1845. Another survey was made, several other preliminary meetings were held, and finally a

504

RICHMOND COUNTY.

meeting of the citizens -was called, at "which it was determined to proceed with the work. The plan proposed and adopted was, that the City Council should issue bonds for the purpose of defraying the expense, and that a special tax should be levied on the real estate in the city to pay off the bonds at maturity. The .Bank of Augusta, the Bank of Brunswick, the Georgia Railroad Bank, and the Augusta Insurance and' Banking Company, each subscribed 81,000 for the same pur pose. The same Banks also gave further aid by advancing cash for the bonds. The right of way through the lands lying west of the city was obtained, with one exception, very easily. The right of way through the city lots was procured with much trouble, except in a few instances, in which the right was granted with great liberality. In April, 1845, the location of the canal "was made, and the larger portion of it put under contract. The work was commenced in May following. The whole fall of 45 feet was divided as follows. The first level, ex tending from Bull Sluice to near Marbury-street, about 6| miles in length, with its bottom slope of about 6 inches per mile, reduced the fall 41.30 feet ; from the first to the second level the fall is 13 feet; from the second to the third level the fall is 13 ieet; and from the third to the river the fall is about 15 feet. The first level terminates on the high ground between Marbury and McKinne streets, a little to the south of Fenwickstrcet. The second level overlaps the first on the north, and extends from Air. Meigs's land to the Savannah road, near its intersection with Mclntosh-strcet. The third level, lying north of the second, extends from the Savannah road to Hawk's Gully, at the upper end of the city. The water way of the canal is 5 feet deep, 20 feet wide at the bottom, and 40 feet wide at the surface of the water. The water is turned into the canui by a low dam of timber and stone, about 800 feet in length, running diagonally to an island, and including only about one-quarter of the width of the river. At the junction of the dam and canal there is a guard-wall of stone, in which there are six gates, by means of which the supply of water is regulated, and that from the river may be entirely excluded. Connected with the dam and guard-wall there is a stone loci;, by which boats pass into and out of the canal. The first

RICHMOND COUNTY.

505

level is passed over the valley of Rae's creek, by an aque duct 132 feet in length, constructed of wood. It is passed over several smaller streams, by culverts of stone and brick, arid is now connected \vith Red's creek by means of a darn across that stream. At a short distance above liae''s creek there is a waste-way, 420 feet in length, which is intended to regulate the height of the water, in all that portion of the first level, between it and the terminus in the city. West of McKinne-strect, the canal is so enlarged as to form a basin and landing for boats. All the bridges are made of wood, and those of the first level arc so elevated as to have the tow-path and boats to pass under them. The water was let into the first level on the 23d of November, 1846. Last year there were about 13,000 bales of cotton landed at the basin, and it is probable that the number of bales "will this year be extended to 20,000. Besides cotton, flour, corn, peas, bacon., and staves, several thousand cords of fire-wood have been landed ; also granite, gneiss, and mica slate, for building. Thus far the advantages anticipated by the promoters of the enterprise, bid fair to be realized."
WAREHOUSES, 'WHARVES. -- The warehouses of Augusta have always challenged the admiration of the traveller. There are twelve of these structures, capable of holding 70,000 bales of cotton, and have been erected at a cost of more than. 8120,000. Three warehouses are now in the progress of construction.
The wharves are spacious. Tho first range was built in 1817, by Henry Shultz, Esq., and cost 860,000. The next, 800 feet long, was built in 1824, by the City Council, and cost 45,000. Western wharf, 100 feet long, built in 1831, and cost 81,000. Central wharf, 1000 feet long, buiH in 1835, cost 820,500. Campbcll's wharf, 150 feet long, built in 1825, and cost 80,500.
VTLLACTCS.--Mount Knoii is a short distance frorj Bath, in the southern, part of the county, 15 miles S. of Augusta.
Brotherville, 13 miles from Augusta. Belair is on the Georgia Railroad, 10 miles from Augusta. Bath is in. the southern part of the county, delightfully situa ted ; a place of resort for the planters during the summer mouths.

506

RICHMOND COUNTY.

Sumrnerville, 3 miles from Augusta, is a pleasant place, affording to the citizens a retreat during the summer months. The United States Arsenal and a branch of the Richmond Academy are located bore. Population during the summer months, between 1,500 and 2,000.
EDUCATION.--The institutions for educating youth in this county are numerous -and respectable. There are seminaries in Augusta, in which females are taught all the branches of useful and ornamental education. Ample provision is made for the instruction of poor children. Educational fund $31:2 2.2 cents. Number of poor children, 360.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is healthy. Fevers are the most prevalent diseases. The instances of longevity are the following;
Mr. D'Antignac died at the age of 89; Angus Martin, over 80; James Gardner, 83; Mrs. Griffin, over 90; Mrs. Daw-son, over 91 ; Mr, JN". Murphy, 80 ; Mrs. Kowell, over 80; Mrs. Tinley, nearly 103. There are now living in Augusta, in the same family, four persons, eacU of whom has exceeded 83 years. In 1826, an African, known as old Qua, died on Mr. Course's plantation, at the ago of 96. Mr. Course had within 25 years buried S19 Africans, from the ages of 80 to 140. Old Amy died at 140. She arrived in Charleston when there were but six small buildings. She retained her speech, her sight, and hearing to the last. Jack Wright was 109 years old : he had been a servant, to Lord Anson, when stationed at Charleston, prior to his voyage round the world.
MijVKitALs.--Burrs tone in the lower part of the county. Porcelain clay, near Eelair, on Spirit creek, and in other places. JN"ov:-iculite near Sand Bar ferry, wacke at Richmond Bath, steatite at Rae's creek, micaceous sandstone in various places, used for culverts on the Georgia Railroad ; also, mica slate, granite and .sienite of excellent quality, (fee.*
BUIDKS AND ROADS.--The citizens of this county are at tentive to their bridges and roads. They are both kept in fine order. Of bridges there are 2,528 feet, and of roads 133|- miles.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, -- Episcopahans, Methodists, Baptists,

* See Cotting's Report.

RICHMOND COUNTY.

507

f ^ Presbyterians, Christians, Roman Catholics, Umversahsts. Uni-

1 (arians and Jews.

CHARACTER OF THE PEorLE, LTTEUATURE.--Few sections

of Georgia can produce a more patriotic and intelligent po

pulation than this county. In Augusta monuments of their

enterprise and benevolence'arc seen in every direction.

There are few7 places -which can boast of a greater number

of men profoundly versed in the various departments of learn

ing than Augusta. We might mention their names ; but we

forbear, lest we might be charged with partiality in inserting

some and neglect in omitting others. In no place in the Uni

ted States, have we met with gentlemen more extensively read

in polite literature, and more deeply learned in the professions

of law, medicine, and theology, than in Augusta.

The newspapers, of "which there are three or four, are ably

conducted, and have a very extensive circulation. The

Southern Medical and Surgical Journal is published in Augusta.

The book-stores are large. A .Library Society has recently

been formed.

EMINENT MUM.--The list of eminent men "which Richmond

county has furnished is long, but a few only of their names

can be mentioned.

Richard Henry Wilde resided for many years in Augusta,

and possessed in a very great degree the confidence of his fel

low-citizens. Under great disadvantages he acquired an edu

cation, and "was admitted to the practice of the law before he

was 21 years of age, in 1809. The alleviating law first afforded

Mr. Wilde an opportunity of displaying his talents. To this

law he was warmly opposed, and his arguments on the sub

ject are acknowledged to have been the product of a very

superior mind. About this time he was appointed Attorney

General. In 1815 he was elected to Congress, again in

1828, and for several successive terms, until 1835, "when

he sailed for Europe, and spent two years in travelling in Eng

land, France, and Belgium. He remained three years in Flo

rence, occupied in literary pursuits. JMr. Wilde is well known

as the author of a work on the Love and Madness of Tasso,

and of some beautiful lines beginning, ll My life is like the

summer rose." Twenty years after these lines had been before

the public, Mr. Wilde was charged with plagiarism. The lite-

508

RICHMOND COUNTY.

rary world has long been satisfied that there was not the least foundation for this charge, and -we -would not now allude to it had we not met with an incorrect statement concerning these Sines in Sir Charles Lyell's Second Visit to the United.States. Part 2, page 1O2, Sir Charles says, " < My life is like the summer rose' are usually supposed to have derived their tone of touch ing melancholy from his grief at the sudden death of a brother, and, soon after, of a mother, -who never recovered the shock of her son's death." To prove that this statement is incorrect, we will avail ourselves of Mr. Wilde's own language, in a letter to a friend. " The lines in question, you will perceive, were originally intended as part of a longer poem. -My bro ther, the late James Wilde, "was an officer of the United States army, and held a subaltern rank in the expedition of Colonel John Williams against the Seminole Indians of Florida, which first broke up their towns and stopped their atrocities. When James returned, he amused my mother, then alive, my sisters, and myself, -with descriptions of the orange groves and transpa rent lakes, the beauty of the St. John's river, and of the woods and swamps of Florida--a kind of fairy land of -which we then knew little, except from Bavtram's ecstasies--interspersed with anecdotes of his campaign and companions, as he had some taste himself. I used to laugh, and tell him I'd immor talize his exploits in an epic. Some stanzas -were accordingly written for the amusement of the family at the next meeting. That, alas! was destined never to take place. He "was killed in a duel. His violent and melancholy death put an end to my poem, the third stanza, of the first fragment, which alluded to his fate, being all that -was "written afterward." Again, Sir Charles says, " As there had been so much controversy about this short poem, we asked Mr. Wilde to relate to us its true history, which is curious. He had been one of a party at Savannah, when the question -was raised whether a certain professor of the University of Georgia understood Greek; on which one of his companions undertook to translate Mr. Wilde's verses, called ' The Complaint of the Captive/ into Greek prose, so arranged as to appear like verse, and then see if he could pass it off upon the professor as a fragment of Alcseus. The trick succeeded, although the professor said that

RICHMOND COUNTY.

509

not having the works of Alcasus at hand, he could not feel sure that the poem -was really his. It "was thus sent, -without the knowledge of Mr. Wilde and his friends., to a periodical at New1-York, and published as a fragment from Alcasus., and the Senator for Georgia was vehemently attacked by his political opponents for having passed off a translation from the Greek as an original composition of his own.''
-Now, this also is incorrect. Mr. Wilde was not, present at the party alluded to, or he would not have written the fol lowing letter :

WASHING-TON, 7th January, 1S35.
DEAR Snt--Relying on our past acquaintance, and your known urbanity, to pardon the liberty I take, permit me to say, without farther preface, that circumstances which it is unne, cessary to detail, concur in pointing you out as the author of a translation into Greek, of some fugitive verses, long attri buted to, but only recently avowed by me. If you are, I am sure the task -was executed only to amuse the leisure hours of 'a gentleman and scholar, or at most, for the sport it might afford you to mystify the learned. In the latter you have been so eminently successful, if the "work is yours, that a re sult has been produced, the reverse, no doubt, of your inten tion, so far as it respects myself. I have been stigmatized with plagiarism, and compelled (such "was the importance some of my friends attached to the'charge), to deny it in person. Since then, an article in the Georgian of the twenty-seventh of De cember, goes far to exculpate me from the pillage of Alcasus ; and excellent reasons have been given by Greek scholars to show the piece is modern. Nevertheless, as 1 have been com pelled to do penance publicly, in sheets once white, for this sin of my youth, it would relieve me somewhat, since I must acknowledge the foundling, to have no dispute about the pater nity. The demonstrative reason is the "word of a man of ho nour, who composed the Greek fragment, so well executed, as to deceive many of some pretenders to scholarship. I am therefore desirous of obtaining for publication, in such form as you choose, your avowal of the authorship; or, if you prefer it, your simple authority for the fact. If 1 am wrong in ascribing
33

510

RICHMOND COUNTY.

it to you, your acquaintance with the society of Savannah -will perhaps enable you to inform me to whom. I should ad dress myself, &c., &c.
RICHARD HENRY WILDE.
To Anthony Barclay, Esq., of Savannah, now in New-York.

To which J\lr. Barclay replied :
NEW-Y"OKK, Jan. 24, 1835.
MY DEAR SIR--I -was not apprised, -when I addresed you on the ninth instant, nor for some days after, that my prose translation into Greek of your beautiful ode, "beginning
" My life is like the summer rose,"
had been published, otherwise I could not at that short time have passed over the circumstance in utter silence. It was written for the individual amusement, exclusively, of half a dozen acquaintances in Savannah, and without the slightest intention of its going further. This assertion will account tor the H bund ant defects, and they will vouch for its truth. I as little believed that any credit beyond the hour of surprise amongpmy acquaintance before mentioned, would be awarded to my crude translation, as I apprehended that any doubt could be created concerning the originality of your finished production. Metre and prosodaical quantity were designedly disregarded ; and this fact was sufficient to detect the spuriousness of the attempt, and to vindicate me from any suspicion of expecting a success ful deception. If that effect in any degree has been brought about, 1 must repeat (to -employ your own language), that a result has been produced the reverse of my intentions, as far as regards yourself, from whose brow I have had good reason to ,believe, for the last sixteen years or more, that modesty alone detained the poetic-wreath. I cannot say how extremely I regret the indiscreet publication. Truly reluctant, however, as I am to come before the public, I shall feel strong induce ment to be resigned, if the translator succeed in dragging his author out of concealment, and in that event contribute to strip all masks, and to bestow honour where honour is due. With great truth and regard, I remain, &c.
ANTHONY BARCLAY. lion. Richard Henry Wilde, Washington City.

RICHMOND COUNTY,

5X1

We should not have devoted so much space to this subject,

were we" not anxious to place before our readers a full vindi

cation of the fame of one of Georgia's most gifted sons. Mr,

Wilde died at New Orleans, in 1837, universally regretted, i William H. Crawford, Esq., commenced his public career

in Augusta. General Twiggs, a distinguished officer of the Revolution, lived and died in Richmond, and his son, General

D. E. Twiggs, who has recently covered himself with gJory in the Mexican war, claims this county as his birth place. The

Hon, Mr. Forsyth resided in Richmond, also Col. Robert Wat-

kins, Hon. Freeman Walker, Gov. Milledge, son of John Mil-

ledge, one of the early settlers of Georgia, and a particular

friend of General Oglethorpe; Hon. Nicholas Ware, Hon.

George Walker, Hon. George Walton, and Hon. Abraham Baldwin.

EART.T SETTLERS. -- Roger de Lacey, John McMannis,

Wilson W^oodruffe, Edward Murphy, Thomas Pace, George

Galphin, Isaac Low, B. Few, Jeremiah Bugg, John Appling,

John Brandon, James McFarlane and others.

NATURE OF THE Sou,, PRODIJCTIOTVS.--The lands on the

rivers are excellent, and command a high price. There is a considerable body of poor pine land in the county. The price of land varies from 50 cents to $30 per acre. The produc

tions arc cotton, and the different grains. Products for 1848 :

Sheep, . . . . . , Mules raised, ..... Horses ".....

2,785 67
136

Beef Cattle raised, ....

3,701

Pounds of Pork raised and killed,

1,220,884

Bushels of Irish Potatoes,

..

6,387

do.

Sweet " . . .

69,827

do.

Barley, ....

281

do.

Rye, . . . .

1,107

do.

Oats, .... 18,137

do.

Wheat,

.

.

.

5,220

do.

Corn, .... 326,530

do.

Cow Peas, , . .

18,892

Tierces o'f Rice, ....

17

Bales of Cotton, ....

1,8(59

512

RICHMOND COUNTY.

MANUFACTURES, MILLS, tfec.--Richmond factory, situated on Spirit creek, JO miles S. of Augusta. Capital, $35,000; spin dles, 1,500; looms, 40; number of operatives, principally whites, 70; amount of labour per day, 11 hours. Wages from 10 cents to $1 per day. Character of operatives good. One girl has . saved $'600. Bags of cotton used per annum, 450 ; yards of cloth made per day, 1000 ; 150 Ibs. of yarns per day. Quality of the fabrics equal to any in the United States, and sold mostly in Augusta. Main building--three stories, 80 feet long, 34 wide. Houses for the accommodation of operatives, 15. One saw-mill, and one grist-mill. For fourteen years this factory has paid a dividend of 16 per cent. It is the pro perty of Gov. Schley.
The Augusta Manufacturing Company, organized in 1847. Main building brick, 216 feet long and 50 wide, five stories high. Picker-house, three stories high. There are comfort able dwellings for the operatives. Spindles, 5,280, and will soon have 10,000; looms, 200; each loom capable of turning out from 40 to 45 yards per day. The home demand for the goods is more than equal to the supply.
It is contemplated to erect at an early day another cotton factory similar to the above.
Warren &. Colman's mill, in Augusta, built of granite, three stories high, with which are connected saw-mills.
Cunningham's merchant-mill, in Augusta, built of brick, four stories high.
A large building, three stories high, is under contract in Augusta for a pail, bucket, and barrel factory. In this establish ment there will be machinery for cutting and polishing marble.
Belville factory, seven or eight miles from Augusta, on Butler's creek, is owned by Mr. Geo. Schloy.
Grist-mills in the county, 21 ; merchant-mills, 4; steam saw-rnills, 3 ; saw-mills, 18.
Glendenning's quarry is 5 miles from Augusta. Walker's quarry is 15 miles from Augusta. Murphy's quarry is 15 miles from Augusta. There is a machine factory on Butler's creek, 7 .miles from Augusta. VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c, -- The value of town lots,

r

RICHMOND COUNTY.

513

according to the last Digest, is $1,562,213. The value of stock in trade is $1,095,505. Amount of money at interest, $1,409,593.
MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS.--The town of Augusta "was ,. laid out in 1735 by the trustees under the royal charter, and
garrisoned in 1736. Several warehouses were built and fur nished with goods suitable for the Indian trade. Boats were used for transportation, which made four or five voyages annually to Charleston, Itoger de Lacey, an Indian agent, was one of its first settlers ; and it soon became a great mart for trade, superior to any in South Carolina or Georgia, The annual fair of the Indian traders was held in spring, and to it resorted many of the Iiidia,ti tribes ; so that over two thousand pack-horses and six hundred men "were computed to annually visit the place. In 1751, the fortifications, which had been erected as a defence against the Indians, and which had been allowed to tumble into ruins, \vcre rebuilt, and tho inhabitants mustered and drilled for service--the savages again showing signs of. hostilities. In. 1752, the trustees gave up their char ter, and Georgia was formed into a royal government. In 1761, this county, then called St. Paul's Parish, was represented in the first Colonial Assembly by Edward .Barnard, John Gra ham, and JL. McGillvray. About 1775, Thomas Brown and William Thompson, having expressed their enmity to the American cause, were pursued by a party in South Carolina. Thompson escaped, hut Brown was brought back, and after a trial, was ordered to be tarred and feathered and publicly exposed in a cart." Brown became a Colonel in the British army, and was particularly noted lor his merciless conduct towards the American prisoners wr ho fell into his hands.
In 1776, when Savannah was attacked by the British; the Legislature adjourned to Augusta. In January, 1779, Augusta was taken by the enemy, under Colonel Campbell, but evacu ated by him on the 28th of February. After Savannah had fallen into the hands of the British, the Legislature had dis persed "without electing a Governor for the succeeding year. John Were at, President of the Executive Council, continued to exercise the functions of government. On the 4th of No vember he issued a proclamation at Augusta, requiring an

514

RICHMOND CpUNTY.

election of members of the Legislature to be held on the second Tuesday of that month, and that the members so elected should convene at Augusta -without delay. Most of the leading friends of the American cause in Georgia having retreated to Augusta after the siege of Savannah was raised, all the members that constituted this body were elected' in Richmond county. William Glaseock was appointed Speaker of the House, and George Walton, Governor. After the sur render of Charleston, the Governor and a part of the Council retreated to North Carolina. Augusta was again taken pos session of by the British in 1780, under the command of Col. Brown, and in September of the same year was the theatre of a severe battle. Col. Elijah Clarke made an unsuccessful attempt to take the town. Jn the engagement which took place at McK.ay*s trading-house, called the White House, twenty-eight Americans \vere taken prisoners. Twelve of the number, including Capt. Ashby, were hanged on the stair case of the White House, where Brown -was lying wounded, in order that he might have the satisfaction of seeing the vic tims of his vengeance expire. The remainder of the prisoners \vere given up to the Indians, by whom they "were immediately killed. About this time many of the inhabitants of Augusta were hanged, without even the formalities of a trial. The limits of this work will not permit a statement of the re capture of Augusta. It may be found in McCall's History of Georgia, and Lee's Memoirs. Lee says, " in no part of the South was the war conducted with so much barbarity as, in this quarter."
The members of the first Council in Augusta were George Walker, James Pearre, Robert Creswell, Andrew Innis, Isaac Herbert, and William Longstreet. Immediately after their election they met at the house of Mr. Nathaniel Durkee, and chose Thomas Cumming unanimously as Intendant, and Joseph , Hutchinson, Clerk.
The Augusta Chronicle and Gazette of the State was com menced in 1786, and was the first newspaper published in Au gusta.
The Drama made its first appearance in Augusta in 1798. From the books in the office of the Clerk of the Superior Court, the following items have been gathered.

RICHMOND COUNTY.

515

In 1782, the grand jury presented as a grievance the want of a house of worship in the town of Augusta, and other places - in the county.
_;------------ is presented by the same jury for hanging E------ L------, without any authority.
In 1794 the grand jury "present the indiscreet observance of public worship," as having held the peaceably minded in ter ror of divine vengeance.
In 1790, "the number of negroes calling themselves par sons, going about the country," is presented as a nuisance.
The same jury recommend the imposition of a fine "upon all persons erecting wooden chimneys in Augusta."
The following is from Sherwood's Gazetteer. In the fall of 1776 there were not more than 40 to 50 houses--most of them log. The river was then crossed by a ferry boat, owned by Mr. Hicks, just where the bridge now crosses. Families remembered to be there residing were, Messrs. Bugg. Glascock, Wilton, Me .Lean, &c. Harrisburg "was then a plantation, but houses were raised there about 1794. Soon after the termination of the Revolution, people flocked here in scores. Messrs. Ennis, Jack, J. Wilson, Connell, Bush, Fox, &c., were merchants. Messrs. Creswell, Dearmond, and Leigh, were mechanics. Soon Messrs. Brown, Gardner, Tubmans, Longstreet, Wallace, &c., were settled in this place. In 1805, there "were no buildings west of Bennoch's cornei', on Campbell and Broad streets ; all "west, where the Planters' Hotel "was situated, was a cornfield. Around the site of the newmarket, was a cluster of houses called Springfield, and a house of worship for the blacks. Here was Grierson's fort* during the war. There were some houses in Harrisburg, and an old tobacco "warehouse near the river ; this was used in the late war as barracks for the soldiers. The lower part of the town below the bridge, was then the most populous and fashionable. Ashton's Retreat, lower part of Broad-street, was the resort for the fashionables of the day. The public houses then were Kagle Tavern, on Reynold-street, and City Hotel, where the Ea-

* Named after Col. Grierson, a Colonel of militia, who was killed in an engagement with Col. Brown.

516

SCREVJKN COUNTY.

glc and Phamix now stands. There were no warehouses at this period ibr die reception of cotton ; but McKinne's was soon built, just above the bridge. Each purchaser of cotton weighed it before his own door, where it remained, piled up between the trees on the sidewalks, until sent off in boats. Bar ter was then much in vogue, and the proportion of the amount in goods, which the seller would take, frequently would control the price of the article.
At three or four gin-houses, much of the cotton raised in the vicinity, and in 13urke, was cleaned. One near the Metho dist meeting-house, and one near Fox's corner, are still stand ing, having been converted into dwellings.
The old Court House* was on the river bank, and here the J-iCgislature assembled for some years. It is believed that they ass-embled afterwards in a house on Green e-street, below Dr. Anthony's ; this house was burned some 20 years ago.

SORE VEAL
BOUNDARIES, KXTKTVT.--This county hasHurke on the JV. ; the Savannah river, separating it from Soutlt Carolina, 011 the E. ; Effingham on the S. E., and the Ogeechee river on the S. W. Laid out from Burke and Efringham, in 1793; and a part of it assigned to Builoch, in 179fJ. Its medium length is 30 miles, breadth 18; square miles, 540.
RrvEits AND CHEEKS.--The Savannah, Ogeechee,. and Little Ogeechee rivers, and Brier creek, are the chief streams. Those of inferior importance are Black, Buck, McDougal's and Rocky creeks, flowing into the Savannah river. Beaver Dam empties
* In 1785. Judge Walton, in his aiiciress to the jury, mentions that the Legislature is soon to assembles in Au^nsta, and asks whore they arc to sit, since there ate no public buildings '? It is probable tho Court Honse \vas detstroyocl during tho war. Tho public records were all curried off by tho Bri tish, or burned, so that we have no documents farther back than the Revolu tion. Jndo-es in this region : John Stewart. in J782; Wfdton, in 1783-5; William Stiih, in 1786; John IToiistoun, in 1793.-- Sfiertoood.

SCREVEN COUNTT,

517

into Brier creek ; Horse, Little Horse, and Crooked creeks into the Ogecchee.
POPULATION, TA.XJES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the num ber of inhabitants stood thus : whites, 2 : 6G8, blacks, 3,154 ; total, 5,822. Amount of taxes returned for 1848, ^2.313 ]9 cents. Sends one Representative to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Jacksonborough, Armenia, Black Creek, Buck Creek, Mill Haven, Scarborough, Mob-ley's Pond, and Sjivania.
FACE OF THF. COUNTRY, NATURE OF THIS Son,. -- The county is generally level. The soil is mostly of a silicious formation. On the "water courses the lands are fertile ; but owing to their liability to inundation, few are cultivated. The bay lands are very productive, yielding 1,000 pounds per acre. There are some spots of pine land tfiat are very good. Hammock lands produce 1,200 pounds of cotton per acre.
PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton, corn, wheat, sweet potatoes, and some rice in the low lands. A large quantity of lumber, staves, and wood, is prepared for the steamboats, the Savan nah market, and railroad. Many planters make their own sugar and syrup.
RELIGIOUS SKCTS, EDUCATION. --Methodists, Baptists, and a few of other denominations. Many of the citizens lake a great interest in the subject of education, but generally it docs not command as much attention as its' vast importance demands. There are some excellent schools in the county. Number of poor children, 193. Educational fund, $167 87 cents.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--.Hospitality is a prominent irait in the character of the people. Temperance and reli gion have made great changes in the habits of the population. Many well-informed gentlemen reside in the county, and some might be named who devote their leisure moments to scientific pursuits.
VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $331. Value of stock in trade, 84,700'. Money at interest, 833,088.
ROADS, BRIDGES.--Some of the roads are in tolerable order. The bridges are in good repair.
ANIMALS.--Deer are numerous. Gophers axe abundant :

gig

SCREVEN COUNTY.

these burrow In the ground in a sloping direction, from 8 to 10 feet, into "which the snake sometimes makes his way, and both live together peaceably.
SPRINGS, PONDS.--There are a number of lime springs or lakes in this county, particularly on Brier creek. T^he water is of a bluish colour, and fish can be seen at the bottom. In some places the water boils up. The waters have proved effi cacious in ulcers, itch, &c. Considerable quantities of lime are made, equal to any Thomaston. Cypress ponds are nu merous. In the neighbourhood of Mr. Pearce's old place, there is a natural sink, 60 feet deep, and perhaps the same in width, in which shrubbery and pine trees are growing.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.-- The climate is mode rate. The diseases are such as are usually prevalent in lower Georgia. The pine lands afford a safe retreat during the sickly months. The instances of longevity are Mr. John Ariiett, who lived to the age of 80 ; Michael Docherty was supposed to have been 140 years old at the time of his death ; Win. Blackman, was over 80; Mrs. Jane Black, over 100; Mr. Lariier, 80 ; Richard Scruggs, 80 ; Mr. Herrington, over 90; Mr. Abbott lived to an advanced age; Mrs. Lanier is now alive, over 80 Mrs. Lourauia Thrower died in this county, on the 29th of March, 18-19, at the age of 137. "She was well acquainted with all that occurred during the old French war, and the arrival of General Braddock in this country, his defeat by the Indians, and of his death. She recollected every particular in connection with, and dur ing the war, and before the war commenced- She was blessed during her long life with remarkably good health. She was hardly ever known to have any sickness, until within a few years past, when her system became so en feebled with the infirmities of age, that she "was helpless, but she had no sickness other than that. Her eyesight never failed her, excepting perhaps some three or four years, during which time it became necessary for her to use spectacles, which was about twenty years ago, when her sight return ed perfectly, and she could see as clear as ever she could. She could thread a fine needle, or read the finest print ; her sight continued good to the time of her death."

SCREVEN COUNTY.

519

FOSSILS, MINERALS.--Near Jacksonborough, at Mill Haven, and in many other places, large quantities of fossils are found.
Mr. Eli Whitney states, that being in Georgia, in the year 1806,' he was informed of the following facts, and saw the specimen by which they were established. On Brier creek, a stream which passes through Mill Haven, and empties into the Savannah river, at the distance of two or three miles from the road leading to Savannah, the people were occupied in excavating a raceway for a mill. The mill dam was built on a solid mass of agate, which crosses the creek, and formed a natural basis for the superstructure. In clearing the pas-
_e for the water below this dam, the workmen discovered a great number of hollow balls, in their form resembling bomb shells. Some of them were as large as a man's head, and some even 8 or 9 inches in diameter. They had a dark, rusty appearance, the crust looked like an iron ore, outside of a snuff-colour, inside of a light brown. 'When broken, they proved to be mere shells, the walls of which were from fiveeighths to three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and the capapac.ity of the cavity -was from a pint to two qxiarts or more. The cavity -was filled with a milky fluid, so perfectly resem bling white paint, or whitewash, that it -was used to whiten . fire-places, and the "walls of the rooms of the neighbouring houses.*
TOWNS, &c.--Sylvania is the county site, situated 5 miles below Jacksonborough, on the Middle-ground road, leading from Jacksonborough to Springfield. It has a court-house, jail, one tavern, two stores, one church, one school. Four or five families reside here. The town is considered healthy.
Jacksonborough was formerly the county site, situated on Beaver .Dam creek, 10 miles irom Savannah river, 55 from Augusta, and 70 from Savannah. It is now almost a deserted village. The place had formerly a very bad character. It was reported., that in the mornings after drunken frolics and fights, you could see the children picking up eyeballs in teasaucers ! i. e. there was so much gouging going on! f
Mill Haven, 6 miles from Matthews's Bluff, was formerly a place of considerable business.

1 Silliman's Journal.

f Sherwood's Gazetteer.

520

SCRKVEN" COUNTY.

REMARKABLE PLACES. At Brier creek, a fierce battle was fought, on the 3d of March, 1779, between the British commarided ~by Lieutenant Col. Campbell, and the Americans, commanded by General Ash, which resulted in the complete discomfiture of the Americans, -with a loss of 150 killed and drowned, arid 27 officers and 162 non-oommlsioned officers and privates taken prisoners.
Pararnore Hill is a remarkable elevation, -which the Central Railroad crosses.
EARLY SETTLERS. Tjcwis Lanier, Henry "White. William Young, Rowland Roberts, Gapt. Everctt, Paul Bevil, W. Black, F. Womack, William Blackman, Richard Scruggs, Richard Herrington, Stephen Pearce, Mr. Williamson, and others.
NAMK. This county derives its name from General James Screven, who was an early martyr to the cause of liberty., and the first officer of any distinction in Georgia, -who poured out his blood in defence of his country. He was a native of South Carolina, and probably was connected with the Rev. Mr. Screven, the first Baptist minister in that State, and one of its earliest settlers. It is not known with certainty at what period General Screven carne to Georgia; but it is thought he settled in Liberty county just before the American Revolution. That he was a man of standing at the commence ment of the war is evident from the fact, that his name is found among the number of gentlemen that constituted the com mittee appointed at a meeting of the people of Savannah, on the 27th of July, 1774, to adopt resolutions expressive of the determination of Georgia to resist the encroachments of Great Britain. In the early part of 1776, General Mclntosh, then in command of the troops at Savannah, ordered Colonel Screven to demand, of the enemy a flag "which had been detained by them, tie was ordered to keep off, and the flag was denied, when Colonel Screven fired, and received a volley from the .British, which almost sunk his boat. After this affair he was placed in command of a post south of Savannah, and rendered valuable service by the precautions he adopted to protect the settlements, and was constantly engaged in active duty until the 2-lth of November, 1778, when he sealed his devotion to

STEWART COUNTY.

521

his country with his blood. About a mile and a half from Med way-meet ing-house, in Liberty county, Colonel White and General Screveu prepared to meet the enemy. For the pur pose of reconnoitring, he went into a thicket at Spencer's Hill, on foot; at this spot an ambuscade had been formed, and he fell, pierced by eleven wounds. He was carried to the vestryroom of Med way ineeling-house, and placed under the care of Dr. Dunwody, and from thence to the house of John Elliott, father of the late John Elliott. The British attacked this house, and the inmates "were compelled to leave ; and, whilst the persons present were removing Gen. Screven, he breathed his last upon the steps of the house. General Screven is sup posed to have been buried in the northeast corner of the Medway burial ground. He was a sensible and judicious man, energetic and decided in his conduct. We are sorry that we have not been able to gather more particulars in reference to this gentleman. His cotemporaries have all left the stage of action, and we have been unable to obtain any papers con nected with his history.

STEWART.
BOUNDARIES.--This county has Marion and Muscogee on the N., Sumter on the E., Randolph on the S., and the Chattahoochee on the W. Laid out from Randolph in 1830.
POST OFFICES.--Lumpkm, Florence, Green Hill, JMannahachee, Lannahassee, llichland, Searsville, Summer field, Hard Money.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the popu lation was 8,497 whites, and 5,744 blacks; total, 14,241. Amount of State tax for 1848, $4,852 30. Sends two repre sentatives to the Legislature.
RIVERS, CREEKS,--The Chattahoochee river forms the western boundary; the Hitchetee, Hannahachee, Nochefaloctee, and a number of small streams empty into it. Pataula, or Hodchodkee, has its source in this county, as well as Lo-

522

STEW ART COUNTY.

choehee or Bear creek. The other streams are, Slaughter, Kancbafoonee, Allonahachee; &c.
NATURE OF "THE SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, VALUE OP .LAND.-- One-third of the lands is of the first, quality, of a dark gray colour, peculiarly adapted to cotton, corn, sugar-cane, potatoes, oats&LC. The second quality embraces what are called the level pine lands, colour inclining to that of red, suitable for wheat,, corn and cotton. The third quality embraces a sort of land containing a little of every colour and degree of fertility. Lands of the first quality are 'worth $7 per acre; second, 84; third, $2.
AVERAGE PBODUCT PER ACRE.--On lands of the first quality, the average product of cotton per acre is 1,000 Ibs.; corn, 30 bushels. The second quality lands will produce 700 Ibs. of cotton per acre, and corn, 20 bushels.
MINERAL SPUINGS.--Ten miles west of Lumpkin are two or three spi'ings, within a short distance of each, other, im pregnated with sulphur and iron.
MINERALS.--Iron is found in a few places. Excellent maz'l, shell rock, and fossils.
MANUFACTURES. MILLS.--One wool factory ; 20 grist-mills; 15 saw-mills.
TOWNS.--Lumpkin is the seat of justice; situated in the centre of the county, on the 'waters of Hodchodkee creek, dis tant from Milledgeville 160 miles S. W., 36 from Columbus, 35 from Americus, and 22 from Cuthbert. It has the usual county buildings, three hotels, two churches, and two acade mies, seven stores, five groceries, three tailors, two blacksmiths, two carriage-makers, one cabinet-maker, two shoe shops, one silversmith, 1O lawyers, four doctors, and one minister. Con siderable business is done in this place, Population, from 800 to 1,000.
Florence is on the Chattahooehee river, 16 miles W. of Lumpkin. Population, 200. This was once a flourishing place ; but from its tmhealthiness, it has lost much of its business.
Lannahassee is a prominent place in the easter/n part of the county.
HOADS.--The roads, with few exceptions, are kept in good order.

STEW ART COUNTY.

523

RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Methodists., Baptists, Pres byterians, and a few Universalists.
The citizens are not indifferent to the subject of education. Good schools are increasing.
VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $34,295. Value of stock in trade, $43,250. Money at in terest. 891,616.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is warm. The diseases are such as usually prevail in south-west Georgia.
The following cases of longevity have come to our know ledge: Mr. William Elliott, 90 years old; Mrs, Elliott, 85; Mr. Bush and wife, both 90 ; Z. Elliott, 84; Benjamin Smith, 88; Robert Melton, 82; Thomas Glenn, 81.
NAME.--The chronicle of great names connected with the history of Georgia, would be incomplete without that of Gene ral Daniel Stewart, whose name this county bears. He was born in'St. John's parish, now Liberty county, hi 1702. It will be remembered, that at an early period the citizens of St. John's parish took a very firm stand in favour of independence. The early, open, and determined resistance of this parish, did not escape the notice of the enemy; and accordingly it was made to feel the full measure of royal vengeance. " The Bri tish army laid waste the whole parish of St. John's; burnt their church at Medway, destroyed almost every dwellinghouse, and the crops of rice then in stacks, drove off the ne groes and horses, carried away the plate belonging to the planters, and trespassed upon the sacred dxvellings of the dead." Such proceedings only served to increase the flame of opposi tion among the patriots oi St. John's parish. Many fearless spirits, such as the Bakers, Winiis, Maxwells, Screvons, and Joneses, and a host of others, repaired to the standard of their country, resolved " to do or die.73 Among these was Daniel Stewart, who at the age of 15 or 16 years joined the American army. He was frequently in battle under Generals Sumter, Marion, and Col. W. R. Harden. At Pocataligo, in South Carolina, he was taken prisoner, and put on board of a prison ship, from which, after suffering the most rigorous treatment, he made his escape. Throughout the whole strug-

1

524

SUMTKR COUNTY.

glo for liberty, lie continued in active service, enduring suffer ings, the recital of which -would hardly be credited. At the close of the war he retired to his native county, but the Indian depredations on the frontiers called him again to arms. To the protection of the inhabitants of the southern sections of Georgia, none contributed more than did the men under Co lonel Stewart. Indians in detached bodies were constantly making inroads upon, the settlements, carrying off their pro perty, and often murdering whole families. We have had an opportunity of examining full accounts, written by the actors of tiiese eventful limes, of the state of things which then existed in the counties of Liberty and Camderi; and they all award to Col. Stewart the meed of high praise for the measures he adopt ed to secure the helpless inhabitants against their savage assail ants. The responsible and dangerous duties devolving upon Colonel Stewart, were performed with a fidelity and perseve rance which entitle him to the gratitude of his countrymen. Pie filled many important offices in the gift of the people. The Legislature of Georgia conferred many appointments upon him. He was an elector, and voted fov Madison for the Pre sidency ; and on raising a brigade of cavalry, he was elected Brigadier General. In 1791 he was placed upon, a committee in the name of the Church and Society at Medway, to present an address to General Washington, who was then on a visit to Georgia. In the war of 1812 ho was again, in the (ieid as Bri gadier General of Cavalry, ready, had it been necessary, to meet the foes of his country. In private life he shone most conspicuously. In all the relations of husband, parent, and master, lie was a/lecuoiiate and humane. For many years, he was an exemplary member of the church in JVIedway. He died at his residence in Liberty county, in the 09th year of his age.

SUMTER.
BOUNDARIES.--Bounded N. by Macon and Marion, E. by Dooly, S, by Lee, and W. by Stewart. Laid out from Lee., in 1831.

SUMTER COUNTY.

525

POST OFFICES.--Americus, Danville, Friendship, Plains of Dura, Pondtown.
Popuj.ATfOTv, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--According to the census of 1845, the population was 4,926 whites, and 2,515 blacks; total, 7,441. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $2,619 00. Entitled to one representative to the Legislature.
RIVERS, CHEEKS.--The Flint river forms the eastern boun dary of the county. The Muckalee, Muckalooch.ee, and Kinchafbonee, are considerable streams. Spring, Mountain, and Little Sweet Water, are among the largest creeks.
TOWNS.--Americus, the county site, is a pretty and thri ving town on the waters of Muckalee creek. It contains the usual county buildings, three churches, male and female, acade mies, two hotels, four dry goods stores, ono drug-store, three groceries, one tan-yard, two blacksmiths, two shoo and boot shops, nine lawyers, arid six physiczanss. Population about 450. The town is well shaded with trees of natural growth. Distance from Milledgcvillc, 1G5 miles S. W. ; from Flint river, lf> \V. ; from Columbus, 59; and from Albany, 40.. Made the county site arid incorporated in 1832.
Danville is 16 miles E. of Americus, on the Flint river. Population, 200. This is an unhealthy place.
Pond town is 12 miles IV. of Americus. Population, 150. FACE OF TIIF. COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL, PRODUC TIONS.--The face of the country is flat. Much of the land is very productive, particularly on the rivers and creeks. Cotton is the principal article cultivated. Corn, wheat, rye, and sugar-cane do well. MAKKETS.--Farmers send their cotton to Macon, Columbus, arid Albany. MILLS.--Merchant-mill, 1 ; saw-mills, 7 ; grist-mills, 12. COTTON.--Between 8,000 and 9,000 bales of cotton are annually produced. ROADS AND BRIDGES.--These are kept in good repair. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY. -- During the summer months it is excessive!y hot. The climate can hardly be called unhealthy, although there are several localities where sickness prevails. Fevers and chills are the most common diseases. The following are the cases of longevity which
34

526

SUMTER COUNTY.

have come to our knowledge. Mr. Wyatt Gates, over 80; Mi\ A. Godwin, over 80; Mr. R. Satlar, over 80; Daniel Flanigan, 83.
Rin.ttiious SHUTS, EDUCATION. -- The religious sects are Missionary and Anti-Missionary Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterimss, and Universal! sis. The interest in the subject of edu cation is daily increasing. In Americus and some other places, there are schools having a high reputation, Number of poor children, 279. Educational fund, $241 95.
CHARACTER OF TIJE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--The inhabit ants of this county are intelligent, hospitable, and frugal. The forests abound with game, and hunting constitutes one among" tho chief amusements.
EAIU.Y SETTLERS.--Among the early settlers were Mr. C. B. Smith, Mr. J. Tyiior, and Mr. W. Brady.
VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--According to the Digest for 1848, the value of town lots is 813,240. Stock in trade, s$20,335. Money at interest, $22,231.
INTAKE.---The following account of Major General Thomas Suniter, is abridged from a memoir written by William Gilmore Sims, Esq. :
Thomas Sum tor, altei* "whom this division of the State was named, was born in Virginia, in the year 1734. When a boy, ise -went as a volunteer against the French and Indians, in the '' old French war." Not long after Braddoclt's defeat he came to South Carolina, where he was engaged in active service against tho Indians. Known to bo ?i -warm friend to the principles of those who were opposed to the usurpations of Groat Britain, as early as March, 1776, he was appointed by the Provisional Congress, .Lieutenant Colonel of the 3d regiment of riflemen, Mitd was engaged in -watching the'outbreaks of the disaffected on the frontier, and the hostile red men. After the fall of Charleston, Sumter retired to the swamps of the Santee ; but he soon emerged from his hiding place, went to North Ca rolina to obtain recruits, and stopped at a place known as fbe " Grillospie Settlement," Of the Gillespie family were nu merous brothers, all of whom were famous cock-fighters. They wero content with the conflicts of the barn-yard, haviir.?; in their possession, amongst other famous fighting birds, a

SUMTER COUNTY.

527

blue hen of the game species, whose progeny wore particularly distinguished for then' martial qualities. Of one of these chick ens, called Tuck, there is quite a biography. His reputation was extended far and wide, from mountain to mountain. He was never known to refuse a fight, or to lose a battle. At one time Sumter suddenly appeared at the cockpit and surprised the Gillespies at their usual occupations, and in abrupt language called upon them to leave the cockpit, arid go with him, where ho would teach them how to fight with men. They took him at his word. "Tuck for ever," was the cry of the Cillespies. i; I-Ie is one of the Blue Hen's chickens." The sobriquet stuck to him always after ; and the eagerness with which he sought his enemies on all occasions ainply justified in the opinion of his followers the name of the Game Cock.
fa raising recruits our hero -was successful, and on the I2ih of July, 1780, ho gave the Gillespies the amusement he had promised them, by suddenly attacking a body of Tories, and completely defeating them. After this affair Sumter had the pleasure of receiving from Governor Kutledge, a commission as a Brigadier in the service of the Slate, and was ordered to .re cover a certain portion of the country from the power of the enemy. On the 30th of July, 1780, he advanced upon the British post at Rocky Mount.; but for want of artillery, hiwas compelled to abandon the attack.
Hanging Rock next attracted the notice of Suuitc-v. This was garrisoned by a force of 500 men ; and although in thebattle fought here he could not be said to have obtained :i, complete victory, yet it is acknowledged by the enemy, that they got the worst of the battle. About August 01 the same year, lie surprised the British near Carey's fort. Hav ing taken the fort, stores and troops, he commenced, a retreat but Tarlton overtook him two days after, at Fishing creek. Burdened whh his baggage and his prisoners, 300 in number, bis movements were necessarily slower than those of the lighr. armed troops which Tarlton. commanded. The a:.mp -:n Surntc" was surprised; his troops wore dispersed, ti:.s pri soners recaptured,, and Sumter again a fugitive. Again h^ made his ^vay into North Carolina, and after raising i\ force, be, took the field and occupied a post at the Fish iJy.m ford.

