Memoirs of Georgia : containing historical accounts of the state's civil, military, industrial and professional interests, and personal sketches of many of its people : vol. I

MEMOIRS
...OF...
GEORGIA
CONTAINING
HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THE STATES CIVIL, MILITARY, INDUSTRIAL AND PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS, AND PERSONAL SKETCHES OF MANY OF ITS PEOPLE.
VOL. I.
ATLANTA, GA.
THE SOUTHERN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, 1895

Copyrighted, 1895, BY
THE SOUTHERN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION,
ATLANTA, GA.

F
Mrs
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Civil History--Gen. Oglethorpe's Plan--Georgia's Colonial Charter--The Colony Starts for the New World--Tomo-Chl-Chi, the Indian Chief--Early Struggles of the Colony--John and Charles Wesley--Difficulties with the Spaniards--Gen. Oglethorpe Leaves the Col ony--Slaves Introduced and the Bosomwortb Claim--Under the British Crown--Admin istration of Govs. Bills and Wrlght--The Eve of the Revolution--Georgia no Longer a Royal Colony--In the Revolution--Savannah Occupied by the British--The Evacuation of Savannah and the Close of the Revolution--The State University Founded--Georgia Enters the Union--George Washington's Visit--The Tazoo Fraud--Georgia's New Seal --Georgia Cedes Territory to the Union--Three Distinguished Georgians Pass Away-- The War of 1812--Mississippi and Alabama Admitted--The Indians Refuse to Concede More Lands--Gov. Troup's Administration--Death of Mclntosh--Gov. Troup's Re-elec tion and Gen. Lafayette's Visit--Gov. Forsyth's Administration--Gov. Gllmer's Admin istration--The Oherokees Refuse to Give up Their Country--Gov. Lumpkln'a Admin istration--TniHa* Difficulties Renewed--The Cherokee Indians Removed--Gov. Sdhley's Administration and the Creek War--Gov. Gllmer's Second Election--Gov. McDonald's Administration--Gov. Crawford's Administration and the -Mexican War--Administra tion of Gov. Towns and the Slavery Question--Gov. Cobb'o Administration--Gov. Johnion'* Administration--Gov. Brown's Election--Gov. Brown's Re-election and the Begin ning of Hostilities--Georgia Passes the Ordinance of Secession--Organization of the Confederacy--Fort Sumter Taken--The War Between the States--Gen. Sherman's March to the Sea and the. Fall of Atlanta--Last Days of the Confederacy--The Era of Reconstruction--Gov. Jenldns Goes Into Exile, Taking with Him the Great SealRestitution of the Great Seal--Gov. Colqultt's Administration--Re-election of Gov. ColQUltt--Election of A'", H. Stephens and His Death--Gov. Gordon's Administration-- Administration of Gov. Northen. Page... .............................................................................. 17
CHAPTER II.
Military History--Troubles with Spain--Difficulties with Indians--Oppressions of the Mother Country--Georgia Becomes Aggressive--Governor Flees--New Constitution Is Drafted--Plan of Military Organization--Opening o* the War--Events In Georgia-- Under the Confederation--War of 1812--Revision of Militia Laws--War with Creek Indians--Mexican War--Territorial Difficulties--Secession Agitation--Military Organlcation In I860--Seizure of United States Forts--Secession Convention--Preparations for th Struggle--Beginning of Hostilities--Defense of Georgia--Federal Blockade--The

CONTENTS.
Tear 1862--Capture of Fort Pulaskt--The State Army--Emancipation ProclamationFort McAUlster--Events of IMS--Chickamanga--Chattanooga--Campaign Against Atlanta--Hood Supersedes Johnston--Fall of Atlanta--Sherman's March to the Sea.
Page.................................................................................80
CHAPTER III.
Industrial Resources--Agriculture--Cultivation of Silk--The Soils of Georgia--The Crops of Georgia--Manufacturing In Georgia--Silk Production In Georgia--General Manu factures--Manufactures In Georgia by Counties In 18(0--Growth of Cotton Manufacture In Georgia Since 1860--Comparative Table of Manufactures, 1880-1890--Lumber and Naval Stores--Woods of Georgia--Health-Giving PropertleB of Georgia Lumber--Tellow Pine--Shipment of Stores--The Minerals and Mineral Resources of Georgia--Geological Character of the State--Minerals Occurring In Georgia--Rocks--Economic Minerals In Workable Quantities--Raw Minerals--Economic Minerals--LJmonlte--The Brown Iron Ores of Polk County--Brown Iron Ores In Floyd County--The Brown Iron Ores of Bartow County--Brown Iron Ores of Gordon, Murray, WhitfieM, Catoosa, Chattooga, Walker and Dade Counties--Cedartown and Fish Creek Ores--Etna Ores--Deaton Mine -- Magnetite -- Lead -- Copper -- Silver -- Gold -- Ochers -- Barlte -- Asbestos -- Coal -- Pyrite -- Manganese -- Magnesia -- Phosphates -- Gypsum -- Graphite -- Mica-- Corun dum--Talc--Sandstone and Sand--Flagstones--Slates--Marble--GUmer County--Plckens County--Cherokee County--The Semi-Crystalline Marbles of Northwest Georgia--Mur ray County -- Whltfleld County -- Floyd County -- Marble Dressing Works -- Clays -- Granite. Page................................................................................14*

INDEX TO PERSONAL SKETCHES.

Page.

Page.

Page.

Aaron, Daniel M......... 471 Abbott, Benjamin F..... 695

Barron, Robert B........ 322 Bartlett, Charles L...... 323

Boynton. H. A............ 718 Brad well, Samuel D..... 473

Adair, George W......... 696 Bass, William C.......... 324 Branch, M. J............. 512

Adalr, A. D............... 698 Bass, Charles L..........1012 Brand, Charles H........ 99S

Adams, Z. T.............. 409 Bass, A. S.................1027 Brand, L. M.............. 999

Adamson, G. R........... 409 Battey, Robert.......... 660 Brandon, William........ 289

Aldington, James T.

Baumgartner, R. C....... 975 Brandon, Morris......... 719

MoD.... ................ 285 Baxter, John S........... 325 Brannon, William A..... 525

Addy, Wesley W......... 517 Baxter, Moses J.......... 410 Brannon, S. M............1056

Alken, Frank D........... 974 Baxter, Richard B.......1028 Brantley, W. G........... 975

Akerman, Amos T........ 286 Bazemore, William J.... 450 Bray, Wellborn M........ 720

Alien, John T............ 260 Alien, George D........... 320

Beall, R. A................1029 Beattie, David A......... 709

Brewster, P. H............ 721 Brewster, Gary S.........723

Alien, Robert H.......... 998 Beavers, Reuben C...... 396 Briggs, George R......... 508

Alien, Alexander A......1056 Beazley, John S.......... 287 Brock, Benjamin T....... 571

Alexander, Philemon W. 312 Beck, Jedemiah J......... 388 Brooke, George W........ 461

Alexander, James F...... 699 Beck, L.. H................ 710 Brotherton, William H.. 723

Allgood, Andrew P....... 453 Bedgood, Richmond A... 603 Brown, Joseph E......... 235

Almond, George L......... 626 Beerman, Charles........ 711 Brown, S. J............... 413

Amorous, Martin F...... 700 Bell, Thomas.............. 460 Brown, W. F.............. 413

Amster, Dr. lAidwig...... 701 Bell, J. B.................. 628 Brown, D. H.............. 526

Anderson, J. W........... 449 Bell, Hiram P............ 683 Brown, S. B.............. 60S

Andersen, James W...... 518 Bellingrath, Albert....... 712 Brown, Thomas A........ 645

Anderson, Reuben S..... 578 Benedict, Samuel......... 471 Brown, James L......... 6S8

Anderson, Robert N...... 613 Benedict, Samuel C...... 472 Brown, Julius L........... 724

Angler, Xedom L........ 702 Benford, James H. L..... 411 Brown, Thomas A........ 972

Angler, Edgar A.......... 703 Benson, Chas. F.......... 712 Brown, William J...... ..1044

Archer, James M.........1026 Berrien, John McP....... 245 Brown, Andrew B........1075

Armstrong, William S.... 703 Berry, William B......... 523 Brown, John G...........10S9

Arnall, William T........ 519 Beyslegel, William E.... 660 Browne, William.......... 290

Arnold, Hugh M.......... 520 Bibb, William M......... 247 Brownson, Nathan....... 227

Arnold, McAlpin.......... 627 Blgbee, James N........ 489 Broyles, Edwin N........ 726

Arnold, Reuben.......... 705 Blgby, John S............ 713 Bryan, Edward H........ 516

Arnold, W................ 974 Biggs, F. D................ 975 Buck, Edward A......... 509

Arrington, T. N.......... 376 Birch, Edmund P......... 397 Buck, Alfred E........... 72S

Ashburn, W. W.......... 597 Bishop, James............ 598 Bullard, Thomas J........ 399

Ashe, William............ 278 Bishop, Thomas L........ 714 Bulloch. Archibald....... 225

Ashley, William C........ 313 Blzzell, Benjamin W..... 714 Bulloch, William B....... 249

Askew. B. H.............. 253 Black, John J............. 661 Bullock, Rufus B........ 730

Askew, William S........ 520 Bleckley, Logan E....... 715 Bunt, O. D................ 414

Atkinson, W. T........... 521 Block, Aleck.............. 326 Burden, W. H............. 733

Atkinson, Henry M...... 706 Blanton, William M...... 624 Burdlne, William B...... 579

Atkinson, John C.........967 Boardman, Arthur E..... 327 Burford, R. E. L..........976

Atwater, Henry L........ 707 Boggs, Wlliam E......... 472 Burford, Hugh........... 976

Avera, Alexander......... 972 Bonner, George A........ 412 Surge, William T........ 291

Ayer, William P.......... 659 Booth, Wlley............. 499 Burke, John W........... 327

lAyres, Austin.............1043 Bowdoin. Joshua W...... 288 Burke, Thomas C........ 328

Bachlott, John R......... 393 Bowen, Caleb P.......... 614 Burke, W. P.............. 376

Bacon, Augustus O...... 321 Bowen, W. L. L..........1030 Burke, J. F............... 735

Bagley, William H....... 452 Bower, B. B.............. 583 Burnett, Wiley B......... 475

Bailey, R. B.............. 511 Bowers, William F....... 686 Burns, James W......... 414

Balrd, James B........... 70S Bowers. William M...... 6S7 Burroughs, William B... 977

Baker, Thomas N........ 603 Boyd, P. E................ 388 Burt, A. J...............-.1037

Baldwin, Abraham....... 249 Boyd, W. W.............. 718 Burtz, Levl F............ 461

Barnes, James J.......... 709 Boyett, John H., Jr...... 584 Burtz, Jesse M............ 462

Barnett, William S...... 523 Boynton, Jefferson L.... 3SS Bush, M. M............... 982

\t

INDEX.

Page.
Cabaniss, George A..... 736 Calhona. A. B............ 626 Calhoon. William L....... 738 Callaway, John A........ 260 Camp, John L............ 400 Camp, George H......... 502 Camp, Esmond N........ 527 Camp, G. E............... 527 Camp, Arthur P.......... 528 Candler, "William B...... 415 Candler, Milton A........ 739 Candler, John S.......... 740 Candler, Alien D.........1018
Carllng, Thomas J....... 328
Carlisle, John.............1057
Cannteal, George H...... 528
Cannical, W. W.......... 529 Cannlchael, Patrick...... 530
Carr. Josiah..............1031 Carter, Robert P.........1058 Cartlidge, G. H........... 688
Cater, L. P...............1089
Chamberlin, E. P........ 744 Champion, John I........565 Chancey, James B........ 623 Chancey, Brinkley....... 623 Chappell, J. Harris...... 260 Charles, Melvin J........1020 Charlton, Robert M...... 247 Chastain, Judson R...... 646
Cheney, Winslow D...... 392 Chesnttt. S.J.............. 585
Chllds, Julius A.......... 746 Clark, Matthew.......... 598
Clark, Hamilton.......... 599 Clark, Harlow............ 599 Clark, Reuben G......... 661 Clarke, John.............. 231
Clarice, Marshall J....... 746 Clay, Alexander S........ 503 Clayton, Augnstine S.... 252 Clements, Alien C........ 313 Cleveland, A. J........... 628 Cleveland, Thomas P.... 748 Cline, Peter J............ 261 Cobb, Howell............. 234
Cobb, Thomas W-........ 244
Cobb, Thomas R. R...... 251
Cobb, Andrew J.......... 749 Cock, Benjamin F........ 530 Coffee, John A............1090 Coggins, Alfred B........ 462
Colcord, J. T.............. 600 Cole, Robert D., Sr....... 531 Cole, Matthew............ 532
Cole, J.R.................. 533
Coleman, W.A............ 416 Coleman, James A....... 639 Coleman, Elisha J........ 640 Coleman, Elnathan W... 968 Coleman, TV. X..........1031 Collier, Charles A........ 750
CoIIey, M. N.............. 524
Collins, James R......... 750
Colquitt, Alfred H........ 240

Page.
Colqultt, Walter T....... 244 Conley, Benjamin........ 237 Connor, James J.......... 292 Conyers, Bennett J...... 751 Cook, Philip.............. 752 Cooper, Thomas J........ 262 Cooper, Henry T......... 614 Cooper, Hunter P........ 754
Cooper, John T.......... 755 Copeland, Edward A.... 994 Copeland, Henry J.......1084
Cordle. Frank............ 454 Corput, Felix............. 662 Conch, M. H.............. 534 Courtney, John C........ 757 Cox, William R.......... 329
Cox, Jesse................1058
Crankshaw, Charles W.. 756
Crawford, George W.... 233
Crawford, William H.... 240 Crawford, Martin J...... 251
Crawford, Belton O...... 293 Crawford, John.......... 293 Crawford, Henry F.......416 Crawford, John R........ 475 Crawford, W. D. R...... 490 Crawford, Sarah Jane.... 512
Crawford, Lev! B........ 646 Creel, Elisha.............. 417 Crichton, Logan McL.... 758 Crovatt, A. J............. 982 Crowe, Walter A......... 758 Cruger, N. J.............. 609 Crump, Elijah............ 689 Culpepper, John F., Sr... 417 Culver, John Ii...........1032 Cumming, Alfred......... 663
Cunnlngham, Matthew
M. ....................... 294
Curry Family............ 586 Cutcher, Leonidas G..... 647 Cuthbert, Alfred......... 247
Dabney, William H...... 663 Daniel, Charles P........ 652 Dart, F. Willis........... 509 Dart, Horace............. 983 Dart, E. M................ 984
Davenport, Adam........ 648 Davidson, Columbus..... 1059
Davie, Frank T..........1020
Davls, Arthur............ 295 Davis, William A......... 329
Davla, Thomas R........ 491 Davls, J. Lem............1059 Davls, James B...........1075 Dawson, William C...... 246 Deadwyler. M.P.......... 628 De Give, Laurent........ 759 Dempsey, Thomas J..... 385 Denny, Richard A........ 664 Denmark, Thomas I..... 378 Dent, William J.......... 566
Denton, David............ 973 Derry, Joseph T.......... 331 Dessau, Washington..... 331

Page.
Dickenaon, S. H.......... 587 Dlckson, William S...... 1033 Dickson, David........... 1034 Divine. Kinsman C...... 760
Dolvln, John T........... 995 Donnelly, James.......... 572
Dormlny, D. D........... 314
Dorough, James H....... 604 Dorsey, Rufus T.......... 761
Doughtry, David T....... 604 Du Bose, Charles W.... ..1034 Du Bignon, Charles..... 263 Du Bignon, J. E.......... 984 Dukes, William B........ 516 Duncan, John B.......... 615 Duncan, John T.......... 616 Duncan, John W......... 763 Dunlap, Samuel S........ 331 Dunn, James............. 248
Dunn, Thomas J......... 389 Dupree, Oliver R......... 648 Early, Peter.............. 230
Earnest, John G.......... 764 Eaves, C. C...............1044 Edenfield, Henry C....... 640 Edenfleld, Ephralm A.... 640
Edge, John M............. 616
Edwards, John M........ 263 Edwards, F. G-........... 609 Elbert, Samuel........... 228 Elllngton, Coke A....... 969 EUis, Henry.............. 224 Ellis, Pearson............ 605 E1118, W. D................ 765
Ellis, Joe L...............1091 Ellison, Adger S..........1060 Emanuel, David.......... 230 English, James W....... 767 Ennis, Charles W........ 264 Erskine, John............ 769 Erwin, Alexander S...... 476
Erwin, George Phillips...1014
Espy, John F............. 999 Evans, Samuel........... 265 Evans, John F............ 278 Evans, Clement A........ 775 Everett, W. S............. 777 Ewen, William........... 225 Fain, John N.............. 778 Fanner, J. J..............535 Featherston, Charles N.. 664 Felder, Thomas B., Jr.... 779 Felton, Wm. H., Jr...... 332 Few, William............. 250 Fiedler, F. M............. 418 Field, John W............ 463 FItten, John A............ 779 Fitts. W. W............... 419 Fortaon, S. H............ 629 Foster, Moses R......... 400 Forsyth, John.... ........ 232 Freeman, H. L........... 536 Freeman, Matthew R.... 333 Fuller, Judson T......... 419 Fuller, Jones C........... B3S

INDEX.

Vll

Page.

Page.

Page.

