The Salzburgers and their descendants : being the history of a colony of German (Lutheran) Protestants, who emigrated to Georgia in 1734, and settled at Ebenezer, twenty-five miles above the city of Savannah / by Rev. P.A. Strobel

SALZBURGERS
BEING THE HISTORY OF
A COLOHY OF GERMAN (LUTHERAN) PROTESTANTS, WHO EMIGRATED 10 GEOEGIA IN 1734, AND SETTLED AT EBENEZEK, TWENTY-FIVE MILES AEOTE THE CITY OP SAYANNAH.
BY
BBV. P. A. STROBEL,
"Alii nsulta perficiunt; nos nonnulla conamur; Illi possunt; iica "Others accomplish many things we endeavour to effect something; titey halve the power, we haTe the will."
BALTIMORE: PUBLISHED BY T. NEWTON KXIRTZ,
Xo. 151 WEST PJtATT STREET.
1855.

Entered according to At of Congress, in the year 1855, Ijy I1 . A. ST11OM3L,
he Clerks Ofiioe of Hie District Court of the United States for the District of Georgia.

Ithhxtian.
To my "brethren in the Lutheran ministry, this volume is most affectionately and respectfully in scribed ; with the fervent prayer, that by carefully studying the history of the Salzburgers., and especially the unfeigned devotion and ardent zeal of the first preachers of the American Lutheran Church, we may all be stimulated to aim at a more elevated standard of piety, and consecrate ourselves afresh, to His service, who hath redeemed us with his blood, and honoured us ty appointing us his ambassadors, to reconcile the world unto himself.
THE AUTHOR.

"."'X"1';' '-'vO _ _ .". ,-\t

Irefate.
THIS little volume is submitted to the public with, an unfeigned diffidence, and with, many apprehensions that it may not meet the expectations, even of those who have most warmly urged its publication. The means of information which the author possessed, were too limited, to justify the belief that the book could possibly be regarded as a complete and satisfactory history of the Salzburgers. It is, how ever, to be hoped, that notwithstanding its many de fects, a sufficient number of interesting facts have been presented, to render the work acceptable to those who read for instruction, and not to indulge a spirit of captious criticism. The author is sensible of his incompetency to do justice to the subject, and he would cheerfully have committed the undertaking to abler hands. If he shall accomplish no more than to rescue the Salzburgers from the obscurity into which they have been permitted to lapse, he will not have laboured in vain. The hope is cherished that, under the blessing of God, this work may be the means of kindling in the heart of every one wlio may peruse it, a sincere desire to emulate the lofty piety and Chris-

0

PREFACE,

tian heroism of those, who in the maintenance of their religious principles cheerfully suffered "the loss of all things," and have furnished an example of patient endurance, under every form of persecution, and of ardent #eal in the cause of Christ, which furnishes one of the brightest pages in the history of the church, gince the days of the apostles.

AJIEKICUS, Georgia, J)farck, 1855.

P. A. SlUOBEt.

tmi fnrm % Sinflft jtrf
" THE Committee appointed "by Synod to examine the manuscript ''History of the Salzburgers and their Descendants at Ebenezer,' by the Rev. P. A. Strobel, beg leave to submit the following report:
" They have carefully examined the manuscript, and cheerfully esprcss their gratification at the judicious selection of the materials from various sources diffi cult of attainment, by "which a historical sketch has been given of the cruel persecutions, the Christian firmness, and devoted piety of the ancient Salzburgers.
" lu recommending the work to the patronage of the Christian public, and especially the members of our own. communion, they feel assured that the readers will be amply rewarded in the elevated standard of Christianity which this volume holds out for their imitation.'*
JOHN ^BAOSMAN, I>.D.
L. ElCHEI/BERGER, D.D.
A. J. KABN.
November 13, 1854.

I . :-.v_"~" jij

Contents.
CHAPTER I.
TUB causes which led to the Colonization of America-- -Preach Colony in Florida.--Colony of Massathusetts Bay-- "The Puritans^In tolerance of the Church of England-- The^Salzburgers--Contrast between them and the Puri tans--Injustice done to the former--The Origin of the
They embrace the Doctrines of the KeformaLion---Cruelty toward their pastor--The Valleys of Tcft'ereek--Their Re treats discovered--Mixirnilian Rudolph--Sal/ burgers be fore the Bishop's Court at Hallem--Renewed persecutions --Sympathy of Protestant States--Elector of JSrandeuburg--Corpus Evangolicum--Return of the Teffercckers-- Duplicity and Treachery of the Catholic Authorities-- 'Penalties imposed on the Salaburgerg--Banishment and Confiscation of their Estates--Severe Sufferings of the
his daughter--Schaitberger as an author--The Confession of Faith--The Salzburg Emigrant's Song--Persecutions under Leopold--Archbishopric of Salzburg--The City of Salzburg--Thirty thousand Protestants exiled--Their re ception by Protestant States. ..................................Pai/e
CHAPTER IT.
Charter granted by Charles II. to the Trustees for establish ing the Colony of Georgia--The design of the colony-- General Oglethorpe--English settlors arrive at Savannah--

10

CONTENTS.

"Society for the Propagation Of Christian Knowledge"-- Interest on behalf of the Salzburgers--Arrangements to remove the Sateburgers to Georgia--Fifty families engaged for the first transportation--Provision made by the " So ciety"--Liberality of tho " Trustees"--First company of
--Incidents of their journey--The city of Augsburg--Hos pitalities extended to the Salzburgers--Recommence their travels--Rev. S. UrIsperger-- Effects of the sojourn of the Sal^burgers at Augsburg--Revival of religion--Further Incidents--Arrival in the city of Frankfort--Conduct of the Burgers--Procession--Entrance into the city--Hospi tality of the inhabitants--Departure iroin Frankfort--The .Maine and Rhine--Arrival at Rotterdam--Rev. Messrs. Bolsius and Gronau--Departure from Rotterdam--Arrival at Dover, in England--Impressions made by the emigrants on their English benefactors--Preparations for leaving England--Departure of the Purisburg, first ship with Ger man emigrants.......... ..........................................Paye

CHAPTER III.
The Salzburgers at soa--Conduct during the voyage--Arrival at Charleston, S. C.--General Oglethorpe--Departure from Charleston--Arrival at Savannah--Sentiments of the emi grants--Their reception at Savannah--Notes of Mr. Bolzius--Baron Von Reck--Conduct of the Indians--Disem barkation of the Salzburgers--Liberality of General Ogle thorpe--Expedition into the country--Description of the country--Devout conduct of the Salzburgers--Ebenezer-- Foundation, of the colony--Location of their settlement-- Uchee Indians--St. Matthew's Pariah--Lord Effingham--

Von Keek's enthusiastic description--Real character of the country--Assignment of lots--Hardships incident to colo nization--Scarcity of mechanics and materials for build ing--Other trials--Sickness and death among the colonists

CONTENTS.
--Extracts from Mr. Celsius's journal--Influence of afflic tion--Arrival of a second company of Salzburgers--Im-
CHAPTER IV.
General Oglethorpe visits England--Favourable condition of the colony--Trustees determine to send out reinforcements --Aid from British Parliament--Character of the colonists engaged--Highlanders and Salzburgers--Liberal terms proposed by the Trustees--Captain Hermsdorff and Baron Von Reek_The Trustees charter the " London Merchant" and the " Sycaond"--The "gret embarkation"--English and German emigrants--Moravians under Bishop Kitschman--John and Charles Wesloy--Departure from England. --Storm at sea--Effect of the conduct of the Germans upon Mr. Wesley--Testimony of Dr. Jackson, President of British Conference--Mr. Wesley's spiritual condition--Con ference with. Mr. Spangenburg--Influence of the Mora vians--Rev. Peter Boehler--Salzburgers confounded with the Moravians--Mistake of Mr. Bancroft--Removal of Moravians to Pennsylvania--Mr, Wesley's religious expe rience--Extract from his journal--Subsequent visit to England--His conversion--Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans--Mr. Wesley's preaching after his conver sion--Forms "Societies/' tbo basis of Wesloyan Method ism--The Methodist Church a fruit of the Lutheran Re formation--Arrival of the " embarkation" at Savannah-- Settlement of Salzburgers on St. Simon's Island--Views of the Germans in relation to war--Reinforcement at Ebenezer--Lutheran settlement at Frcderica--Rev. U. Dreisler--
with General Oglethorpo--Salzburgers dissatisfied with their location, and desire a change--General Oglethorpo visits Bbonezer--Reasons of the Salzburgers for desiring to remove--General Ogletaorpe'a advice and kindness to the Salzburgers--Change of location determined upon......

12

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.
Now Ebenezer--Its location, and the plan upon which is was laid out--The environs of the town--Its rapid growth-- Municipal and other regulations--Rules originally adopted for the government of the congregation--The duties of pastors set forth--Elders and wardens--Parochial schools --Church members, &e.--Dr. H. M. Muhleiiberg--Salaries of the pastors--Their responsibilities--Relation to the
troductfon of Negro slaves--Effects of these regulations on the colony at Ebenezer_Mr. Bolziws, Rev. George Whitfielrl, and Baron Von Heck on slavery--Position of Mr. Bolzius--Views of Hon. James Habcrsham and Rev. S. Urlsperger--Controversy settled, and slavery allowed-- TIio Salzburgers and the Lutheran Church in Germany-- Liberality of the latter--Education--"Eethany" church-- Eavourable condition of the settlement--Religious cha racter of the inhabitants--Their industry, frugality, &o.-- Letter of Mr. Bolzius--Rev. Oeorgo \TMtfieId at Sbeuezer --His testimony in favour of the Salzburgers--He visits the Orphan House--Letter of Thomas Jones--Principal
by Spaniards--Another letter of Mr. Bolahis--Extracts from his journal--Statement of Mr. Benjamin Martyn--
Frederick Helfen stein--Lutheran cliurch in Savannah founded--Rev. U. Driesler--His death--Rev. Mr. Xublii--
Ebenezer--Mr, Gronau--" Jerusalem" church at Bbecezer --" Zion's" church--Extracts from Mr. Bolzius's journalDeath of Mr. GronKU..............................................f^ge
CHAPTER VI,
State of feeling at Ebenezer consequent

CONTENTS.

13

His humility and devotion--The church in Germany send over another pastor--Rev. H. H. Lombko arrives at Ebcn-

Mr. Bolzius retains his position--Mr. Bolaius, as trustee, erects mills--Silk culture introduced at Ebeneaer--Mr. Aniatis of Piedmont--Mulberry-trees planted at Ebeneaer --Success of the Salzburgers in raising silk--Bridge and - causeway over Ebenezer Creek--New church and schoolhouse erected--Pastoral labours--Ex teat of the field to be cultivated--Goshen church--Abercorn--Extension of the

rial labour--Bev. O. liabonhorsfc arrives at Ebenezer--Mr. Bolims's letter on his arrival--Change of views--Pro vision for the support of the new pastor--Condition of the colony--Mr. Bolzius assigns his trusteeship to Mr. Lemblte --Copy of the deed of trust--The "Trust" to be transfer red--Subsequent change--Erection of another mill--Mr. Bolzius begins to decline in health--The symbolical books . --Proper views in relation to the " Fathers"--Confessions and catechisms--Deep-toned piety of the first pastors at Ebeuezer--Mr. Bolzius's labours--His letters--ROY. S. Urlsperger and Dr. Zeigenhagen--Close of his ministerial duties--His illness and death--Mr. Bolzius's family. ..Puye 125

CHAPTER, VII.
State of affairs at Ebenezer consequent upon the death of Mr. Bolzius--Increase of population and of ministerial labour--Transfer of trust to Mr, Rabenhorst--Harmony between the two pastors--Jerusalem church built at Eben ezer--Description of the edifice--The Swan, Luther's coat of arms -- Death of Mr. Lembke--His character as a preacher--Gottlicb Snider--Rev. 0. F. Triebner sent over as successor to Mr. Lembke--His character--Marries a daughter of Mr. Lembke--Injudicious selection--Division in the church--Controversy between Messrs. Rabonhorst and Triebner--Dr. H. M. Muhlenberg arrives at Ebonezer --Object of his mission--His prudent and judicious con-

14

CONTENTS.

duct--The grounds of dispute stated--Elders prefer charges against Mr. Triebner--Origin of the difficulty--Dr. lluhJeoborgs efforts to reconcile the parties--His views of tho case--Opinion of Mr. Triebncr--Pi.in of settlement pro posed--Reconciliation--Dr. Muhlenberg's reflections--Hiy opinion of Mr. Habeufcorst--Exculpates him from all con

gers--Saves tho church property from alienation.. ......Payc 14.8
CHAPTEll VIII.
Dr. Muhlenberg still at Bbenezor--Church discipline--Views and practices of the founders of American .Lutheran Church. --Evils arising from want of discipline--False views on the subject--Tho discipline ;idopteil at Kbenezer in 17T4, and duties of pastors, officers, and church members de fined--List of church members who signed the discipline, a-a certified by Dr. Muhleiilicrg--Settlements at Aborcorn and Goshen--Mr. Knox buys the lands at Abercom--Mo-
--Labours of the Mora.viaHS at Goshen_Fears of Dr. Muli-
oue of the Sulnburgers--Pears of Dr. Muhlenfaerg not realized--Moravians leave the settlement--Dr. Mwhlenberg's successful labours a,t Ebcnezer_He leaves Georgia, for Philadelphia--Condition of the congregation at Phila delphia--Beflections,............................. .................... 164
CHAPTER IX.
Affairs at Ebenezer after Dr. Muhlcnburg's departure--- Uabenhorst and Triebner--Pastors cease to be Trustees, and

CONTENTS.

15

state of the colony--Prosperity of Ebenezcr--A fancy sketch--Commercial relations of Ebenezer--Gradual exten-
menfc of the Revolution--Stamp Act and tax on tea--State of the publics niind in the Province of Georgia--Position of the Saleburgers--Provincial Congress in Savannah-^ Salzburgers in that Congress--Majority of them side with the Colonists--Protest of a, portion of the Salzburgers-- Adherents to the Crown in St. Matthew's Parish--Patriotic and noble sentiments of the Salzburgers_Mr. Triebner sides with the Crown--Judicious course of Mr. Rabenhorat --His long and successful labours, and death............ Page 188

CHAPTER X.
Descent of the British upon Georgia--General Provost takes Savannah--British posts along the river--Mr. Triebner takes the oath of allegiance to the crown, and conducts troops to Ebenezer--A garrison established under Major Maitland--Proclamation issued by Major Maitland--Some of the Salzburgers take "protections"--Majority of the Salzburgers Whigs--Governor Treutlen--Holsendorf-- John and Samuel Stirk--John Schnider--Strohaker--Jonathan and GottHob Schnider--Jonathan Rahn--Ernest Zittrauer--
gers during the war--Tories--Eiehel and Martin Dasher_ Marauding parties--Frederick Helfeustein and his two sons--General Wayne--The Salzburgers forced to abandon

the church at Ebenezer--Other acts of cruelty--Mistaken policy of the British--Sad influence of the licentiousness of the British troops upon the morals of Ebenezer--Pastor
character of the pastors at Ebenezer--Triebner an excep tion--Dispensations of Providence--General Wayne at tempts the reduction of Savannah--British troops with-

16

CONTENTS.

quarters there--British evacuate Savannah--Salzburgera return to Ebenezer--Scene of desolation--Condition of the church--Congregation without a pastor--Petition sent to Germany--Dr. MuhlenVmrg's concern for the Salaburgcrs--A minister visits Ebenezer--Dr. Muhlcnburg's let ter--Vindication of Mr. Triebaer--Pastor to be sent in the spring--Despondency among the Salzburgers--Darkness begins to disappear--New pastor about to be sent.....Page 201

CHAPTER XI.

--The Kev. John Earnest Bergnian arrives at Ebenezer-- His early history--His qualifications for the ministry-- State of affairs at Ebcnezor and Savannah--Mr. Bergman's defects_Parochial schools---Mr. Bernhurtlt--Mr, Probst-- Mr. Ernst--Increase of pastoral labours--Church in Savan-
craments_Usages of the Lutheran Church--Mr. Bergman's marriage_His family--Mr. Borgman as a scholar--Ilia correspondence--Parsonage at Ebenczor--Bishop Francis Ashury--His letter to Mr. Bergman--Improvement in tem poral affairs--Bad habits among the Salzburgers--Want of church discipline--Disaffection toward the churchMembers withdraw--Ebenezer Bridge--Ebenezer becomes the county site--Effects of this measure--County site changed to Springfield--The mills--Demand for English preaching--Letter from Bishop Asbury--Mistaken policy-- Methodists in Savannah--Obligations of the Methodists to the Lutheran Church--Rev. Hope Hull--Jonathan Jack son--Josiah Kandle--John Garvin--Kev. S. Dunwoody-- First Methodist Society in Savannah--Mr. Bergman relin quishes the church in Savannah--Letter to Rev. II. Hoi-
Mealy--Salzburgers in other churches--Jesse Lee visits Ebenezer--Mr. Bergman curtails his labours--"Bethel" church erected--Personal difficulty--Letter of Rev. J. McVean--Efforts to proselyte--Lax state of morals--

CONTENTS.

17

Want of discipline--Mr. Ecrgman's grief at the condition of the colony--External prosperity--Spiritual declension --Death of Mrs. Neidlinger-- Mr. Bergman's health declines
--His A^&&........................................................ Page 218

CHAPTER XII,
Gloomy prospects at Ebenezer--Rev. C. F. Bergman^-IIia early religious sentiments-- Calvinistic .tendency--Attends the Georgia Presbytery--Letter to Rev. M. Ranch--Con flicting views--Becomes a member of 1'reabytery--Re ceives a call to St. Matthew's Lutheran Church--t>r. J. Eachman visits Savannah and Ebenezer--Interview and correspondence with Mr. Bergman--Mr. Eergtnan changes his views, joins South Carolina Synod, and becomes pastor at Ebenezer--His piety and qualification for the work-- State of the congregation--Methodist and Baptist churelies organized--Methodist church at Qoshen--Rev. J. O, An drew-- Delusion --A false Messiah---Strange scene at
, Goshen--Sad results--Rev. L. Myera locates at Goshen--His character, labours, and death--Temperance movement at EbeneRer--Mr. Bergman introduces English preaching-- Hia marriage--His children--Temporal and spiritual pros perity--Emigration of Salzburgers to other counties-- Church in Savannah--Hev. S. A. Mealy--Rev. N. Aldrich--

gregation--Rev. W. Epping--Disaffection at Ebenezer-- Other churches built up by Salzburgers--Mr. Bergman atj a scholar--Trials--Indifference to education---Mr. Bergman's sickness and death--Rev. J. D. Schenck--Rev. E. A. Bolles--Difficulties at Ebenezer--Rev. P. A. Strobel-- Death of Mrs. Bergmaii---Rev. E. Kieffer--Rev. Or. Haiti--wanger--Rev. J. Austin---Present condition of the church --"Father Snider.",............... ................................... 249

The town of Ehene; of thia experimei

CHAPTER XIII. --Its present appearance--The

IS

CONTENTS.

England, Virginia, and the Carolina^--Ruyal Historical Society of Austria--Inquiries as to the fate of the Salzburgers answered--Religious and social influence of the Salz-

the first pastors--Dr. Hazelius's testimony--Present condi tion and pursuits of their descendants--Effingham county --General reflections--Conclusion.........................../'*^ 278

anb ijjor
CHAPTER I.
The causes which led to the Colonization of America--French, Colony in Florida--Colony of Massachusetts Bay--The Puri tans--Intolerance of the Church of England--The Salaburgors --Contrast between them and the Puritans--Injustice done to the former--The Origin of the Salzburgers--Their Persecutions by the Dukes of Savoy--They embrace the Doctrines of the Reformation--Cruelty toward their Pastors--The Valleys of Tcffereck--Their Retreats discovered--Mix i mil i an GudolphSalzburgers before the Bishop's urt at Hallein--Rene Persecutions--Sympathy of Protesta-nt States--Elector of B denburg--Corpus Evangelicun Return of the Teffer Duplicity and Treachery of the Catholic Authorities--Penalties
their Estates--Severe Sufferings of the Exilei oseph Scho.itberger--Remarkable Conversion of his Daughter--Sehaitbergei as an Author--The Confession of Faith--The Salzburg Emi grant's Song--Persecution under Leopold--Archbishopric o{ Salzburg--The City of Salzburg--Thirty Thousand Protestants Exiled--Their Reception by Pr< estant State
THE colonial history of our country derives much of its interest from, the fact, that many of the early settlers were those who had been ex patriated for conscience' sake and were brought

!!
S!
t*

20

THE SALZBURGHK5

hither by their high veneration for the gospel. Forsaking their country and their homes--sever ing all those ties which bind man so strongly to the place of his nativity--abandoning the com forts and endearments of civilized life, they came to the ^wilderness of America, that they might enjoy ^ithout restraint that great birthright of the immortal mind--"freedom to worship God" at a faith's pure shrine."
From the middle of the sixteenth to the latter part of the eighteenth century, companies of emigrants reached our shores from Great Britain and different parts of continental Europe, who were driven hither by the relentless persecutions of their religious adversaries. It is well known that those who came from England were out lawed by the bigotry and intolerance of the Established Church. By the act of Uniformity, passed in the reign of Edward "VI., the Church of England attempted to conform the opinions of all British subjects, as "well as their modes of worship, to her Canons and Liturgy- As might have been expected, these efforts to enslave the human mind and shackle the conscience were boldly resisted, and hundreds and thousands preferred imprisonment, exile, and even death, rather than endanger their spiritual interests by embracing error, or submitting their wills to "the commandments and ordinances of men." Those who came from the continent of Europe,

TJIEIR DESCENDANTS.

21

were Protestants, -who had embraced the doc trines of the Reformation, as taught by Luther or Calvin, as distinguished from the doctrines of the Church of Rome, and who were conse quently driven into exile, by the prescriptive and relentless spirit, which lias always charac terized that church.
As early as the year 1564, a colony of Hu guenots, or French Protestants, was planted in Florida by John Ribault, under the patronage of the noble and philanthropic Admiral Coligny. The cruel sufferings endured by these devoted Christians during the reigu of the imbecile Charles IX. and his perfidious mother, Cathe rine de Medtcis, compelled them to forsake the vine-clad hills and the beautiful vales of France, to seek in the wilderness of the "West, a retreat from the sword and fagot of the persecutor. Of the unhappy fate of this colony it is not neces sary to speak, further than to remark, that it was entirely destroyed in 1565 by Pedro MelendeZj the inhuman agent of the bigoted Philip II. of Spain,, who murdered all the colo nists, and completely devastated their settlement. , On the 22d of December, 1620, the colony of Massachusetts was commenced by the land ing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth Rock. These venerable men, as is well known, -were from England, where, by their rigid virtues and their resistance to the spiritual domination of

the Established Church, they had acquired the

name of Puritans, then a term of reproach, but

now synonymous with unostentatious piety, ster

ling integrity, and uncompromising opposition

to every species of despotism; and which shall

he forever identified with the great principles

of civil and religious freedom. By asserting

vrif it

the rights of conscience, and by refusing their assent to the unjust and unreasonable preten sions set up by the Church of England under

the sanction of the British parliament, they be

came obnoxious to the displeasure of their civil

and religious rulers. Arraigned before the

Court of High Commission, the Puritans boldly

asserted the principles of religious toleration,

and claimed the free exercise of their judgment

in all matters of faith. But in the liberal views

that they entertained, they were too far in ad

vance of the age in which they lived. They

were consequently condemned. Hundreds of

their ministers were deposed and deprived of

their livings, and with their flocks, sentenced

to imprisonment and the loss of country, and

even of life.

It was for these causes and under these cir

cumstances that the Pilgrims quitted the shores

of England, and sought, among the savages

of the New World, the free exercise of those

privileges which they had been denied in the

Old. Nor were they disappointed. Infusing

r AXD THEIR DESCENDANTS.
their principles into all their institutions, civil, political, and religions, they prepared the way for the establishment of that great fabric of American freedom, which is now the pride of their posterity and the admiration of the civi lized world. And by the influence which they exerted in shaping the destines of this republic, they have erected for themselves a monument which shall be coequal with our national ex istence.
"Without stopping to notice other colonies of less importance, we pass on to the one which is more especially the subject of this little volume. We allude to the colony of Salaburgers, which, was planted in Georgia in 1733. It has often been a matter of surprise^ that so little notice has been taken of this colony in the various histories of our country which have been published from time to time. Like the Pil grim Fathers, the Salzburgers were the victims of religious persecution: like them they were driven from their country and their homes on account of their unwavering attachment to the principles of the gospel; and there is a striking parellel in their characters and their early his tory. \ If the Puritans could boast of the vene rable Robinson, as their pastor, the Salzburgers could point to their Bolzius and Gronau. If the Puritans were proud of Brewster and Car ver, of Bradford, arid Wiuslow, and Standish,

24

THE SALZBUBaERS

the Salsbiirgers had their Van Reck, and Vatt, and Hermsdorf, and Dreisler, all men of mark, and who, in point of energy, firmness of princi ple, powers of endurance, and upright and con sistent character, would compare favourably with any of the fathers of New England. But while the story of the Pilgrims has been a fruitful theme for the historian and the poet, the Salzburgers have either been entirely overlooked, or their history has been, sketched very hastily and unsatisfactorily. This may be owing, in a mea sure, to the comparatively secluded spot which they selected for their settlement, together with the quietness and unobtrusivenoss of their cha racter. Beside which, the prevalence of the German language among them, the little inter course which they cultivated with their English neighbours, and the preservation of their records in their native language, have no doubt all tended to obscure them, and deprive them of that position in the annals of our country to which their sufferings, their virtues, and their influence so justly entitle them.
The most satisfactory accounts of this inte resting people which have been published in this country, are to be found in the collections of the Georgia Historical Society, Bancroft's History of the United States, Dr. Hazelius' History of the American Lutheran Church, and Dr. Steven's History of Georgia. But -while

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.
these authors have done much to rescue the Salzburgers from the obscurity into which they had been permitted to pass, it was not to have been expected, from the very character of these publications, that ample justice could have been done to the subject.
In attempting a particular history of the jSalzburc/ers, it must be admitted that the work is attended with difficulty. Many of their re cords have been lost or destroyed, and those which have been preserved are so voluminous, and at the same time comprise so much matter that is of very little historical importance, that it would require months, if not years, of patient research to investigate them thoroughly. All that we shall aim at, therefore, will be, to notice briefly the origin of the Salzburgers, and the immediate causes which led to the planting of the colony in Greorgia, with an account of their settlement at Ebenezer, and so much of their subsequent history as may be deemed of general interest. \ The Salzburgers were descended from the Vallenses, a name derived from the Alpine valleys of Piedmont, and which was applied to all who had emigrated into that region, espe cially from the East. The Vallenses had, for several centuries prior to the Reformation, op posed the corruptions of the Church of Kome, and had consequently exposed themselves to

26

THE SALZBURGER3

severe persecutions, especially at the hands of the Dukes of Savoy, "who -waged against them a war of extermination, j We may properly enu merate in their history ten hloody persecutions, from the establishment of their church in the commencement of the fifteenth century, until their exodus, which occurred toward the middle of the eighteenth century. ; To escape the dan gers to "which they were exposed, and to enjoy the free exercise of their religion, they were compelled to secrete themselves in the most in accessible mountains of Dauphine in Prance, and the Alps of Switzerland and the Tyrol. Here, in their mountain retreats, secluded from the enjoyments of more civilized life, amid the wild majesty and grandeur of nature, they wor shipped God in the true simplicity of the gos pel, holding communion with Him,'" who prefers above all temples the upright heart and pure;" and acquiring continually, by a faithful improve ment of their advantages, a fitness for that king dom where the foot of the oppressor shall never enter, and the conflicts of the faithful shall end in everlasting peace and glory.
Nor were they content in seeking their own improvement: embarrassing as their circum stances no doubt were, they felt that it was their duty to embrace every opportunity to im part to others those religious truths which they had derived from the sacred Scriptures. Hence,

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

27

as far as their situation would permit, they were constantly engaged in efforts to dissemi nate the doctrines of Christianity among the untutored inhabitants of those mountainous re gions. And their labour of love was ncrf in vain; for through their instructions, and more especially by the purity of their lives, hundreds were "won to the cause of truth.
33u.t this favourable state of things, which had continued for many years, was interrupted in the commencement of the seventeenth century. pThe doctrines of tbe Reformation, as taught by Luther and Calvin, having been proclaimed throughout Europe, found their way to the re treats of these devoted Christiana^*, and panting, as they no doubt did, for clearer views of reli gious truth, they readily embraced the doctrines of the reformed faith, and identified themselves with the friends of evangelical religion, t When, therefore, the Church of Rome determined to stop the progress of the Reformation, by perse cuting and if need be, by exterminating all who favoured it, these devoted people again became the subjects of Popish superstition and rage. They were hunted like wild beasts by the emis saries of Rome, and made to suffer every cruelty and indignity which the malice of man could possibly devise. One of their ministers, An thony Brassus, was decapitated, and, as if to add insult to injury, his head was nailed to his pul-

THE SALZBURGEES

pit;;ofchers were scourged with such severity that !

they expired at the whipping-post; and every ;

pastor who fell Into the hands of the priests was I

put to death under the most revolting circum- (,

stances, Nor were the lay members of these ,<

churches more fortunate than their spiritual ;

shepherds. Some wore blown up with gunpowder,

others were driven into barns and houses, and I

suffocated, or made to perish amid the flames '-

of their own dwellings. /' Neither age nor sex ;..

procured exemption from the cruelties of these j_

inhuman monsters; and nothing but the provi- |

dential escape of a small number, saved this en- r

tire people from extermination.

|

t Those who survived this persecution retreated F

into the secluded valleys of Tefferecki (Here

they remained undisturbed, maintaining their

religious principles amid great poverty and

di&tress, but still with unshaken confidence

in G-od, $ though, they knew not how soon they

would be exposed to new forms of cruelty and

death. At the expiration of about seventy

years, (during -which time Protestantism was

supposed to be extinct in the Archbishopric of

Salzburg,) a whole congregation of Christians

was discoved to exist, and it was ascertained

that it had maintained its organisation and regu

lar worship for more than half a century., Tef-

fereck is a valley of Salzburg, on the borders

of the Tyrol, in the district called "VFmdisch-

H?*r

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

29

Matrey; and in its solitudes and an the depths and darkness of its ravines, true faith, seemed long to have found a safe retreat. The people had no minister or public instructor of any kind, but met together by night, in thick forests, or in the mines for mutual edification, by singing and prayer ; reading of the Scriptures, Luther's and Spangenberg's sermons, the Augsburg Con fession, the Shorter Catechism, and other good books. These were carefully perused in the families of such as could read, and the doctrines which they inculcated were communicated to their children and more intimate associates. In public, they occasionally attended the services of the Romish, Church and partook of the Sacra ment, but they were still regarded with suspi cion by the public authorities, and were stigma tized by the priests as < Secret Lutherans." Still they continued for a long time to enjoy some thing like peace. But as their numbers in creased, they began to be watched more carefully, and the appointment for that suffragan of a priest who had been educated by the Jesuits, finally brought matters to a crisis. This man was exceedingly haughty and violent, and fre quently denounced the pure doctrines of the gospel, which he suspected that these people had embraced. Hence their attendance at church became less and less frequent, and some of them, when, there, arose and left the house when they
3*

.,_

80

THE SALZBUBGERS

heard what they regarded as the most essential

truths of Christianity misrepresented and blas

m

phemed. The reigning bishop, Maximilian Graudolph was speedily informed of the state of things, and he immediately cited two of

their number before his court at Hallein. Upon

appearing in his presence, he asked where

their Lutheran books were, and demanded to

know why they did not attend confession and

mass ? Upon honestly confessing their senti

ments, they were thrown into prison and put

into chains. During three days' confinement

they were treated with the utmost severity, after

which they were conveyed to Salzburg, to be ex

amined before a higher coxirt. Here they were

again asked whether they were Lutherans or

Papists ; and upon their answering that they

believed the Lutheran doctrines to be clearly

founded upon the gospel, they were again im

prisoned for fifty days. While in prison two old

Capuchin monks were sent to convert them, but

these priestly confessors could not shake their

faith, being themselves discomfited by the apt

quotations that these humble Christians made

from the sacred Scriptures. Reason, or rather

sophistry, failing to make any impression, resort

was had to torture and the most terrible threat-

enings; but these witnesses for the truth re

mained firm. At length, they were required to

furnish, the archbishop with a written confession

I

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

81

of their faith. With this demand they cheer fully complied, and accompanied their confession with a very humble petition, that they might either be tolerated in their native land,. or al lowed to depart from it with their wives and chil dren. This confession was drawn up by Joseph Schaitberger, a poor miner, who had enjoyed no opportunities of education out of his own family, but it is in all respects a remarkable document. It commences thus:--"Most noble Prince, our most gracious Lord: Those are truly strong and terrible words, which our Lord Jesus Christ him self has spoken to hypocritical Christians, who deny their faith before the world, when he says: 'He that is ashamed of me and denies me be fore men, of him will I be ashamed, and will deny him before my Father and the holy angels.' Luke ix. and Matt. x. These words, may it please your princely grace, move us netto deny our faith before men? lest we should prove to be hypocrites in the sight of God and of men, which, may God prevent." They then proceed to say, that his highness must be aware, that they had always conducted themselves as dutiful subjects, but that as regarded things spiritual, they feit themselves bound to obey God, rather than man; and while "rendering unto Ceesar the things that are Caesar's, to render unto God the things that are God's." In reference, therefore, to the two points on which

32

THE SALZBURGERS

they were specifically interrogated, viz. the wor ship of saints and the Lord's Supper, they would express themselves as simply as they could, in explanation of what they believed to be in ac cordance with the plain teachings of the word of Grod. In doing this, they very clearly an nounced their faith in the great doctrines of Christianity, especially the doctrine of justifica tion by faith alone; and occasionally refer to the Augsburg Confession and declare their agree ment with its teachings. In reference to the Lord's Supper, they thus expressed themselves : "As it regards the Holy Supper and Testament of our Lord Jesus Christ, it rests most heavily upon our hearts and consciences, in view of our soul's salvation, as one of our highest duties. But that we have not hitherto drank, according to Christ's command, the blood of Christ in the cup, this "vve and our forefathers have ever lamented, for it 3s indeed written, 'Drink ye all of it,' that is not only priests, but all men,
Matt, xxvi."
The result of this confession was a universal
persecution of all, who were even suspected of
having embraced these "heretical" views. They
were refused employment, and their property
was all taken from them. Their books were
seized whenever found, and either torn or burnt.
They were put to hard labour upon bread and
water for fourteen days, and then required to

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

3-3

recant. Some few were subdued by these cruel ties, and such were required to renounce Lutheranism, as a new and damnable heresy, and pro fess their faith, in all the doctrines of the papacy, such as the mass, the intercession of the Virgin Mary and other saints, the sufficiency of the sacraments under one form, purgatory, &c. Others endeavoured to flee, with, their wives and children in the dead of winter, and left all their earthly possessions behind. But not even this privilege was accorded to them by their re lentless persecutors. Their children were taken from them, under the pretence of giving them religious instruction. From one thousand pa rents who were driven from their country during the years 1684 to 1686, not less than six hun dred children are said to have been taken. The accounts given by the fugitives of the indigni ties and cruelties to which they had been sub jected, finally excited the sympathy of those Protestant princes in whose territories they had sought for refuge. About the commencement of the year 1685, Fredrick William, Elector of Brandenburg, addressed a letter to the Arch bishop of Salzburg, in which he mildly remon strated against these proceedings, and expressed the hope that they were unauthorized by his grace, especially as they were in direct violation of the peace of Westphalia. He also intimated, that in the absence of every other consideration,

34

THE SALZBURGTERS

prudence alone would dictate another course, as Protestant states might become so incensed by such conduct as to retaliate upon their Roman Catholic subjects. In June o*f the same year, the evangelical representatives, (Corpus Evangelicum,) assembled at Regensburg, also addressed a remonstrance to the archbishop, who replied) that these people vrore neither Lutheran nor licformed, and consequently could not claim the benefits of the treaty of "Westphalia. But the evangelical body reiterating their demands early in. the following year, and claiming these exiles as their brethren in a common faith, the episcopal government had no longer any pretext for their violent and illegal conduct, and the Catholic authorities agreed to restore to the Protestants their children and their rights of property. Filled with joy and holy gratitude, a number of the Teffereckers hastened to their once happy valley, provided with every thing which was regarded as necessary to establish their rights as parents and citizens. Great, however, was their surprise, when the Salzburg magistrate, Wolff Adam, to whom they reported themselves, "without giving them an audience, thus addressed them: "What are you doing here, you Lutheran dogs ? Where are your passports ?" These being produced, he continued his revilings while he sent for a priest to assist in their examination. Upon, his arrival their

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

S5

packs were searched, and all their hooks taken from them, with this remark, "When we have our baking done, we will use these books to heat the oven." That night these devoted Christians were kept in prison under a guard of twenty soldiers, and the next morning they were ordered to pay a fine of thirty-four florins. Upon, their demurring to do so, they were threatened with additional cruelties, until ome of their immber gave an order for the amount, to he raised from his property in the valley, upon which a guard conducted them over the frontier, and warned them never again to attempt to enter the country. Representations were duly made to the arch bishop in. relation to the conduct of his subordi nates and an examination was professedly made, hut the accused party escaped with a light repri mand. Finally, the archbishop endeavoured to extricate himself from all censure, by alleging that the valley of Tefiereck was not under his jurisdiction, but a part of the Tyrol, and so sub ject to the Emperor of Austria. All represen tations made to the Imperial court were equally unavailing; and thus these poor people were stripped of all their earthly possessions. Nor was this all. Their wives and children were wrested from them, except when they succeeded in penetrating the country, and, despite the vigi lance of the guards, carried off sometimes a wife, sometimes a child, or perhaps in a few

86

THE SALZBimOERS

cases, their whole family. During all this time, their sufferings were indescribable. Driven from their homes, they had no place of shelter. Deprived of all employment, they were destitute of the means of providing the necessaries of life. Going forth in the dead of -winter, they suffered incredibly from cold and hunger, so that many, after reaching some Protestant state, perished from exhaustion. Still more melancholy was the fate of those from whom their children were torn, and given into the hands of their bitterest enemies, to be trained up under the most dangerous and ruinous errors.
One of the most remarkable of these sufferers was Joseph ScJictitberger^ to whom reference has already been made as the author of the Confession of Faith, which was presented to the archbishop. He was born on the 18th of March, 1658, at Durenburg, in the district of Hallein, about two Grerman miles from the city of Salzburg. His parents were both, pious and decid edly attached to the evangelical faith, in which he was carefully educated. Being early taught to read by his brother, (who was a schoolmaster,} he soon manifested the deepest lore for the sacred Scriptures, so that, like the Psalmist, he ^ meditated in them by day and by night," and consequently became intimately acquainted with them. He was condemned by the archbishop's court as a heretic, and his two daughters taken

^ppp^^p1"~

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

37

from him. He returned twice to recover them, but never succeeded. One of them, however, was finally restored to him in a most remarkable manner. Educated as a most zealous and bigot ed Catholic, she had been taught to regard her father as a heretic, for whom there was no hope of salvation. When she had grown up, and was married, she became so interested in his eternal welfare as to make a journey to Nuremberg, where he was then residing, for the purpose of attempting his conversion. Her filial piety was rewarded ; for the conversations with her father were so blessed to her, that she became a con vert to the true faith, and after vainly attempt ing to induce her husband to follow her ex ample, she spent the rest of her life, a voluntary exile, in Nuremburg, knowing that she would not be allowed to exercise her religion in Salzburg.
After his banishment, Schaitberger at first supported himself by cutting wood and other severe manual labour in the city in which he had taken refuge. But his zeal for religion knew no abatement, and he devoted himself to the spiritual interests of his countrymen, especially those whom he had left behind in Salzburg.
Besides visiting them on various occasions, ho wrote letters and religious tracts for their instruc tion and edification, and poured forth his devout feelings in hymns admirably adapted to their

38

THE SALZBXJRGERS

circumstances. The influence of tliese simple productions, though for a long time circulated in manuscript, appears to have been very extraordi nary- It is not known at what time they were first printed, but it wag certainly some years after their good effects became manifest. They were, however, at length collected into a small volume, which was eagerly sought by the vast body of Protestants, who seemed suddenly to spring up from the soil out of which, it was sup posed, that every germ of evangelical truth had been eradicated. As that immense body of martyrs wended their way to Prussia and other parts of Protestant Germany, and even to Holland and America, they were everywhere heard singing his simple hymns, especially that which was call ed "The Exile's Hymn," a translation of which is here appended. We are indebted for this translation, as well as much of the information in regard to Schaitberger, to L>r. Reynolds, Pre sident of Capitol University, Columbus, (Ohio.") Schaitberger lived to see this great work of re vival in Salxburg, as he died at Nuremburg, toward the close of 1733. His last years were rendered comfortable by the provision made for him by the magistrate of the city, to whom he had so strongly recommended himself by his unblemished life.

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.
THE SALZBURG EMIGRANT'S SONG.
I AM a wretched exile here-- Thus must my name be given--
From native land and all's thai dear, For God's word, I am driven.
Full well I know, Lord Jesus Christ, Thy treatment was no better:
Thy follower I now will be ; To do thy will I'm debtor.
O faithful God ! be thou my stay ; I give me to thy keeping;
Forsake mo not in this my day, Nor when in death I'm sleeping-
Thy faith I freely have confessed: Dare I deny it ? Never !
Not though they call me " heretic," And soul and body sever.
My ornament, the galling chain ; For Jesus' sake I wear it, While in his faith I bear it.

40

THE SALZBURG-BUS

^llj!': 1$fe' Iv :?jf!j. : j: r jri' i? f

Thy will, 0 God ! be done ! May I Still cheerfully ohoy tbce !
And may thy arm of power and love Encompass still, and stay mo !
For Christ's sake, I am going, And see in heaven, reserved for in
A crown with glory glowing.