528

SUMTER COUNTY.

Here he was attacked by Col. Wemyss ; but so gallantly did Sumter defend his position, that the British fled, leaving their commander in the hands of the Americans.
Col. Wemyss had rendered himself very obnoxious to the Americans by his cruelties. In addition to many offences of the same character, a memorandum of the houses and es tates he was yet to destroy was found upon his person. This was shown to Sumter, but he, with the magnanimity becom ing a hero, threw the paper into the fire, and would permit no injury to be inflicted upon the British officer. After this ac tion, he crossed Broad river, and being joined by an addi tional force, he prepared to attempt the British post at NinetySix ; but hearing of the approach of Tarlton, he changed his movements, and took up his position at the house of Blackstock, where he was attacked by the British; but 'a well directed fire from the Americans forced him to give up the assault. In this engagement 192 of the enemy were left on the field, of whom 92 \vere slain, and the rest wounded. The loss of the Americans was almost nominal. General Sumter received a ball through the breast near the shoulder, which for a long time rendered him unfit for service. Congress ac knowledged his services by a vote of thanks.
In the early part of 1781, he again took the field, and made a rapid movement towards Fort Granby, and succeeded in destroying its magazines, and the very next day he surprised an escort convoying wagons of stores from Charleston to Camden, slew thirteen of the escort, and made sixty-six prisoners. Not long after this he was attacked by Major Fraser, near Camden ; but that officer got the worst in the conflict, making off with the loss of twenty men. Receiving a letter from General Greene, requesting him to do all in his power towards break ing up the British communication, Sumter was already in the field, sweeping the country lying between the Broad, Saluda, and \Vateree rivers.
On the 10th of May, he took the British post, at Orangeburgh, with its garrison, consisting of 100 men, and all its stores. About this time Gen. Sumter, embroiled in a dispute with Col. Lee, sent his commission to Gen. Greene, whom he thought improperly partial to JLee. This was returned with

TALEOT COUNTY.
bilities.; but in a short time, fatigue and wounds demanded that he should have a respite from toils, and accordingly he repaired, to the mountains, for the purpose of recruiting his health ; and when he was able to resume the field, the war was at an end. He survived long after the independence of his country "was established. For many years he was a member of Congress, first as a Representative, and afterwards as a Senator. He lived to a mature old age, honoured to the last, and tjied on the 1st of June, 1833, at his residence, near Brad ford Springs, South Carolina, in the ninety-eighth year of his
TALBOT.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Talbot county is bounded IV. by Meriwether, N. E. by Upson, E. by Crawford, S. by Marion and Macon, and W. by Harris. Laid out in 1827. Length 25 miles, breadth 18 rniies. Containing 450 square miles.
POST OFFICES. -- Bluff Spring, Talbotton, Carsonville, Centre, Daviston, Pine Hill, Pleasant Hill, Prattsburg, Quito, Holt's Shop, Mount Pleasant.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the po pulation was 14,193; of these 8,O16 were whites, and Q,17Q blacks. State tax for 1848, $5,278 98 cents. Sends two re presentatives to the Legislature.
RIVERS, CREEKS.---The Flint river is the main stream. The water-courses of less magnitude are Patsiliga, Hachasofkee, Lazer, Beaver creek, &.c.
MOUNTAINS.--The Oak mountains are in the northern part of the county.
TOWNS.--Talbotton, the seat of justice, is situated, on the waters of Lazer Creek. It is a neat, town, 93 miles west of Milledgeville, 25 from Greeneville, 23 from Thomaston, 32 from Columbus, and 35 from La Grange. Talbotton was

530

TALBOT COUNTY.

incorporated and made the county site in 1828. The situa tion is high and salubrious. Its public buildings consist of a court-house, jail, Masonic hall, two academies, one for males and one for females ; and three churches, Methodist, Baptist; and Episcopal. The court-house is of brick, and .is large arid well arranged. The Methodist and Baptist churches are large and handsome buildings. The Episcopal church has been-re cently erected. It is a Gothic building, in perfect beeping throughout. It is an ornament-to the town, and is perhaps the most perfect piece of Gothic architecture in the State. The population of Talbotton is about 1,500. It has seven or eight good stores. The Collingsworth Institute is within a mile of the town.
MILT.S.--Saw-mills, 15; grist-mills, 9,5. RELIGIOUS SECTS.--Missionary, Anti-Missionary and Free will Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Episcopalians. EDUCATION.-- Education is rather neglected. Good in-
structers are wanted. Number of poor children, 226. Edu cational fund, $196.
CLIMATE AND DISEASES.--The climate is" mild. The most
common diseases are .fevers. The only case of longevity with which we are acquainted is that of Shadrach Ellis, a soldier of the Revolution, who died at the age of 80. Other cases -of longevity are doubtless to be found in the county.
FACJU OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The face of the country is very broken. The soil is various. The brown or mulatto lands prevail, but there is much red and gray; the latter being porous and subject to washing. . .Along the margin of the streams there is some alluvium. In the south
ern portion of the county there is much pine land, through which courses several fine mill-streams. Some of the post-oak
lands are very fine.
PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes^ dec., are extensively cultivated. *
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--The people, as a mass, are
intelligent and industrious, bu't are wanting in public spiritROABS AND BIUDES.--Some of these are in gopd order,
while others are sadly neglected. VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is

TALTAFERRO COUNTY.

531

128,904. Value of stock in trade, $29,300. Money at inte rest, $73,955.
JAME.^--Talbot county received its name in honour of Matthew, Talbot. This gentleman came from "Virginia in 1785, settled in Wilkes, and after-wards moved to Oglethorpe county. His honesty and firmness made him one of the most < popular men in Georgia, a,nd his fellow-citizens gave him many proofs of the confidence which they had in his ability and fidelity to represent their interests. In Wilkes, Mr. Talbot was always the man of the people, and for many years was the faithful representative of that county in the State .Legislature. Whilst a resident of Oglethorpe he was elected a delegate to the Convention "which framed the present Constitution of the State of Georgia. In J808, he was elected to the Senatorial branch of the Legislature; and, from 1818 to 1823, was President of the, Senate; and, upon the death of Governor Rabun, was exofficio Governor. In the various departments in which the par tiality of his fellow-citizens placed him, he was never known to swerve from his duty. As a member of the Legislature, he in variably had reference to the good of the State. As President of the Senate, his conduct was marked by dignity and impar tiality. In private life he was friendly and amiable. His heart was the seat of kindness. He closed, his life in Wilkes county on the 17th of September, 1827, in the 00th year of his age.

TALIAPERRO.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.-- This county has Oglethorpe and Wilkes on the N., Warren on the E.? Hancock on the S., and Greene on the W. Laid out in 1825 from Wilkes, Warren, Hancock, Greene, and Oglethorpe. It is 16 niiies long and 11 wide, containing 176 square miles.
POST OFFICES.--Crawfordville, Raytown. POPULATION-, TAXES, REPKESENTATIO;V.--In 1845 the popu lation was 5,801, of which 2,130 were whites, 2,671 blacks. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $1039 96. Sends one repre sentative to the Legislature.

532

TALIAFERRO COUNTY.

KivEiis, CRBEKS. Little river, and the North and South Forks of the Ogeeohee ; Hardins, Lick, Powder, and Reedy creeks.
TOWAT S.- Crawfordville is the seat of justice, on the Georgia Railroad, 618 feet above the level of tide "water, 45 miles N, E. of Milledg-eville, 64 from Augusta, 18 from Greenes borough, 20 from Washington, and 18 from Warrenton, and contains a brick court-house, a jail, two public houses, one academy, one church, four lawyers, four or five physicians,, three stores, three or four groceries, arid several mechanic shops. Amount of yoods sold in a year, $40,000. The water is good. Incor porated in 1826. Population, 250.
Ray town is 7 miles JV. K. of Crawfordville. It has two stores, two groceries, one tailor, two blacksmiths, one wagonmaker, and one physician.
NATURE OF THE Son., VALUE OF LAND. There are some excellent lands in this county, particularly on Little river, adapted to cotton, -wheat, and other grains ; worth $10 per acre. The other lands command from $>4 to $>t> per acre.
ROADS AWJII BRIDGES. The roads and bridges are in a good condition,
MANUFACTURES, MULLS. One extensive cotton-gin factory in Crawfordville. Three flour-mills ; 3 saw-mills ; 6 grist-mills.
AAi,UK OF TOWN LOTS, &c. Value of town lots, $8,797. Value of stock in trade, $4,065. Money at interest, -$32,959.
Rr.LrGiorjs SHOTS. The principal religious societies are the Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. In the year 1800, several Roman Catholics emigrated from Maryland, and established a church at Locust Grove. The present pastor is the Rev. Peter Way land. In the county are three Methodist churches, two Baptist, one Roman. Catholic, and one Presby terian.
Ernie AT/ON. The citizens have not been regardless of education. Most of the children attend school, Number of poor children, 187. Educational fund, $102 10.
MiivrjsitADS. Gold, iron, granite, quartz, mica, and gneiss, Sulphuret of iron and magnetic iron ore are found in various places.
AVER.AGB PHOTHTJCT IKR ACRE. Cotton averages 450 pounds per acre ; corn 2 barrels; wheat 8 bushels.

TALIAFEHRO COUNTY.

533

About 7,000 bags of cotton are annually raised, CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.-- The climate does not differ from that of the neighbouring counties. The diseases are fevers, chills, and pneumonia. Mr. Richard King,'a sol dier of the Revolution, died in this county at 96 ; Mr. Rich ard Parker was over 80 ; Mr. Henry Stewart was 90. Mrs. Stewart, 86, and Mrs. Morris, over 80, are both living. ANTiauixiEs.--There is a mound six miles west of Crawford ville. MINERAL SPRING.--In the upper part 'of the county there is a spring, which has been analyzed, and found to be possessed of mineral properties. PRODUCTIONS.-- Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, peas, &c. CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS. -- The people are well informed and hospitable. The amusements are hunt ing, fishing, dancing, &c. EMINENT MEN.--Hon. A. H. Stephens, the able repre sentative of the Seventh Congressional District of the State of Georgia, is a native of Taliaferro. His residence is at Crawfordville. NAME.--The gentleman after whom this portion of the State is called, was Benjamin Taliaferro, whose ancestors were among the earliest settlers of Virginia, and many of the name arc still to be found in the middle and low country of that Slate. The subject of this memoir was the son of Zack Talia ferro. When a mere youth he joined the Continental army as lieutenant, and very soon obtained a captaincy. In the severe service which the American army had to perform in the Jerseys, he participated with undaunted firmness. At the battle of Princeton, the corps which he commanded forced a British company to surrender. When the captain stepped forward in his elegant uniform, and inquired for the American com mander, that he might deliver up his sword, Captain Taliaferro felt some hesitation in presenting himself, as he was at that time without shoes or shirt, and his coat much the worse for wear ; but he finally advanced and received the sword of the dashing English captain. At the call of Washington, he vol unteered to join the Southern army, and after seeing much

534

TATTJNALL COUNTY.

hard service he was made prisoner at the siege of Charleston. tie was discharged on his parole, returned to Virginia, and again mingled among hiw neighbours. He moved with his family to Georgia, in 1784 or 1785, and soon made _ himself one among the most useful citizens in the State. He was President of the Senate, Judge of the Superior Court, Trustee of Franklin College, and member of Congress. The Legisla ture which rescinded the Yazoo Act paid to his integrity the singularly high compliment of electing him Judge, although he was not a lawyer. Col. Taliaferro was stout in person, six feet high, -with regular, handsome features. His understand ing was good, and his conversation agreeable. Army inter course had given him the manners and information of a gentleman.

TATTNALL.
BouNnAiiiES, EXTENT.--Bounded N. by Emanuel; N. E. by Bulloch; S. E. by Liberty; S. W. by Appling; and N. W., by Montgomery. Laid out from Montgomery in 1801, and portions of it added to Montgomery in 1812. It is 35 miles long, and 34 wide. Square miles, 1190.
RIVEUS, CREKKS. -- The Ohoopee river flows through the centre of the county. The Alatamaha flows on the south west part, and the Cannouchee on the northeast. The other streams are Pendleton's and Rocky creeks, emptying into the Ohoopee from the "west; Slaughter, Inman's, Cobb's, and Milligan's creeks, discharge themselves .into the Alatamaha. Battle and Thomas creeks flow into the Ohoopee from the north east ; Wolf, Hound, Dry, Cedar, and Bull creeks, discharge themselves into the Cannouchee.
PopuLATrox, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--The population in 1845 was 1,902 whites, and 606 blacks; total, 2,508. Amount of tax for 1848, 8946 67, Sends one member to the Legislature.

TA7'TNALL COUNTY.

535

POST OFFICES.--Reidsville., Perry's Mills, Surreneys. TOWNS.--Reidsville, the county site, is situated on a high and sandy hill, about four miles from the Ohoopee. It has the usual county buildings, and a population of 50 inhabitants. From Statesborough it is 40 miles ; from Swainsborough, 45 miles ; from Mount "Vernon, 35 miles; from Hinesville, 40 miles ; from Darien, 70 miles ; from Savannah, 65 miles ; and from Milledgeville, 120 miles. EARLY SETTLERS.--Ezekicl Stafford, Ezekiel Clifton, Ben jamin Stripling, George Payne, John Mobley, Joseph Bell, Stephen Matlock, William Mann, William Hodges, and others. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is healthy. Diseases are almost unknown. There are many persons now residing in the county over 80 years of age; among whom are Ezekiel Clifton, Ezekiel Stafford, Edward Kennedy, Thomas Bourkc, and others. CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--The people are sober, indus trious, and hospitable. RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION,--Methodists and Baptists. About 30 churches in the county. Education is neglected. FACE OP THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF SOIL., PRODUCTIONS, MARKETS.--In the lower part of the county bordering on Liberty, the land is level. The other part may be called hilly. The soil is light and sandy, with the exception of that on the streams, which is stiff. The productions are the same as those of the adjoining counties. Cotton averages GOO pounds per acre; corn, 15 bushels ; 1500 bales of cotton annually made. Mar ket, Savannah. Large quantities of lumber are sent to Darien and Savannah. VALUE OF LAAT.--The value ofland ranges from 50 cents to $1 per acre. MILLS.--Saw-mills 15; grist and flour-mills, 23. EXPENSE OF LIVING, Puo VISIONS, &c.--Board, 86 per month; provisions about the same as in the adjoining counties. Negro men hire for $80, arid women for $40 per annum. White labourers get $10 per month. VALUE or TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $464; stock in trade, 84,250; money at interest, $17,727. NAME.--General Josiah Tattnall, in honour of whom this

53G

TATTNALL COUNTY.

county is named, was the son of Colonel Josiah Tattnall, and "was born at Bonaventure, below Savannah, a place owned by his grandfather, Colonel Mulryne. Colonel Tattnall had been an officer in the British colonial service, and had received two wounds in the wars of Carolina and Georgia against the In dians. His military character being high at the commence ment of the Revolution, he was offered the command of the forces raised for the defence of Savannah. Although opposed to the measures of England, he was also opposed to an appeal to arms, and declined the offer. He would not take up arms against Georgia, and he left the country (no neutrals being tole rated), carrying with him to England his son Josiah, the subject of this memoir, then eleven years old. The father soon recrossed the Atlantic to Nassau, in New Providence, leaving the son at Eaton school, under the care of an uncle. Here he remained for eighteen months ; after "which his uncle placed him on board of a man-of-war ship, to prevent his return to his native Georgia. Tie was under the patronage of the cap tain, with assurances of rapid promotion if he behaved well. The ship was bound for India. Neither the glare of power or of profit seduced his affections. A large proportion of the crew 'were Americans, forced on board. .Mutinies occurred, and the generous boy, with the Americans, was turned over from ship to ship. Having procured a little money from his godfather, a gentleman of the name of Elliott, who had lived in Georgia, unknown, to parents or uncle, he found his way back to America. Whilst under the British flag, some question arose upon the matters in issue between the two countries, when Tattnall maintained the cause of his native land. A duel was the result, in which he wounded his antagonist. At the age of eighteen he landed, without a shil ling in his pocket, on the north side of the Savannah river, and travelling alone on foot through the country, arrived at .Purysburgh, where he crossed into Georgia, and then joined the army of General Wayne, at Ebenezer. The war was closing, and no opportunity 'was presented for drawing his sword in defence of freedom. On the surrender of Savannah he was immediately placed in office. The whole of Chatham at that time constituted but one regiment. He 'was soon Captain of

TATTNAL.L COUNTY,

537

the White Bluff District, in which was situated Bori a venture, and then-very densely inhabited. In 1792 he had command of the Chatham artillery, which is now one of the most respect able companies in the State. In 1793 he became Colonel of the regiment. In 1800 he was elected Brigadier General of the First Brigade of the First Division. In his military capa city he rendered important services in 1788 and 1793, in or ganizing detachments of militia sent from Chatham into the counties of Bryan, Liberty, and Mclntosh, then much harassed by the Creek Indians. In 1787, at the head of a body of light infantry, he was engaged in an expedition under Col. James Gunn, composed of South Carolina and Georgia troops, which destroyed large and well fortified camps of slaves, in open insurrection, on the waters of Abercorn creek. The slaves "were led by certain notorious negro brigands, -who had acted with the British at the siege of Savannah, and had been particularly active against that portion of the American assail ing forces commanded by Col. Laurens, and in "which the brave Jasper received his death-wound. This was the most serious insurrection that ever occurred in Georgia. It had its origin in the year 1786. The negroes had been embodied many months, and were many hundreds in number, were well armed, and so formidable, that after various attempts in both years to subdue them, a body of Catawba Indians, and some pieces of cannon, were in this expedition employed against them.
In 1797 and 1798, Col. Tattnall was much engaged, when not in attendance upon the sessions of Congress, in the drill of his regiment, war and invasion by the French being antici pated. The civil services of this eminent patriot -were much more important. He was frequently sent to the Legislature. He served in the year 1796 at Louisville, in the General Assembly that rescinded the Yazoo Act of January, 1795. Against that infamous speculation he was the determined foe, and "was the leading member of the Senate, as General J ames Jackson was of the lower house, who carried through the rescinding act. So sensible was the Legislature of 1796 of his ardent devotion to the interests of Georgia, that they passed an act relieving his brother, John Mulryne Tattnall,

538

TATTNA.LL COUNTY.

from the pains of the confiscation laws, and elected Colonel Tat.tnall Senator in Congress, to serve out Genera] Jackson's term. It was believed that the speculators, having been de feated in Georgia, would renew the war against her rights in the Federal Legislature, and Tattnall's talents and influence were called into requisition, to defeat them on the floor of the national Senate. His correspondence "with the Executive of Georgia shows "with what fidelity he discharged his trust on this and on every other matter interesting to the State. la general politics, he was of the republican party. In 1798 he retired for a short period from public life to Bonayenture, extending a refined and elegant hospitality to all who visited him. In November, 1801, he was elected Governor of Gcor- gia. In the same year, by the same .Legislature, he was made a Brigadier Genera]. As further evidence of his great popularity, and the sense Georgia had of his purity of charac ter and high public service, the Legislature took off the name of his father from the confiscation acts, with full liberty to remove iuto the State with his property, subject to his sole and entire future disposal, and restored him to all the rights of citizenship. Gov. Tattnall had the inexpressible pleasure to sign the act absolving his own father,--the only act, it is believed, ever approved by a Governor of Georgia with words of comment preceding the Executive signature. These were words of gratitude from a public servant to his country, ior good rendered, to his earthly parent. Nor was this all ; for the same Legislature laid off the county of Tattnall, and gave it its name. The government, a brigadier generalcy, the par don of his father, arid a county named after him, at one and the same session !
In 1802, from extreme ill health, he surrendered the Exe cutive chair. In October he sent a message to the Legisla ture, about to meet at Louisville, giving an account of the affairs of the State during his short administration, expressing his sorrow that the rupture of a blood-vessel rendered it im possible for him to be with them, and that it was necessary for him to withdraw from public life. He assured them that were he blessed with sufficient health, both duty and inclinafjon would forcibly urge him to a continuance in office for

TELFAIIi COUNTY.

539

the constitutional term. "Indeed, said he, were this not the ease, I should be deficient in gratitude to my country for the distinguished, marks of favour and confidence I have so frequfentlv experienced, which claim, and 1 trust I may be per mitted to say, secure my lasting affection and devotion to her service." Governor Tat trial! "went without delay to the West Indies, "where he died in June, 1804. His dying request was that his body should be removed to his native State. The Hon. Nathaniel Hall, of Nassau, to whom the management of his affairs was committed, complied with his last wishes, and accompanied his remains to Georgia, and deposited them jn the burial-ground at Bonaventurc.
He left two sons. The one, the chivalric Colonel Edward Fenwick Tattnall, who was an officer in the United States army in the war of 1812, and wounded at Point Peter, near St. Mary's, in Georgia, the effects of -which ho felt during his whole life. This high-minded gentleman afterwards became eminent in the State Legislature and Congress, and dying early in life, was buried by the side of his fattier. The other, Commander Josiah Tattnall, of the navy, was at the repulse of the British at Craney Island, in the same war, and a volun teer in the battle of Bladensburgh. Subsequently he wns "with Decatur at Algiers, and at a later period on the African sta tion, and very lately, in the war with Mexico, has been dis tinguished. He was wounded in the wrist by a musket-ball in an engagement with the Mexicans, and before the Castle of San Juan D' LTlloa gained for himself a -wreath oi. Imper ishable fame, as the commander of the Moscheto fleet."*

TELFAIll.
BouA"AKiEs, EXTENT.--Bounded IV. by PulasJd, jM. 15. by Montgomery, S. E. by Appling, and S. W. by Irwin. Laid out in 1807. Part added to Montgomery in 1812, 1820, and 1833. It is 23 miles long and 18 wide, containing 414 square miles.
* The compiler of this work is indebted to Col. J. W. Jackson, of Sa vannah, for the above memoir.

540

TELFAIR COUNTY.

RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Oemulgee and the Little Ocmulgee, or Auchee-Hachee, are the most considerable streams. The creeks are numerous, such as Sugar, Cedar, Alligator, Horse, Turnpike, &LG.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.-- The census of 1845 gave this county a population of 1986 -whites, and 767 blacks; total, 2753. Amount of State tax for 1848, $841 13. Sends one representative to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Jacksonville, Copeland, Lumber City, Tem perance, Ocmulgeeville.
EARLY SETTLERS.--Charles McKinnon, John Wilcox, Gen. Coffee, Colonel William Ashley, Duncan McRae, Murdock McDuffie, JVorman McLeod, and others.
TOWNS.--Jacksonville, the capital, is situated one mile from the Ocmulgee river, 104 miles S. of Mil ledge ville, 45 from Hawkinsville, 53 from Dublin, and 40 from Mount Vernon. Population, GO. It has the usual county buildings and four stores.
Lumber City, 16 miles below Jacksonville, was once in a very flourishing condition. It was built by a northern com pany. The saw-mills erected by this company, together with their other property, were valued at $500,000, and four years ago all were sold by the sheriff and tax collector for $500.
NATURE OF THE SOIL, PRODUCTIONS.--The soil is sandy, but productive, particularly on the streams. The swamplands on the Ocmulgee and the Hammocks are very rich, but subject to overflow. The chief productions are corn, cotton, sugarcane, -wheat, oats, rye. Corn averages 15 bushels per acre; cotton produces 500 or 600 Ibs. per acre. About 800 bales of cotton are annually produced. Many persons are engaged in the lumber business. Farmers send their produce to Sa vannah.
MILLS.--Eight grist-mills, three saw-mills. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is generally healthy. Remote from the streams fever is unknown. There are many persons of advanced age now in the county. Daniel Mclnnis, Joseph Williams, and John Wilcox, are over 80 years of age. One among the most remarkable cases of longevity is that of James Thomas, who died in this county on the 10th of April, 1802, in the 134th year of his age. During the greatest

r

TELFAIR COUNTY.

541

part of his life he lived temperate, and his exit was unaccom panied by pain. He retained his mental faculties to the last. His eyesight was so little impaired that he could read print without the assistance of glasses to the last year of his exist ence.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--The Baptists and Metho dists are the most numerous sects. Education is neglected, although not to the extent that It was formerly. The children of the poor are only provided for by the general poor school fund.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads and bridges are not in a very good condition.
'NAME.--Edward Telfair, from, whom this county derives its name, "was born in Scotland, in 1735, on the farm of Toron Head, the ancestral estate of the family, and which has since .been sold to the Earl of Selkirk. He received an English' education at the grammar school of Kirkcudbright.
At the age of 23, he came to America as an agent of a mercantile house, and resided some time in Virginia. He afterwards removed to Halifax, N, C., and subsequently to Georgia, and in 1766 settled in Savannah, and engaged in commercial pursuits. When the storm of the American Revo lution began to lower, Mr. Telfair "was found among the sons of liberty "who determined to resist to the last extremity the tyrannical measures of the mother country. At the memor able meeting of the patriots, held in the city of Savannah, on the 27th of July, 1774, he was placed upon a committee ap pointed to draw up resolutions expressive of the determination of Georgia to co-operate with the other Colonies in defence of their violated rights. About this time the citizens, of Boston were suffering much inconvenience from the effects of the Boston .Port Bill ; and their distressed condition -had excited a feeling of commiseration throughout the Colonies. The friends of liberty exeriod themselves to render every assistance in their power to the inhabitants of Boston. Contributions in money and provisions were sent to them from various sections ; and although Georgia' was "weak, and incapable of sending much aid, she resolved to do all which her means would allow. Accordingly, a committee was appointed to receive
35

542

TELFAIR COUNTY.

subscriptions for the relief of the suffering Bostonians, and Mr. Tclfair had the honour of being placed upon this com mittee. In the memoir of Mr. Habersham, oh page 304 of this work, allusion is made to the breaking open of the Magazine, and seizure of the powder, in Savannah. JVlr. Telfair was one of the brave band associated with J\lr. Habersham in that bold undertaking. A reward was offered by Governor Wrijjht tor the persons "who had seized it, and though they were well known to some of the members ot his privy council, yet they were not arrested, and the powder soon spoke for itself to the dread of the British and Tories.
When the exigency of the times demanded the appointment of a Council of Safety, such had been the devotion of Mr. " Telfair to the cause of freedom that he was honoured with a seat in this illustrious body.
Throughout the whole revolutionary struggle he bore a con spicuous part, arid was' intrusted by his fellow-citizens with fhe highest offices.
In February, 1778, he was elected by the House ol As sembly of Georgia, one of the delegates to represent the State in the Continental Congress, and took his seat in that body on the 13th of July following, and on the 21th of that month .signed the ratification of the articles of confederation. In November of that year, he obtained leave of absence, returned to his seat on the 15th of May, 1780, and continued a member until January, 1783, when, his term of office expired.
Early in this year he was appointed, by the Governor of Georgia, one of the commissioners to form a treaty with the Cherokee chiefs, "which was finally concluded on the 30th of May, 1783, establishing the boundary line between the State of Georgia and the Cherokee nation.
In May, 1785, he was re-elected a member of Congress, but did not take his seat.
He was Governor of Georgia, from the 9th of January, 1788. to the 9th of January, 1787, and again from the 9th of November, 3790, to the 7th of November, 1793.
During General Washington's visit to Georgia, in JVfay, 1701, lie 'was brilliantly entertained by Gov. Telfair, at his family residence, near Augusta, called the Grove ; and on the

r

TELFAIR COUNTY-

543

departure of the General, he addressed to him die following fetter, which is still preserved in the archives at. Milledgeville :

To His Excellency Edward Tel/air, (toremor of i^vrgitr., Augusta, May 20th : Z7;JI.

SIR:--Obeying the impulse of a heartfelt graiiiraoe, i e;i-

press with particular pleasure my sense of obligations which

your Excellency's goodness and the kind regards of your

citizens have conferred upon me. I shall always retain a mo.-i

pleasing remembrance of the polite and hospitable attentions.,

which I have received in my tour through the State of Geor

gia, and during my stay at the residence oi your governmem.

The manner in which you arc pleased to recognise my

public services, and to regard my private felicity, excites my

sensibility f and claims my grateiul acknowledgment. Your

Excellency will do justice to the sentiments which influence

my wishes, by believing, that, they are sincerely offered for yot*r

personal happiness, and the prosperity of the State over which

you preside.

G-EOIICE WASJJ^JXGTON.

Al'eCall in his History of Georgia, makes hononr^bjK mer..tion of Governor Tell air. In Congress he obtained much celebrity by his ability as a financier; and it is affirmed thsi? the plan adopted by Congress for raising money to <: the war originated with him.
Governor T elfair died at Savannah, 17tli So]-I in the 72nd year of his age.
Thomas Telfair, one of his sons, was a rnemfoer gress from 1813 to '17. lie took a conspicuous part !:: bates of that Congress, upon, protection of domestic industry, and the Tariff for that object. He warmly opposed Mr. Calhouu, and the Protectionists of that day. Ho \vas one of the Georgia delegation who voted for increased pay to mem bers of Congress, and the people of Georgia elected an entirely new delegation to express their disapprobation of Tnr,t mea sure.
Mr. Telfair's letter to his constituents on thai occasion, contains sentiments highly honourable to his manly -jadepeii.dence of character.

544

THOMAS COUNTY.

THOMAS.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county has Irwin on the N., Lowndes on the E., Florida on the S., and Baker and Decatur on the W. Laid out from Decatur and Irwin, and organized in 1825. Length, 37 miles ; breadth, 25. Square miles, 925.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The rivers are the Ochlockonee, which rises in Irwin, flows in a southwesterly direction, and empties into the Apallachee bay. The JMickasuckee has its origin in this county, flows southeast, and empties into a lake of the same name in Florida. The Aucilla also rises in this county, flows south, and discharges itself into the bay of Apallachee. The streams of less note are Proctor's, Barnett's, Mule, Bridge, Turkey, Tom's, Walden's, Tired, Ocopilco creeks. &c.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--Thomas, in 1845, had a population of 4,150 whites, 3,899 blacks; total, 8,049'. Amount of taxes for 1848, $3,332 81. Entitled to one repre sentative to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--Thomasville, Duncanville, G-rooverville, Boston.
TOWNS.--Thomasville is the capital, situated 9 miles E.of the Ochlockonee river, 206 miles S. of Milledgeville, 22 from Florida, 40 from Tallahassee, and 45 from Bainbridge. It con tains a court-house and jail, two hotels, two churches, six 1 stores, two blacksmiths, one tailor, one saddler, one shoe- maker, one wagon-shop, six lawyers, and three physicians. The hotels are said to be well kept. Population, 500. It is a healthy place, and the citizens have a high character for intel ligence. Made the county site in 1826. The Fletcher Insti tute is located at this place.
Grooverville, 18 miles S. of Thomasville, is in the southeast corner of the county.
Duiicansville is 12 miles S. of Thomasville. RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing sects. Education receives considerable attention. There are about fifty schools in the county. Num ber of poor children, 289. Educational fund, $250 65.

THOMAS COUNTY.

545

ROADS, BRIDUES.--The roads and bridges are kept in good order.
FACE OP THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE Son,, PRODUC TIONS.--This is a level county. The soil is sandy, but pro ductive. The lands in the vicinity of Thomasville are very fine. The productions are the same as those of Lowiides. Cotton grows finely. Oranges, figs, and melons, are very superior. Between 10,000 and 12,000 bales of cotton were made in this county the last season.
MARKETS.--St. Mark's, Tallahassee, and IVewport. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONOEVITY.-- The climate does not differ materially from that of Lowndes. Bilious fevers occur on the water-courses. Mr. Joseph Anderson died in this county at the age of 100. There are several persons now living, over 80 years of age. EARLY SETTLERS.--Among the early settlers were John Paramore, C. Atkinson, E. Blackshear, N. R. Mitcbell, John Hillbryan, &c. ' MILLS.--Saw-mills, 11; grist-mills, 21 ; one wool-carding machine. MINERAL SPRINGS.--There are two or three springs, con taining medicinal properties, in the county. CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.----The people of tbis county have a high reputation for industry and hospi tality. Hunting and fishing are the chief amusements. VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $26,950. Value of stock in trade, 851,500. Amount of money at interest, $145,185. NAME. -- This county bears the name of General Jett Thomas, "who was born on the 13th of May, 1776, in Culpepper county, Virginia. His father came to Georgia about 1784, and settled in Oglethorpe county, where he became a promi nent man, being Senator from that part of the State for seve ral years. His son had no other advantages of an educa tion, than were to be found in the ordinary schools of the country ; but he was early distinguished for the solidity of his understanding, and his fondness for mechanical pursuits. He learned the trade of a carpenter, which he followed for many years, amassing by it a large fortune. He first resided in

54G

THOMAS COUNTY.

Oglethorpe, and then in Milledgeville, -where he built the State House. He afterwards removed to Athens, and married Miss Susan Cox. He was here engaged to construct the buildings of Franklin College, and whilst thus employed, aided by Dr. Meigs, who gave him the use of his library and afforded him other facilities, he improved himself in some of the higher branches of education. So great was his thirst for knowledge, that after spending the day in the labours of his profession, he would devote the greater part of the night to study. In this manner his mind becatne stored with useful information. In the war of 1812 he commanded the artillery attached to the army of Gen, Floyd, in Ins expedition against the Greeks. At the battle of Autossee, he distinguished himself for gal lantry. In the account -which General Floyd gives of this battle, ho says : " Capt. Thomas's artillery marched in front of the right column on the road." " Capt. Thomas and his com pany killed a great many Indians, and deserve particular praise." In the engagement at Camp Defiance he rendered Important services, and in the official statements of that affair it is declared " that the steady firmness and incessant fire of Capt. Thomas's artillery and Capt. Adams's riflemen preserved our front line; both of these suffered greatly." Gen. Thomas possessed the art, in an eminent degree, of animating his men on the field of battle, and perhaps there never was a braver band than that which composed his artillery company. In the heat of one of the battles just mentioned, one of his pieces of artillery had but three men left, and the matchmen were shot down in succession- At this moment, when the Indians seemed deter mined to take possession of the cannon, when ten men out of thirteen were weltering in their gore, and nothing but inevi table destruction appeared to await the remaining three, Ezekiel M. Attaway,* with heroic firmness, wrested the tra versing handspike from the carriage oi the gun, exclaiming to his two brave comrades, " With this I will defend the piece as long EIS I can stand--we must not give up the gun, boys-- seize the first weapon you can lay your hands upon, and stick

TROUP COUNTY.

547

to your posts until the last." We mention this incident to illustrate the spirit of the men under the command of Capt. Thomas. Soldiers animated by such a leader, are capable of accomplishing any thing. Upon his return to Georgia, after the campaign, he -was greeted every where by the plaudits of his countrymen, and the high office of Major General was conferred upon him. Gen. Thomas died on the 6th of Janu ary, 1817. He had long suffered with cancer in. one of his eyes, and although he submitted to several operations, they were not attended by any alleviating effects. A gentleman who was intimate with Gen. Thomas, informs us that he was endowed with extraordinary intellectual strength. He was brought up to habits of industry and self-reliance, which dis tinguished him through life. His sound judgment, inflexible honesty, and energy of character, insured him success in all his enterprises, private and public.

TROUP.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county is bounded N. by Coweta and Heard; E. by Meriwether ; S . by Harris ; and W. by Alabama. Laid out in 1826, and parts set off to Meri wether and Harris in 1827, and a part to Heard in 1830. It is 28 miles long, and 24 miles wide, and contains 672 square miles.
RIVERS, CHEEKS.--The Chattahooch.ee runs through the county : and Yellow Jacket, Beach, Maple, Long Cane, Flat Shoal, \V"ehatkee, and White "Water creeks, are its tributaries.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION. ----Population iu 1845, 8,337 whites, 7,942 blacks ; total, 16,279. Amount of taxes returned for 1848, $8,373 09. Sends two representa tives to the State Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--La Grange, Antioch, Cane Point, Long Cane, Mountville, Asbury, Troup Factory, Hogansville, Vernon, "West Point.
TOWNS.--La Grange is the seat of justice, situated six miles S. E. of the Chattaboocb.ee river, 130 W. of Milledgeville, 20

1

548

TROUP COUNTY.

from Greeneville, SO from Newnan, 22 from Hamilton, 42 from

Columbus, and 17 from West Point. The lots were sold on the

1st of May. 1828. It has a brick court-house, a jail, a fire-proof

clerk's office, three churches, two hotels, ten. or twelve stores,

physicians, lawyers, mechanics' shops, &>c. Business toj:h6

amount of $175,000 per annum is done in this town. Popula

tion about 1,500. The schools of La Grange for many years

have been the theme of admiration. The school buildings are

capacious and neat, provided with libraries and philosophical

apparatus. Lectures are regularly delivered, and the principles

of science illustrated by-experiments. The grounds connected

with the institutions are ornamented with trees, and every

method is adopted to render school pleasant to the pupil. ~ The

town is healthy, and the water excellent. No place in Georgia

can boast of a population, from its foundation to the present

time, possessing greater merits in point of refinement'6f man

ners, benevolence of feeling, general intelligence, and moral

worth, than La Grange Incorporated in 1828. The country

in the immediate vicinity of La Grange is highly improved,

presenting numerous beautiful mansions surrounded by grounds

ornamented with flowers and trees.

Mountville, nine miles from La Grange, on the road to

Greeneville. contains one church, two doctors, and several

mechanics' shops. Population about 200.

''' "

Harrisonville, ten miles from La Grange, contains a church,

store, grocery, &c. Population about 60.

West Point, on both sides of the Chattahoochee, 16 miles

from La Grange, has two churches, four or five stores, &c.

Population, 200.

Long Cane is nine miles west of La Grange.

Vernon, on the Chattahoochee, is six miles from La Grange.

EDUCATION.--In no part of Georgia are the means of

education so extensively diffused. From the earliest settle

ment of the county, the subject of education has occupied-the

attention of the citizens. Schools are established in nearly

every neighbourhood. Many of the seminaries of learning

;would do credit to any community. Some of the gentlemen

having charge of. the education of youth in La Grange, have

favoured us witfy the following statistics.

-TROUP COUNTY.

549

La Grange High School has two teachers, and 71 pupils.

The dourse of study embraces an extensive reading of the Greek

and Latin classics, mathematics, and the various branches of

an English education. The school is situated in a beautiful

and retired part of La Grange, and is daily advancing in the

confidence of the public.

La Grange Female Institution was founded in 1845. It is

situated in a beautiful oak grove, half a mile from the public

square. Incorporated in 1846, and power conferred to award

diplomas, medals, and collegiate degrees. It has six instructors,

; -and 14O pupils.

La- Grange Female Seminary. This institution is situ

ated in a beautiful part of the town. The main edifice is a

large, building, three stories high, including the basement,

affording apartments for lodging^ study, lectures, recitation,

&c; The institution was established in 1843, by the Rev.

John E. Dawson. Jt is now under the direction of Mr. Mil-

toil H. Bacon. It is an individual enterprise. The Board of

Instructers consists of eight Professors. The plan of instruc

tion is strictly collegiate. The institution is well supplied with

chemical and philosophical apparatus, minerals, library, fee-

The number of pupils averages over 100.*

Number of poor children in the county, 213. Educational

fund, $184 72.

.

ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads and bridges are kept in a

good condition; At West Point there is a bridge over the

Chattahoochee, 550 feet in length; cost $16,OOO.

FACE OP THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The coun

ty is broken. The land is generally productive, but some

parts much worn. The soil, is mostly of the red description,

adapted particularly to grains. Value of land, from $6 to $1O

per acre. The western portion of the county is peculiarly

adapted to the cultivation of wheat.

PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton is the principal product. Corn,

wheat, rye, barley, &c., are successfully cultivated. About

15,000 bales of cotton are annually produced.

* There is also an excellent school at Brownwood, under the care lev. Mr. _ Smith, but we were unsuccessful in our efforts to obtain an a

550

TROUP COUNTY.

MARKETS.--Columbus and Griffin. Merchants buy in Charleston and .New-York.
VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, <fec,--The value of town lots is $111,674. Value of stock in trade, 896,675. Money at inte rest, $237,540.
MANUFACTURES, JVIii^Ls.--Troup factory, ten miles S. E. of La Grange. Capital, $42,000. Owners, Robertson, Leslie &; Co. Spindles, 1,600 ; operatives 65, all 'whites. Yards of osnaburgiis made per day, 900 ; bunches of yarn do. 100-
The goods are sold principally in the adjoining counties; and a considerable quantity sent to Philadelphia, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, and New-Orleans. The orders for the goods amount to double the quantity made. This factory took the first honour for osnaburghs at the Agricultural Fair held at the Stone Mountain, in 1848.
Woollen goods will be made this year. Great attention is paid to the character of the operatives, and none are received but those having testimonials of good and industrious habits. The Company are about to erect a building for a church and Sunday school. Ho ardent spirits are allowed on the premises.
There are in the county 10 flour-mills, 14 grist-mills, 11 saw-mills, and 2 wool-carding machines.
MINERALS.--Granite, and several varieties of rock, fit for building. Near Hogansville, carbonate of iron exists. Some lead has also been found. Beautiful amethystine quartz oc curs near Dr. Austin's ; and tourmaline of uncommon beauty in several sections. Gold is found near Tavor's mills ; and asbestos and soapstone in several places. Evidence of lime stone are found on Mr. Greene's farm, four miles from La Grange.
MINERAL. SPRINGS,--There are no springs of great celebrity. Chalybeate springs are numerous. There is one seven miles west of La Grange, and another on Mr. Bacon's lot, in La Grange.
CiiAitACTEit OF THE PEOPLE,--The character of the people is almost without reproach. Men of high standing' exert their influence in favour of morality and good order- Few crimes have been committed in the county, and the public records ex hibit the gratifying fact, that for nearly three years after the

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TR.OUP COUNTY.

551

organization of the county, no presentment was made by a grand jury for Immoral conduct.
RELIGIOUS SECTS.--Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. MISCELLANEOUS HEM AUKS.--The first court in this county was held at the house of Mr. Weaver, July, 1827--Judge Colquitt presiding. The first indictment against any citizen of Troup county, was for horse-stealing. The first presentment was for an assault. No execution has taken place in the county since its or ganization. EMILY SKTTL.ERS.--John E. Morgan, James Culverson, W. J. Starling, George H. Traylor, Nicholas Johnson, Silas Tatom, W. C. Mays, James Williamson, Rev. Caleb W. Key, Samuel Reed, John E. Gage, R. H. Lane, Henry Rogers, Wilson Williams, James Amos, Thomas Cameron, General Harralson, General Bailey, John Hill, Daniel Robertson, and Colonel JYewsome, and others. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate of Troup is generally favourable to health. On water-courses, as is the case in all parts of Georgia, fevers occur. There are nowliving, George Trash, 80; Mrs. Martha Stevens; 100; John Patterson, 82; Elizabeth Gordy, 84; Mrs. Gray, 84: Mrs. Frances Thornton, 102; Elizabeth Thomas, 85: Lyddel Estis, 85; Mrs. Martin Estis, 81; Thomas Smcdley over 83; Simon Hughs, 80; Iwodwick Alford, 80. Maiden. Amos died at the age of 99; Mins Sledge, upwards of 80 ; Mrs. Railing, 92 ; Mrs. Battle, 90 ; Mr. Potts, over 95 ; Mr. William Thoroason, a soldier of the Revolution, was 92 at his death ; Jo seph Johnson was 86 ; a negro man, an African, belonging to the Rev. Mr. Wilson, died a few years ago at the age of 140 ! and Benjamin Hemp at 100. NAME.--Colonel G-eorge M. Troup, after whom this coun ty is named, was born at Mclutosh's Bluff, on the Tombigbee, in what was then the territory of Georgia, now Alabama, in September, 1780. After receiving the rudiments of a classical education in Mclntosh county, in his lather's house, and after wards in Savannah, he was sent to Erasmus Hall, a cele brated Academy conducted by Dr. Peter Wilson, in Flatbush,

552

TROUP COUNTY.