Fuller, Francis A......... 991 Habersham, James.. .... 224 Hill, Benjamin H........ 242 Futch, Reuben........ ... 314 Habersham, Joseph.. .... 250 Hill, Joshua.. ............ 244 Flitch, J. H............... 390 Hagan, Hugh.. .......... 800 Hill, Charles D........... 813 Gable. James Li........... 653 Hale, William C.......... 804 Hill, William P........... 815 Galllard, I. D............. 665 Hall, Lyman.. ........... 226 Hill, William F.......... 970 Galnes, John L...........1021 Hall, Mclntosh M........ 509 Hllliard, William A......1070 Galnes, F. M.............1070 Hall, J. Frank............ 622 Hillyer, George.. ........ 815 Galrdner, Henry K....... 630 Hall, Albert S. J.......... 650 Hines, James K.......... 818 . Garllngton, Thomas R... 665 Hall, John I.............. 801 Hirsch, Joseph............ 819 Garner, James F.........1044 Hamilton, David B...... 666 Hitchcock, Robert B....1046 Garrett, William J....... 780 Hamilton, George R......1046 Hobbs, Arthur G......... 821 Gaston, J. McF........... 780 Hammond, T. R......... 390 Hockenhull, John.. ..... 684 GaukJen, Charles S...... 381 Hammond, Lev! P........ 667 Hodnett, George P...... 540 Gaulding, William... .... 1045 Hammond, William R... 804 Hogan, Hamilton.. ...... 423 Gay, Alien M............. 420 Hammonds, Peter........ 295 Hoge, Samuel C.......... 351 Gentry, William T....... 783 Hand, I. H................ 254 Holcombe, John K.. Jr....1047 George, John B.......... 390 Handley, George.. ...... 228 Holman, William S...... 478 Gerdlne, John...... ...... 477 Hanleiter, C. R.......... 802 Holmes, Joses B. S....... 821 Gibson. Joel W. T........ 637 Harban, Balaam.. ...... 579 Holt, William F.......... 351 Glddlngs, Charles G...... 784 Harbin, W. R............. 992 Hood, E. C................1061 Gtlmer, George R........ 232 Hardee, William J...... 251 Hook, James S........... 823 Gllmer, William B...... 334 Hardeman, John L....... 338 Hopkins, John L......... 825 Glenn, Gustavus R....... 335 Hardeman, Thomas, Jr... 340 Home, Henry-. .......... 352 Glenn, WilliamC......... 785 Hardon, Virgil O......... 806 Horsley, William J...... 391
Glenn, John T............ 786 Harley, James A......... 1036 Hosklnson, James H..... 669 Glower, William T....... 654 Harley, Reuben B........1037 Houser, Henry.. ......... 580 Gober, Newton N......... 788 Harman, Arthur D....... 422 Houser, John A..........1092 Godwin, William M...... 609 Harp, William N. T...... 654 Houseworth, John.. ..... 424
Goldin, W. F.............1045 Harper, Charles R........ 268 Houston, John.. ......... 226
Goode, Samuel W........ 789 Harrell, W. W............ 588 Houston, Washington 3. 593 Goodman, John C......... 314 Harrell, John D.......... 589 Howard, Charles W...... 296
Goodman, 8. C...........1060 Harris, Iverson L........ 268 Howel, Theodore F....... 669 Goodwin, John B......... 790 Harris, Sampson W...... 423 Howell, Evan P.......... 828 Gordon, William M....... 337 Harris, Caleb J.......... 639 Howell, Clark.. .......... 827 Gordon, John B.......... 791 Harris, Xathan O........ 807 Hoyt, William D......... 671 Goss, I. H.......... ..... 477 Harris, Joel C............ 808 Hudson, C.L..............1062 Grady, Henry W......... 792 Harris, James M.........1038 Hudspeth, B. P........... 253 Graham, J.... ........... 637 Harrison, William R..... 493 Huff, William A.......... 352 Grandy, Luther B........ 793 Harrlson, John W........ 494 Huffaker, I. N............ 993 Grant, Lemuel P......... 793 Harrison, Z. D........... 809 Hughes, Daniel G......... 353 Grant, John T............ 795 Harrlson, George W...... 810 Hulme, George H........ 479 Grantland, Seaton.. ..... 265 Hart, John C.............. 995 Hulsey, W. H-............ 828 Gray, Hosea.... ......... 638 Hartley, William G...... 567 Humphries, J. R.......... 504 Gray, James R........... 796 Harvey, M. P............ 401 Hunnicutt, John A....... 479
Gray, J. M................1091 Harvey, John P.......... 985 Hunnlcutt, Calvin W.... 830 Green, Joseph H.......... 593 Haslam, William M...... 605 Hunt, A. J................1047
Green, John M........... 798 Hawklns, William G.... 269 Hunter, Fielden F....... 541
Green, Robert E.........1022 Hawley, Richard......... 227 Hurt, Charles D......... 832 Greenwood, Thomas M.. 649 Hayes, Joshua J.......... 494 Huteheson. Arthur....... 425 Greer, Thomas F......... 970 Head, James R...........1046 Hutcheson, Joseph........ 641
Cress, G. V............... 799 Heard, Stephen.. ........ 227 Huteheson, R. B..........1048 Grieve, Miller.. .......... 266 Hearn, Charles W.......1076 Hutchlns, Miller B....... 831 Griffin, James P.......... 420 Hemphill, William A..... 811 Hutchlns, Nathan L.....1000 Griffin, R. L.............. 421 Henderson, Robert H.... 655 Hutchlns, Nathan L......1000 Griffin, Isaiah............ 588 Hendrick. Alford G......1077 Hutchins, G. R...........1048 Grimstey, Joseph B...... 492 Hendrick, Martha S.....1077 Hutchtnson, Benjamin.... 540 Grimsley, Jerry W........ 493 Hendrix, John C.......... 811 Huzza, Thomas H........ 833 Grogan, J. H.............. 631 Henry, William M........ 668 Inman, Samuel M........ 833 Grow, S. E................ 421 Herman, Ellas...,........ 600 Inman, Hugh T........... 834 Guerry, Dupont........... 335 Herndon, Joel J.......... 539 Irwin, Jared.. ........... 228 Gunn, M. A............... 991 Henrlngton. Alfred.. .... 641 Iverson, Alfred...... .... 248 Gunn, John M............ 992 Hester, John T........... 610 Jackson, James.. ........ 229
Gunnells, J. D............ 279 Hightower, Thomas J.... 812 Jackson, R. Housan.....l078
Guthrle, Rufus TS........ 685 Hlghtower, John D......1077 Jacoway, John P......... 573 Gwlnnett, Button......... 225 Hilburn, William J....... 296 James, W. A.............. 617

Vll

INDEX.

Page.

Page.

Page.

James, Joseph S.......... 617 KoUock, William W..... .1014 McDanlel, John J.........1004 James, Wiley.. ..........1049 Kontz, Anton L.......... 848 McDonald, Charles J..... 233 Jaraagin, William C..... 835 Kontz, Ernest C.......... 849 McDonald, William S..... 646 Jelks, E. A................ 382 Lamar, Luclus Q. C...... 270 McDonnell, W. H........1064 Jenklns, diaries J....... 237 Lamar, Lncius Q. C...... 360 McEIroy, S. T............1004 JenHns, James C........ 836 Lamar, Henry J......... 361 McGarity, John C........ 433 Jenkins, John F..........1062 Lamar, Holler D........1015 McIntOBh, Lachlan.. .... 252 Jernlgan, S. J............ 997 Lamb, Thomas W........ 985 McKenzle, Daniel.. ..... 691 Jeter, William A.......... 354 Lamb, John P............ 986 McKinney, Thomas S.... 650 Jewett, Henry L.......... 365 Lamkln, James A........ 513 McLaws, La Fayette.... 249 Johnson, Herschel V..... 235 Lane, Joseph P........... 624 McMahon, John J. C..... 485 Johnson, James.. ........ 248 Lane, John H.............1079 McMUlan, Malcolm J.... 317 Johnson, John J.......... 299 Langston, X. J............1051 McMullan, J. H...........1072 Johnson, Rowan B....... 500 Lassetter, J. R........... 426 McMulIan, Thomas L....1072 Johnson, John D......... 543 Lassetter, J. W. G........ 427 McMulIan, A. J...........1073 Johnson, W. W........... 567 Latham, Joseph L....... 402 McPherson, C. L..........1053 Johnson, Lindsay.. ..... 672 Latimer, James R........1051 McRae, Floyd W......... 860 Johnson, J. Lindsay..... 673 Lawshe, Er............... 850 McWhirter. A. J.......... 2SO Johnson, George E....... 836 Leach, W. A.............. 544 McWhorter, Ellphalet A. 394

Johnson, Joseph H....... 837 Johnson, John M........ 839 Johnson, William, Jr....1049 Johnston, William B..... $57 Johnston, J. Marshall... 357 Johnston, William McE.. 358 Joliey, Levi D............ 298 Jones, Robert H.......... 298 Jones, C. M............... 300 Jones, Samuel P......... 301 Jones, W. H.............. 514 Jones, J. P................ 542 Jones, Thomas F......... 624

Ledbetter, H. A.......... 257 Leigh, Thomas.. ........ 544 Leftwitch. Thomas J.... 851 ILemon, James L.......... 505 Leonard, Thomas K..... 391 l^ewis, James T........... 655 Lewis, John R............ S51 Uncb, William D........ 545 Llnder, T. J..............1071 Lindsay, John.. ......... 568 Liner, Miles W...........1052 Little, W. R.............. 690
Livennore, Daniel H.... 853

Maddoz, John W......... 674 Malone, William H...... 435 Manahan, Manning W....860 Mann, William E......... 451 Marsh, Edwin W......... 863 Marshall, J. W........... 569 Martin, John.. .......... 227 Martin, D. R............. 428 Martin, W. E. E.......... 547 Martin, Edmund W...... 861 Mathews, George.... .... 229 Mattoz. Lucius C........ 500
Mattox, Clark.. .......... 634

Jones, J. B., Sr............ 631 Lockhart, Vincent D..... 280 Mayson, Asbury S........ 595 Jones, J. H............... 632 Long, R. L. T............ 546 Mell, Patrick Hues....... 480 Jones, A. R................ 690 Long, N. G................ 633 Mell, Thomas S........... 482 Jones, George H.......... 839 Longstreet, James.. .....1022 Melson, William H.......1080

Jones, George H..........1001 Lorch, Jacob.. ........... 611 Merry, H. A.............. 515 Jones, Thomas J..........1038 Love, Williard H......... 316 Mershon, M. L............ 9SS Jones, Willis.. ...........10S3 Love, William A......... 853 Mettauer, Henry A...... 363 Jones, Christopher C.....1063 Loveless, T. J............1052 Meyerhardt, Max.. ...... 675

Joyner, James H......... 568 Loworn, W. D........... 427 Middlebrooks, J. T.......1039 Joyner, W. R............. 840 Lowe, William B......... 855 MiddlebrookB, Henry L..1040

Karver, Henry A......... 610 Lowe, Henry L...........1064 Middlebrooks, J. A.......1065

Kell, John Mcl........... 841 Lowry, Charles.. ......... 303 Middleton, D. Spencer.... 575

Kelley, W. W............. 426 Lowther, Samuel H...... 601 Milledge, John.... ....... 230 Kelley, James M......... 605 Lucas, William H........ 304 MiUedge, John.. ......... 863 Kelley, Joe W............1050 Lucas, Daniel McD....... 656 Millen, Alfred C.......... 386 Kemp, J. W.............. 610 Lumpkin, Wilson.. ...... 232 Miller, John I............1080

Kendrick, Ruffin T....... 315 Lumpkin, Edwin K...... 480 Miller, Alexander M...... 363

Kendrick, William 8..... 842 Lumpkin, Thomas J...... 574 Miller, H. V. M........... 865

Key, T. T.................1003 Lumpkin, J. H............ 856 Milton, Plnkney H...... 971 Klbbee. Charles C....... 358 Lumpkin, Samuel.. ..... 858 Mitchell, David B........ 230

Kldd, J. T................ 256 Lumpkin, Mary F........10SO Mitchell, William A...... 547

Kimball, H. I............. 843 Lyle, F. M................1053 Mitchell. Tandy K........1006

Klncald, James G........ 464 Lyon, Patterson H....... 465 Mlze, Columbus L........ 692

King, John P............. 246 McBride, J. M............1053 Mobtey, J. M..............1065

King, Adonlram S........ 464 McBurney, Edgar P..... 858 Monroe, Lorenzo D...... 391

King, Alexander C...... 844 McCain, B. J.............. 432 Monroe, Virgil D.......... 581

Kirk. Elijah.... .........1051 HcCall, John G........... 383 Moody. John T........... 867

Kitchens, Seaborn.. ..... 973 McCalla, John W........ 634 Moon, J. C....;........... 1067.

Kitchens, Robert L...... 973 McConnell, J. P........... 675 Moore, James D.......... 429

Knight, John G.......... 31< McCord, Joseph A........ 869 Moore, James P.......... 429

Knight, Henry H......... 316 McCormick. Henry J..... 305 Moore, William A........ 610

Knott, James J.......... 846 McDaniel, G. A........... 432 Moore, John J............ 642

Knowles. Clarence........ 847 McDanlel, Marion.... ... 613 Moore, Archibald A...... 645

INDEX.

IX

Page.

Page.

Page.

Moore, William A........ 867 Parks, Hugh B.......... 677 Ridley, Robert B........ 915

Moore, J. W..............1040 Parks, Wlllls B.......... 888 Riley, A. C................1094

Moore, C. G............... 987 Parks, A. H..............1074 Roberts, Charles A....... 392

Morgan, John P.......... 548 Parrott, George W....... 889 Roberts, David M........ 602

Morgan, Benjamin F.....1064 Pate, Redding H........ 606 Roberts, William T...... 619

Morris, C. C............... 430 Pate, Madison D......... 993 Robertson, TJlot O........ 916

Morris, gylvanus.. ...... 482 Patillo, W. P............. 890 Robins, John B........... 917

Morrow, H. L............. 430 Patten, William L....... 318 Robinson, James N...... 404

Moses, Charles L......... 549 Patterson, William H.... 890 Robinson, Albert C...... 437

Moses, Luther T......... 649 Payne, John W........... 466 . Robison, W. R........... 273

Moss, Rufus L............ 483 Payne, George P......... 891 Romare, Paul.. .......... 917

Mullenix, John M....... .1016 Payne, J. Carroll......... 893 Roop, John K............ 438

Munnerlyn. C. J.......... 590 Peace, John N............ 306 Roop, Martin.. .......... 438

Murphey, M. E.......... 431 Pearce, Haywood J......1025 Roop, George W.......... 439

Murphy, Anthony.. ..... 868 Pearson, J. T.............1067 Root, Sidney.............. 918

Murrow, John.. ......... 317 Peck, John C............ 894 Root, John W............. 921

Mynatt, Pryor L.......... 870 Peeples, Henry B......... 318 Roper, Amos ............. 582

Myrick, J. W.............. 363 Peeples, Henry C......... 895 Ross, WHUam H......... 371

Nash. Joseph Van H.... 871 Pendleton, John T........ 896 Ross, James T............ 372

Neal, Thomas A.......... 281 Pepper, Mulford M.......678 Rosser, Luther Z......... 923

Meal, Thomas B.......... 871 Perklns, Robert.. ....... 550 Rosser, Egbert B......... 924

Neel, William J.......... 676 Perklns, Micajah T.......1017 Roundtree, Joshua R.... 643

Neese, L. P............... 403 Perry, J. O............... 258 Rountree, A. J............ 377

Nelms, N. H.............. 692 Perry, Benjamin F....... 467 Roy, Gustavus G......... 924

Nelson, Lev! B.......... 872 Peters, Alvin B........... 517 Roy, Charles D........... 926

Nelson, William N.......1084 Peters, Edward C........ 897 Rucker, J. H.............. 486

Nesbltt, Robert T........ 874 Peterson, Josiah S........ 897 Rucker, Tlnsley W....... 926

Neves, James C.......... 495 Phinlzy, B.. .............. 484 Rudicil. Robert Y........ 456

Nvln, Mltchel A......... 677 Plant, I. C................. 369 Rudolph, John J.......... 394

Newman, Howard W.... 466 Poole, W. H............... 618 Russell, Moses R........ 439

Newman, William T..... 875 Pope, J. E................ 485 Russell, A. C.............. 551

Newman, Tobias.......... 987 Pound, Eli E.............. 386 Ryals, James G.......... 306

Nlckerson, Reuben....... 484 Powell, Theophllus O..... 270 Ryan, Frank T........... 927

Nlcolson, William P...... 877 Powell, William E........ 691 Sandeford, John S........ 569

Nlsbet, Eugenius A...... 364 Powell, Richard H....... 624 Sanders C. C.............1023

Nlsbet, Robert A......... 366 Powell, Thomas S........ 899 Santord, D. B............. 276

Nlsbet, James C.......... 576 Price, Sylvester B........ 370 Sasser, W. W............. 552

Nixon, Joseph J.......... 403 Prince, Oliver H.......... 247 Saterfleld, William T.... 469

Nixon, WHey.. ........... 433 Prltchett, P. F............ 436 Schley, William.......... 233

Noble, G. H............... 877 Pullen, Henry T.......... 259 Schofleld, Alonzo D...... 372

Nolan, Q. R...............1085 Putnam, A. T............. 989 Schofleld, R. B............ 570

Not-cross, Jonathan.. .... 879 Quilllan, H. P............. 282 Sclple, George W........ 928

Norman, Jephtha W....1073 Rabun, William.. ....... 231 Scott, Joseph B.......... 606

Norris, J. T............... 256 Rachel, Pleasant W......1041 Scott, Henry F........... 929

Northen, William J...... 879 Ragsdale, William M..... 596 Scott, Daniel W..........1086

Ogg, Charles D........... 988 Randall, Ira W.......... 693 Scruggs, William L...... 931

Oglesby, D. P............. 635 Ransom, William M..... 455 Seay, John J.............. 679

Oglethorpe, James How

Ransone, Julien.. ....... 370 Selman, J. L.............. 620

ard.. .................... 223 Ramspeck, George A..... 596 Sharp, B. A............... 441

Ogletree, William T...... 434 Read, Charles A.......... 901 Sharp, John J. A.......... 469

Oliver. W. C.............. 281 Redwine, J. O............1054 Sharpe, Edwin R......... 442

Olmstead, John C........ "S3 Redwine, John E........1023 Shedden, Robert F....... 932

Orme, Francis H.......... 884 Reece, John H............ 678 Shivers, Mark M......... 496

Orme, Joseph T........... 886 Reed, John C............. 902 Shores, Henry T.......... 552

Orr, I. N.................. 550 Reed, Wallace P.......... 903 Shropshire, Wesley....... 458

Owens, John W...........1017 Reid, Henry W.......... 437 Sibbett, William F....... 510

Pace, W. W............... 611 Reid, Harry M........... 904 Sikes, F. Frank........... 440

Paine, Walter.. .......... 269 Rentz, Edward P.........643 Simmons, T. J............ 93:!

Palmer, Howard E. W... 8S7 Reynolds, John.. ........ 224 Simms, John D........... 553

Palmer, John T.......... 989 Rice, Frank P............ 907 Simon ton. Abner A...... 441

Palmer, Joseph.. ........ 1093 Richards, William G..... 013 Sirmans, David J......... 501

Palmour, John.. ......... 581 Richardson, John.. ......393 Sirmans, Franklin B.... 501

Park, Robert E........... 367 Richardson, Edward H.. 904 Slaton, W. P.............. 933

Parker, Henry.. ........ 223 Richardson, Francis M.. 914 Slaton, John M........... 934

Parker, Henry G........ 435 Richardson, Moses...... .1007 Smith, James M.......... 238

INDEX.

Page.

Page.

Page.

Smith, Abner B........... 405 Thompson, P. H.......... 497 Weddington, Alexander

Smith, William R........ 517 Thompson, T. H.......... 557 G... ..................... 620 Smith, Emanuel C........ 602 Thompson, Chester, Jr... 558 Welden, Elijah B........ 657

Smith, Robert L......... 651 Thompson, William H...1069 Wereat, John............. 226

Smith, Halstead.......... 680 Thomson, William S..... 607 West, Jahiel J............ 608 Smith. Alexander W..... 935 Thomson, William S..... 945 West, A. J................. 950

Smith. Burton............ 935 Tift, Henry H............ 319 Westbrook, L. M......... 408

Smith, Hoke.............. 937 Tillman, D. N............ 445 Westbrook, R. N...:..... 612

Smith, W. T..............1007 Tindall, H. C............. 375 Westmoreland, Thomas

Smith. A. R..............1024 Tlnsley. Philip............ 498 P.. ...................... 951

Spearman, Wesley........ 1081 Tolbert, J. Thomas...... 446 Westmoreland, Wlllis F... 953

Speer. Kmorj-............. 373 Tomlinson, Moses........ 501 Westmoreland, George... 95::

Spenee, William M....... 443 Tompkins, Henry B...... 946 Whaley, James T..^.... 1042 .

Spence, McAlvin H.......1067 Tompkins, Benjamin H..1082 White, John T............ 284

Stacy, James............. 554 Tompkins. Humphrey A.. 1082 White, H. C............... 487

Stafford, John D......... 554 Toombs, Robert.......... 243 White, John R............. 4RS

Stallings, William T..... 555 Towns, George W........ 233 White, James........;.... 489

Standifer, William M..... 625 Trammell. Leander N.... 506 Whltfleld, Robert*....... 277

Standifer, William B..... 625 Trammell, Paul B....... 946 Whitley, T. R............. 621

Stanford. Lycurgus L....1068 Treadwell, J. W..........1041 Whitner, John C......... 9S4 Starke, S. C.............. 636 Treutlen, John A......... 226 Wight, Edwin. L.......... 612

Starke, Henry F......... 938 Tribble. L. VI............. 693 WIIcox, Jefferson......... 511 Steed. Franklin H....... 406 Trimble. William W..... 307 Wllcoron, John B........ 560

Steed, J. E-............... 407 Troup, George M......... 231 Wilkins. Grant............ 959

Stephens, William........ 223 Trufock, Andrew J....... 592 Williams, Henry M....... 447

Stephens, Alexander H... 238 Turnbull, Waller T...... 6SO Williams, Robert J....... 6Uff

Stetson, James D......... 373 Turner, J. D.............. 681 "Williams, James E....... 966

Stevens, Henry........... 274 Turk. L. N................ 283 Williams, William M.....1065

Stevens, John H.......... 275 Tye, John L............... 947 Wllliamson, Jasper J..... 448

Stevens, Walter C........ 275 TJpchurch, John J........ 452 Wilson, James W........1010

Stevens, W. P............ 374 Van Epps, Howard...... 948 Wlmberly, Ezeklel H.....1096

Stewart, Andrew P....... 939 Van Goidtsnoven, Emlle.. 950 Winn, Samuel J..........1010

Stewart, Andrew J.......1055 Van Hoose. A. W.........1024 Winn, Thomas E..... ....1012

Stiles, Joseph C.......... 251 Van Valkenburg, William

Winship, George......... 962

Stiles, William H........ 252 B ........................ 395 Wolff, Bernard........... 963

Stovall, A. C............. 636 Veach, J. M................ 308 Wood, James O........... 285 Strange, John E.......... 2S3 Vickery. William......... 1074 Wood, Albert R.......... 560 Strickland, Colquitt...... 319 Vincent. Aulsey A........ 309 Wood, William J......... 662

Strickland, Henry H.... 444 Wade, John McG......... 625 Woods, Robert H........ 561 Strickland, John J....... 486 Wade, Reuben W........ 626 Woods, William S........ 562 Strickland, Ansel......... 686 Walker. William H. T... 249 Woodson, Stewart F..... 964 Strozier, Eugene F........ 607 Walker, Freeman........ 246 Woolsey, Isaac G........ 657

Tail. Charles............. 246 Walker, John H.......... 309 Wooster, George......... 638 Talbot, Matthew.......... 231 Walker, John H., Jr...... 310 Word, John H........... 448 Taliaferro, John.......... 993 Walker, James P......... 310 Wright, Sir James....... 22*

Talley, James W......... 319 Walker. Randolph....... 310 Wright, Young A......... 387

Tanner, G. H............. 939 Walker, William S....... 320 Wright, W. W.....:...... 592 Tate. Edmund B.......... 637 Walker, James B........ 558 Wright, Seaborn,......:.. 681

Tattnall. Josiah.......... 230 Walker, Charles H....... 570 Wright, William A....... 965

Taylor, J. P................ 556 Walker. George W........1026 Wright, G. W............. 990

Taylor, William.......... 5a6 Wall, J. N................ 638 Wright, J. B.............. 990 .