Where I may have thy glorious word, And learn thy great salvation.
And though la this dark valo of tears
I know that thou to heaven, at length, My ransomed soul will carry!
We come now to spoak of tlie persecution which brought thoser emigrants to America who

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

41

are more especially the subjects of this narra tive. For forty years the persecuted Protest ants who resided in the glens and fastnesses of the Alps had been permitted to enjoy their re ligion in comparative quiet. But, as we have intimated, their doctrines "were spreading with too much rapidity, and it was therefore deemed necessary, to interpose the strong arm of civil power to arrest their further progress. This persecution, which was the most cruel and ex tensive of any that preceded it, "was begun at the instance and under the direction of Leopold, Count of Firmain and Archbishop of Salzburg, who, having discovered that many of his subjects had renounced the religion of Rome, determined either to reduce them to submission or to extir pate them from his dominions.
The Archbishopric of Salzburg comprised at this time, the Suffragans of Friessingcn, Ilatisbon, Passau, Chiemre, Seckau, Lavant, Briscen, Gurk, and iNeustadt, and contained, according to some authorities, a population of not less than 150,000 souls. We cannot ascertain exactly what was the proportion of Protestants within its juris diction, but it must have been considerable, if we may judge from the large numbers who were compelled to seek a place of safety in other countries. This archbishopric was then tbo most eastern district of Bavaria, but now forms a detached province in Upper Austria. It is

.5 m

42

THE SALZEURG.EBS

called Salzburg, from the broad valley of the Salza, which is made by the approximating of the ISTorric and Rlietian Alps. All who resided in this region were consequently denominated Salzburgers.
Salzburg is the principal city in this district, and as a matter of history it may not be inap propriate to remark, that it is a place of great antiquity. It was destroyed by Attila in the year 448, but was afterward rebuilt by the Ba varian dukes, at the request of St, Rupert. It was the birthplace of the famous Paracelsus, and here his ashes repose. It contains the re mains of the ancient Roman baths, from which many valuable antiquities have been obtained. The population is estimated at 15,000. It is the only fortress in Upper Austria.
Returning from this short digression, we re mark that the persecution under Leopold com menced in 1729, and continued with unabated violence until 1732. The objects of his rage were sought out and pursued by the priests and soldiery of Rome, and experienced every species of outrage which an unbridled fanaticism could suggest. Resort was had to whipping and im prisonment, and when these failed the unhappy victims were murdered or banished, and their property confiscated. All the natural and sacred ties of life were disregarded. Husbands and wives were separated. Children were torn from

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

43

the embraces of their parents, and forced into monasteries for education in the Romish faith. During this persecution upward of THIRTY THOU SAND Protestants were exiled, and compelled to seek for safety and peace among their Protestant brethren. Nor were the hearts of those brethren closed against them. Twenty thousand were received in the Prussian dominions, and many of them took up their abode in Wurtemburg, Baden, the city of Augsburg, and other free cities of Swabia. Some also emigrated to Hol land and England, where they were received with kindness and Christian sympathy, and every effort made to relieve their wants and mitigate their sufferings. Though persecuted, they were not forsaken. Though they were forced to wander about as outcasts from the land of their nativity, yet God was with them, and in the course of his providence was prepar ing the way, for their permanent escape from, spiritual despotism, and was about to transplant some of them at least, to a better country; where, freed from the fear of man, they could worship Him without molestation, and under cir cumstances far more favourable, than any in which they had been placed in their much-loved fatherland.

THE SALZBDESBKS
CHAPTER II.
Ocorgia-^Tifty foinili Provision made by tht
Jr homes--IHO f--Hospitalitiet
WHILE the scenes recorded in the latter part of the previous chapter were transpiring, events were occurring in England, which in the provi dence of God, were destined to result in lasting benefits to the Salzburgers. In 1732, a charter \vas granted by Charles II. to twenty-one noble men and gentlemen in England, constituting

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

45

them a body corporate, by the name of, " The Trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia, in America." The design of this enterprise, as stated by the trustees themselves, was not only to provide a home and the means of subsistence for the indigent inhabitants of Great Britain, but also to furnish " a refuge for the distressed Salzburgers and other Protestants." This colony was planted by General James Oglethorpe, who arrived in Georgia, with" the first company of English settlers, on the 20th of January, 1733, and laid the foundation of the city of Savannah.
]N"o sooner was this corporation organized and its objects made known, than the " Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge" began to interest itself for the removal of some of the Salzburgers to Georgia; and as early as the 12th of October, 1732, they made application to the "Trustees" to aid them in their benevolent de signs. The "Trustees" did not feel authorized at this time, to do more for the Salzburgers than to offer them grants of land in their new colony; all the funds which they controlled having been raised for a different purpose. Steps were how ever immediately taken, to ascertain whether any of the German Protestants were willing to remove to Georgia, and become British subjects; sub mitting themselves to such rules as the "Trus tees" might prescribe. " The Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge" opened a

46

THE SALZBUftGERS

correspondence with several prominent Protest ant ministers in different parts of Germany, in order to ascertain if the Salzburgers were disposecl to avail themselves of their kind offices, and remove to the asylum which it was proposed to provide for them in America.
From their correspondents the Society" learned, that there were hundreds of the perse cuted Protestants who were not only willing, hut anxious to emigrate. This fact was communicated to the "Trustees," who, warranted "by a special fund, recently raised for the purpose, sent in December, 1732, an invitation to fifty families of the Salzbufgers to remove to Georgia.
At the same time, the venerable " Society" proposed to pay their expenses from Germany to Rotterdam, and to furnish the means to sup port among them a'pastor and a catechist. Various causes prevented the immediate execu tion of these plans. In the mean time, a liberal grant of money was made by the British Parlia ment to aid the colony, which, together withthree or four thousand pounds from private bene factions, enabled the "Trustees" to carry out more fully the benevolent intentions of the Society. They consequently wrote again, to Germany and requested that a portion of the Salzburgers might be sent over to England, to prepare for their transportation to America; and, in the mean time, money and articles of

L

AND THEIR. DESCENDANTS.

4T

clothing were forwarded to the continent, to .supply their -wants and relieve their distresses during the journey.
One cannot but admire the liberality w-hich the trustees displayed, in the terms upon -which they proposed to transplant these poor, perse cuted Germans to their new colony. To such as were deemed worthy of their patronage, they advanced the funds necessary to - pay their pas sage and furnish sea-stores. On arriving in Georgia, each Salzburger was to receive three lots. One for a house and yard within the town, and one for a garden near the town, and one for tillage at a short distance from the town, (the whole embracing fifty acres,) said lands to be a free-hold to them and to their heirs for ever." In addition to this, the trustees engaged to furnish them with provisions until their lands could be made available for their own support. In consideration, of these very liberal grants, the Salzburgers were to obligate themselves to .obey the trustees' orders, and become citizens of Georgia, with all the rights and privileges of Englishmen.
The necessary arrangements having all been completed, the first company of emigrants be gan to prepare for their journey. These wore from the town of Berchtolsgaden and its vicinity. One may readily imagine the varied sensations of these devoted Christians, as the time drew

48

THE SALZBURGERS

near which was to witness their departure from their homes and their country. True, they had there endured severe persecutions and trials; but they were men whose natural affections had been refined by the mild influences of Christianity, and, with all its faults, they loved their country still. There, too, were the scenes of their childhood, endeared by all the fond recollections of early life, and hallowed by those religious associations so peculiarly grateful to the pious heart. Yet, how dear soever were their native hills and vales, and painfully pleasing as were many of the re miniscences of the past, they could not have failed to realize that they were the objects of a cruel hate, and that they held their property and their lives at the disposal of a merciless foe. Beside, their religious principles, which they esteemed more precious than life, had been de nounced as heresy, and the right to worship God in accordance with their "views and feel ings had been denied them. Thus circumstanced, how peculiarly grateful must hare been the pros pects which unfolded themselves to their vision, as they contemplated their removal from what might, with propriety, be styled the land of their captivity and cruel oppression, to a country where, freed from the restrictions now imposed upon them., and placed beyond the reach of their spiritual enemies, they could worship the God of their fathers without hindrance, and secure to

r
L

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

49

themselves and their posterity a heritage of freedom.
At length the day for their departure arrived. Behold now these piou pilgrims about to leave forever their country and their homes. " Thev were indeed a noble army of martyrs going forth, in the strength of God, and triumphing in the faith of the gospel, under the severest hard ships and the most rigorous persecutions. They were marshalled under no banners, save that of the cross, and were preceded by no leaders, save their spiritual teachers and the great Cap tain of their salvation."* They carried with them no weapons, save their hymn-books and their Bibles, and as they journeyed they made the air vocal with their praises to Him who, though he had permitted them to be persecuted and even exiled, had not left them without protec tion and friends, nor given them up into the hands of their oppressors.
Setting out on foot, the direction of their journey required them to pass through Bavaria, and at almost every step they were exposed to insult. Whenever it suited the Catholic author ities, these wanderers were turned aside from their course, and every effort was made to em barrass them and render their situation unplea sant. But no hindrances could check their

50

THE SALZBURGERS

zeal, no promises or threats could change their determination. Onward they march, through the midst of foes, until at last they pass the territory of Bavaria, and arrive before the gates of the free city of Augsburg, in Swabla. But the gates of that renowned city were closed against them.*
This was indeed a severe trial. In this very place, two hundred years previously, IVIelancthon and Luther had presented to the Emperor Charles V. and the assembled princes of Germany, that venerable symbol of the reformed faith which from this city received the name of the A.wgsburff Confession.^ It was for embracing this confession, and for their consistent and unwa vering maintenance of its doctrines, that they had endured so much persecution, and were now wandering in exile, seeking for a home in a dis tant and unknown clime. However, though at first repulsed, the officers of the city, overawed by the Protestant inhabitants, reluctantly ad mitted the emigrants, and their Lutheran bre thren immediately made provision for their enter tainment and the supply of their wants. Here for a season they rested, enjoying the kind hos pitality of their Christian friends, and gathering from their sympathy and their offices of love, fresh, courage and encouragement for the

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

51

further prosecution of their long and tedious journey.
The news of the arrival of the Salzhurgers at Augsburg, soon spread through the neighbour ing countries, and now it would seem that the sympathies of evangelical Christians were gene rally aroused on their behalf, Not only did the Lutheran pastors and their flocks manifest a, deep interest in their "welfare, but princes, pro fessors, and students in the universities and colleges vied with each other in doing honour to those who, in obeying the dictates of their con sciences and yielding to a sense of religious ob ligation, had preferred banishment, rather than renounce their attachment to the gospel.*
On the 21st day of October, 1733, the Salzburgers recommenced their pilgrimage, after a. discourse and prayer, and a benediction. This company of emigrants consisted of forty-two men, with their families, numbering in all seventyeigJit persons. The arrangements for their trans portation to Georgia had been previously made with the "Trustees," by the venerable Samuel Urlspergcr, then pastor of the Lutheran church of St. Ann in the city of Augsburg, who be stowed special attention upon them during their sojourn, and ever afterward watched over their welfare with the solicitude of an affectionate

52

THE SALZBUKGERS

father. On leaving the city, the Salzburgers, were furnished by their friends, with three rude carts, in one of which they placed their baggage, while the others conveyed their feeble women and helpless children ; the rest travelled on foot. It was under such circumstances that they began their weary march, as pilgrims seeking a better country.
The sojourn, of the Salzburgers in Augsburg was not without its practical effects upon the in habitants of the city. The power of the gospel was so strikingly exemplified in the patience and. fortitude which they displayed amid all their sufferings, and they evinced a spirit of such deep and fervent piety in their general deportment, that by their example many were awakened, and the churches were blessed with a very gracious revival of religion. Thus, while they were flying from persecution, God was employing their instrumentality in multiplying the triumphs of evangelical truth.
After leaving Augsburg, the incidents con nected with their journey varied according to the religious character of the country through which they passed. At one time they are en couraged by the hospitality and sympathy of friends; at other times, exposed to the scoffs and maltreatment of their enemies. To-day they receive every assistance which Christian kindness can suggest; to-morrow they are

AND THEIR ."DESCENDANTS.

53

threatened by tlicir adversaries, and turned aside from their "way by their intolerant enemies. But amid the most trying circumstances they wore cheerful and happy, always looking up to the throne of God with joyful hope, and sus tained by the promise, "I will never leave you nor forsake you."
Pursuing their weary pilgrimage, they arrived at length at the Protestant city of Frankfort, in Kassau. The burghers of the city, hearing of their approach, went out to meet and welcome them, and extend to them a hospitable recep tion. We can easily imagine with what warm enthusiasm these Christian men greeted the toilworn exiles, and how affecting was the scene, as they embraced each other as the disciples of the same Saviour, and as the professors of a common faith. Their salutations being over, and the first gust of feeling having subsided, a procession was formed, headed by the pious burghers, and they marched into the city two by two. And how solemn and imposing their entrance ! oSTo clangour of trumpets, no notes of martial music herald their approach. They pass into the city, not amid the shouts of the noisy multitude, but singing one of those beau tiful psalms in which they had been wont, in their native land, to pour forth the pious aspi rations of their souls to their Saviour and their God. This little incident speaks volumes in

54

THE SALZBUBGEKS

testimony of the truly devotional spirit which characterized these people, and shows, too, that their strength lay in the simplicity of their faith.
At Frankfort, as at Augsburg, the Salzburgers experienced every attention which Christian affec tion could suggest a.nd an ample charity pro vide. After remaining hero for a few days to refresh themselves, and to partake of the bounty of their "brethren, they embarked upon the Maine, and soon found themselves iloating upon the waters of the beautiful Rhine. "As they passed be tween the castled crags, the vineyards, and the white-walled towns that adorn its banks, their conversation, amid hymns and psalms, is of jus tification and sanctification."* Thus employed, the hours glided away, not only pleasantly but profitably, and they realizes every day more fully the joys and consolations of that religion for the enjoyment of which they had suffered the loss of all things.
On the 27th of !Nov ember they reached the city of Rotterdam. Here they were joined by their chosen teachers, the Rev. John Martin Bolzius, and Rev. Israel Christian Gronau. The former had been superintendent of the Latin Orphan House at Halle, and the latter a tutor in the same institution. These pious men, in the exercise of a truly missionary spirit, had

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consented to relinquish the lucrative and honour able positions which they held in the institution at Halle, that they might accompany the Sa-lzburgers to Georgia, and minister to their spiritual wants. Subsequent events showed, that this im portant trust was confided to those who were in every respect worthy of it. Very little is known of the early history of Messrs. Uolzius and Groiiau. All that has been ascertained in refe rence to Mr. Bolzius is, that he was born on the loth of December, 1703, and ordained to the gospel ministry on the llth of November, 1733.
After staying for a week at Rotterdam, the emigrants, in company with their pastors, em barked on board of one of the Trustees' ships on the 2d of December. Their passage down the English Channel was a long and tedious one, the weather having been boisterous and the winds adverse.
On the 21st day of December they arrived safely at Dover, in England. Here they were visited by the "Trustees," who bestowed 011 them every attention which their circumstances seemed to require. Nor did they fail to engage the sympathies of their English friends. Their piety and humility, their exemplary conduct under all circumstances, together with the suf ferings and privations which they had endured in the cause of Christian truth, commended them to the confidence and the kind regards of

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all who were capable of appreciating their vir tues or pitying their wrongs.
The arrangements for their voyage to America were made with all reasonable despatch, and the 28tli day of December was fixed upon as the time for their departure for their new homes. The Trustees administered to ea.ch Salzburgcr an "oath of strict piety, loyalty, and fidelity," after which they spent several hours in devo tional exercises.* Their pastor preached to them an. appropriate sermon from the words, (Isa. xlix. 10,) "lie that hath mercy on them win lead them." In this address he endea voured, by reviewing the mercies which they had experienced under the most trying circum stances, to inspire them, with fresh confidence in tL. goodness of God. He encouraged them to believe, that Pic who had hitherto been their protector, and had defended them against all the machinations of their enemies, would watch over them amidst the dangers of the trackless ocean, as well as those to which they might he exposed in the strange land whither they were going. After singing a hymn and uniting in prayer, the Purisburg, (the first ship conveying German emigrants,) unfolded her sails, and the first company of Salzburgors who were to aid in the colonization of Georgia, departed for their distant home.

DESCENDANTS.
CHAPTER III.
Liberality of General Oglethorp try --Description of the country--D
--Other trials--Sickni tracts from Mr. Bolzi.
To one who has always resided at a distance from the sea-board, few objects appear more awfully grand than the mighty ocean, with Its seemingly boundless space of waters. Nowhere will man be more fully impressed with a sense of his dependence than when he is isolated from the rest of the world, and left to the mercy of the winds and waves. If at any time the soul is disposed for holy contemplation, it must be

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when man is removed far away from human succour and in the consciousness of his own help lessness is forced to meditate upon the power and goodness of his Creator.
Such was now the situation of the Salzburgers. Coming from the interior of Europe, they knew nothing of the ocean, except what they had heard; and to them the perils of a voyage at sea no doubt assumed a fearful cha racter. Launched upon its bosom, every thing was new to them, and they knew not which to admire most, its strangeness or its sublimity. But though its wonders inspired them with awe and humility, their hearts, sustained by a holy fortitude, experienced no fear; and no sooner did the. shores of England vanish from their vision, than they broke forth in psalms of praise to Him "who measures the waters in the hollow of His hands." Every day furnished them with new subjects of contemplation. The ocean hushed into repose, or lashed by the winds into furious commotion ; the dark and lowering storm howl ing through their vessel; the gentle breezes wafting them gayly on their course, all supply them with themes of thanksgiving, and awaken in their souls new emotions of gratitude.
!N"or did they, in the exciting scenes which surrounded them, neglect their spiritual im provement. Blessed "with the presence of two pious teachers, much of their time was spent in

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religious conversation. Daily worship was ob served ; and when the Sabbath arrived, their ship became their Bethel, where they were favored with the faithful preaching of the gos pel, and enjoyed, as far as their situation would permit, all the privileges of the sanctuary.
After a perilous passage of one hundred and four days, they reached Charleston, S. C., early in March, 17-34. Here they providentially met General Oglcthorpe, who had gone thither for the purpose of making a voyage to England, with a view to procure reinforcements for the colony. As soon, however, as he heard of the arrival of the Salzhurgers, with his usual "benevolence of heart he relinquished his intended journey, and returned to Georgia to aid these exiles in making an advantageous settlement.
Remaining in Charleston a few days, the Salzhurgers re-embarked on the 9tli clay of March. On the llth they entered the Savan nah River, This, according to the Lutheran Calendar, was ** Reminiscere Sunday." Here was indeed! a striking coincidence, and the oc casion suggested a train of very pleasing reflec tions. jS"o doubt they recalled the memories of other days, when they endured so much afflic tion for conscience sake ; and in dwelling upon the scenes of trial through which they had passed, the kindness with which God had safely conducted them through every danger, and the

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THE SALZBURG EB.S

favourable prospects which now opened to them, their hearts were oppressed by a sense of gratitude too great for utterance. But amid the associations of this hallowed day their minds were calm. The promises of peace and mercy tranquillized their spirits, and no anxious cares for the future disturbed their repose. One of their number, in a letter to a friend in Germany, speaks thus of this occasion: "While we lay off the banks of our dear Georgia, in a very lovely calm, and heard the birds singing sweetly, all was cheerful on board. It was really edify ing to us, that we came to the borders of the promised land this day, when, as we are taught by its lessons from the gospel, Jesus came to the sea-coast after he had endured persecution and rejection by his countrymen."* To com memorate tills day, it was resolved to celebrate it as an annual festival of thanksgiving to God ; and this practice was observed for a very long period.
On the 12th of March, the Salzburgers reached Savannah, and here a truly cordial reception was given them. They were greeted with the acclamations of the colonists, and entertained with every mark of hospitality. General Oglethorpe himself went down, to the river to meet and wel come them to their new homes, and with his accus tomed liberality offered to give them any of the un-

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appropriated lands upon which they might prefer to settle, and to furnish them with every facility that he could command. Such, were the favour able circumstances under which these pilgrims reached the land of their adoption.
Mr. Bolzius, in his journal, under date of March 11, 1734, says, " At the place of our landing almost all the inhabitants of Savannah were gathered together. They fired off some cannon, and cried huzza I which, was answered by our sailors, and other English people in our ship, in the same manner. A good dinner was prepared for us. We, the commissary, and Dr. Twiffler, our physician were lodged in the house of the Rev. Mr. Quincy, the English mis sionary."
Baron Von Keck thus records the same event: " The citizens returned our salute of five guns with three; and all the magistrates, the citizens, and the Indians came to the- river side. The two divines, (Messrs. Bolzius and Gronau,) Mr. Dunbar, some others, and myself went ashore in a boat. We were received with all possible demonstrations of joy, friendship, and civility. The Indians reached their hands to me, as a testimony of their joy also for our arrival. The Salzburgers came on shore after us, and we immediately pitched a tent for them in the square of the town."
The Salzburgers having all safely disem-

Sir
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THE SALZBUBG-ERS
barked, the next object of interest was to select a location for their settlement. General Oglethorp e informed. Baron Von Reck ("who con ducted this expedition) that his people might exercise their own choice in this particular. This fact being communicated to them, they expressed a desire to be removed to some dis tance from the sea, where the scenery was diver sified with hill and dale, and they might be supplied with springs of water. This wish, no doubt, originated in the associations connected with home, such having been the nature of the country in which they had been reared. To carry out their views, General Oglethorpe, in company with Paul Jenys, Esq., Speaker of the South Carolina House of Assembly, Baron "Von Keck, Mr. Gronau, Dr. Twiffler, their physician, and one of the Lutheran elders, together with some Indians, made a tour of observation, into the adjoining country, while the great body of the Germans remained in the city to rest them selves from the effects of their long and tedious voyage.
The " corps of observation," in the accom plishment of their mission, penetrated nearly thirty miles into the interior, "where they disco vered a location which, it was supposed, would meet the wishes of the emigrants. The place was described as being on " the banks of a river of clear water, the sides high, the country

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of the neighbourhood hilly, with, valleys of rich cane-land, intermixed with little brooks and springs of water." The Salzburgers who were of this company expressed themselves as highly gratified with the situation and the general ap pearance of the country. But as they had been wont to sanctify every act by thanksgiving and prayer, and as the events of this day would probably exert an important influence upon their future prosperity., they meekly bowed beside the water, and invoked the divine protection and blessing. They finished their journey, as they commenced it, with fervent praise to God for his great goodness as displayed in their past history, but especially in bringing them to so goodly a land. After singing a psalm., they sot tip a rock, which they found upon the spot, and, in the spirit of the pious Samuel, named the place Ebenezer, (the stone of help,) for they could truly say, "Hitherto the Lord hath helped us." Thus., with devout gratitude to God, and humble reliance upon his goodness, the founda tion was laid for the COLONY OF THE SALZBURG-EftS.
It may be well here to remark that the lands alloted to the Salzburgers bordered on. the pos sessions of the lichee Indians, from whom Gene ral Oglethorpc obtained them some time pre viously. It is worthy of note that though these Indians were near neighbours to the Germans,

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they never manifested any hostile disposition. On the contrary, there is reason to believe that the most friendly relations always subsisted be tween them. It may be proper to state here that the place selected was about twenty-five miles from the city of Savannah, in a district of country afterward known as St. Matthew's Parish, and subsequently erected into a county, which was called Effingham, after an English nobleman--Lord Effingham--who defended, in the British Parliament, in 1775, the resistance of the American Colonies to the usurpations of the mother country, and resigned his commis sion in the British army when he ascertained that his regiment was about to be ordered to America, to aid in enforcing the unjust exac tions of the crown. The county still bears that title.
The site for a settlement having been agreed upon, General Oglethorpe marked out the town, and sent up workmen to assist the colonists in clearing lands and erecting temporary dwellings, which consisted of tents and sheds constructed of rough planks. In a few weeks, the prepara tions for the accommodation of the settlers being in. a suitable state of forwardness, the whole body of Germans, in company with their pastors, went up to their new homes at Ebenezer. Here in the wilderness of Georgia, far distant from the land of their birth and the graves of their

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fathers, these exiles ended their wanderings, and found at last a resting-place, where, freed from the censorship of man, and tan awed by fears of violence, they could enjoy repose and worship God, " under their own vine and figtree," Hitherto they had been driven from place to place, and nowhere had they found "A sheltering home of sympathy and love." But now their conflicts were measurably ended. The providence of God had placed them beyond the reach of persecution, and they could erect their spiritual temples, enjoy the teachings of their faithful pastors, rear their offspring to virtue and to usefulness under the benign in fluences of the gospel; and living in the grateful use of the bounties of a kind Providence, and the faithful improvement of the means of grace, pass their days in contentment and peace, and acquire continually a fitness for that still more glorious heritage prepared for them in heaven.
V/e may learn from the journal of 13aron "Von Keck how the Salzburgers esteemed their new residence. He states that "the lands are en closed between two rivers which fall into the Savannah. The town is to be built near the largest, which is called Ebcnezer, in remem brance that God has brought them hither. It is navigable, being twelve feet deep. A little rivulet, whose water is clear as crystal., glides by the town. Another runs throush. it and both.

fall into the Ebcnczer. The woods here are not so thick as in other places. The sweet zephyrs preserve a delicious coolness, notwithstanding the scorching beams of the sun. There are very fine meadows, in which a great quantity of hay might be made with very little trouble. The hillocks are also very fit for vines. The cedar, walnut, pine, cypress, and oak make the great est part of the woods. There are likewise a great quantity of myrtle-trees, out of which they extract, by boiling the berries, a, greenwax very proper to make candles with. There is much sassafras, and a great quantity of those plants of which indigo is made, and an abun dance^ of China-root. The earth is so fertile, that it will bring forth any thing that can be sown or planted in it, whether fruits, herbs, or trees. There are wild vines, which mu up to the tops of the tallest trees, and the country is so good that any one may ride in full gallop twenty or thirty miles. As to game, here are eagles, wild turkeys, roc-bucks, wild goats, stags, wild cows, horses, hares, partridges, and buffaloes."
To one living at this distant period, and who is at all acquainted with the locality of old Ebenezer, and the general character of the sur rounding country, the above description by the enthusiastic baron appears to partake somewhat of the marvellous. We must either make con-

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siderable allowances for the 'warmth, of his ima gination, or conclude that the country has under gone a very great change. The site of their town was about four miles below Springfield, the present seat of justice for Eulngham county, in a region which is composed of hills and plains that are very sterile, and upon which no one, having a correct knowledge of the character of the soil, would ever think of settling a farm. But circumstanced as the Salzburgers were, exiled from their country and worn out by the fatigue of travelling both by sea and by land, they no doubt were inclined to regard with favour any spot, which promised them rest from their toils and a period to their cruel sufferings.
Upon the arrival of the Salzburgers at Ebenezcr, it was deemed proper to assign a lot of land to each family, according to the design of the Trustees. This having been done, arrange ments were made for the erection of more permament and comfortable dwellings, and a plan was adopted for a house of worship. But now these devoted people were to experience in tiny of the difficulties and hardships which are always incident upon a new settlement, in - building their houses, they were very much hin dered by the scarcity of materials. It is true, the Trustees had furnished a supply of plank and other timber, but not in sufficient quantities to meet the demand of the settlers. Besides,

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there were among them very few mechanics ; and not being able to erect either saw or grist mills, their situation became very trying. In a newlysettled country, too, the -means of transportation were necessarily very limited; and having no boats or wagons of their own, they were entirely dependant on the government for the conveyance of their supplies ; and such were the straits to which they were at times re duced, that they were compelled to carry their provisions upon their hacks from Savannah, a, distance of twentyfive miles. To add to their sufferings, much sickness prevailed among them, superinduced no doubt, by exposure and excessive fatigue in a, warm climate. The mortality which ensued was very distressing ; but we learn from the journal of Pastor Bolzius, that those who became victims to disca.se and death endured their afflictions with Christian resignation, and closed their earthly pilgrimage with joy and triumph.
Among those of whom, special mention is made, was a. Mrs. Goshwandel. Speaking of her, JMr. Bolzius remarks : " It had pleased Almighty God to lead her through, tedious and painful hours previous to her death. She im proved the ^Passion Week to derive spiritual strength and comfort from, contemplating the sufferings of her Saviour, and would have been rejoiced had the Lord called her home on the anniversary of his death. No complaints es-

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caped her lips ; and -when, visitors noticed her distress, she woijld say: 'Our Lord is kind to me, and he can restore me, if it is his will, and resignation to that will is all I desire. 5 God granted her great comfort during the last mo-' inents of her life."
Speaking of a visit to another about the same time, Mr. Belarus remarks : " Our sick friend expressed his dissatisfaction with himself ou account of his negligence and carelessness toward all that was most valuable to man ; he observed that the zeal he had felt during the persecutions in Salzburg had left him, which grieved him very much. He remembered per fectly well, ho said, how the most ignorant peo ple in Salzburg had frequently assembled in mountains and among the cliffs of rocks for the purpose of singing, praying, and the reading of the Scriptures, being full of hunger and thirst after the word ; and how they had experienced the goodness and mercy of God in these meet ings. In this frame he expired." In recording the death of another person, this faithful pastor says : " To-day our friend departed this life. In the midst of great pain, her trust and con fidence were in the will of the Lord, and she was anxious to be with him."
Having visited a sick man by the name of Schofpach, the pastor states : "I found him very low-spirited, and spoke to liim about our

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THE SALZBURGERS

dear Saviour, setting forth to him how we might both live and die happily in communion with Christ. He assented to all that I had said, and stated that he was now experiencing that man, in himself, was nothing at all ; that sin was the greatest of all evils ; and that it was necessary to treasure up much of the grace of God and the hopes of the gospel for the contest of the last hour. Having prayed with him, I left him in hopes that the Lord would bless that visit. A few days after, this man expired with a joyful confidence in. the atonement of Christ."
Thus it will be seen that death was making inroads upon the infant town, and filling many a family with sorrow and mourning. But these seemingly adverse circumstances were not with out their salutary effect, in checking every thing like worldly-mindedness and indifference to reli gious duty, and in endearing to the hearts of this people that religion, which, could not only cheer and support them under every trial of life, but was capable of imparting serenity and triumph in the hour of death. A/mid all these scenes of suffering and distress, the emigrants laboured patiently, though they were exposed to sickness and hunger, and even death, hoping for better and happier days.
Such was the state of things at Ebenezer, when a second party of emigrants arrived. These were likewise Salzburgers, who had been

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sent over by the Trustees in the ship "Prince of Wales," which vessel left England in Novem ber, 1734, and arrived in Georgia the early part of the next year. This expedition, which, consisted of fifty-seven persons, was conducted by Mr. Vatt. On reaching Savannah, they im mediately set out to join their brethren at their new town. * They were kindly received, and pro vision made for them as far as the means of the colonists would warrant. It was with difficulty, however, that they could be furnished with lodg ings, and the stock of food in the colony was not very abundant. Nevertheless, by this ac cession to their numbers, the colonists were greatly benefited, for among the new comers were many mechanics, whose labours were of essential service. By their aid, planks were soon sawed, timber hewed, boards and shingles split, and the good people went cheerfully to work to improve their dwellings. As to their church, they were compelled as yet to worship in a large wooden tent, which during a part of the time had been the residence of their ministers. By degrees, many of their houses were finished; and here in the wilderness of Georgia, upon the very borders of an Indian tribe, sprung up a thrifty little town, with its humble cottages; and here, far away from the abodes of civilization, a Christian community was established, in which the pure doctrines of the gospel were taught,

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and God was worshipped in the simplicity and sincerity which characterized the first ages of the church. Would to God that this state of things had always continued ! That it did not, was not attributable to any want of fidelity on the part of their religious teachers, or to any heterodoxy in doctrine or laxity of discipline. But it will not do to anticipate the future.

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CHAPTER IV.
General Oglethorpo visits England--Favourable condition of the colony--Trustees determine to send out reinforcements--Aid from British Parliament--Character of the colonists engaged-- Highlanders and Salzburgers--Liberal terms proposed by the Trustees--Captain Hermsdorff and Baron Von Keck--The Trus tees charter the " London Merchant" and the " Symond"--The "great embarkation"--English and German emigrants--Mora vians under Bishop Nitschman--John and Charles Wesley-- Departure from England--Storm at sea--Effect of the conduct of the Germans upon Mr. AVesley--Testimony of Dr. Jackson, President of British Conference--Mr. Wesley's spiritual condi tion--Conference with Mr. Spangenburg--Influence of the Mo ravians--Kev. Peter Boehler--Salzburgers confounded with the Moravians--Mistake of Mr. Bancroft--Removal of Moravians to Pennsylvania--Mr. Wesley's religious experience--Extract from his journal--Subsequent visit to England--His conversion --Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans--Mr. Wesley's preaching after his conversion--Forms " Societies," the basis of Wesleyan Methodism--The Methodist Church a fruit of the Lutheran Reformation--Arrival of the "embarkation" at Sa vannah--Settlement of Salzburgers on St. Simon's Island-- Views of the Germans in relation to war--Reinforcement at Ebenezer--Lutheran settlement at Krederica--Rev. U. Dreisler --Revs. Bolzius and Gronau visit Savannah--Conference with General Oglethorpe--Salzburgers dissatisfied with their location, and desire a change--General Oglethorpe visits Ebenezer-- Reasons of the Salzburgers for desiring to remove--General Oglethorpe's advice and kindness to the Salzburgers--Change of location determined upon.
THE affairs of the colonists, both at Savannah and at Ebenezer, being considered in a favour-

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able condition, General Oglethorpe determined to visit his friends in England. Taking with him a number of Indians and other persons, he departed from Savannah in the -winter of 1734, and arrived in England early the following spring. His representations to the Trustees of the flattering prospects of their colony, induced that honourable hody to resolve upon strength ening it by sending out new settlers, and by taking the necessary steps to provide for its ; greater security.
In July, 1735, publication was made, that the Trustees would provide for the transportation of a given number of such persons as might bo approved by them. The terms proposed were so liberal, and the success of the colony being no longer a matter of doubt, upward of twelve hundred persons made application to be sent over to Georgia. Though the funds of the Trustees had been greatly increased by the very liberal grant from the British Parliament of ,26,000, yet they did not feel warranted in giving encouragement to any but worthy per sons, and such as would be likely to prove of advantage to the colony. It was therefore re solved that this embarkation should consist chiefly of the Highlanders from Scotland and the persecuted Salzburgers from Germany.
In accordance with this determination, the Trustees invited one hundred Germans from the

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city of Ratisbon to remove to Georgia, and set tle under their patronage. They engaged to give them a free passage, with an ample supply of sea-stores, and a freehold of fifty acres of land to every settler, together with such an out fit of clothes, tools, and farming utensils, as might be deemed necessary. To these propo sals the Salzburgers consented, and about eighty of them, under the conduct of Captain Hernisdorf and Baron Von Keck, repaired to England to avail themselves of the liberality of the Trustees.
A sufficient number of emigrants having been secured, the Trustees chartered for their trans portation two ships, the Symond^ of two hun- , dred tons, Captain Joseph Cornish, and the London Jbfercliant^ of the same burden, Cap tain John Thomas. The whole number consisted of two hundred and twenty-seven persons. This was called the great embarkation. Besides the Salzburgcrs and a number from England, there were twenty-seven Moravians, under the care of one of their bishops, the Rev. David Nitschman. General Oglethorpe accompanied this ex pedition, and took with him several English gentlemen of distinction. Among the passen gers were Messrs. John and Charles Wesley, the former of whom was going to Georgia, by invitation of General Oglethorpe, to preach the gospel to the Indians, and to improve, as far as

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might be practicable, the moral and religious condition of the colony.
The Symond and the London Merchant sailed from Gravesend on the 20th of October, 1735, under convoy of His Majesty's sloop-of-war Hawk, Captain Gascoine. It was not, however, until the 10th of December that they passed the Needles, and lost sight of the English coast. This voyage was a long and tempestuous one. There were frequent and violent storms, and on several occasions the vessels "were in imminent danger of being shipwrecked. During one of these terrible gales, an incident occurred, the results of which will in all probability be felt until the end of time.
It has been noticed that among the passen gers wT ere Messrs. John and Charles Wesley. The former had received orders in the Church of Knglatid, and was now on his voyage to en gage in the duties of his high vocation. The German passengers, by their humble piety, had attracted Mr. Wesley'a attention, and awakened in his mind special interest on their behalf; and God, in his providence, seems to have designed that they were to exercise an im portant influence upon his religious character and his future history. On a Sabbath, about noon, while the Salzburgers and other Germans were engaged in public worship, a storm sud denly arose, which seems to have surpassed in

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violence every other that occurred during the voyage. Amid the commotion of the elements nearly every heart quaked, and some almost died with fear. Mr. Wesley himself "was seriously alarmed at the imminent peril in which he and his fellow-passengers were placed. Notwithstanding his Christian profession, and his relation to the church as one of her accredited ministers, there was something wanting in his spiritual experience to fortify his mind against the fear of death. But far otherwise were the feelings of the pious Salzburgers and Moravians. "While the tempest raged and the swelling billows threatened to engulf them, they calmly sang the praises of Grod, and manifested the most per fect self-composure and exemption from all fear, under the most appalling circumstances.
"When the tempest had subsided, Mr. Wesley inquired of one of the Germans, "Were you not afraid?" He mildly replied, "I thank God, no!" "But were not your women and children afraid?" Ho answered, "No! our women and children are not afraid to die !" Dr. Jackson, President of the British Conference, speaking of this oc currence in his Centenary of Methodism, re marks : "In these strangers the English Metho dists beheld Christianity in a light more gentle, attractive, and consoling than that in which they had ever before seen it.
"In storms and hurricanes, when others were

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ready to die with, fear, they calmly sang tlie praises of God, expressing a cheerful confidence and resignation in the prospect of immediately perishing iri the great deep. With the tempers of these people the Wesleys were, at this time, personally unacquainted. Neither of them was delivered from the fear of death, and they had no just conception of the holy cheerfulness which is produced by an application of the blood of Christ to the conscience, and the abiding witness and operations of the heavenly Com forter. Theirs was a religion of fear and mor tification, rather than of holy peace and joy,"
It was under these circumstances that Mr. Wesley's attention was for the first time arrested to his spiritual condition ; and now he realized what he had never done before, the groundless ness of his religions hopes, and his destitution of that religious faith which is necessary to justify the sinner and impart perfect peace to the mind.
The impressions made upon Mr. "VYesley by the conduct of these Germans during the voyage were strengthened upon his arrival at Savannah. Here he was introduced to Mr. Spangcnburg, one of the Moravian pastors, who had reached that place some time previously. Mr. Wesley immediately applied to this devoted man for advice in reference to his future course. Mr. Spangenburg, in complying with Mr. Wesley's

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wishesj questioned him very closely concerning 3iia religious experience. This conversation, "while it revealed more fully to Mr. Wesley his ignorance of experimental religion, also ex plained the cause of those fears which he had experienced., during the storm a.t sea,, " His heart was not yet right in the sight of God."
-It will not be denied that Mr. Wesley re ceived more instruction from the Moravians than from the Salzburgers ; and he himself declares that he had derived more light from the Rev. Peter Koehler than from any other man with whom he had ever conversed". But still it will he manifest to every impartial mind that is fami liar with all the facts, that Mr. Wesley beheld in the persons of the Germans who were his fellow-passengers, ami by far the great majority of whom were Salzburgers, the first practical illustration of the happy influence of genuine piety upon the disposition, affections, and gene ral deportment of those who have experienced it. Whatever benefit Mr. Wesley may have subsequently received from the Moravians, and especially from Mr. Boehler, it is clear, that it was through his intercourse with the Salzbxirgers and other Germans at sea, under the cir cumstances already mentioned, that he obtained views of the true state of his own soul which he had never before experienced, and realized for the first time his want of that acceptance

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with God which is necessary to tranquillize the heart, and give serenity to the conscience, under all the varied circumstances of life.
The question might he asked, why does Mr. \Yealey make such particular mention of the "Mo ravians," and the instructions which he had re ceived from their pastors, while he says nothing of the Salzburgers, who were Lutherans ? The answer to this question is, that Mr. Weslcy seems not to have distinguished the former from the latter, their characters being so very similar; and hence he speaks of them all as Germans."
A similar error has been committed "by Mr. Bancroft in his history of the United States. In every instance in which he speaks of the German colonists at Ebenczer, he calls them "Moravians." It is time that these false im pressions had been removed.
The Moravians never made any permanent settlement in Georgia. "When the Spanish waxbroke out, they removed, almost to a man, to the State of Pennsylvania, because it was con trary to their religious faith to take up arms in any cause. Hence, they never left the impress of their peculiar tenets and usages upon any por tion of the colony.
Beside this, the pastors of the Moravians were with them, and it was very natural that Mr. Wesley should look to them for instruction;

AND THEIR

81

but the Salzburgcrs were unaccompanied by aiiT spiritual teacher, tlietr pastors having been settled at Ebeiiezor for nearly two years. Jsow, whatever may have been tho causes operating upon Mr. Wesley afterward, and by what means soever he was more fully indoctrinated in the essential principles of Christianity, it must still remain true, that it was at sea, while sailing "with the German emigrants, that the practical influence of evangelical religion was first real ized l>y him; and it may not be assuming too much to express the opinion that, but for his intercourse with tho Salzburgers and other Ger mans, connected with the peculiar incidents of this voyage, he might liave long remained un conscious of his spiritual condition, and he might possibly never Iiave realized it. For, as he himself remarks, " I was ignorant of the na ture of saving faith, apprehending it to mean no more than a iirm assent to all the propositions contained in the Old and New Testament."
Two years after his first visit to Georgia, Mr. Wesley returned to England, and shortly after his arrival he made the following note in his journal: "It is now two years and nearly four months since I went to America to teach the Georgia Indians the nature of Christianity ; but what have I Jcarned of myself in the mean time ? why (what of all I least expected) that I, who went to America to convert others, was

82

THE SALZBUHGERS

never myself converted to God." It is a mat ter of history, that subsequently Mr. "VYesley was converted at a prayer-meeting, which ho attended among the Moravians in Aldersgate street, London, while one was reading Luther's preface to Paul's Epistle to the Romans, in which the great Keforrner has given such a clear elucidation of the doctrine of justification ty faith.
!No sooner was Mr. Wesley converted, than he commenced to preach the great doctrines of repentance and faith, and the necessity of a radical change of heart and life to all who would secure their salvation. The proclama tion of these doctrines in Kngland, where reli gion in the Established Church had degenerated into a lifeless formality, together with the ear nest and convincing manner in which he enforced them, aroused against him so strong a prejudice, that he was, as if bv common consent, excluded from the churches of the Establishment, and was compelled to preach in the open air. One measure naturally led to another, and soon Mr. TVesley found it necessary to form .those " So cieties" which afterward became the basis of that ecclesiastical organisation known as " Wesleyan Methodism ;" a system, whose beneficial effects upon the spiritual condition of the world, have been seen and felt in almost every part of the globe, and will no doubt continue to exert a

AND Til EHl DESCENDANTS,

83

wider and still wider influence until the end of time.
Ic Is, therefore, not assuming too much, to say that Mr. Wesley's conversion and the establish ment of the Methodist Church may be regarded as the legitimate fruits of the Lutheran Refor mation. And it is an easy matter, in this view of the subject, to account for the striking simi larity which exists between the doctrines of the Lutheran and Methodist churches.
In contemplating these occurrences, we are constrained to admire the mysterious combina tion of circumstances by which God accom plishes some of his most gracious purposes. We see in the German exiles, who were fellowpassengers with Mr. "VVesley, a band of faithful disciples, flying from religious intolerance in the land of their nativity, and seeking for freedom of conscience in a distant country. Going forth upon their pilgrimage, they are, in the providence . of God, brought in contact with a personage of great genixis and learning, upon whose heart their exemplary deportment and calm and hea venly temperament make a lasting impression; and he subsequently becomes, through the trans forming power of the gospel, a chosen instru ment, by which is put in motion the greatest moral revolution that has occurred since the Reformation by Luther. Thus, while the Chris tian pilgrim wanders to and fro in the earth,

ail outcast from his country, and exposed to pri vation and danger, lie is made to sow, broad-east as it were, the seed of divine truth; and the fruit of that sowing is seen increasing from gene ration to generation, and extending even to the latest period of time. Thus strangely, yet wisely, does God -execute his merciful designs. " Oh the depth of riches, both of the -wisdom and knowledge of God! Plow unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out!"
But \ve must resume the thread of our narra tive. The whole embarkation reached Georgia in safety, early in the month of February, 1TS6. General Oglethorpe proceeded immediately to arrange the colonists, and to send them to their respective places of destination. It would ap pear that it was originally designed that a great portion of the Salzburgcrs wdio came over at this time were to go to the southward, and aid in establishing the town of Frederica, on St. Simon's Island, where it \yas proposed also to erect a fort and plant a garrison, to protect the frontier settlements. As, however, the Salzburgers mani fested an unwillingness to go to the south, General Oglethorpe did not insist upon it. The reasons assigned by these pious men for this course were, that from the rumours which they had heard of the threatened invasion of Georgia by the Spaniards, their position at Frederica

AND THEIH DESCENDANTS.