Long Island, State of New-York. Thence he went to Princeton College, where he graduated honourably. On his return to Savannah, he studied law with Mr. Noel. He early evinced a disposition for public life, provided political, advancement might be attained -without demagoguism. .His talents and honesty gained for him the friendship of General James Jack- ' son, when Governor, who appointed him his Aid. In 1800, before he was twenty years of age, he was invited by the republicans of Chatham county to represent it in the Legisla ture. This he declined, because of his minority. In a letter to General Jackson, he exhibits a sound republican feeling, from -which, it is confidently asserted, he has not deviated a tittle down to the present day. He says, " I received an invi tation from the republicans of Chatham to stand a candidate at the late election for representative. Constitutionally un qualified to take my seat, in a successful event, I very reluc tantly declined. The great crisis at -which we have arrived, demands the patriotic exertions of every citizen of this country. The most important salutary benefits are suspended on the issue ; and if the numbers, together with the talents, which the republicans can command, are called into action, we can not fail of a complete and decisive victory." The crisis was that of 1800--the contest beween Adams and Jefferson.
In 1801 he yielded to a second application, and "was elect ed a representative. In the Legislature he at once occupied a high position. In 1802 he was again elected, and again in
1803. In 1804, he removed to Bryan county, where he re sided some years. In 1806, he "was elected to Congress. As formerly, he abjured all arts before the people, refusing to solicit their suffrages, but ready to obey their call. This has been the rule of his political life, never to electioneer. He "was a member of the House of Representatives until 1815, when he withdrew to private life. His support was given to the ad ministrations of Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madison, possessed of the confidence of both. As a representative of Georgia, he
was distinguished by his opposition to the compromise made by the Federal Legislature -with the Yazoo speculators. As a Legislator of the Union, he sustained the war measures which were adopted towards England. He was Chairman of the

TROUP COUNTY.

553

Committee on Military Affairs during nearly all the war. Na turally fervid, he was impassioned in debate; scrupulously
honest, he was listened to with respect; devoted to his coun try, he gave to her all his heart and all his mind. During, or about the close of the war, he married a Virginia lady, from whom spring his descendants, a son and two daughters, and his grandchildren, the children oi" Thomas M. Forrnan, Esq., lately Mr. Bryan, of Glymi county. The elder children of Mr. Form an by Miss Troup, bear the name of Kryan, and are the great-grandchildren of Jonathan Bryan, illustrious in. the annals of our State,
In 1816, in opposition to his own "wishes for retirement, Col. Troup was elected a Senator in Congress over Dr. Bibb, a very distinguished servant of Georgia, who recently in the Senate had rendered himself unpopular, by supporting " the compensation law." Dr. Bibb's term would have expired on the Stl of March, 1817, but he resigned, and the Legislature, in addition to the ensuing full term, conferred the vacancy on Colonel Troup. He continued but two years In the Se, nate. In 183O, the State being divided into two great parties, known as the Crawford and Clarke parties, Colonel Troup was induced, by urgent application of his friends, to consent to become a candidate for G-overnor. General John Clarke was elected by a majority of thirteen votes. Again, in 1831, General Clarke was elected, beating Colonel Troup by a ma jority of two votes. The writer of this memoir well remem bers the intense excitement that preceded this election, and the course of Colonel Troup at Milledgeville. IIis supporters urged him to visit the members, and to canvass for their votes. He refused, alleging truly, that " a candidate for the executive chair should not debase that high office by seeking to influ ence the legislative votes. He had refused through life to electioneer, and he was too old to do it now." Again, in 1823, he was a candidate, and the election resulted in his elevation to the chief magistracy. His opponent was the Honourable Matthew Talbot. Well was this for Georgia; for a struggle was approaching, demanding at her helm a man "of soundest judgment, and of undaunted heart.
For a correct understanding of Governor Troup''s difficul-

554

TROUP COUNTY.

ties with the General Government, it must be remembered that Georgia had, in 1802, sold to the United States all her lands west of the Chattahoochec, and of a line from that river to Nickujack on the Tennessee. It was solemnly,agreed in the articles of cession, that the United States should ex tinguish, at their own expense, the Indian title to " all the other lands within the State of Georgia, as early as the same could be peaceably attained on reasonable terms." From 1802 down to lS23r although some acquisitions of land had been made, the agreement remained unexecuted. The States of Mis sissippi and Alabama, which had been erected out of the ceded territory, were filling up "with population, (the Indian title there and in JEastern Tennessee being in course of extinction,) and there was cause of apprehension, from, a growing senti ment at the North, believed to be in some considerable degree encouraged by the authorities at Washington, that the Indians, both Creeks and Cherokecs, might be, for many years more, fastened upon our domain, if!, indeed, not permitted to try upon it the experiment of independent self-government. To ex tinguish the Indian title to all lands in Georgia, was a matter of compact and. duty unfulfilled.. Its extinction in other States was matter of National policy. Georgia had, except in time of war and public distress, urged upon the Government the performance of this duty. She had never failed to do hers, in any one particular, to her coniederated sisters A morbid philanthropy, in high and low places, preferred the supposed "welfare of the savage, to the undoubted rights of our State, as the same philanthropy, now a wicked fanaticism, has since advocated another race before the happiness and peace of Southern freemen.
The Legislature of 1823 required the Governor elect " to use his exertions to obtain from the United States the extin guishment of the Indian title to all our remaining territory/' He immediately opened a correspondence with the Secretary of War, -which resulted in a commission to Duncan G. Camp bell and James Men wether, two distinguished Georgians, to treat with the Creek Indians. A council "was held in Decem ber, 1824. at Broken Arrow, on the Chattahoochce. Had the authorities of the Creek Nation been left to their own discre-

f

TROUP COUNTY.

555

tion, the success of the Commissioners would have equalled their wishes; but it was discovered that the Indians had been influenced by the United States- sub-agent, Walker, by theninterpreter Jiambly, by Missionaries, and by Cherokee chiefs, to refuse a cession; and it was believed that this was done with the connivance of John Crowell, the agent. The nego tiation altogether failed. It was in evidence that Crowell and his brother had declared " that Georgia should get no land from the Indians while Troup was Governor," Empowered so to do, the same Commissioners met the Creeks in council again at the Indian Springs, on. the 12th day of February, 1825, and concluded with them a treaty of that elate. But the Indians ceded to the United States, for Georgia, their right to all,their lands in Georgia, and. also ceded a portion in Alabama, and agreed to remove to the West, before the first day of Septem ber, 1826. The most perfect justice was done ; they were to receive acre for acre in Western lands, and four hundred thousand dollars in money. The ^attendance of chiefs was a good one, and much larger than usual when chiefs only are invited. ]Ni"o fairer consideration was ever given for Indian relinquishment. Crowell, the agent, attested the treaty. The next day he set off for Washington, to protest against it ; but Mr. Monroe submitted the treaty to the Senate, by whom it was solemnly ratified.
A short time after this, the celebrated chief arid warrior, General William JYTdntosh, whose whole life had been devoted to Georgia as well as to his own tribe, fell beneath the blows of assassins, when reposing in his own house, on our own soil. The hostile Indians surrounded his home, cowardhkc, in the midst of night, fired at, and, as he attempted to leave it, perfo rated his body with a hundred bullets. He had given his in fluence in favour of the treaty, and was a friend to Georgia. The Indians who slew him pretended that it was done in exe cution of some unwritten law of their country, as a punish ment for the cession of land. Mclntosh, friendly to G-eorgia, had, on our Governor's application, assented, for his people, to an immediate survey, so as to prepare for white occupation on the first of September, 1826. This brave warrior and the other treaty-making Indians had borne arms for the United

556

TROUP COUNTY.

States ; those opposed to the treaty had been hostile in the war with Croat Britain in 1812, 33, 14, and 15. So faithful had he been to us, that British blandishments had failed to affect his attachments ; and, as a just reward for his fidelity and bra very, a brigadier general's commission had, in that war, been sent to him from Washington. Again, in 1817 and 1818, he served under General Andrew Jackson against the Indians of Florida. The Indians friendly to the treaty were the same who had made previous cessions, against their power to make which no word had been uttered. They were the proprietors and occupants of the ceded lands, and in battle had conquered, in times past, the recusant Indians : those opposed "were inha bitants of the interior country, altogether in Alabama, and little concerned with the question. But a few years before General Jackson had treated the latter as a conquered people, and had prescribed to them their bounds.
The Governor convened the Legislature in May, 1825, in extra session, and recommended that the acquired land be sur veyed. An act was passed accordingly. A strong resolution was adopted, calling upon the President to remove the Indian Agent from office, as the enemy of Georgia, and as faithless to his Government. Mr. John Quincy Adams had become Pre sident. He refused to remove him, but instituted an inquiry into his conduct, appointing for that purpose '" a Clerk of Bureau." He also commissioned Major General Gaines to repair to Georgia, " to suppress the disorders of the Nation and compose its dissensions." These two high functionaries made their appearance in the State, and forthwith evinced an unbecoming partiality for the Agent and for those Indians who were inimical, and manifested a disposition to set at naught, and to trample upon, the rights and dignity of the State of Georgia. She had, unhappily, long been divided into two bit ter parties, of late years principally upon personal grounds, and " the Major General Commanding" very soon manifested his alliance with that in opposition to the then Chief Magis trate. The Governor appointed Commissioners, as enjoined by the Legislature, to inquire into the delinquency of the Agent. When attending conferences held by General Gaines "with the Indians in Georgia, upon her own soil, they "were debarred

TROUP COUNTY.

557

from facilities of communication with them, to which, as the representatives of a sovereign State, they were entitled. The " Clerk of Bureau" and. " the IVtajor General Commanding" went beyond their allotted duties, and reported against a treaty which had not been submitted to them ; the spotless charac ters of Campbell and Merlwether "were traduced, and the treaty was declared to be " tainted with intrigue and treachery." Mr. Adams determined to re-submit the treaty to Congress, and prohibited the survey ; the Oovernor determined to hold it as valid, and, in due time, to survey the land ; but he in formed the President of the United States that the survey should be suspended until the Legislature should again meet. And, referring to General Gaines, assures the President that were he " to send the General to him in chains, he would trans gress nothing of the public law." He demanded his imme diate recall, and his arrest, trial, and punishment, under the rules and articles of war, for having, in his correspondence and publications, insulted the Chief Magistrate of Georgia. Such was the law. But, in utter disregard of our Legislature and of our Governor, Crowell was not removed from office; Gaines was not court-martiallcd ; and the murderers of Mclntosh were not punished!
The ferment in Georgia was now exceedingly high. The State Constitution had undergone alteration, and the first elec tion of Governor by the people was approaching. The popular Gen. John Clarke was brought out by his party in opposition. The people sustained their intrepid Governor, and on the first Monday in October, gave him again the chair of state by a majority of seven hundred votes. In his message, in Novem ber, he detailed the events of the summer, and advised a firm adherence to the treaty by the General Assembly. The Legis lature, although opposed to the Governor in both branches on mere party politics, resolved, that " full faith ought to be placed in the treaty ; that the title of Georgia under it was vested and absolute; and that the right of entry, immediately on the expiration of the time limited by it, should be insisted on and carried into effect." They again solemnly required the removal of the Agent, which wag again rejected. The issue was now made up. In January, 1826, the Governor gave
36

558

TROUP COUNTY.

orders for a division of the militia into three classes, and stated therein his belief that "the general officers could not find them selves indifferent to the crisis in which the country finds Itself-" Orders "were also issued, looking to the filling up of the ranks of the existing volunteer companies, and the forma tion of new ones. The Federal Government had already as sembled at Fort Mitchell, on the Chattahoochee, and on. the Flint river, a force of four hundred regular troops. A collision might be expected. The peace of the Union was in danger! It was now that divers chiefs of the Creek Indians, certified by Mr. John Crowell, to be " very proper men/' were as sembled in Washington City, where, on the 24th January, 1836, a NEW TREATY -was made, declaring the OLD TREATY null and void, but ceding, for Georgia, nearly jail the land covered by the old, and extending the time of surrender to the first day of January, 1837. Against this treaty, the Georgia Sena tors, Berrien and Cobb, voted. It was ratified by the Senate in April. The House of Representatives appropriated the money to carry it into effect, and the Georgia Representatives filed their protests. They did their duty to Georgia in both Houses. Particularly effective were the speeches of the Hon. Mr. Berrien and the Hon. Mr. Forsyth in the maintenance, in their respective chambers, of the rights and honour of Geor gia. The Governor, at home, held the new treaty to be a piece of blank paper. It had prescribed, as he believed, dif ferent boundaries for Georgia, from those set forth in her con stitution, and guaranteed them. Lands were taken from Geor gia and abandoned to the Indians for ever ; and the jurisdiction over the river Chattahoochee, before that time absolute in Georgia, was now divided between Georgia and Alabama. Moreover, to admit it, would be to acknowledge all the ca lumnies--to confess all the charges made against the com missioners Campbell and Meriwether, and against the shade of Mclntosh--and to abandon principle for expediency.
Standing flat-footed upon the old treaty, the Governor, in July, 1826, ordered certain commissioners to proceed to run the line between Georgia and Alabama, as laid down by the contract of 18O2, This was effected before the 1st of Sep tember. The land was then ready for our surveyors. They

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had been appointed in 1825. In July, 1826, the Governor had commanded the District Surveyors to commence opera tions on the first of September. The work was done with no resistance from Washington until February, 1827, and none of moment from the Indians. Upon their complaint, the Pre sident then ordered those surveyors who laboured in that part of the territory left out by the new treaty to be arrested, and caused the Governor to be informed, through Lieut. Vintonof the army, that he would employ " all the means under his control to maintain the faith of the nation," by carrying that treaty into effect. The Governor, without the loss of a day on his part^ directed the Attorney and Solicitors General of Georgia " to bring to justice, by indictment or otherwise, the officers or parties concerned" in arresting the surveyors ; and sent ge neral orders to the Major Generals of the 6th and 7th divisions of militia, "to hold their commands in readiness to repel any hostile invasion of the State.' 1 On the same day, he wrote to the. Secretary of War, " that he should resist to the utmost, any military attack, which the government of the United States should think proper to make on the territory, the people, or the sovereignty of Georgia." You, said he, from the first decisive act of hostility, " will be considered and treated as a public enemy, and with the less repugnance, because you, to whom we might constitutionally have appealed for our defence against invasion, are yourselves the invaders; and, what is more, the unblushing advocates of the savages whose cause you have adopted. You have referred me for my conduct to the treaty at Washington. In turn I take the liberty to re fer you to a treaty of prior date, and prior ratification, con cluded at the Indian Springs, which I have the honour to en close." Lieutenant Vinton having been instructed, as neces sary to his personal safety, to preserve a profound secrecy in the execution of his mission, the Governor tells the Secretary, that " he mistakes the character of the people of Georgia. Officers of the General Government engaged in the perform ance of lawful duties, have only to deport themselves as gen tlemen to find the same security and protection in Georgia, as under the ^Egis of the government at Washington." The sur veyors were not arrested, the surveys were completed, and the

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TROUP COUNTY.

1

entire domain covered by the old treaty was organized, and disposed of by lottery, in 1827. The rights of Georgia were preserved, and her unterrified Chief Magistrate was trium phant! One of the counties was called TE.OUP ; and in honour of Mclntosh, and to perpetuate the memory of the Creek peo ple, another was called MUSCOCEE. Our energetic Governor was pronounced to be a madman by enemies at home and by submissionists abroad ; but his madness had a method in it which was conservative of the liberties of Georgians. Let no man suppose that Governor Troup "was hostile to the Union ! His official correspondence and messages, his pre vious public life, his speeches in Congress, his ardent support of his whole country in the war of 1812, prove the contrary. He has declared, and it is believed, that he would lay down his life for the Union. But for what Union? A Union for spe cified purposes delegated by the sovereign States ; a Union of limited powers ; and in all other matters one of unlimited re servation to the States, or to the people ; not a Union of con solidation, expressly nor by construction. As a State Rights man and a Georgian, he loved Georgia more. To him, next to Providence, we owe the fact, that the habitations of our brethren of Georgia now cover all her beautiful plains, and mountains, and valleys. Had he quailed, the Creeks might yet roam between the Flint and the Chattahoochee; the Cherokees might still, in our mountain lands, acknowledge the sway of a Ridge and a Ross. The example of Gov. Troup was followed by his successors. The criminal jurisdiction of Georgia was soon extended, by her own authority, over the Cherokees, who, in nine years more, followed the Creeks to the West. All are settled on lands guaranteed to them by the United States, which the United States had a right to guarantee, and -vhere, it is hoped a successful experiment will be made to bring them within the compass of civilization and Christianity.
During Gov. Troup's administration, the great and good Lafayette visited America. He was a guest of Georgia. Gov. Troup, in 1825, received him on the BlufF of Savannah. The writer of this memoir heard the address of the Governor to the nation's friend. " Welcome, Lafayette! General, 'tis little more than ninety years since the founder of this State

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561

first set foot upon the bank upon which you stand. Now, four hundred thousand people open their arms to receive you. Thanks to a kind Providence, it called you to the standard of independence in the helplessness of our Revolution, It has preserved you, that in your latter days the glory of a great empire might be reflected back upon you, amid the acclama tions of millions. The scenes which are to come, will be for you comparatively tranquil and placid. There will be no more of dungeons, no more fears of tyrants. Oh., sir, what a consolation for a man, who has passed through seas of trouble, (hat the millions of bayonets which guard the blessings we enjoy, stand between you and them! But enough! Wel come, General! Thrice welcome to the State of Georgia ! "
Education, a Court of Errors, internal improvement, and, indeed, all enlightened measures, have had in Governor Troup a warm advocate. The militia claims of Georgia for services in 1793, '93, and '94, were firmly pressed by him, and provided for at Washington. One measure alone which he supported will admit of doubt with posterity. He was the advocate of the land lottery system. He had supported it at the beginning, in 1802, and advised it in 1825; but with recommendations to guard against frauds and speculation, and, from sale of fractions, to make suitable provision for beneficial public objects. He considered the land as the property of the people, and a lottery the speediest method for settling the country and elevating his State. So had long thought all parties in Georgia, so had they always acted. Executive opposition would have been fruitless. On the subject of slave ry at the south, the Governor saw, in advance, the dangers thickening around us. He informed the Legislature, in 1825, that the feelings of the southern people had been recently out raged by officious intermeddling with their domestic concerns. He predicted that very soon the Federal Government \vould lend itself to fanatics, for the destruction of every thing valua ble to the southern country. One movement of the Congress unresisted by you," said he, " and all is lost. Temporize no longer. Ufake known your resolution ; that this subject shall not be touched by them, but at their peril. But for its sacred guaranty by the Constitution., we never would have become

1

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TROUP COUNTY.

parties to that instrument. If slavery be an evil, it is our own --if it be a sin, we can implore the forgiveness of.it. I be^ seech you most earnestly,, now that it is not too late, to. step forth, and, having- exhausted the argument, to stand by your arms."
He retired from the government in November, 1827, with a popularity equal to that of any former Chief Magistrate. In 1828. he was recalled to the United States Senate. This appointment was accepted by him with unfeigned regret. Illhealth and other circumstances had determined him to live in domestic seclusion. It is not generally known that, when apprised of the legislative intention to send him to Washing ton, he, to prevent it, hastened from his home in Laurens, to Milledgeville, where he arrived only a few hours after his election. He continued in Congress until 1834, enjoying the respect and veneration of his fellow-citizens of Georgia. In the Senate, his feebleness of health forbade participation in debate. The same cause produced his final resignation. By his more intimate friends Gov. Troup is regarded as the living apos tle of State Rights, the champion of State Sovereignty. It was under the conviction that these were imperilled, that he de clared, in 1833, that "he would have been carried on his death-bed to the Capitol, rather than not have given his vote against the Force Bill." His opinions upon topics of public interest are given unreservedly when solicited ; and the ac knowledged consistency of his life--the admitted integrity of his heart--the soundness of his intellect--give them a weight felt by all. Witness his letter upon State Sovereignty and State Interposition, long regarded in Georgia as a text-book for State Rights men. So also his. letters upon the Tariff, the Annexation of Texas, and others. He may not be considered as identified with either of the present parties dividing the State. He enunciates great principles, and sustains or opposes great measures, leaving his opinions to operate on the public mind according to their merits. He has been a man of sor rows. He is taciturn, and, hence., is charged with pride ; but no man's heart is more tender, or more benevolent. He is not a professor of the Christian religion, in which, neverthe less, one who has a right to know, assures the writer that he is

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a believer. His gubernatorial messages, writings, and procla mations, prove that he has unaffected respect for the institu tions and ministers of Christianity. May his life, now extended to near seventy years, be prolonged many more, and may the blessings of a grateful people continue "with him unto the grave !

TWIGGS.

BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Twiggs county is bounded N. by

Jones, E. by Wilkinson, S. by Pulaski, and W. by the Ocmul-

gee river and a portion of Bibb. Laid out from Wilkinson in

1809, and a part added to Bibb in 1833. Length, 25 miles,

breadth 14. Area 350 square miles.

RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Ocmulgee river forms most of the

western boundary; Shell Stone, Crooked, Flat, and Savage

creeks empty into the Ocmulgee. There are several streams

in the eastern part, among which Big Sandy creek is the prin

cipal.

POST OFFICES.--.Marion, Tarversville, Jeffersonville.

POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--According to the

census of 1845, the population was 3,752 "whites, 4,084 blacks;

total, 7,836. Entitled to one representative to the Legislature

of the State. Amount of State tax for 1848, $2,841 61.

TOWNS.--Marion, named after General Marion, is the capi

tal, situated 36 miles S. W. of Milledgeville, 8 from the Oc

mulgee, 20 from Macon, and 30 from Hartford. It has a

court-house, jail, tavern, two stores, &c. Population about

60. Incorporated in 1816. A branch of the Darien Bank "was

formerly located here.

Tarversville is in the S. "W. corner of the county.

Jeffersonville is 6 miles from Marion, and 22 from Macon.

It contains two churches, a fine school, and is considered a heal

thy place. Population, 100.

*

EARLY STTTLERS.--Mr. John Denson, Joel Denson, Wm.

Jamerson, Jeremiah Dupree, Benjamin Joiner, Edmund Hod

ges, Mr. Hughs, George Wimberly, and Col. Lawson.

TWIGGS COUNTY.
RELIGIOUS SEC EDUCATION. --Baptists and Methodists are the prevailing sects. There are good schools in this county, and there is a disposition to encourage the efforts of faithful teachers among; a large portion . of the com munity. Number of poor children, 283. Educational fund, $245 43.
MARKETS.--Macon and Savannah. MILLS. -- Saw-mills, f! ; grist-mills, 9. FACTS OF THE COUNTRY, NATUIEF, OF THE SOIL. ---- The upper part of the county is broken. The soil is generally gray, although there are some red lands. On Turkey creek and Oomulgee river the lands are fertile. AVERAGE PKOBUCT PTCK ACRE. --Cotton averages 400 pounds, corn about 12 bushels, wheat 8 bushels. ROCKS, FOSPTLS. --Burr stone of good quality is found in this county. The bones of the Zuglodori have been discovered on Mrs. Thorpe's plantation. In various parts interesting fossils abound. The county, like Houstoun, abounds with lime rock ROADS AND BRIDGES. --The roads -will compare favourably with those of the adjacent counties. The bridges are neglected. CLIMATE, DISEASED, LONGEVITY-- The climate is unhealthy. The instances of longevity with -which we are acquainted are, John Keeth, who died at the age of 90 ; Ephraim Lile and Thomas Tnylor, -who were nearly 80 at their death. Mr. John Denson died at 90 ; Sarah Denson is now living, aged 80. CHARACTER OE THE PEOPLE -- The citizens of Twiggs are said to be industrious, frugal, and temperate. In morals the people generally have improved. VALUE OF TOWN J.-OTS, &c, -- The value of town lots is $1 12, 320, Stock in trade, $"27,692. Money at interest, ^80,050. - J\r AME.--The details of the life of General John Xwiggs, from whom this county received its name, would fill a volume ; but agreeably to the plan, we are compelled to observe, in de scribing the character and services of Georgia's noble sons, we can only refer to some of the most prominent incidents in the history of this gallant soldier. The blessings which are

TWIGC1S COUNTY.

565

enjoyed under this free government, "were purchased at a dear rate, and the memory of those brave men, by whose prowess they were obtained, should, never be effaced from our minds. General Twiggs is eminently deserving the gratitude of the people of Georgia; for never did soldier serve them with more steadiness and fidelity. He was born in Maryland, on the 5th of June, 1750, and. came to Georgia some time before the American Revolution, and settled in Burke county. His pa rents were poor, and were unable to give him any more than a few months' schooling ; after which, he learned the trade of a carpenter. Upon coming to Georgia he followed his trade, and married Miss Ruth Kmanuel, sister of the Hon. David Emanuel, a lady of great firmness of character, and who, dur ing the Revolution in which her companion was soon to figure, endured many sufferings,, with a fortitude becoming the wife of ail American patriot. After his marriage he removed to Richmond county, and built a mill, near which he resided, until his oppressed country called him to the battle-field. To that call he promptly responded. About the time he joined the army, the Cherokee Indians were giving much trouble to the frontier settlements, and an expedition under Colonel Jack was ordered to proceed against them. Twiggs, as captain of a company, joined this expedition, and by his bravery and skill secured the confidence of Col. Jack. In 1779, when Lieut. Col. Campbell "was on his way to Augusta, he detached 400 men against Burke county jail. Whh the assistance of Col. Few, Twiggs raised an inconsiderable force, and defeated the enemy in two different actions.
A short time after the memorable battle at Kettle Creek, Col. Twiggs and Col. John Mclntosh surprised a British post at Herbert's, not far from Augusta, consisting of seventy men, and compelled them to surrender. Between this period and that of the attack upon Savannah by the combined forces of Gen. Jjincoln and Count D'Estaing, he was constantly employed in skirmishes with the enemy and cutting off their supplies. One among the most splendid achievements in which he was engaged, took place in June, 1779, when he was attacked at Sutler's plantation, on the Ogeechee river, having only thirty men under his command, by Capt. JMuller, of the 60th regi-

1

566

TWIGGS COUNTY.

nient, with sixty grenadiers. Twiggs formed his spirited band so well, that the enemy "were totally overcome. The captain was killed, and several other officers, and the remainder taken prisoners. When intelligence of this brilliant affair reached Savannah it produced a great sensation among the British offi cers. One of them, is reported to have said, " that if an angel was to tell him that Capt. Muller, who had served twenty-one years in the King's Guards with his detachment, had been de feated by an equal number of rebels, he would disbelieve it." Our hero, shortly after this engagement, anxious to inflict pro per chastisement upon the notorious McGirth, and his party, who were pillaging the property of the citizens, went in pur suit of these marauders, and overtook them on Buck Head creek ; but unhappily for the cause of humanity, after a short skirmish they made their escape into a swamp, not however without losing a number of their men. On the 12th of Sep tember, 1779, Colonel Twiggs with his regiment joined Gene ral Lincoln, at Cherokee Hill, eight miles from Savannah. In the bloody conflict at the latter place he was present, and with Pulaski, Laurens, Mclntosh, Butler, Jones, Jackson, Few, and Baillie, did all that military skill could accomplish, to recover the town from a cruel enemy. Col. Twiggs was favoured with a retentive memory, and long after the drama of the Re volution closed, he would amuse and interest for hours, the young men who "were wont to circle about him, by reciting the incidents of the "war. What a privilege must it have been to hear rom the lips of the "war-worn veteran himself, the re cital of Pulaski's gallantry, Jasper's daring, and JVfcIn tosh's ardour ! What emotions must they have felt when the old sol dier spoke of the carnage and blood of that siege! After the unsuccessful enterprise against Savannah, many of the fami lies of the patriots experienced sufferings of which it is hardly possible to form an idea. Though the family of Col. Twiggs was removed under the protection of a ilag, they were actu ally fired upon by the enemy, and the Colonel himself only escaped by flight. At Gates' defeat at Camden, he was se verely wounded by a sabre, and left for dead upon the field. After his partial recovery he returned to Georgia, determined not to shrink from the contest for independence. Collecting

TWIGGS COUNTY.

5G7

a body of men, he went in pursuit of his old enemy McGirth, whose depredations upon the defenceless frontiers had created great alarm ; but his knowledge of the country enabled him again-to make his escape. At this period, also, he was en gaged south of Savannah, in checking the operations of the ene my's scouting parties. At the Fish Dam fords he contributed greatly to the victory gained by the Americans over the Bri tish, commanded by Major Wemyss; and a few days after wards, at Blackstock's house, at the head of his band of Geor gians, he resisted the furious charge of Tarlton's cavalry. Justice has not been done to the Georgia officers engaged in this battle. , We have no desire to lessen the glory of Sumter in this action ; but it is the opinion of many, and of some too who participated in the battle, that the venerable historian of South Carolina, Dr. liamsey, does not give a proper share of praise to the Georgia officers. Sumter, it is true, commanded at the beginning of the action, but receiving a wound, he was compelled to retire from the field. The command then de volved upon the oldest Georgia officer, Coi. Twiggs, and to this officer, and his associates, Jackson, Chandler, and Clarke, is due much of the glory of the victory. WheiiBrown surrendered to the arms of the Americans at Augusta, Twiggs was present, and shared in all the toils and dangers of that memorable oc casion. When the Legislature met in Augusta, in 1781, in consideration of the gallant services of Colonel Twiggs, he was appointed a Brigadier General. His attention was now turned to the eastern part of the State, and having advanced with his army as far as Burke county, he learned that large bodies of loyalists and Indians were collecting on the western frontiers; upon "which he retraced his steps to Augusta, for the purpose of concerting a plan of operations to disperse them. During the remainder of the revolutionary conflict he "was incessant ly engaged, and at all times acquitted himself as a patriot soldier. When the war closed he retired, but only for a brief period, to his plantation in Richmond county, for the Indian difficulties called him again from his home. To thwart the designs of the savages, goaded on by unprincipled men, re quired consummate skill and prudence ; and the government of Georgia, believing that General Twiggs possessed in a high

568

TWTCGS COUNTY.

degree these qualifications, invested him -with full power to di rect the plan of operations against the Indians, and which he did with complete success. In October, 1786, a detachment of 1500 men was ordered by Governor Tel fair to attend the Commissioners appointed to treat with the Creek Indians, and which was placed under the command of General Twiggs. Previous to this period, he had been a commissioner to nego tiate treaties with the Indians. At Augusta, on May 31st, 1783, in conjunction with Lyman Hall, Elijah Clarke, W. Few, Ed ward Telfair, and Samuel Elbert, he made a treaty "with the Cherokees, and in November, of the same year, a treaty with the Creeks. In 1785, he concluded a treaty with the Creeks at Galphinton. At Shoulder Bone, in obedience to the orders of Governor Telfair, he attended the Commis sioners appointed to negotiate a treaty with the Creeks. In 1791 he was promoted to the rank of Major General. In 1794, his former associate in arms, General .Elijah Clarke, and his adherents, took possession of the territory on the In dian side of the Oconee, and General Twiggs received orders to draft 600 men to proceed against him. Clarke, however, abandoned the project before the military force was organized. ;It will be remembered, that the Legislature of 1795 passed an act for the sale of the Western Territory. An account of that infamous transaction may be found in our sketch of Gene ral James Jackson, and we allude to it here to have an oppor tunity of saying that General Twiggs was violently opposed to it, and was one of the principal agents in having the act declared null and void by the Legislature of 1796. In 1800, General Twiggs was honoured by the Legislature with the appointment of a Trustee of Franklin University, and in its prosperity he continued to take a deep interest to the close of his life. This devoted friend to Georgia died on the 29th of March, 1816, aged 65 years. He had always requested that no monument should be placed over his grave. He was five feet ten inches in height, stoutly made, well proportioned, gray eyes, florid complexion. He was affable and hospitable. His house was open to all. To his fellow-soldiers of the Revolu tion he was much attached ; and his sons can remember when whole nights were consumed by the soldiers of '76, at General

UNION COUNTY.

569

Twiggs' residence, in recounting the events of the war. His humanity was exemplary ; and although he had many provo cations from the British, and the dastard tories, he endeavour ed to exercise a spirit of forbearance. A notorious tory by the name of Gunn, had actually concerted a plan to kill Gene ral Twiggs in his own house. This man afterwards came in to his power. The famous Paddy Carr, who, it is said, had killed more than 100 tories with his own hand, insisted that Gunn should be -immediately hung; but General Twiggs, with his characteristic good nature, would permit no injury to be in flicted upon the poltroon. General Twiggs left five SOBS and one daughter ; one of his sons, General D. E. Twiggs, now of the United States army, has inherited much of his father's spirit. Posterity -will speak of his deeds. Major Levi Twiggs was killed at the storming of Chepultepec.

UNION.
BOUNDARIES.--This county is bounded IV. by North Caro lina, E. by Rabun and ttabersham, S. by Xjumpkin, and \V. by Gilmer. Laid out from Cherokee, and organized in IS3'2.
RrvERs, CREEKS.--The principal streams are the Hiwassee, IVotley, and Tcccoa rivers. The creeks are High Tower, Dooly's, Hemp Town, Cooper's, Brass Town, Mill, &c.
TOWNS.--Blairsville is the seat of justice ; and is situated in the midst of the Blue Ridge. It has a court-house, and jail; one school, two hotels, six stores, one tailor, one cabinet maker, &c. It is distant from the North Carolina line 11 miles ; from Milledgeville, 1G5; from Ellijay, 40; from Dahlonega, 35; from Clayton, 45. Provisions are abundant and cheap. The scenery in the vicinity of Blairsville is hardly surpassed by any in the United States. The population are quiet and orderly. The public buildings were located in Blairsville, in 1835. Population, about 150. Amount of goods sold in a year, $20,000, mostly purchased in Augusta and Charleston. Incor porated in 1847.

570

UNION COUNTY.

CLIMATR, J)rsi5ASES, INSTANCES OF LONGEVITY.--The clime.te is delightful in summer. In winter sudden changes oc cur, which commonly produce colds, pleurisy, &c. The dis ease called " Milk Sick/' sometimes prevails upon the head waters of Brass Town and Cythis creeks. Instances of longevity are common. Mrs. Sarah Lloyd is over 85; Mrs. Adding ton, over 80 ; L>icy Queen, 85 ; Mrs. Pattersoii, over 80 ; John Nickerson, a revolutionary soldier, over 90 ; Samuel Reid, 95 ; Rulhcr Brown, over 80.
NATURE OF THE SOIL, VAT.UE OF LAND. -- This county has some excellent lands, mostly on the bottoms and creeks, adapted to corn and Irish potatoes, worth $10 per acre. There is a description of land called table land, having a growth of nickory and post oak, suited to corn, tobacco and wheat; value $8 to $5 per acre. Excellent ranges for cattle are to be found in every section of this mountain region.
Average product of corn per acre, 20 bushels, wheat 6. No cotton is cultivated. Rye, oats, and Irish potatoes do well.
Tit RES, ORCHARDS.--Mountain birch, spruce, mountain lau rel, hack berry, black locust, sarvis, maple, white pine, &c. The country being newly settled the inhabitants have not yet paid much attention to orchards. Apples succeed admirably.
MINERALS.--A more interesting field for the mineralogist cannot be found, in tbc United States than this section of Georgia. It is rich in minerals. Three diamonds have been found in the county. Gold occurs in several places, particularly on Gum Log, Ivy Log, High Tower, Brass Town, and Cosa creeks. The mines on the last named creek have the repu tation of being rich, having yielded lOOjOOO pennyweights of gold since they "were operated upon.
White and variegated marble is found on Cat creek, and Cut Cane creek, in the "western part of the county. Iron is abundant. Silver, it is said, exists in this county. Granite, mica, quarts, alum, arid sulphuret of iron, are common. Six miles northwest of Ulairsville, on Ivy Log and Brass Town creeks, are quarries of millstone, said to be excellent.
MOUNTAINS.--The Blue Ridge crosses Union, and its differ ent peaks are distinguished by the names of Ivy Log, Cooper's Creek, Blood, Track Rock, Ball, and Round Top mountains.

UNION COUNTY.

571

VALLEYS. -- The valleys are Brass Town, Hiwassee, Choestoah, Ivy .Log, and Young Cane, most of "which have fine lands, cultivated by an industrious and simple class of people.
POST OFFICES.--BJairsville, Ivy Log, Polk, Shady Grove, and Young Cane.
POPULATION, TAXKS, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the cen sus gave Union a population of 5,070 whites, and 142 blacks; total, 5,812- The amount of taxes for 1848, 8878 80 cents. Entitled to one representative.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Missionary and Anti-Mis sionary Baptists, Methodists, a few Presbyterians, and Bible Christians. In this region ministers and Sabbath schools are much needed. Education is at a low ebb. Schools are want ed, and efficient teachers would be encouraged, Number of poor children, 850. Educational fund, $737 20 cents.
KEntAKKABLii Pi,ACES. -- Track Rock is situated about 7 miles east of Blairsville, in the gap of a mountain, which has received the name of the Enchanted Mountain, at the head waters of the Arquequa and Brass Town creeks. The rock .appears to be a species of soapstone, and on it are tracks,. SUDposed to have been made by the Indians, such as the tracks of turkeys, deer, cows, horses, bears, men, boys, girls, &c. Dr. Stevenson, of Canton, in Cherokee county, cut out one of these impressions, and -wrote a very romantic story about this rock, and the Enchanted Mountain. On the side of this mountain is a rock fort.
Bell Creek or Pilot Mountain is situated in the northeast corner of Union county, and appears to be placed upon the summit of a larger mountain. The northwest side of it is 400 yards perpendicular. It is visible for 20 miles around, and re ceived its present name from the Indians. The top is almost inaccessible.
About a mile and a half from Blairsville, on Notley river, a fierce battle occurred between the Cherokees and Creeks, rela tive to territory claimed by both parties. On Hiwassee river a battle was fought by the Cherokees and Creeks, in which the latter were defeated. At Track Hock, a severe battle is supposed to have been fought.
MINERAL SPRINGS, FALLS.--3lineral springs are to be found

572

UNION COUNTY.

near the head waters* of the Hiwassee river, but none particu larly celebrated. On the head waters of the Hiwassee river, are several falls, some of which are 100 feet perpendicular, de cidedly superior, it is affirmed, to the Toccoa falls.
ORIGINAL SETTLERS.--Mr. John Butt and his family, the Chastains, Smiths, Turners, Loudermiths, Englands, Burches, Sanders, and others.
MILLS, DISTILLERIES, &c.--In the county are 11 saw-mills ; 25 grist-mills, and 1 merchant-mill in process of construction. There are 7 distilleries. Iron -works have been erected on Ivy Log creek, 7 miles from Blairsville.
ROADS, BRIDGES.--The roads are necessarily rough, being in a mountain region. The citizens are, however, paying at tention to their roads, and we feel no hesitation in saying, that we have met with worse roads in some of the older coun ties. There are not many bridges. The one over Notley's creek, a mile and a half from Blairsville, is SO feet in length.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--Hospitality is a peculiar trait in the character of the people. Strangers are . always "welcome, and treated "with marked kindness. The rules of etiquette do not exist, it is true, among these moun taineers ; but every one is anxious to make the visiter happy. The ladies are artless, and unsophisticated, and seem to take much pleasure in conversing with strangers. The luxuries of cities are unknown in Union. Many of the mountain people never use sugar except upon very special occasions. Hunting, fishing, and dancing are the amusements.
VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $6,490. Value of stock in trade, 87,700, Money at interest 83,913.
NAME.--The following is said to be the origin of the name of this county. When the question was asked in the Legis lature, the representative from that region answered *' Union, for none but union-men reside in it."-- Sherwood's Gazetteer.

UPSON COUNTY.

573

UPSON.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county is bounded N. by Pike; E. by Monroe and-Crawford ; S. by Talbot, and W. by JVIeriwether and Talbot. Laid out from Crawford and Pike in 1824. It is 24 miles long, and 16 wide, containing 384 square miles.
POST OFFICES,--Thomaston, Double Bridges, Hootensville, Waymunville.
AMOUNT op STATE TAX.--The amount of State tax for 1848, was $3,357 13.
POPULATION, REPRESENTATION; -- According to the last census, Upson had 5,740 wT hites, and 4,080 blacks ; total, 9,828. Entitled to two representatives to the Legislature.
RIVEIIS AND CREEKS.--The principal river is the Flint, into which the following creeks empty, viz.; P>ig Potato, Lit tle Potato, Tobler's, Swift, and Turkey.
TOWNS.--Thomaston, a remarkably neat village, is the seat of justice for the county. It has a handsome brick court house, jail, one excellent tavern, two churches, Methodist and Baptist, one male and one female academy, each averaging fifty pupils, four stores, one family grocery, three tailors, four blacksmiths, two wheelwrights, one tinner, one cabinet-maker, one tannery, two carpenters, one shoe factory, seven attor neys, five physicians, three ministers, one Odd Fellows' Lodge, one Masonic Lodge, one Division of the Sons of Temperance, one Bible Society, and two Sabbath schools. The people are intelligent, moral, and hospitable. It is situ ated upon the waters of Potato creek, on the road leading from Columbus to Macon. From Milledgeville it is 75 milles W, S. W ; 16 from the Macon and Western Railroad, 45 from Macon, 37 from KnoxyilJe, and 17 from Zebulon, '_i ne Columbus stage passes through Thomaston every day. It was incorporated in 1825.
Logtowii, nine miles S. E, of Thomaston. Is distinguished for the number of its mechanics' shop.
Hootensville, is three miles from Flint river, and twelve from Thomaston.
37

574

[TPSON COUNTY.

-Double Bridges is 11 miles from Thomaston, on the road

leading to Columbus.

FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The face -

of the country is undulating and broken. The best lands are

in the south and southeast parts of the county, on Flint river,

Potato, and Tobler's creeks. The soil is of a dark gray colour,

peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of cotton a,nd corn. The

red lands are adapted to grains particularly. The pine lands

are inferior.

VALUE OF .LAND.--The best lands are worth $8 per acre ;

red lands, $7; chestnut lands, $3; pine lands, 82.

VALUE OF TOWN JUOTS.--The value of town lots is

$26,370. Value of stock in trade, 827,030. Money at inte

rest, 8138,109. Capital invested in manufactures, 880,000.

PRO DUCT LOWS, PRODUCT PER ACRE.----Cotton, corn, wheat,

and oats are the chief productions. Teh thousand bags of cot

ton are annually produced, twenty-five hundred of which are

taken by the factories. Cotton averages 5OO pounds per acre,

corn, 3^- barrels, wheat, 10 bushels. Apples and peaches

succeed, as well as vegetables of every description.

MANUFACTURES, MILLS,--The water power in this county

is very fine. At the Thomaston factory, there is a succession

of natural dams or water-falls, which could be rendered valu

able by a few hours' labour. From various sources we have

derived the following statistics of the factories in this county.

The Franklin factory and Wayman factory are on Tob

ler's creek, 7 miles S. E. of Thomaston, owned and managed

by the same persons.

The Franklin factory was first put into operation, April,

1833. Spindles, 1,320. Cards, 16.

The Wayman factory was first put into operation in 18-11.

Spindles, 1,604. Looms, for weaving heavy osnaburgs weigh

ing half a pound per yard, 20.

Amount of cotton consumed in both

factories per annum,

.

.

1,100 bales.

Number of operatives, .

.

, 125

Amount paid operatives each month, 900 dollars.

Hours of work, per day,

.

.

12

Bacon used per week- .

.

. 500 pounds.

UPSON COUNTY.

575

Flour used per week . . .

Corn Meal,

....

Coffee,

"

...

Molasses,

" ....

Tobacco used by men, women and

children, .....

700 pcmiids. 20 bushels. GO pounds. 20 gallons.
20 Ibs. per week.

No provision is made for the education of the children. The character of the operatives is distinguished by the usual traits that mark the poor, uneducated class of this country. Of the -whole population of the village, "which amounts to 240, there are not 20 who can either read or write. They are much inferior in moral deportment to the operatives of New EngJand, where the laws make provision for their education, yet their condition is much improved. Nearly all the families residing here, are those who have been driven by necessity to engage their children to work in the mills, whose toil on some worn-out or. barren piece of ground 'was not sufficient to sup ply their wants.

Flint river factory, owned by Walker & Grant.

Spindles, ..... 1,500

Cards, .

16

Looms, ...,.

36

Pounds of cotton used per day, .

700

Operatives,

....

50

Tliomaston factory, on Potato creek, a mile and a half from Thomaston, owned by Rogers &. Turner.

Spindles, ..... Cards, ..... Looms, ..... Operatives, .... Pounds of cotton used per day, .

1,260 16 24 50
JOO

At this factory the advantages of church and Sunday school instruction arc afforded to the operatives.
, Another factory will soon be erected, as well as a papermill.

57t5

UPSON COUNTY-

On Potato creek,

.

._ .

5 flour mills.

?

On Tobler's creek ...

3

Saw-mills, .....

13 .

Grist-mills,

....

15

ROADS AND BitiDG-Es.--In dry seasons the roads are in good ..order; in wet, they are very bad. The bridges are kept in
tolerable repair.
MOUNTAINS.--The Pine mountains begin on the east side of the Flint river. The highest summits are 800 feet above the Flint river. Among these mountains are some fine springs, and upon the highest summit an Indian burial ground.
CHARACTER OP THE PEOPLE.--No one can visit this seclion of country without forming a favourable opinion of the character of its population. The greater part of the people are snug farmers, and few of them are in debt.
EDUCATION ---Schools of excellent character are ifi. Thomaston, and other places. Number of poor children, 295. Educational fund, $255 84 cents.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--In some par,ts of the county fevers and chills prevail. The instances of longe vity are the following : Mr. Daniel Parker, died at the age of 90 ; Mr. Henry Garland, at 90 ; Mrs. Doles is now living, 90 years old ; also Mr. James Walker, 85 years old.