Telfair. Edward.......... 247 Wallace, Charles B....... 311 Wylie, James Jt.......... 966

Terrell. Joseph M......... 941 Walton, George........... 228 Wynn, Obadiah.......... 563

Terrell. L. M.............. 942 Walton. William T...... 515 Wynn, Joseph H......... 564

Thomas, William W...... 487 Ward, John Elliott....... 252 Wynn, Frank A.......... 6S2

Thomas, John B.......... 582 Ward, Calvin A., Jr...... 510 Yancey, Hamilton........ 683

Thomas, C. H............. 591 Ware, Alexander F...... 607 Young. Pierce M. B...... 250

Thomas. Gabriel I.i....... 651 Ware, James B...........1083 Yow, Richard D.......... 694

Thomas. Loviek P....... 943 Ware. Nicholas........... 247 Zachry. Charles T........1087

Thomas. Lewis W........ 944 Waving, George H........ 311 Zellers, William S........ 408

Thomason. James R..... 444 Webb, Calowny M........ 559 Zellars, Thomas E....... 564

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

4

Pago.

Page.

Page.

1, F. D.............. 974 Gress, G. V............... 799 Martin, E. W............. 861 IP-George D.......... 320 Hall, M. M................ 509 Mershon, M. L............ SSfi

ArmsWong, W. S......... 703 Hammond, W. R......... 804 Milledge, John............ 863

Battles Uiund Chatta-

Hardeman, Thomas..... 340 Mobley, J. M.............1065

nooga...*nl|feen 132-133 Harris, Joel C............ 17 Mooro. Charles G......... 987

Battles arOund^ktlanJa.* o Harrlson, W. R....rt ..... 493 Murphy; Anthony........ 868

.........._..&tween Bij-137 Harrison, Z. D........... 809 Newman, T............... 988

Bishop, T.*L.............. 714 garrison, George W...... 810 Northen, W. J............ 148

Bleckley. L. E............ 716 Hill, C. D................. 813 Palmer, H. E. W......... 887

Bowen, W. L. L.........-.1030 Hillyer, George........... 815 Peck, J. C................. 894

Brandon, Morris.......... 719 Hood, J. B., between 136-137 Plant, I. C................. .169

Brown, Julius L.......... 724 Hood, E. C................10B1 Powell, T. O............... 270

Buck, B.'A................ 508 Howel, T. F.............. 669 Powell, T. S............... 899

Bulloch, R. B.............. 730 Hunnicutt, C. W.......... 830 Rice. Frank P............ 907

Burford, R. E. L........."976 Jeter, W. A...-............ 334 Root, Sidney.............. 918

Burford, Hugh............ 977 Johnston, J. E.............

Roy, G. G................. 924

Calhoun, A. B............ 526 .............between 132-133 Sibbett, W. P............. 510

Carter. R. P..............1058 Jones, Sam................ 301 Sherman, W. T...........

Cline, Peter J............ 261 Joyner, W. R.............-840 .............between 132-133

Confederate position May

Kontz, A. L............... 848 Smith, Burton............ 935

19...........between 132-133 Lamb, T. W............... 9S5 Stanford, L. L...........1068

Courtney, J. C............ 757 Leonard, T. K............ 391 Starke, H. P............. 938

Davis, Thomas R........ 491 Lewis, John R............ 851 Stevens, Henry........... 274

Dorsey, R. T.............. 761 Longstreet, James........

Talley, J. W............... 319

Du Bignon, Charles...... .263 .............between 136-137 Thomas, L. W............ 944

Du Bignon, J. E..........984 Lowe, W. B............... 855 Trammell, L. N.......... 506

Dukes, W. B.............. 516 Lucas, W.'H.............. 304 Walker, W. S............. 320

English, J. W............. 767 Lumpkin, J. H........... 856 Westmoreland, T. P...... 951

Evans, Clement A........ 80 McCall. J. G.............. 383 Whitner, John C......... 954

Putch, Reuben............ 314 McDanlel, G. A........... 432 Wright, Seaborn.......... 681

Goodman, J. C............ 315 Malone, W. H............. 435 Woodson, S. P............ 964

Grant, L. P................793

X?

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA
CHAPTER 1.
BY JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS.
CIVIL HISTORY--INCEPTION OP THE COLONY--GEN. OGLETHORPE'S PLANGEORGIA'S COLONIAL CHARTER--THE COLONY STARTS FOR THE NEW WORLD--TOMO-CHI-CHI--EARLY STRUGGLES-JOHN AND CHARLES WESLEY --DIFFICULTIES WITH THE SPANIARDS -- SLAVES INTRODUCED-- UNDER THE BRITISH CROWN--ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVS. ELLIS AND WRIGHT--THE EVE OF REVOLUTION--GEORGIA NO LONGER A ROYAL 'COLONY--IN THE REVOLUTION--SAVANNAH OCCUPIED BY THE BRITISHSTATE UNIVERSITY FOUNDED--GEORGIA ENTERS THE UNION--GEORGE WASHINGTON'S VISIT--THE YAZOO FRAUD--GEORGIA CEDES TERRITORY TO THE UNION--WAR OF 1812--MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA ADMITTEDGEN. LA FAYETTE'S VISIT--THE CHEROKEES REFUSE TO GIVE UP THEIR COUNTRY--INDIAN DIFFICULTIES RENEWED--THE CHEROKEE INDIANS REMOVED--THE MEXICAN WAR--THE SLAVERY AGITATION--THE BEGIN NING OF HOSTILITIES--GEORGIA PASSES THE ORDINANCE OF SECESSIONORGANIZATION OF THE CONFEDERACY--FORT SUMTER TAKEN--THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES--GEN. SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA--LAST DAYS OF THE CONFEDERACY -- THE ERA OF RECONSTRUCTION -- GOV. JENKINS GOES INTO EXILE--RESTITUTION OF THE GREAT SEAL--ELEC TION OF ALEX. H. STEPHENS AND HIS DEATH.
T HE colo'ny of Georgia was not conceived in the bold, adventurous spirit of enterprising individuals, who merely sought the gratification of their own selfish ends, but, on the contrary, in the sufferings of a large class of British subjects; and the enterprise that culminated in a charter from the crown was the result of a legislative measure enacted for the relief of these sufferers. The colony of Georgia, therefore, was the only one of the original thirteen colonies along the Atlantic coast that derived its existence through the legislative functions of the government; and not only is this fact recalled with pride and pleasure by Georgians, but especially do they recall with satisfaction the feelings of kindness and humanity in which the enterprise originated.
1-2

18

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

In order to fully comprehend the scope and nature of the movement that resulted in the colony of Georgia, it is necessary to review the hardships of the debtor class in England and the rise to prominence of their illustrious benefactor,
Gen. Oglethorpe, who espoused their cause in the house of commons. It was Gen. Oglethorpe who conceived the idea of compromising with their creditors and
of giving them a fresh start in the new world. Under the rigid enforcement of the iron laws that governed the relationship existing between debtor and creditor the
former class had become the objects of legislative persecution, and many were the distinguished victims who fell prey to this cruel injustice. If perchance a debtor was unable to meet his obligations, or varied even in the merest detail from the stipulations of his contract, he was rudely thrown in prison as a punishment for the
crime imputed to him, and thus permitted to suffer without regard to the excuse rendered, or to such considerations as his physical health or social respectability.
Xo discrimination was made by the law between the honest and the dishonest insolvent, and all who failed to meet its rigid requirements were treated as common, thieves and placed on the same scale of criminal equality. Hundreds of the best
men in England, representing the culture, genius and respectability of the king dom, were thus placed under the proscription of a law that blighted their reputation
without good and sufficient reason. But this was not all; the operation of the lawdid not end with the public disgrace to which the hapless victim was upheld, but
continued to oppress him within the walls of the prison. The rules by which these torture-dens of oppression were conducted ignored the religious atmosphere of
England, and recalled the pre-historic days of barbarism and brutality. The jail
officials were monsters of inhumanity, who were utterly deficient in both sense and sympathy. They were the mere hirelings of justice, who tortured the inmates of the prison with a grim delight that seemed to revel in the privilege of applying the
lash. But these were scarcely better than the judges who disgraced the bench by the acceptance of bribes and costly presents, and who degraded justice into mercenary traffic. This cruel order of things existed in England for a number of years, but happily for her subjects the obnoxious law was subsequently annulled* and her prison life purified. This reign of terror is now recalled by Englishmen as perhaps the darkest blot on the fair page of their country's civilization.

GEN. OGLETHORPES PLAN.

A man whose strong sympathies made him the friemd of the unfortunate debtor,, and whose broad intellect speedily grasped the situation with a realizing sense of its injustice, was Gen. James Edward Oglethorpe, the founder of the colony of Georgia.
Gen. Oglethorpe was an Englishman of noble birth and distinguished ancestry. He was born in the parish of St. James, Westminster, on June i, 1689, and was the third son of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe. He received his early training at Oxford,, after which he entered the military service, having acquired the martial instinct from his father, who was a distinguished officer under James II. His promotion in the army was rapid, and his signal courage displayed on the continent soon gave him a pronounced reputation for soldierly conduct both at home and abroad. On his return to England he succeeded to the family estate at Westbrook, and after a few years, in 1722, he was elected to the house of commons as a member from the. county of Surrey. According to the records he was intrusted with the represen tation of this county for thirty-two years. At the beginning of his political career Gen. Oglethorpe evinced a decided feeling of sympathy for the unfortunate debtors, and his labors were chiefly devoted to the amelioration of their distresses. His.

CIVIL HISTORY.

ig

avowed championship soon gave him a conspicuous place, and made him one of the prominent figures of the house of commons. As the result of this attitude Gen. Oglethorpe was made the chairman of a special committee to visit the prisons,
and, after a thorough examination into their rules and regulations as they con
cerned the care and treatment of inmates, to make a full report to the house, suggesting practical measures of reform. Gen. Oglethorpe performed his duty
well, and as the result of this investigation of the prisons and his exposure of the manner in which they were conducted, he succeeded in convincing the government that a radical change was necessary and that speedy measures should be adopted for their purification.
Thus engaged in the study of prison life in England, and especially of a method for relieving the unfortunate debtor who, though honestly insolvent, was made a victim of legal persecution, it occurred to Gen. Oglethorpe, as if by inspiration, that the fitting out of an expedition to the new world for the purpose of establishing
a colony was the key to the situation. Convinced of the feasibility of his plan he lost no time in taking the preliminary steps. His attention was drawn to the lands
lying between the Altamaha and the Savannah rivers as an excellent site for his contemplated colony. The British subjects in Carolina were anxious to secure a neighbor to the south of them in order to prevent the incursions of the Indians upon
their territory, and to aid them in successfully defying these ruddy natives of the forest
Lord Percival was informed of this scheme by Gen. Oglethorpe, and other
noblemen were taken into consultation. It >vas explained that the purpose of the expedition was not to relieve those who were righteously imprisoned for the repudi ation of their debts, nor for those who merely submitted to a brief imprisonment
in order to secure an unmolested title to their shamefully acquired wealth. The
object of the enterprise was simply to befriend the honest and worthy inmates of these prisons, who would demonstrate their desert of such clemency by the character of their exertions in the new world. Accordingly a memorial was
addressed to the privy council in which the enterprise was fully stated. It was further urged that the care of these indigent debtors was a burden to the public, and that to colonize the better portion of them in America would not only be a
relief to the treasury of the kingdom, but would give these debtors an opportunity to make a fresh start, besides strengthening the British possessions on the conti
nent The petitioners agreed to take a personal charge of the expedition, and to
safely conduct the emigrant party to the lands that might be granted to them by the crown. They proposed to establish a plantation, to be owned and regulated by the government, in such a manner as the government might prescribe. The petition was favorably considered, and after passing through the usual channels,
received the legal sanction, and a charter was accordingly framed by the advocates of the measure and signed by his majesty George II. on June 9, 1732.

GEORGIA'S COLONIAL, CHARTER.
In substance the charter recited, by way of preliminary exposition, a full inventor}' of the reasons that were urged upon the crown in support of the enterprise of Gen. Oglethorpe. The special reasons emphasized were those of establishing more firmly the British possessions in America, increasing the trade and wealth of the kingdom, and the necessary defense of the colony of South Carolina, exposed to the slaughter and depredation of the red men.
The territory conveyed by the charter embraced all the lands "lying and being in that part of South Carolina, in America, from the northern part of a stream or

20

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

a river there commonly called the Savannah, all along the sea coast to the southward, unto the most southern stream of a certain other great water or river called the Altamaha, and westerly from the heads of the said rivers respectively in direct lines to the South seas; and all that share, circuit and precinct of land within the said boundaries, with the islands on the sea lying opposite to the eastern coast of said lands, within twenty leagues of the same, which was not inhabited already or settled by any authority derived from the crown of Great Britain."
It was further stipulated in the terms of the grant that a yearly sum of four shillings should be paid on each hundred acres of land which the corporation should grant, demise, plant and settle; but that no payment should commence or be made until ten years after such grant, demise, planting or settling; that the province should be designated by the name of Georgia, and that for a period of twenty-one years from the date of the charter the corporation should have power to enact laws for the government and regulation of the colony, not repugnant to the laws and statutes of England.
The transaction of the ordinary affairs of the colony was lodged with the common council, and this body was given the power to receive and disburse the moneys of the corporation; to use the common seal in the execution of necessary contracts; to nominate a treasurer, secretary and other important officers; to fix salaries; and to administer oaths for the faithful performance of duty. The creation of this council was to obviate the difficulty of bringing together the entire corporation in carrying on the business of the colony.
In consideration of the reasons for granting the charter the following named subjects were designated as members of the corporation, appointed by the crown: John, Lord Viscount Percival, of the Kingdom of Ireland, Edward Digby, George Carpenter, James Oglethorpe, George Heathcote, Thomas Tower, Robert Moor, Robert Hucks, Roger Holland, William Sloper, Francis Eyles, John Laroche, James Vernon, \Vm. Beletha, Esqs., John Burton, Richard Bundy, Arthur Beaford, Samuel Smith and Adam Adamson, Gentlemen, and such other persons to be elected in the manner subsequently prescribed, to be known as "The Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America."
Lord Percival was named as the first president of the corporation, and he was required to convene the corporators within thirty days for the purpose of getting ready for the expedition. A common council of fifteen was also designated by the charter to transact business in behalf of the corporation. Provision was made for subsequent additions to the council, and Edward Digby was selected as the first chairman.
In keeping with the unselfish and benevolent nature of the enterprise, both the president of the corporation and the chairman of the common council were for bidden to receive pay in compensation for their services either directly or indirectly. Each officer, before entering upon the discharge of his duties, was required to take a solemn and binding oath, obligating himself to perform the duties of his office faithfully.
An important duty enjoined upon the corporation, under the provisions of the charter, was to present a written report each year, addressed to the proper officers of the crown, showing an itemized statement of all transactions and expenditures of money by the colony.
The privilege of transporting British subjects to America was granted by the charter, and also all foreigners who were willing to take the oath of allegiance arid become true and loyal subjects of Great Britain. Religious liberty was accorded to all who might avail themselves of the expedition, except the Catholics. In brief, without going into details, the charter provided for the comfort, proper

CIVIL HISTORY.

2I

maintenance and protection of all who should join the emigrating party; and the
privilege of taking with them agricultural implements, cattle, provisions, furniture, firearms, and munitions of war, in addition to such merchandise as they might need in carrying on negotiations with the natives, were all granted to the corporation in
behalf of the colonists. It was further provided in the charter that, after the expira tion of twenty-one years, a new and substantial form of government should be adopted in lieu of this provisional one.

THE COLONY STARTS FOR THE NEW WORLD.
A meeting was held by the corporation for the purpose of accepting the charter in July, 1732. This was followed by several others in rapid succession. The officers of the corporation as provided for in the charter were duly elected and qualified, and the Bank of England was selected as the custodian of all moneys subscribed in furtherance of the enterprise. It is important, as well as interesting, to observe in this connection, the character of the seal adopted. On one side of the instrument two figures were represented, each reclining against an urn from
which issued a stream, signifying the two rivers that formed the upper and lower boundaries of the province in America. Each figure held in its hand a spade, suggestive of the agricultural employment that would engage the attention of the settlers. Above these figures was seated a goddess, who impersonated the genius of the colony, holding in her right hand a spear and in her left hand a cornucopia, signifying protection and plenty. In the background stood a tree, and above it was written this inscription: "Colonia Georgia Aug." The purpose of this face of the seal was to attest all deeds and commissions as well as to give proper authenti cation to legislative acts. The other face of the seal represented a lot of silk-worms with this engraving: "Non Sibi Sed Aliis," the literal meaning of this motto being "Not for Ourselves but for Others." This face of the seal was to be used for all grants, orders and certificates. It was thought at the time of the adoption of this seal that the cultivation of silk would be the controlling industry on account of the number of mulberry trees supposed to abound in the locality.
The charter having been procured, a committee of citizens was appointed to bring the enterprise before the people and solicit contributions in behalf of the colony. The liberal sum of 10,000 was donated by parliament, in addition to large subscriptions from private individuals and benevolent associations. Before the enterprise was fairly launched the heart of England was deeply stirred in behalf of the unfortunate class who had been so long the subject of discriminating legis lation. The offer of the trustees to defray the expenses of all who wished to embark for the new world, the permission of their creditors having been obtained, met with general acceptance on the part of the oppressed debtors, and many worthy foreigners, in addition to large numbers of poor people, were prevailed upon to join the expedition. They listened to the glowing descriptions that were given to them of the new country, and their imaginations began to picture it as a land of peace and plenty in which they would have no occasion to revert to their former ills except to contrast them with their contented and happy lot.
In the regulations that were drawn up by the trustees each man was regarded as a planter and a soldier. He was not only charged with the cultivation of the soil but also with its defense and protection. It was adjudged that fifty acres of land would be sufficient for himself and his family and this was to be held by him as a military fief. It was provided that no African slaves should be introduced into the colony, but this provision was afterward rescinded. A number of regula
tions were prescribed, in pursuance of the charter, including the tenure of land by

22

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

estates in tail, and for life only, in order to prevent confusion. The colonist had the
privilege of naming his heir if he died without male issue. The lands were to be cultivated within a certain time or forfeited.
By the time the expedition was ready to start the number of emigrants enrolled was one hundred and fourteen, including men, women and children. Gen. Oglethorpe was appointed to command the expedition and to superintend the planting of the colony. A vessel was comfortably fitted up and provided with all the supplies that were needed for the voyage. In going with the emigrants Gen. Oglethorpe volunteered to bear his own expenses, and to give to the enterprise the unremitting sen-ice of his hands and heart. The last Sabbath in England was spent by the emigrants on the banks of the historic Thames. They held devotional exercises and passed the day in prayer and meditation.
On Xov. 17 the vessel weighed anchor and started on its watery journey. The name of the ship was the "Anne," commanded by Capt Thomas. It numbered thirty-five families and one hundred and thirty persons, including Gen. Oglethorpe, Dr. Henry Herbert, an Episcopal clergyman, and a man by the name of Amatis wli: was to instruct the emigrants in the cultivation of silk. The weather for the trip wa<> unusually good, and the emigrant vessel reached Charleston Harbor on
Jan. 13, 1733. Only two children died at sea. The other members of the party landed in safety.
Gen. Oglethorpe and his crew were cordially received by the governor of South Carolina and pledges of hearty support and co-operation were extended to him. Tnc next morning Gen. Oglethorpe returned to the "Anne" and set sail with his crew for Port Royal. Leaving the colonists at Beaufort he proceeded with Col. Wm. Bull to the Savannah river and explored that stream as far as Yamacraw bluff. His eye at a glance comprehended the situation, and he proceeded at once to mark off the new town and to give it the name of Savannah. The height of the bluff was forty feet and extended for nearly a mile along the river. It was covered with pines, live-oaks and magnolias, and presented a beautiful and pleasing pros
pect to the eye of the noble-hearted Englishman. The bluff extended for several miles to the west It overlooked the broad expanse of the Carolina lowlands which contained the delta of the Savannah river and presented a gorgeous picture to the
morning sun.