85

might render it necessary for them to take up arms, and as "fighting was against their reli gion," they preferred not to place themselves in a situation where they would be compelled to do violence to their consciences. Besides, at the new settlem-ent there would be no church, at least not for some time, and they therefore preferred to go to Ebenezer, where a congregation of their own people was already organized, and they could enjoy the instructions of the two pious ministers who resided there. However, although this was the feeling of the great mass of Germans, Captain JJermsclorf succeeded in raising a small company of volunteers, and they offered their services to General Oglethorpe, who requested that they might be put upon any service that might be deemed necessary. This company was accordingly ordered to Freclerica, to aid in the defence of that place. It became the nucleus for a Lutheran church, which was organized in 1735, under the pastoral care of the Rev. Ulrich !Driesler, a Grerman missionary, sent over by the Trustees, and supported from their funds.
From the conduct of the Salzburgers on this occasion, wTe may learn something of the spirit which governed all their actions. Their reli gion taught them that war is inconsistent with the genius of Christianity, and is therefore to he avoided. As their spiritual improvement was

THE SALZBURGEERS
of TO ore importance than any worldly advan tages which they might enjoy in other portions of the colony, they chose to relinquish these ad vantages, rather than forego the enjoyment of the preached word and the ordinances of the sanctuary. 3?or these reasons the great majority of the Germans were allowed to go to Ebenezer, which they did without delay. Their arrival was hailed with, much joy, and many were the kind greetings which these brethren exchanged upon being brought together under such favour able auspices. Thus, from the 12th of March, 1734, to the 8fch of February, 1736, the day on which this last company arrived, about two hun dred Salzburgers were settled at Ebenezer.
About this time Messrs. Bolzius and Gronau visited Savannah, to confer with General Oglethorpe in reference to the propriety of changing the location of the town. These gentlemen stated that there was very great dissatisfaction among their people; and they represented the colony at Ebeneaer as being in such an unfa vourable condition, that the general deemed it advisable for him to visit that place immediately. For this purpose he set out on the 10th of Feb ruary, in. company with the two ministers.
On reaching Ebenezer, where he was received with every mark of consideration due to his sta tion, he patiently inquired into the causes of discontent among the people. These were various.

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

8T

They had been disappointed in the character of the soil, and their lands had not yielded them any thing like an adequate support. The climate had proved very unhealty, and many of their numbers had fallen victims to disease. Besides, the impracticability of navigating to any advan tage the stream upon which their town was located, rendered their situation peculiarly dis tressing.
These reasons were not without weight, espe cially the latter. Here it may not be improper to inform the reader of the character of the watercourse upon which the Salzburgers origi nally settled. It is not properly a river, but a creek, which at times is swollen to a considerable size; and there is in Georgia hardly another stream so serpentine in its course, and so diffi cult to traverse. Some idea may bo formed on this subject, when it is stated that although the distance from old Ebenezcr to the Savannah river by land does not exceed six miles, the dis tance by the course of the creek is not less than twenty-five. Farms situated on its batiks within two and three miles of each other, cannot be reached by water without travelling five to eight miles. It will thus be seen, that the difficulty of navigating this creek, which was the only out let to the Savannah river, did furnish reasonable cause for dissatisfaction. The other grounds of complaint were equally worthy of considera-

88

THE SALZBURftERS

,_________

tion. There had been considerable mortality

among the settlers, and the products of their

farms had been so inadequate to their wants,

that, but for the occasional supplies furnished by

tne Trustees from the public stores, their situa-

tion would have been very deplorable.

General Oglethorpe listened patiently to all

the statements of the Salzburgers, and then coun-

selled them with the kindness and frankness of

an affectionate parent. He admitted that their

dissatisfaction was not groundless, and that there

were many embarrassments connected with their

situatiori; but still their situation was not without

its advantages. They had cleared their lands,

erected dwellings, and made considerable pro-

gress with their town. If now they should re-

move, such a measure would be attended with

great trouble and privation. The labour which

they had expended would be all lost, and their cir-

cumstances, now sufficiently embarrassing, would

be rendered still more so by the inconveniences

an(i hardships of making a new settlement. He

was also satisfied, from his acquaintance with the

situation of the country to which they desired

to remove, that as soon as the forests should be

cleared, and the lands brought under cultivation,

they would again be subject to the diseases pecu-

liar to the climate, and would be forced to leave

the neighbourhood. Still, if they persisted in

their wishes, he would not oppose them, but

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

89

would assist them, as far as practicable, in car rying out their designs. Subsequent events proved too painfully, the foresight and correct judgment of General Oglethorpe, and what was then merely an opinion, is now a matter of his tory. The general, having discharged his duty, in giving the Salzburgers such advice" as was called for by the occasion, returned to Savannah, and left them to adopt such measures as they might deem most likely to promote their com fort and their interest.
Immediately upon the departure of General Oglethorpe, the Salzburgers held a consultation in reference to the expediency of seeking a now settlement. After giving the subject a serious and prayerful consideration, it was decided that it was not only desirable, but absolutely indis pensable to the prosperity of the colony, to seek a more favourable locality. Thus, after remain ing at old Ebenezer for only two years, it was found necessary to abandon it.

90

TUB SA7,ZBUKGEES.

CHAPTEB V.

rality of the latter--Education--"Betbany" church--Favour able condition of the scttlomont-- Religious chai-jictei- of the inhabitants--Their industry, frigidity, Ac.--Letter of Mr. Eolzms--Rev. George Whitclield sit .fibcnezer---His testimony ill
tcr of Thomas Jones--Principal settlers at Ebenezer, up to
of Mr. Bolzius--Extracts from his journal--Statement of Mr. Benjamin Martyn--New arrivals--Emigrants bind themselves
vannah founded--Rev. U. Briesler--His death--Rev. Mr. Zublii--The town of Frederica--Pr. H. M. Muhlenberg -visits Ebenozcr_Mr. Grocau-- "Jerusalem." church at JEbenezer-- "Zioirs" church--Extracts from Mr. Bolaiua' journal--Death of Mr. (ironim.
THE site selected for a new town was on a .high ridge within a short distance of the river,

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

91

and which, from the peculiar colour of the soil on the margin of the water, was called " Red Bluff'." The spot was quite a romantic one. On the east, lay the Savannah with its broad, smooth surface, and its ever-varying and beautiful scenery. On-the south was a small stream, then called Jjittle Creek, but now known as Lockner's Creek, and a large lake called " I^eidlinger's Sea." "While to the north, not very distant from the town, was to be seen their old acquaint ance, Ebenezer Creek, sluggishly winding its way to mingle with the waters of the Savannah. 1'he surrounding country w**s gently undulating, and covered with a fine growi! of forest-trees, while the jessamine, the woodbine, and the beau tiful azalia,, with its va.riety ,of gaudy colours, added a peculiar richness to the picturesqi^tr scene. Uut unfortunately for the peraiauient prosperity of the town, it was surrounded on three sides by low- swamps, which were subject to periodical inundation, and consequently gene rated a poisonous miasma prejudicial to the health of the inhabitants.
The new town was laid off after the plan of the city of Savannah, and covered an area of a quarter of a mile square. This space was di vided into small squares, each containing ten building lots, and the latter numbered one hun dred and sixty. Three wide streets passed through the town, from east to west, which were

intersected at right angles by four others run ning from north to south; beside which there were si number of narrow lanes, but these ex tended in o^lj" one direction---north and south. Four squares were appropriated to the sale of produce, and called "market-places," and four were reserved as public parks or promena,de grounds. Two-thirds of a square were appro priated to the church, parsonage, and academy, and an ec^ual quantity to the orphan, asylum arid the public storehouse respectively. On the east, a short distance from the town, was the cemetery. On the north and east ivas a large pasture for cattlo, and on the south was one for sheep ana7 goats. On the north and south, gar den-lots were laid out, and still farther south, beyond Little Creek and Mill Creek, and upon their ivaters, the farms were located, each farm consisting of fifty acres. The country to the north, beyond Ebcnezei- Creek, was occupied t>y the Uctaee Itvdians, -that sectvm not "having been included in any of the grants made by them to the Trustees. The whole plan of the town, with its environs, was well conceived, and one can but admire the great judgment displayed in the whole arrangement.
In the course of a few years, Ebenezer be gan to give evidences of its future growth and prosperity. Houses wei-e again erected. Gar dens and farms were enclosed and brought under

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

93

cultivation, and the community assumed an air of great activity and industry. "Whether it va 1* owing to the want of means, or materials, or both, there was no church erected here for seve ral years ; as, however, funds had been received from Germany for the establishment of" an orphan asylum, and as that building was among the first that was erected, it was temporarily used as a place of worship.
Having now described the location of Ebcn~ czer" and its environs, it may be proper here to notice the government under which the colony was placed. As a religious community, the Salzbuvgers may be properly viewed as a mis sionary station, under the ''"^tering cave of the English Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Germany. It was required of the pastors arid each, member of the congregation to sub scribe to the "Augsburg Confession" and the " Symbolical Books," and to submit to a code of regulations drawn up by the Rev, Samuel Urlsperger of Augsburg, Rev. Frederick M. Zcigcnhagen of London, and ReY. Gotthclf Augustus Pranckd of Halle. These regulations were pre pared in 1783, and continued in force, with some few alterations, (which were made principally by l)r. Muhlenburg, in 1774,) until 1843. It is not asserting too much to say, that no better church-

THE SALZBURtfERS
discipline is needed than that laid down in. these regulations.
We insert here a copy of the original rules, with a view to show the character of the disci pline which our pious forefathers adopted for the-government of the churches. It is worthy of preservation, both on account of its antiquity and its intrinsic excellence. It reads thus :
"In the name of God :--The fundamental constitution, articles, and rules upon which a German Evangelical Lutheran congregation was formally established, upon the basis of the Holy Bible, our Augsburg Confession,
in and about Ebene
proved, confirmed, and -unalterably determined upon, un der hand and se;' 1 , l/y the reverened founders, viz. Messrs. Sjijiiu"! Urlsperger, Frederick Michael Zeigenhagen, GottYiolf Augustus Fraiickfj, most worthy members of the venerable society in England, instituted for the promo tion of the knowledge of Christ; together with the first ministers, elders, deacons, and regular church-members, His Great Britannic Protestant Majesty's faithful sub jects. (Vide Preface to tho first article of the Americauische Ackerwerck Gottes, p. 3.)
CIIAPTEK I.
"That no congregation can preserve its establishment and regulations, and maintain good order for the further ance of its true interests, unless there be elected as dea cons men who are members of the congregation, and \vho have both the qualifications and authority to provide for tho maintenance of good regulation and wholesome discipline of the whole congregation, is taught by sound reason, tho Holy Scriptures, and experience. Therefore,

AND THEIll DESCENDANTS.
as we are taught in the important admonition contained in the last verse of the fourteenth chapter of 1 Cor.: ' Let all things be done decently and orderly, 3 (or in accord ance with good regulations and decorum.) And that we may be the more encouraged to obey this injunction, the holy apostle declares, in the twenty-eighth verse of the twelfth chapter, preceding, ' that God, being a God of order in his churches purchased with a precious price, appointed not only apostles, prophets, and ministers,' but also adjliters and rulers .- that is, men highly gifted and favoured, who have, both by word and in deed, contri buted, .as the wants and ordinances of the churches re quired, every thing that was possible for the good regu lation and the maintainment of the churches. It is also a fact, clearly taught by the word of God, that such men were appointed in the church of God, even in the Old Testament dispensation, from the time of Moses, for the purpose of maintaining good order. Accordingly, it is in perfect keeping with the will of God and the example, not only of the primitive, but also of the succeeding Christian churches, that such church elders, or adjutors and rulers, have been jointly elected by the whole con gregation; also among us, whoso duty it is to promote the best interests of this our parish, as is directed by the English ecclesiastical canon. As, however, our congre gation does not properly belong to the English Church, and consequently cannot, in all points, exist under its ecclesiastical canon, but must enact its own regulations for the worship of God and for edification, it becomes necessary for the members of our congregation to invest the proposed church-elders, as is the practice of the Evangelical Lutheran Cburch in London, (nr-1 others which need not be mentioned,) with special authority to support our congregation ; and intrust to them also their establishments and regulations. For all this, if made incumbent upon the ministers alone, is a burden far too onerous and insupportable.
"If, now, men thus chosen and empowered sire to pro mote by word arid in deed, both the existence and the

THE SA1-.KBURGERS

welfare of the congregation, HO that it may endure and

he maintained by its establishments and regulations;

and as such well-being of the congregation cannot be

promoted without means, It follows quite naturally, that

the requisite means must be placed in their hands by the

members of the congregation, as is done by the Evan

gelical Jjuthernn Congregation in London, before alluded

to, and also by a]] other Christian congregations.

' ; Henee, inasmuch as the government, or the English

ecclesiastical constitution, provides nothing for this pur

pose, and as, in consequence of the troublesome and war

like times hi our German fatherland, we cannot, with

certainty, expect as1 much aid as was received in former

years from our bcloited benefactors in Germany,toward

the maintahmient of our church ;ind school establish

ments, and also toward the alleviation of the wants of

the poor and sick, it becomes a stern demand of necessity,

that is, the honour of God and our spiritual welfare re

quire, that the members of the congregation bind them

selves, in love, mutually to contribute from year to year

as much ney as

J to be

the support of the school-teachers, and the preservation

of the church and school edifices and the parsonage.

Those persons, therefore, who are members of the con

gregation, and who are desirous of participating in its

spiritual benefit and privileges, -will, it is hoped, also be

disposed to lend their assistance in bearing the expenses

of the congregation, by contributing cheerfully their

share toward the sustainment of the said proposed regu

lations and establishments. Those, however, who are

unwilling to take upon themselves any of the labours,

and who will not perform what is their covenant duty

with feelings of gratitude, notwithstanding thoiz- ability

to do so, debar themselves and their families, by these

very means from the congregation and its spiritual bene

fits ; which will not surely tend to their advantage : ' God

loveth a cheerful giver.' 'He that soweth bountifully,

shall reap also bountifully." 2 Cor, is. 0, 7, 8 ; (is. 10*!)

Such as are members of this our evangelical congregation,

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97

and arc willing to contribute as much as may, from time to time be found requisite, according to the amount which the appointed church-deacons may compute and deem proper, toward the support of the school-teachers, the parsonage, the church, ;ind school edifices, and also the supplying of any other necessities, will please sub scribe their names to this \vriting, and annex the sum tluit^they will give. And as, through the gracious pro vidence of God, our beloved inhabitants have, in this respecfc, a great advantage in point of privilege and ease from cares over many other Christian congregations, be cause they are not required to compensate their pastors, nor minister 'to their temporal support, it is expected that they will be the more prompt in contributing their quota toward the sustainment of the above regulations and establishments, which are designed for the support of the congregation and the upholding of the worship of God. They should even rejoice that the opportunity is afforded them to manifest the activity of their faith, through the love of God, to his word, the church, and the schools ; but when there is no active love, there is no true faith. 'Show me thy faith by thy works.' James ii. 18.
"Finally, touching the office and duties of the churchelders, in regard to the ministers in the churches, the teachers in the schools, the whole congregation, and the money intrusted to them, it shall, in conclusion, be indicated'in the words of the printed London German Church Discipline, given to us, altered, however, in several in stances, to accord with our peculiar circumstances, as follows :--
" 1st. They shall employ the utmost diligence in pro viding that the word of God be declared \rnto the Chris tians of our congregation, in its purity and without ad mixture, by pious teachers and ministers ; that the holy sacraments enjoined and instituted by our Lord Jesus Christ be administered, and that the pure doctrines be preserved and transmitted to our posterity. And in order that this object may bo attained, some of thorn, at

THE SALZBTJBGERS
least, in case all cannot, shall always be present when the w<n-d is preached.
"2d. It shall be their duty to see that the school-teach ers receive duly their stipulated salary semi-anuually: likewise, that every thing else which may concern the congregation be fully performed, for this purpose they shall also collect, half-yearly, the contributions of the congregation, and enter the receipts regularly into the church register. They shall also, semi-annually, receive from the parents -whose children receive instruction in the schools, a certain amount of payment for tuition, proportionate to their means; so that the contribu tion of the whole congregation for the defrayment of the congregational expenses, may be somewhat diminished.
"3d. The church-deacons shall make it their duty, in conjunction with the ministers, to see that all sins, dis graceful conduct, and scandal be avoided; or, otherwise, duly punished and corrected.
" 4th. They shall keep a particular account of all ex penditures in ado- on behalf of the congregation, and also of every thing which any one may have voluntarily vowed or promised to give toward the support of the churches. And, after the expiration of his office, each one shall submit bis account to all the other church-deacons col lectively.
"5th. They shall, at the end of the year, and when leaving their office and service, render an account to the contributing portion of the congregation, of all the money -which they received during their official year for the use of the church ; so that each one may know how the funds of the congregation are applied and expended, and thus be the more willing to contribute again.
" 6th. They shall submit the church register to the in spection of any one of the contributors who may desire to see how tho money has been employed.
" 7th. Those church-deacons who have served their term of office shall be in duty bound to assist on all oc casions, by word or deed, at the meetings of the deacons

AND THEIR. DESCENDANTS.
and of the congregation, if desired; and when cited to do so, they shall appear without refusal.
"8th. The church-deacons newly inducted, and at all times those coming into office successively, shall also "be held responsible for the performance and fulfilment of all measures winch may have been resolved and agreed upon by their predecessors, conducive to the tranquillity, peace, prosperity, and advantage of the congregation.
" 9th. On those Sabbaths when the Lord's Supper is administered, they shall also stand at the doora of the church with suitable vessels (dishes or bowls) to receive and collect from the congregation while leaving the church, gifts and contributions for the benefit of the church and the poor. It is also reasonably expected that not only residents should contribute something for the administration of the rite of baptism, the performance of the marriage ceremony, and for the celebration of the Lord's Supper, but strangers should also be held to the performance of this duty. Tor if the congregation is not sustained by its institutions, these can also not enjoy the privileges mentioned.
" These above-mentioned deacons, of whom not less than seven shall be elected annually from among the members of our Evangelical Lutheran congregation, con scientiously and according to the best of their knowledge, have the power to apply the money intrusted to them to this purpose ; yet, in very important matters, as when a. church is to be built, or an important repair is to be un dertaken, &Q,, the acquiesence and approval of the whole congregation convened in mass must be obtained. To these establishments may God, who is a God of order, add his heavenly grace, for the sake of Jesus Christ! Amen."
It has been stated that this was the origi nal discipline, subsequently amended by Dr. Mulilenburg in 1774. It is impossible to state to ^bat extent it vcas altered, but that Dr. Mull-

100

THE SALZBUllGEKS

lenburg made some additions to It, and changed several of the articles, cannot be questioned. In another place it will be necessary to refer again to the subject of church discipline, when a synopsis will be given of the one signed by the pastors, elders, and deacons, and all the male members of church, in 1774 and 1775.
It will be seen, from this extract, that the principal objects for which collections were made in the congregation, were the proper support of schools, the relief of widows, orphans, and the superannuated, and the maintenance of the church edifice, whenever erected. It is worthy of re mark that the salaries for the support of the pastors at Ebenezer were for many years con tributed by the patrons of the church in Ger many. At first, the amount allowed was about forty pounds for the senior pastor, and thirty pounds for his assistant. This allowance con tinued until 1770, when Rev. Mr. Urlsperger de cided that the salaries should not be less than sixty pounds and fifty pounds, respectively, and that the deficiency should be made up from the re venues arising from those institutions which had been founded by European benefactions.
The civil and military affairs of the entire colony, including the settlements at Ebenezer, Savannah, Erederica, &c., were under the con trol of the Trustees, who, through their agent, General Oglethorpe, assigned lands to the colo-

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

101

rusts, planned and laid off towns, built fortifica tions, and so regulated the whole industrial economy as in his judgment was best calculated to promote the welfare of the settlers and carry out the designs of the Trustees.
The immediate superintendence of the settle ment at Ebenczer was assigned to the Rev. John Martin Bolzius and his colleague, Mr. Gronau; and we doubt very much if the affairs of the colony could have been more judiciously ma naged than they were by these eminently pious and prudent men. Their duties were at times not only arduous, but distressingly embarrassing; but they performed them with a conscientious faithfulness worthy of all praise, and with a de gree of success that is truly surprising. Sus taining an indirect relation to the Trustees in England, and a direct connection with the society above mentioned, (from whom they de rived part of their support,) as well as with the Lutheran Church in Germany, ajid having to superintend and manage the civil, as well as the ecclesiastical interests of the colony, it required no small degree of judgment and discretion to meet the wishes of their benefactors in England and their Christian friends and advisers in Ger many. But we believe they fulfilled their trust to the satisfaction of all parties,
Among the municipal regulations adopted by the "Trustees," was one forbidding the introduc-

102

THE SALZBUHGEKS

tion and sale of rum, and another inhibiting the importation of Negro slaves. The enforcement of these measures was attended with very serious , difficulty in all parts of the colony, except at Ebenezer. The first measure was one, the pro priety of which the Salzburgcrs never questioned. Temperance societies were then unknown ; but . rto such agency was necessary to teach our pious ancestors that the use of alcoholic drinks is at tended with incalculable evils, and that the most specific remedy for these evils, is riot to pass license laws to regulate the sale of spirits, hut to remove entirely the cause that produced them. It is mentioned as a striking fact in the subse quent history of Ebcnezer, that tlic exclusion of ardent spirits had contributed materially to pro mote the health of the inhabitants, while siclcncss prevailed in all those places where the sale was permitted. We wish that this wholesome regulation had always been enforced, not only at Ebenezer, but throughout our country; and especially that the descendants of the Salzburgers had always imitated, in this respect, the example of their pious forefathers.
It is difficult to ascertain fully the grounds upon which the Salzburgers opposed so strenu. ously, and for so many years, the introduction of .Negro slaves. Whether their own history, with its many scones of wrong and oppression, had predisposed them against every species of'

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

103

servitude, or whether they judged that the ex istence of slaves among them -would render the colonists indolent, and perhaps -weaken and em barrass their community by exposing it to the evils of a servile war, are questions which it would not be easy to answer satisfactorily. We may, however, gather some instruction from a remark of Baron Von. Keck. He says, in one of his letters, " The purchase of Negroes is forbidden, on account of the vicinity of the Spaniards. The colony also is an asylum for the distressed, and slaves starve the poor labourer."
It is a matter of history, however, which need not to be disguised, that the Salzburgers, : including their pastors, did very warmly oppose the importation of slaves; and if the question had been left for them to decide, without any in fluences from abroad being employed to bias their minds, slavery would not have existed in the colony. JVr. Bolzius was, perilaps, among the very last to yield his opposition. He even re proved Mr. "Whitefield very sharply, for his vacil lation, in changing his opinions, after having in the first instance expressed his disapprobation of this measure, and then subsequently favour ing it. Mr. Whitefield denied having any parti cipation in the matter, and said that he believed, with Pope, *< Whatever is, is best j" that God had some wise ends to accomplish in reference

THE SALZBURGERS
to African slavery ; and that he had no doubt it would terminate in advantage to the Africans.
When Pastor Bolidus yielded his objections to this measure, the ground which he assumed, as far as we can learn from his letters, was as fol lows :--He admitted that there was wrong, in the abstract, to place our fellow-men in a state of bondage ; yet if, by removing the African from tlie \ieatrieTusni o liis native land to a, country where his mind would be enlightened by the gospel, and provision made for the salvation of his soul, the evils of slavery might be endured in consideration of the moral and spiritual ad vantages which it bestows upon its unfortunate victims. By this mode of reasoning, and by mco.ns of an "essay from the pen of James Ilabersham, Esq., the Salzburgers, including their pastors, after considerable hesitation, consented to have slaves brought into the colony. They did not do so, however, until after they had freely conferred with their Christian friends in Ger many. The Rev. S- Urlsperger, in advising them upon this subject, says: "If you take slaves in faith, and with the intent of conducting them to Christ, the action will not be a sin, but may prove a 'benediction.' " This advice determined their future course in reference to this import ant question. The discussion of this subject had, however, produced great excitement in the colony. In. the language of another, " The

105
, whole province dwelt, as it wore, on the brink of a volcano, whose intestine fires raged higher and higher, threatening at no distant period ;i desolating eruption." It w7 as tinder these cir cumstances, and when the community seemed to be on the brink of a civil war., that Mr* Bolzius . "wrote to the Trustees, withdrawing, on "behalf of himself and the Salzburgers, their objection to : the repeal of the law.
We have already intimated that the Lutheran congregation at Kbenczer was connected with, the church in. Germany, and it was accordingly required that the pastors should keep up- a regu lar correspondence, especially with the authori ties at Augsburg and. Halle, which wore then the two principal Protestant cities on the conti nent. This correspondence contained a minute detail of all the occurrences at Ebenozer? and the most important part of it was published in the Nachrichten of Kev. 8. Urlsperger, of Augs burg, and much of it is still extant.
But w/hile the church in Germany kept up its ecclesiastical connection with the church at Ebenezer? and sought to direct its spiritual affairs, it was not backward iu raising means for its maintenance. Even prior to the emigration of the Salzburgers, collections bad been taken up in various parts of Germany, and after their settlement at Ebenezer they continued to receive donations from their transatlantic brethren ,

106

THE SALZBUHGERS

and such was the liberality displayed toward them, that a church fund was raised amounting to twelve thousand guilders, for the support of the pastors, and other benevolent purposes.
It ought to be mentioned that, in the esta blishment of the colony, the cause of education was not overlooked, and in every instance in which a pastor was sent over, a schoolmaster accompanied him, unless one was already pro vided. A fund, too, was subsequently created for his support; for our pious forefathers judged, and very correctly too, that no country can pros per in which provision is not made for the mental culture and improvement of the rising genera tion. Thus we find that there was a regular school kept up during the lifetime of Mr. Bolzius and many years afterward, at Ebenezer, and one at lion's Church, four miles below Ebenezer. Subsequently, when the church called "Bethany" was built on the bluff above Ebene^er, a schoolhouse was also erected, and a fund established for the support of the teacher. From this it will be seen how much importance was attached to the subject of education, and how careful the Salzburgers were to make provision for the sup port of their teachers. In this respect there is another striking parallel between the Salzbur gers and the Puritans of New England ; and if the former had been as favourably situated as the latter, there is no doubt that they would

AM) TTTEIR DESCENDANTS.

107

have accomplished fully as much in making pro vision for the proper intellectual training of their offspring. At all events, they showed most con clusively that they had enlightened and liberal views upon the subject of education, and em ployed every means in their power to promote it.
Such were the circumstances under which the colony at Ebenezer was commenced. The foundation was laid by the Trustees for the colonization of Georgia, aided by the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, and the liberal donations of Christian friends in Germany. Let us now take a look at this little community. In the year 1736 the place began to assume the appearance of a village, giving evidence, by its neat cottages, of the presence of civilization almost in the midst of savage tribes of Indians. Within its precincts stand the school-house for the education of the children, and the asylum for the widow and orphan, within whose walls the pastors and their flocks, as yet, meet for the worship of God. There, too, is the comfortable parsonage, in which dwell those holy men whose greatest happiness is derived from the spiritual prosperity o,f their people, and who labour patiently and unremittingly for the tem poral and eternal welfare of those committed to their charge, pointing them, by their precept and example, to a holier and happier state above. The people, too, are obedient to the voice of their

108

THE SALZBUHGEHS

shepherds. They receive their instructions re spectfully and dutifully; and yielding their hearts to the influences of Christian principles, they become "living epistles" to the power of our holy religion to change the heart and regu late the conduct.
One cannot well conceive of a community more happily constituted than this was. The civil and municipal laws were few and simple; their church-discipline scriptural and rigid. At the head of the community stand the pastors and elders of the congregation. These consti tute the umpire before which all questions both civil arid religious arc brought; and such is the integrity of those who compose this tribunal, and such the prudence and wisdom and impar tiality which characterize all their proceedings, that their decisions are always satisfactory, and no appeals arc ever made from their judgment.
Under these circumstances Ebenezer, as might have been expected, was destined to enjoy, for a season at least, a good measure of prosperity. Its inhabitants "were not only accustomed to hardships, but being industrious and frugal in their habits, and living always in the fear of God, they possessed within themselves all those elements necessary to the success of any enter prise. It is true, there were many difficulties to be surmounted at the outset, arising from, the want of arable land and the scarcity of pro-

ANJ> THEIR, DESCENDANTS.

109

visions; but as soon as their la.nds couTd be "brought under cultivation, -which was done in this and the following year, and a communica\ tion opened with the city of Savannah, which. 1 was effected by the purchase of a boat for that purpose, their circumstances were greatly im'proved.
Their easy access, too, to the river, which abounded with fish and wild-fowl, enabled them to obtain supplies of food, which tended greatly to relieve their necessities.
That the reader may form some idea of the condition of affairs at Ebenezer about this time, the following letter from Pastor Bolzius, dated the 13th of February, 1738., is inserted : " With great satisfaction wo perceive that, through the grace of God, general contentment prevails among our people. The longer they are here the better they are pleased; and we are sure tlioir utmost wishes will be gratified when they shall be able to live by their own industry.
They are satisfied, because they arc enjoy ing the privileges which they hW long sought in vain--to have the word of God in its purity. Our heavenly Father will perhaps provide the means for building a house for worship. At present we worship in the Orphan-House, and feel that God is with us." .
It was about this period that the celebrated George Whitefield visited Ebene^er. Speaking

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THE SALZBURGERS

of tfie state of the colony, he remarks : " Their lands are surprisingly improved. They are also blessed with two such pious ministers as I have seldom seen. They have no courts of jurisdic tion, hut all differences are immediately settled by their pastors. They have an orphan-house, in which are seventeen children and a widow."
With the orphans' school Mr. Whitefield was very much gratified. Ho had it in contempla tion to establish, a similar institution in Georgia, for the benefit of the numerous orphans whom he found in Savannah and its vicinity. His heart had first been directed to this subject by what ho had heard and read in reference to the celebrated orphan-house founded at Hallo, by Dr. Franke. When he visited the Orphans' Asylum at Ebenezer, he was so much pleased, that his purposes were confirmed, and he pro jected his orphan-house, which he called Bethesda. This was located about eight miles from Savannah.
While on the visit above alluded to, Mr. Whitefield was so much delighted with the order and harmony at Ebenezer, that he gave part of his own "poor stores" to Mr. Bolzius, to be distri buted among his orphans. Mr. Whitefield. thus describes the scene: "Mr. Bolzius called all the children before him; catechized and exhorted them to give thanks to God for his good provi dence toward them ; then prayed with them, and

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

Ill

made them pray after him ; then sung a psalm. Afterwards tJie little lambs came and shooJc me by the hand one by one, and so we parted!"
Mr. "Wliitefield never forgot this visit to the Salzburgers; and he became so deeply interested in their welfare, that a year or two afterward ho interested himself to procure an English teacher for one of their schools, and offered to educate two pious young men in his orphan-house, whom the pastors at Ebenezer might select for this purpose.
In a letter written by Mr*. Thomas Jones, dated Savannah, Georgia, on the 18th of Sep tember, 1740, occur the following remarks : "Thirty miles distance from this place is Eben ezer, a town on the Savannah river, inhabited by Salzburgers and other Germans, under the pastoral care of Mr. Bolzius and Mr. Gronau, who are discreet, worthy men : they consist of sixty families and upward. The town is neatly built, the situation exceedingly pleasant; the people live in the greatest harmony with their ministers and with one another, as one family. They have no drunken, idle, or profligate peo ple among them, but are industrious, and many have grown wealthy. Their industry has been blessed with remarkable and uncommon success, to the envy of their neighbours, having great plenty of all the necessary conveniences for life (except clothing) within themselves ; and supply

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THE SALZBTJUGEBS

this t<ywn (SaYannali) -with bread-land, as also beef, veal, pork, poultry, &c."
For the gratification of the reader, and espe cially for the benefit of the descendants of the Saljsburgersj we subjoin a list of the principal residents at Ebenozer in 1741:

John Hernbergcr, George Bruckner, Carl Sigismund Ott, Matthias Bottler,

Mattbias Eeigsteine: Veitt Landseller, Joseph Ernst, John Michael Roise: Thomas Pichler, John Speilhiegler.

The invasion of Georgia, by the Spaniards, about this time, created considerable excitement throughout the colony; and the Salzburgers not

AND-TIIEIR DESCENDANTS.

113

only sympathized with their English neighbours, but cheerfully contributed to the defence of the country, and bore their part of all the burdens and inconveniences incident upon such occasions. Still they never lost sight of the object of their removal to America. They seem, however, not to have been very seriously embarrassed by the \vjir, as may be learned from a letter of Mr. Bolzius, dated the 23d of July, 1740, addressed to Dr. Franke, of Halle. Ho says, in that letter:
" Together with these spiritual blessings and the salutary effect of the word of God, in the conversion of many souls, we enjoy this year also, by the mercy of God, many temporal good things. The present war, and the burden of it, lias not affected us much as yet, and in the great clearness the colony suffered last year we have not been in want of necessary provision. As to the present year, we have a very hopeful prospect of a good harvest, every thing in the fields and gardens growing so delightful as \ve have never seen before in this country. If Isaac, by the blessing of the Lord, received from what he had sowed an hundred fold, I believe I dare say, to the glory of God, our Salzburgers will receive a thousand-fold, notwithstanding the corn when it came out of the ground was entirely eaten up by worms, of which no one can form a right idea, unless he sees it with his own eyes. The land is really very fruitful, if the sins of the

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THE SALZBURGKES

inhabitants, and the curse of God for such sins, does not eat it up, which was formerly the un happy case of the blessed land of Canaan.
"And I am heartily sorry to acquaint you; tha,t I do not find in some of the inhabitants of the colony, a due thankfulness for, and contentment with, the many blessings bestowed on them for several years together; although those who are industrious and will labour for their maintenance may, as we do, live contentedly and subsist un der the blessing promised by Paul, (ITeb. xiii. 5,) 4 1 will never leave thee nor forsake thee; which blessing the idle and unthankful are not entitled to."
In the journal of Pastor Bolzius is found the following minute: "~LOt7t of August, 1741. We have this year plenty of peaches, and as this fruit does not keep, some of the people try to make a sort of brandy of them; others give them to the swine. This is more than anybody could have promised himself or others some years ago. Even at this time when I am writing, a man brings a large dish of blue grapes to me, grown, wild in the woods ; they are of a sweet taste, and pretty like our European grapes, so that I am very apt to believe, the wild vines, if properly managed, would give good wine. Thanks to our gracious God, who gives us here every good thing for our support!"
" Qth of /September^ 1741. Some time ago I

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AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

115

wrote to an honoured friend in Europe, that the land in this country, if well managed, brings forth by the blessing of God, riot only a hun dred-fold, bxit a thousand-fold ; and I -was this day confirmed therein. A -woman, having two years ago picked out of Indian corn no more than three grains of rye, and planting them here at Ebenezer, one of these grains produced an hundred and seventy stalks and ears, and yielded to her a "bag of corn as large as a coat pocket.
"True it is, notwithstanding the fertility of the land, the first tillers of it must undergo and struggle with great difficulties but those that come after them will reap the benefit thereof, if they go on to do their labour in the fear ot" God. The land is able to provide every good, and more particularly is pasturage very plenteous."
From these extracts it will "be seen that the settlement at Ebenezer and its vicinity was fully , as prosperous as could have been expected under the circumstances. Additions were constantly making to it by new arrivals of emigrants from the fatherland. It appears, from a statement made by Mr. Benjamin Martyn, Secretary of the Trustees, that up to 1741, over twelve hundred German Protestants had arrived in the colony. Most of these were sent over by the charity of their friends in England and Germany. There

IP* 'tffli1

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THE SALZBUK9EKS

were, however, many who came in 1735, arid \ subsequently, for whom no provision was made. So anxious, however, "were they to escape perse cution in their native land and find an asylum in Georgia, that they consented to hind them-, selves as servants to the Trustees, for five years after their arrival in Georgia, and to pay by their own labour the expense of their transportation. In fact, the indentures which they made bound not only themselves, but their children. The males who were under twenty were to serve until they were twenty-five, and the females who were above six were to serve until they arrived at the ;' age of eighteen years.
These conditions, however, were not always rigidly enforced, for it appears, from the minutes 1 of the Trustees, that on the 26th of July, 1742, } a petition was presented to that body signed by ; Christian Steinharel, Theobald Keiffer, and others, stating that their term of service had expired, and praying the Trustees to grant them the freedom, of their children at the expiration of the time (five years) for which the petitioners wore bound. To the credit of the Trustees, it should ever be remembered, the prayer was granted.
-Among the Salzburgers who were sold, and whose children were apprenticed, was one, who, from the romantic history connected "with his family, deserves, perhaps, special mention.

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

117

This was Mr. Frederick Helfenstein. If the tradition in reference to him is correct, he was a lineal descendant of the Count of Helfenstein, who, with his wife (a daughter of the Emperor Maximilian) and their youngest child, were butchered with seventy men under his command, in the sex-vile insurrection which occurred in the time of Luther, commonly known as "the Rebellion of the Peasantry." From that time the family were reduced to utter obscurity and the most abject poverty. Mr. Helfenstein, per haps the last of the count's descendants, having served out an apprenticeship at tlic tanner's trade, and married a young lady to whom he became attached while learning his trade, emi grated to America., and arrived in Savannah without the means to pay his passage. Conse quently he and his wife were sold as servants to defray the expenses of their passa,ge. Having faithfully served out his time, he removed to Goshen, about twelve miles below Ebenezer, and established himself in business. In the course of time he acquired a handsome compe tency. But it will be necessary to speak of him. hereafter.
Many of the Salxburgers remained in Savan nah and its vicinity, and formed the nucleus for the organization of a church in that city. It was, however, regarded for a long time as mis sionary ground, and the congregation was sup-

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THE SALZBURGBRS

plied with, preaching, from time to time, by the pastors at JEbenezcr, and the Rev. U. Driesler, from Fred eric a.
This gentleman (Mr. Driesler) had been sent over in 1743, by "the Society for the Propaga tion of Christian Knowledge," to supply the spiritual wants of the Salzburgevs, who had set tled on St. Simon's Island. In 1T44, he visited the brethren at Ebenczor. Mr, Bolzius thus speaks of him, under date of Febuary 24, 1744: " Mr. Driesler arrived yesterday. He labours with the blessing of God in his small congrega tion at Frederica, consisting of sixty-two souls. Captain Horten, the commandant of the fort at that place, gives him an honourable testimony; and we trust our friend will be an instrument to the salvation of many souls. Next Lord's day he is to preach in Savannah. This day he preaches both in Zion and Jerusalem churches."
Mr. Driesler was spared to the congregation at Frederica but a short time. The Lord called him to his rest in the early part of the year 1745. He was succeeded by the Rev. Mr. 2iubli, from Switzerland, who had charge of the church for several years. He seems to have had no con nection with the pastors at Ebenezer, and was probably supported by the English officers com manding the fort. Mr. Zubli continued pastor at Frederica only a few years, for as soon as the

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AND- THEIR DESCENDANTS.

119

Spanish, and French war began, he removed to Orangeburg, in South Carolina.*
It has been found impracticable to gather much information in regard to the German set tlement at Frederica. It must, however, have been very flourishing at one time. A gentleman who visited the island in 1743, makes particular mention of the quiet village of the Salzburgers ;" and says, "the whole town and country adjacent are quite rurally charming; and the improvements everywhere evince the greatest skill and industry, considering its late settle ment:" This beautiful town was, however, des tined to an ephemeral existence. As early as 1749 it began to decline, and in 1751 a journalist; describes it "as presenting the melancholy pros pect of houses without inhabitants, barracks without soldiers, guns without -carriages, and streets grown over with weeds. All appeared to me with a horrible aspect, and so different from what I once knew it> that I could scarce refrain from tears."
It was about this time that Dr. H. M. Muhlenberg first visited Ebenezer. He had, up to 1741., been pastor of Hermersdorf, in tipper Lusatia, and inspector of the orphan-house in that place, but had accepted a call to the Luthe ran church in Philadelphia. The object of his journey to Ebenezer is not definitely stated, but

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THE SALZBURGERS

it is probable that lie had been authorized by the friends and patrons of the Salzburgers in Germany to look into the condition of the colony, and report to them the result of his observa tions. He remained only six days, but even this short sojourn seems to have been highly gratifying to the pastors at Ebenezer, as well as their people, for Pastor Gronau makes special mention of it in his journal. He remarks: This day (October 11, 1742) my dear colleague (Mr. Bolzius) and Mr. Muhlenberg were to start for Charleston, but evening came on before things were ready. The day had not, however, been spent in vain. The preparations for the journey having been made, my colleague took leave of us in a prayer.
Never before have we spent so blessed and happy a seasoa at Ebenezer. For the Lord had never before permitted us to embrace a dear friend from our native country, in -whom we found a real brother in Christ." Mr. Bolzius accompanied Dr. Muhlenberg as far as Charles ton, but returned in a few days to his field of labour.
It has been stated that for many years the Salzburgers were unable to build a church, and were compelled to worship in the orphan-house; but, through the assistance of their friends in Germany, they had succeeded in erecting a plain but comfortable house at Ebenezer, called "Je-

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121

rusalem," and another about four miles below,

called "Zion." The latter had become neces

sary, because the colonists were rapidly settling

on the river below the town, and along the road

leading from. Ebenezer to Savannah. These

churches were both in use in 1744.