MIXERAL SPRING. -- The Thundering spring is in the N.W. part of the county, 2 miles from the Flint river, 30 from Thomaston, and 18 from Zebulon. It derives its name from a rumbling noise resembling distant thunder, which formerly proceeded from it, but which is no longer heard. The dis continuance of the sound is owing, it is supposed, to the num ber of rocks "which have been thrown into it by visiters. The spring is at the base of a hill, and is enclosed by a frame building, to which is attached a convenient dressing-room for bathers. It is 12 feet in diameter ; its depth has never been correctly ascertained. It is said to possess medicinal virtues, in cases of rheumatism and other chronic diseases. Its warm and pleasant temperature renders it a delightful bath at all seasons, and its buoyancy is such, that bathers cannot sink; below the arm-pit, the motion of the "water having a tendency to throw all light bodies to the surface. The country around

UPSON COUNTY.

577

the spring is healthy and romantic. There is an Indian tra dition connected with this spot not altogether devoid of inte rest. About 150 yards from the present site of the spring, on the side of the hill, is a large circular excavation in the earth somewhat resembling a lime sink, which the Indians say-was the former location of the spring; but a white man in a drunken frolic having spurred his horse into the spring, its presiding spirit, offended at Its pollution, caused the spring to disappear, and it burst forth where it now is, at the base of the hill.'
NAME.--Upson county was named after Stephen Upson, Esq., an eminent lawyer of Lexington, Oglethorpe county. Thisgentieman was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, in 1785. He graduated at Yale, in 1804, with a high reputation for scholarship. He then studied law a,t Litchfield, with Judge Reeves. Ill health rendered it necessary for him to remove to a southern climate ; and in 1807 he left his native State, and came to Hanover, in Virginia, where he had letters to Colonel Pope. Here he remained a short time, employing him self in teaching the Colonel's children, and reading law. The Colonel became much attached to Mr. Upson, and did every thing in his power to render his residence with him agreeable ; but finding that the climate of Virginia did not improve his health, Mr. Upson determined to try that of Georgia. The Hon. William H. Crawford, who then resided in Lexington, and to whom Mr. Upson had brought letters from Colonel Pope, immediately perceived that the stranger was a man of no ordinary merits. His modesty, his industry and intelli gence, prepossessed Mr. Crawford in his favour, and he ac cordingly received him as a student in his officej and afforded him many facilities, of which Mr. Upson always retained a grateful recollection. He commenced the practice of the law in 1808. His mind and habits wore of such a character, that he soon became distinguished in his profession. To his busi ness he devoted himself without intermission. Company, amusements, every thing -was given up, and he seemed to have no thoughts except those connected with his profession. Merit like his could not long remain unrewarded. The citi zens of Oglethorpe were not slow in perceiving, that if perse-

578

UPSON COUNTY.

veraiice, integrity, and legal knowledge, could insure success to any claims which called for the interposition of the Courts, then it would be prudent in them to secure the services of Mr. Upson. Accordingly, business came to him from every quarter. Persons from a distance came to Lcxington to con sult him on legal subjects. Mr. Crawford, having the highest opinion of Mr. Upson's abilities as a lawyer, placed in his hands some important, cases. Indeed Mr. Upson possessed in a very high degree the confidence of this eminent man, who was in the habit of freely communicating to him his views 011 the various subjects "which at that time agitated the people of Georgia.
When the JTon. Judge Cobb, one of the most celebrated lawyers in Georgia, was elected to Congress in 1816 and 1818, and when he finally removed to Greenesborough, Mr. Upson was left witliout a rival on the Northern Circuit. All his contemporaries speak of him as possessing a mind enriched with the stores of literature, and a disposition peculiarly amiable and obliging. A gentleman who studied law in his office, says " that his neatness of person and dress was pecu liar. Dust could not adhere to his clothes." His complexion was fair, and a little florid ; his person tall and straight. Irle seldom laughed. Strict economy, which was forced upon him in early life by the want of means, never left him, even when he had acquired a large fortune.
In 1812, Mr. Upson married Miss Hannah Cummins, youngest daughter of the celebrated 13r. Francis Cummins. JM'r. Upson represented Oglethorpe county in the State Legis lature, from 1820 to the period of his death, which took place August 24, 1824, aged 39 years. At the time of his decease he -was justly esteemed at the head of the Georgia bar, and had he lived until the ensuing session of the Legislature he would doubtless have been elected to the United States Senate. In that body lie would probably have held a higher grade than any gentleman from Georgia since it was repre sented by Mr. Crawford.

WALTON COUNTY

.

579

W ALTON.
SITUATION, BOUNDARIES.--Waltoii county lies in the pri mitive formation. It is bounded, on the K. K, by Jackson ; on the E. by Clarke ; on the S. by Morgan ; on the S. W. by Newton ; and on the JY. W. by G-wiiiiiett. The average length is 35 miles, and width 18.
TOWNS.--JVIonroe is the county site, situated on the ridge dividing the waters of the Ulcofauhachee and Appalachee rivers, at the head of Mountain creek, distant from Slilledgeville 66 miles, from Social Circle 10, from Athens 25, from Law rence vi He 18, from JVIadison 23, from W^atkmsviHc 22, from Covington IS. The town presents a very neat appearance. It contains a brick court-house, jail, two hotels, two churches, seven stores, four groceries, two tailors, four blacksmiths, two -wagon makers, one tannery, one harness-maker, two carriage-makers, one painter, two boot and shoe-makers, five lawyers, five doctors, two teachers, and two excellent schools. The town is well shaded. It was made the public site and incorporated in 1821. It is considered healthy, and the water is tolerable. Population, 400.
Social Circle was incorporated in 1831, and is inhabited by a kind and enterprising people. It is situated on the Georgia Railroad, on the highest eminence between. Covington and Augusta. It is the depot for the county. Considerable busi ness is done here, and the amount of goods sold in twelve months has reached 840,000. Population, 200. The com piler of this work knows of no place in Georgia where one can find a kinder people than those of Social Circle. It has indeed an appropriate name. One of the best dentists in Geor gia resides m this town.
Ceiitreville is (! miles west of Social CircleBroken Arrow is 3 miles north of Ceiitreville. POST OFFICES.--Monroe, Social Circle, Cut Off, Good Hope, and Windsow. POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the cen sus gave this county 7,761 whites, 4,709 blacks; total, 12,470.

580

WALTON COUNTY.

The amount of State tax returned for 1848 is $3907 52. En titled to two representatives.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY-.--The climate is as healthy as any in .middle Georgia. The most prevalent diseases are those of an Inflammatory character. The instances of longe vity are quite numerous. Mr. Carson died at the age of 100; Mr. Stark Brown, over 1OO ; a negro woman belonging to Mr. William Anderson, died at the advanced age of 116; Tom, belonging to Mr. William Terry, died at 105--he was a soldier in the Revolution. There are now living Mr. Joseph Herndon, aged 90; Mr. Anderson, 89 ; Mrs. Carson, 90; Mrs. Harris, 85; Mrs. McMahon, 80; Mrs, Hudson, over 80. A negro named Lot, the property of Mrs. Graves, is now living, aged 90 years.
MILLS, DISTILLERIES.--Saw-mills 23, grist-mills 23, flourmills 5. A few small distilleries.
ROADS AND BRIDGES.--The roads are generally kept m good order. There are six bridges over the Alcovi. and six over the Appalachee.
PRODUCTIONS, AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE. -- Cotton, wheat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes, &c. Average of cotton, per acre, 400 pounds, corn 3 barrels, wheat 5 bushels.
MINERALS.--There is a gold mine on Hard Labour creek, 9 miles S. W. of Monroe, the property of Capt. J. S. Means, who informs the author, that one and a half pennyweights of gold have been made per day, to the hand.
Austin's mines are in the N. E. part; and Smith's in the N. W. part of the county. There is a granite formation running through the county from N. E. to S. W., in some places half a mile wide, and in others two miles.
Iron, plumbago, tourmaline, quartz, granite, &,c., abound. MARKET.--Farmers carry their produce to Augusta. CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE, AMUSEMENTS.--Many worthy and intelligent people reside in this county. The inhabitants are industrious and temperate. The amusements are hunting, rifle-shooting, fishing, racing, and dancing. RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Baptists, Methodists, Pres byterians, Bible Christians, and a few of other denominations. There are about thirty churches in the county. Considerable

WALTON COUNTY,

581

attention is paid to education, and some provision is made for the instruction of poor children. Number of poor chil dren, 294. Educational fund, $254 97.
NATURE OF THE SOIL, VALUE OF LAND.--The first quality lands are on Alcovi river, Jacks and Hard .Labour creeks, mulatto soil, value $5 per acre. The second quality embraces the gray lands, value $4 per acre. The third quality embraces the ridge lands, value $2 per acre.
ORIGINAL SETTLERS.--R. M. Echolls, Vincent Harralson, John Steel, Elisha Belts, W. T. Colquitt, David Johnson, Zac Phillips, Capt. J. S. Means, Col. Blackburn, Wm. P. Easley, Jesse Arnold.
MINERAL SPRINGS.--There are no mineral springs of any celebrity in. the county. One mile north of Monroe is a spring, said to possess chalybeate properties.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The rivers are the Appalachee and the Ulcofauhachee. The creeks are Jack's, Cornish, Little Haynes, Bay, Marbury's, Shoals, &c,
REMARKABLE PLACES. --" The Cowpens" is a place of some notoriety, known formerly as Easley's Cowpens. The first court in Walton was held at this place. It is three miles south-of Monroe, and is beautifully situated with a fine spring.
Jack's creek is celebrated for a battle fought, 21st of Sept., 1787, between the Indians, commanded by McCilvary, a half breed, and the whites, commanded by Col. Elijah Clarke. The force of the Indians amounted to 800, the Americans 300. The attack "was made on the hill, three miles east of the spot upon which Monroe now stands, by Clarke, in three divisions. The battle commenced at 10 o'clock, and continued until sunset. The Indians were defeated. The Americans carried their dead about a mile into a branch, and there buried them among the canes ; from which circumstance the place has since been known by the name of " Dead Man's Branch."
NUMBER OF BAGS or COTTON. -- Four thousand bags of cotton are annually produced in this county.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTICE.--R. M. Echolls, President of the Senate, lived in this county. He died in Mexico, and his re mains were brought to Walton, and buried at his homestead, one mile from Broken Arrow.

582

WALTON COUNTY.

NAME.--This county was named after George Walton, whose history is full of interest, and affords proof that talents, joined with industry, may overcome all difficulties. Like many illustrious men who have adorned the annals of this and other countries, Mr. Walton owed the distinction to which he attained, to his own efforts. He was born in Frederick coun ty, Virginia, in 1740, and received no other education except that which he acquired during the intervals of labour. He was apprenticed to learn the trade of a carpenter ; and such was his thirst for knowledge, that he collected lightwood during the day, by the light of which he would pursue his studies, his master not allowing him the use of a candle. After his ap prenticeship had expired he removed to Georgia, and com menced the study of the law in the office of Henry Young, Esq. About the time that he' commenced practice, the colo nies were contending against the tyranny of Great Britain, and "Walton did not hesitate to advocate the cause of his in jured country. In the first call, published in the Georgia Ga zette, for a meeting of the friends of liberty, to be held at Tondee's tavern, 27th July, 1774, Mr. Walton's name first appears in the history of Georgia, At this meeting he acted a conspicuous part, encouraging by his eloquence resistance to the encroach ments of the mother country. On the 12th of January, 1775, another meeting was held, and with great earnestness he en deavoured to convince those -who doubted the propriety of the measures which the other colonies had adopted, that fur ther efforts to obtain a redress of grievances were wholly use less, and that the time had arrived for immediate action. At this period he acquired the reputation of a determined patriot, and upon most of the important committees we find his name. In February, 1776, his talents and patriotism were recognised by the Legislature, by appointing him a delegate to Congress, the duties of which he discharged with great fidelity. Between February and June of this year, he appears to have been in Virginia, exerting himself in behalf of his country. The following letter to Col. .Lachlan JMdntosh, dated Williams-
burgh, llth June, 1776, will give an idea of his determined spirit: " The time and place 'whence this letter is about to be wrote, I don't doubt will astonish you; but know that I have

WALTON COUNTY.

583

been persecuted sorely with an inward fever, ever since I left the salubrious plains of Georgia. I can inform you, however, that I am not too late for the great American question. Vir ginia is "with one consent determined never to be reconciled to her cruel parent, and to this end all her preparations and pro ceedings look forward to the latest posterity. Oh, America ! did this happy spirit equally animate all thy sons, the inhabit ants of all Europe transformed into devils could not hurt tliee. They have in this dominion nine regiments of as fine fellows as ever vaunted in the field of Mars, besides a number of rowgalleys, and six troops of horse ; but I have not seen any troops equal in point of discipline to the Georgia battalion. May Heaven animate and direct the counsels of that infant State ! Desirous for the success of your recruiting officers^ I found it eligible and necessary to wait on the Convention of this colony, as I found it customary to apply for leave to re cruit men for any service here. Accordingly, I came to this place 3 and found the Convention sitting, to whom I made ap plication to recruit 300 men for your battalion, which was readily granted, together -with the loan of a sum of money. You may be assured, that the number of men you have order ed will be enlisted, and on their march to Georgia in two months." Mr. Walton was sis times elected a representative to Congress, and the journals of that body show his high standing. His name is affixed to the Declaration of American Independence. When Savannah was taken by the British troops under Col. Campbell, he commanded a battalion on the right of General Howe's army. In this battle he -was wound ed and taken prisoner. He was paroled until he recovered from his wound, and then transferred to Sunbury, as a prisoner of-war. In 1779 he was exchanged, and in October, 1779, he was elected Governor of the State of Georgia. Many other important offices were conferred upon him, among which was that of Judge of the Superior Court, the duties of which he dis charged for fifteen years, and until the day of his death, which took place in Augusta, February 3d, 1801. Mr. Walton, in a letter which he wrote from Congress, complains " that for want of information, the deeds of Georgia are given to others." He seriously contemplated "writing the History of Georgia

584

WALKER COUNTY.

In the prosperity of the State he took a great interest, and in his charges to the grand jurors, always dilated with consider able emphasis upon the high destiny which awaited our State.

WALKER.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.-- This county is bounded N. by Tennessee ; S. by Chattooga ; E. by Murray ; W. by Dade and Alabama. Laid out from Murray, and organized in 1833.
POST OFFICES,--La Fayette, Medicinal Springs, Chestnut Flat, Ringold, Frick's Gap, Rock Springs, Rossville, Snow Hill, Villanow, Wood's Station, Duck Creek.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION. -- The census of 1845 gave to this county 7,023 whites, 1,044 blacks; total, 8,067. State tax returned for 1848, $1,939 82. Entitled to one representative.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--East and West Chicamauga rivers dis charge their waters into the Tennessee. . The creeks are Peavine, Rocky, Snake, &c.
MINERATJ SPRINGS, PONDS.--No section is favoured with a greater variety of excellent springs than this county. The me dicinal springs owned by Rev. Z. Gordon, are'limong the most celebrated. They are situated at the base of Tayior's Ridge. There are twenty springs within the space of half a mile, pos sessing different properties ; but the main springs are twelve in number, in a space less than a quarter of an acre. Two of them are chalybeate, two sulphur, and two magnesia. The most astonishing cures have been effected by the use of the waters. Among the Indians, the reputation of these springs was very great, and from three to four hundred were annually in the habit of visiting them to partake of their healing virtues. About one mile from the springs, Mr. Gordon has cut down the trees from a beautiful eminence of Tayior's Ridge, and named it Buena Vista, from -which the eye feasts itself with the most magnificent views of mountain scenery. On

WALKER COUNTY.

585

the east may be seen Lady's Peak, John's Mountain, Mill Creek Mountain, Cohuttah Mountains, Unicoy on the north, Frog Mountain, and Smoky Mountains in North Carolina. On the north and north-west, Cumberland Mountains., Walden's Ridge, Racoon and Great Lookout Mountain--and on the south west, the Sand Mountains in Alabama. He who desires to study nature, can here do it to the greatest advantage. Mr. Gordon's establishment bids fair to be among the most fashion able watering places in Georgia.
The Red Sulphur Springs, a mile and a half from the Western and Atlantic Railroad, are thus described by a cor respondent of the Georgia Messenger and Journal., published at Macon :--
" Imagine to yourselves an. elevated cove, or basin, in the Blue Ridge, surrounded almost entirely by towering eminences. From the eastern slope, a bold, clear brook comes tumbling into the valley, and passes rapidly westward until it escapes between two abrupt mountain peaks, and dashes for half a mile over rocky barriers, into a branch of the Chicamauga. On the borders of this brook, and in the centre of this basin, which 1 shall designate "The Vale of Springs,' there is a level spot about two acres in extent, within the limits of which I have counted no less than fifty-two distinct, bold, and well defined springs. It is not unusual to find these springs pos sessing entirely different mineral qualities, within a few feet of each other. The waters are strongly mineral--so much so as scarcely to require the trouble of an analysis to discover their distinctive characteristics. We have here the red, the white, and the black sulphur, iron, magnesia, and the salts, in all their various combinations. The deposits from the red sulphur are of the most beautiful bright carmine tinge, and those of the other springs are equally distinctive. On the north side of the valley, there is a large, bold, blue limestone spring, and within less than fifty yards of this, a fountain of the purest freestone \vater gushes forth. It is almost impossible for the mind to conceive a class of disease, or a condition of the hu man system, to \vhich some of these waters are not adapted.
" All these springs seem to issue either-from the mountain side, upon a bed of hard, black slate, or boil up through the

WALKER COUNTY.
slate. They are perennial; the most severe and continued droughts make no perceptible difference in the quantity of water which they discharge. The layers of slate seem to stand almost perpendicularly, and terminate abruptly near the "west end of the valley, in a kind of barrier or dam, immediately adjoining which, may be found a formation of beautiful white sandstone. Upon the slate formation in the north side of the valley are found black and variegated marble, and blue limestone in small qnantities. I cannot doubt that the curious and scientific will find much in this ' Vale of Springs' to attract their attention and elicit their investigations. To the seeker after pleasure and of health, they cannot fail to become a favourite resoi't. The approach from the railroad can be easily made over a level and delightfully shaded road, not more than a mile and three quarters in length. The scenery immediately around the springs is rather of the calm and quiet order, but a walk of half a mile up the mountain side, will afford the visiter a delightful view of a highly picturesque and romantic region, embracing many a mountain height and fer tile valley.
" The location for the buildings is as beautiful and as con venient as the most tasteful or the most fastidious could de sire. The country around is protected by its native forests. The atmosphere is pure, dry, and bracing, and entirely free from disease, or from any cause which could produce it.
" Immediately in the rear of the springs there are two beautiful mountain peaks, from the summits of which visiters might enjoy an extensive prospect of the surrounding country. To the summit of the eastern peak a carriage road could be constructed at comparatively little expense. They are so convenient to the proposed building site, that the ascent to the top of either would not consume over twenty-five or thirty minutes.
The Sand Mountain on the north side, distant about a mile and a half, is well "worth a visit, and its summit is destined to be the goal of many a pilgrimage from these springs in future days. It rises probably 1SOO feet above the valley--is wholly isolated, nearly circular, and is entirely surrounded by Tiger

WALKER COUNTY.

^ 5Q7

creek or its tributaries, -which meander through a broad and very fertile valley. The ascent is easy on the south side, where a good road could be made. On all other sides, the brow is surrounded by a perpendicular wall of white sandstone, often 100 feet high. The summit, for nearly 200 acres in ex tent, is nearly level, and heavily timbered "with oak, hickory, pine, and the usual growth of the valleys. The soil is very rich and light, and nearly resembles the alluvial sands on a river bank. On the centre of this plain is another of about 12 acres in extent, and 200 feet high. This is also remarkable for the fertility of its soil, and is crowned with immense forest trees. Here, too, in places, may be seen immense walls of sandstone, which look as if they had for ages been washed, by the ocean's surges. On the extreme summit, and near the eastern side, may be seen the * Giant's Tomb.' It consists of an immense block of ' Pudding Stone,' which rests upon a smaller ma.ss of * White Sandstone.' 1 have no doubt that, at no very distant day, the enterprising proprietor of the springs will cause a carriage road to be constructed to the summit of this mountain, whither both the gallant and. the fair will resort to catch the invigorating mountain breezes, and gaze over the vast expanse of field and forest, of valley and mountain, which "will thus be brought within their view.
" Taking every thing into consideration, I know of no spot on the wide earth for which nature has done more than for this beautiful ' "Vale of Springs. 1 The waters are indeed 'waters of life' --life-restoring and life-preserving. They were the favourite resorts of the Indians, who upon leaving* tho country endeavoured to destroy them, by driving plugs of wood into the apertures in the slate. Some of these, in a re cent examination of the springs, "were found to be completely petrified. They cannot fail, with proper accommodations, to attract annually thousands of visiters.
Yates Springs, five miles from the Medicinal Springs, gush from a beautiful hill.
Crayfish Spring is twelve miles from the Medicinal Springs. Here is water as fine as ever gushed from rock. In depth it is 15 feet, and 200 feet wide-
There is a pond in Chattooga Valley, called the Round

588

WALKER COUNTY.

Pond. It embraces four or five acres, 48 feet deep in the middle, of a sea-green colour. Distant from I-<a Fayette four miles. Tradition says two Indians were drowned in this pond. There is no visible outlet, and the water never be comes stagnant. Long Pond is a beautiful sheet of water, famous for excellent fish.
EAELY SUTTLERS.--This county -was first settled by per sons from Tennessee and different parts of Georgia. Mr. Williams and Mr. Harliri were among the first settlers.
CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--Walker may be put down as a healthy county, although chills and fevers prevail on the waters of Chicamauga. A curious disease, called Milk Sick, prevails in MeAlmove's Cove, which embraces 10,000 acres, situated between Pigeon, and Lookout mountains. The following account of this disease is taken from Dr. Samuel Henry Dickson's :c Practice of Medicine:"--
"It is known exclusively in the southern and southwes tern parts of our Union. The fertile coves, or deep valleys, among the mountains of South Carolina, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia, are subject to this singular malady ; neither the nature nor the cause of which are clearly set forth in the few monographs "which have appeared in the journals concerning it. Some attribute it to the ordinary malaria, which before and since the time of McCulloch has been supposed capable of originating every malady in the long catalogue of nosologists. Others again have ascribed it to some unknown and undiscovered vegetable poison, con fined in its growth to the spots above alluded to. Others still look upon it, reasoning from analogies of symptoms, upon which they found their opinion, as the effect of mineral exhalations; perhaps of lead, antimony, or arsenic. Whatever be the cause which gives rise to it, in the lower classes of animals, it would seem that it never affects directly the human subject- Man is not attacked by the disease unless after eating the flesh of herbivorous animals exposed to receive it, or using the milk or butter obtained from them. Other carnivorous animals are liable to be attacked in the same way if they eat of the dis eased flesh. The cow and horse are most frequently its vic tims. It derives its name from the fact, that as occurring in

WALKER COUNTY.

589

the human subject, it is most frequently met with as the con sequence of eating milk rendered poisonous by the diseased condition of the cow from which it was taken. Butter made from such milk is still more acrid, and the flesh of the animal, even when cooked, more strongly poisonous. It is fortunate that the localities in which it resides are capable of being defined accurately. Such places are carefully fenced in from the intrusion of cattle. If animals be kept -within their enclo sures until late in the forenoon, "when the dew has entirely exhaled, and driven home again early in the evening, it is said they escape injury, even although allowed to feed within the known localities of this poison. It usually affects animals as a chronic disease, and they may not appear in any way to he suf fering from ill-health ; but it sometimes attacks them with great violence, and rapidly proves fatal. -Languor and lassitude are among the earliest symptoms of the attack, soon followed by nausea and vomiting, with great oppression at the epigas trium, and pain with a sense of heat and burning in the sto mach. The thirst is great, the skin soon becomes hot and dry, the eyes are red and suffused, and, as some say, a peculiar odour is exhaled from its surface. The pulse is little changed from its ordinary condition ; patients recover slowly and im perfectly."
The instances of longevity, are Mr. Fan-is, over 90: Mrs. lift, over 93 ; Mrs. Graham, over 80, and others.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, KDUCATION.----The principal sects are Baptists of both sorts, Methodists, Presbyterians, Reformed Presbyterians, Bible Christians, Universalists, and a few Ro man Catholics. There are good schools in this county. The people generally are ambitious to have their children educated.
CHARACTER OF THE PI:OPI,E, AMUSEMENTS.--The people are moral and industrious. They are remarkably attached to. their home, and consider Walker county as the garden spot of Georgia. The amusements are hunting and fishing.
ROADS AND BKLDGKS.--The roads in the valleys are fair, but generally much cannot be said in favour of the roads. There are two or three bridges over the Chicamauga river.
MINERALS.--Excellent marble and coal are found on the
38

1

590

WALKER COUNTY.

western limits of the county; quantities of lead, particularly near Ringold, and almost every mineral found in limestone for mations. In the vicinity of Gordon's springs, near the Red Sulphur springs, and on Col. Ramsey's plantation, and indeed in almost every section of this county, the geologist will find much to interest him in the fossil remains which he meets with at almost every step. Very recently a bed of gypsum has been discovered near Ringold.
CAVES.--Walker has many caves. The most remarkable is Wilson's cave, of which the following description is taken from Sears's Wonders of the World :
" Upon the representation of the citizens of Lafayette, a small but growing village, in the county of Walker, Georgia, my attention was drawn to a subterranean cavern, five or six miles from the above-named village ; and being rather an ad mirer of the works of nature, curiosity prompted me, accom panied by five or six others, to visit it.
" The company being met, with lighted torches we entered the cave, through a small aperture, descending a flight of natural stairs almost perpendicularly, some ten or twelve feet. The company having all got down safe, I could not avoid, in an ecstasy of admiration and wonder, exclaiming, " O Lord God Almighty, how wonderful are all thy works I" for we were then shown the grandest and most magnificent room that I have ever beheld, formed on each side with the utmost regu larity, and ceiled overhead with a perfectly smooth surface; and being desirous of viewing as minutely as we could, from the amplitude of this anomaly of nature, its various curiosities, we raised a considerable light, and illuminated the room as far as we could by the means we had, when we discovered that an almost infinite number of stalactites had been formed by the almost continual dripping of the water, resembling in size and appearance various animal bodies.
" Being somewhat satisfied with our examination of this apartment, with our hearts glowing with wonder, love and praise to the Architect of Nature, we moved slowly and rather pensively along this solitary and hitherto unexplored mansion, through devious wiles of " incognita loca," in quest of new discoveries.

WALKER COUNTY.

591

" Having reached the extreme end of this spacious dome, we found that to proceed farther, we had to ascend stupendous and almost inaccessible heights, over craggy precipices and yawn ing gulfs, to the height of some fifty or sixty feet, when, by the dim light of our tapers, we discovered through a small open ing another room less spacious, but far more beautiful and picturesque ;--for there appeared to the astonished beholder not only the representation of a part of the animal creation, but a true delineation of a great number of inanimate objects, such as cones, altars, pyramids, tables, candle-stands, with afac simile of some of nature's choicest productions ; and it really appeared as if she, in her wild arid playful moments, had in tended to mock the curiosities of art. While gazing in dumb astonishment upon this delightful scenery, I was roused from my agreeable revery by a hollow and reverberating sound, produced by one of the company, who being of a bold and adventurous spirit, had gone unobserved into a remote part of the room, and beat with a stick, or something e]se which he held in his hand, several tabular spars, which echoed through this solitary- mansion with almost deafening reverberations, which, by the association of ideas, reminded me in some de gree of the masticating clangour of the supper bell."
MOUNTAINS.--Walker is a region of mountains 'which ge nerally run from northeast to southwest. Their names are Taylor's Ridge, John's, Pigeon, Lookout, and White Oak mountains.
VALLEYS.-- Dogwood valley is between John's mountain and Taylor's ridge. Armucha valley is between John's moun tain and two ridges of Taylor's mountain. Middle Chicamauga is between Pea Vine ridge and Taylor's ridge. West Chicamauga is between Lookout and Pigeon mountain. Cray fish valley is between. Pigeon mountain and Crayfish ridge.
MARKETS,--Planters send their produce to Augusta and Macon.
MANUFACTURES, MILLS.--Although the water power of this county is excellent, the citizens have not yet turned their attention to cotton factories. Twelve months since there were in the county 12 saw-mills and 12 grist-mills; and the pro bability is great, that the number has been augmented since

592

WALKER COUNTY.

that time. There are three or four excellent flour-mills, of which McCulloch's is the most celebrated. There are six dis tilleries in the county.
VALUE or TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $24,298. Value of stock in trade, $18,844. Money at in terest, f 6,960.
NATURE or THE SOIL, VALUE OP LAND.--A great diver sity of soil exists in this county. The first quality is alluvial, on the bottoms of the streams, of a dark chocolate colour, adapted to corn, wheat, rye, oats, and potatoes; average value, $15 per acre. The second quality are the valley lands, gray and dark soil, adapted to corn and cotton ; average value $7 per acre. The third quality are the lands lying between the valleys, called ridge lands; average value $1 per acre. The fourth quality embrace the mountain lands, worth 25 cents per acre, fit for grazing, and finely timbered.
TOWNS.--Lafayette is the capital, beautifully situated, having a court-house built at the expense of $7,000; a jail, two churches, Baptist and Methodist, each having a bell; two hotels, six stores, four groceries, three tailors, two blacksmiths, one shoe shop, one saddlery, two cabinet-makers, six carpen ters, two bricklayers, one tanner, six or seven lawyers, three doctors, and one academy. Distant from Milledgeville 210 miles, from Sumtnerville 18, from Chattanooga 24, from the Medicinal Springs 10, from the nearest point on the State road 21; from Pigeon mountain 2j, and 12 from the Lookout mountain. It is considered a healthy town. The water is excellent, and the scenery around it, is grand beyond descrip tion. Several intelligent gentlemen reside in this town, and take much pleasure in showing visitors the curiosities of the country. This place was formerly called Chattooga, hut in 1836 the name was changed to that of Lafayette.
Ringold is a town of recent date, situated in a romantic part of the county, and bids fair to be one among the most flourishing towns in Cherokee Georgia.
AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACEE.--Cotton averages 800 ibs. per acre, corn 35 bushels, wheat 15, barley 30, and rye 10.
MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS.--Hicks, Taylor, and Ross, emi nent Cherokees, once resided in this county. There are apple-

WALKER COUNTY.

593

trees, at the plantation formerly owned by Hicks, six feet in circumference, now producing fine fruit.
NAME.--This division of the State received its name in ho nour of Major Freeman Walker. He was born .on the 25th day of October, 1780, in Charles City county, Virginia. He came to Georgia in 1797, and after a course of study in the Richmond Academy, entered the office of his brother, George Walker, Esq., as a student of law. In 1802 he commenced practice, and by his unwearied attention to his profession, soon became one among the most successful lawyers in the coun try. In 1807, he was elected a member of the State Legisla ture, in which body he exhibited the same powers of mind which had distinguished him before the tribunals of justice. For several years after this time, his attention was exclusively devoted to his private affairs. In 1819 he was elected a Sena tor of the United States. In this august assembly, he did the State which he represented great honour. He assisted in the settlement of the Missouri question, and his speech, which he delivered on that subject, will ever remain a monument of his genius and patriotism. He held many other appointments, such as Mayor of Augusta, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, &c. He died at his residence, Spring Hill, on Butler's creek, Richmond county, September 23d, 1827, in the 47th year of his age. We might add much more in reference to this gentleman, but think our readers will have a better idea of his character from the following epitaph upon his tomb, written by the Hon. Richard Henry Wilde :

Consecrated To the cherished memory and mortal relics
of FREEMAN WALKER, An able and successful Advocate, a graceful and fluent speaker. His influence as a Statesman, his reputation as an Orator, and his urbanity as a gentleman, were embellished and endeared
by
social and domestic virtues. Long a distinguished Member of the Bar,

594

WARE COUNTY.

Often ejected to the Legislature of the State, He at length became
one of her Senators in Congress, and retired after two years of honourable service,
to resume a profitable profession, which he practised with untiring industry, and unblemished character, until shortly before his death.
Generous, Hospitable, and Humane, of cheerful temper and familiar manners,
he was idolized by his family, beloved by his friends, and
admired by his countrymen. Even party spirit, in his favour, forgot something of its bitterness, and those
who differed from the politician, did justice to the man.
Born in Virginia, in October, 1780. His brilliant and useful life
was terminated by a pulmonary complaint, on the 23d day of September, 1837, in the 47th year of his age.

WAKE.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--Bounded JV. by Appling; E. by Wayne and Camden; S-. by Florida, and W. by Lowndes and a part of Irwin. Laid out from Irwin, and organized in 1824. Length, 55 miles; breadth, 53. Square miles, 2,915.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--This section of the State is well wa tered. The head waters of the Suwanee and St. Mary's are in this county, besides innumerable creeks, among which are the Big Hurricane, Little Hurricane, Hog, Seventeen Mile creek, Indian, "Wolf, &c.
POST OFFICE.--Waresborpugh, POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--According to the census of 1845, this county had a population of 2,733 whites,

WARE COUNTY.

595

and 201 blacks ; total, 2,934, Amount of State tax for 1848,

$784 86. Sends one representative to the Legislature.

VALUE OF STOCK IN TRADE, &c.--The value of stock in

trade is $2,30O. Money at intepest, $34;095,

TOWNS. -- Waresborough is the capital, situated 163

miles S. E. of Milledgeville, 70 from Troupville, and 40 from

Holmesville. It has a court-house, tavern, store, &c.

EARLY SETTLERS.--The Hargroves, Hilliards, Tomber-

lines, and others.

RELUGTOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--.Methodists and Baptists

are the most numerous. "Very little interest is taken in the

subject of education.

FACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE SOIL.--The coun

ty is flat, and interspersed with numerous swamps. The soil

is light and tolerably productive. The salt palmetto abounds.

PRODUCTIONS. -- Sugar-cane, cotton, corn, potatoes, &c.

Black seed cotton grows finely. Cotton averages about 600

pounds per acre. Peaches, melons, figs,, and oranges, succeed

well. It is a fine country for cattle and hogs.

CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--The citizens are said to be

hardy, industrious, and honest. Much good might be done

by the organization of temperance societies.

CLIMATE.--The climate is warm. Fever and ague prevail

in some places.

,

MARKET.--Centreville, on the St. Mary's river, in Camden

county.

ROADS.---The roads are excellent.

GAME.--Game is abundant. Bears and wolves are often

killed,

SWAMP. -- Okefmocau, formerly called by the Indians

E-cun-fi-no-cau, from Ecunnau, earth, and fmocau, quivering.

The first was the most common among the Creeks, from Ooka,

a Choctaw word for water, and fmocau, quivering : a little

motion will make the mud and water of the swamp quiver ;

hence its name. It is about 30 miles long, and 17 broad. Se

veral rivers have their head waters in this swamp. In it are

several islands, one of which the Creeks represented to be one

among the most blissful spots in the world ; that it was inhab

ited by a peculiar race of Indians, whose women were incompa

rably beautiful; that this place had been seen by some of their

596

WARE COUNTY.

hunters "when, in pursuit of game, who being lost in inextri cable swamps and. bogs, and on the point of perishing, were unexpectedly relieved by a company of beautiful women, whom they called daughters of the sun, who kindly gave them such provisions as they had, chiefly fruit, oranges, dates, &c., and some corn cakes, and then enjoined them to fly for safety to their own country, as their husbands were fierce men, and cruel to strangers. They also stated, that these hunters had a view of their settlements, situated on the elevated banks of an island or promontory, in a beautiful lake ; but that in their efforts to approach it, they were involved in perpetual laby rinths, and, like enchanted land, when they imagined they had just gained it, it seemed to fly before them, alternately ap pearing and disappearing. They resolved, at length, to leave the delusive pursuit and to return, "which after a number of inexpressible difficulties they effected. When they reported their adventures to their countrymen, their young warriors were inflamed \vith a desire to invade and conquer so charm ing a country ; but all their attempts proved abortive, never being able again to find that enchanting spot, nor even any road to it.*
NAME.--Nicholas Ware, "whose name this county bears, was the son of Captain Robert Ware, an officer of the Revo lution, and was born in "Virginia, on the 16th of February, 177tj. He accompanied his father to Georgia, and was placed in the academy of Dr. Springer. Having completed his edu cation, he studied law in the city of Augusta, and attended law lectures at Litchfield, in Connecticut. In Augusta, he acquired considerable practice, and was honoured with many appointments by his fellow-citizens. He was particularly ac tive in promoting the interests of the Richmond Academy, and took a great interest in the cause of literature generally. For several years he was a member of the Legislature, and "was always found faithful and independent in the discharge of his duty. He was Senator to Congress from 1821 to 1824. Pie died in the city of New-York, in September, 1824, -whilst Lafayette was landing, amidst the acclamations of the peo ple. He- is represented to have been a man of much industry, great liberality, and unimpeachable honour. We regret that
* Bartram's Travels.

WARREN COUNTY.

597

it has not been in our power to gather information -which would have enabled us to give a more particular account of Mr. Ware.

WARREN.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT. -- This county is bounded IV. by Taliaferro and Wilkes; E. by Columbia; S. by Jefferson; and W. by Washington and Hancock. Laid out in 1793, and portions set off to Jefferson in 1796, and in 1825 portions to Taliaferro. Length 2G miles, breadth 16, containing 416 square miles.
RIVERS, CRERKS.--The north fork of the Ogeechee is on the western boundary of the county. Brier creek rises in this county, runs S.E., and after a course of 100 miles, discharges it self into the Savannah river. Several creeks have their origin in this county and empty into the Little river, such as Town, William's, and Carson's creeks. Rocky Comfort, Goulden's, Beach Tree., Joes, Deep, and Long creeks, flow south.
POST OFFICES.--Warrenton, Camak, Double Wells, Mayfield.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--The last census gave this county a population of 5,975 -whites, 5,493 blacks ; total, 11,468. Amount of State tax returned lor 1848, $3,761 45 cents. Entitled to two representatives.
TOWNS.--Warrenton, a pleasant and flourishing town, is the seat of justice. It is situated on the waters of Goulden's creek, nearly in the centre of the county, distant from Milledgeville 45 miles E. N. E., 43 from Augusta, 22 from Sparta, 26 from Wash ington, and 34 from Louisville. A large amount of business is done here, and it is said that goods can be purchased cheaper than in almost any town in Georgia. The stores are spacious and well stocked with goods. About $125,000 "worth of goods are annually sold. The court-house is constructed of brick ; the jail of granite, found near the town. There are two churches, one male and one female academy, five stores, three groceries, one tailor, two shoemakers, one carpenter, one blacksmith, one

598

WARREN COUNTY.

milliner, one -wagon shop, two hotels, two saddlers, seven lawyers, five physicians, and one minister. The place has the reputation of being healthy. The citizens arc intelligent and enterprising. From the Georgia Railroad, there is a branch railroad terminating at Warren ton, three miles and a quarter in length. The town was incorporated in 1810, and made the county site in 1797.
Double Wells and Camak, are stations on the Georgia Railroad.
May field is on the Ogeechee. RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--Baptists, Methodists, Ro man Catholics, Presbyterians and Protestant Methodists. In the county are fifteen Baptist and sixteen Methodist churches. The means of education are abundant, and ample provision is made for the instruction of the poor. IxTumber oi poor children, 391. Educational fund, 8339 10. MINERAL SPUING*-. -- On Long creek, eight miles from Wai'ventori is a spring, the "waters of "which are chalybeate. MINERALS.--Gold in small quantities has been found in the upper part of the county, and excellent granite and soapstone are abundant. FACE OF THE Co UN THY, N ATTIRE OF THIS SOIL.--The oak and hickory lands are the most fertile, adapted to cotton and corn. About half of the county embraces the oak and hickory uplands, together with those which the farmers denominate mixed land, the peculiar growth of'which is pine, with a little oak and hickory interspersed, adapted to cotton and the dif ferent grains. The gray sandy pine lands produce well for a few years. AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE, VALUE OF LAND.----Cotton produces 350 pounds per acre, corn 10 bushels, wheat 5, Land is worth upon an average $3 per acre. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is mild and healthy. JMost of the diseases occur on the water-courses. This county is remarkable for cases of longevity. Kighteen months ago, there -were living the following persons : Capt. Hill, aged 87 years; Mr. John Jones, 85; Mr. G. Berry, over 90; Mr. D. Newsome, 80; Mr. H. Pool, over 85; Mr. 11. Chalker, 85; Mr. J. Burkhalter, 90 ; Mr. Crenshaw, over 80 ; Mrs. Persons, 92; Mrs. Bass, 90; Mr. Brinkley, 85; Mrs. Hobbes, 100. The

WARREN COUNTY.

599

following persons died in this county : Mrs, Peoples,, aged 100; Mrs. Killebrew, 100; Mrs. Heath, 00 ; Mrs. Walker, 03 ; Mrs. Bates, 00; Mr. Cason, 9; Mr. J. W. Jackson, 100; Mr. John Wilson, 92 ; Mr. Charles Sturdevaiit, 95 ; Mr. Bullock, 90; Mr, James Draper, 80.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--The people are generally well informed, lleligion and morality are highly esteemed.
MANUFACTURES, MIJ.LS.--Rock Mills factory on the Ogeechee. Capital, $25,OOO.

Spindles,

.

.

GOO

Operatives,

.

.

40

Wages of operatives, $7 75 cts. per month.

The morals of the operatives are good.

Brother's factory. Capital invested, 818,000.

Spindles,

.

.

.

1,000

Hands employed,

-

30

Merchant-mills, five or six; saw-mills, 12; grist-mills, 10. One wool-carding machine at the Brothers factory, on the Shoals of Ogeechee ; one ditto, at Mayfield ; one ditto, at Deep Creek.
EMINENT MEN.--The Hon. Mr. McDuffee, of South Caro lina, is a native of Warren county.
NAME.---Major General Joseph Warren, whose name this county bears, was horn at Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1741. He was favoured with the advantages of a liberal education, and graduated with honour at Harvard University, 1759. Directing his attention to medical pursuits, he became one of the most eminent physicians of his day, but the agitating ques tions which then occupied the thoughts of his countrymen, diverted his mind from a profession which, promised him wealth and reputation. When the news of the passage of the Stamp Act reached Boston, he decided upon his course, which was open and determined resistance to taxation and tyranny, By his pen, and by attending the meetings of his fellow-citi zens, held to discuss the rights of the colonies, lie contributed much, to kindle the flame of opposition to the British ministry. His orations on the massacre of the 5th of March, are wellknown, to breathe the spirit of the true patriot. When the

600

WARREN COUNTY.

time arrived for the appointment of an orator, for 1775, com memorative of this massacre, this office was again conferred upon Mr. Warren, at his own. request. Some of the British officers, then in Boston, had. pledged themselves to take the life of any man who should refer to the massacre on. that occasion, and, hearing of this threat, Mr. Warren earnestly de sired the honour of braving it. The oration was delivered. Uiiappalled the patriot orator depicted in moving terms the injustice of Great Britain; and although crowds of British officers were present, no attempt was made to carry their threats into execution. On the evening before the battle of Lexington, Warren received information that the enemv de signed to seize the military stores at Concord, and immediately adopted measures to spread the information. On the next day, the never to be forgotten 19th of April, Mr. Warren was destined to display gallantry, which has given him a high rank among those who lost their lives in fighting for the liber ties of their country. Four days previous to the battle of Bunker's or Breed's Hill, he had received his commission of Major General. His friends entreated him not to expose him self incautiously ; but such was his zeal, that he rushed into the battle with his musket, and received a shot in the head, which immediately killed him. In 1776, his remains were taken from the earth, at Breed's Hill, placed in a coffin, and brought to the Stone Chapel, in Boston, and deposited in a vault under the chapel, by the Freemasons, of which he was Grand Master. A monument also was erected by this ancient fraternity, to his memory, on the battle-field, -which has, however, given place to the Bunker Hil! Monument. Congress made provision for the maintenance and education of his children. People of Warren ! should necessity ever require you to take up arms in the defence of your country, imitate the example of the man after "whom your county is called.

"WASHINGTON COUNTY.