TOMO-CHI-CHI, THE INDIAN CHIEF.
In the immediate neighborhood of the spot on which Gen. Oglethorpe landed, and occupying a part of the bluff, stood an Indian village, and here lived Tomochi-chi, the aged chief or Mico of the Yamacraws. A Carolina trader by the name of Musgrove. whose wife was a half-breed Indian, had established a trading post with the natives, at this point; and before returning to his party Gen. Oglethorpe decided, if possible, to obtain communication with the old chief. He accordingly paid Tomo-chi-chi a visit for the purpose of securing his friendship in behalf of the colony, and to make known to the chief his own friendly intentions. Mary Musgrove, the wife of the trader, who was kindly disposed to Gen. Oglethorpe, acted as interpreter for them, and used her influence with the old chief to accom plish the purpose of the Englishman. At the beginning of the interview the Indian chief was disposed to be uneasy, but he was soon persuaded of the benefits to be derived from the immigration of the English, and was led to look upon it with extreme favor before the coversation was concluded.
Having thus treated with the Yamacraws, Gen. Oglethorpe lost no time in returning to the emigrants who awaited him at Beaufort. He conducted the

CIVILi HISTORY.

'

33

colonists through a blinding and bitter storm to the bluffs on which he himself
had landed a few weeks before; and thus the early settlement of Georgia com menced. No time was lost by the colonists in transferring their supplies to land.
They began to fell the trees and to busy themselves in the erection of rude huts for their provisional shelter and protection. They were greatly aided by volunteers who came over from South Carolina to help them along until they could manage to plant the colony upon a secure foundation. Religious exercises were held
by Gen. Oglethorpe in gratitude to God for the safe landing of the emigrants, .after which he implored his followers to guard against the evils of intemperance and idleness, and to so conduct themselves as to be a blessing and not a curse to the red men. In laying off the streets of the new town, Gen. Oglethorpe was ably assisted by Col. Bull, and for that gentleman one of the streets was named. It is now the leading thoroughfare of Savannah and is beautified by many handsome monuments. For nearly a year Gen. Oglethorpe, as an evidence of his desire to share in the common hardships of the colony, occupied a rude tent on the bluff overlooking the Savannah river. Seated in his camp on Feb. 10, 1733, he indited
his second letter to the trustees, in which he gave a full account of the expedition after leaving Charleston, and the circumstances connected with the landing. He
described the situation minutely, enclosing a key to the town, and also letters from the governor and council of South Carolina. He also expressed his obligations to Col. Bull and others for a loan of servants in addition to their personal help.
In his next letter, written the following month, Gen. Oglethorpe expressed his surprise at finding the province much larger than he had supposed. He had
measured the distance between the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers and found it to be 120 miles. He described the Indians and also the general features of the country, and closed by saying that old Tomo-chi-chi was a regular attendant at church, and had given his nephew to him to rear in the faith of the Christian religion. JSen. Oglethorpe was regarded by the settlers as a father to them, and they looked up to him not only with respect but with love and veneration.
Having no machinery the work of building homes for the settlers proceeded
slowly. One by one, however, the little frame houses began to rise, and the colonists with a pride in their new homes commenced to cultivate their sur rounding lots and, in the midst of a wild and cheerless country, to grow the bloom and beauty of an English civilization. In gratitude to the colony of South Carolina for the kind assistance extended to the emigrants Gen. Oglethorpe paid a visit to Charleston, and was received with a cordial demonstration. He expressed his gratitude, in behalf of the young colony, in a very graceful speech and pledged to South Carolina, in all her undertakings, his hearty support and co-operation.
The traditional account of the treaty between Gen. Oglethorpe and the old Mico, Tomo-chi-chi, is interesting. As soon as the colonists arrived, under the
leadership of Gen. Oglethorpe, they were met on the bluff by the chief himself, in company ofhis wife and a retinue of Indians. In front of the chief advanced the medicine man, bearing in his hands a fan of white feathers, emblematic of the peace and friendship that would always exist between them under the terms of the treaty. The chief, at this time, was ninety-one years old, but he was still erect and possessed a commanding influence over the neighboring tribes. A convention of all the chiefs
was subsequently called and, at the instance of Tomo-chi-chi, it was agreed that
no harm should befall the colony as long as they could prevent it In view of the perilous situation of the young colony, between the Spaniards on the south and the Indians to the north and west, in addition to the hardships incident to pioneer
life, the colony would' never have survived its infant struggles without the favor and

24

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

friendship of the red men; and both the wisdom of Gen. Oglethorpe and the magnanimity of the old Indian chief deserve to be commended.

EARLY STRUGGLES OP THE COLONY.
The numerical strength of the colony was increased by the arrival of a new emigrant ship, the "James," bringing seventeen passengers in May, 1733. The ves sel was commanded by Capt Yoakley and contained a lot of additional supplies for the colony. The new emigrants were given a hearty welcome by the settlers. Nouneasiness or alarm disturbed the peaceful life of the colony for several months. In wise provision, however, against the possibility of harm in the future, it was deemed prudent by Gen. Oglethorpe to begin the erection of a fort on the Ogeechee river at a point where the Indians usually crossed in carrying on their hostile relations with South Carolina. To the new military post he gave the name of Fort Argyle, in honor of his friend, the Duke of Argyle. A large number of families were immediately transferred from Savannah to this neighborhood for the purpose of strengthening the fortification. This was the second settlement made in Georgia. Fort Argyle was located near the mouth of the Ogeechee river about eighteen miles from Savannah.
In the neighborhood of Savannah a number of small villages were started, but they lacked the concentration of strength that was needed to give them life and vigor, and hence they declined. As a further protection to the colony a small fort was erected at Thunderbolt on St Augustine creek. A light-house was con structed on Tybee island and here also a guard was posted for security. As the number of emigrants increased, plantations were assigned to them along, the several water courses in the neighborhood of Savannah and on the islands in the vicinity. On July 7, 1733, Gen. Oglethorpe called a meeting of the colonists for the purpose of giving names to the streets and parks, and also to make such divisions of the town as might serve to better advantage the purposes of govern ment The town was divided into four wards: Pertival, Decker, Heathcote and Derby, in honor of the friends of Gen. Oglethorpe, who assisted his enterprise and who belonged to the nobility. Each ward was subdivided into four tithings and to each of these appropriate names were given. The public square was called Johnson square, in honor of Gov. Johnson of South Carolina. To the streets running north and south the names of Abercorn, Drayton, Bull and Whitaker were given. The streets crossing at right angles were designated as Bay, Bryan and St Julian. In the middle of Johnson square a large sun-dial was erected. This spot is now marked by a handsome shaft erected to the memory of Gen. Nathaniel Greene. The town lots were intended simply as sites for private dwellings. In addition to one of these town lots, sixty by ninety feet, each settler received a garden spot of five acres in the neighborhood and a farm containing forty-four acres and a fraction, making in all the total prescribed in the regulations of the colony. Judges were appointed and courts of justice established with the proper officers attached.
A few days after this public meeting was held a colony of forty Jews landed at Savannah, having received the permission of the trustees. Much dissatisfaction was caused by their arrival, but the Jews were permitted to remain and they were soon absorbed into the life of the growing colony. The formal deeds conveying the requisite amount of property to each settler were executed in proper form oh, July 7, 1733.
The next movement of Gen. Oglethorpe was to make a survey of the southern frontier of the province in order to form an estimate of the defense needed to

CIVIL, HISTORY.

2 ij

protect the colony against the Spaniards. To one of the islands on the coast below St. Simon he gave the name of Jekyll island, in honor of Sir Joseph JekylL During this expedition he selected sites for the future defenses of the frontier to which the
names of New Wilderness and Frederica were given. Gen. Oglethorpe returned to Savannah greatly pleased with his trip. The funds for meeting the expenses of the colony were nearly exhausted by this time, but they were shortly replenished by a handsome appropriation from the general government
In the spring of 1734 a large colony of Salzburgers landed at Savannah on board the "Purisburg." These worthy settlers came from Germany, where they had been the objects of bitter persecution on account of their religion. They applied to the trustees and were given the privilege of coming to Georgia provided they would become true subjects of the British crown. The colonists were given a warm welcome by Gen. Oglethorpe, and after a few days they made a settlement in what is now Effingham county. To this settlement they gave the name of Ebenezer, in
recognition of the fact that God had helped them. The Salzburgers labored under many disadvantages and were largely dependent upon the bounty of the trustees. In the following year they were reinforced by the arrival of a new colony of their persecuted fellow countrymen.
Having been away from England for nearly fifteen months Gen. Oglethorpe decided to return home on a short visit The colony was in a prosperous state and the frontiers of the province were well protected. He decided to carry with him
old Tomo-chi-chi, his wife and nephew and five Indian chiefs, who gladly consented to make the trip with him. The trustees were delighted with the Indians and with
the glowing account of Gen. Oglethorpe as to the growth and outlook for the young colony. The Indians were greatly amused and entertained by the revela tions of the new world into which they were ushered, and numerous presents were
heaped upon them by their admiring friends of the nobility. During their stay in London a portrait of Tomo-chi-chi and his nephew was sketched by one of the leading artists of the kingdom.
Gen. Oglethorpe was detained in England for several months after the
departure of the Indians. He was engaged, however, in prosecuting the affairs of the colony, and was instrumental in sending over a colony of Swiss and Moravian settlers in January, 1735. These settled at Fort Argyle on the Ogeechee river. A colony of Scotch.Highlanders was likewise sent over in the fall of the same year and located at New Inverness, on the Altamaha river. They gave to the district in which they settled the name of Darien.
For the purpose of introducing two important measures for the welfare of the colony Gen. Oglethorpe temporarily resumed his seat in parliament One of these measures was to prohibit the importation of intoxicating liquors into the colony, and the other the introduction of negro slaves. They were passed with the royal sanction but they failed to operate successfully, although wisely conceived. They served to place the colony at a great disadvantage, especially the prohibition of African slave labor, which was well adapted to the new and undeveloped country. New rules were adopted by the trustees for the regulation of the colony, which was fast growing and which called for important changes as experience and actual demonstration approved their expediency.

JOHN AND CHARLES WESLEY.
The success of Gen. Oglethorpe in planting the colony of Georgia and the hardships which he voluntarily endured in order to promote his enterprise soon gained for him a reputation not only in Great Britain but throughout the Christian

26

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

world. His humane and liberal spirit, thus signalized by his success, became the toast of all Europe, and many sonnets were composed in honor of the illustrious soldier and statesman.
Among the companions of Gen. Oglethorpe, on his return to America, were
two young men whose names were destined to become associated with the growth of Methodism in Georgia, John and Charles Wesley. In order to accompany Gen. Oglethorpe on his return voyage John Wesley gave up his position as a fellow in Lincoln college, Oxford, and decided to endure the hardships incident to mis sionary work in the new world. His brother, Charles Wesley, desired to accompany him, and Gen. Oglethorpe agreed to make him his private secretary,
and also the secretary of Indian affairs. Rev. Samuel Quincey, who had been the resident missionary in Georgia, failed to give satisfaction and his commission was revoked on Oct. 10,1735.
The vessel was delayed by adverse winds and it was not until Dec. 10 that the sails were lifted. It was a stormy and tempestuous voyage, but the trip was finally accomplished. Mr. Wesley was deeply impressed with the religious conduct of the German emigrants on board, and he immediately began the study of German in order to understand the character of these people more fully. On his return Gen. Oglethorpe found that much dissatisfaction had prevailed during his absence on account of the oppressive conduct of Thomas Causton, who was left in charge of the government Under the direction of Gen. Oglethorpe, however, order was again restored.
The Germans who came over with Gen. Oglethorpe were permitted to join their fellow countrymen at Ebenezer. On a subsequent visit to Ebenezer it \vas found that the colony was not prospering on account of the sterile condition of
the land. Gen. Oglethorpe at first opposed a change of location, but the Salzburgers felt that a change was necessary, and in a short time the old settlement
was abandoned for a new one near the Savannah river. The plan of the settlement was drawn by Gen. Oglethorpe and closely resembled that of Savannah. Shortly after his return Gen. Oglethorpe founded the colony of Frederica, on St Simons
island, at the mouth of the Altamaha river, named in honor of Frederick, Prince
of Wales. This was in February, 1736. Here he constructed a fort and fixed his own place of residence After commencing these military fortifications on the island Gen. Oglethorpe continued his tour of inspection. He visited all the new
settlements and found them in a flourishing condition. Passing beyond Jekyll island he discovered a new body of land, to which he gave the name of Cumberland island in honor of the Duke of Cumberland. Here he located two forts, one on the northern extremity called Fort Andrews and one on the southern extremity called Fort Williams. This tour was of great advantage to Gen. Oglethorpe in his
subsequent difficulties with the Spaniards, as it gave him a thorough knowledge of the country.
Before leaving the colony on his return voyage to England Gen. Oglethorpe had given instructions to lay out a military post further up the Savannah river. The name of Augusta was given to this new town. The first settler was Roger
de Lacey, an Indian agent.
Gen. Oglethorpe's new secretary entered upon the discharge of his duties with
zeal and earnestness, but he soon found that his lot was not a happy one, and a gradual estrangement sprung up between himself and Gen. Oglethorpe. The
change was too decided for the young minister who was just from the cloisters,
and who was accustomed to a more pronounced religious atmosphere than he
found in the colony. A reconciliation, however, was afterward effected, though Mr. Wesley was never satisfied. In the summer of 1736 he resigned his com-

CIVIIi HISTORY.

"

27

mission, but Gen. Oglethorpe prevailed upon him to withdraw it. He returned to England, however, and his health declining, he was not permitted to cross the water. His resignation was tendered, therefore, and accepted. Mr. Wesley is the author of many familiar hymns that are sung to-day in the Christian world. It
was Charles Wesley who suggested to Mr. Whitfield the establishment of an orphan asylum in Georgia.
Rev. John Wesley, the more distinguished of the two brothers, and known as the founder of Methodism, began his missionary work among the Indians. He .held his first interview with Tomo-chi-chi on Feb. 14, 1736. The old chief explained to him that he was greatly perplexed by the French on the one hand and the Spaniards on the other, but he would be glad to call his people together. The chief was not impressed with the conduct of the white Christians, as they had been guilty of many acts that seemed to contradict their religion. Mr. Wesley was not encouraged by his work among the Indians. He was ignorant of their language
and lacked the services of a good interpreter. He was, therefore, compelled to give up his work among them and devote his time to the Europeans. His labors in Savannah were characterized by intense zeal, and his sermons, though bold and vigorous denunciations, were marked by a peculiar eloquence, and hundreds flocked to hear him whenever it was known that he was going to preach. The first Sunday school in Georgia was organized by Mr. Wesley in Savannah, and in the weekly services that were held each Wednesday evening the germ of the Methodist church was planted. On account of Mr. Wesley's bold and fearless conduct in denouncing people, and especially his attitude with reference to certain members of his congregation, charges were preferred against him and these proved
very damaging, to his reputation. Mr. Wesley was deeply grieved by the charges against him and he determined to quit the province. Accordingly on Dec. 24, *737 he sailed for England, never to return.
In his dealings with the Spaniards Gen. Oglethorpe was soon convinced of
their hostile intentions. Accordingly he set out for England a second time in January, 1737. This was long before the troubles of Mr. Wesley commenced.
The fortunes of the province began to waver at this time. The threatened invasion
of the Spaniards which necessitated the return of Gen. Oglethorpe to England in order to procure arms and ammunition, and the hardships incident to pioneer life, were beginning to fret the colonists and they were sorely discouraged over the
situation. Fifty-seven thousand acres of land had been granted to the settlers and five large towns had been established. Slave labor, however, was needed in order to compete with the other colonists, but this the trustees steadily refused.

DIFFICULTIES WITH THE SPANIARDS.
The fullness of time had now arrived for the Spaniards to assert their claim to the land occupied by the colony of Georgia. In their settlement of South Carolina the English derived their claim from the discovery of the Cabots, John and Sebastian, in 1497. The Florida peninsula was settled by the Spaniards, and the dividing line between the two discoveries was never fully determined. The early Spanish discoverers who explored the continent were Juan Ponce de Leon, a daring officer, who labored under the delusion that the fountain of youth existed among the flowers of this tropical country; and Ferdinand De Soto, who pene trated the wilds of the interior until he discovered the waters of the Mississippi. During this expedition De Soto marched through Georgia, camping near the site of the present city of Augusta and near the confluence of the Etowah and the Oostanaula rivers. Relics of this expedition have been preserved, and they have

28

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

thrown considerable light on Georgia's pre-historic annals. These explorations of the Spaniards were made during the early part of the sixteenth century.
The new colony of Georgia thus planted between these hostile frontiers, though it served to strengthen the arm of South Carolina was not calculated, by any
means, to appease the greed of the Spaniards. It was now time for Spain to assert her dominion and accordingly she raised the standard of war on Oct. 22,
1/39. In the meantime Gen. Oglethorpe had returned from England and every precaution was taken for the defense of the frontier. Soldiers were distributed along the coast and each fort was strongly garrisoned. A conference was held with the Indians and the original treaty was confirmed.
Hostilities began by the introduction of spies who endeavored to excite a
mutiny among the soldiers and to murder Gen. Oglethorpe. The design of the Spaniards, however, was intercepted, and the men who were appointed to execute it were tried and shot. An effort to incite insurrection among the negroes of South Carolina was also made and, though the movement failed, it served to put Gen. Oglethorpe more securely on his guard in showing him the dangerous char acter of the enemy.
In addition to the wily schemes of the Spaniards, Gen. Oglethorpe was menaced by a lack of enthusiasm and a spirit of discontent in his own camp. A number of the colonists were dissatisfied because of the refusal of the trustees to grant them a title to their lands in fee simple and to allow the impoitation of negro slaves. In consequence of this refusal the colony was in a wavering condition and there was little inclination on the part of the settlers to imperil their lives for such a restricted liberty. A petition was sent to the trustees at this critical juncture but they still refused. They sought, however, to pacify the discontented element by giving them
a promise of speedy relief in a different direction. On Oct. 5, 1739, Tomo-chi-chi, the old Indian chief, died. He had reached
the advanced age of ninety-seven years and his dying exhortation to his people was to stand squarely by the English. His only regret in dying was that he was pre vented from serving Gen. Oglethorpe in his war against the Spaniards. The death of the old Indian was calm and peaceful, and his soul passed out into the spirit land just as the red October sunset was beginning to shed its glory upon the forest and to give a crimson hue to the foliage. In the death of the old chief the colony realized a severe loss and he was mourned as if he had been one of their own countrymen.
Receiving orders to prosecute war against the Spaniards, who had committed a number of outrages along the frontier, Gen. Oglethorpe enlisted 1,000 Indians and started in pursuit of the enemy, routing them with great slaughter. On Dec. I, 1739, he resolved to penetrate farther into Florida. The expedition succeeded, and after gaining possession of the St John's river, he returned to Frederica. In May of the following year he collected 1,100 men and marched toward St Augustine. He was reinforced on the way, however, by troops from South Carolina, and sending on a detachment in advance he hoped thereby to deceive the enemy. The movement failed, however, and many of the soldiers were either murdered or taken prisoners. Gen. Oglethorpe resolved to besiege the town, but after twenty days, on account of ill health, he was forced to abandon
the siege and return to Frederica. For several reasons the growth of the colony began to slacken and the trustees
resolved upon a change of government. They made a division of the colony into two distinct counties--Savannah and Frederica. Each county was to be governed by a presiding officer, and the power of the courts was restricted to prevent them from oppressing the inhabitants. Two years later the two counties were con
solidated.

CIVIL HISTORY.