It would be profitable, if it were deemed ex



pedient, to make copious extracts from the journals of the pastors, to show the character of the instructions which, they imparted to their people; or rather to exhibit the deep-toned

piety which the pastors at Ebenezer cultivated

themselves, and which they sought to impart to

their people. We may safely challenge a com

parison between the ministrations of these de

voted men, and those of any pastors in any

other churches in point of fidelity and earnest

ness, in inculcating not only a refined and ele

vated morality, but more especially a pure and

transforming system of evangelical Christianity.

Mr. Bolzius states that a little girl came to him,

confessing that she had stolen a peach, and that

conscience disturbed her so much on that account,

that she could neither sleep nor work. I in

formed her, says Mv. Bolzius, that vfhen the

commission of what is generally considered a

light sin-disturbs our conscience, a fire begins to

burn within us like the fires of hell, and then

we no longer think of the distinctions between

gross and trivial sins. I advised her to learn

IJti

THE SALZBURGEES

that God frequently improves the occasion of a

Tvrong lately committed by us to bring to our

Blind the nvass of sin that fills our hearts, so

that we may repent, and ask his forgiveness

for Christ's sake, Finally, I dismissed her by

bringing the following text to her recollection.

** If we confess our sins, God ia faithful and just

to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all

unrighteousness."*

Such a course of religious training was not

without its influence in forming the characters

and regulating the conduct of the colonists. In

fact, they became everywhere proverbial for

the correctness of their external deportment,

and especially for the Christian spirit which

they displayed on all occasions. The testimony

of their neighbours, of the citizens of Savannah,

and even that of the colonial government, fur

nishes evidence that the congregation at Eben-

ezer had acquired a very enviable reputation for

their unostentatious piety, .Amid their trials and!

privations they never lost sight of their spiritual }

improvement, and laboured sedulously to attain. [

to a high standard of Christian experience and,'

practice.

i

These pious people, however, "were about to

experience a severe loss 111 the death of one of

their devoted and godly pastors--Rev. Israel

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

123

C. Gronau. This melancholy event occurred in the month of January, 1745; Pastor Bolzius, thus records the mournful event: " Last Friday, January llth, it pleased the Lord to call my dear brother and colleague to his rest. He fell asleep full of joy in his Saviour. On a stormy and rainy day, nearly a year since, while preach ing to the Germans in Savannah, he caught cold at church, so that he was hardly able to perform service here the succeeding Sabbath. From the effects of that attack he never recovered. During the last six weeks of his life he was afflicted with a continued fever. The time of his illness was a source of edification to all of us who were daily about his person. His heart continually enjoyed communion with his Re deemer. Nothing troubled him, for he had an abiding sense of reconciliation with God, and realized the joy and peace of the Holy Ghost."
When one of the Salzburg brethren took hold of his hand, which Mr. Gronau had lifted up in praise of God, he desired that the friend might support his arms in the uplifted position in which he had held them. This being done, he exclaimed, "Come, Lord Jesus ! Amen, Amen !" With these words he closed his lips and eyes, and entered into the "joy of his Lord, full of peace." On the following day, his remains were interred in the cemetery connected with Jerusalem church,

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THE SALZBURGfpRS

amid the unfeigned lamentations of his colleague and the people for whose temporal and spiritual advantage he had laboured with unremitting diligence and fidelity. As he had in all things "adorned the doctrine of God his Saviour/ so he went to the grave full of hope, leaving the testimony that " God was with him."

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125

CHAPTER VI.
State of feeling sit Ebenezer consequent on the death of Mr. Gronau--Mr. Bolzius writes to Germany for an assistant--His humility and devotion--The chureh in Germany send over another pastor--Rev. II. H. Lcmbke arrives at Etacnezer--His reception--Marries the widow of Mr. Gronau--Mr. Bolzius re tains his position--Mr. Bolzius, as trustee, erects mills--Silk cul ture introduced at Ebonezer--Mr. Amatis of Piedmont--Mulberry trees planted at Ebenezer--Success of the S.ilzburgers in raising silk--Bridge and causeway over Ebenezer Creek_New church and school-house erected--Pastoral labours--Extent of the field to be cultivated--Goahen church--Abercorn--Extension of the settlements aroimd Ebenezer--Demand for more ministerial labour--Rev. C. Rabenhorst arrives at Ebenezer--Mr. Bolzius's letter oa his arrival--Change of views--Provision for the sup-
5 begins to decline in health--The symbolical books--Proper views in relation to the
--Rev. S. Urlsperger and Dr. Zeigenhagen--Close of his mmis-
As was to have been expected, the death of Mr, Gronau cast quite a gloom over the settle ment at Ebenezer. Uy his consistent Christian deportment, he had gained the confidence and esteem of the whole community. He was par-
11*

m*]- &>&

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THE SALZBUKGERS

ticularly endeared to those who had come over from Germany under his care, and for whose welfare he had made so many sacrifices. Upon no one, however, did the loss seem to fall so heavily aa upon his colleague, Mr. JBolzius. ( They had been united hy the strongest ties of '. friendship and Christian affection, and had = laboured together for tftirteen years under cir cumstances which were well calculated to unite them in indissoluble bonds. Impelled by a sense of duty to their divine Master, they had in company left their native land, to become the/' spiritual guides of a devoted and persecuted ' people. They had been fellow-sufferers in the perils of the sea, and in all the dangers and j privations incident upon establishing a colony in an unbroken wilderness. JFor many years they had taken " sweet counsel together, and gone to the house of God in company." But all these strong and endearing relations are now broken, and Mr. Bolzius is left alone, with all the weighty responsibility of his important station. No one could feel more sensibly than he did the obligations connected with his position. Nor was he disposed to shrink from, them. Never theless, he writes to the friends of the Salzburgers in Germany, requesting that a preacher might he sent over to supply the place of his i departed friend and brother, Gronau. The fol- ! lowing extract from his letter to Rev. S. Url-

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127

sperger, at Augsburg, is characteristic of his Christian humility: "May God send me a faith ful and good man in the place of my departed friend ! Will you have the goodness to select such a one for me, inasmuch as I shall not be able for any length of time to bear the burden of business that overwhelms me. I, too, feel the approach of age, and may be unexpectedly .called away. Could I have my own wish, I would ask the favour of you to send a pastor primaries to this place, so that I might take the station of my departed brother. My mind has frequently dwelt on this subject, especially during the last illness of Mr. Gronau ; and I can assure you that I would prefer by far being adjunct to the now pastor, to retaining the sta tion I now hold, for I am too weak to stand in front of the battle. May God make an arrange ment of this kind practicable !"
The request of Mr. Bolzius for the appointment of an adjunct was favourably received, and early in / the spring of 1T46, the Rev. Herman H. Lembkef was sent over to Ebenezer to supply the vacancy 1 occasioned by the death of the lamented Gronau. His arrival was hailed with great satisfaction by the Salzburgers, and particularly by Mr. Bol zius. Mr. Lembke entered upon his duties with great energy, and it soon became manifest that the patrons of the church in Germany liad made a very judicious selection, A.botit a year after

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THE SALZBURG-EKS

his arrival, he married the widow of Mr. Gronau, who, it appears, was a near relative of Mr. Sei zins, and this new relation seems to have been mutually agreeable and beneficial to all parties.
Mr. Bolzius, acting under the advice of the church in Germany, continued to retain his posi tion as principal pastor, and, as we have before seen, the management of all the affairs of the colony, both spiritual and financial, was intrusted to him. He, however, associated Mr. Lembke with him, as fully as a, sense of duty would permit.
It will he proper here to state some of the responsibilities which devolved upon Mr. Bolzius. j Beside the onerous ministerial duties connected with so large a field of labour, he seems to have been appointed trustee for all the funds which had been collected in Europe for the benefit of the congregation at Ebenezer. Wo consequently ,-. find him engaged in making investments, pur- ' chasing land, erecting rice-mills, as well as grist j and saw-mills, and superintending the whole in- \ dustrial economy of the colony. To carry out His plans, he procured mill-stones and other ne cessary materials from Germany, and enlisted the kind offices of General Oglethorpe, who cheerfully aided Mr. Bolzius in all his plans which contemplated the comfort and general im provement of the Salzburgers. During their residence at Old Ebenezer, a mill was established

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, upon Ebenezer Creek, but this they "were com polled to abandon.
Another important interest intrusted to Mr. Bolzius was the introduction .among the Ger mans of the silk culture. As early as 1783, the "Trustees for the Settlement of Georgia," induced Mr. Nieolas Amatis, of Piedmont, to remove to Georgia, talcing with him his servant, Jacques Camuse, his wife, and three sons, who were to instruct the colonists in the rearing of silk-worms and the manufacture of silk.*
In 1736, mulberry-trees were planted at Ebenezer under the direction of Mr. Bolzius, and the Salzburgers were among the first and most successful in carrying out the wishes of the Trustees in this particular. In 1742, five hun dred trees were sent to Ebenezer, and a ma chine was erected for preparing the silk. In 1745 and 1746, specimens were sent to England, and in 1748, four hundred and sixty-four pounds were produced. In 1749, the Trustees authorized Mr. Bolzius to erect ten sheds and ten machines for reeling, and other means necessary to carry , on the manufacture. In 1750, nearly all the colonists had abandoned the experiment of silkraising, except the Salzburgers. They persevered, and every year became more skilled in the busi ness, and in 1751, they sent over to England a thousand pounds of cocoons, and seventy-four

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pounds two ounces of raw silk, yielding the handsome sum. of one hundred and ten pounds sterling, or upwards of five hundred dollars, the price being at that time thirty shillings per pound. To encourage the Germans to persevere in their efforts, which thus far had been very successful, the Trustees gave a reeling-machine to each female, who should become mistress in the art of spinning, and two pounds in money. These marks of favour were duly appreciated, and the culture of silk was carried on success fully for a number of years. Many mulberrytrees are still standing at Ebenezer, which no doubt have sprung from the original stock; and many of the descendants of the Salzburgers continue to raise silk, which they manufacture into fishing-lines, and sell very readily in Sa vannah.
About this time the Salzburgers, at the sug gestion of Mr. Bolzius, commenced the .construc tion of a bridge over Ebenezer Creek, and a causeway through the low grounds adjoining, thus connecting the town of Ebenezer with the settlements which had been made on the north side of that creek. These measures were of great advantage, both to the town and the ad joining neighbourhood. The population in that location, which is called even to this day "the IZluffJ 3 increased so rapidly that it soon became necessary to erect a new church. For this pur-

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pose, a tract of one liundred acres of land was obtained from the Trustees, and a commodious edifice was erected, called "liethany ;" a schoolhouse was also built, together with a residence for the teacher. This church was located about five miles north-west from Ebenezer. It con tinued to exist up to the year 1774, when Dr. Muhlenhurg made his second visit to Ehenezer; but soon after the Revolutionary "War it was allowed to decay, arid was never rebuilt. The deed for this church, as we learn from. Dr. Muhlenburg's journal, was originally made to II. H. Lembkc, John Casper Wcrtseh, and John Michael, and was dated 1751. It calls for one liundred acres for Bethany church and a schoolhouse. The object is thus defined: " In St. Matthew's JParish for the use of a church and school-house, and for the support and mainte nance of the minister and master thereof."
Besides this church, another small one was erected at Goshen, about ten miles below Eben ezer, near the road leading to Savannah, for the accommodation of the Salzburgcrs who had set tled in that neighbourhood and at Abercorn. Thus it will be seen that four Lutheran churches were now existing in the Parish of St. Matthew, besides the one in Savannah. The arrangement in reference to ministerial labour was, that the pastors should supply the church in Savannah, together with Jerusalem, Zion, Eethany, and

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Goshen, dividing the labours equally among themselves, as far as might be practicable, but always under the direction of the senior pastor. It "will be apparent that this was a large field to cultivate, even for two ministers. It covered an area of more than thirty miles, and besides the fatigue connected with journeying from church to church, these pious men preached every Sab bath, and catechized the youth in their congre gations on the same day; and delivered weekly lectures in all the churches, besides holding their regular ministerial conference for prayer and mutual edification.
The population at Ebenezer and the surround ing settlements gradually increased, and was augmented by occasional arrivals from Germany; so that as early as 1750 numerous farms were in successful culture on both sides of the road leading from Savannah to Augusta, as well as j upon the banks of the Savannah river, and Lockner's, Ebenezer, and Mill creeks. With the rapid advancement of the colony, the duties of the pastors at Ebenezer were greatly multi plied, so much so, that the patrons of the church in Germany deemed it necessary to send over an additional minister. In. 1752, the Kev. Christian Rabenhorst was selected by Senior TJrlsperger, at Augsburg, and with him came a colony of emigrants from Wurtemberg. Although Mr. Bolzius was very much pleased to receive

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these new recruits for his colony, yet he did not see any necessity, at first, for the appointment of an additional pastor. He was, however, sub sequently convinced that ho had been mistaken in his opinion, for in a letter addressed to Mr. Urlsperger, dated February 9, 1753, ho re marks : " I have to acknowledge, with shame and humiliation, that when I first was informed of the appointment of a third minister for Ebenezer, and ever afterward when I saw him, I believed such an appointment to be superfluous; but since we have become better acquainted with him, and, through the rich grace of the Holy Spirit, felt that he was one heart and soul with us in religion, office, and brotherly conduct; and when, after my last return from Charleston, I discovered the decrease of my bodily strength, I was humbly rejoiced at the goodness of God, who has, in addition to many other precious gifts, sent us (without our wish or desire) this faithful and prudent brother, Timotheus. What gratifi cation does it afford me, and my dear brother-inlaw, Lembke, to receive the assistance, and to be supported by this cheerful, willing, and laborious man, whom we have to restrain, lest his unre mitting activity may prove injurious to him. be fore he is acclimatized. We all have work enough to do, and do all with pleasure. Mr. Kabenhorst enjoys the good-will of the people in a high degree." Thus it "will be seen that

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Mr. Bolzius, always ready to acknowledge the hand of God in every event of his life, and to yield sub missively to the wishes of the reverend fathers in Germany, gathered fresh strength and confi dence from his experience. These three pious and self-denying men continued to labour together harmoniously, and with great success for nearly twelve years ; though the external affairs of the colony were at times very distressing, arising partly from the effects of the Spanish war, and partly from the occasional failure of their crops; still, amid all these untoward circumstances, the colonists were not allowed to despair. They maintained an unwavering confidence in the good providence of God, and were for the most part contented and happy.
The arrival of Mr. Habenhorst at Ebenezer did not, however, increase the pecuniary embar rassment of the congregation, for there is evi dence in the records that a capital, amounting to ,649 16s. 5tZ., was raised in Germany and placed in his hands, from tho interest of which he was to derive his support. For this money he gave his bond, obligating himself and his heirs, assigns, &c., that the fund should be used for no other purpose, and that it should be ap plied, after his death, for the support of his successor.
This was a wise provision, particularly at this juncture; for it was about the time of Mr.

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Rabenhorst's arrival in America, that the "Trus tees" surrendered their charter to the crown, and Georgia became a royal province. The Salzburgcrs, not being attached to the Esta blished Church, could expect very little further aid from England, and "were thrown almost en tirely upon the support of their German bene factors .
In view of his increasing age and infirmity, Mr. BoJzius thought it expedient that he should transfer the trust \vhich had been, vested in. him to the Kev. H, II- Lembke. This he did with the consent of the Lutheran pastors at London, Halle, and Augsburg. The trust was duly con veyed in a legal instrument, dated April 15, 1757. It will, perhaps, be interesting to insert here a portion of said document, inasmuch as it will serve to show the character of the property which the Salzburgers then owned, and the pur pose for which it was intended. The instrument reads thus:
" In the name of Jesus : Inasmuch as it is unknown to me how soon the Lord may call me hence by death, and as it is my duty daily to set my house in order, and to explain any irregularity or misunderstanding which might possibly arise after my decease, I have deemed ifc necessary and expedient, as being advised by my most worthy colleague, to give information to my colleague and brother-in-law, Herman H. IJembke, as adjunct pas tor and future successor in office, concerning the design of our two grist-mills, the saw-mill, and the rice stamp ing-mill ; and to authorize him, by this instrument of

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writing, to take the superintendence of said mill esta blishment, during my life and after my death; so that the objects for which they were instituted may bo gradually attained. The objects were threefold: 1. That all the mills should be firmly invested and in some respects im proved. 2. That, by the profits of the same, other esta blishments should, in the process of time be sustained in the Ebenezer congregation, such us churches and schools, and also dwellings for ministers and school-teachers, by the joint labours of the members of the congregation. Likewise, that more ample provision should be made for pastors and school-teachers. And, 3. That widows and orphans, the sick, and the superannuated should be able to derive some assistance therefrom.
" The circumstances which gave rise to the erection of said mills are these: I was solicited by the congregation for a number of years to erect a small mill, at a cost of about ten or twelve pounds sterling, to meet their most pressing wants, in grinding their Indian corn, wheat, and rye into flour. After the mill was commenced, by the assistance of the major part of the male members of the congregation, on the site where the mill now stands, the sum proposed was soon found to be totally inadequate, although I obtained gratuitously, by personal request, the mill-stones and some iron materials from General Oglethorpe. Hence it became necessary to relinquish the building of the orphan-house, and appropriate the funds placed in my hands for that purpose to the completion of the mill. For the congregation were not content to have the former without the latter, and par ticularly as there seemed to tc no immediate demand for such an institution; they preferred to provide for the few orphans in town by taking them into their service. The money requisite to complete the mills I received partly from the Trustees, and partly from other patrons, through the exertions of our fathers in London, Augsburg, and Hallo. To secure the balance of funds necessary to com plete my plans, I was compelled to borrow money, trustr ing in God, who has hitherto led me most wonderfully,

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wisely, graciously, and mightily, by his paternal Provi dence, He has so directed, by his blessings, the opera tions of the nulls, and the trade connected with them, and by moans also of donations from Europe, that the loan was gradually refunded, and that all the debts con tracted by the erection of the important saw-mill, have been duly paid. To these works the members of the con gregation contributed nothing, but have cause of great thankfulness that the mills have proved such a blessing to them. Inasmuch as the boards and other lumber could not be sold for money, but were given in exchange foi: goods, ifc became necessary to establish a trading-house. For this purpose I appropriated tae first fund created by the charitable donations from Europe, in the time of Mr. Mayor.
"From this statement, to the truth of which all thesurviving Salzburgers can testify, (much of which is also known to Mr. Jbembke,} it is very evident tliat the wonder ful God has made use of me, unworthy as I am, as a, feeble instrument for the procurement of the means and materials for the endowment of these extensive mill es tablishments, and the laying of the foundation of the mill-trade. There remains, therefore, no doubt, that I am authorized to confer tho superintendence of the millestablishmcnt and the trade connected with it, upon my worthy colleague and successor Leinbke alone, and none other beside or above him. This I do herewith solemnly perform, after mature reflection and deliberation, in the name of God and our reverend fathers. May God bless his exertions in behulf of these important works, by his counsel and assistance, that His great name may be glorified, and all the above objects be attained I
JOHN" M.ARTIN BQLZIUS, Minister in this place.

This "power of attorney," as the old church record terms it, was duly signed and delivered at
12 s

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the time specified, and was renewed on the 19tli of August, 1765, just four months before the death of Mr. Bolzius. Two years subsequently (April 30, 1767) Mr. Lembke assigned the same instrument to Mr. Rabenhorst. From this it would seem that it was originally designed that this trust should be regularly transferred by each pastor to his successor.
Subsequently, however, a change was made, by which seven trustees were chosen annually, on Easter Monday, from among the members, to "wliora the property of every kind belonging to the congregation was deeded in trust. This feature in the government of the church is main tained to the present day.
It appears, that by royal grants, and pur chases made by Mr. Bolzius, nine hundred and twenty-five acres of land were connected with the mill establishments, and that the value of this property was once estimated at one thousand five hundred pounds sterling. The mills -were, however, in the course of time suffered to fall to decay, and by the depreciation in the value of lands nearly the whole of this investment was lost.
Besides this mill, another "was erected on a lot of one hundred acres, of which Messrs. Bol zius and Lembke took possession without a grant. The cost of building this mill was paid partly by contributions from Europe, and partly from

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the income of the other mill. But, in 1764, it was sold for fifty pounds sterling, and this amount was appropriated toward increasing the fund for the support of a third minister and a school master.
Mr. Bolzius, though declining in strength, continued to discharge his duties faithfully, and to watch over the interests of the Salzburgers with unahated concern. In fact, his solicitude seemed to increase with his advancing years; and every letter which he wrote to the friends in Germany evinced how deeply the warmest feelings of his heart were enlisted on behalf of the people of his charge, and how ardent was his zeal in promoting the glory of God.
There is one striking feature in all his letters. We allude to the deep-toned piety which per vades almost every line. It is manifest that he and all the first pastors at Ebenezer were men of a truly devotional spirit. Though, as we have seen, they were all required to give their assent to the Augsburg Confession, and the Symbolical Books, yet their religion was some thing more vital and soul-pervading than the cold "orthodoxy" which, is too often associated with symbolism or sacramentalism. And our mo dern theologians, whose zeal for the Symbolical Books, and whose reverence for the "fathers," seem at times to run away with their good sense and Christian charity, would do well to study such

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models as Bolzius, Gronau, Lembke, and Rabenhorst. They loved and venerated our confes sions and catechisms, and sought to indoctrinate their people in the principles of the Protestant faith., as taught by Luther and his noble com peers ; but they had the wisdom to discriminate between those things which "were essential and those which were indifferent, and made it the great object of their ministry to have the peo ple of tlieii" charge soundly converted and made Lutherans and Christians, not by a mere out ward profession, but by the cultivation and full development of a pure and holy inner life--the life of the soul renewed by grace, and united to Christ by a living, active faith.
In a letter written the early part of the year 1759, Pastor Bolzius thus speaks: " In our corner of the earth we have recently enjoyed the pro tection and blessing of our Heavenly ^Father, both in temporal and spiritual things. Though we have not been, free from trials and difficulties, still they have been light, and, as we trust7 have been subservient to our welfare and our further ance in the divine life, through the kind direc tion of a wise providence. We acknowledge, to the praise of God, that piety and contentment still reign among us, as even strangers are willing to admit. With my dear brethren in office, Messrs. Lembke and Rabenhorst, I stand in the most friendly collegiate connection.

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livery -week we meet in conference and for prayer, by -which meetings our mutual love is cemented through the blessing of God. The same blessing also prevents our labour among the people from being unfruitful. Among our congregation are many men and women who arc truly converted to God, and who walk in the truth, are ornaments to our office, and bumble assistants iu the discharge of our duties. Though, on account of the war and the repeated failure of crops, every article of living is high, yet our heavenly Father gives us our daily bread in the enjoyment of peace and health among ourselves. If many, who in the first seasons of trial left us, had endured a little while longer, they would have experienced the truth of the proverb: 'After winter, spring does come.' "
This letter shows very plainly the spirit which actuated Mr. Bolzius and his colleagues in the discharge of their duties; and it should not be a matter of surprise that their faithful and selfdenying labours "were productive of such re markable effects upon the moral and religious characters of their flocks. Walking themselves in the " ordinances and commandments of God blameless," they were worthy ensamples to those over whose souls they watched, and the great Head of the church set his seal of approbation to the fidelity of their ministry, in the numbers who through, their instrunieutality were t{ turned

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from darkness to light, and from the power of Satan unto God."
One of these devoted pastors, however, was about to be removed. About the year 1762, the faithful and undaunted Bolzius began to give evidence of declining health. In his letters to the patrons of the colony in. Germany, he made mention of being frequently attacked with fever, which had impaired his constitution and brought on a distressing cough, which no medi cine could remove. It was manifest to all who saw him. that nature was yielding to the inroads of disease, and that his pilgrimage was rapidly drawing to a close. Nevertheless, he never left the post of duty, but continued to perform to the very last, as far as his strength would permit, the arduous labours of his station; being fully deter mined to relinquish his charge only with his life. His letters to his friends in Europe will show the state of his mind in view of his approaching end. In writing to Senior Urlsperger of Augs burg, he says: " I am hastening toward my home. He who sees his wedding-day is not concerned about trifles. It has pleased my dear Redeemer for several months to visit me with disease and infirmities, which most proba bly will terminate in death. I am in his hand, for he does all things well; as my own expe rience has taught me during my whole pilgrim age, but more especially during the thirty-two

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years of my pastoral office among my dear Salzburgers. Dearest heavenly Father ! accept my humble thanks for all thy love and faithful ness ! Expecting that my dear Redeemer will soon deliver me from, every evil,, and help me into his heavenly kingdom, I deem it my duty, though with a feeble hand, to write a few lines to you, to express my gratitude to you for all the spiritual and temporal acts of kindness mani fested toward me, (the most unworthy of men,) toward my family, my brethren in office, and to the whole congregation, for more than thirtytwo years ; and through you I -wish to express my thanks once more to all the Christian bene factors of Ebenezer., who live in my beloved fatherland."
In a letter to Dr. Zeigenhagen of London, he expresses himself as follows : " This will pro bably be the last letter which I shall write to you, with feeble hands and weak eyes. I am so reduced with illness, that I can scarcely walk a ] few steps, and am unable to discharge any of the duties of my office. All that I do is, to prepare myself for a happy exit out of this world, by the word of God and prayer, through the assistance of the Holy Spirit. And God be praised, I can and may say, ' If we live, we live unto the Lord ; if we die, we die unto the Lord : whether we live therefore or die, we are the Lord's.' How great is the happiness to

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possess this knowledge! Praised and blessed be God for the unspeakable gift of his only-begot ten Son to us sinners ; to me also, the chief of them; with whom he has given all we now have and enjoy in life and in death, as well as what we shall forever and ever enjoy in the house of our Father in the sweetest and most blessed communion with the Triune God! It is a faith ful saying--I shall be happy forever. My eyes shall behold the source of all joy. I know in whom I have believed, and I am sure there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness."
A few months before his death there was a slight improvement in his health, and he resumed his duties as pastor. For seven successive Sab baths he preached in Jerusalem church, nor would he spare himself, notwithstanding the en treaties of his brethren, and their offers to per form his duties for him. His general reply was, " I have soon to appear with my hearers before the judgment-seat of Christ, and I do not wish that one of them, should accuse me there of having been the cause of his condemnation." His last sermon was preached on the fifteenth Sunday after Trinity, the subject of which was, " The Jiappiness of the true Christian."
From that time his disease seemed to attack him with renewed violence. The swelling in his feet increased, and he "was no longer able to leave the house. His colleagues testify that he bore

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the severest pain with the meekness of a lamb, and with perfect resignation to the will of God.
During a visit of Pastor Lcmbke, lie expressed the joyful state of his mind in the following terms: "I cannot describe how happy I am in. my solitude, while I enj oy the presence and communion with my Saviour: happy ! oh, inde scribably happy. From the 7th to the 19th of November, a little gruel was all the refreshment he could take. On the 14th, he desired to unite with his Christian friends in the celebration of the Lord's Supper. Previous to the celebration of this ordinance, he remarked to Mr. Lembke: "I acknowledge our Protestant religion as a precious treasure in life and in death ! In my self I discover naught but sin, but I know that God has granted me forgiveness for Christ's sake." On the 18th, Mr. Polzius became suddenly much worse, and the family sent for Mr, Lembke. On reaching the house Mr. Lembke found him very much prostrated, but still perfectly rational. Mr. Lembke addressed him in these words: "Father, I will that they whom thou hast given me, be with me where I am, that they may see my glory, which thou hast given me." Mr. Bolzius repeated the words: That they may see my glory " and then continued : "Ah, how delightful it is in yonder heaven! how delightful to be with Christ!" His bodily sufferings seeming to increase, he patiently remarked, " This is a

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day of trial."- In the evening his friends, sup posing that his dissolution was approaching ad justed his pillow that he might rest the easier; but he almost immediately revived, and said, "Not yet; I have still to bear my sufferings for one night longer." The next morning, at six o'clock-, being the 19th of November, 1765, this venerable servant of Christ calmly resigned his spirit into the hands of God, in the sixty-second year of his eventful and useful life. The day following, his remains were carried to Jerusalem church, when Mr. Lem'bke and Mr. Rabenhorst addressed the large assemblage, who had col lected from all parts of the surrounding country, to pay a just tribute of respect to one who had been a father to them in more senses than one, and to whose wise counsels and faithful and zealous ministrations they were indebted, "under God, for much of their temporal and spiritual prosperity. The scene was a truly affecting one, as many of the aged Salsburgers who had been his companions in all his travels and perils, both by sea and by land, and who had shared his sympathies and his prayers, stood and looked for the last time upon the countenance of their best earthly friend, and bedewed his corpse with their tears. He was buried in the cemetery, near Jerusalem church, where his remains still repose. It is, however, a melancholy truth, that no monument marks his resting-place, and a

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stranger would seek his grave in vain. Never theless, ho sleeps none the loss sweetly and hope fully, and has left in the hearts, of the good and wise a monument more durable than brass. His memory will remain green as long as Lutheranism has a name in the South, or there is virtue and intelligence enough among the people of Georgia to appreciate his almost apostolic la bours, and his life of long and arduous and patient toil in the cause of his divine Redeemer and the persecuted and exiled Salzburgers. Mr. Bolzius left only two children. He had lost two before his death, whose sickness and death are supposed to have been caused by opening some of the swamp-lands near Ebenezer for the j cultivation of rice. At the time of his decease / his only son was a student at Halle, and it is believed that he never returned to this country. When Mr. Muhlenhurg visited Ebenezer, in 1774, an only maiden daughter of Mr. Bolaius (Miss Catherine) was residing in the family of her aunt, the Widow Leinbko. Her subsequent history could not he ascertained. It is a melan choly thought that no one of his descendants survived to perpetuate his name in this country, and that the whole family have become extinct. Nevertheless, they live in a purer and brighter sphere, and though lost to the church on earth, they no doubt constitute a part of the church triumphant in heaven.

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CHAPTER VII.
State of affairs at jibenezer consequent upon the death of Mr.
Transfer of trust to Mr. Rabenborst--Harmony between the
of the edifice--The Swan, Luther's coat of arms--Death of Mr. Lembke--His character as a preacher--Gottlieb Snider-- Rev. C. F. Triebner sent over as successor to ]VIr. Lembke-- His character--Marries a daughter of Mr. Lembke--Injudi cious selection--Division in the church--Controversy between Messrs, Rabenborst and Triebner--Dr. H. M. Muhlenburg ar rives at Ebenezer--Object of his mission--His prudent and judicious conduct--The grounds of dispute stated--Elders pre fer charges against Mr. Triebner--Origin of the difficulty--Dr. MuHenburg's efforts to reconcile the parties--His views of the
Kconciliation--Dr. Muhlenburg's reflections--His opinion of Mr. Rabenhorst--Exculpates him from all censure--His esti mation of Mr. Rabenborst as a man and as a preacher--Dr. Muhleryburg's labours among the Salzburgers--Saves the chnreh
THE death of Mr. Bolzius devolved upon Messrs. Lembke and Rabenhorst, his successors, the entire charge of the affairs of the colony. We have already seen that, owing to the emigra tion from Germany, and the rapid natural in crease of the population, the field of ministerial labour had become very large, and the pastoral duties necessarily arduous. Now, that one of

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their number had been called to his reward, these labours would be very much increased, and their cares and anxieties greatly multiplied. It has already been stated, that some time previous-to his death, Mr. Bolzius had assigned to Mr. Lembke the entire charge of the mill establishments., and all the property belonging to the congregations at Ebenozer- This was done in 1757. In 1767, Mr. Lembke made a, similar transfer to Mr, Rabenhorst: this latter transfer vfas made two years after the death, of Mr. Bolzius.
These two faithful men laboured harmoniously and successfully in. the discharge of their heavy civil and religious obligations? and gave entire satisfaction, to those with whose interests they were intrusted. It has been, found impractica ble to gather much information in regard to tho administration of affairs at Ebenezer during the lifetime of Mr. Lembke. The most important^ measure was the building of the large brick church, -which, still stands near the banks of the \ Savannah, river. A view of the church may be seen on the opposite page. The materials of which this church was constructed, were pre pared for the most part among the Salzburgers themselves, but the funds necessary to defray the expenses of its erection were contributed by their friends in Germany. It is stated in Mr. JVluhlenbuvg's journal, that the sum received for this

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purpose from Europe amounted to something over one thousand dollars, and Mr. Rabenhorst gave upward of one hundred and fifty dollars. The church is built of brick, eighty by sixty feet, and was originally designed for a two-story edifice. It is surmounted by a neat belfry, on the top of which is a swan, which was said to have been Jjuther's coat of arms, and is frequently placed on the spire of Lutheran churches in Europe.* The edifice is a plain but substantial one, and is in every respect creditable to those who planned and erected it. But reference will be made to it again.
It has not been found practicable to ascer tain how long Mr. Lemfoke continued his labours among the Salzbnrgers ; nor under what circum stances he closed his career. The most general opinion is, that he departed this life a> short time before the Revolutionary War. Certain it is, that he -was dead in 1774, when Mr. Muhlenburg visited Ebenezer. Although there are no means of ascertaining the particulars connected with his dying moments, it is not hazarding too much to assert, that like his predecessors, his end was peaceful and triumphant. This we have

There is a tradition, that when Joha Huss, the Bohemian martyr, wa,a burned by order of the Council of Constance, ho re marked, " You this day burn a goose, (Buss signifying goose;) but a hundred years henco a swan will arise, whom you will not bo able to burn:" in the Bohemian, Luther signifies a " swan."

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a right to infer from his character. That he was an eminently pious man, is universally ad mitted hy all who knew him. It "was our privi lege, in the years 1845 and 1846, to converse with -a venerable father in Israel, (Mr. Gottlieb Snider,) who lived to the advanced age of more than four-score years, and who had known Mr. Lembke personally, and had often heard him preach. He bore strong testimony to the learn ing, piety, and aeal of Mr. Lembke, and seemed to regard him with the highest veneration. He stated, too, that this was the general estimate in which he was held by the entire congregation. No fears, then, need be entertained in reference to the end of such a man.
Upon the death of Mr. Lembke, the Rev. Christopher F. Triebner was sent over by the reverend fathers in Germany, as an adjunct to Mr. Kabenhorst. Mr. Tribner was a young man of fine talents, but very impetuous in. his character, and seems to have possessed but a very small share of the humility and piety -which characterized his predecessors. Shortly after his arrival he married a daughter of Mr. Lembke, who was also a niece of Mr. Bolzius. His selection as an assistant pastor at Ebenezer was attended with the most disastrous consequences to the congregation; for he succeeded in raising such turmoil and strife among the members, that Mr. Muhlenburg was sent on a special mission

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to Ebenezer, in 1774, to heal the difficulties which Mr. Triebner had occasioned, and, if possi ble, to save the congregation from ruin.
Dr. IVIuhleiiourg arrived at Ebenezer in No vember, 1T74, having been especially deputed by the Lutheran pastors in Europe (under whose spiritual care the Salzburgers had been placed) to investigate the grievances complained of seve rally by Messrs. Triebner and Rabenhorst. As was to have been expected from his wisdom and experience, Dr. Muhlenburg managed this un pleasant matter with a great deal of prudence and good judgment. His first step was to call upon the pastors personally, and after a friendly interview with them, to request that each one would furnish him with a written statement of his grievances. This was accordingly done, and each party presented a long list of complaints. It is not necessary to go fully into particulars, though the documents might he interesting, espe cially to the descendants of the Salzburgers. It must suffice to state, that Mr. Triebner accused Mr. Rabenhorst, among other things, 1. That Mr. Rabenhorst had appropriated to his private use certain lands and other property belonging to the church; 2. That by his mismanagement the mill establishments had greatly depreciated in value, and were nearly ruined; 3. That he had wilfully departed from the church regula tions established by the fathers in Europe; 4.

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That Mr. Rabenhorst's obligation for six hun dred and forty-nine pounds was five years with out date, and that the interest was computed sometimes at thirty pounds and again at forty pounds, whereas the Rev. Urlspcrger fixed it at fifty-two pounds; 5. That Mr. Rabenhorst had assumed to himself the position and prerogatives of JiTst pastor, and had attempted to exercise undue supremacy ; 6. That Mr. Rabenhorst and his party, partly through, craft and partly through, violence., had obtained a majority of votes, and caused the church to be locked against Mr. Tricbncr and his party, &c. c.
On the other hand, Mr. Rabcnhorst com plained, 1. That, shortly after the arrival of Mr. Triebner, he attempted to create distrust and dissatisfaction among the members, by accusing Mr. Rabenhorst of bad management of the schools, and of making unauthorized changes and innovations in other regulations; 2. That he had slandered the arrangement of the mill establishment, as though. Mr. Rabenhorst in tended it for his own use; 3. He denied that Mr. Rabenhorst had any legal call at Ebenezer; 4. He had refused to administer the Lord's Sup per to Mr. Rabenhorst; 5. Besides the charge of dishonesty, he represented Mr. Rabcnhorst as a false teacher, a pretender, and destroyer of the church; 6. He abolished the fellowship of colleagues to confer and pray "with one another,

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lest Ms affected superiority might not be sus tained; 7. When Mr. Rabenhorst "went to Efoenesser to preach, Mr. Triebner invented all kinds of mischief and ill-will, ran out of church, laughed at the preaching, and occasionally criticised the sermon, &c. &c.
Besides those complaints drawn up by Mr. Rabenhorst, the deacons likewise presented charges against Mr. Triebner in writing, which were laid before Dr. Muhlenburg in due form. The principal were, 1. Ingratitude toward Mr. Rabenhorst, who had received him as a brother, and treated him with every mark of kindness; 2. Avarice or covetousness, in trying to get con trol of the church funds; 3. Anger and re venge ; 4. Pride and arrogance; 5. Hatred, envy, and malevolence. There are specifications un der each of these heads, but it is not necessary to state them. These charges were signed by tho deacons, with this pointed remark :
"This is a faint outline of the image of our Evangeli cal Lutheran minister, Christopher Frederick Triebner, May God have mercy on him and each one of us !
JOHN ADAM TRETJTLEN, ULRICH NEID LINGER, CHRISTIAN STEIXEB, JOSEPH ScniiBTREijr, SAMUEL KRAUSS, JACOB C. WAUIHAUER.
It may be proper here to state, that one cause of the difficulty between these two minis-

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ters originated in an election which, was held for church officers. Mr. Rabenhorst's party was successful,. but their right to enter upon the discharge of their duties was strongly contested, and when they took possession of the church, they had to hold it by force and defend them selves with swords, &c. The deacons claiming office under Mr. Triebner, as representatives of his party, -were, Messrs. John Caspar "Wertsch, John ITloerl, Christopher Kramer, Matthew Biddcnhach, John Paulus, and Paul Miiller.
Dr. Muhlenburg, having examined all the documents, and having in vain attempted to effect a private reconciliation between the parties, consented to hold a public conference with the pastors and their respective boards of deacons, and investigate fully all the matters in dispute. The 23d day of November was ap pointed for this purpose. Dr, Muhlenburg makes this minute in his journal under this date: " To-day, I expected severe and heart rending labour, and found myself troubled and entirely unfitted for the work. The old and new vestry, witnesses of both contending parties, together with both the ministers, are to meet to attempt a reunion, I prayed to God secretly, but could obtain no confidence, and felt like a poor sinner who is "being led forth to execution/' # * * a I had. previously advised my brother Trie"bner liow? 'with a few words, he might end

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the complicated and perplexing strife, viz. if ho would say before the meeting, <I have erred, and ask your cordial forgiveness, and wherein you have wronged me, that I "will forgive "with all my heart and forget.' For, under all the circumstances, I could impartially learn that in many things he had acted unreasonably, not according to grace, but according to our depraved nature."
The journal of Dr. Muhlenburg contains a detailed account of the various propositions for a compromise, but it is not necessary to state the particulars. It is, perhaps, important to give Dr. Muhlenburg's view of the case, accord ing to the impression made upon his mind. Speaking of Mr. Tribner, he says: "He en deavoured to defend himself against the charge of avarice, and his party testified very ear nestly in his behalf. In regard to the remaining counts, various instances were adduced and testi mony given. He endeavoured, however, partly to justify and partly to deny, and to turn it to the best advantage for himself, and began to weep, and said, to-day was the day of his visi tation ; he must suffer and leave it all to the righteous Judge. I aided as mucli as I could, with a good conscience, and said, that in strife and enmity, faults and errors of hastiness were converted into crimes, but where love reigned, they were covered up, or endured but for a little

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season. But as he thought he had not erred, on the contrary had acted according to grace, conscience, and the instructions of the reverend fathers, I therefore adduced certain points wherein he had erred, and said: 'That even a suhject of grace carried -within him the root or seed of all the aforesaid vices, and if he watched not, could soon be overtaken by them, and that we must avoid also the appearance of them.' He wept again, and said: Such vices as those mentioned were mortal sins, and if they could be proved against him, he would be unworthy of his office., much less could he continue a mi nister if the newly-elected vestrymen remained ; he would rather remain by himself with his little flock. I told him, finally, that obedience and love had induced me to take this fatiguing jour ney to visit them, that, with the help of God, peace and unity might be rcstoi'-ed. But if they were determined to continue in discord and be ruined, then my visit and experiment were ended; and to-morrow, with a sad and heavy heart, I would depart and report the result. I had hoped, by remaining over winter, that all things might yet be restored to order, but if this was the way, it was useless for me to stay. Mr. \Vertsch and others said I should not adjourn yet, but try another proposition. I replied, that the following was my advice : 1- That they should bury all their former contentions and

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offences, and cordially forgive each, other, as there were faults on. all sides; 2. To open the Jerusalem church for Pastor Triebner, so that both ministers might, unitedly, perform their mi nisterial duties in the congregation ; 3. I would endeavour, with the aid of the ministers, &c., to prepare a plan for the better conduct of the whole matter. Pastor liabenhorst came to the rescue, and supported the proposition with a warm ex hortation. I gave my hand to each one present, and said if in. auglit I had offended or wounded them, tliey should forgive me. Pastor Rabenhorst did likewise, and Pastor Treibner followed and said he would forgive his enemies, and would implore G-od to forgive them also; and thus we separated. Pastor Rabenhorst and I ate at Mr. Triebner's, and at evening returned home. I was so tortured and worried in body and spirit, that I had to lie down. O Lord! how much has riot the enemy of man already won, if lie can effect a breach between ministers and col leagues in a church ! What hateful mischief he does to the sheep, when he has disarmed the shepherds ! How despised is the holy office and its dignity in the sight of Chamites and Canaanites, when they have seen the nakedness of the fathers, and scoff at it!"
It is gratifying to state that the judicious efforts of Dr. Muhleuburg to effect a reconcilia tion between these disaffected parties were hap-

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pily crowned with a good measure of success, as will be seen from the above extract- 33ut feel ings of alienation grew out of these contentions, which were never fully pacified, and the bitter fruits growing out of this unfortunate rxipture were seen for many years after. For it has been the sad experience of all who have ever had the misfortune to be connected, even re motely, with such schisms, that even though they may seem to be healed, the asperities of feeling which result from them are frequently only smouldered, and it requires a large measure of grace to entirely eradicate and destroy them. It is no wonder, therefore, that Dr. Muhlenburg, deeply sensible of the ruinous tendency of all such ruptures between Christians, should express himself so strongly in the latter part of the above extract from his journal.
In a subsequent part of his journal Dr. Muh lenburg states, that having examined all the church records, he was satisfied that "Mr. Rabenhorst did not acquire the ministers' plantation through fraud and evil practices, as Mr. Triebner and evil-disposed persons had complained; but that Mr. Bolzius rejoiced that it had been sold, and that Mr. Rabenhorst took it at ,649 16*. 5c2,, with the consent of the reverend fathers in a regular manner, and gave his obligation for it; and the fund was thereby secured." This state ment fully vindicates Mr. Rabenhorst from the

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most serious charge "wluch Mr. Triebner and bis associateis brought against him. Farther on in his journal, Dr. Muhlexiburg, speaking1 of Mr. liabenhorst, bears this strong testimony in His favour : " When I &e& >rith raj own eyes, and hear with my own oars in intoreourse, tfrat the man possesses a heart of grace, excellent gifts to preach, and Still more aptness to catechise; that tie insists upon, a new creature in Christ Josus, upon radical repentance, living faith, and daily renewal; and that he adorns his sound doc trine with an edifying, sober, and godly life, &c.; when I reflect on all this, I must wonder in my simplicity, \vha,t could have been, the preponde rating reasons which prevented our reverend fathers from appointing Rev. R^be-rthorst first preacher after the death of Jlev. Z/eraiOce ; and even induced them to place at his side, as second preacher, frjwaftg man "tvho> although well-mean ing and gifted, was nevertheless inexperienced, passionate, atid a dangerous novice; and more over to continue Mi\ Kabenhorst as third preacher! Most heartily would I have regarded myself/ as fortunate, if the Lord had lent us in. Pennsylvania a labourer like Mr. Rabenhorst, and I ATOuId rejoice even in. my last days to l?e the adjunct of such a man, 1<|S * Although Mr. Kabenhorst had been most gvo&sly wrcmged, and had been publicly assailed in honour, office, and reputation, yet h.e was the firstj "syith tears, t&

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extend his hand to his offender, to forgive every thing, and to ask forgiveness." Dr. Muhlenburg closes his investigation of this "whole matter "with these remarks: "In. my humble estimation, Mr. Rabenhorst is the only man pos sessed of understanding and experience who, with Divine assistance, can save the Ebenezer congregations from destruction. If the reverend fathers will only appoint him first preacher,, will hold Mr. Tricbner tighter in hand, and honour Mr. Rabcnhorst "with a paternal and familiar correspondence, all may yet be well."
Dr. Muhlenburg remained three months in Georgia, during which time he preached fre quently in all the churches of the Salzburgers-- Jerusalem, Bethany, Zion, and at Gosh en ; and extended his visits also to Savannah. His journal contains a great many interesting de tails, which are, however, not necessary for our purpose. This sojourn among the Sulzburgers was of incalculable benefit to the whole settle ment. Beside effecting an amicable adjustment of the unfortunate breach which had occurred between the pastors and their respective adhe rents, his quick penetration led him to perceive, that in consequence of the manner in which the lands belonging to the churches at Ebenezer had been granted, the whole property w~as placed at the mercy of the Church of England, to be con verted to the benefit of that church, whenever
14*

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occasion might present. The words of the grant were, " In trust for a glebe for St. Mat thew's Paris7i, for the use of the ministers of the Lutheran Church in Ebenezer." On this point Dr. Muhlenburg remarks : " The grant to Jerusalem church as the principal or mother church in the village of Ebenezer, is so stronglyarranged and secured that no help is left for it. Mr. John Wertsch managed the matter entirely alone, and suffered himself to be outwitted. He regrets it, but that does not alter the case." This was also true in relation to the church and school-house called Bethany. The object was defined to be, "In St. Matthew's Parish^ for the use of a church and school-house, and for the support of the minister and master thereof." Of this Dr. jVTuhlenburg says : " This is unwit tingly cut out for the Church of England, as there is only one church, strictly so speaking, established in the British dominions."
Dr. Muhlenburg was seriously troubled (as well lie might be) when he discovered the critical position in which these grants placed the church property at Ebenezer. He, therefore, visited Savannah, and had an interview with Mr. Habersharn, the President of the King's Council, and Anthony Stolces, Esq., Chief Justice for the province, in which he represented the gross in justice and wrong which the Salzburgers were likely to suffer, unless these grants could be

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altered. He also drew up an able manifesto, in which he clearly set forth the just claims of the Salaburgers, and pointed out the distinctive Lu theran character of the churches which had been established at Ebcnezer and its vicinity. The efforts of Dr. Muhlenburg to secure the rights of the Salzburgera were successful. The grants were accordingly altered, and the pro perty forever secured to the Lutheran Church. For this act alone, the Salzburgers and their descendants, and in fact the whole Lutheran Church, owe Dr. Muhlenburg a lasting debt of gratitude.