601

WASHINGTON.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county constitutes a portion of territory acquired by a treaty with the Creek Indians, by which a)l the lands claimed by them cast of the Oconee river, were given to the State of Georgia. The country thus ac quired was divided into two counties, one called Franklin, and the other Washington ; the latter embracing " all the territory from the Cherokec corner north, extending from the Ogeechee to the Oconee, south, to Liberty county." It was laid, out in 1784. In 1786, a portion of it was added to Greenc ; in 1793, a part set off to Hancock ; in 1807, a part to Baldwin ; in 1811. a part, to Laurens ; in 1812, a part to Baldwin ; and in 1826 a part to Baldwin. It is now bounded on the N. by Hancock ; on the K. by a part of Warren and a part of Jef ferson ; on the S. by Emanuei and Laurens. and on the W. by Wilkinsori and a portion of Baldwin. Length 38 miles; breadth 38; containing 1444 square miles.
POPULATION, HEPIIESEXTATION, TAXES.--In 1840, the po pulation was 10,505; in 1845, 11,272. Sends two representa tives to the Legislature. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $3,772 15.
POST OFFICES.--Saundersvine, Curry's Mills, DavisboTough, Hebron, Ir win's, Cross Roads, Oconee, Warthen 3 s Store, and TenniUe.
FACIS of? THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF THE Sort,,--The face of the country, in some sections, is hilly, and in others level, On Willmmson's swamp there are as rich lands as any in Georgia, and which have produced 3,000 pounds of cotton per acre. The lands on Buffalo are excellent. In the vicinity of Saundersville there is a large body of fertile land. The soil generally through this county is mixed with lime, in some parts more and in others less.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The rivers arc the Oconee, Ogeechee,. and Ohoopee. The creeks are Dyes, Buckeye, Deep, Sand Hill, Lamar's, Keg, Buffalo, Bluff, and others.
CHARACTER op THE PEOPLE.--Washington county is in-

602

WASHINGTON COUNTY.

habited by a generous and hig-h-rnlnded people. Love for their State is a predominant feeling "with them-
MINERAL SI-IUKG.--On a branch leading into Williamson's swamp, there Js a spring containing mineral properties.
ROCKS, JVTiJVKRAT.S.--Fine burr stone is abundant in this county. Near Saundersville are five or six lime-sinks, orcav^cs, as many of them may be properly called, in which fossil teeth, ribs, and shells of endless variety are gathered in almost any quantity. Cypleasters, silicified oyster shells, and coprolites are also abundant. Recently, opal has been discovered in this neighbourhood; also hornstone, jasper, chalcedony, agate, &c. The compiler of this work has frequently visited the neighbour hood of Saun.dersvi.lle, and can safely say, that in his judgment, a more interesting geological locality is not to be found in our country. It is very strange that so little should be known of these " medals of creation." Persons have resided near the spot for years, and yet, have not had the curiosity to visit these caves. The friends of science have reasons to regret that Sir Charles JLyell, when in Georgia, and who passed within three miles of Saundersville, did not visit this interesting locality.
SHF.L.I.S,--The streams of this county abound "with rare muscles. Many of them have been collected and sent to Eu rope and the Northern. States, to adorn the cabinets of the cu rious. The stream near Brantley's mill-pond rs rich in these beautiful shells.
RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--The Methodists and Bap tists are the most numerous. There are several incorporated academies, but they are not now in operation. The census o! 1840 gives 882 persons over 30 years of age, in this county, who could not read or -write. Surely the citizens should endea vour to adopt some system, by which the means of education can be brought to every man's door.
Number of poor children 387. Educational fund, $335 60. Gill AT ATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is moderate. In some settlements, particularly on water-courses, fevers and chills prevail. The instances of longevity are the following : William Rachel died at the age of 118 years ; Mr. Bedgood at 112 ; Mr, A. Peacock at 85 ; Moses Cox over 80.
ORIGINAL SJSTTLISRS.--John Stokes, Mr. Saunders, John

WASHINGTON COUNTY.

603

and George Galphhi, Co). Francis Tenriille, Jared, John and Alexander Irwin, John Robinson., David Fluker, John Ruther ford, James Thomas, Philemon Franklin, and Samuel Sinquefield.
MILLS.--Two very superior flour-mills., thirteen saw-mills, thirteen grist-mills.
PRODUCTIONS.--Cotton, corn, "wheat, rye, oats, &c. The soil produces the finest sweet potatoes. Fruits and vegetables succeed very well. Amount of cotton produced in one year, 10,000 bags.
TOWN.--Saundersville, on the ridge between the Ocoiiee and the Ogeechee rivers, 480 feet above tide, water, is the county town, established in 1790, and incorporated in 1812. It is distant from Milledgeville 28 miles, 135 from Savannah, 26 from Louisville, and 3 from the Central Railroad. Population, 400. The court-house is constructed of brick, the jail of wood. There are six dry goods stores, three groceries, one tavern, four blacksmiths, two shoemakers, two carriage-makers, one news paper, one lanyard, one tailor, one cabinet-maker, eight law yers, six physicians, one church, one .Masonic Lodge, one Odd Fellows' Lodge, a,nd one Division of the Sons of Temperance. About $100,000 \vorth of goods are annually sold.
ROADS, BruucEa.--The roads and bridges are generally good.
AwTiauiTiEs.--There are the remains of two old forts in this county. One is four miles and a half W. of Saundersville, the other S miles S. of Sauiidersvillc,
VALUE or TOWN LOTS, &c.---The value of town lots is 817,075. Value of stock in trade, &26,95Q. Money at inte rest, $85,533.
NAME.--This division of the State was named in honour of GEORGE WASHINGTON.

604

WAYNE COUNTY.

WAYNE.
J-JouNBAitrEs, PlxTKjvr.--This county is bounded N". Jj]. by McL'itosh; E, by Glyrin; S, by Camden, and W. by Ware and Appling. Wayne is a portion of the territory obtained from the Creeks by the United States Commissioners, in a treaty entered into at or near Fort Wilkinson, on the IGth ol June, 1802, and was laid out in 1803, by the .Lottery Act, and or ganized in 1805. It is 33 miles long, and 18 wide, containing 594 square miles.
RIVERS, CREEKS.--The Great St. Ilia river runs through the southern part of the county. The AlaUimaha washes the north side ; the Finholloway flows into the Aiatamaha. There are several streams of less importance, such as Me Milieu's creek, &c.
VAI.UK OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The value of town lots is $4,200. Value of stock in trade, SH;200. Money at interest, -$10,130.
POPULATION, TAXES, RTCI'IIESEHTTATION. --According to the census of 1845, the population was 035 whites, and 355 blacks : total, 1,200 ; being" less than any other county. State tax for 1848, 8317 92. Sends one representative to the Le gislature.
POST OFFTCE --Waynesville. TOWN.--Waynesville is the seat of justice, situated in the southeast part, one mile from the main road leading from Fort Barring ton ferry on the Alatamaha to St. Mary's ; 17(5 iniJes from Milledgeville, 20 from Fort Barring!on, 45 from St. Ma ry's, and 22 from Jetfersonton. it has one store, one Baptist church, one academy, and one boarding-house. The courts are held in the academy, and there is no jciii. JVear the vil lage there are many beautiful pine hi]Is, with pure water, affording delightful summer residences for the wealthy plant ers of Glyrm. jVATUiip OP THE SOCL, PRODUCTIONS,--The soil is gene rally poor, barren, pine land. When manured, it will produce about 20 bushels of corn per acre. The productions are long

WAYNE COUNTY.

605

staple cotton, corn, And sweet potatoes. Sugar-cane grows .well, and many families make syrup, and sugar enough lor their own consumption. Rice is grown only in small quanti ties for family use.
CATTT.R, SHEEP, HOGS.--Every farmer has a stock of cat tle and nogs, and depends in some measure upon them for a support. There are a few Hocks of sheep, which seem to do well.
MANUFACTURES, Mii/r.s.--There are no cotton factories, saw-mills, or distilleries in the county, and but few grist-mills. Corn is generally ground by hand-mills.
RELIGIOUS ^DENOMINATIONS, SC.UOOT.S.--The religious de nominations are Baptists and Methodists. There are but few schools.
CHARACTKU OF THE PEOPLE.--The county is inhabited by poor but honest farmers. For morality and hospitality they stand high.
CT.IMATF..--The climate ia as healthy as any in Georgia. A resident of the county writes to us thus: " We have no use for doctors."
VALUE OF TOWN LOTS, &c.--The Digest of the State for 1848, values the town lots at $4,300. Stock in trade* $4,200. Money at interest, $10,130.
NAME.--'When, our children shall ask who were the heroes that stood foremost in the struggle for their country's liberty, the name of the bold and enterprising Major General Anthony Wayiie will be pronounced. One who know him well, gays. " that he had a constitutional attachment to the decision of the sword." He was born in Pennsylvania, on the 1st of January, 1745. When a boy, the love of military amusements inter fered materially with his education, although he was success ful in his mathematical studies. He left school at the ago of eighteen, and became a surveyor. In 1773 he was appointed a representative to the General Assembly, where he took a firm stand against the demands of Great Britain. He had long desired a military command, and the revolutionary war fur nished him with an opportunity of gratifying his wish. Ho raised a regiment of volunteers, of which he was elected Colo nel, and afterwards received the appointment of Colonel from
39

606

WAYWE COUNTY.

Congress. He accompanied General Thompson to Canada, and displayed his military talents at the battle of Three Ri vers. On the 21st of February he "was appointed Brigadier Genera], and in. the following May joined the army of Wash ington. I'le shared in the perils and glory of Brandywine, Germ ant own, Blonmouth, and Stony Point. At the latter place, particularly, he gathered fresh laurels. Washington deemed the recovery of Stony Point an object of great import ance, and General \Vayne was selected to make an attack up on iL With the choicest troops, through a road traversed by numerous difficult and dangerous defiles and morasses, the in trepid soldier arrived at the desired point, resolved to accom plish the object by the bayonet alone- In defiance of every obstacle, and in face of an incessant lire from the enemy, the two columns made the attack, driving every thing before them at the point of the bayonet. Wayne had placed himself at the head of the right division, and receiving a slight wound upon the head, "which he conceived to be mortal, he exclaimed, " Carry me forward, and let me die in the fort." By this enter prise, two flags, two standards, 15 pieces of ordriance, and a large quantity of military stores fell into the hands of the Americans, besides 543 prisoners. Of the Americans, 98 were kiUed and wounded ; of the enemy, 63 were killed. For his gallantry on this occasion, he was honoured by Congress with a vote of thanks, and a gold medal. After the capture of Cornwaliis, at "which he displayed a bravery bordering upon rashness, ho was sent to conduct the war in Ceorgia5 and with limited means, successfully prosecuted it against British sol diers, savages, and tories. When peace was concluded, he retired to private life, but only for a short period, for the In dians on the Northwestern frontier having for a long time manifested hostility to the United States, it "was determined to punish them ; and Washington, knowing the qualifications of General Wayne for such enterprises, gave him the com mand of the expedition. To those who are familiar v/i.th the incidents of that campaign, the manner in which General Wiiyue conducted it is 'well known. The hopes of the sa vages were crushed; and on the 3d of August, 1795, Wayne concluded a treaty with them. This gallant soldier died the

WILKES COUNTY.

607

next year, at Presque Isle, and -was buried upon the shores of Lake Superior. In 1809, his remains were removed to his native county in Pennsylvania. The State of Georgia felt that she owed a debt of gratitude to General AVayne, and pre sented him 'with a large tract of land, and named this section of the State after him.

WILKES.
BOUNDARIES, EXTENT.--This county has Elbert on the N. ; Lincoln on the E.; Columbia, Warren, and Taliaferro on the S. ; and Taliaferro and Oglethorpe on the W. It formerly in cluded all the lands north of the Ogeechee, acquired by treaty from the Cherokees and Creeks, at Augusta, 1st of June, 1773. It was laid out in 1777, and a part added to Elbert in 1790, a part to Warren in 1793, a part to Lincoln in 1796, a part to Greene in 1802, a part to Taliaferro in 1825 and 1828. Its length is 23 miles, breadth 17; containing 391 square miles.
RIVERS, CEEEKS.--Broad and Little rivers are the chief streams. Rocky5 Cedar, Beaver Dam, Upton, and Kettle creeks, discharge themselves into Little river; Dry Fork arid Chickasaw into Broad river ; and Fishing and Pistol into the Savannah.
POST OFFICES. -- Washington, Aonia, Centreville, Danbury, Mallorysville, Pistol Creek, Rehoboth.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--Some years ago Wilkes was the most populous county in the State; but owing to many causes the population has diminished. The census of 1845 gives it 3,771 whites, 7,271 blacks; total, 11 3 042. Amount of State tax returned for 1848, $5,046 73 cents. Sends two representatives to the Legislature.
TOWNS.--Washington is the county town, situated on the ridge which divides the "waters of the Broad and Little rivers, 66 miles 1ST. E. of MilSedgeviUe, 53 N. W. of Augusta, IS from Lincolnton, 31 from Greenesborough, and 18 from the Georgia Railroad. The court-house is a neat building with a steeple,

608

WILKES COUNTY.

in "which there is a clock said to be equal to any in the State, arid, which cost 81,100. The jail is a very inferior building; there are four churches, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic, a branch bank of the State of Geor gia, one printing office, one hotel, eighty-eight dwellings, six stores, a large number of mechanics, seven lawyers, six physicians, a Division of the Sons of Temperance. Masonic .Lodges, &.c. Population, 1,350.
'Wash ing" ton is among the most beautiful towns in. the State, and the citizens hnve the reputation of being intelligent and hospitable. Amount of goods sold annually is over $90,000-
Mallorysville is 14 miles _N. W. of Washington. It has one church, one academy, one cotton-gin factory, one black smith, one store, and one tanyard.
Danbury is 12 miles from Washington.

F ACK OF THE COUNTRY, IYATUKT3 OF THK SoiT,. ---- The SUr-
face of the country is undulating. The soil is various. The lands of the best kind aro on .Little and Broad rivers, and on the creeks generally, having a red soil, adapted to cotton and the different grains. The light sandy lands produce well for a few years. The soil of Wilkes generally was once very fertile, but has suffered much from injudicious culture. The quantity of worn-out land which we see in travelling through this county, should warn us to avoid the errors of gone-by days. Economy in the management of land is as necessary as in any other business.
VALUE OF LAND. -- Lands of the first quality average 88 per acre, second quality 85, turned out lands are worth $%.
VALUE OF TOWN -LoT^, &c. -- The value of town lots is $4-8,590. Stock in trade, $42,795. Money at interest, -$398,579.

PRICE

OF GRAIN, PROVISIONS,

Wheat, Eggs, Beef, Pork, Bacon, Fowls, Turkeys, Geose,

Averages
' '
" " ''

Ilotird from 010 to $

BOARD, TAVERNS, TJABOUU.

$2 50 per barrel. 0 75 " bns 0 10 " doz 0 044 ' prm 0 044 ' ;

0 10 0 20 I 00 1 00

fi " pair " i; ""

WILKKS COUNTY.

609

In Washington is one of the best hotels in Georgia, and travellers will find the landlord rea.dy to accommodate them in superior style. Would not the travelling public be under groat obligations to the worthy proprietor of the Washington Hotel, if he would make a to.ur through Georgia, and deliver lectures on the art of keeping a good tavern ? We know of se veral places where this kind of knowledge is much wanted.
Negro men are hired at 875 per annum ; women at 840. MINERAL Sr-Riiv.--About a mile and a half from Wash ington is a sulphur spring, formerly much frequented. MINERALS.---Granite, quartz, iron, soaps tone, and many others which are common to middle Georgia. PRODUCTIONS, MARKET.--Corn, cotton, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, &LC., are the chief productions. About 14,000 bags of cotton are annually produced. Augusta, is the chief market. CLIMATE, DISEASES, LONGEVITY.--The climate is subject to great changes. In 1826--27, the county suffered much from sickness, but since those periods the inhabitants have enjoyed a great share of health. Many instances of longe vity have occurred. Mrs. Sherier died last summer, at the age of 100. There are now living Mrs. Minton, 04; Mr. Wm. Jones, 80 ; Mr. John Combs, 80 ; and Mrs. Ray, 90. MiTjjjS.--Flour-mills, 4 ; saw-mills, 9 ; grist-mills, 34. RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.--'The Baptists and Metho dists are the most numerous religious societies in the county. There are a few Presbyterians and Roman Catholics. There are sixteen churches in the county. At a very early period in the settlement of Wilkcs, atten tion "wns paid to the important subject of education. Excellent schools are in Washington arid other places. CHARACTER, or TIIF. PEOPLE.----The people of this county are generally well informed, industrious, temperate, and reli gious. During the American Revolution, no part of the State suffered more than Wilkes, and yet the citizens, with few ex ceptions, devoted themselves to the cause of liberty. It re ceived the name of the "Hornet's Nest," from the great op position of the people to the tories. EARLY SETTLERS. -- Jesse Willingham, John Freeman, Holrnan Freeman, Thomas Gresham, John Pope, and others

610

WILKES COUNTY.

whose names appear on the presentments of the grand jury

on page 611.

DISTINGUISHED PERSONS.--Wilkes has produced a host of

men, who -would have done honour to any country. Gen. Elijah

Clarke, Hon. Matthew Talbot, Rev. Jesse Mercer, lion. Ben

jamin TaUaferro, Gen. David Meriwether, Hon. Peter Early,

Col. John Dooly, Col. Duncan G. Campbell, Dr. Joel Abbot,

and if space allowed other illustrious names might be inserted.

Gov. Towns is a native of this county.

Here is a proper place to introduce the name of Mrs. Hill-

house, one among the most extraordinary women of her age.

Upon the death of her husband, Mr. David Hillhouse, in 1804,

she took charge of his newspaper, called the " Monitor and

Impartial Observer," and conducted it for several years. The

journal of the House of Representatives was printed in her

office, and sent to Louisville, then the seat of government.

REMAE.KAELE PLACES. -- Kettle creek is famous as the

battle ground where Clarke, Dooly and Pickens, distinguished

themselves in the war of the Revolution.

On the spot where Washington is now located, a fort was

built in 1774, and near it the American army encamped, after

the engagement at Kettle creek.

MISCALL. AN ECUS NOTICES.--We have examined the old re

cords in. the offices of the clerks of the courts in Wilkes, and

made the following extracts for the amusement of our readers.

November, 22d, 1786, Superior Court, Wilkes county,

held at Washington.

On petition of Joseph Wilson, Ordered, that he be per

mitted to take out a license to keep tavern, agreeable to law.

Tavern Kates. s. d.

For every warm dinner,

.

.

.



.

16

" breakfast,

.....

10

"

" supper, .....

10

"

cold dinner, ......

10

"

" breakfast, .....

OS

"

" supper, ......

08

JLocfgings per night, ......

04.

For corn or oats per quart,

.....

02

For stabling for every horse per night, finding in fodder

or bay, ........

10

For good pasturing, twenty-four hours,

,

08

WILKES COUNTY.

611

Good Jamaica spirits per gill,

....

Good West India rum per gill,

....

TafFe or northern rum per gill, ...



,

Good Maderia wine per bottle,

.

.

.

.

All white wine

".....

Claret and red wine "

.....

Porter

"

.

.' ,,

,

Strong malt beer per quart, .....

Good whiskey or brandy per gill,

...

Good Geneva

"

....

s. d. 06 04 02 48 48 36 19 04 OS 0G

The first court held in Wilkes, was on the 25th of August, 1779, at the house of Jacob McClindon, before the Hon. Williams Downs, Benjamin Catchings, and Absalom Bedell, Esquires, assistant judges for the county aforesaid. Henry Manadue appointed clerk; Joseph Scot Riden, sheriff; and John Dooly appointed to act as attorney for the State.
Names of first grand jurors. Stephen Heard, Esq., fore man, Barnard Heard, George Walton, Daniel Burnott, Thomas Carter, ---------- Bailey, John Glass, Charles Bidmgfield, Micaiah Williamson, James Me Lean, Jacob Termgton, William R. Ay cock, Robert Day, John Gorham, Dionysius Oliver, Holman Freeman, sen., Daniel Colman, Thomas Stroud.
At this court the grand jury presented as a grievance, " the running at large of several persons "whom they had cause to believe, have acted in conjunction with, and have aided, abetted, and assisted the British, and the avowed enemies of the United States." At this court, nine persons were sentenced to be hung, principally for treason.
At the March term of tho Superior Court of Willies countyheld in 1785, the grand jury presented as a grievance !l the inattention of the Honourable the Legislature, to the requisitions of the Honourable the Congress of the United States, for laying an impost on goods, wares, and merchandise, imported in this State, or devising some support for the public credit, and pay ment of that part of the debt, which we rnay owe to those friend ly powers who, on the faith of the States, supported us in the Revolution. Tho requisitions of Congress are founded on equity and justice, nor can we expect reasonably to enjoy the advantages of the Union, unless we contribute to its support.

612

WILKRS COUNTY,

We therefore apprehend a non-compliance on the part of our State will disgrace us as a people, and ultimately tend, to de stroy our credit at home and abroad."
At the opening of the session of the Superior Court, held at Washington., Wilkes county, 7th day of December, 1784, the following charge was delivered by his Honour George Walt on, Chief Justice :
"I now earnestly recommend it to your observation, in deed the general principles of taxation form a subject worthy the attention of the several counties, particularly this, in which there is such a prodigious influx of inhabitants, besides the rage which perhaps has taken place in the northern and neighbouring States of removing into this. The superior advantages of the soil and climate and navigation are such, that by population alone, the increase of numbers and agriculture must be con siderable, and. from whence an adequate proportion of the public revenues will be drawn ; in short, every part of govern ment attracts the notice of the patriot and man of sense. Having established it in blood, we are greatly bound to ma nage it well. It should be a science, and taught in our schools, wlucli are opening in a manner, and upon a foundation the most flattering and most solid. Whenever 1 approach the middle rea'ion of the Stale, and contemplate around, I feel myself astonished at its immensity. Such is the rupid pro gress of our settlements at either extremity, that I look for ward to the time when, under the mild influence of our laws, the whole will be settled and connected, and the roads will be opened Irom the shores of the Atlantic to the banks of the Mississippi, and inconvenience of distance will one day be re medied by a line of natural, friendly, and political separation, straight along the summit of the Appalachian, hills, with the shores of the waters to the east and west."
]\"A;vr.E.--This county was named in honour of John Wilkcs, who, tis a member of the British Parliament, strenuously op posed the measures which produced the war with America. On the motion in parliament, in 1778, to bind the colonies and people of America, in all cases whatsoever, Mr. Wilkes said, " that he considered the designs of the in in JS try to be the shortest compendium of slavery ever given. It is the broadest

WiLKES COUNTY,

613

basis of tyranny. Three millions of people to be taxed at the arbitrary "will and pleasure of this house, without a single per son present to represent them ! If the Americans could tamely submit to this, they would deserve to be slaves." This great friend of liberty was born in England, and completed, his studies at the University of Leyden. In 1757, he obtained a seat in parliament for the borough of Aylesbury, Through the interest of his friend, Earl Temple, he was appointed Lieut. Colonel of the newly raised county militia, and upon the resignation of Sir Francis Dash wood, he succeeded to the Colonelcy. At the dissolution of the parliament, on the death of George the 3d, he was re-elected for Aylesbury. He first appeared as a political writer in 1762, by a tract entitled " Ob servations on the papers relative to the rupture with Spain/ This production gave him considerable fame. In 17C3, he commenced a periodical paper called the " North Briton. 7 ' In the 45th number of this paper, he commented with much acrimony upon the King's speech, for which he was token into cxistody and committed to the Tower. Some time after he was brought out by a writ of Habeas Corpus ; and Lord Chief Justice Pratt (Earl of Camden) pronounced his com mitment illegal, and discharged him. Ho then established a private press, and reprinted the North Briton. This led to another prosecution and conviction, and he "was expelled from the House of Commons. His Essay on Woman was published at this time, "which gave so much offence, that he "was not only found guilty of a libel, but also of blasphemy. After this he "withdrew into Prance, and returned to England after a change of the ministry had taken place, and offered himself as a can didate for parliament for Middlesex, and was elected ; but was not allowed to take his seat, owing to his conviction on two libels, and other causes. Being now regarded as the great Martyr of Liberty, he was again re-elected ; but his election was again declared void. Mr. Wilkes then commenced his career of civil honours, being first elected, "while yet in prison, alderman of the most considerable ward in London. Whilst In this office he embraced every opportunity of resisting what he considered illegal authority. In 1772, he "was chosen one of the sheriffs for London and Middlesex; and in 1774, "was
40

614

WILKTNSON -COUNTY.

elevated to the mayoralty. The, duties of this important office were discharged by him with great dignity and fidelity, and secured him so much popularity, that he was once more elected a member of parliament. .Here he advocated the cause of injured America. In 1779, he became chamberlain of the city of London, which office he retained to his death, He died in the 73d year of his age, December 36, 1797.

WILKLNSON.
BOUNDARIES.--This county was laid out by the Lottery Act of 1803, organized in 1805, and is bounded by Jones on. the N. W., Baldwin on the N., Washington on the E., Laurens and Pulaski on. the S., and Twiggs on the W.
POPULATION, TAXES, REPRESENTATION.--In 1845, the po pulation "was 5,343 whites, 1,722 blacks; total, 7,065. Amount of tax returned for 1848, $1,763 36. Sends one representa tive to the Legislature.
POST OFFICES.--McDonald, Cool Spring, Gordon, Irwinton, Emmet, Stephenson, Milton.
RIVERS, CUKEKS, LAKH.--The Oconee river separates the county from Washington and Baldwin. Commissioners' creek is quite a considerable stream, emptying into the Oconee, The other creeks are Black, Uchee, Buck, Cedar, Big Sandy^ and Porter. Black lake is in the eastern part of the county.
TOWNS.---Irwinton is the county town, 21 miles from Milledgeville, three from the Central Railroad, and 23 from Ma rion. It has ci court-house 3 jail, tavern, two churches, school, two or three stores, one tailor, one blacksmith, and one carpenter. It is situated between Commissioners' and Big Sandy creeks, and "was named after Governor Irwin. It was made the coun ty site in 1811, and incorporated in 1816.
Gordon is situated on the Central Railroad, having two stores, one tavern, one blacksmith) and one physician. It is the point, from which a daily line of stages leaves for Milledgeville, distance 17 miles. The amount of business done here is quite

WILKINSON COUNTY.

615

considerable. More than. 7,000 bales of cotton were received. from 1st of August, 1848, to June 1st, 1849, principally from Jones, Baldwin, and Twiggs.
McDonald is a station on the Central Railroad, with a store, post-office, &c^
EARLY SETTLERS.--Among the early settlers were the Bloodworths, William Lord, John Lord, Silas Lesley, John Brannon, Joel Rivers, D. McCook, Green. Meadows, \Vashington Williams, and John Freeman.
MILLS.--Eight saw-mills,, nine grist-mills. RELIGIOUS SECTS, EDUCATION.-- Missionary and AntiMissionary Baptists, Episcopal and Reformed Methodists. Education is neglected. Number of poor children, 248. Edu cational fund, $215 08. CLIMATE, UISEASES, LONGEVITY.--There is nothing which distinguishes the climate. The diseases are the same as those of the adjacent counties. Several instances of longevity have occurred. Robert Rosier, Sen., John Meadows, and William Jenkins, all lived to an advanced age. Mr. Myers died at 80 ; Mr. Bloodworth, over SO. Mrs. Myers is now living, over 80. PACE OF THE COUNTRY, NATURE OF SOIL, PRODUCTIO&JS. --The face of the country is somewhat undulating. The soil is characterized by much variety. On the Oconee river, and on several of the creeks, the lands are productive. The pine lands, of which there is a great quantity, are poor. The pro ductions are cotton, corn, wheat, rye, and sweet potatoes. This last article grows to great pez-fectiori. VALUE OF LAND, AVERAGE PRODUCT PER ACRE.--Land sells from two to three dollars per acre; cotton averages about 400 pounds per acre; corn, eight bushels ; wheat, from six to seven bushels per acre. "VALUE OF TOWN LOTS.--The value of town lots is 610,392. Value of stock in trade, $13,300. Money at inte rest, $11,553MINERALS.--Rotten limestone abounds. Near Irwinton 13 a quarry of a soft kind of stone, "which, upon exposure to the atmosphere becomes hard. Many of the chimneys in Ir winton are constructed of this article.

616

WILKINSON COUNTY.

j

MINERAL SPRING.--There is on the Central Railroad, four miles below McDonald, a spring strongly impregnated with* sulphur. It has been named Cameron's spring, in honour of Mr. Cameron, a gentleman who has been a conductor upon the Central Railroad for ten years, and who has recently retired with a reputation for politeness and attention to his duties,'un surpassed by any railroad officer in the United States.
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE.--As far as industry and hos pitality are concerned, the people of this county acknowledge no superior. The amusements are hunting, fishing, dancing, and horse-racing.
NAME.--This county was named after Brigadier General Wilkinson, who, in 1816, published a work in three large vo lumes, entitled "Memoirs of my own Times." It contains many historical incidents of an interesting nature, but entirely too cumbrous for general readers. As a book of reference it is valuable, and we feel much indebted to it for the informa tion which it gives in regard to the services of this useful andactive officer. General James Wilkinson was born in Calvert county, in the State of Maryland. At the age of seventeen years he was sent by his mother to the Medical School at Phi ladelphia. Soon after his arrival he visited the barracks, where a regiment of soldiers was stationed, and witnessed their pa rade, which pleased him so much, that from that day his incli nations took a military turn. He remained in Philadelphia-t\W> years, and retired to Maryland and commenced the practit of medicine, and joined a company commanded by a Quaker* and such was his fondness for military tactics, that notwith standing his residence was 30 miles from the place of rendez vous, he was always punctual at parade. Hearing of the bat tle at Breed's Hill, he abandoned his profession, repaired to the camp before Boston, and joined a rifle corps under the com mand of Colonel William Thompson. In March, 1776, Wash ington gave him a commission as captain in the regiment com manded by Colonel James Read, of Philadelphia, and which was under marching orders for Canada. In the course of three or four years he was gradually promoted; and in Octo^ ber, 1777, he was honoured with the brevet of Brigadier Gene ral, which however he resigned; and shortly afterwards le-

WILKINSON COUNTY.

617

ceived the appointment of Clothier General to the army. Af ter the end of the war he went to Kentucky, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. Entering again the army, he was sta tioned on the frontiers. For'some years he was at the head i of the southern department of the army. In the war of 1812 he was variously employed a portion of the time, in making the fortifications of New Orleans, and in directing operations on the northern frontiers. In 1815 he was tried by a courtmartial upon several charges, but was acquitted. He died in Mexico, on the 28th of December, 1825. His body was brought to the house of Mr. Poinsett, then Minister from the United States to Mexico, and his interment took place in the parish of St. Miguel. Public opinion has been much divided as to the character, of General Wilkinson; but all agree that he was a gallant soldier of the Revolution, though his conduct after that period appears, in the estimation of some, to be inex plicable.

ADDENDA.
JEWS.
On page 101, reference is made to the history of the Jews in this StateSince that part of the work was printed, M. M. Noah, Esquire, of New-York, has kindly favoured us with the following additional items :
Dr. Samuel Nunez, whose name belonged to a distinguished family in Lisbon, was a physician of eminence, and had an extensive practice, even in times when the Jews of that city were under the surveillance of the Inquisition. Jealousy and rivalry, however, caused him to be denounced to that dreadful tribunal, aud himself and family were arrested as heretics, and thrown into the dungeons of the Inquisition. At that period the Jews were not permitted openiy to follow their religion; they Had no synagogues or places of public worship, but assembled for devotional purposes in each others' houses, and their prayer-hooks were concealed in the seats of chairs, and opened by springs. It had long been observed that the families never ventured abroad on Friday evenings, being the evening of the Sabbath, and suspicions were awak ened as to their real faith, although for form sake they all attended mass. The familiars of the Inquisition, who were generally spies, were set to work to dis cover what their pursuits were on the Sabbath, and detecting them at prayers, seized their Hebrew prayer-books, and threw them all into prison.
Doctor Nuncz, who was a most popular and skilful man, was physician to the Grand Inquisitor, who was anxious to save him. He did all in his power to alleviate the sufferings of his family ; but one of them, Abby de Lyon, who died in Savannah, carried to her grave the marks of the ropes on her wrists when put to the question. They remained for some time in prison ; but as the me dical services of Doctor Nunez were very much in demand in Lisbon, the eccle siastical council, under the advice of the Grand Inquisitor, agreed to set him and family at liberty, on condition that two officials of the Inquisition should re side constantly in the family, to guard against their relapsing again into Juda ism. The doctor had a large and elegant mansion on the banks of the Tagus, and being a man of large fortune, he was in the habit of entertaining the prin cipal families of Lisbon. On a pleasant summer day he invited & party to din ner ; and among the guests was the Captain of an English tmgfuiline, anchored at some distance in the river. While the company were amusing themselves

620

ADDENDA

on the lawn, the captain invited the family and part of the company toaccoin-, pany him on board the brigantine, and partake of a lunch prepared for the occa sion. All the family, together with the spies of the Inquisition, and apportion of tho guests, repaired on board the vessel; and while they were below in the cabin, enjoying the hospitality of the captain, the anchor was weighed, the sails unfurled, and the wind being fair, the brigantine shot out of the Tagua, was soon at sea, and carried the whole party to England, It had been pre viously arranged between the doctor and the captain, who had agreed, for a , thousand moidores in gold, to convey the family to England, and who were tinder the painful necessity of adopting this plan of escape to avoid detection. The ladies had secreted all their diamonds and jewels, which were quilted in their dresses, and the doctor having previously changed all his securities into gold, it was distributed among the gentlemen of the family, and carried around them ia leathern belts. His house, plate, furniture, servants, equipage, and even the dinner cooked for the occasion, were all left, and were subsequently seized by the Inquisition and confiscated to the State.
On the arrival of Doctor Nunez and family in London, tho settlement of Georgia, and the fine cHmate and soil of that country, were the subjects of much speculation. The celebrated John Wesley, and his brother Charles, had re solved to embrace the occasion of visiting this El Dorado ; and when the ship which conveyed Governor Oglethorpe to that new settlement was about sail ing, the doctor and his whole family embarked as passengers, not one of whom could speak the English language ; and from them the families have descended, already named in the body of this work. After a few years, a number sailed for New-York ; and Zipra Nunez married the Rev. David Machado, Minister of the Hebrew congregation of that city. Major Noah states that he remembers his great-grandmother, Zipra Nunez, as a very remarkable person age. She died at nearly ninety years of age, and was celebrated for her beauty and accomplishments. She spoke several languages--preserved to the last a beautiful set of teeth, unimpaired, and was observed, whenever the clock struck, to repeat a silent prayer, which had some reference to her impri sonment in the Inquisition. The whole family were rigid in their attachment to the doctrines of their faith. Two of her brothers, who arrived in the same ' vessel from London, lie buried in the Jewish cemetery in Chatham Square, New-York; and from them has sprung a long list of highly respectable descendants in Savannah, Charleston, Philadelphia, and New-York, all of them of the Hebrew persuasion at this day.

CONGRESSIONAL TABLES.

Button Gwinnett,

Lyman Hall,

George Walton.

Names of those -who signed the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between tiie States.

John Walton,

Edward Telfair,

Edward Langworthy.

Delegates to the Convention which mc.L at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, to frame a new Constitution.

William Few, Abraham Baldwin,

'William Pierce, George Walton,

William Houstmm, Nathaniel Pendleton.

Baldwin, Abraham Brownsorj, Nathaniel Bulloch, Archibald Clay, Joseph
Few, William
Gibbons, William Gwinnett, Button Habersham, John Hall, Lyman Houstoan. John Houstoun,' William

e Contin ental Congress from 1774 to 1788.

From To

Ffom To

1785, 1776, 1775, 1778,

'88
'78 '76 '80

Howley, Richard

1780,

Jones,

Noble

Wimberly

S (

1775, 1781,

Iing'worthy, Edward

1777,

'81 '76 '83
'79

5 17SO, 1 1785,
1784,
1776, 1785,
1776, 1775,
1784,

'82 '88 '8B '77
'86 '79
'77 '87

Pierce, W. Telfair, Edward
Walton, George Wood, Joseph Zobli, John J.

1788, '87

S 1777. ) 1780, \ 1776,

'79 '83 '79

( 1780, '81

1777, '79

1775, '76

^mencem< nt of the Government under the Constitution the Twe <ity-nintk Congress, March 3, 1847.

Baldwin, A.
Berrien, J. M,
Bibb, W. W. Bulloch, William B. Cobb, Thomas W. Colquitt, T. Walter Crawford, William H. Cuthbert, Alfred
41

From To

S (

1799,
1825, 1841, 1813,

18'2097 '47 'J6

1813, 1824, 1843,

'13 '28 '49

1807, '13

1835, '43

TClliott, John Few, William, Forsyth, John
Gunn, James
Jackson, Jumes Jones, George

From
1819,

'2T5o

1788, '93

S 1818, '19

\ 1829, '34

S 1789, '90

\ 5 (

1791, 1793, 18111,

18'9051 '06

1807, '07

1809, '19 Walton, George a.^%J.%B%:'.%^m

im a 133S, '39

rl.Afaton.jr.
io^ii
CV.|!,in, Wa'torT,
-Mop,-r. JfM'k A. Cn-vrford, JOP: C'ulh'jorf, A. C:>U:l)Ort. Jo:,:. A. Jlairson, W C vl^/ota i"or,,yth, J<--a . c-;t, Toiv-.ii-.lEO!: V...-IIT, Ii,0!::r.s B. J.;ui,l(-, rc;se:- 3,. ''.;..!,?r. Ujo-.e H. '"rjio-'V, Thorras C.-j ,:' -J, SeaSra:
'^'-fs^ ;:..}:..!-..:.,.-,, a. vv.
;.; ..;!,,", -r.;;.

GENERAL SUMMARY,
CIVIL AND MILITARY HIST OH V
(me , \^ ,.,,,]!( ;i|, L,diiiU'il Ooveiiso".

CATALOGUE
FAUNA AND FLORA
OF THE
STATE OF GEORGIA.
FOU. TJ.-II8 "VVOEK :BXr EMI^TKNT NATURALISTS.
COMPRISING
MAMMALS, BIUDS, KEPTILES, PISHES, INSECTS, CKUSTACEA, SHELLS, AND PLANTS.

1

f

FAUNA AND FLORA.

MAMMALIA.

OR ANIMALS WHICH SUCKLE THEIR YOUNG.

The following catalogue of the mammiferous animals of Georgia, was prepared by the Rev. Dr. BACHMAN, of Charleston, South Carolina, a gen tleman well known as an accomplished zoologist.

CARNIVORA.

URSTJS Americanus Pall,

. . Black bear.

PROGYON lotor Ij.

.... Racoon.

MEPHITIS chinga Tied.

, . . Skunk.

MlJSTELA
erminea Lin. PUTOKHJS

. . . Ermine weasel, northern parts.

vison Lin. .... American mink. LTJTRA

Canadensis Sab. . . . Otter.

CA.SIS

lupus L,in.

..

CANTS

lupus Lin (variety ater).

. Common gray wolf. . Black wolf.

VUI.FES Virginianue Schr.

. . Gray fox.

VULFES

fulvus Desm.

. . Red fox, few in the mountains.

FELIS

discolor Schr. . . . Cougar, Panther, Glynii and Wayne co.

LYNX rufus Guld. .... Common wild cat.

MOLOSSUS' Carolincnsis Oeojf.

CHErROPTERA. . . Carolina molossus, southern Georgia.

VESPER T 11.10 subulatus Say. monticola Bach. Virginianus BachCarolinensis Geoffnigrescens Back noetivagans Lee.
NTCTICETJS noveboracensis Lir, pruinosus Say. crepuscularis LeC.
PLECOTTJS macrotis Lee.
SOREX brevicaudis Say. CaroJinensis Bach cinereus Bach,. longirostris Bach. -
CONDTTI/URA cristata Lin.
SCA.LOPS aquaticus Lin. breweri Bach.
SCIUEUS capistratus Bosc. . Carolinensis Gm. . cinereus Lin.
TAIHIAS listeri Ray. .
PTEKOMTS volucella Gm.
AK.CTOUITS monax Lin. ,
MEE.IGSES Americanus Penti.
ASVICOLA
pinetorum Lee. PSEXTDOSTOMA
pinetorum Raff.
SlGMODON
Jiispidum Say and NEOTOMA
floridana Say and CASTOR
fiber Lin. . FIBER
zibethicus Lin. Mus
decumanus J/in. rattus Lin. h-umilis Bcfe. musculus itH.

MAMMALIA.

Mountain bat. Virginia bat. Carolina bat. Black bat.

New-York batHoary bat.

Long-eared bat.

INSECTIVORA.

. Short-tailed shrew. Carolina shrew. Ash-coloured shrew. Long-nosed shrew.

Star-nosed mole, mountains.

Common shrew mole, mountains.

Brewer's shrew mole.

:

RODENTIA.

Fox squirrel. Gray squirrel.
Cat squirrel, mountains.

Ground squirrel.

' Flying squirrel.

Ground hog, wood-chuck, northern parts.

American jumping mouse.

Pine mouse.

Salamander, sandy tracts.

Cotton rat.

. Florida rat.

Variety Americanus, rare, near Milledgeville and Macon.
Muskrat, upper Georgia.

Norway rat. . Black rat
Little harvest mouse. Common house mouse.

Mus aureolus Bach. leucopus Rctf. l.e Contii Bach. oryzivora Bach.
LEFTS sylvaticus Bach. palustris Back. aquaticus Bach. .
CBKVUS Virginiarius. I/in. .
DELPHINTTS phoccena Lin-. globiceps Cwb.

MAMMALIA.



. Orange-coloured mouse.

' . American white-footed mouse.

. I-e Gonte's mouse. "

Rice mouse, sonthern parts.

American gray rabbit.
. Mars!) rabbit, southern Georgia. . . Swamp rabbit, Coweta. county.

RUMINANTIA.

. . Comnxpn deer.

CETACEA.

. Porpoise. - Black porpoise.

DUJEI.JPHIS Virginianus fen. . . Opossum.

NOTE.
C1) There are two species of mqlossus described by William Cooper, of NewYork, in the Annals of the .Lyceum of Natural History, both from Georgia, and both very common :
Molossua eynocephalus; ---------- fuliginosus.

BIRDS.
In presenting the following Catalogue of Birds to the public, it is proper to remark, that many kinds are migratory, and consequently arc found among vis only at certain seasons of the year. The Catalogue is intended to include all tho species of birds, which an industrious ornithologist might procure within the limits of our State.
J. J. Audubon has described 508 species of birds inhabiting the United States and their territories ; and it will he seen, by reference to our Catalogue, that 273 species arc found in the State of Georgia. Indeed, our Fauna is peculiarly rich and interesting in this department, whether we regard the number of species, or the many kinds remarkable for beauty and splendour of plumage.
Every effort has been made to render the list as complete and as accurate as possible. Doubtless there are some species of birds inhabiting our State, which have escaped the vigilance of naturalists ; but they must be very limited in number.
M-'y grateful acknowledgments are due to the Rev. John Bachman, D. t)., of Charleston, S. C., the well-known Naturalist; and to my brother, Joseph I,e Con(.e, M. D., of Macon, Georgia, for important assistance in enabling me to determine the habitat of several species concerning which there was con siderable doubt. I am under- peculiar obligations to the former gentleman for tho valuable information he furnished, particularly in relation to the waterbirds.

Fam. 1.--VULTUR.INJE. CATHAKTES
avra, red-headed turkey "buzzard. airni-us, carrion crow, or black-
headed buzzard.

lineaf/as, red-shouldered hawk. Peimsylvanicits, broad-winced
hawk. HAT.IAETUS
lencocfijihaliis, bald eagle. PANE ION
haiiaefus, fish hawk.

ELANIJS dispar, black-shouldered hawk.
ICTINIA plumbed, Mississippi kite,!
NATICLERUS furcaius, swallow-tailed hawk.
FALCO persgrinus, duck hawk. Golumbarius, pig-eon hawk. sjtarveriuz, sparrow hawk.
ASTXIB Cooperi, Cooper's hawk. fiiscus, sharp-shinned hawk.
CIKCTJS cyaneus, marsh hawk.
Fam. 3.--STRINGING.
SUKKIA
nyctea, snowy owl. STHIX
Americana, barn owl. SYRSJTJM
nebulosum, hooting owl. OTUS
vulgar-is, long-eared owl. brachyotus, short-eared owl. ETJBO Virginianus, great horned o\v], asio, (s) common screech owl.
Fam. 4.--CAPRIMULGIN.E.
CAPRIMTJLG'ETS
Caro?iCTist>,chuck-will's widow vocifems, whip-poor-will. CHORDEILES Virginianus, night-hawk.
Fam. 6,--HIRUNDIN^B.
HlKUNDO
pitrpurea, martin. bicolor, white-bellied swallow. fulva, cliff swallow. ruslica, barn swallow. fiparia^ bank swallow. stiT't'ip&nnis , rough- winded swal
low.
dominicensis, pipiry flycatcher. tyrannus, king bird or, beebird. crinita, great-crested flycatcher. Cooperi) olive-sided flycatcher.

MUSCIOAPA acadica, green-crested flycatcher. fusca, pewee flycatcher. virens, wood pcwee.
ruticilla, American redstart. CULICIVORA
c&rulea, blue-gray flycatcher.

Fam. 8----SYLVICOLIN^E.

flODlOCTEs

mitratus, hooded flycatching-war-

bler.

formosus, (3 ) Kentucky fly-

catching-warbler.

SYI.VICOI.A

corona/a, yellow-rump wood-war

bler.

striata, black-poll wood-warbler.

pensiliS) yellow-throated wood-

warbler.

iclerocephala, chesnut-sided wood-

warbler.

pinus, pine-creeping wood-war

bler.

virens. b]ack-throated green wood-

warbler.

ccerulea, Cisrvilean wood-warbler.