29

In a final effort to overthrow the colony the Spaniards resolved to invade Georgia with a strong fleet Seven thousand men and fifty-six vessels left Havana and started for the Georgia coast in the spring of 1742. They were met by Gen. Oglethorpe, however, in the sound near Cumberland island and driven back into the Florida waters. Gen. Oglethorpe returned to Frederica and sent to Charleston for immediate aid. On June 28 a fleet of thirty-six vessels, bearing 5,000 Spaniards, appeared near one of the islands, and raising the battle flag, proceeded to land on the southern extremity of the island. Gen. Oglethorpe had only 700 men, but he was momentarily expecting to be reinforced. On July i the first engagement occurred, but on account of the numerical weakness of his troops Gen. Oglethorpe suffered a severe defeat It was found that two of his companies were missing and he was greatly concerned to know what had become of them. In the meantime, however, these companies retrieved the fortunes of the day by getting behind the Spaniards and secreting themselves in ambush along the road. As soon as the enemy came up they halted and stacked their guns. The signal was then given and a deadly fire of shot was poured upon the Spaniards. Two hundred and fifty of their men were killed. Gen. Oglethorpe hearing of the engagement immediately promoted the two officers. By a shrewd letter that was written to Gen. Oglethorpe in French, and addressed to one of his deserters who had fled into the Spanish camp and who would probably betray the weakness of his troops, unless intercepted, the desired effect was produced, and the Spaniards were given to understand that Gen. Oglethorpe was strongly reinforced and in possession of vast supplies of ammunition. The Spaniards were overcome with dismay, and setting fire to their camp they embarked on July 14, 1742. This concluded the Spanish difficulties, as the war between Spain and England across the water engaged the attention of the two countries and the colony was left serenely undisturbed.
Rev. George Whitfield came to Georgia just in advance of the Spanish invasion. From the two Wesleys he conceived the idea of establishing an orphan asylum in Georgia, and by his eloquent appeals he soon succeeded in raising the necessary funds. The asylum was located at Bethesda, and completed during the year 1741.
GEN. OQLETHORPE LEAVES THE COLONY.
In September, 1743, Gen. Oglethorpe left the colony, having watched its early growth and progress and having guided its affairs with consummate skill and ability. His departure from the province caused universal sorrow. The return of Gen. Oglethorpe to England was hastened by the diminution of his private fortune. In order to promote the welfare of the colony he had not only given up his seat in parliament but had even sacrificed a portion of his property. On account of certain charges that were made against him by one of his officers, Lieut-Col. Cooke, he called for a thorough investigation soon after reaching England. As the result of this investigation the charges were pronounced false and without foundation and their author was given his dismissal from the army.
In 1745 the appointment of brigadier-general was conferred upon Gen. Oglethorpe by George II. during the war with France. During this same year he wedded Elizabeth Wright, the daughter of a wealthy baronet. Being called to meet the pretender, a close kinsman, he was commissioned with the title of majorgeneral, and subsequently, on Feb. 22, 1747, he was still further promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general. Eighteen years after this he was made the commander-in-chief of all his majesty's forces. He was offered the command of the British troops in the revolutionary war, but he refused the offer partially on account of his advanced age and because his sympathies were largely enlisted

30

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

in behalf of the colonies. He lived to see the colony of Georgia erected into a free state and forming a part of an independent nation. Among his personal friends he had numbered the intellectual men and women of Europe, among them Edmund Burke, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Hannah More. He survived all his contemporaries and, as a very singular coin cidence, died at the advanced age of ninety-seven years, exactly that of Tomochi-chi, the old Indian chief who had greeted him on*the bluffs of the New World. Gen. Oglethorpe was buried with national honors and a splendid memorial was subsequently erected over him. A more illustrious soldier, benefactor, Christian statesman and philanthropist never lived, and the fame of Gen. Oglethorpe is equally cherished by all Georgians and by all true Englishmen.
SLAVES INTRODUCED AND THE BOSOMWORTH CLAIM.
In spite of the frequent appeals that were made by the colonists the trustees persistently refused to allow the importation of negro slaves. They were strength ened in this position by letters received from the German servers who differed in their views from the remainder of the colony. Finally, however, after several years had elapsed the eloquence of Rev. Geo. Whitfield, combined with the approval of the Salzburgers, prevailed upon the trustees. Resolutions stating the terms on which the colonists desired the importation of slaves were drawn up and read before the trustees on May 16, 1749. The petition was granted with a proviso that called for the proper treatment of the slaves and for their education and religious instruction. The cultivation of silk, though discontinued before the revolution, was one of the chief industries of the colony at this time* Rice and indigo were also cultivated.
The new era of growth that dawned upon the colony in the final concessions of the trustees was soon clouded by what is known as the "Bosomworth Claim." Thomas Bosomworth, a 'minister sent out by the trustees to labor among the Indians, had married Mary Musgrove, the interpreter for Gen. Oglethorpe, and through his influence she was led to assert her claims to all the islands along the coast The denial of her claim by the president of the colony resulted in the organization of a small band of followers, headed by her husband, who marched against Savannah. Xo blood was shed, however, though Mary and her husband were both captured. The colonists assured the Indians that Mary had imposed upon them, and urged that as long as they had been friends since the landing of Oglethorpe they might continue their cordial relations. The Indians were satisfied and left Savannah. Mary was afterward set at liberty with her husband, but the case was carried into the English courts and there died a natural death.
A change in the government was resolved upon at this time by the trustees. They first called for a general assembly, but on account of the lack of sufficient legislative power it soon dissolved. In 175 r, Col. Wm. Stephens, who had been for eight years the president of the colony, resigned. Two years later he died, having become a mental and physical wreck on account of his cares and the burden of advancing years. Henry Parker, the vice-president, succeeded him, with James Habersham as secretary. During this year the title to land was changed to a fee simple, and there was great rejoicing throughout the colony.
In order to provide a militia for the protection of the colony the trustees required every man who owned 300 acres of land to appear at a certain time on. horseback, and all who owned less to appear on foot. At a subsequent meeting Capt. Xoble Jones was placed in command. The Uchee Indians in the neighbor hood of Savannah, and the Cherokees in the northern part of the province, exhibited hostile intentions and it was necessary for the colony to be on its guard.

CIVIL. HISTORY.

31

A large colony of Puritans settled on the Ogeechee river at Midway in 1752. They had settled first in Massachusetts, but on account of the severe climate they decided to come farther south. It was only human that, after the expiration of twenty-one years, the trustees should have no desire to renew the charter. On April 29, 1752, the last meeting of the trustees was held and all matters pertaining to the colony were settled. It is well to note, in this connection, that the trustees included many of the noblest and purest men in England, who managed the affairs of the colony without reward or compensation. In 1752, therefore, Georgia passed directly under the British crown.
UNDER THE BRITISH CROWN.
The last president of the colony, under the government of the trustees, was Patrick Graham. On March 5, 1754, a committee appointed by the lords of the council recommended that Georgia be governed like the other colonies in America, by a royal governor, a legislative body and by courts of law and equity. It was further provided that officers should be appointed for the collection of customs and duties and that a provost-marshal, an attorney-general and a secretary to the governor be also appointed. This recommendation was adopted, and the first royal governor sent to Georgia was Capt John Reynolds of the navy. A new seal, retaining the principal features of the old one, was ordered for the colony. The newly appointed governor reached Savannah in October, 1754, and was cordially received.
His first appointments were James Habersham, secretary, and Wm. Clifton, attorney-genefial. The command of the militia, the right to convene and dissolve the assembly at will, and the veto authority, were among the powers vested in the governor of the colony. Patrick Graham was elected president of the upper house and David Douglas of Augusta, speaker of the commons house.
In the organization of the judiciary Noble Jones and Jonathan Bryan were appointed to hold office during the king's pleasure. They had jurisdiction of all crimes and offenses committed in the colony and the right to try all civil matters above forty shillings. A court of chancery was also organized with the governor at the head.
On Jan. 7, 1755, the first legislative assembly met in Savannah. Gov. Rey nolds delivered a well received address and called upon the colonists for their support and co-operation. He began his administration by making a tour of the province, and being impressed with a certain locality on the Ogeechee river he conceived the idea of moving the capital to that point The removal was never made, however, and his plans of defense for the better security of the province were also postponed.
A rupture between the governor and the legislative assembly occurred during the following year and he never regained the love of the colony. Complaints were made against him and he was called to England for investigation. As the result of these complaints Georgia received a new governor, who arrived before the departure of Gov. Reynolds.
A large number of French Catholics who arrived at Savannah in a destitute condition were given admittance to the colony, but they left in the spring of the following year.

ADMINISTRATION OP GOVS. ELLIS AND WRIGHT.
Georgia's next royal governor was Henry Ellis. He arrived in Savannah in February, 1757, and was received by the people with enthusiasm on account of his

2

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

distinguished reputation. He addressed himself to the relief of the people, and sought by kindness to secure their confidence. He concluded his address to the legislature by saying: "If my wishes and efforts for the welfare of the colony prove fruitless I shall be the first to solicit my recall." A bill was passed by the legisla ture offering a home in the province to insolvent debtors.
The province, at this time, was divided into eight parishes: Christ Church, including Savannah; St Paul's, including Augusta; St Matthew's, including Abercom and Ebenezer; St. George's, including Halifax; St Philip's, including Great Ogeechee; St John's, including Midway; St Andrew's, including Darien;
and St James', including Frederica. The exports of indigo and rice by the colony were very large.
Difficulties with the Indians, involving all the English settlements in America, soon extended into Georgia and Fort Prince George on the Savannah river became the center of hostile operations. After much disaster and bloodshed the Indians,
nearly all of whom belonged to the Cherokee nation, were defeated and a treaty of peace was concluded. On account of ill-health Gov. Ellis requested his recall, but the government, refusing to give up such a valuable man, transferred him to Nova Scotia. He was a good man and was held in high respect by the colony. His departure from the province was greatly regretted.
Gov. James Wright was the third and last governor of the colony. He arrived in Savannah Oct u, 1760. Having* practiced law in South Carolina he was familiar with the needs of the colony and understood the situation. The affairs of the colony were at a low ebb, but Gov. Wright immediately addressed himself to the task of restoring a better condition. A number of plantations were reclaimed from the swamp, and bills of credit were put into circulation.
On Oct 25, King George II. of England died. Impressive services were held
by the colonists in his honor, as he had granted the charter to the colony and given it his own name. A report from Gov. Ellis revealed the colony to be in a prosperous condition at this time. No articles were manufactured, but numerous products of the soil were exported. A breach of feeling between the governor and the chief justice at this time led to a very unfair procedure on the part of the chief justice, and he was accordingly removed by the English authorities in 1763.
In order to conciliate the Indians Gen. Wright issued a general call to all the tribes to meet him at Augusta. He was aware of ihe hostile attitude of the French settlers, and their influence with the Indians needed to be counteracted. Seven hundred Indians were present, representing the Catawbas, the Choctaws, the Chickasaws, the Cherokees and the Creeks. The governors of North and South Carolina and of Virginia were also present A general treaty of peace was
signed.
As a result of an understanding between Great Britain and France the territorial limits of the province extended as far west as the middle of the Mississippi river. Florida was surrendered to the British, and after the removal of the Spaniards it was settled by French emigrants. It was agreed, as the southern boundary of the province, to fix the St Mary's river. Four additional parishes were added to the province in 1765--St. Patrick's, St Thomas', St David's and St Mary's, all between the Altamaha river and the Florida line.
The conduct of the British government at this time sounded the first note of alienation. As the result of the French and Indian war on the continent a heavy debt was entailed and it was decided by the British ministry that this debt should be paid by the colonies.
In pursuance of this decision the nefarious stamp act was shortly afterward passed in parliament, requiring all papers, bonds and deeds to have stamps on

CIVIL HISTORY.

33

them which amounted to a heavy tax. The free, open life of the North American

forest had fully aroused the colonial spirit of liberty, and a wave of popular indigna

tion extended itself along the entire Atlantic coast. A general congress was called

to meet in New York in October, 1765.



t4

A meeting was held in Savannah at which resolutions were passed expressing

full sympathy with the movement, but on account of the interference of Gov. Ellis

no delegates were sent to the New York congress. A public demonstration

ordered by Gov. Wright to commemorate the succession of George III. to the

throne was converted into a scene of protest and remonstrance that indicated, in

no slight measure, the spirit of revolution.

THE EVE OF REVOLUTION.
The enforcement of the stamp act was not calculated to increase the affection of the colony for the mother country, and the stamps that were sent over by the government were only used on cumpulsion. Gov. Wright received a number of letters and his life was in imminent peril as long as the stamp act continued in operation. On Feb. 22, 1766, the offensive act was repealed and good will and harmony were restored; Gov. Wright made a neat speech and the people assured him that they would remain loyal subjects as long as their rights and liberties were not invaded.
The population of the colony at this time was about 18,000. One hundred and seventy-one vessels entered the harbor and the active militia numbered 1,800. The growing of silk reached its highest mark and the general condition of the colony was good, due largely to the wise administration of Gov. Wright. If the stamp 'act encountered a fixed resistance on the part of the colonies it was simply paving the way for the military act, a second measure of oppression, that provided for the raising and quartering of troops on the continent. A demand was made on Gov. Wright for barracks in which to accommodate a body of British soldiers. This demand was laid before the assembly only to be indignantly refused.
In February, 1768, a letter was received by the speaker of the assembly front the speaker of the Massachusetts house proposing a colonial union. The legis lature was not in session, but the speaker penned a letter in which he expressed his full sympathy. This action offended Gov. Wright, to whom it savored of disloyalty. In April of this year Benj. Franklin was appointed as Georgia's agent to the court of Great Britain. The legislature that met this year approved the action of the speaker in regard to a colonial union of aggrieved subjects and was immediately dissolved by Gov. Wright.
The assembly appealed to the crown through their agent only to be ignored. Events, however, were slowly drifting on. The Boston massacre created another wave of indignation and the colonies became more firmly united. A meeting was held at a private house in Savannah, at which it was declared that all commercial relations with England should cease and that anyone who should deal with her would be a foe to the interests of liberty. Jonathan Bryan, a member of the gov ernor's council, was present at this meeting.
In July, 1771, Gov. Wright left for England and was absent a year and a half. James Habersham, a friend to the colonies, filled the position during his absence and though it gave him pain, he ruled with loyalty to England and the assembly was frequently dissolved. Returning to America Gov. Wright issued a call for a second meeting of all the Indian tribes at Augusta. In order to extinguish a debt contracted with the traders the Indians conceded a large tract of land to the colony. Numerous depredations were committed by them, however, along the frontier after the conclusion of the treaty. In the meantime it became evident from the
i-s

34

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

attitude of the British ministry and the withdrawal of the charter of the Massa
chusetts colony that only one course was left, and that was expressed in the word-- Liberty.
A meeting of all the friends of liberty was held in Savannah on Aug. 10, 1774, against the protest of the governor. This meeting was called by Noble Wimberly
Jones, Archibald Bulloch, John Houston, and George Walton. Each parish was represented, and a set of resolutions expressive of the feelings entertained by the
colony was drawn up. The Boston' port bill, the withdrawal of the charter of Mas sachusetts, the unjust taxation of the colonies, and the transportation of accused
persons to England for trial, were all heartily condemned. The effect of these
resolutions was to show that Georgia was in full sympathy with the revolutionary movement.
In order to counteract these resolutions a meeting of the royalists was also held
in Savannah, and resolutions passed to which a number of fictitious names were affixed. A provincial congress was held in Savannah on Jan. 18, 1775, presided over by John Glen, the legislature being in session at the same time. On account
of the sympathy existing between the lower house and the provincial congress and
a resolution to send delegates to the continental congress in Philadelphia, May 10, 1775. the governor adjourned the assembly until May 9. Delegates, however, were
elected by the provincial congress: X. W. Jones, A. Bulloch, and John Houston, bur, on account of dissensions, they did not attend. Lyman Hall, who was elected at a special meeting of St. John's parish, was present, however, and his name was enrolled.
Just at this time it was reported in Georgia that 3,000 British troops had
collected in Boston, and that great danger was felt. Gathering up a body of men, on the night of May u, Joseph Habersham made a raid on the powder magazine at Savannah A large part of the ammunition was stored away in private cellars, and the remainder conveyed secretly to Boston. Gov. Wright made an effort to punish the guilty parties, but they were never discovered. The feeling of the colonists was so intense that a young royalist who ridiculed the friends of liberty for their conduct was tarred and feathered in the public square at Savannah.
The next provincial congress met on July 4, 1775, and every parish was repre sented. Information was given, during the session, that 14,000 pounds of powder would shortly arrive at Tybce for the suppression of the colonists. It was resolved
to capture this powder, and the enterprise, being placed in the hands of Col. Haber sham and Commodore Bo\veh, succeeded. The situation had grown alarming, and Gov. Wright. seeing that he was powerless, asked for his recall. In the meantime the council of safety ordered the arrest of Gov. Wright, and the order was executed by Joseph Habersham in person. He afterward escaped, however, and made his way to England. At a subsequent meeting of the provincial congress held in January, 1776, A. Bulloch, John Houston, George Walton, Lyman Hall and Button Gwinnett were selected to represent Georgia in the continental congress. Provisions were also made for the protection of the Savannah river. A number of British vessels were in the river at this time, and it was agreed upon to capture these vessels or set them on fire. The latter course was adopted and successfully carried into effect. Those who figured in this bold enterprise were Col. Lachlan Mclntosh. Commodore Bowen. Joseph Habersham. James Jackson, Samuel Elbert and John Morel.

GEORGIA NO LONGER A ROYAL COLONY.
In behalf of Georgia the declaration of independence was signed by George Yv'alton. Lyman Hall and Button Gwinnett. When the news reached Georgia a

CIVIL HISTORY.

25

public demonstration was held and great enthusiasm prevailed. A copy of the declaration was read, and at night bonfires were kindled. In order to adopt a new form of government to meet the changed condition of things a convention was called to meet in Savannah on Feb. 5, 1777. The declaration of independence was ratified and provision made for the selection of a governor and a legislative assembly. A chief justice for the state and a superior court for each county were also provided. The new constitution abolished the parishes and divided the state into eight counties, named in honor of the friends of liberty across the water. The counties were designated as Chatham, Glynn, Effingham, Richmond, Burke, Camden, Liberty and Wilkes. A new seal was adopted, one bearing the inscription "Deus nobis haec otia facit," and the other, "Pro bono publico." Archibald Bulloch, who was chief executive, under the new constitution, died shortly after the adoption, and was succeeded by Button Gwinnett, who had been instrumental in its preparation.
Without consulting Col Mclntosh, who was in charge of the military opera tions of the state, the new executive projected one or two important expeditions much to the anger of Col. Mclntosh. The failure of these expeditions did not appease .him, and when the next election for governor was held Col. Mclntosh successfully used his efforts to defeat Gwinnett. As the result of this feud the defeated aspirant for gubernatorial succession challenged Col. Mclntosh to mortal combat. Facing each other at a distance of twelve paces they simultaneously fired. Both fell wounded, Gwinnett dying in a few days and Mclntosh recovering after a painful illness. At the suggestion of Col. Walton he afterward sought a transfer to the northern division of the army in order to avoid the hostility of Mr. Gwinnett's friends.
IN THE REVOLUTION.
The valor and patriotism thai: Georgia evinced during the revolution was equal to that of her sister colonies who had suffered with her under the yoke of British oppression. Her blood and treasure were freely dedicated to the cause of liberty, and having entered the revolution she determined to persevere in the struggle until every resource was exhausted. In January, 1778, John Houston was called to the executive chair. Gen. Howe, who was in command of the southern army, at the suggestion of Gov. Houston, commenced operations against the British in Florida, assisted by Col. Elijah Clarke. The enterprise was soon abandoned, however, on account of dissensions, which made it impossible to proceed with a union of strength.
Gen. Washington, who was in command of the American forces, had gained a signal victory in the meantime, notwithstanding the severity of the winter, at Trenton, N. j., and the enthusiasm of the patriots was deeply aroused. Gen. Howe was called to Philadelphia, where he took an active part with Gen. Washington in the battle of Brandywine in that vicinity. The rigors of the northern winter were intense, but the sufferings of the British were equally as pronounced as those of the patriots, and the fortunes of battle seemed to favor the cause of liberty. Burgoyne was forced to surrender to Gen. Gates, and this was followed by friendly offices from France which gave the colonists every reason to indulge in the hope of ulti
mate victory. In November, 1778, Gen. Clinton, in command of British troops, left New
York for the Georgia coast, taking with him a fleet of ten vessels and 3,500 men. Gen. Howe, who had returned to Savannah, hastened to meet him with as many men as he could hastily summon. After landing his forces about two miles from Savannah on the south Gen. Clinton made a ca.mp. Having located the British

36

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

forces Gen. Howe ordered the bridges, over which they would have to pass in order to make an attack on the Americans, burned to the edge of the water. The British officer, however, was shrewd, and leaving a portion of his men facing the head quarters of Gen. Howe, he withdrew the greater number of them from the rear, and discovered a circuitous route by which to advance upon the Americans unawares. In this way the British gained a signal victory, and the troops under Gen. Howe
were scattered in even,- direction. As the result of this martial stratagem Savannah fell into the hands of the enemy, and numerous spoliations and brutalities were committed. Gen. Howe was severely censured for his carelessness in allowing the British to get the better of him, as Col. George Walton, among others,'had warned him of the danger of the situation. Being acquitted by the court-martial that was
ordered to try him. he \vas recalled from the southern department, and Gen. Lincoln sent to Georgia in his stead.