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CHAPTER VIII.
Dr- Muhlenburg still at Ebenesser-- Church discipline--Views and practices of the founders of American Lutheran Church--Evils

The discipline adopted at Ebenezer in 1771, and duties of pas-

who s et! the Als pli e, as certified by Dr. Muhle

Settle:

nd Gosliext--ZIf. Knox fe

jjreuch to the Negroes--Labours of the Moravians at Gosheii-- S'ears of Dr. Muhlenbur--Moravians not successful--Advice to them "by one of the Sitlzburgers--Fears of Dr. Muhleiiburg not realized--Moravians leavo the settlement--Dr. Muhlenburg's successful labours at Ebenczei----He leaves Georgia and retm-ns to Philadelphia--Condition of the congregations at Ebenezer--Keflections,
IN another place reference lias been made to the discipline which JDr. JNfuhlenburg drafted for the better government of the congregation in and around Ebenezer. It is, perhaps, appro priate that some extracts from that document should be here inserted, as this subject is pro perly connected with his visit to Ebeneizer. The extracts may be regarded by some readers as rather too long, but they are made so pur posely, to show what where the opinions of the founders of American JJutheranism upon the sub ject of church discipline. This is necessary for

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two reasons : 1. There are many professedly Lu theran preachers in the United States who, under a mistaken view of Christian liberty', have never attempted to throw any restraints around the de portment of the people of their charge. Hence, many Lutheran church members are very lax in their notions of Christian propriety, and parti cipate in all the fashionable follies of life, seem ingly "without any compunctions of conscience. By this course of conduct the Lutheran Church has been injured very seriously in the estimation of other enlightened Christian denominations, and in many sections of country has become almost a by-word. Our church is regarded as a body of unconverted professors, whose lives are a scandal to the Christian name ; and the impression has been made upon many minds, that we never have attempted to check the im proprieties and immorality of which our mem bers have sometimes been guilty, simply because we had no discipline which could reach and cor rect their misdemeanors. It is to be hoped that this stigma will now be removed, and that the Christian public will judge us more favour ably in the future. 2. Some of our ministers, and many of our church members, have been disposed to look upon a judicious and rigid church discipline, as a (t new measure" --an inno vation upon the uses of our fathers. In some portions of the Lutheran Church, attempts have

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been made by designing men, to pander to the prejudices and corruptions of the human heart, by asserting that our pious forefathers never had any discipline in their churches; and that this movement to control the actions of freemen, Toy dictating to them what they should or should not do, "would lead inevitably to the establish ment of a censorship, -which would ultimately destroy the rights of conscience, and bind the human mind in vassalage to the dictation of a haughty priesthood. Such were not the senti ments nor the practices of those godly men who laid the foundation of the Lutheran Church in America. They regarded a scriptural disci pline, wisely and impartially administered, not only as absolutely necessary, but as fully sanc tioned by Divine authority. And as far as their example furnishes a. precedent., it forever silences the senseless ranting of those who seek to brand such measures as innovations, and who, to ac complish some ulterior design, would leave the church without a compass, to be driven about by the tempests of human passion.
Our illustrious fathers had wisdom and grace to perceive that the moral power of the church does not consist in its numerical strength, but in the piety and purity of its members. Hence, they planted themselves upon the pre cepts of Christ and the apostles ; and by enforc ing proper regulations in all their congregations,

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they sought to give character to the church, and to make the membership living witnesses to the elevating and controling influences of sound Christian principles. They had, too, the moral courage to do their duty faithfully in this par ticular. They had no fears in relation to their popularity? and never compromised their views of duty, nor shrunk from any responsibilities growing out of the faithful discharge of the ob ligations "which they owed to Christ and the souls of their fellow-men. Would to God, their "mantle" had in all cases descended to their successors ! But the reader may desire to see tlie discipline which was adopted and enforced in the early days of Lutheranism in America. Here is a portion of it. It will be seen that in some things it goes very minutely into detail, but it is not the less interesting on that account.

THE ELECTION OF DEACONS, &c.
" The election of deacons shall take place annually on Easter-Monday, as usual, in the most capacious church, where the whole congregation, consisting of all the regu lar and contributing male members of the Evangelical Lutheran Congregation in and about Ebenezer, which holds to the Augsburg Confession and Liturgy, and also to the old Discipline and Rule as described in Chapter I., is assembled. On the ensuing Sabbath, the church-dea cons, elected by a plurality of the votes of the congrega tion, shall be presented publicly, at the service in the church in -which they were elected, by one or other of the ministers, when they shall be reminded of the duties of their office, be received by taking of the hand, and their

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names recorded in the church-register. Previously, how ever, the deacons whose office has expired shall be dis missed with thanks and wishes of blessing.
"The meeting of the church-council shall be subject to tho following rules, viz.: When necessary matters and business demand a meeting, the church-council shall be previously and publicly invited from the pulpit, and the time and place of meeting specified by the oldest minis ter, so that each member can make his appearance, and not absent himself without cogent reasons. If, however, the business will not admit of so long delay, the mem
bers shall be convoked by expi-osses. The oldest minister, who has for the longest period of time been, in office in this congregation, and to whom its circumstances are best known, shall preside at every meeting of the council. Should he, however, be sick, or absent on necessary offi
cial engagements, he shall authorize his colleague to supply his place in the council. The elder minister, as president of the assembled council, shall have liberty to invite his junior colleague to all important meetings of the church-council, and permit him to keep on record the minutes or protocol, so that be may gain experience for the future.
" When the whole, or at least two-thirds, of the respect ive members of the church-council are present, the pre sident shall open with a short ejaeulatory prayer, and each member shall modestly take his seat; and the order of business shall follow thus: I. The president shall make known the business concerning which it is neces sary to consult and deliberate. 2. The president shall present one point after another, and allow each member to give his opinion and exposition of it. Whoever wishes to speak and. offer his advice, shall rise and modestly give his opinion. No one shall interrupt another while speak ing, and still less shall two persons speak at the same time. All undue, insulting, sarcastic, and abusive lan guage and expressions must, in general, and especially in such assemblies, where matters affecting the honour of God, and the welfare of the congregation are con-

AND THE III DESCENDANTS.
siderod, be avoided, ii. It is also very unbecoming m such meetings of council, foi- one individual to \>e"sole spokesman, and arbitrarily wish to have every thing done according to t!ie views which he conceives to be'correot. 4. After each one has given his opinion and advice in re gard to one point, the vote shall be taken upon it; the re solution made either unanimously or by plurality of vote, and be -written down by the minister who records the minutes, and then read to the assembly, to ascertain whether it has been correctly recorded. 5. A resolution, however, in regard to weighty and important matters, cannot and shall not bo considered valid, which is not unanimously passed, or, at least, by concurrence of the president and two-thirds of the regular members of the congregation. Matters of this kind are such, for exam ple, as the building of clmrub.es and school-houses, the election or discharge of school teachers, tho leasing or vending of mills or any other establishment. Should the church-council have come to a determination, and passed a resolution in reference to one or other such im portant matters, such resolution shall first be laid pub licly before the congregation, and a week's time shall be given the congregation to reflect on it. Should it turn out, during this week, that either all or two-thirds of tho regular members of the congregation are opposed and dissatisfied, for -weighty grounds, the matter shall not bo. put in force, but shall again receive the deliberation and consideration of church-council. 0. After the session of the church-council is concluded, the president shall close with prayer, and sec that the most necessary things in the minutes \vhich were resolved for the welfare of the congre gation, be properly transferred to the church-register.
"Should one or other member of the ruling churchcouncil, viz. the ministers, deacons, trustees, deputy overseers or managers, deviate from our Evangelical Pro testant religion, order, and worship, which are accordant with the Augsburg Confession, and go over to another re ligious denomination, or perhaps even, give offence to our congregation bv gross wickedness, (which, however, may

God in his mercy forbid !) and if such be plainly or sxifiluiently, convincingly, and indisputably proved by two or three reliable witnesses ; and if the various degrees of admonition will not make an impression, or produce any reformation, ho or they shall be expelled from the church-council, and shall have longing to our congregatio a true return take placo, : with the congregation.
" As the laudable society in London for the Promotion of the Knowledge of Christ, out of affection toward the oppressed Protestants from Salzburg and Germany, has kindly undertaken, since the year 17B3, to provide and compensate ministers and school-teachers who adhere to the Augsburg Confession, for the congregation which at
time was yet to be planted; and has also by certain mber of prominent ministers of the i mother church, in Germany find
iiLind, viz. with Mr. Samuel Urlsperjrer, in Au
ister to Ebeneaer congregation rests, upon the ^ ment of the laudable society, with the above-mentioned reverend fathers and those whom they are to choose as their successors in Europe, and shall continue so long as the aforesaid are not annulled, or until the Ebenezer con gregation has become umvorthy of such a favour.
'Should one or other Ubeiiczcr preacher or teacher, secretly or openly, introduce and disseminate erroneous and soul-destructive doctrines, conflicting with the basis of the apostles and prophets in the word of God, con tained in the Old and Mew Testaments, and opposed to our Augsburg Confession, (and other Symbolical Books);
t offences which may be really substantiated, and become public; or transgress by causing

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schisms and factions,--lie shall first be examined by tho other minister and pastor, together with two or three of the church-council ivho arc experienced in the vs-ord and Y;ays of God; arid if found guilty, required to confess, deplore, and abhor such offences, and particularly to re call nod expose the erroneous doctrines by manifesting yincei-c repentance. Should, however, said minister, after due representations have been made, not be disposed to fulfil the above conditions; and stubbornly and wickedly continue iu such error, then the other minister and the whole church-council, with the assistance of intelSigenG and experienced church-members, shall once more inves tigate said offences and errors, direct the church-council to report the same to the reverend fathers, and await from them a full decision. In the mean time they shall suspend such minister from his office; and service until the offences be removed: because in tsuch cases delay is dangerous.
11 It shall "be the duty of tho pastor of our congrega tion to teach and administer in our congregation, purely and without adulteration, publicly and explicitly, the doctrine of faith, and the practical duties following there from ; of oui' Evangelical Lutheran religion, and the two sacraments, according to tho b.isis of the apostles and prophets contained in the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, in which Jesus Christ is the corner stone, (accordant with our Augsburg Confession and other Symbolical Books.)
" The qualifications and gifts requisite and necessary for our ministers ami pastors, for the performance of the duties of their office, arc amply described in the word of God, in the New Testament, the infallible rule, guide, and fountain of their faith, life, and conduct, according to their station, office and service. Matt, xsviii. 18-20; Mark svi. 15, 1G ; Epb. iv. 11, 12; 1 Tim. iU. 2-13; Titus i. o-ll; 1 Pet. v. 2-4; James iii. 1; !1 Tim. iv. 10-13; 2 Car. v. 17-20; vi, 1-10; Acts xii. 28; '2 Tim. iv. 2-5 ; 1 Cor. xii. 4, 5, 7; Horn, xii. 7, 8 ; John xiii. 34, 35 ; Matt. vii. 22, 23 ; I Cor. ziii. 1-10.

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"They can also learn their duty from the documents containing their call and instructions, received from their reverend superiors.
" According to the ordinance introduced at the begin ning, our Eheneaev congregation bus had two churches, viz. the Jerusalem and '/.ion's churches, and has also one church in Bethany; and so long as there was, are, and will be two ministers, the whole congregation is and shall be jointly and nssociatoly supplied with the means of grace after the following manner: 1. The older minis ter shall conduct the worship at 7aon's church every second Sabbath, until otherwise directed by the reverend directors; he shall also, if health and strength permit, deliver one catechetical sermon every week in the same place. Farther, he shall also, in accordance with the precedence and Christian esamyile of the first ministers and his first appointments, have divine service, on differ ent Sabbaths and week-days, in the German Evangelical Lutheran congregation at Goshen and in the town of Savannah. The other Sabbaths and fast-day.s he shall appropriate to holding service in the Jerusalem church. The second preacher, who at the present time lives in the little town of Ebenczer, near Jerusalem church, shall conduct worship ia the Jerusalem church, until other wise ordered by the reverend directors, on Sabbath and fast-days, so that the Ebcnezer congregation shall lose nothing on those Sabbaths and fast-days on which tlio older minister has divine service at Goshen and Savan nah. Furthermore, the second preacher shall also de liver a catechetical sermon weekly in the Jerusalem church; and as the members residing in Bethany arc nearest to Jerusalem church, and belong to it, and aa they have, with the approval of the first blessed ministers, built a church in Bethany, considering that the old, in firm, and sickly members and children can scarcely attend the Jerusalem church, and yet have need of spiritual nourishment, it was, therefore, resolved by the church-council, 'that the people in Bethany shall regu larly have- divine service, if possible, every fourth Sab-

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bath by Hie preacher \vho lives nearest to them. Tid. minutes of January 32, 1774.' Yet this resolution shall not he enforced, except with the condition, that the minister receives the necessary travelling expenses, and entertainment for himself and horse ; because, according to the teachings of Ghvist, the labourer is -worthy of his meat and wages.
"According to the good regulation already introduced, the Lord's Supper shall he administered, if possible, every six weeks in our llbcnezer congregation after this man ner, viz.: 1. It shall he published two weeks previously, after the morning service, in both churches or in one, when the whole congregation is assembled in it; and the names off such as signify their intention to commune shall ho recorded by the respective minister or ministers. Should any of the members not be present when the an nouncement is made, and yet be desirous of participating, they shall he allowed to niako known their iutcation ab the service of the preceding -week, or privately to one or other of the pastors. Both ministers shall mutually eom-
cordedj and confer betimes over thorn in ;i paternal and brotherly way, to ascertain whether there niijrht he one,
exist, known either to the pastor himself by personal ob servation, or vrhich information h;is boon given by credit able testimonies. In such CO..SCH they must use particular wisdom and foresight, according to the rule of their Saviour and Master, in Matt. s. 10, so that they may ueal impartially, without carnal affections and passions ; that they may not judge according to hearsay,- but con front accusers, accused, and witnesses, and, as the issue may he, either acquit the innocent or proceed with the guilty, according to the degrees"oi' exhortation. Should, however, ia this affair, important matters be affected, then the pustovs shall have liberty to admit to their tiid several intelligent and God-fearing members of the churchcouncil. Neither of the two pastors shall, however, be permitted to exclude, upon his own responsibility, any

THE SALZBURGURS
one from participating in the Lord's Supper; "but it shall be done with the knowledge of both, provided there bo reasons and grounds sufficient which demand such pro cedure. And if it happen that any one has given of fence to the congregation by gross aud open, sins and vices, and such persons or person has or have been brought to sincere repentance and sorrow on account of his or their sins, by the admonition and instruction of the pastors, through the word and Spirit of God; and if they evince an earnest desire, next to God, to be again reconciled with the congregation, then the church disci pline shall be enforced as has been usual at other occa sions, on the Sabbath on which the Lord's Supper is administered, as follows; The penitent or penitents shall be called out by name before the public assembly of the congregation, and commended to their compassionate in tercession, and be again restored with appropriate admo nition. In regard, however, to errors and faults com mitted through thoughtlessness, which occurred secretly and not publicly, and through which the congregation re ceived no offeiitie, the person guilty shall on no account bo reprehended publicly from the pulpit, personally or by name, but shall be set aside privately by the pastor, and be directed to reform. Because, should any other method be pursued, imblttered feelings might be aroused, offence given, and injury done. The minister shall never theless retain perfect right and liberty to denounce each and every sin and deviation from the holy law of God, as is directed by the teachings of Jesus Christ and his holy apostles. The confession shall he held in both churches on Saturday morning, by both ministers. In case, how ever, one of the ministers should be sick, and the other thus be alone, it shall be held in the largest church, where all who have given in their names can be con vened. The Lord's Supper shall, as usual, be adminis tered in the most capacious church and by both ministers, viz.; the elements shall be consecrated and the bread dis tributed by the elder minister, and the consecrated eup shall be given by the junior minister. The collection, as

AKD TIIEIK DESCENDANTS*

175

directed, shall be taken up white the congregation is dis persing.
"The following rules shall be adopted in i-egard to the instruction and confirmation of young persons: 1. Pa rents, guardians, and masters shall be allowed to make mention of the young persons intrusted to their care, and send them to either of the two pastors nearest to whom they may live, or whom they may prefer; 2. Both parties shall employ the utmost fidelity, according to the grace which has been, bestowed upon and received by them, to ground, through the love of Christ, the young souls intrusted to them, thoroughly, by the assistance and power of the Holy Spirit, in our evangelical doc trines of faith and duties ot" life, or in the order of salva tion, or in the counsel of God conducing to blessedness, upon JesiiH Christ, the rock of our salvation ; IJ. After this has been performed, and the time has arrived when they shall be publicly examined and tested, when they shall renew their baptismal row and be confirmed, then each pastor may publish the time and day, and examine the little flock which he has instructed in one or other of the two churches, receive the vows of the faithful, and kindly invite his colleague and co-pastor to attend ; be cause, by such a solemn act, faithful ministers and shep herds may be animated, encouraged, and excited to in tercessions, if they have at all the spirit and disposition of Christ, the JLord of his own; 4. The persons newly confirmed by each minister shall be registered in a suitable church record, and preserved as a testimony to posterity.
" The order established by the first minister, with the approbation of the reverend directors, in regard to the public worship on Sabbath and fast-days in our Ebenojser congregation, shall remain undisturbed, aad shall be ob served in our church as follows: 1, At the usual time in the morning, the minister shall commence with the prayer from the London Liturgy; 2. The school-teacher shall read a cihapter- from the Holy Bible, following the prayer in order; 3. The minister sh.il! jimiounue a spiritual

17G

THE GALZBU.KO-KBS

hymn from the Holy Hymn Book, according to its Dum ber, and also whether the vrholo, or (if only EI part) how many verses shtill be sung; 4. The minister shall read the Epistle or Gospel appointed for the day ; 5. The hymn shall be again sung, it being previously announced as be fore ; G. The minister shall offer up an extemporaneous prayer, and end -with the Lord's prayer; 7. He shall read the Epistle or Gospel, or test which forms the basis of his remarks ; 8. lie shall preach his sermon, and close it with prayer ; 9. The general prayer from the London Liturgy shall follow, and be finished with the Lord's prayer; 10. AH the necessary announcements shall bo made, and con cluded by an apostolic wish; .11. There shall bo singing; 12. The congregation shall be dismissed with the Lord's benediction. The afternoon service shall be commenced, 1. By reading a chapter from the Holy Scriptures ; 2. Singing ; 3. The young persons and children shall re hearse what they have learned--passages from the little book of the blessed Tolner, the catechism of Luther, the order of salvation, or hymns ; 4. Singing; 5. The minis ter shall offer up a prayer, and catechise the children, either on what they have rehearsed, or on the Epistle or Gospel read that day ; G. lie shall close with prayer, and "Our Father," &c.; 7. Singing, and dismission of the congregation with the blessing of the Lord.
" Those who at any time shall be the ministers of our EbCRczer congregation, shall, according as God has given thorn grace, gifts, and experience, for -which they shall daily implore the Lord and .Master, be strenuously en gaged for the general and particular salvation and educa tion of the lambs and sheep intrusted to them, and pur chased by the blood of Jesus Christ himself. They shall visit industriously the schools, as also the sick mem bers, when, and sis often as they desire it, and supply them with the means of grace, so far ns time, health, and strength will admit. In case one or other of the minis ters is afflicted vrith sickness and confined, it shall be the duty of the other, vrho is well, as much as by the aid of God he may be able, amid the other necessary engage-

r

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

177

merits of his office, to conduct the worship on the Lord's day in one or other, or both churches alternately, uncl serve and visifc the filial or young congregation sprung from the parent congregation, on one or other day of the week, until the sick minister be restored. Fur ther, the ministers and pastors shall also, according to the example of the first minister of the congregation, so pleasing to God himself, confer diligently, either orally or by "writing, concerning official or casuistic cases which may be'brought before them ; the one serving the other with the gifts which he lias received, and thereby manifest to the flock that, from thorough self-knowledge and just application of unction from on high, each re gards the other as superior to himself; that they serve one Lord of all, and one congregation, and take heed unto themselves and the doctrine ; that they preserve in a pure conscience the precious charge intrusted to them; and fight the good fight, so as to save both themselves and their hearers. 1 Tim. jv. 16. In this way, and not otherwise, can the will of God be accomplished, the wish of our fathers "be fulfilled according to Psalm cxxxiii., their own hearts be rejoiced, the burden of their duties toward the congregation alleviated, and their conversation, and exemplary walk become a wholesome terror to the obstinate, and serve as a blessing and comfort and means* of growth in grace to the obedient sheep and lambs.

OF CHURCH MEMBERS,
"Whoever wishes to become and remain a member of our Evangelical Lutheran Church, holding to the AngsImrg Confession and Liturgy, in and about Ebenezer, and have part in the spiritual and temporal benefits, pri vileges, and rights, must, in the first place, have been or be received within the covenant of grace by holy bap tism, with the Divine Majesty of God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit; 2, He must be or have been instructed for the participation in. the Lord's Supper; he must be confirmed and received as a. communing member ; u. lie

-178

THE

must, as much as possible, regularly attend to the hear ing of the word of God, and participate in the Lord's Supper; 4. He must voluntarily contribute, according to his ability, of his gifts and merits toward the continua tion and support of" the evangelical -worship of God, %vh<snever- arid wherever the deacons may demand it; 5. He must not live in, or bo found guilty of, prevailing sins and vices, contrary to the divine moral code or the ten commandments of God, nor Indulge in the open works of the flesh enumerated in Gal. v. ID-21; 1 Cor. T. 1-12; vi. 9, 10; but he must conduct himself as a Christian, according to his calling and the doctrine of Jesus Christ; 6. In case, however, one or other member should be over taken in faults, through the subtle artifice of Satan, of the flesh, and of the deceitfulness of the world, or, per haps, even full into great Bins, and sucli failings or sins come to the knowledge of the ministers and pastors, then they shall iirst call these fallen souls to account, alone, with compassionate love and seriousness regarding them as wandering, lost, and wounded sheep, and admonish them to repent, point the sin and uncleamiess again to the free and open fountain, and give them advice and direc tion how they, as lest, sons and daughters, may again reach their home. Should this course prove fruitless, the pastors shall make still further attempts to retrieve them; and admit to their assistance two or three mem' Tiers of the church-council, who are experienced in the word and ways of God, and repeat the affectionate admo nitions. And if this also prove abortive, then such per sons, continuing in their sins, shall Le cited to appear be fore the church-council and pastors, and the last admoni tion shall "be applied. If, however, they refuse to appear and obey, their name shall then be recorded in the minutes of the congregation, and then have neither part, nor right, nor suffrage in the congregation, and its privi leges and benefits, until, peradventure, by God's grace, lung-suffering and mercy, for the intercession of Jesus Christ the Mediator, through the disciplining and gra cious workings of the Spirit of God, true conversion

THJ-1IH P.ESCKNDANTS,

179

takes place, and they give evidence of such by pi-oofe, and withal, desire to be j)g;iin received into the congre gation : then thuy may he received, provided they ac knowledge aad confess, in open assembly of the congre
gation, the offences alleged, and. ask forgiveness and re conciliation through the pastors,
" To all the above Fundamental Articles, Constitutions, and Rules, upon -which and according to which a German Evangelical Lutheran congregation, composed of Salzburg emigrants and Protestants accompanying them, was
founded, established, governed, and maintained (and shall in the future, through all time, bo maintained and
governed) in and about Ebeuezcr, in the Province of
Georgia, (by virtue of the freedom of conscience granted by God and the constitution of Great Britain,} professing
and adhering to the word of God and the Augsburg Con
fession, the ministers, pasturs, and school-teachers who may at any time be in office., all the trustees, ciders, dea cons, each regular contributing, communing church mem
ber, mutually and deliberately hind them selves, with heart and hand and signature of their names ; and that, too, with the express condition, that be or they who acts contrary to the above constitution, seeking in any way
to annul or pervert It, shall have neither part OP right, nor vote, nor pretension to the spiritual and temporal goods and benefits of the Ebcnezcr congregation.
%encgar, ttcoryiv, December 1-1, 1774."
" That the above is a true transcript of the original Fundamental Articles, Constitution, and Rules, which were Kmmimously ratified \>y the church-council in public assembly at Kbcnezer, with the si ^natures of their names, and also on the 2Gth of January, 1775, by the congrega tion in Jerusalem church at Kbcnezer, plainly and dis tinctly heard and approved and confirmed by the signa ture of their names, is hereby testified and affirmed by Henry Melchior Muhlcnbui'g, at the time Reverend of Evangelical Ministeriam, Philadelphia, Minister Senior, and authorized agent of the Reverend Directors of the Ebeiiezor congregation, &f. &?,"

180
The undersigned, respective members of the church-council, are the .Reverend Ministers, the Trustees and Deacons, and appear in the origi nal, subscribed as follows :--

John Casper Wertseh, John Floerl, Joseph Sclmblrein, I>avid Sterner, Conrad Ra.hn, Christopher Kraciner.
John Michael, John Paulus, John flemshart. Matt. Btdeitbach, Balthasar Biesor, Caspar Hoil, John Ha-ngleiter, Charles Me Cay, Lucas Zeigleri G-eorge Gruber, Christopher Oechsle, llans Jlirk Wineklor, J'olin Martin Dasher,
Israel Loimberger, John George Bentz, Siebolaa Michael, Jacob Jlonsler, SQIOOAOQ Schrcrapf, Christian Dasher, Ei-aest Zittraaer, Joliannes Manror,

John Ada.ni Treutlen. "Ulrich Neidlinger, Jacob C. \Valdhauer. John Kugcl, Christian Steiner, Samuel Krauw.
Veit Lochncr, John Martin Paulitsc John Paul Moeller, Jacob Metzger, Jacob Mack, Philip Paulitseh, Michael Mack, Christopher Kottenbef Michael Reiser, John Sclmele, John Adam Preyerrmi Jacob Tarringer,
John G. F. Zittrauer, John . H. Schnoider; John Justus Oravenst John Iloatz, John Hoinley, John C. Oechsle, Nicholas Schubtrein, Nicholas tlelmc, ttoorgo Oriunn,

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

181

Jacob Buehler, John Bollinger, Ruprecht Zimmerebner Heui-y Ludw-ig Seats, John Steiiier, Daniel Burgsteiner, John Christian Krinbea Daniel Weitmann, Martin Dasher, Matthews Rahn, John Gottleib Ott, Israel Lackner, Mathias Meyer, John Kogler, G. Israel Schmidt, Nathaniel Ott, Conrad Frank, John Michael Oochsle, John Mctzgcr, John Bolleingcr, Solomon Zandt, John Adam Paulus, Andreas Gnann,
Michael Ileistaan, Frederick Lackner, Samuel Metzger,
Benjamin Rieser,

John Gc >rge Beckle; John Sel Jacob II ;inlcy, Jacob Gnana, Peter Freyermuth, John Gottleib Neidl John Christian Gugt Abraham De Roahc, Samuel Deppe, Benjamin 15. Glaner Jonathan Seckinger,
John Gottleib Schneuler, Michael Ilalercr, Frederick Helfenstein, Jacob Metzger, Mnthees M. Schule, Jacob Kiefor, John Heckel, Georgo Zcigler, Paul Fanck, Sigismund Ott, John Pilugcr, Andreag Seckinger, Timotheiis Lembko, George Bechly, John Kenta, John Gottlieb Fetzer, Joseph Schubtrein, Jr., Jacob Schmitlfc, Emanuel Kiefor, Israel Kiefer, George Ditiers, Andreas Biddenbach.

This list of names shows that on the 16th of January, 1775, there were one hundred and

182

THE SALZBUIIGERS

twenty-four male members present at Jerusalem church, when the discipline was solemnly ratified and subscribed. There is no doubt that many of the members were absent; but still it furnishes sufficient evidence of the numerical strength of the congregation at that time. The list of names is inserted entire, as a matter of reference for the benefit of the descendants of the Salzburgevs who still survive, many of whom will probably be gratified to have this opportunity to trace out their genealogy. Besides, it may be necessary to use it in noticing the dispersion of the Salzburgers into other portions of Georgia, and the changes which many of them have made in their church relations. For it will appear hereafter, that very many of the descendants of these men forsook the church of their fathers, and united with other communions. All that some of them, carried with them was the name of their venerable ancestors ; for the Lutheran Church they seem to have lost all affection and reverence. But 'we will dwell more fully upon this topic in its proper place.
There is one other historical fact brought to light in Dr. Muhlenburg's journal, -which must not be omitted? and it will not be inappropriate to record it here. Reference has been made to the settlement at Abercorn, and the establish ment of a Lutheran Church at Goshen. Dr. Muhlenburg states, under date, January 7, 177o:

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

183

"The so-called Abercorn was originally settled by Germans of our confession ; gradually, how ever, it fell into the hands of two English, gen tlemen, -who are now the proprietors, arid culti vate the land with !Negro slaves. The adjoining land, called Goshen on account of its fertility., was settled originally by our brethren in the faith; and our beloved ministers, Bolzius and Lembke, each patented five hundred acres of land, which were suitable for the cultivation of grain and rice. The faithful but poor brethren could not cultivate nor continue to hold them, and were compelled to sell them to an English man in Savannah ? who was likewise forced to re-sell them to Mr. Knox, who keeps a large number of negroes and overseers upon them. There are about fifteen families of our German brethren in the faith still living at Goshcn, hav ing a small church and school-house, who were served with the means of grace by the late ministers, and up to this time by Pastor Rabenhorst."
Dr. Muhlenburg further remarks, that "while he was at Ebenezer two Moravian ministers ar rived at Savannah, who bad been brought over by Mr. Knox as missionaries, to labour among the slaves on his plantation. As a compensation for their services, Mr. Knox stipulated to give them one hundred and fifty acres of land, and. to allow them the use of ten or twelve slaves to

184

THE SALZEUKQERS

cultivate it. These Moravian brethren applied for tlie use of the Lutheran Church at Gfosben to preach in. Dr. Muhlenburg seems to have had some fears in reference to their influence upon the Lutheran families about Goshen, espe cially in view of the distracted state of the Ebenezer congregations, growing out of the dif ficulty between Messrs. Rabenhorst and Triebner. Speaking of the presence of these missionaries at Goshen, he says: "I doubt not, according to their known method of insinuation, they will gain the most, if not all, the remaining families in Goshen, and will also make an attempt on Ebenezer, for their ways are well adapted to awakened souls. I have learned by experience that where strife and disunion have occurred in neighbourhoods and congregations, among the Germans in America, there black and white apostles have immediately appeared, and tried to fish, in the troubled waters, like eagles which have a keen sight and scent. Well, be it so. He who controls all things has all power given unto him in heaven and on earth. He is the keeper of Israel, and never sleeps nor slumbers. What he ordains or permits must finally conduce to the glorification of his great name, when all his enemies shall have been placed beneath his feet."
The fears of Dr. Muhlenburg, in relation to the inroads which the Moravians might make upon the

AND THEIIl DESCENDANTS.

185

Groshen church, -were happily not realized. For, in another part of his journal, this minute is to be found under date of the 21st of January: "The Moravian emissary held his first meeting in the plantation last Sunday, and preached in broken English. He exerted himself also very much to build up his interests in the Lutheran Church there, or else to erect a church near it for himself. A, person acquainted with the state of things told him, that the Ebenezer congrega tion and its associates had hitherto been served by regularly-called Evangelical Lutheran minis ters and pastors., and as he had been called to instruct the Negro slaves, we wished him God speed and success in it; and if they had any superfluous time and strength, there were yet enough other inhabitants and Indians in Georgia, who were sitting in darkness and the shadow of death, and needed much help for instruction and conversion."
These missionaries were not, it would seem from this, as successful as they anticipated, and in a few years left the colony, and went probably to Pennsylvania. Goshen remained a part of the Ebenezer charge even after the Revolutionary War; but we shall speak of it more fully here after.
Dr. Muhlenburg fully accomplished the ob jects of his mission to Georgia. He succeeded in healing the breach between Messrs. Raben-

186

THE SALZBCKGiUlS

horst and Triebner, and restored harmony to the church- Besides -which, he investigated thoroughly all the financial affairs of the con gregation, took an inventory of the church pro perty, had all the deeds and grants, &c. pro perly secured and recorded; and transmitted to the founders of the church in Germany a mi nute detail of all his observations and proceed ings. During this visit, he performed a vast amount of labour, and displayed a degree of prudence and Christian fidelity which are worthy of all praise. His duties were fre quently of the most delicate and embarrassing character, but he never shrunk from them ; and while he always exhibited a nice regard for the feelings of those "whose conduct he was sent to investigate, he never swerved from, the path of duty, but performed his stewardship faithfully and conscientiously, and to the entire satisfac tion of all parties. He left Savannah on the 20th of February, 1775, and arrived in Phila delphia on the 6th of March, after a tempestu ous and rather unpleasant passage. The Salzburgers and their descendants should cherish the memory of Dr. Muhlenburg with lively gra titude. For, as has already been seen, ho was not only instrumental in restoring harmony to the congregation: he saved the church property from being alienated, and by his presence and labours, and the introduction of a wholesome

AND THEIK DESCENDANTS,

1ST

discipline, he prepared the way for the future peace and prosperity of trie church. If, in after years, his wise counsels and godly conversation lost their influence among the Salzburgers, and they chose to walk according to their own vain and foolish imaginings, he at least must he ex onerated from all censure, for he did every thing which human wisdom could devise and hu man agency could accomplish, to place the congre gation at Ebenezer upon such a footing as would secure its permanent prosperity and success. The wisest and most judicious efforts are, how ever, sometimes unavailing to prevent the down fall of a church; especially is this the case, when God's people provoke his displeasure hy disobedience to those laws which he has enacted for the regulation of their conduct. Wo to any people, when "by their rebellious spirit they arouse the righteous displeasure of God! " Icliabod!" will be written upon their sanctuaries.; and amid the storms of passion which ensue, their souls will be given up to spiritual leanness and barrenness.