B7c/i:i'?i?-7ii(E,Blackburnian wood-

warbler.

cEstiva, yellow-pol} wood-warbler.

petechia, yellow-red-poll wood-

warbler.

Americana, blue yellow-backed

wood-warbler.

CcniadensiS) black-throated blue

wood-warbler.

maculosa, black-and-yellow wood-

warbler.

disciilor^ prairie warbler.

TRICHAS

Marilandica, Maryland yellow-

throat.

HELINATA

fSwainsonii. Swainson's swamp-

warbler.

vermivoi-a, worm-eating1 swamp-

warbler.

protonotarius,

prothortotary

swamp-warbler,

chrysoptera,

golden-winged

swamp-war bier.

Baclimanii, Bachman's swampwarbler.
soUfarm, blue-winged yellow swamp-warbler.
celaia, orange-crowned swampwarbler.

MNIOTILTA

KMEEKIZA

varia, black and white creeping

ffenslowi, Henslow's bunting.

warbler.

pusilla, field bunting.

Fam. 9.--CERTHIANJS.

Socialis, chipping bunting.

CERTHIA
famUiaris, brown tree-creeper. TKOGI.ODYTES
Ludomcianus, great Carolina wren.
Rewickii, Bewick's wren. Americanus, wood wren. <Edon, house wren. ~hyemdlis, winter wren. paiustris, marsh wren.
brevirostris, short-billed marsl wren.

Jiyerndlis, common snow-bird.

SPIZA

Ciris. nonpareil, or painted bunt

ing.

cyanea, indigo bird.

AMMODE.AMUS

maritimiis, seaside finch.

Macgillivrayi

Macgillivray's

shore-finch.

caudacutus, sharp-tailed shore-

finch.

paiustris, swamp -sparrow.

Fam. 10.--PARING,

PEUC^BA

PAKUS

Bachmanii, Bachman's pinewood

tricolor, crested titmouse.

finch.

Carolinensis, Carolina titmouse. LlNARIA

pinus, pine linnet.

Fam. 11.--SYLVIAN^E.

CARDTJELIS

REGUI/US

tristis, American goldfinch or yel

satrapa. golden- crested kinglet.

low-bird.

calendula, ruby-crowned kinglet. FKINC'ILLA

SlAMA

iliaca, foxcoloured finch or swamp

Wilsonii, common blue bird.

sparrow.

metodia, songfinch or fence spar

Fam. 12.--TURDI1SLE.

row.

OB.FHEVS

Pennsylcanicct, white-throated

poh/gloitus, mocking-bird.

finch.

Carolinensis, cat-bird.

leucopkrys, white-crowned finch.

ritfus, "brown thrush.

PIPILO

TURD us

erythro'plillialrmt.s, bullfinch or

migratorius , com.sn.on robin.

tow he bunting.

Tmtstelinus, wood-thrush.

Wilsonii, tawny-thrush.

solitari'iis, hermit -thrush.

LOXIA

curvirosfra, common crossbill.

Fam. 13.--MOTACILLTN^E.

PlTYLUS

SEIURXTS

cardinalis, common red-bird

aurocapillufs,

golden-crowned COCCOUORTIS

wood- wagtails.

cceruleus, blue song-grosbeak.

noveboracensis., aquatic wood-

L-udovicianus, rose-breasted gros

wagtails.

beak.

ANTHITS

*YBAKG-A

Iiudovi.c-ia.nus, American wagtail.

casii-ca, summer red-bird, OT fire

bird.

Fam. 14.--FRINGIJLLIN^E.

rulra, scarlet tanager.

EMBEEIZA

Americana, black-throated bunt

ing.

Fam. 35.--AGELAIN-iE.

graminea, grass bunting.

Savanna^ Savannah biinting.

oryzivora, Ma.y bird, or bob-o-link.

passerina, yellow-winged bunt VlOLOTHRUS

ing.

pecoris, cowpen bird.

AQELAIUS

Fam. 24. --

phcuniceus, red-winged blackbird. ALOEDO

ICTERUS

Alcyon, kingfislier.

Baltimorus, Baltimore oriole-

spurius, orchard oriole, vulgaris, common troupial.

Tarn, 25.--P us

QTJISCALUS
m?or? great jackdaw, versicolor, small jackdaw. ferrugi'neus, rusty jackdaw,

principulis, ivory-billed woodpecker,
pileaiuR, pileated woodpecker, or Jog-cock.

Fam. 16.

STUR.NEI/T..A-

B, common meadow

lark.

villosus, liairy woodpecker. f>ul)escens^ downy woodpecker. guerulus, red-coc"kaded wood
pecker. va-fiun, yelUow-beJlied wood

Earn.

.

COKVOS

carax^ raven.

Americanus, common crow-

(^ssifrar^tsi fish c-row.

GrARUULirs cristalus. common bhiejay.

pecker. Carolines, red-bellied wood-
peckct . erylhroCKpJialuSt red-headed wood
pecker. aui'atus, goMesi-winged wood
pecker, or yellow hammer. Le Contei, (^') Le Conte's three-

Fam. 19.--LANIIN^E.

toed.

LANIITS Jjudovidanus common logger

Fam. 26. -- CUCULIN/E.

head.

American- cuckoo, or rain-

Fara. 18.--VIREONIN^E. VISEO
fiavifronS) yellow-throated green-

cvow. us, black-hilled
cuckoo.

let.

solitctrius, solitary grocniet. noveboracensis, white-eyed green-

Fam. 27--PSITTACIN^E. CENTUKUS

olivaceuS) red-eyed greenlet.

Carotinensis, O5 ) paroquet.

Fam. 20.--P
EBIA
viridis, ycllow-breaeted chat.

Fam. 28.--COLUMBINE. COLTJM^A
p(isserinat ground-dove.
ECTOPlSTES migratorirt, wild pigeon. Ca-rolinesis, turtle-dove.

bird.

Fam.

SlTXA

sis, wliite-lireasted nut

hatch. Canadensis, red-bellied nuthatch. pusilla, brown-beaded nuthatch.

Fam. 29.--PAVONIN^E. MELEAGKIS
gallopctvo, wild turkey.
Fam. 30.--PERDJ.CIN&. ORTIX
Virginiana, common partridge.

"Fain. ^3 TROCHH.US
coZwiris, common humming-bird.

llus^ (_5 )rufed grouse.

10

BI]

Fam. 32.--RAUJN^E. GALLIXTJLA
martinica, pnrplo gfiUinulecliloropuS) common, gallirmle. FULICA
Americana, American coot. ORTYGOMETRA
Carolinus, sora rail. norseborttcensis, yellow-breasted
rail. HALLUB
elegans, freshwater marsh hen.

TOTANUS semipalmatus, stone curlew.
LIIUOSA ffidort, great marbled godwit. H-udsonica, Hudsoniah godwit.
SCOLOPAX
Wilsonii, common snips. J\Toveb(>racens'is,Tcd-bTea-8tetl snipe.
Americana, RECUKVIEOSTRA
Ainericana. American avocot.
IIlMAST01?US
ii.ifrr'icollis> black-necked stilt.
"

Fam. 34.--CHARADRIINjE.
CHAItABRIUS
Helvetians, black-bellied plover. marmoratus, American golden
plover. vociferiis, kiltlcer rjlovcr. Wtlsonius, Wilson's plover. semipalmatus, ring plover. 7nel.oi.hts., piping plover. STREPSTLAS interprus, turnstone.
palliatus, American oyster-
pccl.orniis^ pectoral sandpiper. alpine, red-backed sandpiper. f;ul>arquat.a, curle\v sandpiper. 1-limant.opns, long-legged sand
piper. Schinzii, Selling's sandpiper. semijjalmata, semipalrnated stmd-
piper. pusilla, little sandpiper.

Fam. 36.--TANTALlN-. IBIS
alba, white curlew ibis. TAKTALUS
loculator, wood ibis or garnet. VJ.ATALEA
ajc/ja. roseate spoonbill, or pink curlew.
Fain. 37.--A AHDEA
Nycticorax, qua bird. molttcea, niglit heron. lenl'iginosa, bittern, or sky-gazer. exitis. least bittern. virescens* green heron, or skyoii. llerodias, great bine heron. Egretta, great white heron. c/zrulea, small blue heron, .IsutioKiciana, Louisiana heron. Candidissima, small white heron.

TOTANUS:
maculu.ri-us, pcetweet, or spotted sandpiper.
SQlitarittSi solitary sandpiper. jlu-cipfis, yellow-shank tatlcr, or

tor, trumpeter swim. nus, American swan.

1

11

AmRricrinn, American widgeon. icula, pintail duck.
jnaa, wood or summer dack.
clypeata, shoveller duck.
vcdisneriana, canvass-back duck. Ferina, red-headed duck. .iWVrHZa, scaup duck. suarilmdes-, smaller scaup duck. ruJitart/nRs, riiio'-necked duck. rnbida, ruddy duck. fused, velvet duck. America?ta, American scoter
duck. clanfi-ula, o-olden-eyed duck. alberta, white teal, or buffel-head-
ed duck. gla.cialis, long-tailed dock.

Fain. 41.--LA. RTITNCHOFS
nio-ra, black skimmer. STERNA
Cftyttna,, cayenne tern. atirrtica., marsh, or gi?!l-billed
"tern. liirundo, common tern. nigra, black tern. minuta, least tern=

Fam. 39.--MERGING.

, hooded

Fam. 40.--I'ELECANIN^.

COJVSTMB us

Flor'ulanus, Florida cormorant.
Pi.oxrs anltintra, snake bird, or plotus.

gl(tcAalis, great norrlient diver. arc/.ic-ns, black-tln-oatcd diver. stiplentj-ionrdis, red-throutad divci

PHL.EOASTJS Aiii^rtcait.ua^ white pelican.

crifitatits, crested grebe. corrnttuf!, horned grebe,

darvUfisnais. common

grebe.

110 Genera, and 273 Species.

NOTES.

gnyowlof\VHson andottos, is nothingmc

red owl of the same writers. The specifie identity oi the two hire

li.id describrd us distinct under the above nnmea, wastrst publiel

Charles Lncieri Bonaparte. In this opinion the French ornithologist is supported

hy Audubon and Dr. Bacbman. On the contrary, the observations of Dr. fixra

Mi

ghth

12

BIRDS.

young of the same colour -, and that the gray owls likewise have young which are gray, and mottled from the very nest. I have seen a specimen, having all the ap pearances of a very young bird, which was gray and mottled instead of red. Ad ditional observations must be made, before this question can be decided.

(3) M-yioniocTEs FOKMOSUS. Several specimens of this beautiful warbler were procured in Cass county, Georgia, during the summer of 1847, by my brother, Jo seph Le Conte, M, D. of Macon., Dr. Baehiaan has never found it in South Carolina.

(*) PICTJS LE CONTEI. This is a new species of woodpecker, discovered by my young friend Wm. L,. Jones, M. D., of Athens, who procured a single specimen in Liberty County, during- the Spring of 1847. It is described and figured by him, in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New-York, for Sept. 1848. (vol. 4. No. 12. Sept. 1848; p. 489-90.) It is named in honour of Joseph Le Conte, M. D., of Macon, Georgia. The species is tolerably well characterized, although it would
be desirable, as suggested by its discoverer, to have it established by further speci mens. The absence of the first toe may possibly be the result of an arrest of de velopment ; but, it is proper to remark, that if the deficiency arose from this cause, the luves of monstrosity render it probable that any other than the first toe would have been more likely to be absent. Besides, it is well known that there are two other species of thtee-toed woodpeckers found in the United States. The speci men is deposited in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel
phia.

(G) TETRAD UMBELT-US. This bird is not uncommon m the mountainous dis tricts of Georgia.

(?) GKTJS AMERICANA. Contrary to the opinion of many Naturalists, Audubon and Bachman maintain, that the white crane (G. Americana) and the brown crane, (G. Canadensis) are identical ; the latter, being only the young of the former. The fact that young birds usually associate together, together with the circumstance that many birds breed long before they have attained their full plumage, may, in a measure, ferve to temove the difficulty of explaining on the assumption of an identity of species, why it ia that the white and brown cranes are seldom, if ever, found associated- But it appears to me that additional observations are required to clear up this difficulty. Many individuals who have resided 40 or 50 years on our pine barrens ueat the sea-coast, and -who ha-ve observed the habits of the crane, have informed me that they have never seen a white bird. It is true, that the ob servations of Audubon and Bachman. prove conclusively, that the young of the
white crane, like those of most white birds, are dark coloured ; but this is far from being sufficient to establish an identity of species ; for it is possible that the young
of the brown bird never becomes while. The only method of" deciding the ques-

tionable that birds of this colour do breed,) E

3 keep it for several years.

EEPTILES.

The compiler of this work returns his thanks to Dr. HOLBR.OOK, of Charles ton, South Carolina, for the following catalogue of the reptiles of the State of Georgia.

TESTTJDO polyphemus Daud.
CISTUDA Carolina Edw.
KlNOSTERNON
Pennsylvanicum Edw. STERNOTH^ERUS
odoratus Bosc. EMYS
serrata Brong-, reticulata Bosc. picta Schn. . guttata Schn. terrapin Schoepf. . concinna Lee. CHELONOHA serpentiua Lin. TRZONTX ferox iScTm. . CIIELONIA
niydas Lin. . caretta fjin. SPHAKGIS coriacea Lin.

CHELONIA.
Gopher.
Box cooter.
Mud cooter,
Musk cooter.
Yellow belly terrapin. Chicken terrapin. Checkered terrapin, Speckled terrapin. Salt-water terrapin.
Alligator cooter.
. Soft shelled turtle.
. Green turtle. Loggerhead turtle.
Leather-backed turtle.

AL^IG-ATOR.
Mississipiensis Dand. ANOLIUS
Carolinensis Guv. . TROPIDOLEPIS
undulatus Bosc. AMEIVA
sexlineata Lin. PLESTIODON
erythrocephalus Gil. Scrucus
quinquelineatus Lin. fasciatus Lin.

Alligator. Green lizard. Brown lizard. Six-striped lizard. Scorpion. Five-striped lizard. Blue-tailed lizard.

14
OPHTOS.A i;R rjs ventralis Z,m.

Scarlet s Pine siui
Groen sn Ribbon at

innnteus* J". c7e i?.

Bfuek viper. Hognose viper.
Coppsvbeail, Ground rattlesnake ,

REPTILES.

15

RAKA Lin.
pipiens Lot. RAKA Lin.
clamitans /Jose. Mlcolna Kal-m. CYSXIGNATTITJS Wagl. ornatus Holb. nigritns .Lcc. ScAFOioeas Holb. solitaries Holb. IlEXODES Fit.Z,
grvllus iec.
ocularis Holb. Hl'LA i(zm-.
viridis Laur.
squircllii Dose. fomoraiis .Daiid. delite^cens iee. BTJFO leutiginosus Kit aw. erythronotns Holb. quercicus Hnlb.

BATRACHIA. . Bullfrog.
Oo.k frog. Common toad.

carolineuse Holb. SAE.AMABDSA LaurJ* ,
gnttoliiieata Holb. salmonea Slorer.

glutiriosa Green, erythronota Green.
quadrifiifzeiilata flolb. bilinoata Green.

quadridigitata Holb.
melaiiosfica ./J. Gibbes. vencnosa Bart.

talpoidea Holb. TRITON .Laur.
dorsalis Ifarl.
AMPHIUHIA Gnrd. moans Gard.
SIRES fj-m. laccrtina Lin. internicdki TJSC. striata fjec.

C Spring lizard, Congo snake. Mud eel.

* The Salamanders lizards.

generally known

FISH.

'

To Dr. HOLBROOK, of Charleston, South Carolina, who hag acquired great celebrity in thia department of natural science, the compiler of this work .i^ indebted for the following catalogue of the fish of the State of Georgia,

LABEAX Cuv.
lineatus Block. rufus Milch. SEREANUS erytbrogaster Dek. acntirostris Cuv. fascicularis Cuv. morio Cuv. . CENTEOPRISTIS Cuv. nigricans Cuv. trifurca Cuv. GEYSTES Cuv. salmoides Cut. CENTEAECHUS Cuv. sparoides Cuv. irideus Cuv. gulosus Cuv. viridis Vol. . hexacanthus Vol. POMOTIS Cuv.. vulgaris Cuv. Ravenelii Vol.
Holbrooki Vol. gibbosus Vol. BETTTU? Vol. purtctatus Cuv. reticulatiis Vol.
iinicolor Vol.
HOLOCENTETJSI Art.
longipinne Cuv. URANOSCOPTIS Lin.
anoplos Cuv.
PKiONOTtrs Lac. Carolinus Cuv.
tribulus Cuv. DACTTLOPTEEUS Lac.
volitans Lin.

ACANTHOPTERYGE. . Rockfish. Grouper. Blackfish. Trout, fresh-water, Mawmouth.
Flying fish.

FISH.

17

SCORP;ENA Lin. bufo Cuv.
OTOLITHUS Cuv. regalis Schn. Carolinensis Cuv.
LEIOSTOMUS Cuv. obliquus Milch. xanthurus Cuv.
CORVINA Cuv. ocellata Lin. argyroleuca Mitch.
UMBRINA Cuv. alburnus Lin. . coroides Cuv.
HjEMULON CUV.
formosum Lin. chrysopteron Lin. arcuatum. Cuv. POGONIAS Lac. chromis Lin. . fasciatus Lac. MICROPOGON Cuv. undulatus Cuv. costatus Mitch. LOBOIES Cuv. surinamensis Block. PRISTIPOMA Cuv. rodo Cuv. SARGUB Cuv. .ovis Mitch. rhomboides Lin. PAGRTJS Cuv. argyrops Lin. GEREES Cuv. aprion Cuv.
PiMELEPTERUS Lac.
boscii Lac. EEHIEPUS Cuv.
faber Block. . glgas Park.
HOLACAKTHUS LdC.
ciliaris Lac. SCOMBER Cuv.
colias Gm. vernalis Mitch. grex Mitch. PELAMYS Cuv. sarda Bloch. CTBITJM Cuv. maculatum Mitch. LICHIA Cuv. Carolina Dek. ELAOATES Cuv. atlantica Cuv. CARANX Cuv. defensor Dek.
punctatus Cuv.

Yellow-tail. Bass. Whiting.
Drum. Young Drum. Croker.
Sheepshead. Porgey.
Angel-fish.
Spanish Mackerel. Spring Mackerel.

18

FISH.

SEJUOLA Cki-v.

Boscii Cuv.

fasciata Guv. cosmopoKta Cuv.

RHOMBUS Lac.

longi'pinnis JMitch. PTEHACLIS Cu-v-

. Rudder-fish.

Carolinus Cuv.

TEICHIURTTS Lin.

lepturus Lin.

TRACHINOTirs Cuv.

pampanus Cuv. . Pompeynose. arg-enteus Guv.
VOMER Cuv.

Brownii Cuv. TEHINODON Cuv-

saltator Lin. LAMPUGTIS Cuv.

. . Skipjack.

punctulatue Cuv. AnGYanis Lac.

vomer Lin.

CORTFHAENJL Lin.
Sueuri Cuv.

ACAHTHUEITS Lac.

phlebotomus Cuv.

casruleus Cuv.

ATHEKINA Lin.

meuidia Lin.

. -, . SHver-fish.

notata Milch. Carolina Cuv.

MUGIL Lin,

albula Lin. .... Mullet,

petrosus Oix-u.

lineatus Milch.

*

Plumieri Cuv. BI/EJSNIUS Cuv.

geminatus Wood. punctatus Wood.

CHASMODES Cuv. novemlineatus Wood.

Boscianus Cuv. PHOLJS Flem.

Carolinus Cuv.

GLOBIUS Lin,

alepidotus Bosc.

CHIEONECTES Oitv. .

l^vigatus Cuv.

BATRA.CHUS Schn.

tan Lin. .... Toad-fish.

MALXHEA Cuv. nasuta Cuv.

vespertilio Cuv.

XIRICHTHYS Cuv.

lineatus Lin.

TATTTOGA Mitch.

Americana Block.

.

. Tatitog.

19

MALACOPTERYGII ABDOMINALES.

GALEICTHYS Cuv.

marinus Mitch. . . . Cat-fish, salt-water.

Amus Cuv,

Milberti Cuv.

PIMELODTJS Cuv. '

catus Lin.

. . . Cat-fish, fresh-water.

lemniscatus Les.

CATOSXOMUS Les.

Suceti Lac.

. . . Sucker.

oblongns Mitch.

CYFRINODOH Lac.

variegatue Lac.

LETJCISCUS Klein.

Americanus Lac. ~]

gardoneus Val f

Minnows.

vandoisulus Val. f

rotengulus Val. J

HTDRAKRTKA Lac.

fasciata Schn.

LEBIAS Cuv.

eHipsoides Les.

EXOC^ITUS Lin.

fureatus Mitch. . . . Flying-fish.

HEMiRAMPHusCwi?. species not determined.

FISTTJLAHIA Lac.

serrata Bloch-

ALOSA Cuv.

praBStabilis Dek. . . . Shad. AMIA Lin.

calva Lin.

. . . Mud-fish.

BUTYKINTJS Com.

vulpes Lin.

LEPISOSTETJS Lin. "osseus Lin.

. . . Gar-fish.

MALACOPTERYGII SUBBRACHIATI.

PL.ATESSA Cuv.

oblonga JYftich. . . .

species not determined

.

ACHIEUS Lac.

mollis Mitch.

ECHINEIS Lin.

species not determined Lin.

Plaice. Flounder.
Sucking-fish.

MALACOPTERYGII APODES.

MURAENA Lin.
species not determined. species not determined.

Fresh-water Eel.

LOPHOBRANCHIATI.

STNG-NATHUS Lin.
species not determined. HIPPOCAMPUS Cuv. , .
species not determined.

. Sea-horse.

20

FISH.

PLECTOGNATHI.
TETRAODON Lin. laevigatus Lin. turgidus Mitch.
BIODOH Lin. maeulostriatus Mitch. hilosus Mitch,
BALISTBS Cuv. species not determined.

ACIPENSEE, Lin, species not determined.

STURIONES. . Sturgeon.

ZTGAENA Cuv.

,

malleus Vol.

PRISTIS Lath.

antiquorum Lin. .

SQUATINA Dum.

Dumerilii Les.

SELACHE Cuv.

maximus Lin.

IJAMNA Cuv.

punctata

RAIA Lin.

eglantiera Bosc. .

Desmarestia Les.

TUTG-ON Adan.

sabina Les. . .

CEPHALOPTERA

varnpyrus Mitch. .

AETOBATIS M. 4- H.

guttata S'haw.

PLAGIOSTOMI. Hammerhead shark.
. . Saw-fish.
. . Skate. ... Sting-ray. . . Devil-fish.

CYCLOSTOMI.

PETROMYZON Lin.

species not determined

. Lamprey.

CEUSTACEA.

PROFESSOR GIBBES of the Charleston College, South Carolina, has kindly furnished the following list of the CRUSTACEA of the State of Georgia.

DECAPOD A.

L.EPTOFODIA Leach. calcarata Say.
LIBIHIA Leach. canaliculata Say. dnbia M. Ed.
MITHRAX Leach. hispidus Herbst.
CKYFTOPODIA ]\f. Ed. granulata L. Gibbe.1
PANOFEUS JM. Ed. Herbstii M. Ed. limosus Say.
PSEUDOCARCINTJS M. Ed.
mercenaria Say. PLATYCARCINTJS Lat.
Sayi Gould. PILTJMNTJS Leach.
aculeatus Say. PLATYONICHCS Lat.
ocellatus Herbst. LTTFA Leach.
dicantha Lat. cribraria Lam. Sayi L. Gibbes.

OXYRHINCHA. Spider Crab.
CYCLOMETOPA. . Stone Crab.
. Sand Crab. . Sea Crab.

PlNHOTHERES Lat.
ostreura Say. . maculatum Say. OCTPODA Fab. arenaria Cat. GELASIMUS Lat. vocans Lin.

CATOMETOPA. . Oyster Crab.
. Sand or Land Crab. . Fiddler.

22

CRUSTACEA.

SESAHMA Say. cinerea Bosc. ) reticulata Say. $
PLAGUSIA Lot. squamosa fferbsf,.

Square-back Fiddlers.

CALAPFA. Fab. marmorata Fab.
HEPATUS Lat. decorus Herbst.
GUAIA M. Ed.
punctata Brown.

OXYSTOMA. Spotted Crab.

ALETJNEA Fab. symmsta Fab.
HirFA. Fab. emerita Lin.
MANOLEPIS Say. spinitarsus Soy.
.1- PAGUKTTS Fab. villatus Bosc. hollicaris Say. longiearpus Say.
PORCELLANA Lam. pilosa M. Ed. maerocheles J>. Qibb&s. ocellata L. Gibbes.

ANOMOURA. Soldier Crabs, or Hermit Crabs.

CALUANASSA Leach. major Say.
GEBIA Jjeach. affinis Say.
ASTACUS Fab. Barton! Fab. \
Blandingii Harl. ^ ALPHEUS Fab.
heteroehelis Say. PONTONIA Lai.
occidentals L. HIPFOLTTE Leach.
Caroliniana Gibbe PALJEMON Fab.
vulgaris Say. PKHE"US Fab.
setiferus Lin, caramote Rond. $

MACROURA. Cray-fish.
Hard-backs. Shrimps.

SQUILLA Fab. scabricauda Lat.
ernpusa Say. neglecta L. Gibbes.
dubia M. Ed.

STOMAPODA.

CRUSTACEA.

23

OECHESTIA Leach. longicornis Say.
AMPHITHOE Leach. dentata Say. not determined.
GAMMARTJS Fab. mucronatus Say. fasciatus Say.
CAPRELLA Lam. equilibra Say. geometrica Say.
caaca Say. ASELLUS Geof.
communis Say. lineatus Say.
Gaudichaudii M. Ed. Omscus Lin.
not determined. ARMADILLO Branat.

AMPHIPODA.
L^EMODIPODA. ISOPHODA. Wharf Louse.

quadridentatuni Say. NESJEA Leach.
caudata Say. NEROCILA Leach.
variabilis L. Gibbes.
DAPHNIA Mull. angulata Say.

CLADOCERA.

CTTHEEE Lat, bifasciata Say.
CTCLOFS Mull. naviculus Say.

OSTRAPODA. COPEPODA,

ARANEIFORMIA. NTMPHTJM Fab.
Carolinense Leach.

ULUS Mull.
polyphemus Lin.

XIPHOSURA, . . King Crab.,

24
ANATIFA Brug, dentata Brug, striata Brug.
BAILAHUS. eburneus Gould, not determined.
CONOPEA Say. elongata Say.
COEONTJLA Lam. dentulata Say.
ACASTA Leach, Montagui Leach.

CRUSTACEA. CIKRIPEDES.

COLEOPTEROUS INSECTS.

The following catalogue of Ooleppterous Insects is by i Entomology has been too little studied in

known about them.

JOHN LE CON

CICINDELID^E. Megacephala Caroliniana.
Virginica. Cicindela unipnnctata.
rugifrons Dej. unicolor Dej. sexguttata. splendida Henfa. vuigaris Jay, repanda Dej. hirtjcollis &'ay. blanda Dej, dorsalis Say. tnfasciata Fab. punctulata. abdominalis.
CARABID^E. Casnonia Pennsylvanica. Leptotrachil us dorsalis.| Galerita janus.
Le Contei Dej. Diaphorus Le Contei Dej. Cymindis elegans L. C.
Hmbata Dej. fuscafa Dej. platycollis Say. piceus Dej. Calleida viridipennis Say. fulgida Dej. decora. smaragdina Dej. Plochionus timidus Hentz.
vittatus L. C. Lebia pulchella Dej.
fuscata Dej. axillaris Dej. nigripemris Dej. ornata Say, scapularis Dej.

Lebia vittata. collaris Dej. maculicotnis Jj. C. afEnis Dej. smaragdula Dej. viridis Saij. floricola Harris.
Coptodera signata Dfj. aerata Knock. notata L. C.
Aptinus Americanus Dej. Brachinus alternans Dej.
strenuus Z/. C, Deyrollii Ferie. quadripenBia Dej. lateralis Dej.
e";rne]is Dej. Contei Dej. viridipennis Dej. viridis L. C. cephalotes Dej. cordicollis Dej. Helluo ClairviJlei teacher. prasustus Dej. laticornis Dej. nigripennis Dej. Aplochile pvS11:nEea Dej. Scarites Ephiaites.i,. C. substriatus Haldeman. subterraneus. affinis L. 0. Passimachus mono L. C.
assimilis L. C. rugosus i. C. sub]aj\'is Bemio. subsulcatus Say marginatus. Dyschirius crenatus Dej. sphcericollis Say.
Clivina dentipes Dej.

I 26

Clivina bipustnlata.

Selenophorus pedicularius Dej.

convexa JL. C.

Beauvoisii Dej.

impressifrons L. C.

ovalis Dej.

Americana Dej.

ellipticus Dej.

striato-punctata Dej.

granarius Dej.

rufescena Dej.

pnlicarius Dej.

Morio monilicornis

Pangus caliginosus.

Calathus distinguendus L. C.

Anisodactylus carbonarius Say.

Prjstodactyla corvina L. C.

agricola Say.

Anehomenus corvinus Dej.

nigrita Dej.

extensicollis Say.

Baltimorensis Say.

decorus Say.

discoideus Dej.

Agonuni octopunctatum.

Iffitus Dej.

morons Dej.

merula Ger-mar.

morosum >ej.

rusticus Say.

striato-punctatum Dej.

HarpaJus bicolor.

Eeruginosnm Dej.

compar L. C.

luctuosum Dej,

Pennsylvanicus Degeer,

decipiens L. C.

nigerrimus Dej.

limbatiim Say.

Argestes nitidulus Chaudoir.

Poeeilus chalcites Say.

Stenolophus ochropezus Say.

lucublandus Say.

dissimilis Dej.

-Argutor luckhilus Dej.

' fuliginosus Dej.

errati<ius Dej.

misellus.

femoralis Kwby.

Geob^enns elongatulus Dej.

agilis Dej.

Acupalpus longulus D&j-

velox Dej.

testaceus Dej.

ceJeris Dej.

difficilis Dej.

laticollis Chaudoir.

micros Dej.

minor Chaudoir.

Tetrag-onoderus ie Contei Dej.

Oinaseus tartaricus Say.

Badister micans L. C'.

scrutator L. C.

PanagEens fasciatus.

stygicus Say.

Dieselus violaceus Dej.

corvinus Dej.

oblongua L. C:

morosus Dej.

cyaneus Dej.

Platysma rmicolor Say.

chalybeus Dej.

ebeninura Dej,

quadratus DEJ.

subnmrgiiiatum Say.

ovalis L, C.

lachrymosum New-man.

obscurus L. C.

obscurum Say.

dilatatus Dej.

Steropus Brevoorti Jj. C.

carmatus Dej.

tencbricosus Dej.

alternans Dej.

morio Dej.

furvus JMelth.

Broscus obsoletus Say.

simplex Dej.

latipennis L. C.

Oodos pieipes L. C.

Albux striata Dej.

amaroides Dej.

Amara pallipes Kirby.

Americanus Df$.

basilaris Say.

exaratus Dej.

rrmsGuIis Sal/.

Chlsenius erythropus G-ermar.

chalcea L. (X

fuscicornis De .

Agonoderus lineola.

rufipes Dej.

pallipes.

Le Contei Dej.

infuscatus.

sericeus Foster.

Gynandropus elongatus L. C.

solitarius Say.

Selenophorus impressus Dej.

patruelia Dej.

iripennis Say.

cobaltinus Kluy.

varicolor Is, C,

congener L. C.

Chleeniws nemoralis Say. tricolor Dej. ajstivus Say. vicinus Dej. tomentosus Say. emarginatus Jay, pusillus Say.
Carabus serratus Say. carinatus Dej.
Calosoma scrutator.
Sayi Dej. calidum. Omophron labiatum. Elaphrua ruscariua. Notiophjlus porrectus Say.
semistriatus Say, Bembidiutn iasvigatum Say.
epphipiatnm Say. xanthopus Dej. proxzmum Say. inornatum Say. ffavicaudum Say,

H Y DRO C ANTH ARI .

Cybister iimbriolatus Say.

Ditiscus fasciventria.

Thermonectes incisus Dej.

Graph od ems zonatus.

Hydaticus fulvicollis Dej.

Tlybius confusus Dej.

Coptotomus interrogatus.

Agabua' Eeruginosus Dej.

Matus elongatus.

Laccopliilus maculosus Knock.

Americanua Dej.

'

Haliplus fasciatus Au1>&.-

Americanus Dej.

rnaculatus Jay.

Celina angustata Dej.

Cyeious vittatus Germar.

emarginatus Say,

Gy' rinus analis Kirby.

PHILHYDRIDA. Heleroccras Americanus Dej. Hydrochus scabratus Z>e?'. .Berosus exaratus Dej. Hydrophilus triangularis Say.
glaber. morbillosue Dfy. xanthopus Dej. lateralis. striolatus Dej. .Philhydrus cinctus Dej. nigrita Say. Laccobius griseus. Phalacrus pennicillatus Say.

Phaiacrus testaceus Say. pallipes Say. piceus Slurm. - ' minutissimus Sturm. pusillus.
Corylophus marginicollis Dej. Scaphidium Americanura Dej.
4-notatum Dej. concolor. Scaphisoma convexum Say.
NECROPHAGA, Necrophorus naediatus.
lunatus . marginatus. velutinus. Necrodes surinamensis. Silpha Americana. marginalia. inEequalis. Colobicus Americanus Dej. Nitidula 6-maculata Say. interrupta Dej. ' undulata Say. rufa Say. ocbrolcnca Dej. curvipes Dty. bipustulatus. 8-maculata Say. Strongylus striatopunctatus D/y. fuscipennis D&j. brachypterus Dej. Campta ustulata Dej. prteusta Dej. Carpophilus atratus De). Cercus conicua. spissicornis. Ips obtusa Say. immaculata Harris. 4-signnta, Dej. rtrfipennis Dej. lurida Dej. . livida Dej, scutellaris Dej. unicolor Jay. marginella Dej. Trogosita virescena. violacea. cylindrica Dfij. brevicollis Dej. caraboides. corticalis Knock. depressa D&j. punctata Dej. Bothrideres coatatus D&j. geminatus De>f. Xylopliterus crebricollis,j&e;.

28
Xylopterus exaratus Dej. bimpressws Dej.
Colydium Americanum. Dej. nigripinne Dej.
Episcapha fasciata. Mycotretus 4-pvmctatus. Engis Americana Dej. Bitoma variegata Dej.
sulcicollis Dej. Synehita rugosa Dej.
minuta Dej. Cryptophagus Americanus Dej. Antheropbagns. pallens. AdeHna coroplauata .-De/. Nemicelus margjnipennis Dej. lia?iiiopblceus 2-notalus Dej.
testaceus. jniimtissimus Dep. Brontes flavjpes. dubius. Catogenus rufus Dej. Rhysodes exaratus. sculptilia New-man. Mycetophagus pictus.
af&nis Dej. multipunctatus Dg. Triphyllus bicinctus Dej. castaneus Dej. Sphindus testaceiis Dej. Sylvanus bispmosus Dej. Americaniis Dej. lyCtoides Dej, Corticaria cavicollis f>t$. picta -De/. Dermestes Isrdarius. dissector Kirby. -vttlpirms. elongates jDej. Attagenus megatoma. Anthrenus pimpinella. museovuro. hEemorvhoidalis D%). mUrinus Dej. ponctatus Dej.
erythrocer^s Dej,
BRA CHELY TRA . Falagria dissecta -Er.
venustnla Er. Homolota trimaculata -Er.
lividipennis Er. AleochaYa fuscipes Er. Gyroph^na corrviscula.
sociaTachyporus acaudus Say.
3-3COSHS Say,

Tachinus fimbriatus Gruv. fumipennig Say.
Bolitobius dimidiatus Er. Xantholinus emmesus Er.
obsidianus Mels. cephalus Say. obscuTis Say. Staphylinus villosus Grqt. cingulatus Cfrav. macuJosus Grav. erytbropennis Mann. vulpjnus Harris. paganus De?. tomeiitosus Er, cinnamopteTus O-rav.Beionuchus formosus Grav. Ocypus ater Er. Philonthus C3ranipeunis Fabr, hepaticns Er. inquietus Er. debilis Er. thoracicus Er, Cryptobvum badram. Garolinum, Lathrobmm pimeticolle Hirby. Pa^derus littorarius Fabr. Pinaphihis picipes Grav. Jatipes Grav. flavipes Er.
Stenus Juno, flavicosnis.
Bledius emarginatus. Oxytelus ineolvimis Er.
insignitus. ' Apocellwa Bptis&Yicollis SaifAnthophagus CEesus Er. Ctenistes carinatus Say,
CLA-VICQRNES. 3ymplocaria puberula Jfarris. Hololepta ^qualis Slay.
lucida Dej. platysma. Platyaoma Carolinum JP&yk. depressum fayk. parallelum , Say. eylindricum fayk, coarctatum L. C. attenuatum L. C. iister stygjcu8 Dej. Harrisii' Kirbij. fosdatus L. C. decisus i, C. abbreviatus Fabr. spretus L. C. Icevipes Germar,. biplagiatus Dej.

Hister indistinctus Say.

i

depurator Say.

Amerieanus Payk.

sedecemstriatus Say.

exaratus Dej.

subrot.undus Rnoch.

vernus Say.

Epierus nigrellus Say,

minor L. C.

Tribalus Amerieanus L. C.

Paromalus pumilio Efich.

sequalis Say.

bistriatus &rich.

seminulum Erich.

Saprinus Pennsylvanicus Payk.

assimilis Payk.

conformis D&j.

minutus L. C.

impresses L. C.

palmatus Say.

patrucJis Dej.

fraternus Say.

sphjeroides Dej,

granarius _L. C,

imperfectus _,. C.

deletus L. C.

Plegaderus transversus Say.

pusilla Payk.

Onthopbilus nodatus Jj. C.

pluric-ostatus L. C.

Abra^us aciculatus L,. C.

exigmis Erich.

fimetarius L,. C.

LAMELLICORNES.
JLucanus elaphus. dama Fabr.
Dorcas parallelus Knock. Passalus cornutus Fabr. Geotrupes Blackbumii Fabr,
splendidns Fabr. exaratus Dej. consentaneus De?'. retusus AtcLeay. Hybosorus Carolinus Zirmm. Bolbocerus Le Contei Dej. farctus Fabr. concinnus Fabr. Lazarus Fabr. filicornis Fabr. Hyboma gibbosa Fabr. Coprobius chalcifes Dej. volvens Fabr. ebenus Say. anthracinus Dej. viridulus Dej. cuprascens Dej.

29
Cbaaridium capistratum Fabr, Copris monachus Dej.
Carolina Fabr. anaglypticus Knoch. Ammon Fabr. PhanEBUs carnifex Fabr.
nigro-cyaneus McLeay. Tityrus Dej. Onthophagus latebrosus Fabr.
fureicollis. concinnus Dej. Janus Fabr. Pennsyivanicus. tuberculatus Zirmm Aphodius Isevigatus Dej. oblongus Say. feniorali's Say. anachoreta Fabr. tenellus Say. 4-tuberculatu.s Fabr. pallidus Dej. testaceus Dfij. corvinus Dej. . '
Kuparia castanea. Oxyomus strigatus Sat/.
stereorator Fabr. cylindrus Dej. cinerascens Dej. Psamrnodius aegialioides &&) ^Egialia Americana Dej. Acanthocerus globosus Say.
splendidus Say. Trox Carolines Dt>j.
suberosus Fabr. porcatus Knock. muricatus Dej. tuberculatus OHv. capiilaris Say. sordidus Dej. erinaceus Dej. echinatus Dej. flavtcornis Dej. Philetii-us taurus Dej.
castaneus Hald. Scarabfflus Tityus Fabr.
Antaeus Fabr. satyrus Fabr. relictus Say. varidlosus Dej. obesus Dej. Chalipus geminatus Fabr. Cyclocepbala villosula Dej.
I"elidnota punctata Areoda lanigera Fabr. Anomala striatula Dej.
annulata D&j.

30
Anomala pinicola MelsJt. cinctella Dej, varians Fabr. obscura Dej. nigritula Dej. ruficornis Dej.
Anisofilia pygmgea Fabr. Ancylonycha orurmea Dej.
fervens Gybo. diffinis Dej. ilicis Knock,. serrata. hirsuta Say. neglecta Dej. failax. Chlajiiobia faStidita Dej. Schizonyeha vestita Dej. nigritula Dej. rooesta Say. congener Dej. ainbigua Dej. Dichelonycha litigiosa Dej. Macrodaetylus polyphag'us Mels. Omolopbia sericea III. Camptorhina vespertina S&y. Hoplia oblonga Dej. Trichius piger Fabr. lunuJatus Fabr. viridulus Fabr. delta Fabr. Valgus canaliculatus Fabr. seticoEis Buauv. Cetonia fulgida Fabr. barbata Say. areata Fabr. sepulohralis Fabr.
STER.NOXES. Acm.?eodera pulchella Fabr. .
flavosignata Dej. ornata Fabr. tnbulua Fabr. Chalcophora Virginiensis Herbst. Dicerea corrosa Dej. coryphsea Dej. Buprestis rufipes Fabr. lineata Fabr. nriaenlipenrjis Dej. decora Fabr. Molanophila Juteosignata Dej. umbellatarum Kirby. Chrysobothris dentipes Gfeom.
femorata Fabr. cribraria Dej. sobrina Dej. hybernata Fabr. azurea Dej.

Anthaxia quercata Fabr. enneiformis Dej. viridicornis Say.
Agrilus fuscipeimis Dej. cnpricollis Dej. ruficollts Fabr. difficilis Dej. failax Say. aeutipenjiis Dej. nigricans Dej. btlineatus Say. egenus Dej. polita Say.
Brachys alboguttata Dej. acuducta Kirby. tesselata Fabr. fucata Dej. serugmosa Dtj.
Lms Americanus _De?". punctatus Dej.
Drapetes amcricanus Dej. rubricollis DKJ.
Galba lurid us. Dicrepidius picicornis Dej. Monocropidius iobatus Say.
vespertinus Fabr. stMJtellaris Dej. oblitus Dej. Cratonychus pagaiius Dej. communis Sichw. cinereus Say. Americanus Harris. gregarius Dej. insipiens Say. santhopus Dej. Perothops muscidus Say. Agrypnus marmoratus Fabr. ornaticollis Dej. asperatus Dej. ravidus Dej, curtus Dej. Alaus oculatus Fabr. myops Fabr. Athens anguinus Dej. corticinus Dej. sulcicollis Dej. eques Dej. anachoreta Dej. gilvipennis Dej. glabricollis. Campylus apiculatus Hald. diversus Dej. perplexus Dej. stigma Herbst. misellus Dej. Limonius quercinus Say. serui^neus Dej.

Cardiophoras Izevicollis Dej. areolatus Say.
Aphanobius infuscatus Dej. torridus Dej.
Ampedus sangmnipennis Say. luridlpennis Dej. lugubris Dej. sellatus Dej. verticinus Dej. collaris Dy. flavescena. despectus Dej.
Oophorus cingulatus Dej, dorsalis Say. bJaiidus Dej. delicatulus Dej.
liiidius hypocrita Dej. Dolopius umbraticus.
silaceus.
MALACODERML Cebrio bicolor Fabr. Sandalus niger Knock. Ptilodaetyla elaterina. III.
flabellata Dej. Elodes collaris Dej.
padi. diacoidea Say. pulchella Dej. Pyractomena flavocincta Dej.
angustata Def. . Pygolampis conaanguinea Dej.
contempta Dej. Lampyris brevicornis Dej. Photurus lineaticollis.
versicolor. congener. Ellychnia eorrusca Fabr, neglecta Dej. nigricans Say. minuta Dej. Lychnurus laticornis. Phengodes plumosa Fabr. Lygistopterus substriatus. Charactes reticulatus Fabr.
mystacinus. discrepans Newman. Dyctiopterus aurora.
humeralis. confusus. carialiculatus Say. niarginicoliis. pyamseus. difficilis. -
Calliantha bisignata Dej. bimaculata Fabr. marginata Fabr.

31
Calliantha Philadelphica Dej. 'odabrus Pennsylvanicus Dej.
diadema Fabr. - longicollis Daj. Telephorus lineola Fabr.
Euella. >ngula. congener. 3ilis bridentata Say. Vlalthinus nigriceps. abdominalis. fasciatus. Americanus. Malachius 4-maculatus circiimscriptus Say. discicollis Dej. rufifrons Dej. erythroderus Dej. cinctus Say. melanopterus Dej. pusillus Say. aculeatus Dej. Daaytes basalis. exaratus. Opilus rufescens. Priocera bicolor. Clerus cribripennis Dej. Thanasimus sphegeus Fabr.
dubius Fabr. rufulus Dej. tlioracicus Oliv. Hyduocera humeralis Dej. verticalis Say. lineaticollis Dej. Corynetea rufipes Fabr. violaceus Fabr. Enoplium occulaturn Say. jnarginatum Say. pilosum Forsler. damieorne Fabr. Monophylla terminalis Say. Meziuni bicolor Dej. Dorcatonsa glabratum -Dej. Anobium notatum Say. hirtum.Americanum Dej. paniceum. Cupea capitata. concolor ~Westwood. Hylurgus Americanus. ater. angustatus. Hylesinus nebulosus. Bostrichus pini Say. abietis. parvulus. lEevigatus.