SAVANNAH OCCUPIED ET THE BRITISH.
The defeat of Gen. Hcwe greatly discouraged the American cause in Georgia, and on the return of Gov. Wright from England in the summer of 1779 a large. number of the colonists were induced to join the king on the assurance of a favor able reception. On the arrival of Gen. Lincoln the situation in Georgia was not very inviting. He had scarcely more than 1,200 men against 4,000 British in possession of the city and adjacent strongholds. The hopes of the patriots were revived in a measure by small victories won over the royalists in Burke county and in the neighborhood of Augusta, and this afforded them enough encouragement to \vait for brighter signs. Hostilities were practically suspended during the spring and summer of 1/79. though Savannah remained in possession of the British.
In the meantime the legislative business of the state was carried on in Augusta. John Houston continued to act as governor until the legislature convened, and John \Verriat \vas elected. A quorum, however, was not present, and Col. George Walton challenged the election. A new assembly being called Col. Walton was declared the chief executive.
Count d'Estaingr. who represented the favor of the French government, and who had won quite a number of signal victories, reached Georgia on Sept. 23, 1779. with a large number of frigates and battle ships. He captured several British vessels near Tybee Island, and after landing pitched his camp about three miles from .Savannah. Gen. Provost, in charge of the British forces, ordered all outposts to fall back into the city.
Count d'Estaing was soon joined by Gen. Lincoln, and together they resolved to lay siege to Savannah. The count, however, perceiving that the storms were ruining his vessels, proposed an attack, and for this purpose 2,500 men were put in motion. The British, v.'ho were on their guard, perceived the advance of the Americans and their allies, and proceeded to open fire. Count d'Estaing, in leading the gallant charge, received a severe wound and fell back with his men. The American?, however, pressed forward until they planted a battle flag on one of the principal redoubts. This flag had been presented to Sergt. Jasper by Mrs. Elliott. of South Carolina. As soon as the flag was placed in position it was immediately struck down. As quick as a flash the gallant hero leaped to the top of the battlement, and. amid a storm of bullets, reinstated the flag securely. This noble feat accomplished, he fell to the ground mortally wounded.
'Tell Mrs. Elliott:' said lie with his last breath, as he lay on the field, "that I died fighting for my colors."

CIVIL HISTORY.

37

In the same bloody engagement Count Pulaski, a brave and dashing Polish officer, was also mortally wounded. On the following day Gen. Lincoln retreated to Charleston, S. C, the French fleet returned home, and Savannah remained securely in possession of the British.
In 1780 Charleston shared the fate of Savannah and fell into the hands of the enemy. During the same year the seat of government was changed from Augusta to Heard's Fort, in Wilkes county. Having reduced both Charleston and Savannah, Gen. Clinton next endeavored to subjugate all the southern colonies. He ordered Col. Brown to take possession of Augusta, and this ferocious and brutal officer immediately undertook to capture that stronghold. Col. Elijah Clarke, however, intercepted his movements and put the force to rout, while on the way to Augusta, with great slaughter. He was subsequently reinforced, and Col. Clarke's efforts to retain Augusta proved unsuccessful.
Gen. Nathaniel Greene assumed the command of the southern army in the spring of 1781. He was successful to a marked degree, and the British were driven into the neighborhood of their strongholds at Charleston and Savannah. During the summer, with the aid of Lieut-Col. Henry Lee and Gen. Pickens. a second effort was made by Col. Clarke to capture Augusta. Forts Grierson and Cornwallis, by which it was defended, were both taken, and June 5,1781, Augusta was re-occupied by the Americans. It was during this critical season that Xancy Hart, a brave woman residing in Elbert county, who cordially despised the tones, held six of
them captive in her house by forbidding them to move, under the penalty of being shot. One of them made a movement toward her and fell dead at her feet. A county was subsequently named in honor of this brave woman. Maj. James Jackson was left in charge of Augusta, while Pickens and Lee hastened to join Gen. Greene at Ninety-Six.
At the north the issue of battle was decidedly in favor of the colonies. On Oct. 19, 1781, Gen. Cornwallis surrendered his army of 7.000 men to Gen.
Washington. The Americans in the south, especially in Georgia, were greatly
reduced on account of privations to which they were subjected, but they had evenreason to be encouraged, and they persevered through existing hardships in the hope of ultimate victor}'.

THE EVACUATION OP SAVANNAH AND THE CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION.
In January, 1782, Gen. Wayne was sent into Georgia, and by his skillful maneuvering he succeeded in driving the British into their stronghold at Savannah. Realizing that little hope of success was now left to them, and that further resistance was fruitless, they voluntarily surrendered the city on July n, 1782. A treaty of peace was signed between the United States and England at Paris on Xov. 30. 1782, by which the independence of the thirteen states was recognized, and the war of the revolution was at an end.
The governors who had served Georgia during this critical period were George Walton, Richard Howley, Stephen Heard, Xathan Brownson and John Martin. On Jan. 9, 1783, Lyman Hall was elected governor, and George Walton chief justice. On account of the enlarged area of population the seat of government, which was transferred to Savannah after the evacuation by the British, was again changed to Augusta, in order to be nearer the center of population. Gov. Hall delivered an address to the legislature that convened July 8, urging the people of the state to devote themselves to a speedy restitution of their losses, and to prove themselves worthy of the freedom which they had achieved. A tax was levied on slaves and property, and the lands of all the royal adherents were confiscated. A

,g

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

treaty was made with the Indians by which enough territory was ceded for two additional counties. They were given the names of Franklin and Washington, in honor of those two distinguished patriots of the revolution. John Houston was called to the executive chair in January, 1784. At the next session of the legislature a bill was introduced providing for the establishment of a state university.

THE STATE UNIVERSITY FOUNDED.
Scarcely had Georgia emerged from the revolution before she commenced to lay the foundation of a broad and liberal system of education. The bill that was introduced in the legislature provided for a survey in each of the counties of Washington and Franklin of 20,000 acres of land, divided into tracts of 5,000 acres each, for the endowment of an institution of learning; the said lands to be granted in trust to the governor for the time being, John Houston, James Habersham, William Few, Joseph Clay, Abraham Baldwin, William Houston and Nathan Brownson. By an act of the legislature, passed in the following year, a board of visitors was created, to consist of the governor, the speaker of the house and the chief justice of the state, and a board of trustees composed of influential Georgians, the two bodies to be known as the Senatus Academicus of the University of Georgia. The first meeting of the Senatus Academicus was held in Louisville, Ga., in 1/99, and Joseph Meigs was chosen as the first president, at a salary of $1,200. The original site for the university was located in Greene county, but the trustees were not satisfied, and it was subsequently changed to the banks of the Oconee river, in Franklin county, and the name of Athens given to the location.
A land court was organized in 1784 for the purpose of investigating all claims to the land recently ceded by the Indians. Nearly 5,000 applications were received, based on various grounds. Twenty thousand acres were voted to Count d'Estaing in recognition of his gallant services. In 1785 Samuel Elbert was elected governor. His administration was characterized by Indian disturbances along the frontier. The general government had appointed commissioners to meet with the Creeks and the Cherokees to fix the boundary line, but Georgia claimed that her wishes in the matter should have been consulted, and accordingly appointed her own commission to see that her rights were not invaded. The year 1786 began with the election of Edward Telfair as governor, and was subsequently marked by the death of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, who died at his home, about fourteen miles from Savannah. By an act of congress the currency was changed from the English to the American system. It was ascertained that the debt of the state was $150,000, and1 bills of credit were accordingly issued.

GEORGIA ENTERS THE UNION.
Gov. Telfair was succeeded by George Matthews in 1787. In April of this year a boundary line was agreed upon between Georgia and South Carolina. A convention having been called by the continental congress to meet on Feb. 21, 1787, to establish a national constitution, the following delegates represented the state at Philadelphia: William Few, William Houston, William Pierce, Abram Baldwin, George Walton and Nathaniel Pendleton. The constitution adopted by this convention was duly ratified, and on Jan. 2,1788, Georgia was admitted as.the fourth state into the union.
George Handly was the next governor. On Nov. 4 a state convention was held at Augusta for the purpose of considering a new constitution. This convention adjourned, after a full discussion, in order to give the people of the state an

CIVIL, HISTORY.

39

opportunity to express themselves in a second convention to be held on Jan. 4, 1789. In the meantime electors were chosen in all the states for the ensuing national election, and, as the result of the ballots cast, George Washington and John Adams were declared the choice of the American people for president and vice-president.
On account of several new amendments proposed the second state convention failed to adopt a constitution. Gov. George Walton, having succeeded to the chair of state, called a third convention; which met in Augusta on May 4,1789, and adopted the new constitution. This instrument went into effect in October, 1789, and Edward Telfair was the first governor under the new constitution. On Dec. 8 the state was divided into three congressional districts, and James Jackson, Abram Baldwin and George Matthews were selected as Georgia's representatives in congress.
GEORGE WASHINGTON'S VISIT.
In order to understand the people better and to give them his personal assur ances of interest and good will President Washington decided to make a tour of the southern states. He reached Savannah in May, 1791, and was warmly greeted by a large delegation of people collected from all parts of the state and headed by the local authorities. After a pleasant stay in Savannah, horses were provided and the distinguished chieftain, attended by a large escort, set out for Augusta, the state capital. Here he was warmly received by Gov. Telfair and several speeches were delivered. The president was taken to the Richmond academy, and after making the pupils a brief address, presented to Mr. William H. Crawford, who was then a young tutor, with a copy of "Caesar's Commentaries." At the elegant home of Col. Walton near Augusta Gen. Washington was lavishly entertained for more than a week, after which he left for South Carolina greatly impressed by his visit and leaving a fragrant impression in the hearts of all.
The population of the state at this time was 83.000, and the value of goods exported nearly $500,000. The administration of Gov. Telfair was marked by unusual prosperity. For the next few years the progress of the state was uninter rupted, except for occasional difficulties with the Indians along the frontier. The seat of government was changed from Augusta to Louisville, Ga., in May, 1795, and Gov. Matthews, after serving the state for a second term, was succeeded in January, 1796, by Jarecl Irwin.

THE TAZOO FRAUD.
A thrilling and dramatic chapter in Georgia's history is the one that records the Yazoo fraud. In order to understand this monumental fraud, perpetrated upon the people, it is necessary to go behind the events that have just been recorded. In the year 1789 a company was organized in South Carolina, known as the South Carolina Yazoo company. This company was organized for the purpose of purchasing from the state of Georgia a large tract of land in what was then the western part of the state, bordering on the Mississippi river. The name was taken from a tribe of Indians that formerly occupied that locality. The land in this section of the state was comparatively unknown, and was remote from the center of population. It occurred to the projectors of this great land enterprise that if the purchase could be effected at a nominal price it would enable them to realize a large sum of money and to live in feudal ease and splendor.
At the same time in Virginia and Tennessee companies of a like character were organized. A man by the name of Tom Washington first conceived the idea of purchasing this large domain. Agents were sent into every part of the country

40

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and large sums of money were expended in order to create a favorable impression upon the state legislature. Even-thing having been arranged a bill was introduced providing for the sale of a portion of these lands. Under the provision of the bill these companies were to receive over 20,000,000 acres of land for $200,000. The bill was passed and received the approval of the governor, much to the regret and
disapprobation of the people of the state, but, on account of certain difficulties in
the way, the sale of the land was never negotiated. In 1794 these men renewed their efforts to purchase the land. The companies
organized for the purpose of making the purchase from the state were "The Georgia Company," "The Tennessee Company," "The Virginia Yazoo Company," and "The Georgia Mississippi Company." A bill was introduced, finally receiving the approval of the governor, who at first opposed it, conveying 35,000,000 acres of land to these companies for 8500.000. This was almost equivalent to giving the
land away, and the people of the state were not slow in expressing their indigna tion. Charges of corruption were brought against members of the legislature in
yielding to the overtures of men who merely sought to cheat and defraud the commonwealth. Mr. William H. Crawford, who subsequently became one of the most distinguished men of the state, took a leading part in the opposition. One
of the state senators, James Gunn, had been prevailed upon to accept a position in one of the Yazoo companies, but no amount of inducement could persuade his colleague, Hon. James Jackson. He refused to be influenced, and finally resigned his seat in the senate in order to prevent the sale of the Yazoo lands from being consummated. He was elected to the state legislature that met in January, 1796, and became the author of the rescinding act that declared the law a nullity on account of the fraud practiced to obtain it. This act received the official signature
of Gov. Tared Invin on Feb. 13, 1796. A few days later the papers and records pertaining to the fraud were burned in the presence of the assembled representa tives. They were kindled by a beam of light passed through a magnifying glass
in order that the fire of heaven might be the instrument of their destruction. A prolonged dispute in the courts resulted. The companies were deeply
aggrieved by the state's action, and they vowed to prosecute the matter until their rights were recognized. A commission was appointed, but the demands of the companies were never satisfied until Georgia ceded her western domain to the
United States and a large sum of money was voted by congress for their extinction. The notoriety attached to the Yazoo fraud was such that Georgia, in the course of a few years, acquired a world-wide renown.
The popularity of Gen. James Jackson was such that he was called to the gubernatorial chair on Jan. 12, 1798. In the following May a constitutional con'vention was held at Louisville and a permanent constitution adopted.

GEORGIA'S NEW SEAL.
A new seal of the state was adopted by the legislature that met in June, 1799. On one side the flag of the United States was displayed from a ship that was receiving on 1x>ard hogsheads of tobacco and bales of cotton. In the rear of this view a man in the act of plowing and a flock of sheep were represented, with the motto: "Agriculture and Commerce, 1799." On the other side an arch resting upon three pillars represented the constitution as resting upon the three cardinal virtues: "Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation." After the adoption of this seal it was placed in the hands of the secretary of state and by him used in the proper authentication of all state papers.
It will !>e observed that the silk worm was not honored in the pictorial design

CIVIL HISTORY.

4!

of the new seal, that industry having yielded to a more prolific source of profit--the culture of cotton.
Twenty-four counties were represented in the legislature of 1799, and under the plan of representation there were twenty-four senators and seventy-five representa tives. Three judicial circuits were formed, known as the eastern, middle, and western, and over these David B. Mitchell, George Walton, and Thomas P. Games were elected respectively. Gen. Washington died at his home at Mt. Vernon, Ya., on Dec. 14, 1799, and his death was universally deplored. On the following day
Georgia sustained an additional loss in the death of Gen. Elijah Clarke, one of the heroes of the revolution.
The introduction of cotton into Georgia is placed to the credit of Josiah Tattnal and John Milledge. At the close of the century the population of the state was 163,000, and the productions of the field and forest represented a great variety. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, a Georgian living near Savannah, gave a much-needed impetus to this industry. The Indian tribes that came in contact with the settlers on the 'frontier were the Creeks and the Cherokees, the Creeks occupying the middle and southern portions of the state, and the Chero kees living among the mountains. In this connection it may be observed that the Cherokees were the most intelligent Indians that peopled the solitudes of the American forest.

GEORGIA CEDES TERRITORY TO THE UNION.
The reins of government were next placed in the hands of Josiah Tattnall. His first official signature was affixed to an act of the legislature recalling his banished father, whose property had been confiscated and he himself exiled on account of his loyal adherence to the English government during the revolution.
By an act passed on Dec. 2, 1800, Abram Baldwin and James Jackson, the two state senators, and James Jones and Benjamin Taliaferro, representatives, were appointed to settle all disputes growing out of the Mississippi land troubles. John Milledge was subsequently placed on the committee instead of Benjamin Talia ferro and James Jones. On the part of the United States, James Madison, Albert Gallatin and Levi Lincoln were appointed to meet with the Georgia committee. The conference took place in Washington city in April, 1802, and the following treaty was agreed upon:
"Georgia cedes to the United States all the territory belonging to her south of Tennessee, and west of the Chattahoochee, up to the great bend, thence west of the line direct to Nickajack creek, near the present city of Chattanooga, upon these conditions:
"(i) That out of the proceeds of the sale of these lands the United States shall give to Georgia $1,250,000.
"(2) That all persons who are settled within the said territory shall be confirmed in all their titles under the United States government.
"(3) That the ceded lands be considered a public fund to be distributed by the United States in the proper manner, as other public funds in lands.
"(4) That the United States, at their own expense, extinguish for the use of Georgia as soon as the same can be peaceably done on reasonable terms the Indian claims to the county of Tallahassee, to the land occupied by the Creeks, and to those between the forks of the Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers, for which several objects the president of the United States shall order that a treaty be immediately held with the Indians, and that, in like manner, the United States shall extinguish the Indian title to all other lands in the state of Georgia.

42

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

"(5) That the territory thus ceded shall form a state as soon as it shall contain
60,000 people, and as such be admitted into the union." The stipulations of this agreement were ratified by the state legislature, and all
moneys that were paid into the state treasury by the Yazoo companies were trans
ferred to the vaults of the general government. A few days after this a treaty was made with the Creek Indians by which they
agreed to surrender all their territory between the Oconee and the Ocmulgee rivers. The treaty was signed at Fort Wilkinson by the commissioners and forty chiefs on June 16.1802. and received the signature of President Jefferson the following year.
In November, 1802, John Milledge, who was then representing the state in congress, was elected governor of Georgia. He had distinguished himself as one of the most illustrious men in the state, having taken an active part in the war of the revolution, and having been one of the most bitter opponents of the Yazoo sale. As the friend and patron of all learning, Gov. Milledge may be well styled the father of the state university, for he was one of the founders and chief benefactors of that institution.
The lands ceded to the state by the Indians were divided into three counties,
Wayne, Wilkinson, and Baldwin, and parceled out among the people by means of the lottery system. Twelve months after the drawing each fortunate land owner was required to pay 84 for every 100 acres. Georgia was the only state that
adopted this method of division.

THREE DISTINGUISHED GEORGIANS PASS AWAY.
In close succession the state was now called upon to mourn the departure of three of her most distinguished sons. The first of these was Josiah Tattnall. He died in the West Indies on June 6, 1803, and his dying request to those about him -was to carry his remains to Georgia, that he might repose on the banks of his own beautiful Savannah. He had served as governor of the state and had been one of the first planters to introduce the cultivation of cotton.
At his home near Augusta, Ga., Gov, George Walton breathed his last on Feb. 2. 1804. No citizen of the state was more profoundly honored than this devoted Georgian. He was a member of the continental congress, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence for Georgia, twice governor of the state, its highest judicial officer, wearing the ermine of the chief justice, and for nearly fifteen years a judge of the superior court, in addition to his gallant services as a colonel in the revolution. He was a man of considerable literary talent, and was on the eve of writing a history of Georgia when his death occurred. During his visit to Augusta in 1796 Gen. Washington was the guest of Gov. Walton, and was entertained by him with lavish hospitality. Gov. Walton at the time of his death was the judge of the middle circuit. One of the largest counties in the state is named in honor of Gov. Walton, and his ashes repose near Augusta, on the banks of the Savannah river.
In March, 1806, while discharging his duties at Washington, Senator James Jackson, who made himself illustrious by his opposition to the Yazoo fraud, died. He was buried four miles from Washington city, but his remains were afterward transferred to the Congressional cemetery. On his tombstone was engraved this plain inscription: "To the memory of Maj.-Gen. James Jackson, of Georgia, who deserved and enjoyed the confidence of a grateful country. A soldier of the revo lution." In the death of Gen. Jackson the state suffered a severe loss, and he was universally mourned. His place in the senate was filled by ex-Gov. John Milledge.
A brilliant Georgian whose star was beginning to rise at this period of Georgia's

CIVIL, HISTORY.