188

THE SALZEUEGEKS

CHAPTER IX.
r after Dr. Miihlenburg's departure--Baben-

forrecl to the chin eh officers--Mr. Kabenh<

or--State of feclii

urch property--I

with the

Salzl

eaer--A fancy sketch--Commercial relations of Ebenezer-- Gradual extension of the settlements--New settlers come in-- Commencement of the Revolution--Stamp Act and tax on tpa

--State of the public miml in the Province of Georgia--Posi

tion of the Salzbnrgers_Provincial Congress in Savannah_

Salzburgera in that Congress--Majority of them side with the

Colonists--Protest of a portion of the Salzhurjrers--Adherents

to the Crown in St. Matthew's Parish--Patriotic and noble scn-

of Mr. Babenhorst--His loj ,nd 6

ssful

THE departure of Dr. Muhlenburg from Georgia "was universally regretted by all the Salzburgers, and particularly by Mr. Rabenhorsfc and his family. To this family he became very strongly attached, and he makes frequent mention of them in his journal, and especially of Mrs. Rabenhorst, whom he calls his " fostermother," adding, "The king's daughter is all glorious withm." ^'Ivike a precious gem, is so

r

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

189

humble a soul." Mr. Kabenhorst was very deeply affected in separating from Dr. Muhlenburg. In him. he had found a prudent friend, a judicious adviser, and a warm-hearted and affectionate brother. Besides, Dr. Muhlenburg seems to have formed a just estimate of the talents and sincere piety of Mr. Rabenhorst; and as there was great congeniality of spirit between them, they became united in the bonds of an indissoluble friendship. Mr. Rabenhorst was likewise apprehensive, from the known cha racter of his associate, (Mr. Triebner,) that the absence of Dr. Muhlenburg would furnish an opportunity for new difficulties, if not for the opening of the old breach.
Against the recurrence of any further disrup tion between the two pastors and their respec tive parties, Dr. Muhlenburg had endeavoured to guard, as far as a wise foresight would accom plish such an object. He carefully investigated all the financial affairs of the church, and placed in the hands of the trustees a statement of the property belonging to the congregation, together with the deeds, grants, c,, and arranged that the trustees, and not the pastors, should as far as practicable superintend the management of all the temporal affairs of the congregation. He further inducted Mr. Rabenhorst as first pastor or senior minister, and made such an arrange ment in reference to the relations which he and

190

THE SALZBURGERS

Mr. Triebner should in future sustain toward eacli other, as to prevent any further jealousy or disaffection. "With a, man of-Mr. Triebner's disposition it was, however, almost impossible to live upon terms of friendship, and for the simple reason, that he was in a great measure destitute of that spirit of Christian humility and brotherly love, which was necessary to make a true yoke-fellow 1 ' in the gospel. Besides, the rupture between him and his colleague had been of such a character, that it was difficult, if not impossible, to induce a man like Mr. Trieb ner, having, it is to be feared, but a small share of grace in his heart, cordially and sincerely to forgive tho past, and to become fully reconciled to his brother. If, therefore, there was no open. hostility between the parties, the asperity of feeling on the part of Mr. Triebner was never fully subdued.
It has been stated that Dr. Muhlenburg made
a careful investigation of all the property be
longing to the church, at the time of his last
visit to Ebenczor in 1774 and 1775. 3?or the
satisfaction of those who may feel interested in
this matter, a copy of the inventory which he
left is here inserted :

1. In the hands of Pastor Rabenliorst, a capital of
3007. IGs. 5d. 2. In the hands of John Caspar Wertsob, for tho store,
300Z.

r

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

191

3. In the mill treasury, notes and money, 229?. 10s. 2oE. 4. Pastor Triebner has some money in hands, (400?.,) the application of which has not boon determined by our Reverend Fathers. 5. Belonging to the church is a Negro boy at Mr. John FlSerl'B, and a Negro girl at Mr. David Steinor's. G. A town-lot and an out-lot, of which Mr. John Triebner has the grant in his hands. 7. An inventory of personal goods in the mills be longing to the estate. 8. And, finally, real estate, with, the mills, 925 acres of land.
At a very reasonable estimate, this property must have been worth about twelve thousand dollars. To this sum additions were subse quently made, by donations from the patrons of the colony in Germany, and by legacies from, private individuals ; so that it is not assuming too much to say, that the church property could not have been worth much less than twenty thousand dollars.
It has been questioned by many wise and judi cious minds, -whether the funding of a large capital for the benefit of a congregation is to be commended. Whatever objections may be urged against this policy as a general rule, we think in the case of the Sal?,burgers it wa.s not only wise, but absolutely necessary. Amid the persecutions which they had endured in the fatherland, their property had been confiscated, and they had been driven from their homes, and thrown upon the charity of their Christian

THE BALZEOB.G-ERS
friends. They came to America as exiles--poor, and houseless; and but for the liberality of their patrons in Germany and England, they could not have subsisted, much less could they have provided the means to build churches and schoolhouses and support their ministers. In their circumstances , the establishment of a c\urc7i fund was an act of necessity ; and though in other cases such a measure may be deemed objectionable, with them it was perfectly justifi able, as without it the colonial churches could never have been sustained. It is true, that when the descendants of the Salzburgers became able to support their 'pastors, at least to a consider able extent, they withheld their contributions, and relied too much, upon the income of their funded capital ; yet this dereliction, of duty on their part, furnishes no just ground of objection against the provision which was made for the churches and their pa.stors in the infancy of the colony. The true policy for every church to adopt is, to support its pastor and to maintain. itself by voluntary contributions on the part of its -members. This is according to apostolic in junction, as well as the practice of the primitive church; and God seems wisely to have connected the spiritual prosperity of a church with the liberality of its members, in bestowing their worldly goods to the support of the cause of Christ. There is certainly a "withholding which

103
tendcth to poverty," and it is only the (-liberal soul" that is to " lie. made fat." As a general rule, G-od has ordained, that " they who preach the gospel shall live of the gospel," and a peo ple assume p, fearful responsibility who, while they enjoy the labours of a minister, seek to relieve themselves of the obligation to support him, by throwing him upon his own private re sources. They thus rob the labourer of his just reward, and force him into some secular calling to gain, a maintenance for himself and family, that the church, for which he is spending him self, is bound most solemnly and religiously to furnish. ~No church can expect to prosper, and be enriched with all spiritual gifts," that pur sues such a course. God will be honoured with the bestowal of our substance, as well as the dedica tion of our personal service to himself; and where the former is intentionally withheld, there is very little ground for hope that the latter will ever be acceptable. These remarks, how ever, will not apply to the first settlers at Ebenezer, how much soever some of their descendants may have been in fault.
The general state of the colony at Ebcnczer
was on the whole very favourable. It is true,
as has been, noticed, there were some unpleasant
occurrences in the congregation, but they did
not seem to affect very seriously the temporal
prosperity of the Salzburgers. They prosecuted

1

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THE SAL2BURGEES

their various pursuits -with their accustomed industry and perseverance, and their labours were abundantly rewarded. The town of Ebonezcr attained about this time to the height of its importance. The population of the town proper was not less than five hundred persons. Almost every kind of trade was successfully carried on. The mechanic, the artisan, and the merchant followed their respective avocations with zeal and energy, and their thrift met with due re ward. There is an old picture representing the appearance of Ebenezer at this period. It is a mere outline of the principal points in and around the town; but the Savannah river is distinctly delineated, and in the distance may be seen two schooners riding at anchor not far from Ebeiiezer landing." This may be in some respects merely " a fancy sketch," but there is no doubt of the fact, that a regular trade was carried on between Ebenezer and Sa vannah, and perhaps also with Charleston, by means of these schooners or sloops. Through Savannah the people also conducted some foreign trade, for it has alreadjr been stated that silk was exported to England, and the Salzburgers were constantly receiving drugs and medicines and other supplies from Germany.
There was also a gradual increase of the popu lation, and new farms were constantly settled in almost every part of the country. This was

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particularly tlie case in relation to the lands on. the -water courses, and along the main road leading from Savannah to Augusta, and which passed through Ebenezer. There was, however, with this increase of the population, a change in the character of the inhabitants. A. number of settlers came over from Carolina, and some from other portions of Georgia. The majority of these, however, located in the upper part of the parish, or on its western borders, near the Ogechee river. Many of these settlers became among the most respectable and useful citizens in the parish., and the descendants of not a few arc still residing in the counties of Effingham and Scriven.
New scenes, however, were about to bo en acted in the Province of Georgia, and the Salzburgers were called upon to take part in some very important measures, and to mingle in strange and thrilling scenes. The passage by the British. "Parliament of the Stamp Act, the tax on tea, and the subsequent blockade of the porfc of ^Boston, because of the resistance of the people of Massachusetts to these unjust and tyrannical measures, had excited the indignation of all the colonies in America. The public mind in the Province of Georgia was, as a matter of course, considerably agitated in common with the people of the other colonies; and at an early period in this controversy Georgia declared her-

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self opposed to the enactments of Parliament, antf expressed, in uninistakeable language, her sympathy -with her sister, Massachusetts. A Provincial Congress was held at Savannah on the 4th of July, 1774, consisting of delegates from the different parishes in the province. 'Xhe Salzburgers could not remain indifferent or in active spectators. When a call -was addressed to the parishes, requesting them to send dele gates to this congress, the Parish of St. Matthow promptly responded, and the following, persons were duly chosen.* John StirJc, John Adam Truetlen, George "Walton, Edward Jones, Jacob Waldhauer, Philip Howell, Isaac Young, Jenkins Davis, John Morel, J"o7m JTloerl, Charles McOay, Christopher Oraemer. Thus the Salzbnrgers, or a very large majority of them, identi fied themselves with the cause of American In dependence even in its very incipiency, and, as -will hereafter appear, they bore their fall share in all the dangers and sufferings of the struggle which ensued.
There was a portion of the Salztmrgers, how ever, who (no doubt from conscientious motives) refused to unite in any remonstrance against the proceedings of the mother country, or to take any part in the revolutionary measures which were afterwards adopted. The following

* Salztmrgers in italics.

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document is inserted to show tlie feelings of
these Salzburgers :
Wednesday, September 21, 17F5.
We, who ha,vc jusfc put our names to this paper, inha bitants of the Parish of St. Matthew and town of Ebenezer, think it necessary in this public manner to declare that about the 4th day of this insfc. (August) we were told by certain persons that we must send a petition home to our king in regard to the Bostoniuus, to beg for relief, as a child begs a father when he expects correc tion; and that all those who irould not join must sign their names, that they might know how many would be in this parish; and that should we decline what was recom mended, we must expect the Stamp Acfc imposed upon us. By these and like flattering words we were persuaded to sign, but -we. find we are deceived, for that the people who met at Savannah on the 10th inst. did not petition our king, but made up a paper, which wo think is very wrong, and inny incur the displeasure of his Majesty, so as to prevent us from having soldiers to help us in ease of an Indian war. We therefore disagree entirely from said paper, and do hereby protest against any resolutions that are, or may hereafter be, entered into on this occa sion. Signed, Urban Buntx, Gfiorge Gnann, John Paulus, George Gruber, Matthew Eiddonbaeh, George Ballinger, John O. Rcntz, George Buctz, John Pillager, Henry Ludwig Buntz, Jacob Metxger, John Metzger, John Adam Freyrnouth, Jacob i'eberl, George Zittrauer, John Ifcokel, Solomon 7-amlt, Jacob Gnann, Jacob Kiefier, Christian Sto.iner, John Kemshart, Israel Linlberger, Leonhart Krauss, George Bcchly, Batlas Kicffer, Michael Mack, Jr., Peter Freyermouth, Solomon Protbero, John Gravenstine, Christopher Rottenberger, Andrew Gnann.
Wo, the subscribers, do hereby certify that ive arc against all resolutions; Philip Dell, Paul Pirick, Mat thew Meycr, Jacob Meyer, John Maurcr, George Maurer, Daniel Weitman, Martin Ptoylandev.

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These latter persons, a t this time, belonged cleanly to that class who advocated the doctrine of "passive obedience and non-resistance," re cognising, no doubt, the divine right of kings, and yielding uncomplaining acquiescence in the will of their sovereign.
The views of these remonstrants were, how ever, subsequently very materially changed, and the majority of them espoused warmly the Whig cause, and took a very active part in favour of American Independence.
The adherents to the crown in St. Matthew's Parish proved ultimately to be comparatively few. Yet they were sufficient to create an angry controversy among the inhabitants, which imbittcred their feelings, and interfered very materially with the peace and prosperity of the church. The largest portion of the Salzbnrgers espoused the cause of the colonies. They ex claimed, We have experienced the evils of tyranny in our own land; for the sake of liberty we have left home, lands, houses, estates, and have taken refuge in the \\ilds of Georgia; shall we now submit again to bondage ? No, never." A truly noble sentiment! and one which all the boasted patriotism of New England never sur passed. They had realized the sweets of free dom, they had sat beneath the tree of liberty, reposed in its shade, and partaken of its precious fruits; they therefore resolved that they would

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be freemen, and maintain their just rights at all hazards.
But they dreamed not as yet of the difficul ties and privations 'which, awaited them, nor the scenes of severe conflict through which they would have to pass- They were divided among themselves. Even one of their pastors ('Mr. Triebner) openly espoused the cause of the king, and used all Kia influence to suppress the spirit of resistance to the usurpations of the British, government, which was everywhere manifesting itself. And it was as much owing to his efforts, as to those of any other man, that the Salzburgers suffered so severely during the Revolu tionary War. Mr. Habenhorsi pursued a more manly and judicious course, which was, however, to have been expected from his 1mown character for prudence. If he did not openly espouse the cause of liberty., he did nothing to injure it. He laboured to calm the turbulence of passion, and endeavoured to enforce, by precept and ex ample, the cultivation of a spirit of moderation and. forbearance among' those who had taken opposite sides in this controversy. This, how ever, was impossible in the very nature of things; and it was perhaps fortunate for him, that m the midst of the commotion and the scenes of strife which ensued, he was called by the great Head of the church to receive his reward in heaven.
It has been found impracticable to ascertain

200
tlie precise time "when Mr. Rabenhorst departed this life, nor any of tlie particulars connected with his death. lie arrived at Ebenezer in 1752, and probably served the congregation about twenty-five years. His character for piety, learning, Christian humility, and unyielding devotion to the cause of Christ was fully estab lished, and the testimony of his life is the best guarantee that he closed his earthly pilgrimage in full prospect of a better inheritance. His re mains were deposited in the cemetery connected with Zion's church, about four miles below Eben ezer. It was near this church that Mr. Rabenhorst always resided, the other pastor being set tled in Ebenezer.
The influence of Mr. Rabenhorst's example upon the Salaburgers was very salutary; and, but for the counteracting effect of Mr. Triebner's efforts and deportment, he would have accom plished a vast amount of good. Even amid the adverse circumstances which surrounded him, lie did very much for the spiritual welfare of the congregation ; and the pious Salzburgers in Savannah, and throughout his whole charge, held him. in very high esteem. But, like his worthy colleagues, Bolzius and Lembke, he passed away from earth, and now sleeps calmly among- those for whom he laboured well and pro fitably for a quarter of a century.

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CHAPTER X.
Descent of the British upon Georgia--General Provost takes Sa vanna!)--British posts along the river--Mr. Triebner takes the oa,th of allegiance to the crown, mid. conducts troops to Kbeneier--A garrison established under Major Maitland--Proclama tion issued by Major Maitland--Some of the Salzburgers take "protections"--Majority of the Salzburgcrs Whigs--Governor Treutlen--llolsendorf--John and Samuel Stirk--John Schnider--Strohaker--Jonathan and Gotlieb Scbnider---- Jonathan Balm --Ernest Zittrauer--Joshua and Jacob Ilelfenstein--Sufferings of the Salzburgers during the war--Tories--Eichel and Martin Dashei-- Marauding parties--Frederick Helfenstein and his two sons--General Wayne--The SalsLurgers forced to abandon
Jasper and Newton--Sacrilegious act of the British toward the eimreh. at Ebenezer--Other acts of cruelty--Mistaken policy of the British--Sad influence of the licentiousness of the British
tors at Bbenezer--Tricbner an exception--Dispensations of Providence--General Wayne attempts the reduction of SiiTa.nnah--British troops withdrawn from Ebcnezer-- General "Wajne makes his head-quarters there--British evacuate Savannah--
"Vindication of Sir. Triebnei---Pastor to be sent in the spring-- Despondency among the SalKhurgcrs--Darfencss begins to dis-
THE Revolutionary War commenced in 1775. But it was not till 1779 that any demonstration

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THE SAIZBUKGERS

was made against Georgia. In that year, Gene ral Provost, acting under instructions from Sir Henry Clinton, made a descent upon Georgia, and met with comparatively little resistance. Ho made his head-quarters at Savannah, and proceeded to establish posts along the western bank of the Savannah river. When Mr. Triebner heard that General Provost was in Savan nah, ho waited upon him, took the oath of alle giance to the crown, and advised that Ebenezer should bo occupied "by royal troops. This was accordingly done, and Mr. Triebner had the honour (?) to conduct a detachment of British soldiers to Ebenez-er. These troops were under the command of Major Maitland. Upon arriv ing at Ebenezer, they threw up a redoubt within a few hundred yards of the church, with a view to fortify their position and guard against a sur prise. The remains of this fortification are still standing.
Upon arriving at Ebenezer, Major Maitland issued a proclamation to the inhabitants of St. Matthew's Parish, offering the protection of the British arms to all who might be disposed to take an oath of loyalty and allegiance to the crown. Many of the Salzburgers, influenced by the advice and example of Mr. Triebner, ac cepted this offer, and obtained certificates gua ranteeing protection to themselves and to their property. The majority -of the Salzburgers,

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however, warmly espoused the Reptiblicaii cause. Those who figured most conspicuously were John Adam Treutlen, rebel governor; Yfilliam Hoisen dorf, a rebel counsellor; John Stirk, rebel colonel; Samuel Stirk, rebel secretary; John Schnider, planter; Rudolph Strohaker, butcher. Beside these, mention should be made of Jona than Schnider, J. GotZieb Schnider, Jonathan Rahnj Ernest Zit trailer, Joshua and Jacob Helfenstein, and others. Most of these worthy men served faithfully in. the struggle for independence, under General "Wayne and other officers in the American army, and theiv names deserve to be perpetuated with the long list of worthies who distinguished themselves by their devotion to the cause of liberty.
The citizens of Ebenezer and the surrounding country were made to feel very severely the effects of the war. The property of those who did not take the oath of allegiance was confis cated, and they were constantly exposed to every species of insult and wrong from a hired and profligate soldiery. Beside this, some of the Salzburgers who espoused the cause of the crown became very inveterate in their hostility to the Whigs in the settlement, and pillaged and then burned their dwellings. The residence on the farm of the pious Ilabenhorst, was among the first that was given to the flames.
Among those who distinguished themselves

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for their cruelty, was one EECHEL, who has been properly termed an *< inhuman miscreant," whose residence was at Goshen ; and MARTIN DASHER, who kept a public-house five miles below Ebenezcr. These men placed themselves at the head of marauding parties, composed of British and Tories, and laid "waste every plantation or farm whose occupant was even suspected of favouring the republican cause. In these predatory ex cursions the most revolting cruelty and unbridled licentiousness were indulged, and the whole country was overrun and devastated. Dasher seems to have distinguished himself fully as much as 12ic7iel, though perhaps he was not quite so cruel. He had stolen some cattle from a poor widow, and General Wayne, while occupying JEbenezer, sent him word that if he did not re store them to her in person, he would have him taken into custody and gibbeted. This threat Had the desired effect, and Dasher became less troublesome to his neighbours.
Mention has been made of Mr. Frederick Helfenstein, who settled at Goshen. He had ac quired some property before the war commenced, and might have been considered in comfortable circumstances. It is known that he owned a large tannery in successful operation, a good farm, and several valuable Negroes. Of all this property he was dispossessed by the Tories, (or Cow-boys, as they were then called,} and he was
I
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left penniless to begin the world anew. Thus it would seem, that his misfortunes did not cease even after his settlement in Georgia. .Yet he never deserted the Whig cause, and furnished, in the persons of his sons, several bold soldiers during the war. Two of them joined a troop of cavalry under Colonel McCoy, and subse quently served under General Wayne. When General Wayne, at the close of the war, returned to Pennsylvania, ("his native State,) these two brothers, Joshua and Jacob Helfenstein, accom panied him, and it is more than probable that from them the Helfenstein family in Pennsyl vania is descended, several of whom are now distinguished preachers in the German Kcforrned Church. In Georgia the name has been changed to Helvenston. Mr. John C. Hclvenston, of Maeon county, Georgia, and his brother, residing in Florida, no doubt belong to the same family. Mr. Frederick Helfenstein died at Goshen at the advanced age of eighty-three, a,nd his wife, who survived him many years, at the extreme old age of ninety-three I
The Salzburgers, nevertheless, were to expe rience great annoyances from other sources. General Clinton, as before stated, had directed that a line of British posts should be estab lished all along the western bank of the Sa vannah river, to check the demonstrations of the rebel forces in Carolina. Under those circum-

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stances Ebenezer, from its somewhat central position, "became a kind of thoroughfare for the British troops in passing through the country from Augusta to Savannah. To the inhabitants of Ebenezer, particularly, this was a souree of perpetual annoyance. British troops were con stantly quartered among them, and to avoid the rudeness of the soldiers and the heavy tax upon their resources, many of the best citizens were forced to abandon their homes, and settle in the country, thus leaving their houses to the mercy of their cruel invaders.
Besides all this, they were forced to witness almost daily acts of cruelty practised by the British and Tories toward those Americans who happened to fall into their hands as prisoners of war; for it will be remembered that Eben ezer, while in the hands of the British, was the point to which all prisoners taken in the sur rounding country were brought, and from, thence sent to Savannah. It was from this post that the prisoners were carried who were rescued by Sergeant Jasper and his comrade, Newton, at the " Jasper Spring," a few miles above Sa vannah.
There was one act performed hy the British commander which was peculiarly trying and revolting to the Salzburgers. Their fine brick church was converted into a hospital for the accommodation of the sick and wounded, and

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207

subsequently it was desecrated by "being used as a stable for their horses. To this latter use it was devoted until the close of the war and tlio removal of the British, troops from Georgia. To show their contempt for the church, and. their disregard for the religious sentiments of the people, the church records "were nearly all destroyed, and the soldiers would discharge their guns at different objects on the church; and even to this day the metal stvan," (Luther's coat of arms,) which surmounts the spire on the steeple, bears the mark of a musket ball, which was fired through it by a reckless soldier. Often, too, cannon were discharged at the houses ; and there is a log house now standing not far from jEbenezer, which was perforated by several can non shot. In short, it was the policy /.in unwise one, truly) of the English officers at this post, as it was at every other which they occupied, to make their power felt, and by mere brutal force to awe the colonists into subjection. The Salzburgers endured all these hardships and indigni ties with becoming fortitude ;, and though a few were overcome by these severe measures, yet the great mass of them remained firm in their attachment to the principles of liberty.
One of the most serious consequences which resulted to Ebenezer and the neighbourhood, from the oecupancy of the town by the British, was the sad state of morals which ensued. The

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soldiers were licentious in the extreme, and tippling-houses were established for their accommo dation in several parts of the town. These be came the resort for the soldiers and many of those Salzburgers who espoused the royal cause, and thus habits of intemperance were intro duced, and the once- sober and moral Germans soon learned to imitate the vicious practices of their corrupt and debased English, associates. It was bad enough, to desecrate the church, to devastate the country, and to drive off the inha bitants. These were> however, light evils com pared with the poisonous moral influences which were spread among those who remained, by the vicious practices which are always more or less incident upon the soldier's life in the camp. These effects were seen and felt many years after the Revolution terminated.
It might be interesting to some, to insert a detailed account of the events which are said to have occurred at Ebenezer during the war, but many of them rest upon rather questionable authority,, and are, besides, not of much histori cal value. The most important to our narrative is the part which was taken by Mr. Triebner, the pastor at Ebenezer. He seems to have re mained unmoved amid all the wrongs which the Salzburgers suffered from the British; and when the war terminated he accompanied the English troops to England, where he continued to reside

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until he attained the advanced age of seventyeight years. It was a wise movement on his part to leave the country in company "with the English troops; for in view of the extreme lengths to which he went in carrying out his Tory principles, it is certain that the Salaburgers would never afterward have tolerated him. It was therefore a fortunate thing for him, that he found an asylum in England, where he could end his days in retirement and comparative peace.
The departure of Mr. Tviehner occasioned no regrets among those Salzburgers who had sym pathized with the "Whigs of the Revolution, and we doubt very much if his friends cherished any particular desire to retain him. His appoint ment as one of the pastors at Ebenezer was very unfortunate in every respect, but it fur nishes another mournful evidence of the falli bility of human judgment. The patrons of the Salzburgers, in Germany, exercised always, as they supposed, a wise discrimination in selecting pastors for the Ebenezer congregations ; and it is worthy of remark that this was the only in stance in which their judgment was at fault but alas! what mournful consequences resulted even from this one mistake t It was, however, permitted for some wise purpose ; and although with our present darkened vision we cannot comprehend the design which. God contemplated,

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it is the duty of the Christian to bow in humble submission, and believe that the glory of God will be promoted even by those events in the history of the church which are seemingly the most adverse. Sometimes he permits an ungodly minister to creep into a church, to test tho stability of his people in the trial of their faith and patience. Sometimes he orders it as a punishment for the want of faithfulness in. the discharge of their Christian duties. But, what ever may be the design of such occurrences, it is for us always to feel persuaded that God will not forsake his church, and that even the gates of hell shall never prevail against her."
In tho year 1783 the .American troops, under General Way no, attempted to recover Savannah from, the British. General Clarke, who com manded the royal troops in that city, called in his outposts, and made preparations to defend his position. The British troops being thug "withdrawn from Ebenezcr, General Wayne es
tablished his head-quarters there. Between the l"2th and 25th of July, 178$, all the English forces stationed at Savannah, amounting to twelve hundred royalists and regulars, "besides
women, children, Indians, and Negroes, sailed from the port of Savannah ; tlie garrison having capitulated to General Wayne and other Ameri can officers. Thus Georgia, &fter having been
three years, six months, and thirteen days in

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possession of the British., was abandoned after an inglorious attempt to subjugate her people to the control of the mother country.
As soon as the British left Georgia, the Salsburgers had an opportunity to return to their much hcloved Ebenezcr. This many of them did ; but alas E "what a scene of desolation was presented ! Many of their dwellings had been burned, others had been very much, injured, their gardens were completely destroyed, and the general aspect of the place so entirely changed that they could scarcely realize that here they had once had their homes, in which they and their children had dwelt in safety and peace, and that around those homes had clus tered the warmest sympathies and most ardent affections of their hearts. They, however, went to work immediately to repair their houses, and to restore, as far as they might be able, order out of the general ruin which everywhere pre vailed.
One of the first objects to which the pious Salzburgcrs directed their attention, was the renovation of their church. This they found in a most deplorable condition. True, they were not compelled to adopt the lamentation of the prophet: " Our holy and beautiful house, where our fathers praised thee, is burned up with fire /' but they could say, " all our pleasant tilings are laid ^va$te." It has already been stated

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that the British had converted the church into a hospital, and subsequently into a stable for thenhorses. For this latter purpose they continued to use it until their departure from Ebenezer. As a matter of course, the Salztmrgers found it in a foul and most disgusting state; and to render it again decent and fit for use as a place for divine worship, "was a task almost equal to cleansing the famous "Augean staples. 1 ' But although there was no Peneus whose waters they could cause to flow through their church, yet by industry and perseverance they removed the filth which had accumulated, repaired the edifice, and having completely renovated it, they once more assembled for the worship of God. Amid the angry contentions, and the scenes of strife and carnage incident upon the war, many of them had remained faithful in their devotion to their divine Redeemer, arid to the religion of their fathers. Even, when they were scattered abroad., and were driven from place to place by their enemies, they assembled in groups for the purpose of prayer and mutual edification. Now that their church was restored to them, they longed ardently to meet in the sanctuary with the solemn assembly, and worship according to the forms which had descended to them from their ancestors, and which were hallowed by so many endearing associations. But who shall call them to the house of God ? The faithless Triebner

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213

had abandoned them; the pious and beloved Habenliorst was sleeping "his last sleep," and there was nowhere to bo found any one to sympathize with them, in their distress, or to succour them in this the hour of their greatest need. They were made to realize that they had been left in a state of spiritual orphanage. They were without a pastor. If there was a time, since their arrival in Georgia., when they stood mostly in need of a wise and faithful minister, it was at this junc ture. But alas! they knew of no man speaking their language, mid sympathizing with them in tins their day of severe trial, who would be will ing to become their spiritual shepherd, and "lead them into the green pastures, and beside the still waters" of life.
In their destitution -they naturally turned their attention to the much-loved fatherland. The elders of the church called together the scattered members of this once large and inte resting flock, arid banding themselves together as brethren, they renewed their covenant en gagements with God, and then, addressed an affectionate letter to the reverend fathers in Germany, humbly but earnestly requesting that a pastor might be sent over "to break unto them the bread of life." A fraternal correspondence was opened, and their patrons in Grcrmany ex pressed not only their warm sympathy with the Salzburgers in their present distress, but their

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determination to send them a suitable minister as soon as one could be obtained.
Dr. Muhlenburgh also interested himself on behalf of the Salzburgers. He wrote to Ger many, urging the necessity of prompt action on the part of the church there in sending a preacher to Ebenenci*. These efforts were not in vain, as shall presently be seen- jBut while they were pending, a Lutheran minister visited the churches at Savannah and Ebenezer, (for they had both suffered alike during the war,) and he was temporarily employed until the con gregation could be supplied from Germany. The following letter, written by Dr. Muhlenburg to the Hon. Mr. Davis, will show what the friends in Germany were doing. It also contains some other facts which will be read with interest. The letter, it will be noticed, was written in 1784, just after the close of the war.

"J\~ew ProKidenee, April 19, 1784.
" DEAH SIR:--As to the accounts concerning the cir cumstances of the Ebenezer congregation, with which you have been pleased to favour me, I am very much obliged, to you for your confidence and ancient friendship. It seemed to me somewhat strange and unexpected, -when I heard that the house on Mr. Kabenhorst's plantation had been, burned down, and that the congregation had hired a young minister from Germany. On the same day that your letter arrived, I received an important one from Germany, from the unwearied benefactor, Eev. S. TJrlsperger, !>.!>., and President of the Protestant Evan-

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gelieal Consistory In Augsburg, containing, among others, the following facts:
1. The Rev." Mr. Triebner has, since his arrival in England, honestly paid the principal and interest of the three hundred pounds sterling belonging to Ebenoiier church, (unto the Rev, S, Urlsperger,) which the deceased Mr. Caspar Wertsch owed him. Also, whatsoever Mr. Triebncr himself owed to the said President he has dis charged, and is acquitted.
2. Moreover, the Itev. Dr. Urlsperger offers, that if sonic one or other of the Ebenezer congregation may have a just and lawful claim against Mr, Triebner, if it be laid before him lawfully proved nnd attested, ifc shall be duly paid.
3. He would, during the winter season, endeavour to find out and call a faithful and suitable minister for Ebenezer congregation, and had such a one already in view, to be sent in the spring to Ebenezer, if it pleased God to grant his blessing to it.
4. The reverend fathers will grant the interest of the capital which lays upon the estate of the late Rev. Hubenhorst toward the support of the new minister, and therefore the said principal ought to bo well secured.
5. The said fathers have asked the honourable Society in iondon, whether they would be pleased to continue their benefactions toward supporting a minister and schoolmaster at Ebenezer? and have received for answer, that the Society conld not extend their benefactions ex cept to British subjects, and had now to provide for a multitude of poor objects.
G. The reverend President mentions that he has for warded a letter to the wardens and elders at Efoeaaezer, which I hope has arrived, and will no doubt give them, satisfaction and comfort, so that I have only to add my due respects.
Your well-wishing friend and humble servant. HENRY M. MUITLENBCRG."
" To the Hon. Mr. Vavi*."

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This letter entirely removes all suspicion in reference to the supposed dishonesty of Mr. Triebner, in the management of that part of the Ebenezer church fund which he controlled ; and also exonerates Mr. Wertsch from all blame in regard to the tliree 7iundred pounds which he held as a store-fund. It is important, as sho\ving that the aid which the " Society for the Promotion of Christianity" had extended to the Salzburgers, was withdrawn immediately upon the establishment of the independence of the States. The Salzburgcrs were no longer 't-Britisli" subjects, and of course, were re moved beyond the charities of the Society. Fur ther, it proves, that even after the ^Revolution the reverend fathers claimed and exercised the right to appoint the pastor for the Ebenezer congre gation, and this right was duly admitted by the wardens and elders of the church. Thus the dependence of the Salzburgers upon the church in Germany for ministerial service, as well as for pecuniary aid, continued until the year 1785, about which time a new pastor arrived in Georgia.
Up to this time the prospects of the Salzburgers had been very dark, both, as regards their temporal and spiritual interests. They recovered rather slowly from the sad effects of the war. But they never suffered themselves to despair. They had been disciplined in a severe

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school, and had learned that it is unwise to yield to the force of circumstances, how forbid ding soever they might be. They therefore laboured on patiently and pcrscveringly, hoping for happier and more prosperous days. They believed, too, that their benefactors in Germany vfould not be unmindful of their spiritual desti tution, and with prayerful and believing hearts they looked to God, to send them, through these benefactors, a faithful and godly minister--one who would come imbued with the spirit of his station, and preach to them that word which had been their chief solace in the hours of their deepest calamity. Their prayers were heard, and in. due time their pastor came. And thus, as the darkest clouds which obscure the sun are nevertheless tinged by some of his golden rays, adding even beauty to the darkness, so they were enabled to discover, amid the murky clouds ivhich seemed to overhang their prospects, some bright indications of the divine favour, which filled them with holy joy, and afforded them the earnest that a brighter and better day was about to dawn upon them, and that they should yet see the glory of God as they had seen it in the sanctuary, an denjoy once again, not only tem poral but spiritual prosperity.

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CHAPTER XI.
The arrival of a pastor anticipated--Solicitude on the subject-- The Rev. John Earnest Bergman arrives at Ebenezer--His early
at Ebenezer and Savannah--Mr. Bergman's defects--Parochial schools--Mr. Bernhardt--Mr. Probst--Mr. Ernst--Increase of
Church--Mr. Bergman's marriage--His family--Mr. Bergman
Bishop Erancirf Asbury--His letter to Mr. Bergma.n--Im provement in temporal affairs--Bad habits among tho Salzburgers--Want of church discipline--Disaffection toward the church--Members withdraw--EbenoKcr bridge--Ebenczer he-
changed to Springfield--The mills--Demand for English preaching--Letter from Bishop Asbury--Mistaken policy-- Methodists in Savannah--Obligations of the Methodists to the Lutheran. Church--Rev. Hope Hull-- Jonsvthtm Jackson-- Josiah Randle--John Garvin--Rev. S. Dumvoody--First Me thodist Society in Savannah--Mr. Bergman relinquishes the charch in Savannah--Letter to Rev. H. Hoi com be--Savannah, church, without a pastor--Rev. S. A. Mealy--Salzburgers in other churehes--Je.sse Leo visits Ebcnezci---Mr, Bergman cur tails his labours--" Bethel" church erected--Personal difficulty --Letter of Rev. J. McVean--Efforts to proselyte--Lax state of morals--Want of discipline--Mr. Berginan's grief at the condition of the colony--External prosperity--Spiritual declen sion--Peath of Mrs. Keidlinger--Mr. Jiorgman's health declines --His death. THE Salzburgers, particularly the pious por tion, of them, received with great satisfaction

AND TMEIK DESCENDANTS.

219

the intelligence that their brethren in Germany were interesting themselves on their behalf, and they hailed with great enthusiasm the prospect of being soon favoured with the services of a devoted and well-qualified pastor. The news of Ids appointment had reached them through the letter of Dr. S. Urlsperger to the wardens and elders of the church, and they awaited his arri val with great anxiety ; and yet their wishes on his behalf were not unminglcd with deep solici tude. Although they had the fullest confidence in the wisdom and prudence of their German benefactors, their sad experience in the case of Mr. Triebner had justly excited their fears, lest the newly-appointed minister should disappoint their expectations. There is always one inevit able and painful result growing out of the im proper conduct of ministers : it excites suspicion against the innocent; and whore a pastor has proven himself unworthy of the confidence of a church, his successor will always be regarded with mistrust, until he has established his claims to the esteem and respect of his people by his unimpeachable deportment. This, however, a truly pious minister "will soon accomplish; for although men are sometimes slow in yielding their prejudices, true merit and integrity of character will dispel all doubts and evil surmis ing, and win the respect and love of the virtuous.
At length the wishes and prayers of the Salz-

bxirgers were answered by the appearance of their now pastor. The person sent over by the directors in Germany was tlie Rev. JOHN ERNEST 33ERGaiAN, a young man of decided talents and extensive literary acquirements. Mr. jBergman was a native of Pcritsch, in Saxony. In 1776, he entered the university at Leipsic, where he was graduated with, distin guished honour. Ho was ordained by the Evan gelical Seniors of tlic Lutheran Church, in the Duchy of Augsburg, on the 19th. of July, 1783, This was once Protestant territory, but was surrendered by Prussia, and came under the jurisdiction of Bavaria.
It lias not been ascertained from what posi tion he was called when he was chosen pastor at Ebenezer; this, however, is not important. He arrived in, Georgia in the spring of 1785, and entered zealously and actively upon the dis charge of his duties. These he was to find numerous and arduous, and often a source of deep anxiety and perplexity.
Mr. Bergman found both the temporal and spiritual affairs of tne Salzburgers in a very unfavourable condition. The town of Ebenezer had been almost entirely deserted during the -war, and many of the settlements were nearly broken up. The people, therefore, had to com mence life almost anew; and, as a matter of course, their pecuniary circumstances were very

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AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

221

much embarrassed. Besides this, the "whole con gregation ha'd been in a great measure scattered; their records were either lost or very much muti lated ; the members had not only greatly declined, but many of them had entirely departed from their Christian profession. This was not only true of the congregations in and about Ebenezer; it was equally so in relation to the Salzburgers in Savannah. Mr. Bergman. was greatly grieved at the desolation which met his eye on every side, -and at times he was well-nigh giving up in despair all hopes of restoring order and organizing the churches upon a permanent footing.
Ho possessed, however, many requisites for the arduous work which was before him, though in some respects he was deficient. He was young, and though not endowed with a vigorous constitution, yet he was a man of energy and great industry. Besides, he possessed more than ordinary intellect, which he had cultivated with great assiduity. It is questionable whether, in point of learning, he was equalled by either of his predecessors; and the manuscripts ho exe cuted bear ample testimony to his extensive ac quirements and untiring diligence in the acquisi tion of knowledge. As a pulpit orator he is said to have been above mediocrity, and always commanded the attention and respect of his hearers. He lacked, however, one very iraport-
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THE &ALZBUR&ERS

ant ingredient in the character of a minister, to make him successful. He had no knowledge of men and things. In other words, he was a per fect novice in all matters of business, and seemed not disposed to cultivate any intercourse with society, except in. as far as he was forced to do so in the discharge of his duty. In his feelings he was too exclusive, and did not mingle enough with society to qualify him for very extensive usefulness. His books -were his companions, and he sought his chief enjoyment in the retirement of his study.
Under these circumstances, it was not to he expected that Mr. 15orgman would achieve as much for the Salzburgers as he might have done, if his disposition had led him to cultivate a freer intercourse with his parishioner's. Still he was instrumental in effecting much, especially for the spiritual improvement of the people.
Mr. Bergman, among other measures, endea voured to revive the parochial school at Ebenezcr. A. young man by the name of Bernhardt was sent over from Germany as a teacher, but owing to his levity of disposition and in subordination, he gave Mr. Bergman a great deal of trouble. Mr. Bemhardt was in a year or two dismissed, and Mr. Probst was appointed as his successor. Mr. Probst occupied this posi tion until 1796, when Mr. G. Ernst became the teacher. With him terminated the parochial

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223

school, although private schools were subse quently taught at Ebcnezer.
Mr. Bernhardt removed to Carolina, where he was converted, and subsequently became a useful minister in the Lutheran Church. He "was the father of the late Rev. David Bernhardt of the South Carolina Synod, -whose memory -will long be cherished by the ch-urcb. and all who knew Mm.
The ministerial labours of Mr. 33ergman were much more arduous than those of his predeces sors. It will be remembered, that up to the Revolutionary Y\rar, the Salzburgers had always had two, and in some instances three, pastors. But the pecuniary affairs of the congregation becoming somewhat deranged, and the " Society for Propagating Christia.ii Knowledge" having withdrawn its aid, the funds "were found insuffi cient to maintain more than one minister. It was thus made the duty of Mr. Bergman to cul tivate, as far as practicable, this field, which at one time gave full employment to not less than two pastors. He was, however, riofc discouraged, either by the extent of the field before him, or the demand upon his mental and physical ener gies. He Immediately entered upon a- systematic arrangement of his labours, by which he boped to be able to supply not only the churches in and about Sbenezer, but also the one in the city of Savannah. In a very short time he was

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THE SALZBURGEKS

enabled to furnish all these churches with regular preaching, apportioning his time between them ae equally as circumstances would permit.
The congregation in Savannah, though much injured by the "war, kept up its organization, and -some of its members appear to have "been de votedly pious men. By a portion of this con gregation Mr. Bergman's labours were highly appreciated, and for a time he "was instrumental in affecting much good among them. In Decem ber, 1786, he communicated to the ciders of the church in Savannah his intention to visit them and administer the Lord's Supper, The follow ing letter, written to him in reply by one of the eJders, will be read with interest:

" SnvamiMJi, December 29, J786.
DEAR SIB:--In a letter of the 26th iust., I understood that if it suited the German, congregation in Savannah, you intended to come down and celebrate the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper on Sunday, the 7tk of January. In consequence of such intimation, I acquainted the elders and wardens, who, with one voice, acquiesced in it, and agreeably to their resolution gave notice, in yesterday's letter, to Mr. Proljst. But this day, several other mem bers of the congregation, not being properly prepared for so solemn an act in religion, wish beforehand to hear a few sermons tending toward this object, in order to pre pare themselves more fully for this sacred duty; and consequently they prefer to postpone receiving the Lord's Supper until Easter, or thereabouts.
In the mean time, reverend sir, you are expected on Saturday, the 6th of January next, to give the congrega tion a forenoon sermon on repentance, and Mr. Probst,

r
ould fail in his appointment at Ebcne/se-r, srmon in the afternoon : und if his oration is liked by the congregation, may perhaps prove him an establishment in this place, in case ho should bo disap pointed with you. There will be on the Sunday appointed a. full congregation, if the weather permit. God grant you may be satisfied with your appointment, and the con gregation, with you, in which I hope you will not fail; imd in that case you might even enjoy a heaven on earth. You have my best wishes for your welfare and happi ness, and I have the honour, for the first time, to sub scribe myself with sincere regard and profound respect, your most humble servant,
JUSTUS II. SCHEUBEU."
From this letter it -will be seen that the church in Savannah was duly organized in the year 1787, having a full board of ciders and wardens. It is further manifest that there must hare been a favourable state of religious feeling among the members, as eviticed by the holyreverence which they seemed to cherish for tho ordinances of God's house, and their unwilling ness to partake of those ordinances except after due meditation and self-examination. This speaks well, at least, for the devotional feelings of a congregation; and when such sentiments are cherished, they cannot fail to produce the most salutary influence upon the character and life. This is a peculiarity of the Lutheran Church, and arises from the wise and 'wholesome usages -which the founders of Lutheranism established both in Europe and America" The course of

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THE SALZBURGERS

catechetical instruction prescribed by our ritual, and the preparatory services which are held in. our churches prior to tho administration of the Lord's Supper, are admirably calculated to in spire the heart with a holy veneration for that most solemn and instructive sacrament. It is to be regretted that some of our churches have manifested a disposition to depart from this ancient landmark of Xiutheranism.
About the year 1792, Mr. Bcrgman married Miss Catherine Herb, sister of Mr. Frederick Herb, of Savannah, By this marriage IVIr. Bergman had four children, only one of whom, his eldest son, Christopher 3?., survived him. This, for him, was a- very happy and advanta geous union. And perhaps much of his success in after life may justly be attributed to the in fluence of this most excellent lady. She seems to have possessed very remarkable business talents ; and it is said that her husband com mitted to her the entire management of all his domestic matters, even giving tip to her the receipt and disbursement of all his funds, while he devoted himself exclusively to his literary pursuits. These were very extensive, and em braced a wide field. History, philosophy, the various departments of natural science, classical literature, all engaged his attention, and in each of them he attained to very considerable profi ciency. As a thelogian, he was especially well

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read, having acquired a thorough, knowledge of the Hebrew, Arabic, and several other oriental languages. His correspondence^ too, was very extensive, and he was honoured with the confi dence of some of the most remarkable men of Ms day; among whom, were Bishop Asbury, of the Methodist Episcopal church - Dr. R. Furman, pastor of the Baptist church in Charleston; the Hon. !R. "Wayne, and. the Rev. Messrs. Holcombe, McVean and others, of Sa vannah,
His home at Ebenezer was the receptacle of every preacher who might chance to visit that neighbourhood; and in his Christian intercourse with his ministerial brethren of other denomina tions, he seems to have won their confidence and Christian regard. Bishop Asbury, on several occasions, sojourned at the parsonage at JEbenezer, and between him and Mr. Bergman there existed the warmest Christian affection; and the good bishop held Mr. Bergman in such high re gard that he honoured him with his correspond ence. The following letter is in point.

" Wilkes county, Georgia, l>eocmfccr 5, 1800.
"MV PEAR AXD GREATLY RESPECTED FRIEND:--Grace, mercy, siud peace be multiplied to you and family. "When I come to Georgia, I remember you if I do not see you. For a few years past I have not been able to preach er write as formerly. Shall I pity or envy you In your solitary life. It must cheer up your mind to converse with a friend on paper. I thank you, kind sir, for the

friendly letters you have s^nt mo, and the

have taken of Elder Lee. This year hath bo_._ ...,,.,,__

with divine glory; my colleague, Bishop Whatcoat, and

self have travelled from Baltimore, in tbo month of May

iasfc, to the oast of Boston, west sis far as Kentucky and

Cumberland in Tennessee, South Carolina, to this State,

making near three thousand miles from the General Con

ference. The revival of religion that began with the

year, became very great; so that the eastern and western

shores of Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, have

felt the holy flame; the high probability is, that one

or two thousand souls have been under the operations

of grace. The preachers caught the divine influence at

the General Conference, where more than one hundred

ministers assembled, and thus it ran, two, three, four, five

hundred miles. You have heard of the revival of religion

long the Germans in the west of Pennsylvania, Mary-

1, by the instrumentality of the veiier-

nt patriarchal man, Martin

ister; but he received the

mty years ago. He was cast out

by tin

God has given him to see his child-

run & cinj.u.1 ti_i burrioJLuiggihnti tvou Cvihiiriiost, au.nndu peace upon Iisraeil.