32
Bostriehtis pulicarius, Apate bicornis.
basalis. sordida. aulxientata. Platypus bidentatus.
productus. simplexCie aim. ptinctatus. Scydmienus clavipes.
breyicornj.3.
IIETEROMERA. Notoxus mopodon.
Antbicus cinctug i$ay.
vicinug JJef. con-in us. Scotodos murintis &ej. Ichthydlon murinum ->ejPyjochrosx collfiTif? Dej, Statyra. megatonii -Dej. Mord^Ja 8-pmict#ta i^abr. arigulai-js Dy,
pubescoiis Fofye.
tesselata Dej. fuscata fiei-
lurida ));y. pictft J9e?. fuscipewiis D&. Sipiphorxta
aonatu* -ft" affinvs />j. Canthans jenert ^fcljgt Epicauta lincata. vittata.
atrata.
luri<ia. ttuiriua. Netaomnatha calceata. Naccrd^s notataAseiera latersJis Hlelsh. signaticollis, costipennis-

INSECTS-
Asclera notoxoid^Sthoraciea.
dorsalts Mklsh.
Scraptia pallipes Tl^ZsJi. America na. pusiUa,
Mycetochares frateroa Atoy. Cistela Yufula-
tvirta. -Oe?". affinis ^s;', -AJJecuIa Americans.
tibialis. Penthe obliquata.
fonerea. Helops mieans.
politus Say, -is tomentoBUS.
Diaperis Hydni, Platydema ollipticum.
Q/ixi^es. erythroc^rum. rufuiu 3/rf*A.
viridipennis. Bolitophagus cormitus Fabr,
Uloma culinaris scarabseoides Beauv-
n'linor fty', jentronipus refleXuS Sat/. Cefteteio molvto-c Frf&r.
depressus Dej. Boros urJicolor Say. Upfe erif?rata -W-y.
cerjimbojdes Fabr. thirraS sapertSoide'3 Boss.
strizto-punctntua Dej. ten<?brosus Z>/y.
edus mimitus. ,, pticus Americanus, JJapstinus ffineus JOty. Dpfttrutn notawi >Say. " * ^pleurus gemznatus.
bicolor.
Iruchus Pisi. scutelJfaris,

Bruchus distiiignendus. erythroeerus. varieornis. biplagiatus. crueiitatus. hibisci.
Pachymerus coneinnus. Caryoborus arthriticus. Spermopbagus robinije. Iscbnocerus macrocerua. Anthribus coronatus. Cratoparis lunatna Fabr.
Jug-ubris Oliv. ambiguus Dej. paganus Chevcolat. Brachytarsus parvulus Dej.
pumilus Dfj. Attelabus nigripcs 7)ty.
analis llliger. bipnstulatus Fabr. Rhyncites bicolor Fabr. subaenens Dej. liirtus Fabr. concolor Dej. collaris Fabr. mutabilis De-j. Pterocolus ovatus Fabr. Bracfiystylus acntus Say. Apion gagatinum Ds?\ corviniim De?. CaroHninniiin Kitn. Tachygonus Le Contei Dfj. Arrheruides maxillosus Oliv. Graphorhinns albonotatus Dej. Cyphus modestus Kl-ug. Pachnaeus opalus Jiosc* Tanyrnecus canesccns D?j.' Pandeleteius pauperculus Dej. Listroderes puncticollis Dej.
aistinguendus Dej. Hylobius picivorus Gerrnar.
brevirostris Dsj. Ptochus tessellatus Dcj. Trachyphleeus crinitus D#j. Agraphus Iciicophlseus Dej. Lixus connavus Say.
nubilus Dg. Halipws squammosus Daj. Eudocinus inscriptus McLeay.
Americanus Dej. Pissodes nemorensis (xsrmar. Thamnophilus ruliperinis Dej.
perforatus Dej. Dorytomus Araericanus DKJ. Anthonomus tesselatus D&j.
tuberculatus Dej. bisignatus Dej.

33
Anthonomus sutnralis Dej. pygtmcus Dej.
"Balaninus similaris D&j. Bagoas suturalis D?j. Lamosaccus plagiatus Fabr. Madarus iiridntatus Say. Baris tristis Dej.
viduus Dej. nigrocyaneus Dfj. exilis Dty. anthracinus Dej. pusillus Dej. cyjindrirostris Dej. Centriuiis militaris J>e/'.
holosericeus Dej. obionginsculus )e?, bispinosus Dej." nigrjtnlus Dej. Cryptorhyncus luctuoaus.
minutissimus. Botrobatys troglodytes. Analcis punctatus Dej.
sure us L>aj. cribratus Dej* Chalcodermus -seneus Dej. Ceutorhyiieus tosseliatus Dej.
perplexus Drj. riigTita Dej. nodicollis Dej. Campylirhyncus rubinigosus Dej, Mononychus vulpecules Fabr. Coptorus pumilus Dej. Calandra Le Contei Dej. cribniria-Faftr. cariosa Oliv. pertinax Oliv. sobrina Dej. oblitu Dej. ' confusa Dej. DubiLa Say. patruelis Dfi?'. retusa Dej. gagatina JOtgparvula. diffinis Dej. sordida Dej. callosa Otiii. floxuosa SchonJi. contracta Dej. as.siniiJis Dej. oryKJE Fabr. Cossouus c-renatus Dej. anguatatus Dej.
LONGICORNES. Parandra 4-collis.

34
Mallodon spinibarbe. simplicicolle.
cilipes Say. Orthosoma cylindricum. Derobrachus brevjcoliis. Prionus brevicomis.
pocularis. ini bticornis . leevigatne Harris. Purpuriceivns hitnieTalis. . Callichroina splendida Df/. Eriphns rubens. Eburia distincta Vej. 4-geminata Say. Cerasphorus g-arganicus.
4-spinos.us.
Elaphidion Marylaridicurn, mucroiiatum Say. villoaueft. pusitlujn-
Callulium Andreaa. janthinupi. amcenam Say. variabile-
Smodicam cucujiforme Say, Clytus fulminatis.
decor us. flexuuostis. campestris. acu.leu.tu6 Dej. scutellaris Olivvespoides. Ibidion dimidiaticorne. Ancylocera rugicolits. Molorchus bzniacalatus Say. ^jgomoTphus decipiens. Astyonomus nodosiisAinniscns perplexus.
marg-jnel]us. cineretis. Alcydion femorale. Exoccntrus humilis.
exignus. Dosmiphora tomentosa. Ataxia .sordida. Mbnohammus scuteHatus Say.
dentator. tessellatus. 1 pulverulentus Ifaid. toraentosus Zi&g'ier. Oncideres rubiginosiis.
Tetraopus cordifer. tornator.
Dorcaschema leptocera. nigrcans.
Hippopsis lineolata. Saperdti lateralis.

Oberea ruficollis Fabr. tripcinctata Fabr, perspicillata. gracilis Fabr.
Phyteecia femoralis. Amphyonyeha marginata. Disteaia imdata Fabr, I>esmocerus cyaneus Fabr.. Rhagium lincatum. Toxotus dentipennis. Strangalia angustatft Dej.
6-notata. bicolor. eniaeiata Newman Stenura veJutJna Fabr. zebrata Fabr. fugax - lunata. Leptra vagans Oliv. semivittata, Kirby. iiigrella Say. pubera Jay. proteus Kirby. Trigoiiarthis atrata.
PHYTOpHAGA. DonacJa 4-co3Jis Say,
hirticollis Kirby,_ conSuenta Say. metaJlica Say. . Drsodaclma vittata Say, L,ema triJineata Oliv. 6-pTinctata Oliv. golani Fabr. cornuta Fabr. itiaoulicollis Dej. brunneicollis Dej. ephippium Dej. Temisphcerota erythrocera fe ^lielimOrpha cribrtiriaJeloyala vicina. trabeata. clavata. puipiirata. optocycJa lucidula.
bisignata. aurichalcea. bivittata Say. noplitis bicolor Oliv. , scapularis Oliv.. notata Oliv. scutellaris Oliv. nigrita Oliv. roplata quadrata Fabr. pallida Say. ctotoma plicatnla Fabr.

Microrhopala rittata Fabr. excavata OUv.
Galleruca Baccharidis Fabr. Canaderisis .Kirby. bivittata Dej. Pennsylvanica Dej. infuscata ZJg. cribrata Dej. calceata Dej. consentanea Dej. . notulata Fabr.
Ceratoma caminea Fabr. Diabrptica vittata Fabr.
12-punctata Fabr. CEdionychys petaurista Fabr.
thoraciea Fabr. ,_ discicollis Dej.
abdominalis Oliv, cocinna Fabr. circumdata Dej. quercata Fabr. modesta Dej. suturalis Falir. notulata Dej. Graptodera oleraeea Fabr. ItEvicollis Def. inedita Dig. consentanea D(y. Strabala scutellata Dty. Disonycha CaroIiniaTia Fabr. trivittata Dg. glabrata Fabr. unigutlata Say. rubiginosa De). epphippium -De/'. collaris Fabr. flavicollis Dej. collata Fabr. Sistena oblonga Dej. striolata Scfionh. frontalifs Fabr. Crepidodcra nana Say. fuscula Dey. Phyllotrcta bipustulata Fabr. Aphthona fulva Dej. Teinodactyla flavescens Dej.
pallida Dej. Balanomorpha hemorhorda]is D<y. Podagrica viridipennis Dej. Blepharida meticulosa Oliv. Polygrarnma 10-lineata 'Dej. Zygogramma pulcherrima Dej.
pulcbra Fabr. elegans Oliv. Calligrapha Philadelphia Fabr. exclamationis Fabr. Ghrysomela cribraria Dej.

35
jina interrupta Fabr, scripta Fabr.
Gastrophysa polygouj Fabr. janthina Dej.
Colaspis favosa Say. viridis Fabr. .costipennis Dej. strig-osa Dej. livens Base.
Calcophana picipes Oliv. ferrugata Dej.
^oda similis Dej. intermedia Dej. viridescena Dej. tristie Oliv. humilis Dej. orbicularis Dej. litigiosa Dej.
Metachroma quercata Fabr. pubescens Dej. sobrina Dej. pallida Say. interrupta Say. minuta Dej. 4-notata Say. gilvipes Dej. atterrima OUv. canelia Fabr.
Typophorus viridicollis Dej. ~ iueditus Dej.
Chrysochus auratus Fabr. Heteraspis juvencus Dej.
pumilus Dej. Glyptoscelis hirtus Oliv. Myochrous dentico!Jis Sat/. Pachnephorus varicgatus Dej. Chlamys plicata Fabr.
;iffinis Khi(r. gibber FaUr. tuberciilata Klug. dispar Dej. foveolata ffnoch. Meg-alostomus dominicaiia Fabr. Babria 4-notata Oliv. Anomoia obsita Fabr. Pachybrachis decoratus Dej.
' viduatus Fabr. M-nigriim 'Dej. ovnaticollis Dej. Jividna Fabr. carbonarius Dej. fernoratus OUv. sobrinus Dej. punctatua Dej.
Cryptocephalus 5-maculatns Dej. aulicus Dej. prnatus Fabr.

36

I

Cryptocephalus venustus Oliv. incertus Oliv. congestus Fabr. guttatns Dej. tessellatus Dej. rugicollis Dej. lineolatus Dej. detritus Oliv. distinctus Dey. notatus Fabr. 4-verrucatus Dej. 5-vittatus Dej. 4-lineatus JDfj. pumilus Dej. sneus Dej.
Monachus saponatus Fabr. ater Knoeti. auritus Dej.
Triplax festiva Dej. thoracica Say. melalioptera Dej. affinia Dej. biguttata Say, pulchra Say, erythrocephala Dej. angu]ata Say.
Janessa thoracica Oliv.

Languria filiformis Dej. ..

sig-natiColIis Dej:

.

' collaria J2&J.

PSEUpOTRtMERA, Anisosticta litigiosa Dfj. Coccinella 9-notata Fabr. -
pullata Jay. immaculata Fabr. Brachyachantha dentipes Fabr.
bis-5-puBtuIata Fabr. bis-3-pustulata Fabr. " flavifrons >ej. Hyperaspis marginicollis D&j. cruentata Dej.. Cbilochorus triverriicatus Dej. normatus Say. margrnipennis Dej. Epilaclina borealis Fabr. Scymnus flavipes Illiger. terminatus Dej. Epipocris punctatus tsj.Ephebus vestitus Say. Endomychus bigultatas Say. Lycoperdina lineata Oliv. glabrata Dej.

CATALOGUE
OF THE
EECENT SHELLS OF GEORGIA.

COROWUI.A testudinaria Lam. BALANUS cmilai-is Lam.
geniculatus Say. ANATIFA Isevis Lam..
den fata TEKEDO nava]js Lam. PHOLAS costata Lin. .
cuneiformis Say.
oblongata 8<zy. CANOPJEA elpngata Say. GASTKOCH^ENA modiolina Lin. SOLEN centralis Say.
ensis Lin, Viridis Say.
SOLECURTUS caribEBiis Blain. MTA acuta Say. X.UTRARIA eanalieulata Say.
lineata Say.
MACTRA fragilis. lateralis Say.
oblonga Say. similis Say.
AMFHIBESMA equalis Say. orbiculata Say.
punctata Say. radiata Say.
transversa Say. COEBULA contracta Say. SAXICAVA distoxta Say. PETKICOLA pholadifirinis Lam.
dactjius Say. PSAMMOBIA fusca Say. SAHGUINOLAEIA rugosa Lam.

Backs of "Turtle. St. Simon's Island.

Very rare.

38
TEI.LINA alternata Say. brevifrons .Say. flexuosa Say. iris Say. mera Say. polita Say, tenuis Say.
LUCINA divaricata Lam. DONAX variabilis Say. Cyci.As partumeia S.ayCYKENA Carolinensis Say. CJTTHEREA occulata Say.
concentrica Lam. VENUS mercenaria Lin.
elevata Say. notata Say. prasparca Say. CARDITJM muricatum Lin, ventricosum LamARCA. hicongrua Say, pexata Say. ponderosa Say. tranaversa Say. zebra Say. UNIO alatus Say. aratup (new) Conrad. albo-marginatus Lea. Blanding-ianus Lea. "Boykiniamis Leaclavus Lamcornplanatus Lam. congareus Lea. conradicus Lea. contniriug (new) Conrad. crocatus Lea. Curnberlandicus Lea. declivis Say. Dariensis Lea. Whiteanus Lea. dolahriformis Lea. drornas Lea. Duttonianus Lea. exiguus Lea. folliculatus Lea. Geddjngsianus Lea. Georgianus Lea. Hopetonensis Lea. icterinus Conrad. incrapatus Lea. iris Lea. Irroratus Lea. Le Contianus Lea. lanceolatus Lea. limatulus (new) Conrad. lineatus Lea. lienosus Lea.

St. Simon's Island, sea-shore.

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"' "

**

"

"

"

it "

Cl

"

tl

>i

"

Alatamaha River. Brackish marsh, St,. Simon's Island. St. Simon's Island.

"

"

te

"

Salt marsh.

(t



Sea-shore-

n

"

''

,1

(C

'"

((

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

ti

'

"

t*

-"

"

((-

'(

Etowah River.

Flint. Chattahoochee,

Savannah.

Chattahoochee.

Etowah.

Savannah.

" ' ' ^

Etowah. Savannah.
14
Etowah. Ogeechee. Alatamaha. Cannouchee. Alatamaha. Tennessee.
Savannah. Chattahoochee.
Savannah. Chattahoochee. Stump Creek. Alatamaha, Savannah. Chattahoochee.
Etowah. Tennessee. Cannouchee. Chattahoochee. Savannah. Chattahoochee. Etowah.

SHELLS.

39

Tjsio luaubris Lea.

Alataniaha and Savannah.

moaioliformis Lea.

Savannah.

Maaoni Conrad.

"

niger Raf.

Etowah.

nasutiis Say.

Ogeecb.ee.

nucleopsis (new) Conrad. Etowah.

obesus Lea.

Alatamaha.

obtttsus L,ea.

Flint and Chattahoochee.

ochraceus (var.) Say.

Flint.

Ogeecheensis (new) Com-. Ogeecliee.

oratus (new.) Conrad.

" and Flint.

patulus Lea.

Tennessee.

paulua Lea,

Alatamaha,

productus Conrad.

Savannah.

PUBIUUS Lea.

Ogeechee.

radiatus Lea.

Savannab.

E.avelUanus Lea.

Etowan.

Roanokensis Lea.

Alatamaha.

Rosaceus (new) Conrad- Savannah.

Sayii Lea.

"

Becuriformts (new) Conrad. Flint.

Shepardianws Lea.

Alatamaha.

spmosus Lea-

.

"

splenclidus Lea.

"

and Savanaah.

stagnalis (uew) Conrad, Ogeechee.

suban^ulatus Lea.

Chattahoochee.

subinnatus Conrad.

Savannah.

strigosus Lea.

Chattahoochee.

striatus Lea,

"

stegarius (vat.) Raf.

Etowah.

teres Raf,

Flint.

taniatus Conrad-

ct

tortivus Lea.

Chattahoochee.

Vaughanianus Lea.

Savannah.

-yeyriicoaiis Carries.

-Te"nn&ssGe.

ANODONTA Couperiana Lea. Alatamaha.

gjblaosa Lsa.

- - ,

incerta Lea.

'

"

implicata Say.

Savannah.

ATJASMOBONTA aTcla Lea.

Alatamaha.

Etowensis Conrad.

Etowah.

Havenelisna Lea.

"

MOPIOLA plicatula Lam,

St. Simon's Island, .Coast.

MYTII/US cubitus Say.

"

"

"'

hamatus Say.

"

"

"

leucophitus ISay.

"

"

"

PINNA serninuda Lam.

"

"

"

muricata Lift.

"

"

"

AvrcutA htmdo $ay.

"

"

"

LIMA glaeiatie Lam.'

*'* . "'

"

OSTEEA virginiana Jjister.

fl

fi .-

"

semi-cylindrica Say.

**

"

"

ANOMIA electrics Lin.

"

"

"

CKEPI:I>"UXA convexa Say.,

"

"

"

depressa Say.

li-

"

."

40

CBEPIDXJLA fornicata Sat/,
intorta Say. pjana Say. BffLLiNA eanaiieulata Say, HELIX albolabris Say. alternata Say.

St. Simon's Island. Coast,

"

"

"

"

"

"

St. Simon's Island. Sea shore.

Greene county. Decatur co. Shell Bluff, and Walker co.

appressa Say. arborea $a-y.
aurieulata Say. avara F&rr. chersina Say.
concava Say.

Greene county, Lee and Greene counties. Greene county, \V,iyne and Decatur counties, GIvnn, and Greene counties, Lee, Burke, and Walker counties,

elevata Slay. fallax Say, Q-nlaris Sai/.

N. W. counties. Decatur. Glynn, and Wayne counties. Glynn and Greene counties,

birsuta Say. indentata Say.
infleeta Say. inornata Say..
interna Sav. lineata Say.

Shell BJuff. Wayne, Decatur, and Greene counties, Glynn and Greene counties, Glynn and BurKe counties,
Greene county, ""

labyrinthica Say. minuscula Rinney. Mobiliana Lea,
major Say,

"

"

"

"

Wayne and Decatur counties,

Lee, Greene, and Walker counties,

obstricta 'Say.

Burke county,

perspective fSay,

Greene county,

suppressa Say.
spinosa Lea. septemvalva Say. thyroid us Say.

"

"

"

"

Glynn county,

Glynn and Lee counties,

tridentata Say,

Bnrke county.

HELICIUA orbioulata Say.

Glynn pounty.

PtjpA cnntracta Sayexigua Say-'

Greene county. Glynn and Greene counties,

ovata Say.

""

"

"

pentodon var curvidens Say. Greene county,

procera G-ould.

Glynn county.

GLAMDINA truncata Say..

"

"

SUOCINEA campestris Say.

"

"

inflata Lea.

''

"

ovalis Say, AURICULA bidentata Say.

"

"

St. Simon's Island.

Cmclampus bidentatus)

PLAKOKEIS lentus Say. PJIYSA gyrina Say.

Alatatnaha river. Glynn county.

heterostropha Say. LYMNEA columella Say. MELANIA Eoykineana Lea.
catcnoides .tea, calatura (new) Conrad. crebrieostata Lea. ebenum Lea.

"

"

""

""

N. W. counties.

"

"

Flint river.

Etowah river.

itnpressa L$a.

Le Contiana Lea..

nebulosa (new) Conrad. N. W. counties.

SHELLS.

41

ASIA ocoscnsis Lea.

Etowah river,

perangulata (new) Conrad. M. W. counties,

percarinaia (new) Conrad. "

"

regularis Lea.

symmetrica C"onrad.

N. W. counties.

sordida Lea.

Etowah river.

Io fusiform is Lea,.

Tennessee river.

PALUDTHA dccisa Say.

Glynii and Greene counties.

Georgiana Lea.

vivipera Lam.

AMNJCOLA tenuipes Hold.

AMPtn.LARiA Hopetonensis Lea.

(depressa Say.')

NATICA duplicata Say.

St. Simon's Island. Sea-shore.

heros Say.

puf?illa Say.

SIGAKETUS perspectivus Say.

IAKTHINA communis Lam. SCALARIA clathrus Say.
mitlttstriata Say-
lineata Say, TURBO irroratus Say. TaKRiTELLA alternata Say. PYBA^JJS striatula Couihoy.
(Menotigma of Gray) FASCIOLARJA distans Lam,.
tulips Lam. FDSTJS cincreus Say. PYRULA canaliculata Lam.
carica Lam.
perversa Say. papyratia Say.
spirata Say. RANEI^LA caudata Say. DOLIUM galea Lam. BUCCINTJM (Nassa) acutum Say.
lunatum Say.
obsoletutn Scctf.
trivittatum Say. unicinctum Say.
vibes Say.
TEHEBRA Petittii Jfiener. COLOMBELLA avara Say.
mercatoria Say. OLIVA conoidalts Lam.
litterata Lam. mutiea Say.
zonalis Say.
SFIRULA Peronii Lam.

On oysters. Sea-shore.
Salt marsh, Sea-shore.

"70 genera. 246 species.

FLORA.

Catalogue of the Flo a in Georgia, Arranged according to the Linnean and Natural System.

GENERA.
ACALYFHA
" ACER" ,
Afl GRATES AcHtLLEA AcHTRAHTHES
" it
ACMEX.I.A ACNIDA
ACONITUJVI ACORUS ACTAEA ACTINOMERJS
ADONIS
JE, SCHYOMEH E
"
JESCULUS
"
AGAVE
A&RIMONIA
"
AGROSTIS I
"
it "

SPECIES.
Virginiea. Cacolmiana rabrum dasycarpum
saccharinum
"fgfoL
millefoUum repens Fiodidea . vermicul&rias repens
ruscocarpa
calamus alba wliainhoidee
AutumnaUa hispida viscidula pavia
Iflava nacroatachya hybrija Virsinica eupatoria parviflora
arachnoides
irichopodes decumbens alba luncea clandestina Indica Vii-ginica

LINNEAN SYSTEM.

Ct.fl.5S.

ORDER.

Moncecia
Oetandria

Monad^lpiiia Honogynia

*,'

"

. NATURAL. SYSTEM. "

GLASS.

ORDER,

Exog. Citph""orbiacese " Aceraceffi <

ls



Pentandria DJgynia Syngenesia Joly-Superflua Peniandria Wonogynia

a

*(

Syngenesia Superflua

OitEoea

Pencaniiria

"oiyandria 'entagynia Jexandria Monogynia 'oiyandria
Syngenesia Poly-frustranea

Polyatidria Polygynia Diadetphia Decantiria
"
Heptandria Monogynia

" "
Hexandria Fcosandria
"


ti Digynia

Corymbifereas

Amaraniacea? "

f



Corymbifer^e

Chenopodeffi

"

"

" Ranuiiculaceie Sndog Aroideee Exog. JRaimnculacea;
Corymbifera?

" iianunculacefe - Legummosas
Hippodastanace^

if

"

"

Endog BromeHacete Exog.- Rosaceas

Triandria "
" "

"

Endog Grammes

'

L

..

" '*

te
"

"

."

"

GfcNERA.-
AG-B.QSTIS
AlRA

SPECIES.
paucifloca
SSlwa paUens ftexuosa
f-npiilacea

J

"LINNEAN SYSTEM.

II CL^S. ] ORDEK-

j

;';

\

"NATURAL SYSTEM.

CT.&SS

GREEK.

= (

' ALETRIS
Al,LIOtJIA
AI.LIUM
SS*ctJRTJ3 "'
AMBROSIA AMET.ANCHIEK

tnoilis Tm-niosa avfa pianiago
Albida canaden^e
striaium mutabile

SL

hypochondria CUB

a^"uSco

.

elatiOT
paniculata lotryapium

|| flcsandria Monogynia " PoEygnia
Tetrandria Monogynia Hendrie

Eiidog Asphodelese
AiisrnaceiB
Bxog. Nyctaginese Asphodele

[(
!"

Trjandria Digyma Petjtandria

j

"

j Hexandria MoTiogyma

I

%& Exog. Amaranthacete Endog- AmarylUdese

Icosandria Di-Pentagynia

RosQ<:e ffi

AMORPHA
AMMI AMFELOI-SIS AMSGNIA.
ANDROMEDA

atifolia
"rqcticosa JUbescens capillaceum costatum utifolia

' jjTetrandtia Digyma

Monogynia

Diadelphia

1

"

Deciandria

jiPeritandria Digynia

J"

Monogynia

jJGyoandria Pentandria

calycuiara
oUWa911 '* homboidalia

Monogynia llDecandria
J

floribunda

"



r 2da'ne

J "^

Leguminosas
:: Umbelliteraj
"
Piirnulaceas Ericeas
j;

GEHEHA.

SPECIES.

ANDROMEDA

AUDSOPOGON

Mariana silliatuB

ft

melanSrpus

scoparins

"

n-genteus

>'
" ASEMONE

dissitiflorus macrouros iircatus :etrastachyus n eamor'iana

"
ANXHEMIS
AaTHOXANTHPlH
ANYCHIA ANTENNARIA
AFOCTNUM
AFIOS AFOGON AFAKSIA
"
AQtlTLESlA
AKABIS ABALIA
<*
AS C,n A NG JE.LICA
ABCUEMORA

Vjrgirliana
canadense
canadensis margaritaeeum plantagineam androsBamifoUum cannabiiium 3(i5>esc*'ns Luberosa humilis , orontium tenellum caiiadensis canadensia racemosa spinosa ,humU '1S
rigida

ABENARTA

wrpyllifolia


AKETHUSA AKSEMONE ABISTLDA
.
< ARISTOLOCHIA

stricta glahra bulbosa Mexifiana Stama
spiciformis ^raciJjs laiiosa sipho

I'
AKWIOA AKTEMISIA ARUM
" AHC-NDINARIA AKUNDO

scrpentaria haatata
nuiJicaulis caudata dracontiiirn
tripliyJlurn Virginia
Walter! macrosperma phragmitea

i CLASS. Decandria
Triandria

- --------Q^^--------------^l !

!

Ci^ss. OKDER.

; ' Wonogynia

;, Kxog. - Ericeaa

"t

Digynia

t'ndog Imminettt

"'

""

1"

"

"

"

"

"

:
a
Polyandria

= "
Polygynia

j
Exog. R-anunculacesc

" -^yngeneaja Poly-Superflua
Didynamia ^iandria Digyni.i 'entandria Monogynia
Syngeneaia Poly-Superflaa

1



Corymbifera;

Endog. Graminea. Exog. iecebi'acete
Ci)rymbifera3

Pemandrto Djgynia

"

"

"

Diadelphia Decnndria Syngenesia Polygaraia

Polyandria Di-Pentagynia

Tetrtdyn'a Si/iquosa

Pentandria Pentagynia

-

"

iDigyniu.

"

Decandna Trigynia

-Vpocyneee

"



"

jeguminosse

" Cichoracese

i

,.

ilatiunctilaceje " Cruc-iferJB
AraliaceiB

:"

Umbeniferse

Caryophyllaceas-

Gynandria Monandria
Polyandria Monogryma Triandiia Digynia .





" Gynandria Hexandria

Endog Orchidese Exog. Papaveracese Eiidog
,>
Exog. AristoioehiEe

" Syngenesia Po!y-Superiliia

ii

t<

Coryrnbiferas

Moncficia Diandria

Endog. Aroidese

'< Triandria
"

Monogynw

"

"

j Endog Graminjje "

GENERA.
A.SA.B.Tjai
ASCLEPIAS

,. '<
,;

It

r

ASCTTUM

ASIMINA <=
ASTER
t!

.[ "


(I " I

SPECIES.
canadense Virginicum
variegata
quadrifolia
incarnata tomentosa obovata ^obtusifolia amplexicaulis purpurascena Ikurifolia paupercula parviflora verticillata cinorea angustifolia
Crux andreaj aumilUtm bypericoides amplexicaule rnicroBepalum parviflora trilobo grandiflora pygmaBa
conyzoides tortifolius ^yssopiiblius flexuoans
grandfflorus eliiis subulatus foliolosns sparsifloraa
dumosus ericoides racemosus multiflorus squarrosus concolor
Novi Angl^e cyan.eus virgatua Carolinianua surculosus mniceus anceus divergens radescanti d scoideug versicolor eevigatua

LINNEAN SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER- .

Gynandvia Decandria -

Pefltandria Digynia

"

"

"

"

NATURAL, SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER.

Exog. Aristolochiie "

Asclepiadeas ff

'
"

". '

it

m

"

rt

"

"

"
"

Polyandria Di^Penlagyuia

"
j Polyandria

i" Polygynia

"

"

Hypericaceas
,t
"
"
" Anonac^aj ,-
"

Syngenesia Superflua

it'

*



<

"

>t

"

'i

"

"

"

"

"

"



"

"

1

"

"

!

"

"

"

\

"



Exog. Corymbiferse
" "
** I'.
" " "

".

it

"

"

"

"

**

"
"

"

"

.'

"

"



47

GENERA. AETE&
"
ASPAEAGTTS AsTRAGAl.nS
tf
ATRIPLEX "
ATKOPA,
AlJLAZANXIlUS
ATEHA AZALEA
..
.BACCHABJS "
BALDWIN A BAPTISIA
"
te <t
BATSCHU BEJABIA BEECHEMIA BEHBEH IS BETULA.
BlDEN3
"
BrGNONIA
Bl.ETIA
BcEHMEEIA
BCERHAAVIA Boi/TONIA
BOKKHAUSIA BORITA
BRASENIA BRIZA BBYONIA

SPECIES.
undulatns diversifoliua scaberpanicutetas cordifolius officinalis glaber
canadensis patula Augustifolia laciniata arenaria phyealoides ciliatus rufus spicata Penhsylvanica calendnlacea canescens bicotor nudiflora viscosa angustifoHa halimifolia aessiliflora uniflora multi flora perfoliata lanceolaia tinctoria Australis villosa alba braeteata gmelini
racemosa volubilis canadensis nigi-a enta , chrysaiithemoidcs cornata pilosa frondosa bipinnata capveolata
verecund'a aphy]]a cylindrica :ateriflora erecta asteroides glastifolia
porulosa pellata eragrostis Boykinii

'UNNEAN SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER.

Syngeiiesia Superflua

"

(*

1| ffexandria Diadeiphia
" |j Moncecia

CC
Monogynia Decandria
" "
Triandria

Pentandria Tiiandria
i t*

Monogyiiia
:; Digynia

':, Pentandria Monogynia

1C

<<

*'

Syngeneaia Superflua "

" Decandria


Frustranea
ft
Monogynia K "

a



"

jPentandria

P Polyandria ij Pentandria ( Hexandria
, Moncecia Polyandria
I Syn genesis Frustranea

NATtTRAJL SYSTEM.

CLASS.

OKDER/

Exog. Cdrymbiferse

it

(C

'C

II

it

Asparagi. t< Papilionacese "I II -', Chenopodeffi

1C
<l

<t SolaneeB
j :; .Endog. Gramme a? "
'} " -' !j'Exog. Ericea?

"

n

' Cory"mbifene

'
'1
'] *

" Papilii'onacese

"





Boragineee

Erice^

Rhamnacece

'

Berberidacese Amentacese

Corymbiferffi

Didynsmia Angfiospermia

Gynandria "

Monandria "

Monreeia Triandria

" Triaadfia Monogynia Syngenesia Superflua I

jEqualis



I Dioecia

Diandria

Polyandria Polygynia

Triandria Digynia

1

BignoniaeeEe

Orchide^

:

Urticacese

Nyctagine*

!

Corymbifer^

" Compositse Empetreffi
i QabombaceEB '[Endog. Gramineas Exog. CucurbitaceiE

48

GENERA. .

S.PECIES-

BROMUS
BRIOKEUJA BRUNNICHIA BUCHNERA BUMELIA

ciliatua purgans cordifolia cinhosa Americana lycioidea reclinata


B CTPHATHALM UM
BURMANIA

anuginosa frutesceiis augustifolium

CABOMBA CACALIA
<'
et
CACTUS CAKILE CALADIUM CAI.AMAGROSTIS CALAMIKTHA CALI.ICARPA CAI/LITKICHE CALOPOSON CALTHA CAEDAMINE
'(
CAI,YCANTIIUS

Caroliniana ovata artriplicifolia anceolata opunlia maritima
glaucum Americana grandiflora Americana heterophylla
pulchellua Ficarioides Virginica spaihulata
floridus nodorua


CAMPANULA
CANNA CAPRIFOLIUM
<i CAREX
"
" a
" " " "
"

glaucua Tmplexicaulis
divarioata erinoides laccida enipervlreua flavum iratum narviflorum terilis fraseri willdenowii quarrosa ephalophora iromoides etroflexa osea Muhlenbergii tipata parganoides Tmltinora agopodoioidea coparia cena estocacea c rpoides cjespitosa

L1NNKAN SYSTEM.

CLASS-

ORDER.

Triandria Digynia

Syngenesia jEqualia Decandria Trigynia Didynamia Angiospermia Pentandria Monogynia

NATURAL SYSTEM.

iCLASS

ORDEK.

jEndog GramineB

Exog. '

Cinarocephal PoJygoneffi ScrophniariniB Sapotea;
"t

Syngenesia Superflua

, " - CorymbiferaB

Triandria Monogynia

Endog Burmannias

Hexandria

"

Syngenesia ^Equalis

it

"

.cosandria Tetradyn'a Monsscia Triandria Didynamia Tetrandria Monandria Gynandria Polyandria Tetradyn'a
i'

VIonogynia Siliculosa ^olyandria )ig-yni a Gymnospermia Monogynia
Monandria Polygynia Siliquosa

Tcosandria Polygynia

Exog. Cabombace^

Corymbifeiw

,a

"

, " Cactaceee < CrutJifeiw
J'Endog Aroidese Graniineas
.Exog. Labiates ' " VerbenaceiB
CalHtrichinea: , " OrchJdeffi ; " Ranunculacea; .' " Cruciferffi
; Calycanthacea?

!!
Pentandria Monogynia



Alonandria

"

'ttntatidria

"

CampanuJace i tl
Endoff Marantacea; Exog. Caprifoliacea?

fl Monwcia Triandria

,< Endog. i Cypemceee

<
" tt " .; ee

'!



"

<!

i

K

(!



li

"

"

<

'

<i

f

Cf

I' 11

ft

tt

GEMERA. CARES
if
1C
"

SFECTES.
triceps
juxbaurnii varia marginata
lenta cilia ta upulina
fShTta zanthophysa plantaginea casianea anceps

laxiflora

"

sranalaris

tlfxuosa

"

miliacea

lysiericina

""4

pseadocyperaa glaucescens

K
CARFINUS CARYA
"
"
CASSIA
~n
" GASTANEA
<, CATALFA CAUJUNTA CEANOTHUS
" DELTIS CENCHIUJS
CENTAURELLA UEHTATJREA
jENTtJNCULTJS
3 EFH AL A N T HTJS CERA.MTHERA

acuta trichocarp lacustris pellita ripsria bullata Americana sulcata nlba SS.mt09a
aquatica tora occidemalis Marilandica r-fiatnEecrista nietitans 9 spera Ve nSa
naiia cordifolia flexilis
microphylhis serpylLifolius occidentals ecbinatua iribuloides verna paniculata benedicta anceolatua occidentals lineavifolia

L1NNEAN SySTFJM.

CE.ASS.

ORDEK,

-VFoncacia Monogynia



"

"

"

"

"

"

J NATURAL, SYSTEM.

CLASS.

,ORDER.

Endog. Cyperaciiie _

"

"

''

'

"

"

*'

"

"

"

"

"

ti

'i

"

"

"

"

"

"

!C

"

"(



,<

'

"

"

"

'*

"

Polyandria

"

"

"<

Ie

"

Decandria
c "

Monogynia " "

Monoscia Polyandria

Diandria Moncecia Peniandria


Monogyuia Monandria Monogynia

"
Triandria Tetrandria

Digynia Monogynia
"

Syngenesia Frustranea

Telrandria . ft

Monogynia "

Gymnospermia

"
" Exog. Amentacete
"
, ' Pnpilionaceffi
it
'
" "t Amentaceas
'<< \ BisnoniaceEc
Endog. iFluviales Exog. Leguminoste

Ulmacere Endog Gramineae
"
Exog. Gentianeai

'* Corymbiferce

'< Primulaceaa

"it

Cinconaceis LabiatjB

GENERA. CEKASTIUM

SPECIES. . l vrilgatum

arvense

CEE.ASUS

Virginia,na

serotina

. *'

Caroliniana

CERATO'CHLQA unioloides

CEROIS -

canadensis

CERESfA

nmtana :

CH^ROFITYLLUM procumbens

CHAM^EKOl'S

serrnlata

histrix

palmetto

CHAFTALIA , - integrifolia

CHEMEOKIUM majos

CHENOFODIUM murale

album

v

botrys '

CHELONE
CHIMAFHIIA.
tJerOMANTETUS

glabra obliqua Ly.oni
Virginica

CHRYSANTHEMUM eticanthemum

oblongifoliua

CHEYSOCOMA

mdata

CHRySOGONUM ' Virginianum

Cuirxsorsis

aigentea

'<

graminifolia pinifolia

a it "'

ftlariaria ilchdphylla' gossypina

divaricata

<t

scabra

inarifolia



mmnis ma

"

arnygdalina

f

obovata

CHRYSOSPLENIUM America-num

GKJHomuH'

ntybas

CICUTA

ma'culata

ClMICIFCGA

racem,osa

Americana

ts

cordifoiia

CLAVTOKIA

IJaroliniaiia

Virgiriica

CLEMATIS ' , Virgihiaiia

tt

. atesbeyana

"

lolosericea

a '-

ylindrica

"

ineariloba

"

viorna



eticulata

"

crispa

"

ochioleuca

ovata

I.INNEAM SYSTEM-

. NATURAL SYSTEM.

CLASS-.

OBDER.

GLASS.

OB.BEK,.

Decandria, Pentagynia .. Exog. Caryphyllai6eB .

,< Polyandria' Monogynia

| it

Rosacete

"
Triandria Decandria TriandriaPentandria Hexandria'

Digynia Monogynia. Digynia .
Trigyiiia

"
Endog. Gramme SB Exog. Papiliooacete . Endog. Grammes Exog. UmbelLiferse ' ' Endog. Palma?

"
Syngenesia' Necessaria . Didynamia An giospermia Pentandria' Digynia

"

.<

. nExog.
;tr .' ii
*'

Gorymblferae Papeveraceaj Chenoptfdeas
it
tt

Didynamia Angiospermia

"
Decandria Diandri'a Triandria

" Monogynia,
Digynia

" Scrophularineai

- is

"

"

a

"

OleTMce!ir Endog. iGramhiijas

Icosandria Monogynia

Syngenesia .^Equalis

Vecesgaria

"

Superflua

<*

it

it

<t

"

"

"

"

Rosacea? Coryrnbifer^ ' "<(

;; "

"

tc

t<

't

1C

tc

'<

",

"<



(

"

" Decandria Digynia

"

Syngenesia Polyg'a xEqualis

Pentandria [Digynia Polyandria Di- Pentagynia

"



"

"

Pentandria Monogynia
1C
Polyandria ' Polygynia

""

i ii

"

<c

""

.

"

<

, tt

"

" "

t"c<

""

cc
""
cc
Saxifr.agaceaa. Cichoraceffi UmbelliferEe R a nunc iila c eie
Portulacaceffi
1C
Ranuncolacese "
tc
it "

GENERA. CLEMATIS CLEOME CLETHRA
" "
ClITOKIA '
Cmctra
" ' -
tc COCCTTLUS COLLINSONIA
i " "
"
'COMMELINA *' f (1
COMPTQNIA
CoNQsxyLrs
CONVAL ARIA CONVOLVULUS
it ""
- "' "
"
CONYZA
CORCHORUS
COREOPSIS "
tc 'i ft
"
n
"
is
CORNUS

SPECIES.

aldwinii

-

entaphylla

Imfolia

omentosa

iScSlata cuminata

lariana Ltiasimus
muticus epahdus
Yirginianus laber is color oridulus jarolinua anadensis

v^lis uberosa . unctata erticillata urpuraacens inisata

lirtella Virginica
recta splenifolia
Americana maj alia

aquaticua pithamasus obtusilobue purpareus machrorhizua

sagittifolius repens (amnifolius < campborata Marylandica

lanceoiata crassifolia " rosea auriculata divereifolia senifolia verticillata ^nuifoJia trichosperma
mitis aristata pubescens tripteris

gladiata p aniculata

: LINNEAN SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER.

'olyandria ' olygynia,

"etradyn'a

Decaridria Vlonogynia

"

"

-' '".

Diadelphia. )ecandria

yn genesis ^qualis

"

"

(i



""

it

te

Diandria
" . "

VIonogynia

" "

Triandria "
- Moncecia Hexandria
Pentandria
"
"

"
tc
Triandria

" '. "
. ' -" "

"

""

"

"

Polygamia

Syngenesia Superflua

Polyandria Monogynia Syngenesia frustranea -
"

f



<(

a

tt

"

"

" "

"f ,

"

"

"

tt

Tetrandria Monogynia

51

NATUUAL SYSTEM.

LASS. , ORDER.

'LSxog. lanunclaceae

"

Ericea,
"'

'
' " ' jegumiiioaEe

Cichorace^e

"t't'

"'
te te

a

"

te

a

jabiatai

tc



IS

"

"

"

Entdt og. ConimelinegB

et

(C

Sxofi

tt .

Dndog Amemace,EB

tt .

'-lasm od OTSCSSB Smilacea?

Exog. ^onvolvulacesa "

**

fi

.

"'

tc.



"

"-

" .'' CorymbifefEe

((

"

"

"

tt f
't

"

' tt

" f.
. " C-ornaceze

52

: GENERA. CORNXJS
))
CORALI.OKHIZA ">
GORONOPUS
CoKTfDAtlS COHYLCTS '
CHANICHIS CRANTZIA CRATJEOHTS '

SPECIES-
stricta asperifolia
florida multiflora odonlorhiza hyemalis didyraa Ruellii aurea Americana rostrata multiflora 1 1 ineata Croa-GaUi

viridis popcilifoliapunctata arborescens apiifolia cordata spathulata

CROTALARIA
ir CROTON
ie tc
CKOTONOPSIS CRYPTOT^NJA CUCUBBITA CUPHJEA CUPKESSUS
" CUSCUTA C-YirosiLossuM -
C3TNODON CYPERUS
"
" " "
' "'"i
ie " "

flava lucida eliptica parvifolia aagittalis parviflora ovalis naritimmn a r gy r an the mum glandules urn ellipticum Linearis Canadensis agenaria viscosissima disticha hyoides Americana Virginicum dactylon rticulatus asciculaEus pOEe'formis kyllingioides Antumnalia ocnpressus egetus '
iiariscoidea lavescena -racilis . lydra repens enuiflorus ' trigosus
flavicomus

-LTNNEAN SYSTEM.

| CLASS.

ORDER.

jlTetrandria Mony giiia J) .
',',-,

[I NATURAL SYSTEM.

CLASS

UB.DEB.

Exog. Cornaceie "


Gynandria . '(
Tetradyn'a Diadelphia Moncecia

Mon"andria
Siliculosa
Hexandria Polyandria



Orchideaj



a

n

C-rucifcrae

Fiiniariacere

'C

Amentacea?

Gynandria Monandria Icosandria Di-Pentagynia

"



"

it

tc

"

Kndog Orchideie Eiog. Ombellifetw

"

f "



tc

"

t,

(t

'

,,

C.