43

history was William H. Crawford. He became the secretary of war under Presi
dent Madison, and afterward United States minister to France. He was regarded by the great Napoleon as the handsomest man he ever met, and the only one to
whom he felt constrained to lift his hat. In 1807 Mr. Crawford was elected to the
United States senate, and Gov. Jared Irwin occupied for a second time the gubernatorial chair. The capital of the state was changed to Milledgeville, and here the laws of Georgia were enacted for more than fifty years.
For the next few years the progress of the state was uninterrupted. Edward Telfair died in September, 1807, and his death was soon followed by that of other revolutionary heroes. A dispute with North Carolina over the boundary line, the
formation of several new counties, a revision of the militia laws, and the act of 1810 incorporating the State Agricultural society, were the chief features of the next two or three administrations. A number of towns and cities had sprung up,
educational institutions had multiplied, the population of the state had steadily increased, and the people of the state were industrious, enterprising and happy.

THE WAR OP 1812.
A second difficulty with England, however, soon interrupted this tranquillity, and the quarrel between the two governments was soon referred to the arbitrament of the war of 1812. American vessels had been insulted by British sailors, and this, added to the attitude of the English government with reference to American com merce, thoroughly aroused the indignation of the United States, in which resent ment tlie people of Georgia warmly shared. England, however, was anxious to have dealings with Georgia and South Carolina on account of the cotton trade, and for this reason fitted out a number of vessels to open their ports. At Savannah, however, they were met with decided coldness and ordered to leave immediately. On putting out to sea a number of shots were fired from the British vessels and other outrages committed.
England and France were shedding each other's blood at this time, and both of these countries had issued orders respecting American commerce. They took offense at the neutral attitude of the United States, and threatened to capture all American vessels and imprison their seamen. England added to this offensive threat by actually putting it into outrageous execution. Seeing that bloodshed was necessary in order to maintain the national honor, and spurred bv an urgent petition from the people of Georgia, President Madison recommended to congress a declaration of war. On June 18. 1812, war against England was declared. A spirited message from Gov..MitchelI called attention to the unprotected coast, and to the need of troops for the purpose of defying the invader. This call was promptly answered by the legislature with an appropriation of $30,000, and preparations for a thorough military defense were immediately commenced.
Learning that the British had formed an alliance with the Spaniards in Florida, President Madison directed Gov. Mitchell to inquire into the situation. A corre spondence ensued between Gov. Mitchell and the chief officer in charge of the affairs in East Florida, with a view to annexation, but the proposition was indig nantly repelled. An effort was made to drive the American troops awav, but in this attempt the British and Spaniards failed signally. Leaving Col. Smith in charge of the troops, Gov. Mitchell returned to Georgia. In order to protect the coast, two companies of infantry were stationed in each of the counties of Camden, Bryan and Chatham and along the Florida line. The Seminoles in Florida were instigated by the Spaniards, but after several engagements, conducted l>v AdjtGen. Newman, they were brought to terms. During the hostilities William H.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Craw-ford was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of George Clinton. vice-president of the United States, on April 20, 1812.
The seat of war, during the year 1813, was confined to the northern part of the country. At the expiration of his term of office Gov. Mitchell was succeeded by Gov. Peter Early, and the first act of the new executive was to draw a warrant of SSo.ooo upon the state treasury as a loan to the general government in prosecution of the war. The brilliant victory of Commodore Perry on Lake Erie had greatly enthused the army, under the command of Gen. Andrew Jackson, who was, at this time, in the neighborhood of Mobile. The Creek Indians made a dangerous and wily foe. but after a number of battles a treaty of peace was signed by which all lands between the Chattahoochee and the Altamaha were ceded. Gen. John Floyd, Gen. William Mclntosh. Gen. David Blackshear and Col. Daniel Appling dis tinguished themselves with great valor during this campaign.
In January, 1815. an effort was made by the British to land on the Georgia coast after leaving St. Augustine, but they were met by Col. William Cone and driven back to sea with a loss of 180 men. This ended the war of 1812, so far as Georgia \vas concerned.
For the second time Gov. Mitchell was called to the helm of state in November, 1815. A board of inspection was appointed to visit the state penitentiary, and the penal code was framed and passed. Dec. 19.1816. A convention of judges was held at Augusta this year, and several acts of the legislature were condemned as unconstitutional. A serious outbreak of the Seminole Indians in the southern part of the state was one of the features of Gov. Mitchell's administration. Mai, Mclntosh. a Creek Indian, led the expedition against the Seminoles. He surprised one of their posts and captured a stand of 3,000 arms, in addition to nearly 300 killed and wounded.
On the accession of James Monroe to the presidency, Gov. Mitchell resigned the chair of state to assume the agency of Indian affairs. He called an assemblage of the Creek nation. July. 1817. and assured them of his good will. From the territory ceded by them to the state the counties of Xewton, De Kalb, Gwinnett, Walton, Hall, and Habersham were formed. A large sum of money was appropriated by the legislature this year for the improvement of rivers in order to render them more suitable fur navigation. The Seminoles in Florida renewed their hostilities along the frontier. Gen. Jackson, who was the head of the troops, assisted by Gen. Gaines and Col. Arbuckle. soon "reduced them to surrender and put an end to their dis turbances.
MISSISSIPPI AXD ALABAMA ADMITTED.
Georgia now enjoyed the satisfaction of seeing two states admitted into the Union from the territory which she had ceded to the general government in 1802. Mississippi was the first to join the sisterhood of states on Dec. 10, 1817. Two years later, on Dec. 14, 1819. Alabama was admitted, and both of these young states entered upon brilliant and successful careers.
In 1818 the boundary line between Georgia and Tennessee was settled to the satisfaction of all parties. By an act of the general government, during the same year, Mr. Wilson Lumpkin was appointed to fix the boundary line between Georgia and Florida.
In November, 1818. a Creek Indian meeting was held at Fort Hawkins to receive their fixed allowance from the government, and over 4,000 Indians were present. The entire population of the Creek nation at this time was about 10,000. A similar meeting of the Cherokees was held near the Georgia line for the purpose of discussing the terms of their removal by the government to a point west of the Mississippi river.

CIVIL HISTORY.

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4-

A visit from President Monroe in the spring of 1819, the crossing of the first steam packet on its ocean voyage laden with Georgia produce, and the cession of Florida to the United States were the events of the next few months in which Georgia was interested.
On Feb. 27, 1819, a treaty between the chiefs of the Cherokee Indians and John C. Calhoun, the secretary of war, was made at Washington. A large tract of land was ceded by them, and articles of peace were entered into, besides various stipulations as to the extension of religious and educational advantages among them. The land thus ceded was divided between Hall and Habersham counties. leaving enough for the formation of Rabun county.
Slave labor had become a very essential factor in the growth and progress of the state. An effort to evade the law governing the slave trade was made in Bninswick in the summer of 1819. A number of slaves were brought over, and soon after their landing were seized by the collector of the port. After due notice they were exposed for sale. Before the sale was consummated a deputy marshal arrested the slaves by virtue of a warrant purporting to have come from a citizen of Portugal. The governor refused to surrender the slaves, acting upon the belief that a certain party of men were merely using the Portuguese citizen as a blind.
A calamity befell the state at this time in the death of Gov. Rabun. who passed away during his term of office. He was succeeded by Matthew Talbot, pending the action of the legislature.
In the campaign which ensued Hon. William H. Crawford was the leader of one faction, and Gen. John Clarke of the other faction. Mr. Crawford was a man of national refutation and pre-eminent ability, who \vas reckoned as a presidential candidate, but on account of a sudden and severe illness he was not able to continue in the race or devote himself longer to the cares of public life. He transferred the leadership of his party to George M. Troup, who was defeated by only a small majority in favor of Gen. Clarke.
THE INDIANS REFUSE TO CONCEDE MORE LANDS.
Having purchased from Georgia the territory west of the Mississippi river the United States seemed to be in no hurry to remove the Indians or extinguish their claims in compliance with the terms of the treaty. An urgent appeal was made to congress by the legislature, but it accomplished very little good. A civil engineer was appointed to survey the rivers of the state for the purpose of removing all obstructions to navigation. A report from the university gave a glowing account of that institution, then under the control of Dr. Moses Waddell. The population of the state was now about 340,000. There were no railroads, and travel ami transportation were restricted to wagons and stage coaches. A disastrous fire occurred in Savannah in 1820, followed by an epidemic of yellow fever. The population of the city was greatly reduced, and the business life of Savannah was considerably enfeebled. Prosperity, however, returned in a few months and the
growth of the city was resumed. On Jan. 8, 1821, Daniel M. Forney and David Mcriwether, having been
appointed by congress to confer with the Creek Indians in regard to the cession of their lands, held an interview with the chiefs of the nation at Indian Springs. A treaty was signed, by the terms of which the government was to pay into the state treasury the' full amount of all indebtedness due from the Indians, not to exceed $250,000. In consideration of this relief enough land was ceded between the Flint and the Ocmulgee rivers to form the counties of Monroe, I'.ibb, Crawford, Dooly. Houston, Fayette, Pike, and Henry. The land thus acquired was distributed
according to the lottery system.

46

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

The Indians were a source of great annoyance to the state, and their claims were a continual vexation. The reservation to which the Cherokees were assigned under the treat}- of July 8,1817, proved to be disputed property, and many quarrels between the Indians and the settlers occurred; all of which produced the effect of causing Georgia to renew her petition for their removal.
After a spirited campaign, in which Mr. Troup was his opponent for the second time, Gov. Clarke was re-elected by a small majority of only two votes. An act was passed by the legislature submitting the election of the governor after this to a vote of the people. It required an amendment to the constitution, but as the next legislature re-enacted the measure it became a law under the provisions of the constitution.
An important bank law was enacted in 1821 for the protection o'f state banks against the unfair opposition of the United States banks. It was urged that the latter had made even- effort to drain the state banks, and it was provided that state banks should not be compelled to redeem in specie their bills presented by the national bank officers unless they made oath as to their good intentions. An exemption law for the benefit of the wives and children of honest debtors was passed at this session of the legislature.
Up to this time Georgia had purchased over 15,000,000 acres of land from the Creek Indians and only 1.000,000 from the Cherokees. The Creeks were still in possession of 6.000.000 acres and the Cherokees of 10,000,000 acres, comprised within the territorial limits of the state. The Creeks refused to part with any more of their land, and, having called a council of the chiefs, assumed an attitude of defiance. Ever;.- effort was made by the commissioners to conciliate the Indians and bring them to terms, but they stubbornly refused to give up their land.

GOV. TROUP'S ADMINISTRATION.
In the next campaign Mr. Troup renewed his fight for the gubernatorial chair. This time his opponent was Matthew Talbot, a distinguished member of the Clarke party, who held the office of governor for a short while on the death of Gov. Rabun. The campaign was one of marked asperity and the result, on account of the equal numerical strength of the two panics, could not be foreshadowed. As the act of the last legislature, submitting the office to the people, had not as yet become a law, the balloting took place in the legislature. For several days the count proceeded, and the patience of the state was sorely tried. Finally the deadlock was broken on Nov. 6, 1823, by a vote of eighty-five for Troup and eighty-one for Talbot.
Gov. Troup was inaugurated on the following day, and began one of the ablest administrations in the state's history. Endowed with a vigorous intellect, supple mented bv the self-improvement derived from study and reflection, Gov. Troup was the peer of any man in Georgia, and his services were marked by the ability and patriotism of a born leader. He had served in the federal senate and house of representatives and had acquired a broad national reputation before he was called upon to exercise the executive functions of the state. In bis message to the legis lature Gov. Troup called attention to the treaty of 1802, in which the government had agreed to extinguish the Indian claims. He- urged them to make a final but courteous appeal to congress in behalf of the state and call for an execution of the contract that was made in good faith. In compliance with this message a petition was sent to congress: but a delegation of Cherokee Indians arrived in Washington, at the same time, and the effect was partially nullified. The Indian delegates were John Ross, George Lowry, Maj. Ridge, and Elijah Hicks, all of them men of

CIVIL HISTORY.

47

intelligence and culture, who understood the English language and represented the best element of their nation. But relief was not forthcoming. In his message to congress the president gave it as his opinion that the United States was under no obligation to forcibly remove the Indians.
Gov. Troup was sorely vexed by the attitude of the president, and did not hesitate to criticise his conduct severely. He protested against the treatment which the claims of Georgia had received and called upon the delegation in congress to use their influence in order to bring about a more thorough understanding of the situation. The matter was eventually referred to a committee, and by this commit tee the righteous claims of the state were recognized. It was further recommended that as soon as possible the terms of the treaty of 1802 be carried out as prescribed. A second delegation of Cherokees arrived in Washington at this time, and not only refused to cede their lands to the state, but to surrender them under any consid eration.
In his second message to the legislature Gov. Troup urged an improvement of the militia, and also a revision of the judiciary system and the penitentiary. He referred to the Indian troubles and begged the legislature to investigate the matter carefully and to be guided by a patriotic sense of duty.
John McPherson Berrien and Thomas W. Cobb were Georgia's representatives at this time in the United States senate.
A conference with the Indians was held in December, 1824, at Broken Arrow, in the Creek territory, for the purpose of securing more lands. The commissioners appointed by the president were James Meriwether and Duncan G. Campbell, of Georgia. The conference was a failure, as the Creeks refused to part with their lands. They were strengthened in their determination by a letter received from the Cherokee nation in which they were urged to hold their ground.

DEATH OP M'lNTOSH.
One of the bravest leaders among the Creeks was the chief of the Cowetas, William Mclntosh. It was through the influence of Mclntosh that a treaty was subsequently made with the Indians, and though he suffered death as the reward of his friendly attitude toward the government, he opened the way for the final exodus of the Creek nation.
On Feb. 10, 1825, a meeting of 400 chiefs was held at Indian Springs. A treaty was signed in which nearly all the Indians present concurred. Those who opposed the treaty withdrew from the conference, and holding a minority council of their own they resolved to keep their lands in their own possession. They sent a delegation to Washington in order to resist the confirmation of the treaty. The senate, however, refused to entertain their protest, and the treaty was confirmed. The Creeks, by this treaty, ceded to the government all the lands lying within the boundaries of the state as defined by the compact of 1802. In consideration of this surrender of their lands they were to receive an equivalent reservation west of the Mississippi river.
The confirmation of this treaty created intense excitement among the protesting Indians, and they resolved upon the death of Mclntosh. Fearing- hostilities, Mcln tosh, on behalf of his party, applied to Gov. Troup for protection, and this was promptly granted. Col. Henry G. Lamar was dispatched with a message to the hostile Indians and threatened them with severe punishment in the event they sought to violate the treaty or prevent the execution. In the spring of 1825 Gov. Troup issued a proclamation in which the terms of the treaty were set forth. He also obtained permission from the Creeks to begin a survey of the territory described in the tn-atv.

48

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

During the months that followed a large number of Indians voluntarily gave up their homes and started for the west. In the meantime a party of 170 Indians was organized for the purpose of putting Mclntosh to death. They proceeded to his
home on the banks of the Chattahoochee river, and at 3 o'clock on the morning of May i, 1825, they applied their burning torches to the building. The brave chief,
on being aroused from his slumbers, comprehended the situation and knew that the hour of death had arrived. He determined, however, to die like a warrior, and to make his death costly to the nation by killing as many of the hostile Indians as he could cover with his gun. Taking refuge in the second story of his house he used four guns in keeping the Indians at bay, and several of them were stretched upon the ground. The flames soon routed the brave chief, and as soon as he
exposed himself to the view of his assailants he was promptly shot. His last breath was a shout of defiance, and closing his lips he fell back, never to open them again.
Gov. Troup immediately issued a call for troops to suppress the threatened insurrection and the greatest alarm prevailed. A large number of Indians left for the west and others fled to the white settlements for protection. At a called session of the legislature a survey of the Creek lands was ordered. The president made an effort to stop the proceeding and threatened to arrest the surveyors, but Gov. Troup protested that Georgia owned the soil and had a perfect right to survey her own property. The treat}', being referred to congress, the dispute was tempo rarily suspended.

GOV. TROUP'S RE-ELECTlOX AND GEX. LA FATETTE'S VISIT.
In the fall of 1825 the first popular election for governor was held. The candidates were Gov. Troup and his old opponent, ex-Gov. John Clarke. The campaign was bitterly conducted and many abusive personalities were indulged in. Gov. Troup, on account of the vigorous Indian policy of his administra tion, desired to be endorsed. At this time there were sixty counties in the state and the election returns were made to the legislature in Milledgeville. On polling the votes it was found that Gov. Troup had received 20,545 and Gen. Clarke 19.862. In the legislature, however, Gen. Clarke had a majority of supporters and under the old system would have been elected.
John Quincy Adams occupied the presidential chair. He was opposed during the campaign by Hon. \Vm. H. Crawford of Georgia, who might have been elected to that office had his health not failed.
The year 1825 was signalized by a visit from Gen. LaFayette, who came to this country in the spring of the year. H~ was feeble and .emaciated, and merely came for the purpose of seeing once more before he died the country for whose liberties he had unsheathed his sword. He was received with pronounced affec tion and was given a cordial welcome to Georgia by Gov. Troup. He stopped at Savannah, Augusta and Milledgeville. At the last named place he was enter tained at the governor's mansion and a public dinner was given in his honor.
In January, 1826. a subsequent treaty was made with the Creek Indians, and President Adams recommended to congress its ratification instead of the treaty made at Indian Springs. A large tract of land was to be conveyed by the Indians in consideration of the sum of 200,000, and a perpetual annuity of $20,000. Three hundred thousand acres of land were to be conveyed to the Creeks. The Georgia delegation protested against this treaty, as it was in the nature of a com promise and failed to provide for a removal of the Indians. However, the treaty was ratified in spite of the opposition that was brought to bear against it.

CIVIL HISTORY.

49

In the summer of 1826 two commissioners from Alabama and three from Georgia were appointed tc run the dividing line between the two states. They met at Fort Mitchell in July and began the survey. A difference of opinion sprang tip between the commissioners and the Alabama contingent withdrew. The Georgia commissioners proceeded alone and completed their work in September. It was subsequently accepted by Alabama and became the dividing line between the two states.
Gov. Troup refused to recognize the second treaty made by the government with the Creek Indians, and proceeded to survey their territory for the purpose of dividing it into districts. The Indians set up a loud complaint, and a misunder
standing between Georgia and the general government followed. The secretary of war addressed a letter to Gov. Troup, in which he stated that he felt constrained by the plighted faith of the nation to say to Gov. Troup that he considered an entry on the ceded lands a violation of the treaty. A lengthy correspondence ensued, but Gov. Troup refused to stop the survey. When the legislature met he urged that body to organize the territory and make a division of it by lottery.
Having received complaints from the Cherokees as well as from the Creeks, the secretary of war dispatched Lieut. Yinton with instructions to the surveyors to desist from their work. If Gov. Troup refused to permit this military force should be employed. Gov. Troup replied by saying that Georgia was in the right, and if the military force was brought to bear against her she would resist it to the last extremity. The militia of the state was ordered to prepare for hostilities and to be ready in the event of an invasion. The attitude of Georgia in defying the government of the United States indicated the loyalty of her adherence to the principle of state sovereignty. Wiser counsels prevailed at Washington, and Lieut. Vinton was directed to procure, if possible, a friendly cession from the Indians. A meeting of the Creeks was held in November, 1827, at which they agreed to cede all their remaining lands for $28,000. Thus after twenty-five years the com pact of 1802, so far as "the Creek Indians were concerned, was executed, and their titles to the land of the state extinguished. From the territory thus ceded the counties of Muscogee, Troup, Coweta and Carroll were formed. Pae land was sub-divided among the people by lottery.
The sum of $10.000 was voted by the legislature this year for internal improve ments, and seven persons were designated as a board of public works. At the first meeting of the board it was agreed to make a survey of different portions of the state for the purpose of creating a system of canals. This was abandoned, how ever, and the question of railroads was discussed. At this time there was only twenty-six miles of railway in the United States ami this was owned by the granite quarries of Quincy, Mass. The board existed for a short while only. It was im possible to dig the canals without a largo expenditure of money and the railroad was still an experiment. In this quandary the act of the legislature creating the board was repealed.
GOV. FORSYTH'S ADMINISTRATION.