At seventy, lie is brisk as a boy, and travels very exten

sively ; for in appearance he is like old Moses or Aaron

with his long beard. Oh! my dear friend, if you was among

the thousands in Pennsylvania of Germans to labour,

und travelling night and day, you might have a happier

Houl and a. brighter crown. A late Dr. Lodly \vivs in

(some part of Holland almost useless ; he was sent for to

New York, and the first sermon he preached in the Low

Dutcli Church, Madam Livingston, and several reputable

vromen were uonvinced. They said it was like a new

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229

was to befall him in both changes. Thus a "Wesley, and some of the Moravian brethren appeared to be buried for a time at and about Savannah. And some godly men have lived in parishes and congregations in England, with small prospects of good. Before I close this letter I must give you a sketch of the marvellous work of God. For two weeks, we trust one or two hundred souls were wrought upon at the General Conference in Baltimore. At the yearly Conference at Duck creek, Delaware State, one hundred and seventeen came forward to join the church,--the fruit of four days' and nights' labour. The brethren did not leave the house of God day nor night; this was in a small village, and fifty had been added pre viously, since the commencement of the year. The re turn was three hundred in society, as made last June to me; and the work is spreading all around that place, - through the whole peninsula of Maryland and Delaware. We have travelled so rapidly and extensively, letters could not reach us well, till we came to our yearly con ference in Camden, South Carolina, January 1, 1801. In Cumberland, State of Tennessee, God has wrought among the Presbyterians ; five godly ministers are entered into the spirit of the work,--a Mr, Craighead, llodgo, Rankin, Mr. Goady, and McGee, and the stationed preachers among the Methodists, and somo eminent local preachers. Judah doth not vex Ephraim; they live and love as brethren ; they hold sacramental meetings four days and nights, all the ministers present; it is In the woods; no house will contain the people, wagons, food, fires, some ten, twenty, thirty, fifty, and one hundred miles from, home; they begin at high noon, preach and pray until evening, then retire to refresh with food ; and come again, and continue the whole night, and souls are born to God at the solemn hours of night,--seven, eight, nine, ten, twelve, one o'clock, till morning. It hath been judged, that the congregation have contained from five hundred, to one and two thousand people, and eight or ten minis ters; and at a meeting Bishop Whateoat and myself attended, near twenty ministers present,--Presbyterians,

THE SALZBUIIGERS
Methodists, and Baptists ; souls have professed to find the I.ord from twenty-five to forty-five, and as many as one hundred at a meeting. The probability is that between three and four hundred have been brought to Christ in the coui-se of this summer and fall, and the work was going on when we came from the settlement, The ministers promised to send me a correct account of the work of God. Wo hope to bo able to publish the workings of God with souls. I hope and trust five or sis thousand souls are, and will be formed of God on this continent In 1800, among the different societies of pro fessing Christians. I shall make no apology for my long letters, but the cause of God, love to you, and my joy that I have to hear and see my poor labours are not in vain, i\nd other ministers, and other societies have Jeho vah with them. I am in the thirtieth year of my labours in America, besides about nine years in travelling and local labours in England.
"I am, with great respect, yours in Christ, FKAXCIS AsBUJiT.'
The temporal affairs of the Salzburgers com menced improving gradually ; and the popula tion which, during the -war, had been somewhat diminished, began to increase steadily, and to assume a somewhat more permanent character. Their spiritual interests, too, assumed a more favourable aspect, though JMr. Bergman found many just causes of complaint. Some of the members of the church had fallen into rather loose habits of living, and the establishment of one or two drinking shops at Ebenczer, exerted a most injurious influence upon the morals of not a few. Mr. Bergman remonstrated against such conduct, but he was, perhaps, rather two mild

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231

and lenient in the enforcement of the church discipline, to effect much of a reformation. Still the church made some progress, while it must be admitted that the tone of piety was far below what it had been in former years.
Mr. Bergman kept tip a regular course of catechetical instruction in all his churches, and endeavoured to indoctrine the young people of bis charge in the principles of our holy religion^ as taught in our standards; and there were many, who, under his instructions, became de votedly pious and exemplary Christians. But even in his time, a spirit of indifference to the Lutheran church began to manifest itself among some of the descendants of the Salzburgers, which was afterwards to result in the withdrawal of not a few of them from the church of their fathers. It will be necessary, however., to dwell more at large upon this topic hereafter.
It is not deemed important, nor would it be practicable, to attempt a regular chronological history of the Salzburgcrs from this period, nor, indeed, is it necessary; for there were not many occurrences of striking interest during the life-time of Mr. Bcrgman. The most prominent, however, will be noted as far as reliable data can be obtained. After a settlement assumes a permanent character, it is not to be expected that many ancidcuts will happen of sufficient moment to make them worthy of historical re-

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THE SALZBURGERS

cord. The reader will, therefore, not expect

any thing like detailed narrative in the further

prosecution, of this work.

-

It baa been stated that Mr, Bergman was in

correspondence with a number of distinguished

ministers and other gentlemen, and some of their

letters are extant; but their publication would

only swell this volume without increasing its

interest. It might be mentioned that many of

these letters furnish intelligence in reference to

the progress of religion in different parts of the

United States, and perhaps a few extracts may

bo given from some of them hereafter.

Mention has been made of the erection of a

bridge over Ebenezer creek, and the making

of a causeway through the swamp. The first

bridge, however., was a very humble and unpre

tending structure, and answered only a tempo

rary purpose. Mr. King, who owned most of

the land north of Ebenezer creek, applied to

the Legislature, in 1791, for a charter for a

causeway and toll bridge. The charter covered

a period of thirty years. In 1824, (24th of

April) the Trustees of the Lutheran church

purchased, at public sale, Mr. King's interest,

which was for the unexpired term of nine years,

for the sum, of eighteen hundred dollars. With

the bridge the Trustees obtained sixty-Jive acres

of land. A new bridge was erected by Messrs.

William and Lewis Bird, in the fall of the same

AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

233

year, at a cost of four hundred and ninety-nine dollars. The Trustees obtained a renewal of the charter in 1824 for thirty years. Mr. C. F. Bergman. in a note in. his journal, estimated that the income from the bridge for nine years would amount to about five thousand dollars. Whether or not this expectation was realized, it would be difficult to ascertain; though it is certain, that the Trustees did realize at first a handsome profit upon the investment. 'Within, the 3ast fifteen years, however, the bridge and causeway have been rather a tax upon the church, as the inferior court of Effinghatn county authorized the opening of a public road from Sister's Ferry, on tbe Savannah, river., by way of Springfield, on to tbe city of Savannah. This measure has cut off nearly all tbe travel from the old Augusta road, and tlio toll-gate does not now pay expenses.
In 1796., Ebenezer was made the county site, and the Legislature appointed commissioners to select lots for the court-house and jail, and also to provide for tbe support of an academy. This academy was intended as a county in stitution. There was already a parocJiial school at Ebenezer, under the care of a competent teacher. The instructions, however, were given almost exclusively in the German, and did not meet the wants of the community, which even, at this time had become measurably Anglicized.
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-. 234

THE KALZEUE.GERS

The selection of Ebenezer as the county site was the second experiment to procure a suitable location. The public buildings were erected at Tuckasee-King, in 1784, near the present line of Scriven county; but as this movement did not suit the "wishes of the people, Ebenezei' was selected. It would have been \vell for the Salzburgers if their town had never been made the seat of justice. There are always men of de based morals collecting at a county site, who drink, gamble, and indulge in almost every species of vice; and these influences did not fail to effect the Salzburgcrs, some of whom were, alas! too easily seduced from the right way. Fortunately for them, however, Ebenezer was found to be not sufficiently central; and, in 1799, Springfield was made the county site, and con tinues so to this day.
It has been stated, that during the life-time of the first pastors, mills had been erected, and several tracts of land were granted for the benefit of the church. During the war, nearly all these "mill establishments" were materially injured, and they subsequently were allowed to go to decay. In 1808, the congregation applied to the legislature for leave to sell their glebe land. This request was granted, and the procoeds were placed in the treasury of the church. The congregation by degrees disposed of all its real estate, and the money was invested in bonds

1

ASP THEIR DESCENDANTS.

235

and mortgages, from the interest of which "the pastor's salary, and the current expenses of the church were paid. This plan is pursued to the present day.
The interests of the churches, both at Ebcnezer and Savannah, began to demand that a portion of the services should be held in English. Many friends of the Lutheran church saw this, and felt it, and urged upon Mr. Bergman the importance of attempting to qualify himself to preach in that language ; but it was with great difficulty that he could at first bo brought even to consider the subject. In this he certainly acted unwisely, as will appear hereafter. An extract is here given from a letter of Bishop Asbury to Mr. Bergman, a part of which bears upon this very subject. The letter was written from Georgetown, in. 1808. After stating the wonders which God was working in various parts of the country in the conversion of sinners, the bishop says :
"I am not without expectation of visiting Savannah and Ebcnezer nest December. I shall tuke nn assistant with me, and, it" I could find a decent family, that hud tho form of godliness, with whom I could lodge, and a house to preach in, we would perhaps spend a. wce"k. Bat I shall be unwilling to preach in Cloud'8 or the Bap tist church. If you have a church in toivzi, 1 would bor row that. I am sorry you do not attend some of the camp-meetings. Our yearly conference will be held in Augusta, January 1, 1804. There I hope to see you. ft/iink as i/oit are not adca/tced in aye, if you wish to b&

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THE SAtZBURGEIlS

extensively useful, you ouglit by all means to learn English to preacJi, as well as to -write. 13y close application <m,<L some little assistance, you would soon gain a good accent and pronunciation. In learning to preach EnglisJi you will open a door to preach to thousands in this country; besides you will yet good as well do good. I hope that you have a clear witness of your redemption in Christ, and that you walk closely with God, and are seeking freedom from all sin. When I read in Mr. Wesley's journal, of the holy men once at Ebenoner, I hope you Will he their faithful successor. Oh ! may the good will of Him that dwelt with Moses in the "bush be with you, and the dew of heaven upon your dwelling-place.
"I am, as ever, your friend and brother. FRAXCIS ASBURY."
From this letter it win appear that good men in other denominations, who really wished well to the Lutheran church, saw that our ministers, who persisted in adhering to the German lan guage, pursued a ruinous policy, while they cir cumscribed greatly the sphere of their own use fulness. Would to Grod, that our forefathers could have been truly wise on this subject. It will also be seen, that up to this date the Me thodist's had no church in the city of Savannah, and Bishop Asbury asked the use of the Luthe ran church. This is a fact worthy of notice. There is no doubt that the use of the church was cheerfully granted, and thus, as Lutheran emigrants from Salabnrg were measurably the instruments in JVTr. Wesley's awakening, and Jjutlier's preface to the Romans the means of his conversion, the Lutheran church in Savannah

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237

was employed by the first Methodist bishop in America to promulgate the doctrines of the venerable "YVesley. From all this it is apparent that Methodism owes many obligations to the Lutheran church, "which it is to be regretted have not always been duly remembered and reciprocated.
ll is proper hero to remark, that as early as 3790, the Rev. Hope Hull was sent to Savan nah to propagate the doctrines of the Methodist Episcopal church. He preached a few years in a chair-maker's shop belonging to Mr. Lowry; but, in consequence of tbe violent opposition raised against him, he met with very little suc cess. In 1790, Jonathan Jackson and Josiah Handle made another attempt, without any bet ter results. In 1800, John Garvin commenced preaching. He induced a few persons to attend his meeting, but never succeeded in organizing a society. The next attempt was by Mr. Cloud, whose extravagances increased the preju dices against the Methodist; and it is probable that it is to this Mr. " Cloud's house" that Bishop Asbury refers in the foregoing letter. In 1806, Rev. Samuel Dunwoody was sent to Savannah. By assiduous effort he organized a society, and the members after many severe trials succeeded in erecting a small house of worship, which, was called Wesley Chapel. This^ was the origin of Methodism in Savannah.

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238

THE SALZBUHG-ERS

Nothing of much, importance occurred among the Salzburgers until about the year 1804, when Mr. Bcrgman relinquished the charge of the Lutheran church in Savannah. In a letter writ ten to the Rev. Mr. Hoi combe, pastor of the Baptist church in that city, he assigns the rea sons which had induced him to take this step. The letter is dated July 4, 1804. In that letter he says: "In Germany both Protestant churches (Lutheran and Reformed) hare become measur ably corrupt, through false teachers creeping into the church, whose bad qualities are de scribed in Paul's letter to Timothy, and in the Epistle of Peter. These teachers impiously deny all the fundamental doctrines of our sal vation, which is in Jesus Christ. The Germans who have come to this country in late years have imbibed these false principles, and cannot bear sound doctrine, leading also a perverse life. Besides this, I cannot see any fruit of the gospel preached to them; and some impious men, long ing for riches, are insolent enough to impute to me motives which I never entertained. Purther, I am bound to stay at Ebenezer, because my frail constitution will not longer endure the fatigue of journeying so often to Savannah. Consequently, when I visit Savannah hereafter, it must be on week-days."
In another letter addressed to the same gen tleman, Mr. Bergman remarks; "I have not (as

AND THEIK DESCENDANTS.

23$

has been falsely charged! denounced good morals or external religion, as it is termed. I agree with the good Cardinal Bellarmine, who, while he apologizes for good works, concludes that it is safest and best to put all our confidence in God's grace and Christ's merits. And when I pray that I may be numbered among God's elect children, I desire that he would deal with ino, not according to jmy merits, but according to liis grace. Yet some wicked persons whom I refused to admit to the Lord's table, have accused me of advocating Antinomian sentiments. And a man by the name of Salvinger, who resides near the < "White Bluff,' defamed my name in the Sa vannah market, as did also one Elliott, once a schoolmaster at White Bluff, and afterward at Goshen, to whom I refused the Lutheran church at Ebenezer. The whole Lutheran church in America needs a reformation. There are many pious people in Germany, and some of them, come occasionally to this country, but for the most part they are only nominal professors, and cannot endure sound doctrine. Hence the trouble in many of our German churches."
The motives which prompted this step were certainly pure, and the reasons assigned justify the course which jMr. Bergman pursued. It is ? however, probable that he did occasionally visit the church in Savannah, and perform services for the benefit of the few pious persons who still

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adhered to the true doctrines of the Reformation. However, as the services were all held in Ger man, the young; people belonging to the congre gation gradually withdrew to attend English preaching in other churches, and in a few years Mr. jBergman ceased altogether his ministerial labours in Savannah, and the Lutheran church was closed, and no successful attempt was made to revive the congregation until the year 1824, when the Kev. S- A. Mealy of Charleston, assumed the pastoral charge,--not, however, until many of the descendants of the Salzburgers had been induced to leave the church of their fathers, and connect themselves with other Christian denominations. The records of all the Protestant churches in Savannah will show that much of the most valuable material from which their societies were organized, was of Lutheran origin. And this same sad story must be told in reference to the Lutheran, population, in every important city in. our "Union. It is, however, far "bettor that these precious souls should find spiritual pasture somewhere, and bo made the heirs of eternal life, than that they should wander about without a spiritual guide, exposed to the wiles of Satan and the craftiness of un
godly men. It was about this time that the Rev. Jesse
Leo, one of the pioneers of Methodism, in the United States, visited Ebenexer, and spent - a

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few days with MV. Bergtnaa. The interviews seem to have proved a source of mutual edifica tion to these pious men. Mr, Lee, speaks of this visit in a lettex' addressed to Mr. Aurelius of New York, arid expresses himself as having been very favourably impressed with the piety and learning of Mr. Bergman. It is a pleasing fact, that every one of the first pastors at Ebenczer (Mr. Triebner only excepted) commanded the confidence and esteem of the ministers in the other evangelical churches, showing very clearly that their learning and irreproachable Christian character had gained for them a most enviable reputation among the "wise and good. But still, their piety and learning did not exempt them from the attacks of the vicious and profane; and, as has already been shown, they were often made the objects of vituperation. It was, how ever, fortunate for them that they were sustained in all their trials by a consciousness of their own integrity, and the assurance of the divine appro bation. These are ever the Christian's chief solace amid the reproaches of the censorious, and the scoffs and derisions of the profligate and worldly; and but for the "sweet peace" which the soul derives from a sense of Its own recti tude, cheerless indeed would the path of the faithful minister as he mingles with the cares and perplexities of life. But amid the conflicts of human passion which meet him on every side,

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and the buffetings and derisions of a world- lying in wickedness, he may ever and aiioii hear the cheering and animating voice of the Saviour, IjO! I am with you always!" jVTy peace I give unto you." I5e of good choer! I have overcome the world.'' Thus he passes on through life, ever reposing his confidence in the great captain of his salvation, and sustained by the hope that his labours and toils shall termi nate in a rich and glorious reward, which shall amply compensate him for all the afflictions inci dent to his earthly pilgrimage.
The labours of Mr. Borgman were somewhat curtailed by relinquishing the charge of the Lutheran church in Savannah; and it has already been stated, that the church called Bethany had been in a good measure abandoned. It be came necessary, however, to erect a new church near " -Jack's branch," about four miles northwest of Springfield, the county site. This church was called " .Bethel." It was demanded by the emi gration to that neighbourhood of a number of families who had formerly resided near Ebenezer, and were members of the congregation at that place. Yet no now organization was attempted; and, even to this day, the members residing near Bethel continue their connection with the parentchurch at Ebenezer. This was a judicious move ment on. the part of Mr. Bergman, as it was the means of saving to the Lutheran church many

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families wlio might otherwise liave connected themselves with other denominations.
Among the difficulties connected with, his labours, Mr. Bergman. mentions several of a personal character. One of these was with Co lonel W., who resided near Sister's Ferry. The nature of the misunderstanding is not stated, nor is it necessary at this late day to attempt to investigate it. Colonel W. had been a soldier in the iievolutionary "War, and -was a man of in fluence ; hence, Mr. Bergman was troubled be cause of the rupture which had taken place, and corresponded with the Kev. John McVeaii on. the subject. Mr. Me Vean was stationed in Sa vannah, as pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church. An. extract from his letter to Mr. Berg man on this subject is here inserted, to show the excellent spirit by which he was actuated. Besides, it contains a great deal of wholesome Christian advice, which it would be well for every one to remember and practice. He says:
" I am. truly sorry for the misunderstanding between you and Colonel W., and sincerely wish it were othei-wise. I know it is painful to human feelings to receive Injuries from"the quarter from whence they were least expected; hut our Saviour suffered in the same way, and good men often do and may expect to suffer. May I bo permitted to suggest a, plan of reconciliation? When I do so, I need only quote Scripture to you, without any comment. First, 'If thy brother trespass against thec, go and tell him his fault "between him and thce alone ; if lie shall hear thee, then thou hast gained thy brother.

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Matt. xiii. 15 ; v. 23. Do, my dear sir, Iiave the.honour and the comfort to be the first to make peace : love -will conquer the stoutest. Suppose you were to take up the cross and go some serene and clear morning and break-

JOHN
It is believed that this advice was taken, and friendly relations were again established between these parties.
In addition to the sources of trouble which have already been stated, one which was very trying to his feelings was the disposition mani fested by some of the descendants of the Salzburgers to forsake the church of their fathers. The Methodists and Baptists began to preach in various portions of Effingham. county; and, in several instances, members were drawn off from the Lutheran church, who, with their families, formed a nucleus for the organization of other churches differing from the Lutheran, if not in any essential doctrinal views, yet in their uses and form of church government; and it will appear hereafter, that, but for the material which the Salzburgers furnished to the other denomi nations which have sprung up in Effingham county, they could never have had any existence. This is true, particularly, in relation to the

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Methodist and Baptist churches, and It is a fact susceptible of proof, especially in relation to the Methodist church, that their very best mem bers, both as to piety and influence, are those who descended from the Salzburgers. Mr. Bergman saw the course which things were taking in this respect, and he might have checked it, at least measurably, by introducing the English language into the church service, and by bestowing a little more attention upon the spiritxial wants of his people; but, with all his piety and learning, his views TV"ere not sufficiently practical.
There was, however, another cause operating, to produce alienation of feeling on the part of those who felt it their duty to cultivate a spirit of genuine piety; and that was the lax state of morals in which many of the members indulged, and the want of proper church discipline. The discipline was there, but it was a dead letter. Mr. Bergman either did not, or could not enforce it, and many of the members became very irregu lar ia their habits, so that their conduct was a just cause of offence to the more godly and con sistent part of the congregation; and many were constrained from a sense of duty to flee from associations which they felt were baneful, and to seek others, more congenial to their feelings, and better calculated to aid them in the cultivation of their hearts and the fuller development of the-

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Christian, character. It is not admitted that suck a course of conduct is justifiable under all circumstances., and should not be adopted except in extreme cases; and only after every means has been tried to effect a reformation. Then our own safety may require us to separate ourselves from those "evil communications" which may tend to corrupt our religious principles.
The state of the churches was a source of deep sorrow to Mr. 33ergman. In his letters to his friends, he complained of the fruitlessness of his labours, and seemed wellnigli to despair of ever accomplishing any permanent good. His personal piety was evidently of a high order, and in this respect he -was well calculated to be a teacher in divine things; but still, he appears to have been unable to wield that moral influence which was necessary to suppress every species of vice among his people, and induce them to aim at an elevated standard of piety.
Thus things continued to progress from year to year ; and though the outward prosperity of the colony was increasing, the population multi plying, the people acquiring wealth and seeking new means of advancing their worldly interests, yet there was a gradual but manifest decline in the piety of many ef the Salzburgers, so that the language of Jeremiah, to Israel might very justly be applied to the descendants of the Salzburgers; "Yet I planted thee a noble vine, wholly a right

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seed; how then art thou turned Into the de generate plant of a strange vine unto me?" Jer. ii. 21. Nevertheless God had not left himself without witnesses,
In the midst of all his other trials, Mr. Bergman was about to experience a heavy bereave ment, In the loss of his only daughter, Ann Catharine, consort of John Neidlinger. She was born January 1, 1795, and married Sep tember 18, 1814. In her sixteenth year she made a profession of religion, and connected herself with the Lutheran congregation at Ebenezer, according to the established usages of the church. Her marriage seems not to have been a judicious one, and proved a source of grief to herself and her family. Her death occurred on the Slst of January, 1819, she being in her twenty-fifth year- Her brother has these notes in his journal in reference to her decease: "When her mother first came to her, she said: 'Mother, are you not sorry for your poor child?' (alluding to her bodily suffering.) She con tinued : ' I am going to my dear Hedeemer. My Redeemer will have mercy on me. I am quite happy and easy, my Saviour has strength ened me, I feel not the least pain.' She ex pired without a sigh or a groan, calmly com mending her spirit into the hands of her divine Saviour."
This sad event cast quite a gloom over the

*!f

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THE SALZBURG BUS

family, and it is to be hoped that tlie dispensa tion was sanctified to all who were afflicted by it.
A few years subsequently to the death of his daughter, Mr. Bergman himself was removed from the vineyard of the Lord. This occurred on the 25th of February, 1824. Mr. Bergman had served the congregation at Ebenezer with great faithfulness., but Ms labours seem, not to have been duly appreciated, and there had evidently been a retrograde movement in the congregation, and the moral and religious aspect of the colony was far from being favourable. Yet his labours were not in vain. Grod gave him many seals to his ministry, some of whom still live to bless the church and the world by their pious and exemplary deportment. The labourer was gathered to his reward in peace and holy triumph, after having spent thirty-six years of unremitting toil in the Master's vineyard. His remains were buried in Ebenezer Cemetery, and there, with hundreds of the pious Salzburgors, he rests in hope of a better resurrection. " He was a, good man, and full of faith."

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CHAPTER XH,
ligious sentiments--Calvinistic tendency--Attends the Georgia Presbytery--Letter to Kev. M. Rauch--Conflict lag viewsBecomes a memhcr of Presbytery--Receives ,1 call to St. Mat thew's Lutheran Church--Dr. J. Bachro.in visits Savannah and Ebenczer--Interview and correspondents with Mr. Bergman--
organ!
Goshen--Sad results--Rex*. L. Myers locates at Goshen--His
Ebenezer--Mr. Bergman introduces English preaching--His marriage--Tils children--Temporal arid spiritual prosperity--
vannah--Rev, S. A. Mealy--Kev. N. Aldrich--New church in Savannah--Rev. A. J. Kara--German congregation--Rev. W. Eppiag--Disaffection at Ebenezer--Other churches built vip by Salabiirgers--Mr. Bergman as a scholar--Trials--In differ-
J. D. Schenek--Rev. E. A. EoUes--difficulties at Ebcneser-- Eev. P. A. Strobel--Death of Mrs. Bergman--Rev. K Kiefier-- Rev. G. Ilaltiwangcr---Rev. J. Austin--Present condition of the church--" Father Snider."
THE condition of the colony at Ebenezer, on the death of Mr. Bergman, was gloomy in deed. Owing to the establishment of the inde-

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pendence of the States, the " Society -for Pro moting Christian Knowledge" had ceased to ex tend any aid to the Salzburgerff, and as the congregation at Ebenozev had made some changes in the administration of Its affairs, the church no longer looked to their friends in Ger many to supply them with a pastor. Their friend and faithful adviser, Dr. Muhlenburg, was dead, and there was no Lutheran Synod in ' the South from -which, they could expect to receive any aid. It is true, Mr. Pergman had left a son, Christopher f1., a young man of deep piety and of extensive learning, acquired mostly under the instruction of his father, and to him the people naturally looked as the successor of their late venerable pastor. His mind, however, was turned in 3. diiferent direction.
"Young Bergman seems in early life to have imbibed sti"ong Calvinistic sentiments. This, no doubt, ivas the result of his reading. He had made himself familiar with the writings of Scott, Henry, Doddridge, and other eminent divines of that school, and he appears to have adopted the doctrine of the "Divine Sovereignty" and the doctrine of "grace," as taught in. Cal vin's institutes. So far had he gone in em bracing these tenets, that he attended several sessions of the Georgia Presbytery., one in Afobeville South Carolina, in 1821, one in Augusta in 1822, arid the other at Darien in 182-3. At

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this latter meeting he presented a Latin exegesis on this question, "An Christus sit Deiis verus." The exegesis was received with great favour by the Presbytery, and Mr. Bergman was examined as to his personal piety, and upon natural and moral science. This examination was highly creditable, and furnished unmistakable evidence of fine order of intellect and very extensive ac quirements. Mr. Bergman was consequently duly licensed as a Presbyterian minister. In Ms father's congregation, lie had occasionally exercised his gifts in preaching the gospel, but it was not with a view to become the pastor of the church. This may be learned from the fol lowing extract of a letter addressed to Rev. JVI. Ranch in Orangeburg, South Carolina, and dated September 7, 1821.

within myself, on. the propriety of my assuming the pas toral relation in connection with our society. It is not

to impartial history to discover that Luther

resol

y known principles.

"If I ay, 'Christ is the propitiation for the sins of the

whole world, 1 the question arises, ' Why then are not all

saved?' because they do not believe; "but then 'faith is

the gift of God. 1 It is the word of God that we believe,

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.'

when lie has said, that nothing debars us from salvation but unwillingness or dissimulation. If, then, this-desire and inclination be implanted in us by God's Holy Spirit, we shall of course be saved. Our salvation musC be gra tuitously bestowed, if by free grace.
"The difficulty that presents itself on. the other hand is no less formidable. The only way to extricate our selves is to receive the sacred Scriptures as we find, them, and not confine ourselves to abstract systematic reason ing. The Scripture is the best interpreter of itself.
" Yours sincerely, CHRISTOPHER ~F. BERGMAN."
In this state of mind Mr. Bergman continued in the Presbyterian church until the year 1824. In the mean time he was invited to take charge of the Lutheran church in St. Matthew's Parish, South Carolina, which, however, lie declined. In 1824, Dr. Bachman, pastor of the Lutheran church in. Charleston, went to Savannah with a view to attempt a reorganization of the Lutheran con gregation in the latter city. Dr. Bachman ex tended his visit to Ebenezer, and had an inter view with Mr. Bergman. This interview, in con nection with a subsequent correspondence be tween the parties., gave a new direction to the theological views of Mr. Bergman. He embraced cordially the doctrines of the Lutheran church; and, in November, 1824? was received in connec tion with the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of South Carolina and adjacent States, and solemnly ordained a minister of the gospel. He frame-

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diately assumed the pastoral charge of the con gregation" at Ebenezer.
To the discharge of liis duties as a pas tor, Mr. Bergman brought a mind well stored with varied and useful learning, and a heart deeply imbued with a spirit of Christian humility and un feigned piety. In his tastes he was, perhaps, rather too refined for the particular sphere in which he moved. He had been a close student of nature, and his journal furnishes abundant evidence of a rich exuberance of sentiment, chastened, how ever, by a strong religious sentiment. His cast of mind was, perhaps, rather melancholic, but yet he seems always to have cherished an un wavering confidence in God, which cheered and animated him, even under the most trying cir cumstances. Still, there was a natural timidity and reserve in his character, which operated somewhat to his disadvantage as a pastor.
When he assumed that relation at Ebenezer, he found the congregation in a declining condi tion. This, as has been stated, was occasioned in part by the want of proper discipline, and also by the too long use of the German lan guage. These causes induced many of the de scendants of the Salzburgcrs to forsake the church of their fathers, and unite in the organi zation of other societies. Methodist and Bap tist churches sprung up in various parts of the county, arid the preachers of these denomina-

THE SALZBURGEUS
tions seemed to labour with great zeal to .prose lyte the members of the Lutheran church and their families. In this they were only too suc cessful. In the neighbourhood of Goshen, Mr. David Gougle and his family, with several others, were induced to join the Methodist society; and, as they were allowed the use of the Lutheran church at Goshen, in process of time the church itself was transferred to the Methodist Confer ence, and is held to this day as their property, though the swan still surmounts the spire, clearly showing \vhat "was originally the character of the church.
The Methodist church at Goshen was organ ized about the year 1822. The Rev. James O. Andrew (now Bishop Andrew) was at that time stationed in Savannah, but occasionally, and perhaps statedly, visited Goshen. It was under his ministry that this society was formed, though the transfer of the property did not take place for several years afterwards. Among the first members of this society, "were, besides Mr. David Gougle, his daughters, Mrs. Nowlan (wife of Major Nowlan) and Mrs. Charlton, and the hus band of the latter, Major John Charlton.
There is a sin gular incident connected with the history of this church at Goshen, which it may be proper to insert here. The facts are given, but, out of respect to the feelings of their families, the names of the parties are suppressed.

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Two gentlemen, Mr, I)-- and Captain W--, labouring under a strange hallucination, ima gined themselves called, by a special revelation from heaven, to preach the gospel. By dwell ing too much upon this subject, they ultimately became somewhat monomaniac, and announced themselves respectively as John the Baptist and the Messiah. They made an appointment to preach at Groshen, but owing to their insa.ne pretensions, the elders closed the church against them. Nevertheless, they attended at the church at the time appointed, and announced to the large congregation assembled, that, as an evidence of the divinity of their mission, the doors and windows would fly open miraculously., precisely at twelve o'clock. But their prediction was not verified, and they "were compelled to leave the assemblage, being deeply mortified at their disappointment. Of course., the whole affair proved a miserable farce. Mr. W------ left his house the next day, under great mental excitement, and wandered about in the woods until he died from hunger and exhaustion. Apart from this strange delusion, he is represented as having been one of tbe best and most exemplary men of bis day, and was even honoured with a seat in the Legislature. Mr. D------, who had once been, sheriff of Effmgham coiinty, after being immersed some three or four times, con nected himself with the "Bible Christians or

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THE SALZEURGEES

Campbellites." He still lives, and is man of groat integrity, and possesses many fine traits of character.
In the neighbourhood of Goslien resided the Rev. Lewis Mycrs, a venerable local preacher of the Methodist connection. He was admitted a member of the South Carolina Conference in 1799, and continued in the itinerancy until about the year 1823? wlien ho settled with his family at Gosheii in Eflmgnam county. Father Myers occupied a very conspicuous place in the Methodist church. He was stationed at one time in Charleston, South Carolina, arid fre quently received the appointment of presiding elder. He travelled extensively in South. Caro lina and Georgia, and by his zeal and piety always secured the confidence and esteem of those who formed his acquaintance. After he located, he laboured diligently in the cause of his Master. He was a warm friend of Sab bath-schools and the temperance cause, and gave to both the full weight of his influence. In his domestic relations, he was dutiful and affection ate, and very social in his feelings. He always candidly reproved faults when he discovered them, but the reproof was tempered with kind ness, and no one could fail to see the spirit of the honest, uncompromising Christian in every act of his life. He reared an intelligent and re spectable- family, most of whom are still living.

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Father Myers was attacked with paralysis in 1848. from which he never fully recovered. In 1849. he removed with Ids family to Springfield, where he resided until his death, which occurred in 1851.
Mr. Bergman entered upon, his duties at Bbenezer -with zeal, and with a full determina tion to discharge his obligations to his people in the fear of God ; "but he soon found that he was to meet with serious opposition in carrying out some of his measures of reform. He had seen that intemperance was prevailing to rather too great an extent among the people of the county, and that some of his own church-members were not as free from this sin as he had a right to expect. He therefore felt constrained to re prove this vice from the pulpit, and to suggest the propriety of organizing a temperance society. This measure met with very few advocates, and it is said that one of his members rebuked him publicly, in not very mild terms, for his temerity in attempting to correct this evil. He was not, however, driven from his purpose.
Mr. Bergman continued to preach at Eben ezer, at Bethel, and occasionally at Zion's, and he introduced the use of the English language in. all the churches. This, together with the better enforcement of the discipline, had a bene ficial influence upon the spiritual interests of the church, and the cause of true piety seemed

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generally to revive. Still there was much apathy and indifference among a largo portion of tbe members.
In 1825, Mr. Bergman was married to Miss Mary G. Fieri, second daughter of Mr. Israel Fieri, a lineal descendant of the Salzburgers. This lady, in point of mind and disposition, was well calculated to become the companion of such a man as Mr. Bergrnan, and their union was a source of mutual happiness and comfort. By this marriage, Mr. Bergman had three children, only one of whom survived him; a daughter, "who died, however, in 1837.
There is nothing of special importance to notice in the general condition of the descendants of the Salzburgers during the ministry of Mr. Bergman. In their temporal interests they were very much prospered; and, on the whole, the church had made some improvement in spirituality.
There was, however, manifested by many of the Salzburgers, a disposition to emigrate to other sections of Georgia. Some had removed to Scriven, and other families had located in !Lowndes and Thomas counties; and in fact, the descendants of the Salzburgers, if we had the , means to trace them up, could no doubt be found in many States of the Union, from Pennsylva nia to Louisiana, and in nearly one-third of the counties of Georgia; though, it is true, in most cases, in rather an isolated condition;

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still they retain their names and their general characteristics.
Reference has been made to the church In Savannah. The congregation, since the elder Bergman relinquished his charge, had greatly declined, though there were some pious fami lies "who still adhered to our confession. In 1824, Dr. Bachman of Charleston succeeded in reorganizing the church. He found the families of Mr. Frederick Herb, Mr. Snider, Mr. Haupt, Mr. Spann, Mr. Gougle, Mr. Felfc, Mrs, S. Cooper, Mrs. !N. "Weriman, and Mrs. L, Cooper, and some others who were still attached to the Lutheran church, and were disposed to unite in an effort to resuscitate the congregation. The effort was successful.
The same year, the Rev. Stephen A. Mealy, a native of Charleston, South Carolina, and a licentiate of the South Carolina Synod, was in duced to remove to Savannah and assume the pastoral charge of the church. Mr. Mealy had the pleasure to see the church attain to consider able respectability, both as to piety and num bers." He served this people with great useful ness until 1839, when he accepted a call from St. Matthew's Church in Philadelphia, and re moved to that city.
Mr. Mealy was succeeded by Rev. 1ST. Aldrich of Charleston. Mr. Aldricli removed to Savan nah in 1840. Up to the year 1843, the congre-

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gation had worshipped in a small wooden church which had been erected before the Revolutionary War. As, however, the city of Savannah was rapidly improving, and the congregation had in creased in wealth and intelligence, a fine brick edifice eighty-eight by fifty-six feet was erected, at a cost of fifteen thousand dollars. The church was dedicated in. the fall of 1843, on which oc casion the pastor was aided by Rev. Dr. Bachman of Charleston.
]\lr. Aldrich continued in Savannah until the year 1850, when he was succeeded by the Rev. A. J. Karri, who still sustains the pastoral rela tion. Mr. Kara, labours with great acceptance to the people of his charge. The congregation is rapidly improving, and has been blessed -with. several gracious revivals, which have brought many members into the church. This congrega tion occupies, at this time, a very favourable positiozi in the estimation of the Christian com munity of Savannah, and is making itself re spected by the happy influence that it is exert ing upon the moral interests of a large portion of the community. Within the last two years a German congregation has been organized, which, bids fair, under the divine blessing, to accomplish much good for the large German population which is now to be found in that city. The German congregation is at present supplied by the Rev. W. Epping. These two churches, acting as they

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2G1

do in concert, are "well adapted to meet the wants of the English and German. Lutherans in Savannah, and important results may be confi dently expected from them. May great grace abide upon them, and may God continually add to their number scores and hundreds, who shall be saved in the great day of rejoicing.
It has been deemed proper to make this refer ence to the Lutheran church in Savannah, be cause it was originally organized by emigrants from Salzburg, and was for many years a con stituent part of the pastorate at Ebenezer. Great changes, however, have taken place in the congregation. Very few of its present members are descended from the original stock, and the church has become entirely anglicized. In fact, it has been so ever since 1824, when Mr, Mealy became the pastor. Having said this much in relation to Savannah,' it is time to return to Ebenezer.
- It has been stated that many of the descend ants of the Salzburgers had abandoned the , church of their fathers, and had aided mate rially in the organization of other churches. In Savannah, in the Episcopal church, the Me thodist Episcopal church, and the Baptist church, many of them may be found. This is particularly the case in reference to the Metho dist church. There we find the Hemsharts, the Sniders, the Heidts, and others; some of them

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men of wealth and influence. This is, however, more especially true in relation to Effingham county. Prominent among the Methodists may be seen the Hineleys, Sherraus, Bergsteiners, Scheubtrines, ^Teidlingers, Zittrauers, Mingledorffs, Oechleys, (now spelled Exley,) occasion ally a Rahn, a Grnann, a Zettler, and some of the descendants of the Gougels, including the Charltons, Hemsharts, and others. In the Bap tist church, there are occasionally a Rahn, some of the Dashers, Waldliours; \Visenbakers, Bergsteiners, &c. &c. These families constitute, for the most part, the most eonspicuoa and wealthy members in the churches to which they respec tively belong. Their withdrawal from the Lu theran church was certainly a serious loss; but it is consoling to think that they still form a portion of the great army of our common Lord, and in their new spheres of action are contri buting materially to push forward the triumphs of the cross. Though, therefore, they have "gone out from us," we can heartily wish them Ood-speed, even though it may not be proper to endorse the propriety of the course which they pursued, in abandoning the church of their fathers, especially as they cannot find in other communities any thing which is sounder in faith, or wiser, or more judicious in discipline and church, government, than existed in the church which they loft. And if reform was needed,

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263

they who were the first to perceive the necessity, were under the greatest obligation to labour with the most untiring zeal and energy to effect it.
These disaffection a among the Salzburgers toward the Lutheran church, many of which occurred in the lifetime of Mr. Bergman, proved a source of great grief to him; and although he had a consciousness that he did his duty faith fully, yet He "was pained at the results, even though he "was not the cause of bringing them about.
The younger Hergmari presided over the spiritual interests of the Ebenezer congregations for about eight years. If there was any fault of which he was guilty, it was too close atten tion to his literary pursuits, to the neglect of pastoral visitations and the serious injury of his health. He evidently was a very close and in dustrious student, and he laboured to acquire a thorough knowledge of every department of science and literature. He has left a number of treatises on -various subjects, including "botany, meteorology, astronomy, natural philosophy, history, poetry, belles lettres, &c. Beside which he kept a diary in which are carefully and mi nutely noted all the important events that hap pened in our own country and throughout the world, as fa*1 as they came to his knowledge. His acquirements in the languages and mathe matics were extensive; and what is remarkable,

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his entire education \vas obtained in his father's study. But his paternal instructor was well fitted for the task, being himself a man of very extraordinary attainments.
Among the other causes of regret to Mr. Bergman, was the indifference .which many of the Salzburgers began to manifest on the subject of education. It had been an object with all the pastors at Ebenezer, to keep up good paro chial schools at each of the churches, and for many years this was successfully done. Even after the Revolution, when the elder Ber groan came over from Germany a teacher accompanied him, as has been stated, and the school at Eben ezer was reorganized and sustained for many years. Bnt as the Salzburgers began to remove from Ebenezer and settle upon their farms, they gradually lost their interest (or at least in a good measure) in the subject of education, and many of them permitted their children to grow up in comparative ignorance, having very little more than the rudiments of the plainest Eng lish education. In this the people have been very culpable, especially as there is a fund be longing to the church for the education of those children whose parents may see proper to avail themselves of it.
About the year 1830, Mr. Bergraan's health began to decline; and it became manifest to his friends and himself that his constitution was

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seriously impaired. Nevertheless he endeavoured to perform Ills duties faithfully and cheerfully,
his strength would permit. In the part of the year 1832, it was evident that s season of his probation and ministerial use fulness was drawing to a close. About the 1st of March he was compelled to desist from all active employments, and about the middle he was confined to his bed. He became so reduced in the course of a week that he could not speak above a whisper. Thus he continued gradually to waste away until the 26th of March, 1832, when he was gathered to his rest in peace. A short time before his death he regained sufficient strength to be able to converse with a ministerial brother, (Rev. S. A. Mealy) to whom he re marked : " If it is the divine will, I am prepared and would rather go now. I feel that for me to depart and to be with Christ, is far better, I think I; can truly say, for me to live is Christ and to die is gain. Blessed be the God and Father of my Lord Jesus Christ, I have no doubts. ... I look into the grave without alarm. I believe I can say without dread, to * corrup tion thou art my father, and to the worm tliou art my mother and sister.' " He then repeated with great energy, while his face was irradiated with a heavenly smile, the Christian's hymn of triumph:

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" Cease, fond nature, cease thy strife, And let me languish into life.