"

"

Diadelphia
Moncecia
'<
" Icosandria Moncecia
Tetrandria 'entandria Priandria
"
"
" " " "

Decandria
Wonadelphia
, _ , mu^,ruiw Di-Pentagynia \Ionadelphia
" Tetragynia Monogynia Dlgyina . Vlonogyma
"

"

Papilionaceie'

i

it i < f <

^uphorbiacece " "
'' Umbelliferffi jucurbitapeEtj-

jythraces
CoiiifereEB ft

^onvolvulaceie

<(

3 o ragmen

Endog. Gramineee Cyperaceas ci

"

'

'

'

"

'

<

tt

'

"

'

"

"
a

"

"

"

"

1C
" " "

53

' GENERA. CYBEKUS
CrFKIFEDIOM -
K CYRILLA DACTXLIS DAI.EA DALIBARDA
DATURA
DAUCU3
PECODON DECUMAHrA

SFECIE3.'
distana specibsus EnsleniiparvJOorum pubescens. spectabile humile racemifioj-a glomerata . , alopecuroides obata fragarioides
carota pusillas venicUlatum barbara

LINNEAN SYSTEM. CLASS. 1 ORDER. Trlaiidria Monogynia

Gynandria Diandria <(

"
r'entandria Triandria Djadelphia

"
Monogynia Digynia Decandria Polygynia

'entandria Monogynia Digynia

Icoaandria Monogynia

Dodecand'a

"

NATURAL SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER.

Endog. Cyperaceaj .

Orchidese

"



P^' iriceaj Endag
,< S ^apilionaceK

1C
Solanea^ Gxog. Araliacea;

a

jythracea?

Saxifragace^e

DESLFHIWIC-JM
DENT AREA
DlAMORFHA DlAPENSIA DiCnROMENA'
<'
DIES-VILLA
DlGITARIA

11 "
DlODIA "
DlONJEA DlOSCOREA
DlOSFYROS DlPH-XLLEIA DlPSACTJS DlRCA
DJSCOPLEUKA

tricome azijreum exaltaturn vireacena aciniata diphylia pusilla barbulata .eiicocephala .
ciliata Canadensis sanguiiialis vjjlosa aiiformis dactylon Virginica tetragona
muscipula villosa qnaternata Virginiana eymosa^
palustris capillacea

Polyarrdria pi-peniagynja

<
Tetradyn"a
Decandria Pentandria Triandria

"
Siliquosa "
Pentagynia. Monogynia

Janunculacese

aL""" .

i< Craciferec
Crassulaceas Hydroleacew

2ndog. Cyperaceffl

Pentandria Triandria Digynia
"

.

Tetrandria .

Mori-oa gynia

Decandria



Dicecia

Hexandria

"
ffexandria Tetrandria Octandvia Pentandria

Octandria Monogynia
" Digynia

CaprifoMacec " G-rammeas



Exog Cinchon-acea?

. if

"

, " Droseraces Elndog . 0ioBcore

eg.
'f"t t<

Bbenacea? Berberi Jace Dipsacese Thymeleai Umbelliferse

Dor,rciros DRABA
"

multiflorus
brachycarpa v&r-fastigiata

Diadelphia Decandria Tetradyn'a Silicnlosa

Papiiionacefe .

"

Cruci"ferfe

-"

"

DRACOCEPHALUM Virginianum

variegatum

n

denticulatum

bbovatum

DROSERA "

rotunilifoiia longifolia

Didynamia Gymnvspermia

."

"

"

<i '

Pentandria Pentagynia

Labiateee it it ~
Drose"ra' ce^e

DULICHIUM

spathaceum

. Triandria Monogynia

Endog- Cyperaceae

ECHITES

difFormia

Pentandvia

Exog,' Apocynea?

EctlFTA

ereeta

Syngenesia jS.uperflua

Corymbiferas

\

54
"

GENERA.

SPECIES.

ECLIPTA
ELEFHANTOETJS;
ELEUSINE "

procumbens
brachypoda
Carol inianus
nudicaulis jmucronata Indica

ELI.IOTTIA ELODEA '
Er,rart7s ' "
ELTTRARIA
EFIDENDRtTM
EFIGJEA

ranemosa Virginica tubulosa jetiolata Virginicus
hystrix virgata conopseum repens

EPIFHASUS ERIANTHUS
" "
ERIGERON " "
<f
EKIOCAUIXJN it
EUIOGQNUM EKIOPHORUM Envoia EKYNG-ITTM

Virginica alopecuroides >revibarbis sft-ictos enntortua nidicaule bellidifolium strigosum
PhiladeJphicum quercifoliurn Canadense pusillum decangulare gnaphalodes '. villosum navidalum omentosum Virginicum lirsm-uin' iqaaticum

"
_" ' ERVSIMUM ERYTIIRINA ER YTHRONIUM
.EUCHROMA EUOMYMUS
EUPATOEIUM " t< "
" " fi "

ovalifolium ftetidum arooiaticum rracile
officinale ierliaea
Americanum coccinea. Americanus angustifolius ati-opurpureua fosniculaceuni coronopifolmm Pinnatifidum ineariflorum hyssopifolium
^lauceacens sessilifolium runcatuin ilbuin
parviflorum

FLORA.

LINNEAN" SYSTEM.

CLASS. '

OBDEB.

Syngenesia Superflua

<"

Segregata

Triandria Digynia

NATURAL SYSTEM.

CLASS.

OBDER.

Exog. Corymbiferte

,f

Endog Gramines

Octandria Monogynia Polyandria. Pentagynia

Exog. Erlces " [Hypericaceee

Triandria Digynia


Diaudria Gynandria Decandria Octandria Didynamia Diandria

" Monogynia Monandria Monogynia
Angiospermia Digynia



Syngeneeia Superflua

"

",



a

"

it

CI

tt

Moncecia '<

Triandria

IS

"



Enneandria Trigynia Triandria Monogynia Diadelphia Decandria Pentandria Digynia

"

"

"

"

Tetradyn'a Siliqaosa Diadelphia Decandria Hexandria Monogynia Didvnamia Angiospermia Pentandria Monogynia
"

Syngenesia
"
" "
I'

Squalls

ts
"
if I'
"

Endog Gramihea?
" Exog. AcanthaceEB Endog Orchide^! Exog. Briceai
Onagrace^
Endog. Gram"ineaB "

Exog. "

Corym'' biferje"

".

" ". <l

" - Restiace^



"

"

Polygonacefe

Endog. Cyperacea?

Ex"og,

Papilionacese Umbellifera3

"

"



<-



Cruciferro Papilionaceie

Endog. Lilificeje '

Exog. SchrophuJarina

Celastraceai

" Corymbiferaj if
'.<

i<

if

"

."

"

" "

GENERA. EDPATORIDM
ft ii
1C
" " If f< t ,,
EUPHORBIA tf
n
fi

SPECIES.
scabridum otundifolium verbenEefolium ubeacens uneifolium erfoUatum eanothi folium geratoides
erotinuln
celestinum ernifolium purpureum .
verticillatum cyathophora ,
ypei-icifolia maculata depressa -' cordifolia jolygonifolia pecacuanha )ubentissinia

,, "
FAG-US FEDIA
FEST0CA
!f
If
FOXHERGHLLA
FKAG-AHIA FRASERA FUIRENA FRAXINUS
"
GAILTJARDIA, GALACTIA
ff it GALIUM if

ingustifolia paniculata ylvatica radiata tenclla polys tachya
parviflora duriuscula grandiflora unioloLdes
aTmfoHa Virginiana Walter! squarrosa scirpoidea epiptera ucuminata Caroliniana platycarpa pubescens triptera
lance olata glabella piloga mollis EUiottii trifidum latifolium aninorum hispidulum piloaum

X.INNEAN SYSTEM.

ClASS.

OBOES.

:*entandria ^qualis "

'

t<

<

"

e

ii

i

"

"

"

"

Aloncecia "
1C
'
' e

Monadelphia
" " "

55

NATURAL SYSTEM.

ClASS-

x ORMJP..

Exog. CorymbifersE '

's "

''
' i
', Euphorbiaceae
' '

"

" Triandria .

'olyandria Monogynia Digynia
"

AmentaceEB Endog. GraminetB

ii . <f
"

cosa"ndria
Tetrandria Triandria

Di-Pentagynia Polygynia Monogynia'

Dioscia ff "

Diandria
fr "

Diadelphia Diadelphia
"
Tetrandria

Octandria Frustranea Decaf.n- dria
(t
Monogynia

'S

"

ft

fi

"

Exog. -lamamelacejB iosacese
ff GentianeEB Endog. Cyperacesi
('
ilxog. Oleacete
f--

,, Fulnariaceas

Papilionacece

ft

<:

"

II

"

'- - Stellate

It

i;

,

GENERA. GltW GAUEA GEI,SEMINUM GEHTIANA
GERAHDIA '.-
GEBANIUM GEUM
GlLLENIA GLAUcItJM
GI.EDJTSCUIA

.
SrEoiES.
cuspidatum
mgustifolia biennis filipes sempervirens saponaria
ochroleuca ^ngustifolia crinita quinqueflora
aphylla Plukenetii setacea fascicuiata fili folia purpurea
iinifolia lava quercifolia pedicularia maculatum
Virginianum radiatum trifoliata atipu!acea flavum monosperma

GKAPHALIUM
GLYCINE
ii
jONOLQBtTS
jOOUYERA GORUOXIA
Si
GKATIOLA i,
JUAJ,TI1ERIA
SYMNOFOG-ON
jYMNOSTYLIS
G-otANDRorsis

polyeepbalum purpureum mavgacitaceuoi .lang-atme^m
implici folia ornentosa
nolissima eflesa lacrophyllus jarolincnsis rostratua 3ubescens asianthus jubeseens Virginica aurea piloaa sphffirocarpa quadridentata tetragona scuminata negalticarpa procumbens acemosa stolonifera ientaphylla

1,1'NNEAN" SYSTEM.

CLASS,

ORDER.

Te tran dria Monogynia

Oetandria

Pentandria Digynia

NATURAL SYSTEM.

CLASS. |

ORBER.

Bzog. titelJatffi

Onagracese "
*i
Apocylieffi Gontianese

"



"

Didynamia Angiospermia

"

Scrop"hularinese

"

"
i "


VToiiadelph. Decandria

Icosandria Polygynia

Jcosandria Dioecia

Di-pemagynia
ii Hexandria

Pofyandria Monogynia Syngenesia Superflua

" Gerantaceje Rosaces
" ' Papaveracese
Papilionaee^
Corymbiferas "

Diadelphia

Decandria "

"

Pentandria Digynia

entandria

"

ynandria Monandria

Monadelph. Polyandria

idynamia Angiospermia

"

"

" "

"

"' Papilionaceas
" ii .
Aaclepiadeaa ndog. O- rchidea? xog. Temstrcemiaceffl
Scrophulariaj

'ecandria VTonogynia
'riandria Digynia yngenesia Polygam. Neces.

xog. EriceEB ndog. SrimineEe xog. Corymb! fera?
Capparidacete

GENERA.

ORDER.

HABE"NARIA a a
" "
HALESIA tf
HAHIABIELIS "
HAMILTONIA HEDEOMA HEDYOTIS HEDYSARTJM
"
n tt

't
"",
tf tt
HELENITTM HEU ANTHE nnjM
HstrASTHtrs

" *(
"
f " " II It (1 1C
' it
1C
(I HELiorsis
HELOHIAS
"

jiliaris lepUa.rigiotis ristata
jsychodea Elliottii ridentata uscescens Micbauxii epens etraptera 3iptera Virginica macrophylla oleifera
pulegioides glometata nudiflorum acuniraatum canescens ouspidatom viridiflorum rhombifolium glabeUum obtusum ciliare rigidum strictum paniculaium rotundifoliuin ineatum
Canadensis corymbosum. Carolinianum atrorubens sparsafolius angustifolius ;runcatU3 longifoliua aubescens mollis hiapidulus strumoaus tenuifolius spathulatus tricuspla diversifoliua scaberrimua trachelifolius tomentosws deca petal us multiflonjs giganteus altiissimus dovarieatus arlstatus (eevis indictim curasaavicum erythroaperma angustifolia

LINNEAN SYSTEM.

CZ.ASS.

ORDER.

jyiiandria ion"andria





t<



"

"

ecandria f
'etrandria

lonogynia igynia

)icecia iandria 'etrandvia iade"lphia

'entandria VIon"ogynia
>ecandria "

cc

tt

**

"

"

"

If

'

**

'

t

"

f

"

yngenesia Superflua >olyandria VEonogynia

a

"

Syngenesia Trustranea

"

"

it



"

"

"

"

ft

"

tt

"

ft .

"

tt

tf

tf

"

"

<*

"

t

ft

tc

"

tt

=<

Superfiua

Pentandria Moaogynia

tt

"

Hesandria Trigynia

\"

NATURAL SYSTEM.

I, ASS.

ORDER.

ndog. irchideie

te

tt -

tt

'f

ft

"

"

Dsog. " " " a
f t'
" "

Styra"ueffi
Elamamelacea^
Santalaceaa jabiatfe jiti ch oiiaceEe 'apilionaceEe


"

if



"

C(

"

"

"

"

!"'

" "



3orymbifere

"

"

CorymbiferEe st

"

"

tt

c

ft

if

"

"

f

"

ft

ij

't

**

"

*

"

**

"

te



"

'.

"

f

'

"

"

"



it

Exog, CorymMferee

tt

H eliotr opicrfi "

Endog Melanthaceaa \\ j

88

GENERA. HELOSCIADIUM
HEFATICA HERITESTIS

HETERAHTHEEA
HEUWHHJftA

SPECIES.
nodiflarum eptophyllum triloba cuneifolia rotundifolia amplexicaulia micrantha
Americana

HIBISCUS

lispida moscheutoa Virginicua
aculeatua

a
HlERACIITM it
HOPEA HOT-IONIA HOUSTONIA

Carolinianua rnilitaria speciosus
mavianum Gronovii pamculatum mflata'
patens

)[
TT
HtOT-ANGEA.

puipiarea serpyllifolia rotundifoiia lupuJus vulgaria cordata

HYDE-ASTIS HTHKOCHARIS
(,
ec i(

quercifolia Canadeiisis spo'ngiosa
umbelUta Americaiia repanda

HYDBOLBA HYDKOPHYLLUM

'ineata
quadiivalvia corymbosa Virginicura scabiosEgus prolificum

"

fascieulatum

K

muitifolium

i(

ambigum

nudiflorum

,,

fastigiatum

maeulatum

,1

pilosum

ft

anguloaum

"

parviflorum

|[

LttfNEAN SYSTEM,

... iIj| ..CLASSj]

OHDER.

Polyandria Polygynia Didynainia. Angiospermia

"

"

"

Pentandria Djgynia

Monadelph Polyandria "t

"



NATURAL SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER.

Endog UmbellifeiiB

Exog. Ranunculace^e '* ScrophularJn^

"

Endog Pontedereffi Bxog. Saxifragacesj

" Malvaceie

it

"

"

"

Syngenesia ^qualia
Mon delph. Polyandria Pen ndiia Monogynia Tetr idria
I!

" Chichoraceffi "
Styraceee Ptimulaceffl I Gentjaneaj "'

PJ'CCC a

Heaandria

Dec chia Digynia

UrtJ'enceas " Saxifragaceas . ti

Poly ndria Dice a Pent miria Digynia
"

Ranunculaceoa
Endog. Hydrocharidese Exog. UmbeUifettB
"
"

"

i

1

Moiicgynia

Syng nesia

Poly ndria Di-peiitagynia,

"

"

tl " ' "
"
" if

Ranunculacea? l Hydroleace

Hydropliylleee Corymbi/erse HypericaceK

"

"

"

"

"

"

,

"-

"

ti

(f

ff

"'

"

GENERA.
HYFEKXCTJM
a HTFOERICIA HYPO sis
HrFTis HITSSOPUS ILEX
"
",
SI
tc IlilCIOM
IMPATIENS
SI
INIHSOFEKA
POMCEA
tf "
i' IHESINE Isis
" " "
ITEA IVA

SPECIES.
canadense sarothra Drummondii Nuttallii erecta filifolia radiata scrophularifolius dahoon opaca !ignsirina rnyrtifolia casaina prinoides jjarviflorum -Floridanum noli-tangere biflora
leptosepala orbicularis bona-nox cbccinea trichocarpa nil dissecta celosioidea cristaia versicolor tripetala lexagona cuprea ^irginica ruteseens

IxiA JATROFHA
JErrERSaNIA
JDGLANS ''
JTTNCTJS
if " ** "
" " "
JTtTNIFERTTS
JOSSIECA
"

crelestina stjmulosa diphylla Nigra cinerea acutus
effasus setae eu.9 tenuis dichotomus jufomos biflorus ' arista tus repens acuminatus polycephalua echinatus campestria
virginiana jrandiflora eptocarpa

JUSTICIA

humilis

KAX.ISTRCEMIA maxima

KAI.MIA

latifolia

59

LTNNEAN SYSTEM.

C I, ASS -

ORDER.

Folyandria Pentagynia

n

Hexanndria VTonogynia

Didynamia Gymnosperniia

|

| Dioscia

Tetrandria

NATURAL SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER.

Exog. Hypericacefe

<(



(i Lythracese

Endog. iypoxideaa

Exog. "

jabiatEB "
Itcinem

a PoJyandria

,e "
Polygynia

"

tt

<t



Vlagnoliacea

Pentandria | D'iadelphia
te
Pentandria

Monogynia
Decandria
il
Monogynia

::
' l|Dioecia Triaiidria f
"
"

"
Pentandria Monogynia
" "



^alsaminaceEe

<e

"

it (i

'apil"ionacefi

Convolvulaceaa

it



1C



j

ft

Endo^. 'rideas

"



"

"

Pentandria VIonogynia Syngenesia Necessaria

Triandrta Wonogynia Moncecia Monadelphia

Hexandria
'<

f Monogynia

Exog. Saxifrage SB Coryrabifer

'

Suphorbiaceie

" Juglandeas

Endog. TunceEB





a



C -'

if

t'

"

"

"

't


Ditseia "

Diandria

Decandria



.

"

<(

'

"





.a
! ,1 Exog. " ** ,
"
< "

Conifers Onagracess
Acanthace
Zygopfa-yllaceee Ericesj

60

GENERA.

SPECIES.

KAZ.WIA

angustifolia

ii KaisiA
"
KOHSIA
KYLLINGIA
LiACHNANTHSS
LACTUCA
LAMIUM LAKTAWA LATHYKDS LAUHDS


hirsiita Virginica
Caroliniana dandelion amplexicaulis eupatorioidea| critonia monocephala puraila maculata tinctoria
elongata graminifoHa sagittifolia villosa amplexicaule camara siisillus Uaroiinenaia catesbeyana

t< f<

geniculata melissifolia

1C

sassafras

LEAVENWOBTHIA aurea

LlCHEA

major

<i

minor



racemulosa

ti

hymifolia

tiEERSIA

Virginica

enticularis

<e

>byzoides

LEIOFHTI.UK buxifolium

LEMMA

minor

iolyrrhiza

LEONTICE

halictroides

LEONTQDOS

aiaxacmn

LEOHORUS

cardiaca

IjEPIDIUM

''irginicum

LEPTOCAULIS

ivaricatus

LEPTOIPCTOA

puberula

;ecurrens

X/EFtTROPETALON pathulatum

LESPEDEZA

rocumbena

<i it ii

epens esailiflora 3tuvei
irta

(i

capitata angustifoHa

IiIATEIS

spicata

"

pycnostachya

jram'nifolia



enuifolia

"

jylindracea

"

leterophylla

i'

pilosa

H

gracilia

"

aecunda

LINNEAN SYSTEM.

CLASS.

OBDEK.

Decandria Monogynia

<t

a

Syngenesia ^Equalis

'*

"

"

"

"

Triandria VIonogynia

NATURAL SYSTEM.

CLASS

ORDER.

Exog. Ericese

ec

,,

'' Composite

tt
"
Corymbiferffl
st

,t

,,

Syngenesia jEqualis

"

"

Didynamia Gymnosperniia

Angiospermia

Madeiphia Decandria

Snne"andria

Monogynia "

" it a it Triafndria it <t
Cf ii )ecandria lonceeia


"
Trigynia a <t
Digynia
SI
ilonogynia Diandria

lexandria /Tonogynia Syngenesia ^Equalis )idynamia Gymnospermia 7etradyn'a Siliqaosa
'entandria Digynia; Syngenesia Frustranea

'entandria Trigynia Diadelpbja Decandria

"

<i

<t

a



it

it

It

a

yng"enesia ^Equalia

it

Cl

tt

ft

't

tt

II

*t

"

"

3n dog Cyperaces Exog. rl^modoracea
Composite

tt

,(

<t Labiata?

f. it

Verbemacea jeguminoste

tt

ft

ff

,,

tt

,t

"rucifera

CistaceEB

1C

Cf

fl

1C

Endog. Graminise

Sxog. ilricese

Sndog.

Pistiace^

ixog. Berberidacese

,,

Jichoraceaa

,, (( tt

Capparidaceje Umbellifereaj Corymbiferts

tc

axifragaceas

apilionacesB

tt

,,

ff

,,

,,

c

I

,,

f

orymbiferEE

,

,,

It

t

(

cc

(t

tt

GENERA.
LlATRIS

SPECIES. esinosa

" "
" " " " "
LlQUSTICOM LILIUM
ft " ti " "
LlNDERNIA LlJJUM
LlQUIDAMBAR LlRTOTDENDKON LlSTERA
LlTHOSPERMUM
LOBE"LIA " "
" " "
LtlDWIGIA " '

cariosa pheroidea quarrosa aauciflora rianieulata adoratissima omentosa Walterii actEeifoIium CatesbiEi PMJadelphicum Canadeiise Carolinianmn uperbum ilatattim attenuata
igidum tyraciflua ulipifera
convallarioideB
talmii pallida jlaytoniana glanduloaa inflaia syphilitica Dubenila amcena cardinalis alternifolia pilosa virgata

'

Hnifolia

cylindrica

*

mollia

ii

alata

'

sphffirocarpa

'
' LUFMTC-S
"
LTCIUM Lrcopus
" "
L'SSIMACHIA. " "
"

capita ta palustria natans pedunculosa lerennis viUosus diffusus
Virginicus angustifoliua exaltatus ainuatua Herbemonti quadrifolia lanceolata iciliata [quadrinora

FLORA.

LINNEAN SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER.

3yngenesia Equalis

>(
"


"
tt ft It Pentandria Btexandria "

Djandria

it "
tt Digynia Monogynia
"
"

Pentandria Jentagynia

Honcecia 'olyandria 'olyandria 'olygynia Gynandria Slonandria

'entandria
ti
<c
tt tt tl " tt It

Won.*o* gynia tt " *t
" " tt

Tetrandria

ft "





"



t

tt

'

tc

*

11

"

Diadelphia Decandria

a

it

Tetrandria Diandria

Vtonfogynia

t<

f

"

it

f

Petitandria

a

*

"

"

tt

"

"

61

NATURAL SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER.

Exog. orymbiferffi

n

"

"

tt

"

<t

"

it

tt

a

tt QmbelHfera!

jiliacese

(*

Endog.

".

Bxog. crophularinese



-.iiiacese

tl Amentacea^ Magnoliaceae
Endog. Orchidese

Exog.
tt " " ft " * tt

{oraginese jobeliaceee
H
tt
" tt

"

Onagrauea^

"



tt

ft

"

it

te

ce

tc

"

"

"

<'

"

tl

1C

Papilionaceffi



<t

*

<t Solaneffi

it Labiatse
.(







it

tt Primulacese tt

ft

tc

tt

t"t

62

G-ENEB.A,
LYSIMACHIA
MACPRIDEA MASNO"LIA
*" " " " MALAXIS MALPPE ' MALYA MAiliScua
i< MAERUBIUM MARSSALLIA

SPECIES.
Eieterophylla laneoiatum aiatum lineare pulchra grandiflora glauca acurninata Cripeiala Cordata auriculata macrophylla lilifolia malacoides rotundifblia Caroliuiana retrofracius cylindricus eehinatus vulgare lanoeolata

MART-SHIA MEDEOLA MEDICAGO MEZ. AJW P Y R tux MELANANTHERA MELAJJTHIUM

proboscidea Vitginica
ipulma America nura lastata Virginicum

't MEMA MELICA MELILOTCS MELOTHRIA MENISFERMUM
MENTBA MENZIESIA
MlCKAKTHKMUM
<1
MlKANIA
MIMOSA
MtMUI,US
MiTCHMiLi.
MlTHEOLA a
MODIQI.A MoL-yjeo
MoNARDA

ybridum ^edarach glabra
pendula Cansdenjsa Lyoni
g obularis orbiculatura emarginamm scandens pubeseena strigillosa ringens alatus epens sessilifolia anceolata Tiultifida feutcillata.
inopodia

'*
MoNOCfiHA MONOTROPA
"
MoEOS
if MUHLENBERGIA

iiiata romatica
niflora Womsoniana unugiaosa a Iba r ubra C iffusa
recta

|

LINNKAN STSTBM.

| ISfATURAt. SYSTEM.

jj GLASS.

ORBER.

(GLASS

OKDBlf.

[jpentandria Monogynia

jlcosandria

"

"

j

e(

j Didynamia Gymnospermia

Polyandria
j( " ft " "

Polygynia
" " " *t "

Gynandria Vfonandria
Monodelph Polyandria
<t

Triandria <t

Monogynia V.

Didynamia Gymnospermia Syngenesia ./Equalis

IJExo g Primulas

1"

Lytliraceee "

't

1' j'

Labiate Mag-noliacea5

'

**

'

"

"
Endog Orchidese Exog. Malvaceae

"
i 1 ..
" "ti

" Gramineaa
" Labiatse CorymbifeKB

Didynamia Hexandria IDiadelphia Didytiamia Syngenesia Hexandria

A n gi os pe rmi a Trigynia Decandria
Angiospermia jEqualis Trigynia

"
Decandria Triandria Diadelphia Monoacia Dicecia


IVTonogynia Digynia Decandria Monadelphia PoJyandria

Didynamia Gymnospermia Octandria jMonosynia Diandria
't
Syngenesia .Equalis

Pedalmeifi En dog Smiloceaj Exog, Papilionacese
Pediculareas Exog. Corymbifer^ Endog MelaOthaceEB



Exog. Weliaceas

Endog- Graminefe

Exog. Papilionaceaj



^ucurbitace^

" Menispermace

LabJataj

"

^riceus

Primulaces

"

i'

CorymbiferfB

(Monadelph. Decandria Didynamia Ang-iospermia 1 "

'apilionacEe Scrophularinese

Tettandria Monogytiia

Pentandria

"

te

Monodelph. Foly-andria Ti-iansiiia Trigynia

j" '! "
I t<
"

Cinchonace Gentianas
VIalvacea3 CaryopViyllace^

ff Decandria
"

Digynia VTonogynia

"
ilndog. jramineaj Exog. ^yroIaeeEe

Moncecia friandtia

r 'riandria
n
I^igyuia

' iirtocaTpes
t!
Zntlog. <SraimneEe

GENERA.

SPECIES.

MltOCAKITJM
MYOSOTIS
MTOStJB-US
MraicA
MrEIOPHYtLUM
NAST"URTIUM
NECTRIS NEOTTIA

igustrmm Virginiaaa
cerifera Carolinensia verticlilatum leterophyllum scrabatum
tanacetifolium palustre iquatica uteum tortilis

tfeETA NEOBOFHSTLT7B1 NlCOTIANA SJOLINA NUFHAR
NYMPHJEA NYSS"A
"
OBQI.ABJA (ENOTHERA

cataria ongifolium
Georgiana ad vena sagittEefolia odorata multiflora aquatica capitata tornentosa uniflora Virginica bieiinis

'

grandrflora

< '

fructicosa linearis glanca

OLEA
OfJOSMOIlIUM
OPLOTIIECA OHCHIDOCARPUM

riparia Americana hispidum FJoridana

ORCH'<IS

spectabilis oivea

'C
OHNITHOSAI/OM OEOBANCHE

vividia bidentata croceum Americana unifiora

Virginiana

" OROHTItrM
OaMORdizA
OSTRYA OxAi,i5
*" " OSYCOCCVS PACHYSANDRA.

jbrevigtylis
Virginica violacea cornieula ta Istricta erytbrocarpus

PAH AX PANCRATIUM F-AincuM

qainquefoliom trifolium Mexicanum maritimura
jcenchroides

FLORA.

(53

LINNEAN SYSTEM:

CLASS.

ORDER.

Decandria VIonogynia Pentandj-ia
Polygynia Dioecia Tetraiidria

Mono"scia Triandria

|j MATURAL SYSTEM.

Cr,Ass.

ORDER.

Kx"og.

Ericeffi Boraginere

"

Ranunculacem Ameniaceie

" Onagracese

Tetradyn'a Siljquosa "

It

Cruciferee "

Hexandria Trigynia Polyandria Polygynia Gynandria Monandria

Berberidaceas Nelumbiaceje Endog. Orchidese

Didynaznia Gyranospermia Exog. Labiates

Pentandria Monogynia Hexandria Trigynia Polyandria Monogynia

" Dioacia

Pentandria

" "

Bxog, ,,
"

5olane^ ^"ymphEeacese
" Sautajaeese

"

Sidynamia Angiospermia Oetandria Monogynia
]) "

"

3-entianea?

' Onagraceee

" \
,r " "

Dlandria

"

Pentandria

Moiiadelph Pentandria

Polyandria Polygnia

Gynaiidria Mon.andria "

"
Hexandria Monogynia Didynamia Angiospermia



<t

Hexandria Monogynia

Decaiidria Pentagynia

" OleaceEe

3oraginea*

Amaramhaeeaa

Endog. Uagnoliaceae

Jrchideee

,

" " Bxog. AsphodeleEe
DrobanchcEe
"
Endog Bxog. Urnbelliferffi
Ametitaceffi " Oxalidacese *

Oetandria Monogynia Monoscia Tetrandria
Pentandria

*
Su ph o rbi ace as AraliaceEB

ffexandria Monogynia Triandria Digynia

Endog Amaryilide<e " Graminese

GENERA. PAJHCUK
"
"
"
' " "
"
_')
" "
tt
tc
"
'< "
't " tl "
" tt
PABIETABIA
PA.KN"ASSIA
PARTnENTOM
PASFA'tLDM: "
'I,
ie "
PA.SSlFI.ORa.
PEDICULAKIS PENTHORUM PESTSTEMOH
PETALOSTEMON "

SPECIES.
Uevigatum crus-galli Walter! Mrtellum gibbum molle gymnocarpon
fJaucurn talicum geniculatum anceps liana 'atifoliurn scopari-um aauciflorum virgatum
scabriusoulum nervosum multiflorum ovale lanuginosum viscidum dichotomum villosum sphEerocarpon
strigosum clliatum ensifolium jarbulatum rnicrocarpon nitidum melicarium debile angustifolium divergens Pennsylvania Floridana Garoliniana asarifolia integrifolium setaceum debiie ciliatifolium daeyphyJJum
?loridanm parpurascens distichum
ncarnata utea Canadenais aedoides levigatum iubescens lissectum carneum c ory mbosum

LINNEAN SYSTEM.

Ci-iss.

ORDER.

Trian"dria

Digynia *

'

"

'

"

t

"

t

'

tf

'

"

'

*

t

t

t

<

'

'

.

<

"

<

f

t

ft

t

"

"

'<

"

t

"

'



i

tt

t

t

"

c

It

tt

tt

"

Moncecia Triandria

Pentandria Tetragynia

f

"

Trian*fdria Digynia

"

"

,,

"

"

tt

Monadelph. Pentandria

>idynamia Angiospennia

Jecandria Pentagynia

Dzdynamia

Angioepermia f

NATURAL SYSTEM.

GLASS.

ORDER.

Endog Graminese

"

tf

"

't

"

"

"

"

"

"



"

"

"

"

't

(t

"

n

"

"

t'



It

"

fl

tt

t'

"

t'

"

tt

ft

tt

t'

11

tt

ti

tl

a

'(

ti

a

"

t<

ff

'i

"

Bxog. Urticacesa

tt Droseraceaa " CorymbiferiE tt Graminea

En"dog.

"

"

"

tf

"

"

" "

Exog. Passifloracese
?ediculares ,, " Scrophulaceaj "
" Papilionaceas "

66

.LINN EAN SYSTEM.

NATURAL, SYSTEM.

FLORA.

jj

LINNUAN SYSTEM.

OBUER.

jj NATURAL SYSTF.M. OtlD
Kxog. ICupulifen

Polygynia Polygynia

jPeiitandria Monogynia

jrjnDecan^dn a I Pentandria

toxioodendron

Diadelphia

Monogyma

Pppjlionncei Cyp^rai

KOTTBOEI.U RUBIA RUDBECKIA

69

Diadelphi;

Polygynia

Digyii MonogyniE

(Exog. Stclii

SASBKETIA SAGITTABIA

Didynamia Angiospermia Trigynia

Polygoneas

Tctraudria Hexaiidrin iPentaiidria

'Kndog. flavmla Palmsc
Exog. Gentian.

Triandria

lEndo;

70

GENEKA. SAQITTARIA
SAG-INA SALICttORNIA SALIX
c
Ci
SALSOI.A
SAL VIA
"
SAMBUCUS
SAMOI.TTS SANSTTINARIA
S AKSUISORB A.
SANICULA SANTOLINA SAPINDUS SAPONARIA SAROTHRA SARRACENIA
"
SATJRTJRUS SAXIPHAGA
SCHISANDHA
SCHOLNUS SCHRANKIA SclRPUS
"
"
"
"
'
' '
" " f "

SFECIES.
laiicifolia
procumbens herbacea ambigua muhlenbergiana tristis rosmarinifolia . conifera discolor nigra Caroliniana
lyrata Clfiytoni urticifolia coccinea
obovata Canadensis pubescens
Canadensis Canadensis Marilandica suaveoiens saponaria officinalie gentianoides purpiirea tubra Flava variolaris cernuus Virginiensis leucanthemifolia coccinea efFosua uneinata capillaceus ti-ichodes simplex filiformis palustris jeniculatus , capitatus tuberculatus quadrangulatus equisetoides debilis Americaims acusti-is autumnalis cilia tifolius tenophyllus eoarctatus castaneus apadiceus ferrugineus sulcatus maritimus

LliS'NEAN' SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER.

Moncecia Triandria

Tetrandria Tetragynia Monogynia

Dicccia

Diandria

" "
Pentandria

" 'i Digynia

Diandria

Monogynia "

NATURAL SYSTEM.

I CLASS.

ORDER.

jEndog Alislaceee

Exog. "

Caryophyllaceaa

Phytolacege

"

'

Ameotaceee

"

"

','<

a

" ChenoyodeEB

Labiate

Pentandria Trigynia

Caprifoliacese

Monogynia

Polyandria

<

Tetrandria Monogynia

Pentandria Digynia

'

Syngenesia Polvaam.^Bqalis <*

Decandria Trigynia

"

it

Pentandria Tetragynia

"

:*olyandrJa Monogynia

1

Primulaceas Papavericas Rosace a? Umbellifer^ Gory ubifertB Sap i tliceje
SCarr'y'so"phyl"laao>eas

1C .
Hexandria Decandria

" "
Te tragynia Digynia

i Sauruvere
' SaxifriigaoeEB

Moiicscia Triandria

Triandria VIonogyma.

Monodelph. r"o]yandria

friandria "

Monogynia "

" Schirnndraceas Endog. 3yper&ce^ Bxog. Papilionacea, E dog. Cyperaceas

it

"
" " " "

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"_

"

'

f

GENERA. SCIRPDS
" SCLERIA
it "
SCDTELLARIA ft ft tt
SCR.OPHULAEIA SEOTJM SENECID
(<
SESBANIA SEYMEKIA SICYOS SIDA

SlEGESBECKIA SrLEAE
" " " SlLPElTIIH
"

SFECIES.
exnhatus nitens
divaricatus schcenoidea o igantha gracilis riglomerata pauciflora cilia ta hinella reticulata verticillata nterrupta utegrifolia jaroliniana serrata villosa pilosa cordifolia laterifiora Marylandica
pulchellum
telephiodes hieracifolius suavolens
obovatus balsamita aureus fasti giatus lobatus macrocarpa vesicaria tenufolia pectinata angulata gracilis hispid a isfiinosa jEliiouii rhombifolia a butilon
quinquevulnera iimbriata Pennsylvanica Virginica Stella ta ovata regia antirrhina laciniatum pennatifidum compositum terbinthinaceum perfoliatum connatum integrifolium

71

LINNEAN SYSTEM.

CJ-.ASS.

OBDER.

Triandria Monogynia "

1C
1
Monoecia

" Trianttdria

ft

it tt
t> Didytnt amia
it
t< it

a " Gynoapermia
a tt it Angiospermia

Decandiia Pemagynia

"

ti

Syngenesia Superflaa "

a tt Diadelphia

(! * <t
it
Decandria

Didynamia Angiospermia

Moncecia Monadelphia Monadeiph

c

"
Syngenesia Superflaa Decandria Trigynia



f



tt

"

"

"

Syngenesia Necessaria

tt

"

tt

"

"

"

"

NATURAL SYSTEM.

Cx-jlSS-

ORDER.

Endog. Gyperacee "

ti

<



"

"

"

ti

ft

a
" Exog.


" LabiataB

It

"

If

ts

1

1

"

ScrophuIarin.eEe

" Cerassulaceaa

(t

ti

Corymbiferffi

"

ft



t

tt

It

it

Leguminosee

" Scrophularinese

" CucurbitaceaJ

t

"

"

tt
Composite CaryophiHaceie

if

tt

t
t
tt Composites

t

e

,t

"

re

GENEHA. SmrmTjM
SINAPIS
S-ESYMEHIT7M SlSYKINCniUM SlUM
SMILACINA SMILAX
"
(E
SOLAM-UM

SPECIES.
Isevigatum scaberrimum trifoliatum tern a turn atropurpureum dentatum astericus pumilum
caTiescens
aileron atum Bentnidianum anceps lineare denticulatum umbellata
hastata
quadrangularis Walteri sarsaparilla
ianceolata pumila pseudo- China rotandifolia caduca tamnoides peduncularis herbacea Carolinense

SOZ.EA
SoLIDAGO

Virgianianum Canadensis

"
SuMcnra

^alicina elata -iglda gi-aminifoZia enuifolia
oleracens macropbylluB Florid anus Caroliuianus acuminatus

SPARGANOI'HOJI'US verticillatua

SPARTIKA

lolystachya glabra _

SPEEGULA
SPERWACOCCS '( "

decumbens libra enuior diodina
nvolucrata

LINNEAN SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER.

Syngenesia Necessaria

'C



"

"

"



Tetradyn'a Siliquosa Monadelph Triandria

NATURAL. SYSTEM.

CLASS.

0 EnER .

! Exog. Oompositaj

1C
Craciferje EndogJfrideaB

Pentandria Digynia

Hexandria Monogynia

Dicecia "

(Hexandria "
"

'<

"

ti

"

it
n

it
,i

Pentandria Monogynia

,t
Syngenesia Superflua "'

Exog, Umbelliferae Smiiacese
En dog "
"

::

j



1C

"

;c

it

"

Exog. Solanea?

it Violaceaj Compoaitaj

1C

"


Mqualis

"

"

loncecia Triandria

Triandria
" >ecandria

Monogynia 'crttagynia

i

a

' "etradyn'a Monogynia

i

"

i

"
!C
':
"
, n,naog.i Tvphaceas Corymbiferaj
En clog. "
Exog. [Llecebraere
Jinchonacew

FLORA. LINNEAN SYSTRM.

73
NATURAL SYSTEM.

elliptic odora

.ispida jaspera trifolia
strata pubera

Trigynia

STOKESIA STKEPTOPUS STTTLOSA.NTHES STUARTIA
STYP.AX

pentagynia grandifolium jpulverulentuir

Triandria jDigynia

"

[Monogynia

Syngencsia j Squalls

3exandria I Monogynia

Diadelplna iDecandria

Monadelph.jPolyandria

Decandria Monogynia

Papilionac.

74

GENERA.

SPECIES.

STYRAX

glabrum

SYENA

Haviatilis

SYMFHORIA

glomerata

TEPHROSIA

Virginiana

paucifolia

hispidula



ehryeophyllo

TETKAGONOTH'CA heUamhoides

TEUCRIUM

Canadense

THALIA THAWCTHUM
TUASPIUM
THESIUM
T HI AST'1
THUJA
TlARELtA TlEDMANNIA TlLIA
"
TILLANDSI.^

deaJbata cornuti dioicum anemonoides cordatum barbinode umbellamm >ursa pastoris occidenialis jiternata eretifolia Americana ilba pubeseens usneoides bartrainii

TlP[TI,AHIA TOFJELDIA
TRADESCAKTIA

discolor* pubens glabtrrima Vjrginica

TRAGIA

nearifolia

TmcnODiuM TRICHOSTEMA

urticifolia axiflorum perennatis (fichotoma

TKIFOLIUM "
"
TltlGLOCniN
" TlULLIUM
. ,,
TRIOSTEUIVI <i
TKIPHORA TBIPSACUM
TTTENERA TYPHA

arvense pra tense reflexmn repens Carolinianum triandram sessile frasillum
graiidiflorum erythrocaipum pendulnm
Catesbeei vervoaum
angustifolium pendula dactyloides monostachyon cistoides latifolia

|j

LINN13AN" SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER.

Decandria Triandria Pentandria Diadelpbia

Monogynia Decandria

"
Syngenesia Didynamia

"
SnperflTM Glymnospermia

NATURAL SYSTEM.

Cl,Aas

ORDER.

Exog. TemstroBmiaceas Endog Pontederea? Expg. Caprifoliace
PapilionaceiE

(f

CorymbiferjE Labiate

Monandria Monogynia Poiyaiidria Polygnia
si
Peniandria Oigynia

Endog Maraiitaeeas Eiog. Ranunculaceas

If

"

UmbelliferK


Tetradyn'a Moncecia Decaiidria

Monogynia rfiliculosa Monadelphia
Oigynia

Polyandria Monogynia

"

Hexandria

'<

"

Gynandria Monandria Hexandria Tngynia
\lonogyma

"

Santnlacew

ConifcrBB

"

SaxifragaceEB Um be] life rear Endog. Tiliacea "

"

Bromeliaceffi

"< Orchide^ MeJanthacew
" Corn me lines;

MoncBcia
Triandria

Triandria Digynia

Exog. Euphorbiaeeee Endog. Graminese

Didynamia Angiospermia Exog. LnbiatBB

Diadelphia Decandria

"

Papiiionace^

" Hexandria Trigynia
"



"

"

it

Endog. Juneagineae

"

"

"

"

"

"



"

"

"

"

Pantandria
"
Gynandna Monojcia
"
Pentandria Moncecia

Monogynia
Monandria Triandria
Trigynia Triandria

Exog. Caprifoliacea? '<
Endog. Orchideas Gramineee

Cxog. Turneracea? indog. Typhacese

GENERA. ULMUS

UNIOLA
USTICA ft " " f
UTRICtH.AB.IA
" " "
te >t "
UVTTLARIA " if ft
VACCINIUM i '
* a " VALISNEKIA VERA"TRTJM
VEKBASCUM "
VJSKEEWA
ft a VERBESINA
VERONICA '< "

75

SPECIES.
ata 'Vmericana lva aaniculata picata atifolia litida gracilis lumila arena chamsedrioides dioica procera eapjtata divaricata
nflata fibrosa ^accata otigirostria gibba jipartita biflora personata seiacea Flava grandiflora aei-foliata puberula sessilifolia
arbor^um dumosum frondosum resiiiosum myrainites myrtifolium corymbosum var. ammoneum
galezans" tenellurn myrtiloictes spiralis viride parviflorutn anguslifolium thapsua lychnitis blattaria Hubletia
Virginica officinalia

T.INNEAN SYSTEM.

CLASS.

ORDER.

Pemandria "

Jigynia "

j) NATURAL SYSTEM.

|CLASS.

ORDER.

Exog. Ulmaceas

Triandria "

Moncccia

H

1

j

"

** " "
"riandfia

" " "

lEndog. Gratnineaa

"



"

"

(Exog-. Urticacese

"

"

"

Diandria "
" "
"

Monogynia "
*" " " " ''

" '*

Lent"ibulari

"

"

a

a

it

.(

"

"

Hexandria

"

"

"

tf

"

Endog. SmiLace^ ic (i

"

1 eCa '^
j" j"

" "

"

:"

| "

"

'I

(C
" Dicacia Hexandria
"
Pemandria

"
Diandria Trigynia
Monogynia

Didynamia Anglos permia

i"

"

"

"

if

"

"

"

Syngenesia Superflua " "

llDriandria Monogynia

!)



Eg. Vaccines



"

I\ - "

" 'I

"

"

~En"dog

Hydrocharidea Melanthaceaa

" Exog. Solaneas
" VerbenaceEs
" "

'

"

CorymbifersB

i * Scrophulariuete jj '

76

FLORA.