Lend, lend your -wings, I mount, I fly! O grave, where is thy victory? O death, -where is thy sting?"
With, this language upon his lips, lie gently fell asleep in Jesus, and was gathered to his fathers like one "who lies' down to pleasant dreams." On the 27th of March he was buried in Ebenezer cemetery, adding another to the pious and truly godly men who repose in that ancient and venerable receptacle of the dead. The congre gation, as an evidence of the high regard which was cherished for him, erected a suitable tablet to his memory in the cemetery at Ebenezer.
The Rev. John D. Scheck succeeded Mr. Bergman. Mr. Scheck is a native of Maryland. In 1831 he removed to South Carolina, and con nected himself with the Lutheran Synod of that State. During the first year of his ministry he missionated among the destitute congregations in the bounds of the synod. He then accepted a call to the charge of the Lutheran church in St. Matthew's Parish, Orangeburg District, South. Carolina. From this charge he removed to Ebenezer, and served the congregation until 1838, when he resigned and removed for a brief period to Alabama. Mr. Scheck's labours were duly appreciated by a large portion of the con gregation, and it is believed that his preaching

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was blessed to the edification of not a few. Nothing, however, of specia limportance occurred during his connection "with the church.
While Mr. Scheck was pastor, his health and that of his family suffered very much during their residence at Ebenezer, from the miasma arising from the river and swamps. It became neces sary, therefore, to build a new parsonage in the pine land, about three miles from Ebenezer. This house has been the permanent residence of the pastors ever since, and has proved to be one of the healthiest locations in all that country. At the suggestion of Mr. Scheck, the congregation likewise improved the church, placing in it a new pulpit after the modern style, and in other respects rendering the church more comfortable and tasty in its exterior and interior appearance.
In 1838, the Rev. E. A. Bolles of Charleston, South. Carolina, received and accepted a call to the Ebenezer charge. Mr. Bolles had been a private student of Dr. Eachman's, and subse quently spent two years in the theological semi nary at Jjexirjgton, South Carolina. Upon leaving the seminary he removed to North Caro lina, where he remained a year, prior to his loca tion at Ebenezer. Mr. Bolles was for several years successful as a pastor, and made many warm friends at Ebenezer. However, in 1842, an attempt was made to introduce and enforce

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the new discipline, adopted by the Synod of South Carolina, which was -warmly opposed by a large number of the members, and resulted in a schism, which wellnigh rent the church in twain.
For this measure there was really no neces sity. Those who attempted to introduce the new discipline were no doubt influenced by the purest and best motives, but they evidently acted unadvisedly. A, reform in the church was greatly needed ; but those -who favoured it, did not adopt the most judicious course to effect their laudable object. If they had examined the archives of the church, they would have found a discipline already in existence far supe rior in every respect to the one which they pro posed to introduce, and by planting themselves upon that, they might very easily have accom plished their purpose ; and while, by this course, they would have fortified their own position, they might have disarmed the opponents of the discipline of their most powerful arguments against the measure. The new discipline was evidently adopted unconstitutionally, and it was well for all parties that this controversy was amicably settled. This was accomplished through the agency of Dr. Bachman of Charleston, then President of the Synod. In 1843 he visited Ebenezer, and calling the whole congregation, together, the matters in dispute were all dis cussed and an adjustment effected, which was

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satisfactory to the great majority of the members. A few, however, still remained disaffected, and several left the church. The strife had been very severe, and various documents had been presented to the synod, setting forth the views of the respective parties; and it was accomplish ing much for tlie church, when, after all the crimination and recrimination, which had occur red, the dispute was settled upon any terms whatever. There was a union effected, but it is to be feared it was not a very cordial one.
Mr. Bolles continued at Ebenezer during the remainder of this year; but in 1844, he relin quished the position and removed to his native city. After a short sojourn there, he accepted a call to the Beth-Eden charge in Dewberry Dis trict, South Carolina. He is now an agent for the American Bible Society in South Carolina, in which position he is rendering good service to the cause of Christ.
After Mr. Bolles removed from Ebenezer, the congregation extended a call to Rev. P. A. Strobel, at the time principal of a female seminary in Savannah. Mr. Strobel Is a native of Charleston, South Carolina, and a graduate of the theological seminary at Lexington, South Carolina. The call was accepted, and Mr. Strobel served the congregation for four years and a half.
During Mr. Strobel's stay at Ebenezer, a new

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church was built on the Middle Ground Road, near the Ogeechee Kiver. This church was de signed for the accommodation of those members who had removed so far from Ebenezer that it was impracticable for them to attend preaching at the parent church. It is believed that this measure was the means of saving many mem bers to the Lutheran church, who would other wise have been lost to it, and it also carried the means of grace to a very destitute neigh bourhood.
Mr. Strobel continued at Ebenezer until the commencing of the year 1849, when he removed to the city of Macon, and accepted an appoint ment as missionary to the few Lutheran families who reside in that city. After labouring in this field a year, with some prospect of success, it was found impossible to prosecute the mission successfully, and it was abandoned. The Luthe rans in Macou are mostly Germans, and their attachments to the church of their fathers are not strong enough to induce them to make the necessary sacrifices to build up a congregation. Those who make any pretensions to piety at all, have become pew-holders and worshippers ia other churches, and they coxild not be induced to unite cordially in the enterprise of erecting a Lutheran church.
The congregation at Ebenezer was without a regular pastor for more than a year, after Mr,

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Strobel removed to Macon. In the mean time the Rev. Ephriam Kelffer served them as a tem porary supply. Mr. Keiffcr was a descendant of the Salzburgcrs, and had united with the church in the lifetime of the older Bergraan. Being a man of ardent zeal and devoted piety, he felt it to be his duty to do something to pro mote the spiritual welfare of the church. En couraged by the pastor, he was induced to hold prayer-meetings and deliver exhortations, when ever an opportunity was afforded him. He took great interest in the Sabbath-school, and acted as superintendent for many years. He was at length prevailed upon to apply for license to preach. This was readily granted; for although his education was rather limited, yet he was a man of excellent natural abilities, and his good sense and upright and consistent deportment compensated for many other deficiencies.
While the congregation remained vacant, Mr. Kieffer was prevailed upon by his brethren to discharge the duties of a pastor, until one could be obtained. With great reluctance he com plied with the wishes of the congregation, and served them until the beginning1 of the year 1851. During this year it pleased Grod to call him away from the scene of his earthly labours. After an illness of several weeks, he expired at his residence in ErKiigham county, closing bis career with great serenity of mind, leaving to

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his family and the church the rich legacy of an unblemished Christian character.
The Rev. George Haltiwanger became the pastor at Ebenezer in 1851. Mr, Haltiwanger is a native of Lcxington district, South Caro lina, and a graduate of the seminary at Lexington. Possessing naturally a good mind, which he has cultivated with some care, and -imbued with a spirit of deep piety, he is well calculated (if any man is) to succeed in this somewhat dif ficult charge. For it is a melancholy truth, that of late years the congregation at Ebenezer has become rather hard to suit "with a pastor. Mr. Bolzius served them for thirty-two years. Mr. Kabenhorst for more than twenty years. The elder Bergman for thirty-six years. And the younger Bergman for eight years. And it is worthy of remark, that all the pastors at Eben ezer, up to the time of the younger Bergman, (with the exception of Mr. Triebner,) sustained the pastoral relation until they were removed by death. Since the demise of the younger Bergman, however, up to this date, a period of twen ty-two years, four changes have been made, showing an average of a little more than four years for each pastor. It cannot always be the fault of the minister; the people must necessa rily be more or less to blame, and it would be well for them to inquire seriously, prayerfully, and candidly, in how far they have 2tnneccessa-

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-rily rendered the situation of the pastor such, as to constrain him to leave the congregation, for his own peace as well as that of the church. A. congregation will be made to feel, sooner or later, the baneful effects arising from so many changes, especially when they are demanded, not so much by any want of faithfulness on the part of the minister, as by a restless, fault finding, and captious spirit on the part of the people.
Thus far, jVlr. Ilaltrwanger has succeeded in giving general satisfaction to the people ; and there seems to be a more general interest mani fested on the subject of religion, than for seve ral years. Since his removal to Ebenezer, a new church has been erected near the old site of Bethel, three miles above Springfield, which, is very creditable to those who built it. In this neighbourhood, particularly, the members have always been noted for their piety and the har mony which prevails among them. It may, in fact, be regarded as the most interesting and flourishing part of the congregation, and this in no doubt attributable to the spirit of union which always prevails among them.
In this neighbourhood lived and died the venerable J. Gotlieb Snider. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary War, having served his country faithfully under General Wayne. Fa ther Snider lived to be nearly ninety years of

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age. He was contemporary with. Messrs. Lembke, Rabenhorst, and Bergman, and lived until the year 1848. He was a man. of ardent piety, en larged benevolence, and strong practical views. By his beneficence he relieved many a widow arid orphan, and sought to render himself a bene factor to all who needed his assistance. As he advanced in life, the evidences of the divine favour seemed every day to become brighter, and his faith and hope increased as he approached the end of his long and eventful life. He de lighted to speak of the early days of the colony ; of the prosperity of Ebenezer ; of the large and attentive congregations that once assembled in the old church ; of the piety of the pastors and the spirituality of their flock; and -while he dwelt upon these scenes, his eyes -would fill with, tears and his countenance beam with holy joy, as he would remark, Oh I I shall soon see many of these pious, good old friends in hea ven." He died in. full prospect of an. inherit ance among the saints in. light. May the savour of his holy life never be entirely lost I
The congregation at Ebeuezer, under the judi cious management of the Uev. G-. Haltiwariger, is making decided advancement. There has been, a steady increase of the membership, and a gra dual progress in the spirituality of the church. The people are beginning to manifest more en larged views of Christian duty, and an expaii-

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sive benevolence, which augur well for the future. As some evidence of this favourable change, the church has been recently thoroughly renovated. The brick floor has been removed, and a plank one substituted. Jfeat pews have taken the place of the old-faahioned "benches," and both the interior and exterior of the venerable Jerusa lem" church have been greatly improved. One alteration has, however, been made, which is objectionable. The "swan" which once stood upon the spire of the church has been taken, down, and its place is now occupied by a "fish." This is in bad taste. If, as has been stated, the swan was Luther's coat of arms, it should have been permitted to remain as emblematical of the distinctive character of the church- Besides, in view of the many thrilling associations connected with that swan, it ought never have been re moved. It should have stood there as a kind of heirloom, connecting the present with all the glorious and inspiring recollections of the past: reminding us ever of the immortal Re former, and the soul-elevating doctrines he pro claimed ; in defence of which, the Salzburgers were exiled, and for their propagation and main tenance erected that time-honoured temple upon the banks of the beautiful Savannah. Let that "fish" come down, and let the old swan resume its accustomed place. It stood there for more than a century, solitary and alone, weathering

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every storm, a witness to all the varied Incidents which have marked the history of the colony. Amid the decay of generations and the muta tions of society, it has been a silent yet eloquent monitor, reminding us of the noble moral heroism of our ancestors, and bidding us emulate the example of those whose attachment to a pure and heavenly faith made them the victims of a dark and murderous spirit, and drove them upon a ""willing pilgrimage" in search of that "holy ground" where, unawed by human cruelty and a blind superstition, the soul might unfold its pinions and soar aloft to hold sweet and unfet tered communion with the *4 Father of spirits."
In addition to these improvements in the church edifice, other measures have been adopted to advance the interests of the church, which cannot be too highly commended. The congre gation have agreed to call and support an ad junct pastor; and the Rev. Jacob Austin, a re cent graduate of the seminary of JLexington, South Carolina, has already entered upon his duties in that relation. Under this arrange ment it would really seem that nothing can be wanting, as far as human instrumentality is con cerned, to secure the permanent prosperity of the congregation. By a proper division of labour, and by harmonious and judicious effort on the part of the associate pastors, the several congregations can be supplied with preaching upon almost every

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Sabbath. Catecbetical instruction and pastoral visitation, those very important agents in ministe rial success, can be regularly and systematicallyemployed; and the descendants of the Salzburgers may yet, under the blessing of God, witness a return of that glorious period in the history of the church, -when under the instruction of two pious and faithful pastors, the prayer-meeting, the catechetical lecture, and the ministerial con ference shall be resumed, and the shepherds, being themselves nourished with tt the pure milk of the word," and "enriched with all spiritual grace/' shall be the better prepared to lead this precious flock into "the green pastures and be side the still waters,' 1 and God shall be their God, and dwell with them? even as he dwelt with their fathers.

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CHAPTER XIII.
iwn of Ebenezer--Its present appearance--The results of experiment at- colonization--The colonies in New England, ;inia, and the Carolinas--Royal Historical Society of Aus- Inquiries as to the fate of the Salsburgers answered--Ro ns and social iniluen.ce of tho Salaburgers upon the other
To one visiting the ancient town of Ebenezer, in the present day, the prospect which presents itself is any thing but attractive; and the stranger who is unacquainted "with, its history would perhaps discover very little to excite his curiosity or awaken his sympathies. The town has gone almost entirely to ruins. Only two residences are now remaining, and even one of these is un ten anted. The old church, however, stands in bold relief upon an open. lawn, and by its somewhat antique appearance seems silently, yet forcibly, to call up the re miniscences of former years. !N~ot far distant from the church is the cemetery, in which are sleeping the remains of the venerable men who founded the colony and the church, and

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many of their descendants, who, one by one, have gone down to tlie grave, to mingle their ashes with those of their illustrious ancestors.
Except upon the Sabbath, when the descend ants of the Salzlmrgers go up to their temple to 'worship the God of their fathers, the stillness "which reigns around Ebenezer is seldom broken, save by the warbling of birds, the occasional transit of a steamer, or the murmurs of the Sa vannah, as it flows on to lose itself in the ocean. The sighing winds chant melancholy dirges as they sweep through the lofty pines and cedars which cast their sombre shades over this "de serted village." Desolation scorns to have spread over this once-favoured spot its withering iving, and here, where generation after generation grew up and flourished, where the persecuted and exiled Salzburgers reared their offspring, in the hope that they would leave a numerous pro geny of pious, useful, and prosperous citizens, and where every thing seemed to betoken the establishment of a thrifty and permanent colony, scarcely any thing is to be seen except the sad evidences of decay and death.
"While surveying this scene, one is almost in stinctively led to inquire what advantages have accrued to the Salzburgers and their descend ants, or to our State, by their removal from their fatherland and their settlement in Georgia ? Have the results of this experiment been such

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as to compensate in any good degree for the large expenditures of money and the various sacrifices which were necessary to the establish ment of this colony? Those questions are very proper, and it is hoped that in answering them some rays of light will illume the rather cheer less picture exhibited above.
An interest in the history of the Salzburgers has been manifested, not only in the United States, but also in Europe. A year or two since, a letter was received by the Governor of Georgia from the Secretary of the Itoyal Histo rical Society of Austria, in which information was sought in reference to the fate of this inte resting people. Among the questions proposed were the following:--Did the Salzburgers retain their language ? Did they ever change their religion? To what extent did they diffuse them selves in Georgia and other portions of America ? Did they exert any influence upon the civil in stitutions and the religious character of the state ? Some of these questions have already been answered. It has been shown that the Salz burgers gradually acquired the use of the Eng lish language, and in 1824 it was formally adopted in public worship in all the congrega tions in and about JEbetiezer. It has also been stated that many of the Salzburgers forsook the church of their fathers at various times, and united with other denominations. Nevertheless,

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the great bulk of their descendants have re mained faithfully attached to the religion which their ancestors professed with so much moral heroism amid the severest persecutions in their native land, and to enjoy which, without moles tation, they cheerfully submitted to every form of suffering and privation, and even to banish ment and death. The other questions remain to be discussed. Various considerations render it necessary that they should be briefly con sidered before this little volume is brought to a close.
There is a commendable curiosity which prompts many to desire to know to what extent the descendants of the Salzbnrgers have been multiplied ? "What is their general character for intelligence and morality ? What are their pursuits ? To what extent and in what depart ments of life have they become distinguished? And, in short, in how far have they exerted any beneficial influence upon the social and religious character of the state ? Besides, there are many men so decidedly utilitarian in their views, that they regard no enterprise as worthy of commendation or patronage which does not promise great practical benefits to all ~vrho are in any wise associated with it.
In addition to this, the history of the colo nies planted in New England, in Virginia, and

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the Carolinas, will no doubt suggest similar in quiries. The Puritans, as has been gtated, left the impress of their character indelibly fixed upon all their institutions. By their industry and indomitable energy, they felled the forests, and, amid almost inconceivable hardships and dangers, brought under successful cultivation a somewhat rocky and barren soil; making it yield them not only the necessaries, but even, the comforts and luxuries of life. They planted churches and established colleges and schools, many of "which, remain, until this day, the lasting monu ments of their piety and enlightened liberality. In process of time, they engaged in extensive and successful commercial enterprises ; and hav ing built up towns and cities, and settled most of the adjacent territory with an energetic, in telligent, and virtuous population, they sent out their descendants to almost every portion of our country ; and wherever the sons of New Eng land are found, they are generally the pioneers in commerce, in education, and, in short, in. every thing which tends to elevate individual character and promote the best interests of the state. Ko one can with truth deny that from the Pilgrim Fathers there has descended a long list of "worthy names who have adorned the various professions, given dignity to our public councils by their wisdom and eloquence, a,nd contributed their full quota to the development

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of every thing that is truly great or glorious in national character.
This is equally true of the colonies of Vir ginia and the Carolinas. The descendants of Cavaliers who settled the " Old Dominion," and the Huguenots of Carolina, not only built up per manent and extensive settlements, but they also, in the course of time, spread themselves over many parts of our -widely extended domain; and everywhere, they are distinguished for lofty intellect, profound statesmanship, heroic bra very, uncompromising attachment to principle, and an ardent love of virtue and of libertv. Nor have they failed to contribute largely to every enterprise which was in any wise calcu lated to increase the commercial importance, develop the agricultural resources, and secure the safety and prosperity of the country. It may be truthfully asserted that their history, and that of their descendants, furnish some of the brightest and most glorious pages -which adorn the annals of our country. This is true, not only of their struggles and successes, and the many thrilling incidents connected with their colonial history; it is equally true in relation to the war for Independence, and the bright recol lections which the Revolution awaken, as well as the conspicuous part which they have acted in all the affairs of our government, in every period of its existence. With these considera-

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tions pressing upon the mind, the inquiries "which have been suggested in relation to the Salzburgers are both natural and pertinent, and it is proposed to answer them as far as may be prac ticable,
It would be unreasonable to expect that the Salzburgers and their descendants should occupy as prominent a place on the page of history as the other colonies, and for reasons which are very satisfactory. Their language being en tirely different from that spoken in the province of Georgia, together with their somewhat pecu liar habits, kept them rather isolated from the other inhabitants, and made them measurably a distinct colony. Besides, as their location pre vented them from becoming a commercial peo ple, and as they confined themselves almost ex clusively to the pursuits of agriculture, they did not possess those facilities for extending their settlements and increasing their wealth, and their influence, which were enjoyed by the other colo nists. It should be remembered, that they were poor, houseless wanderers, who were sent to Georgia upon the charity of their Christian friends in Europe; and, for many years after their arrival, their poverty prevented them from doing more than simply providing a competency for their families.
Besides this, the climate was unfavourable to the rapid increase of population; and, during the

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first years of the colony, many of the Salzburgers fell victims to the fevers and other diseases which are always more or less inciden tal to southern latitudes, especially when the forests are newly cleared. It is true, there were many accessions to their numbers by way of emi gration, during the first four or five years after the planting of the colony; yet, from the causes already mentioned; the Salzburgers did not mul tiply very rapidly, and their settlements were confined to a limited portion of the state.
It is nevertheless true, that, as far as their circumstances would permit, they made every effort to identify themselves with the interests of the province, and contributed to the best of their ability to promote its prosperity. If they did not become as distinguished as the other colonies in commerce and wealth, and if they did not occupy so important and influential a position, and if their descendants did not be come as renowned in the cabinet and the field as the sons of New England, Virginia, and the Carolirias, or even as some of the sons of Georgia, yet there is much in the character and history of the Salzburgers, which would adorn the annals of any country.
This is true, not only of their transatlantic history, with its many incidents of holy devotion to the faith of the gospel, under the most studied and revolting persecutions; it is likewise

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true of them after their removal to America. In circumstances of the severest trial, whether suffering from fatigue or hunger, or lying pros trate under the influence of fatal diseases, they evinced a degree of Christian fortitude which did not fail to make a most favourable impres sion upon their neighbours. If, then, they had done nothing more than simply to set an exam ple to the other colonists of holy living, and of patient, uncomplaining resignation to the divine will; if the only record "which could "be made of them was, that they were consistent Christians, "and adorned the doctrines of God their Saviour in all things j" the moral influence of even such a record, would entitle them to distinction among the benefactors of their race. That such was their character, is abundantly proven by all who knew them; and in every sketch of the early history of Georgia, honourable mention has been made of the piety and purity of life exhibited by the Salzburgers, and especially by their pastors. It may be necessary, however, to refer to this subject again.
In the civil and military affairs of the colony, many of the Salzburgers became conspicuous. When, in 1775, the Provincial Congress assem bled in Savannah, to adopt measures to protect the Province against the unjust and arbitrary legislation of the Mother Country, St. Mat thew's Parish, ivas represented in that Congress,

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in part, by John Stirk, John Adam Treutlin, Jacob Waldhauer, John Fieri, and Christopher Cramer, all of whom were Salzburgers. Mr. Truetlin also filled the office of Provincial Go vernor, and in all the proceedings which were adopted for the preservation of the liberties of the Province, the Salzburgevs heartily concurred.
When the Revolution commenced, as has already been shown, they took a very decided stand in favour of the cause of liberty. In the list of persons proscribed by the British Parlia ment as Rebels, occur the names of the follow ing Salzburgers :--J. A. Treutlin, Rebel Gover nor, Col. John Stirk, "William Hobzendorf, Ru dolph Strohaker, Samuel Stirk, George Wyche, John Schnider, and others. From this it will be seen, that in the very incipiency of the Revo lution, they arrayed themselves on the side of the Colonists, and were willing to incur all the risks connected with that struggle. In every emergency they contributed what they could to the relief of the Colony, promptly and cheer fully making every sacrifice, and performing every duty which seemed to be demanded by the welfare of the Province. And, in proportion to their ability, no portion of the population did more to advance the various interests of the country. In short, they became fully identified with the Whigs of the Revolution, and in all the dangers arid sufferings of that memorable epoch

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in our country's history, they bore their full share. "When the "war terminated, they went to work, patiently and zealously to cultivate the soil, to improve their homesteads, and to repair, as far as practicable, the injuries which their settlements had suffered, and to restore to the Colony the prosperity which it had enjoyed prior to the war. In these purposes they per severed, and in process of time they were suc cessful in regaining much that had been lost during those troublesome times ; and they saw their settlements extending, and their descend ants multiplying, until they spread themselves over the whole of the county of Effingham, and even into many of the adjacent counties.
It is proper, before a more minute sketch ia given of the condition and pursuits of the Salzburgers ? that something should be said in refer ence to their religious character, and the doc trines of which the pastors at Ebenezer may with propriety be said to have been the expo nents. This is deemed important, not only as illustrative of the moral influence which the Salzburgers may be supposed to have exerted upon the other Colonists ; it is necessary, espe cially to the Lutheran Church, as it will exhibit in a proper light, the religious views of the founders of American Lutheranism, upon some of the cardinal doctrines of Christianity. This is rendered the more important, because of the

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tendency of too many professing Christians in the present flay, to what has been very properly called " sacramentalism," or the settling down in a cold and lifeless orthodoxy. It is hoped that, by exhibiting in a prominent light the teachings and experience of the pastors who had the spiritual oversight of the Colony of Salzbwgers, many false impressions which now exist in relation to the distinctive doctrines of the Lutheran Church will be removed, and it will be made to appear that our pious ancestors were the friends and advocates of a vital, soul-renew ing, and soul-pervading Christianity. A sickly sentimentality, which seeks to substitute a specu lative philosophy, or a formal Christianity, for the power of a living, active faith, received no countenance from them. True, they were "symbolists," in a restricted sense, because they subscribed to the Augsburg Confession, and the other symbols, of the Lutheran Church; but they never gave undue importance to the ordinances of religion, while they taught, both by precept and example, that true Christianity Is a heavenly principle implanted in the soul by the Holy Spirit; and that, whenever it is experienced, it produces a new creation, and conforms the soul to the image of Him by whose spirit we are re newed, and made the partakers of a divine inner life.
As illustrative of this view, an extract is sub-

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joined from Dr. Hazelius's history of the Ameri can Lutheran Church. He remarks :--" From, the journals of the ministers labouring among the Salzburgers, it is evident that their aim was to direct their flock into the narrow path that leadeth unto life. Though they were anxious to influence the members of their church to the observance of an external decorum, and to sub mission to good church discipline; and though, according to tho testimony of their neighbours, the inhabitants of the villages round about them, and those of Savannah, as also to that of the colonial government, this congregation was dis tinguished in that respect; and though the pas tors were also desirous that the people should be duly aifected by the preaching of the word,-- yet it is evident, from every statement they make, that they were labouring to impress this truth deeply on the minds of the people, that neither an external observance of order, nor an excite ment of mere animal feelings, insures us the high title of being the sons and daughters of God; but the approach of the heart and mind to the character of our great prototype, the Lord and Sayiour Jesus Christ, as well as to have a conscience Yoid of offence before God and man."
In this connection, it may be appropriate to make a few brief extracts from the letters and journal of Mr. Bolzius. In one of his letters

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he remarks :--"We acknowledge, to the praise of God, that piety and contentment still reign among us, as even strangers are willing to ac knowledge. .... Among our congregation are many men arid women who are truly converted to God, and who walk in the truth, and are an ornament to our office, and humble assistants in the discharge of our duties." In his journal he makes these minutes:--"Careless a.nd froward men are indeed presuming upon Christ and his merits, without seeking conversion, hut Tie calls those only who labour and are heavy laden ; and if they come to Christ, anxious for their soul's salvation, the tempter will endeavour to deprive them of the grace in Christ. We ought, how ever, to lay firm hold on him and his merits, be cause he is not only the beginning, but also the finisher of our faith, and his honour is concerned to finish the work he has begun." .... In another place he remarks:--"It is terrible in deed to offend God with wilful sins, and to sin in hopes of his mercy. .... Thousands are going to hell while flattering themselves with this delusive promise; and even when the eyes of some are truly opened and their hearts con verted to God, and they have received the par don of sins in the order of true repentance and faith in Christ, God nevertheless frequently causes them to feel the heinousness and guilt of sin."

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Mr. Bolzras, in that part of his journal in which he furnishes an account of the illness and death of his colleague, Mr. Gronau, seems de sirous to lay peculiar stress upon the evidences which Mr. Gronau furnished of his acceptance with God, and his hope of a better life. This is his language : " The time of Mr. Gronau's ill ness has been a source of edification to us who -were daily about his person. His heart continu ally enjoyed communion with his Kedeemer. Nothing troubled him, for he tasted the reconci liation with God, and the joy and peace of the Holy Ghost. He fell asleep, and entered into the joy of his Lord, full of peace."
It would be easy to furnish many such ex tracts, all going to show that the first pastors at Ebenezer were men of devoted piety, and that they were not only themselves the subjects of the renewing, transforming power of the Holy Spirit, but that in all their preaching, as well aa in their private instructions, they laboured to inculcate a religion, which " new creates the soul" in the likeness of God, and produces a radical change in our whole moral constitution. So that, under the influence of this new princi ple, we become the children of God, receive " the spirit of adoption," and are enabled " to walk in all his ordinances and commandments blameless."
This is true not only of Messrs. BolKius and

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Gronau, but also of Messrs. Lembke, Rabenhorst, and Bergman. It is true, there are very few facts in the history of the two former which, have been preserved, but enough is known to warrant the opinion just expressed. Those who knew MY. Lembko personally, bear testimony to his humble piety and faithful dealing with the souls committed to his trust. Mr. Bolzius, in his journal, speaks of " the excellent spirit" which Mr. Lembke always exhibited, and com mends him for his unremitting diligence in the discharge of every duty. This was likewise the case in relation to Mr. Kabenhorst. Not only does Mr. 33olzius speak favourably of him for his zeal, humility, and great diligence as a pas tor, but Dr. H. M. Muhlenburg, in his Journal of a Voyage to Georgia, mentions him in the most nattering terms, as a man and a Christian, and especially as a faithful and devoted pastor. Dr. Muhlenburg instances as a peculiarity in Mr. Rabenhorst's preaching, that he insisted on the doctrine of the new birth, and was decidedly evangelical in all his views and feelings. The same statement may be made of Mr. Bergman.
From all this it will appear, that the religious sentiments inculcated by the pastors at Ebenezer, and which they enforced by their own ex perience and example, were decidedly in favour of practical, experimental godliness. They be lieved and taught that true, religion has its seat

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only in the soul which has been born from above ; that in every soul thus renewed Christ dwells by his Spirit, imparting new life and energy to our spiritual nature; and thus becoming the great fountain of our strength, and hope, and joy, he reigns in us as the grand controlling motive of all our noblest purposes and loftiest aspirations, and leads us from one attainment in righteousness and holiness to another, until we are made meet for " the inheritance among the saints in light."
In fact, the whole of the early history of the Salzburgers is but an exemplification of this great doctrine of Christianity. This ~waa true of them while they dwelt in their native valleys and mountains. It was for their bold and un compromising attachment to a pure and holy faith--a " faith that works by love and purifies the heart"--that they became the objects of the most crnel and unrelenting persecutions. J?or maintaining this faith they were driven from their country and their homes, and cast upon the charities of their Christian brethren. Amid scenes of the severest trial and suffering, they demonstrated the sustaining power as well as the comforting influences of that heaven-born Chris tianity, for the enjoyment of which * they took gladly the spoiling of their goods," and became pilgrims and sojourners in the earth. When the good providence of God delivered them from the

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hands of their enemies, and brought them safely to a land where they could enjoy their religion unawed by human restraint, they erected their temples, and from their pulpits, and by their ex amples of holy living, and their peaceful and triumphant death, they furnished fresh evidences of the importance of thia great fundamental doctrine in the Christian system. If, then, the history of the Salzburgers, both in Europe and after their removal to Georgia, had done nothing more than furnish illustrations of the reality and the power of this vital principle of Chris tianity, they would be justly entitled to a promi nent place among those >vho, by becoming living witnesses to the truth of Christianity a.s a re newing and sustaining principle, have furnished some of the strongest encouragements to our faith and hope, and some of the most powerful incentives to the conscientious discharge of Christian duty, even under the most adverse cir cumstances. That such was the influence which the Salzburgers exerted is proven by the testi mony of Wesley and "Whitfield, and all who had an opportunity to acquire a correct knowledge of their religious opinions and character; and whenever the Christian shall search, the records of the church in modern times to discover in stances of moral heroism in the maintenance of our holy religion, and of humble, devoted piety, the history of the Salzbttrgera may be conn-

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dently appealed to as furnishing some of the brightest and most striking examples.
This is likewise true of the social influence which they exerted. In their habits they were frugal, temperate, and industrious. They knew very little of the artificial wants of life, and hence were easily contented when supplied with its necessaries. Having an unwavering confi dence in the providential care of their heavenly Father, they laboured cheerfully and hopefully amid the most discouraging circumstances, and thus set an example to the other colonists which, was not without its influence. As a consequence, the colonial authorities frequently commended their Kabits of diligence, sobriety, honesty, and general virtue. To the cultivation of their lands and the improvement of their homesteads they devoted themselves with great assiduity, so that they became successful farmers, and their settle ments were always spoken of as models of neat ness, and their farms furnished the best speci mens of profitable tillage. In their intercourse with the other colonists they exhibited a friendly and peaceable disposition. In their business transactions they were generally just and up right, and never compromitted their Christian integrity for any temporary worldly gains. In all the relations of life they were dutiful, and sought to display the influence of Christianity in BO regulating human conduct as to make our

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social intercourse a source of happiness as well as of muttial improvement. To such an extent did the spirit of peace reign among them, thai for many years they had no courts of justice, and referred all disputed matters to the arbitra tion of their pastors and the elders of the church. It is a remarkable fact in the history of Effingham county, that there has generally been so little litigation among the inhabitants, that until within the last few years, it was a rare thing for a session of the Superior Court to con tinue more than two days. From these state ments, it is manifest that the influence which the Salzburgers exerted upon the religious and social interests of the colony were decidedly beneficial, and their conduct in these particulars will ever form a bright page in the colonial history of Georgia.
It would be difficult to ascertain to what ex tent the descendants of the Salzburgers have been multiplied, and in what localities they are to be found. Their principal settlement is in Effingham county, Georgia, which constituted formerly a part of the parishes of St. Philip and St. Matthew. This county was the seat of the colony when the Salzburgers emigrated to Georgia. It has the Savannah river for its east ern boundary. The length of the county is thirty miles, and its breadth sixteen, and it contains about four hundred and eighty square miles.

The principal streams, besides the Savannah and Ogeechee rivers, are the Big and Little Ebenezer, Turkey Branch, Jack's, Lockner's, and ICogler's creeks, or more properly branches. The population is about four thousand, including one thousand six hundred slaves. Of the white population, fully nineteen-twentieths are the lineal descendants of the Salzburgers ; and it is pleasing to state, that they retain many of the characteristics of their forefathers. They are for the most part an industrious, frugal, and peace able people, and are doing much in developing the resources of their county.
Their chief pursuits are the tillage of the soil, and the getting of wood and timber for the Sa vannah market. They have been successful in raising silk on a small scale, and in the cultiva tion of the sugar-cane. The majority of them make their own sugar and syrup, and some of them produce these articles for market. They also pay considerable attention to the rearing of cattle and poultry, and the raising of fruits and vegetables, for which they always find ready sale in Savannah. Their lands, for the most part, are not well ada,pted to cotton, and hence but little is cultivated: the annual average amount being about three hundred an d fifty bales, and a very small portion of this is pro duced by the Salzburgers. The articles to which

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they direct their attention are rice, corn, rye, peas, potatoes, and wheat. The two latter, under the system of culture adopted by the Salzbur gers, succeed admirably well. It is often the case that thirty bushels of "wheat are obtained from an acre, though this is very far beyond the
average crop. Besides the pursuits of agriculture, many of
the Salzburgers are excellent mechanics, and there is a family tKat has become celebrated for the manufacture of copper bells. These bells always command a higher price in Savannah than any which arc imported either from North'ern or European markets. Some of the Salz burgers have also become distinguished mer chants. In the city of Savannah many of them are settled, who have been very successful. Among these are the Rahns, the Sniders, the lieidts, the Zittrauers, the Herbs, the Gougles, the Remshardts, the Neidlingers, the Ihleys, and others. It is not known that any of them have become distinguished in the professions.
It is necessary to state, that the descendants of the Salzburgers (as has been already inti mated) settled in many of the counties of Geor gia, and some of them removed to South Caro lina, Alabama, Florida, and even to Pennsylva nia and Ohio. In Liberty and Lowndes coun ties, Georgia, may be found the Dashers, the

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Waldhauers, the Weisenbakers, and others. In JVTacon county the Hel fen steins, (now Helvenston;) in other portions of the state, the Haugleiters, the Scheubtriens, the Hmeleys, the Exleys, and the descendants of the Sniders, -who have inter married with other families in. the state. It would be impossible, however, to give any thing like an accurate account of the diffusion of the Salzburgers, and this hasty sketch must suffice.
It has been remarked that very few, if any, of the descendants of the Salzburgers, ever be came distinguished in the professions. This inay be owing in a great measure to the fact that,, as a general thing, tho standard of education among the descendants of the Salzburgers has been rather low, especially in the last fifty years, though it is believed that latterly there has been some improvement in this particular. Besides this, very few of them seemed to have any taste for literary pursuits; and having no college, and very few good scholars, there was an absence of all those stimulants which are necessary to quicken the intellect into vigorous exercise, and excite that ambition for literary fame which, leads the mind to thirst after professional dis tinction. The tastes and educational biasses of the Salzburgers seem always to have led them to prefer the quiet and unobtrusive, though not

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less useful and honourable, pursuits of agricul ture. In the retirement and comparative seclu sion connected with the culture of the soil, and kindred employments, they find their chief en joyment ; especially as this mode of life seems of all others the best adopted to the fostering of that pious and contemplative spirit which has ever been one of their peculiar characteristics. In this connection it may be proper to state a somewhat remarkable fact, that not one of the descendants of the Salzburgers ever aspired to the ministry in the Lutheran Church, and not one of them ever became the pastor at Ebenezer, except the Hev. C. F. Bfirgman. But even he can hardly be classed among the Salzburgers. Ifc is true that his father TVQ.S pastor at Ebenczer for thirty-six years, but yet he was a native of Prussia, and had no identity with his congrega tion except that growing out of the pastoral relation.
The present condition of the descendants of the Salzburgers, especially in Effingham county, may be regarded 011 the whole as rather favour able. In their temporal affairs they are pros perous, perhaps as much, so as at any former period, and there is a gradual improvement in their intelligence and social habits. They are becoming by degrees more interested in the cause of education, and books and periodical
2f,

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literatur-e are sought with, considerable avidity. As a consequence, there has been an improve ment in their manners and social habits, and there is reason to hope that in these particulars an advancement will be made in each successive generation, so that they may keep pace with the citizens of other portions of the State in every thing that tends to refine and elevate. These desirable ends can be attained, if proper efforts are made to establish and sustain neighbourhood schools, under the management of competent teachers. This has for yetvrs been a great de ficiency among the Salzburgers. It is true there is a most excellent classical academy at Spring field, the county town, but this does not and cannot meet the educational wants of the com munity generally. Upon this subject, so very important to the best interests of every people, there has been manifested an indifference which is any thing but commendable. !No community can expect to prosper long, or to retain any of the elements necessary to its advancement in true greatness, that does not cherish a just ap preciation of the advantages of a liberal system of education. It matters not how favourable the state of religion among any people may be; unless their mental development corresponds in some good measure with their religious privileges, their piety will degenerate into a blind devotion,

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or run into some of the numerous forms of fana ticism or delusion which are always addressing themselves to the over-credulous and unwary. It is to bo hoped, therefore, that a more enlight ened policy -will obtain among the descendants of the Salzburgers, in reference to tho import ance of furnishing to their offspring the neces sary educational facilities. For this they have a precedent in the example of their forefathers, for it has been made to appear that they enter tained correct views upon this subject, and re garded the schoolmaster and the parochial school as only next in importance to the pastor and the church.
The state of religion among the descendants of the Salzburgers may be said to be encouragein g. Among a portion of them, rather lax views are entertained on the subject of experimental piety, and as a. consequence their religion con sists more in a "formal godliness," and a decent morality, than in that inward work of the Spirit which converts the soul, and, by purifying the fountain of human actions, conforms the life to tho requirements of that law which is " holy and just and right." Yet, even in this particu lar, there is much cause for encouragement. Within a few years, there has been a manifest change in the religious sentiments of not a few, and there is reason to believe that a more devo-

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tional spirit is gradually, though perceptibly, prevailing among them. True, the standard of piety is far below what it ought to be, and whafc it was in the early days of the colony ; but still in the congregations there are many devout Christians, the savour of whose conversation is exerting a silent but powerful influence "upon the moral interests of the church and the community generally. It is confidently hoped that this in fluence will continue to extend itself until the present generation, and those which, may succeed it, shall make the highest attainments in moral excellence, and imbibing more and more of the Spirit of Christ, shall become as distinguished for their spirituality and holy living as were the godly men who in the fear of God, and from a sincere love to a pure Christianity, laid the foundation of the colony. There is ground for this hope, in the fact that the Salzburgers arc enjoying the labours of two pious and devoted pastors, whose teachings and example, under the Divine blessing, have already exerted a very happy influence, and afford promise of greater results for the future. Besides this, it is not to be supposed that the great Head of his church will permit this vine, which lie himself planted and watered and nourished for so many years, to wither and decay. The pious care with which it has hitherto been cultivated, and the genial

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showers of grace which from time to time have poured upon it, will, it is believed, produce an abundant harvest, to the praise of his name, who has declared in relation to his church :--if Be hold I I have graven thee upon the palms of ray hands, and thy walls are ever before me." From this people there shall no doubt yet come forth many who will become living witnesses to the con verting power of the gospel, and to the faith fulness of that God who safely led their fathers through scenes of the darkest persecution and distress, and gave them, both in the land of their nativity and the land of their adoption, so many signal evidences of his love and fostering care. Such will be the case if the descendants of the Salzburgers are not recreant to the history of their fathers, and insensible to all those noble Impulses which prompt mankind to venerate and to imitate the virtues of a noble ancestry. That they had an. ancestry whose history is luminous with every thing that is attractive in hurnble and consistent piety, or stimulative in moral heroism and uncompromising attachment to religious principle, cannot be questioned. Surely, then, if there is any inspiration in the records of the virtuous and holy dcad? if there is any thing suggestive of lofty purpose, of love for God and his truth, and of zeal to promote his glory in the education and proper development

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of our own spiritual natures, of in the religious advancement of our race, the example of the Salzburgers cannot and will not be lost. The seeds of virtue and true religion may for a season seem to be destroyed, or they may be buried amid the rubbish of a formal Christianity, or chilled by the blighting influence of a cold ortho doxy, but such is the inherent, vital energy of truth, that it will break through all the&c obsta cles, and triumphing over every opposing influ ence, produce its legitimate fruits in the hearts and lives of men, and thus vindicate its claims to their confidence and homage-
It is the object and the earnest prayer of the humble author of this volume, that the history of the Salzbttrgers may be productive of some such beneficial results. If so, he will feel that the time spent in the preparation of this work has been most profitably employed. While he laboured at Ebenezer in the pastoral office, he delighted to visit the cemetery where sleep the remains of the venerable JBolzius and Grronau, and the many holy men who founded the colony at Ebenezer. Standing in that sacred receptacle of the dead, and erasing "upon their example of ministerial fidelity and of entire consecration to the cause of Christ, he has felt rebuked for his own imperfections, and has had the desire kindled in. his heart to become a more devoted Christian and

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a more faithful and successful ambassador of the Lord Jesus Christ. Alas ! how far do many of us, both in our experience and practice, fall below the example of the pious founders of our Luthe ran Zion ! and how infinitely far do we fall helow His example, "who loved us and gave him self for us!" If such reflections are awakened as shall lead to some practical benefits to the Salzburgors and others, this history will not have been written in vain. That such will be its influence, is confidently hoped; and in this confidence it is sent forth, with the prayer that God may make it a source of instruction and edification to all who may read it. Surrounded as we are by temptation to sin, and by the seductive charms of a corrupt and corrupting world, we need constant stimulants to our vir tues. Where can we more appropriately look for such incentives than in the faith and zeal, the holy fervour and consistent piety, of those Christians -who, by their devotedness, have illustrated the truth, the excellency, and the moral sublimity of our holy religion ? Such in centives are furnished in the HISTORY OF THE SALZHURGEBS. As -we dwell upon the incidents of this history, and the many instances which it furnishes of the power of our holy religion to sustain and comfort under the most trying and adverse circumstances of human life, and to

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prepare the soul for a peaceful and happy triumph over death, hell, and the grave, may our faith in that religion be confirmed, may our zeal and love and hope be quickened into live lier exercise, and thus may we be better qualified for the trials and impossibilities of life, and prepared to join "the general assembly and church of the first-born, whose names are written in heaven!"

THE END.
STEREOTYPED BY L. JOIIJfSOX t CO. PHILADELPHIA.