In the fall of 1827 John Forsyth, a distinguished Georgian who had served in the halls of national legislation and who hail represented the United State* government in the court of Spain, was called to the chair of state vacated by Gov. Troup. He had no opposition on the day of election, as the candidate of the Clarke party, Matthew Talbot, died during the campaign. Gov. Forsyth was a man of distinguished ability and his talents made him a worthy successor to Gov. Troup. President John Quincy Adams, having failed of a re-election, the presidential honors were conferred upon Gen. Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, who took such
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^o

" MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

a distinguished part in the war of 1812. In die selection of his cabinet the claims of Georgia were recognized in the conspicuous talents of Hon. John McPherson Berrien. who was made attorney-general. The congress immediately preceding the election of Gen. Jackson had passed a protective tariff in order to stimulate American industry and to enable home institutions to compete with those abroad. The southern states refused to support the tariff measure, although it was strongly advocated in the north and east.
The candidates for governor at the next election were George R. Gilmer and Joel Crawford. The election resulted in favor of Gilmer by a good majority. The administration of Gov. Forsyth had been one of comparative ease and tran quillity. A rougher sea. however, awaited the inauguration of his successor.

GOV. GILMER'S ADMINISTRATION.
In the selection of Mr. Gilmer to guide the affairs of state the people of Georgia made a wise choice. P>orn in \Yilkes county, he was a thorough Georgian and stood among the leading men of the state. He figured with prominence in the war of 1812. after which he represented Oglethorpe county in the state legislature and subsequently illustrated Georgia in the halls of congress. At the beginning of his administration Gov. Gilrner found the state in a prosperous condition. The cultivateT. of cotton had become the chief agricultural industry of the state anel -sev eral hundred thousand bales were annually exported. The population of the state had reached nearly 600.000 souls and numerous public buildings, including houses of worship and educational institutions, had sprung up. Having disposed of the Creek Indians a sequel to this unpleasant chapter was now at hand in the defiant attitude of the Cherokees. who refused to surrender their mountain homes and to give up the domain of their forefathers. They claimed that, having advanced in civ ilization, the government should allow them to remain and to constitute an inde pendent state in the federal union. They had enacted a system of laws for the regu lation of their domestic affairs, and in this connection it may be observed that the Cnerokee? were the only Inclisns in America who possessed a written alphabet. In spite of the intelligence that characterized the better class of these Indians, the people of the state continued to clamor for their removal, especially since they were continually harassed along the frontier by Indian depredations. In 1829 Wilson Lurnpkin. a representative in congress, introduced a bill providing for the removal of the Cherokees. and this bill was referred to the committee on Indian affairs, who reported it back favorably. An act was subsequently passed providing for a transfer of ali the Indian tribes to a government reservation west of the Mississippi river.
THE CHEROKEES REFUSE TO GIVE UP THEIR COUNTRY.
The Chc-rokees stubbornly refused to consider any proposition that contem plated a surrender of their country. They continued to assert their independence and to resist the.lav.'s of the state in deference to their own established legislation. In the meantime, however, an act was passed by the legislature extending the jurisdiction of the courts into the Cherokee domain and holding the Indians amenable for all crimes and depredations committed. The Cherokees entered their indignant protest and employed counsel to represent them in the federal courts. Gov. Gilmer. on the part of the state, and Wm. Wirt, as attorney for the Indians, carried on a lengthy correspondence, the result of which was Gov. Gil mer'-: positive refusal to submit the matter to the supreme court of the United States, as he held that Georgia had jurisdiction over her own territory.

CIVIL HISTORY.

cr

The situation at this time was further complicated by the discovery of gold which intensified the greed of the white settlers and caused them to encroach upon the Indian lands. In order to stop this illicit gold-digging, stringent measures were adopted by the legislature of 1830, and it was found necessary to employ force in order to stop the Indians and the white settlers, who were both viewed in the light of trespassing upon the state's property. Maj. Wagner of the United States army, with a number of troops, entered the Cherokee domain, and after seizing the provisions and utensils of the gold-diggers he placed the trespassers under arrest. They were subsequently released, however, with the understanding that all illicit gold-digging should be suspended. In the fall of this year a Chero kee Indian by the name of George Tassel was arrested for murder. He was tried before Judge Clayton in the Hall county superior court and sentenced to be hung. Tassel appealed for protection to the supreme court of the United States and Gov. Gilmer was accordingly summoned by Chief Justice John Marshall to appear before him, on behalf of the state of Georgia, in December, 1830.
The legislature directed Gov. Gilmer to ignore all papers that were served upon him, as he represented the sovereignty of the state and Georgia recognized no higher tribunal than her own courts. The authorities of Hall county were directed to proceed at once with the execution of Tassel and this injunction was accordingly obeyed. The bold attitude of the state had its proper effect. The Cherokees appealed to the supreme court to restrain the state of Georgia from exercising jurisdiction over their territory, but the injunction was refused.
In order to keep the white settlers from trespassing upon the Indian lands a law was enacted by the legislature making it a penal offense for a white man to be discovered on the Cherokee lands without permission from the authorities, and the oath of allegiance to the state of Georgia. The penalty for this offense was hard labor in the penitentiary for a term of not less than four years. A num ber of missionaries who determined to evade the law were arrested, but Judge Clayton held that, since they were merely disbursing charities, they were not amenable to the law and they were thereupon dismissed. Later on, however. Gov. Gilmer learned from the authorities at Washington that they were not authorized agents of the government, and he gave them ten days in which to leave the terri tory. At the expiration of this time they were tried and convicted. Eight of them were afterward set at liberty on agreeing to recognize the authority of the
state, but the others were imprisoned. These eventually were pardoned also on
the same conditions.

GOV. LtJMPKlN'S ADMINISTRATION.

It was during this critical period that Gov. Wilson Lumpkin was inaugurated.

He was the candidate of the Clarke party and defeated Gov. Gilmer. who was the

candidate of the Troup party and stood for re-election. Gov. Lumpkin was a

Virginian by birth and came to Georgia during his infancy. He lived in Ogle-

thorpe county and was a neighbor of Gov. Gihr.er. As ?oon as the legislature

convened Gov. Lumpkin declared himself in favor of appropriating the Indian

domain and recommended an immediate survey. The legislature ^directed the

survey to begin on April i, 1831.

'**

The tariff agitation overshadowed the Indian troubles at this juncture. The

southern states, on account of the high tariff duties imposed, felt themselves con

siderably aggrieved. A convention was held by the people of South Carolina

and this was followed by one at Milledgeville in Xovember, 1833. Gov. Gilmer

was the presiding officer of the convention. Dissensions arose causing a number

of delegates to withdraw, leaving a majority of the members behind: but only a

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

minority of the counties were represented. However, a set of resolutions against the tariff was framed and the convention adjourned to meet in July, 1833. In the meantime President Andrew Jackson was re-elected over Henry Clay of Kentucky, and in his message to congress he recommended a reduction of the tariff. Prior to this South Carolina had threatened to leave the union, but this question was abandoned and peace soon prevailed. A hundred years had elapsed since the settlement of Georgia by .Gen. Oglethorpe and the centennial of the state was celebrated on Feb. 13, 1833, with great pomp and ceremony.
Gov. Lumpkin, as the candidate of the union party, as that faction was now called, defeated Joel Crawford, the candidate of the states' rights party, in the October election for governor. In view of the approaching national election Gov. George M. Troup was endorsed by the states' right party for the presidency. He had just resigned his scat in the United States senate. The death of Hon. Wm. H. Crawford on Sept. 15, 1834, removed from the stage of public life one of the grandest men of his day. The latter years of his life were spent in great bodily affliction and, though he presided for a number of years on the bench of the northern circuit, he was not the same man who had graced the French court and aspired to presidential honors. He was buried near his home in Oglethorpe county.
TXDIAX DIFFICULTIES RENEWED.
For two or three years no serious depredations were committed by the Chero kees, but in March. 1834, Eli Hicks, a son of one of the Indian chiefs who was friendly to the white settlers and advocated a removal of the tribe, was shot by a band of savage Indians. Numerous outrages followed and several distinguished advocates of the movement suffered the fate of the first Indian martyr.
A division of sentiment among the Clierokees resulted in the formation of two .parties, and deputations were sent by each of these to Washington city in February, 1835. John Ross headed the delegation opposed to emigration and John Ridge the one that favored it. Ross, though opposed to leaving the state, was willing to cede the Indian lands for $20,000,000. This proposition was promptly rejected. Ridge asked that a person be designated to meet with his delegation and discuss terms of removal. This was granted and a conference was held at which it was agreed to submit a definite proposition to the Cherokee nation for ratification.
As a result of this conference a meeting with the Indians was held at Running Waters. A number of speeches were made, but nothing was accomplished. Later on a meeting was held at Red Clay, at which resolutions were adopted by the Ridge party favoring emigration. The Ross party having withdrawn from the meeting sent a delegation to Washington city, but the senate refused to entertain their objections.
A treat}- with the Cherokees was signed at Xew Echota on Dec. 21, 1835. By the terms of this treaty the Indians were to give up their lands in Georgia, in con sideration of 85.000.000, in addition to a perpetual reservation of 7,000,000 acres of land west of the Mississippi river. The government agreed to protect them in their rights and to maintain them for one year after their removal.

THE CHEROKEE INDIAN'S REMOVED.
The Indians were allowed to remain in the state two years after the confirma tion of the treaty. On May 18. 1838. a military force, .'n command of Gen. Scott, was ordered out and the collection of the Indians commenced. It was not until the last of June that the Cherokee nation, 14,000 strong, started for the reservation

CIVIL, HISTORY.

53

beyond the Mississippi. Just before leaving the state Maj. Ridge and his son, John Ridge, were murdered by unknown hands, supposed to belong to the opposing faction. On the way to the Indian territory a large number of the Cherokees died. Having reached their destination, the pledges of the government were promptly executed, and ever since that time the Cherokees and their descend ants have enjoyed their possessions unmolested. They have advanced in civilization and morality, and have frequently imperiled their lives in defense of the national flag.

GOV. SCHLEY'S ADMINISTRATION AND THE CREEK WAR
Gov. Wm. Schley, in the fall election of 1835, received the highest vote for governor and was duly inaugurated. His administration, however, was vexed by troubles with the Creek Indians in Alabama, who were nerved by the outbreak of the Seminole Indians in Florida. They began their hostilities along the Chattahoochee river, in the summer of 1836, and a large number of settlers were murdered. Intense alarm and excitement prevailed throughout the state, and Gov. Schley took the field in person. Volunteer companies were raised and a cam paign against the Indians was commenced. Gen. Scott, who was placed in command of the United States forces, proceeded to organize his troops at Colum bus, Ga. On account of the destitute condition of the Indians in that neighborhood they shortly surrendered.
The village of Roanoke, on the Chattahoochee, was burned by the Creeks on the night of May 15, 1836. Numerous plantations were destroyed along the river and several bloody engagements between the Indians and the whites occurred. Having committed these depredations, an effort was made by the Creeks to join the Seminoles in Florida. On their way southward they continued to murder the settlers, and having collected a large force of their scattered tribe they proceeded to penetrate the swamps. In the swamps, however, a desperate battle ensued, in which the Indians were driven back with great slaughter by the white forces in command of Maj. Jernigan, who had been stationed to guard the swamps. A second effort to cross the Florida line by the remaining Creeks met with a similar fate, and the nation was compelled to surrender. This closed the era of bloodshed known as the Creek war.
A charter for the first railroad in the state, running between Savannah and Macon, was granted in April, 1833. Later on a survey was made for the purpose of building a road between the Tennessee and the Chattahoochee rivers, in order to join two other proposed lines from Macon and Augusta. From .this junction, at a point seven miles east of the Chattahoochee river, was destined to spring the capital of the state and the future metropolis of the south.
In 1837 Emory college was founded at Oxford, Ga., and Dr. Ignatius Few was called to the presidency. Two years later a charter was granted to the trustees of Mercer university, then located in Penfield, Ga. The first of these educational institutions was planted by the Methodists and the second by the Baptists, who named the college in honor of Rev. Jesse Mercer.

GOV. GILMER'S SECOND ELECTION.
For the second time Gov. George R. Gilmer, who had filled the executive chair several years before, was called upon to exercise the functions of the highest official position in the state. This time he defeated Gov. Schley, the candidate of the union party for re-election. It was during Gov. Gilmer's term of office that the

54

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Cherokee Indians \vere removed. Still another important event that gives it prominence is the charter creating the first female college in the world. It was tendered to the Methodist church, by which denomination it was given the name of the \\~esleyan Female college, and Bishop Geo. F. Pierce was called to the president's chair.
The building of railroads was now carried on with astonishing rapidity. Xearly 700 miles had been completed. A stimulus to the manufacturing industries had been received and over 83.000,000 had been invested. The population of the state, according to the census of 1840, was nearly 700,000 people, and the annual exports amounted to 57,000.000. The chief cities of the state were Savannah, Augusta, Macon and Columbus. From every direction the tide of immigration had set in. the resources of the state had commenced to attract attention, and the future prosperity of Georgia was now assured by every sign.

GOV. M'DOXALD'S ADMINISTRATION.
The next governor of the state was Chas. J. McDonald, a native of South Carolina and a man of distinguished ability. His defeated opponent in the October election was Charles Dougherty, the candidate of the state's rights part}-.
A stringency in the money market at the beginning of Gov. McDonald's administration made it very unpleasant for that official, but the complaint of hard times was not by any means restricted to the state of Georgia. A number of banks throughout the country suspended operations, and it was necessary to call an extra session of congress to relieve the distress of the situation. An act was passed providing relief in what was known as the sub-treasury system, and authorizing the issue of treasury notes to the amount of 810,000,000.
In Georgia a number of banks suspended the payment of specie, thereby en tailing great disaster upon the state: numerous measures were resorted to by the legislature, but no relief was given and the people continued to suffer. The price of cotton continued to drop and the situation assumed daily a more alarming aspect. Finally a bill was passed by the legislature of 1840 requiring all banks to resume the payment of specie by the act of February, 1831, under the penalty of forfeiting their charters by a failure to comply with this demand.
An unsuccessful effort was made by the Seminoles to invade the southern portion of the state this year. Gen. Xelson was dispatched to the frontier with a volunteer force hastily collected, and the Indians were repulsed with great loss and bloodshed. In the national election of 1840 Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, the candidate of the whig party, was elected over Martin Van Buren, who sought a re-election. The whigs contended that the hard times were caused by the admin istration, and for that reason Mr. Van Buren was defeated. The death of Gen. Harrison a month after his inauguration caused a deep sorrow all over the nation, and Georgia shared in the grief that mourned the loss of this truly great and good man.
In spite of the fact that Mr. Van Buren had been defeated in the national election by the cry of hard times attributed to his administration, the opposite result was observed in Georgia. In the fall election of 1841 Gov. McDonald was re-elected over \Vm. C. Dawson. one of the most popular men in the state. The establishment of a new state bank at Savannah with several branches located in other parts of the state was recommended by Gov. McDonald as a substitute for the local banks: but as these latter institutions had resumed the payment of specie, no measures of relief were adopted.
The creation of a supreme court, or court of appeals, was strongly urged upon

CIVIL HISTORY.

55

the legislature by Gov. McDonald. A uniform administration of the law made it imperatively necessary for such a tribunal to be established. The advice of Gov. McDonald was acted upon two years later.
The country was still in a very depressed financial condition, and the legisla ture of 1842 was about to adjourn without making any provision for the current expenses of the year. In this perplexity Gov. McDonald issued an order to the treasurer directing him to suspend all payments, except by legal warrants, as the legislature was about to adjourn, leaving an empty treasury. It was necessary to pay the interest on the public debt, to defray the expenses of protecting the frontier and to meet the running expenses of the government. Unable to draw their salaries by reason of this effective move on the part of Gov. McDonald, the members of the legislature lost no time in passing a general appropriation bill, under which the financial affairs of the state were successfully managed.
The legislature of 1842 severely criticised Senator Berrien because of his failure to represent the views of the state in his support of the national bank bill and the land distribution bill. He was asked to resign, but stubbornly refused to do so. In the legislature of the following year the whig element predominated, and the course of Senator Berrien was warmly approved. The lunatic asylum, for which provision was made in 1837, was formally opened this year. The discovery of anaesthesia, produced by sulphuric ether, also belongs to this year, and Dr.
Crawford W. Long, of Athens, Ga., is entitled to the credit of having contributed to medical science one of its greatest boons. Though Dr. Long's discovery has been disputed, his claims have been recognized by the state, and his portrait is hung upon the marble walls of her capitol.
For several years prior to these events the state of Georgia had been deeplyconcerned about the annexation of Texas. At this time Texas formed a part of the Mexican republic, but was not given the full privileges of statehood. The people of Texas, as soon as Santa Anna, who had declared himself dictator, refused to admit her into the Mexican union, declared a revolution. Col. J. H. Fannin, of Georgia, and Col. Mirabeau B. Lamar were among the first to enlist in the struggle for Texan independence. Gen. Sam Houston was put in command of all the forces at the beginning of hostilities. The treacherous character of the Mexicans and their brutal massacre of the Texans greatly incensed the people of Georgia. In June, 1836, however, Gen. Houston defeated Santa Anna, and the independence of the Texas republic was recognized. Texas then applied for admission into the American union, and a great national issue was thus created. Tames K. Polk, the presidential candidate who favored the admission of Texas, with all it entailed in the way of protection, was elected to office, and Texas was formally admitted into the sisterhood of the American union. The whigs of Georgia nominated Geo. W. Crawford for governor and favored the election of Henry Clay for president. The democrats nominated Mark A. Cooper for gov
ernor and espoused the claims of Mr. Polk for the presidency. In the fall election Mr. Crawford, the whig candidate, was elected governor; but Mr. Polk, the demo cratic choice for president, carried the state by 2,000 votes, the year following.

GOV. CRAWFORD'S ADMINISTRATION AND THE MEXICAN WAR.
The whig convention met in the summer of 1843 aiu' nominated George W. Crawford for governor. Presidential delegates were also elected to vote for Henry Clay and to urge the nomination of Mr. Berrien, a distinguished son of Georgia, for the vice-presidency. Mr. Crawford's opponent was Hon. Mark A,

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

Cooper, the candidate of the democratic party. Mr. Cooper received a flattering vote, but failed to secure the gubernatorial chair.
The newly-elected governor was a native of Columbia county, Ga.. and for several years had been a prominent figure in the state. Gov. Crawford's first message to the legislature was a noble document and clearly evinced his familiarity with the situation. His report of the state's progress was very encouraging. An important measure was adopted by the general assembly of this year, reducing the number of senators to forty-seven, one from each senatorial district, and the repre sentatives to one hundred and thirty, elected from each county. A committee appointed by the legislature to examine the treasury reported that Gov. Crawford was rapidly paying off the public debt and that, financially, the state was never in a more prosperous condition.
The strength of the two opposing parties in the state was equally matched in the congressional election of 1844. the delegation containing four whigs and four democrats. The democrats were Lumpkin. Cobb, Jones and Haralson; the whigs, King. Poe. Toombs. and Stephens. In the presidential election Mr. Polk, the successful candidate, carried the state by a good majority.
The popularity of Gov. Crawford's administration was such that in the summer of 1845 he was again the unanimous choice of the whig part}', and defeated M. H. McAllister. the democratic candidate. Just before the re-election of Mr. Crawford the Georgia railroad had been completed to Atlanta and the success of this enter prise was signalized by a great demonstration held at \Valton Spring in September, 1845. Atlanta was a small village at this time, and her population scarcely exceeded 500 people.
Since the admission of Texas into the Union was an issue in the presidential campaign, the election of Mr. Polk and his subsequent inauguration on March 4, 1845. was in effect a declaration of hostilities against Mexico in behalf of Texas. Mexico resented the interference of the United States and refused to recognize the independence of the Texas republic. Gen. Zachary Taylor, in command of the army at this time, was ordered to the frontier, and difficulties ensued immediately upon his arrive!. While Gen. Taylor was thus engaged in driving back the swarthy Mexicans a formal declaration of war was made by the United States in May, 1845. The war department, in the spring of 1846. called upon the state of Georgia to furnish a volunteer regiment to serve twelve months. The martial enthusiasm of the state was fully aroused, and no difficulty was experienced in raising the necessary troops. From every part of the state letters were received from ardent and impulsive spirits, eager to rush into the fight. On June 20, 1846, the regiment was organized at Columbus, Ga.. with Henry R. Jackson, of Savannah, Ga., as colonel. The regiment under Col. Jackson immediatelv repaired to the scene of hostilities and remained for twelve months on the frontier. Though not partici pating in the actual clash of the opposing armies, the regiment did much effective service. Nearly 150 men died from sickness on the plains. The return of the regiment elicited a complimentary resolution from the legislature, commending its conspicuous valor and the patriotic service rendered the country.
Among the gallant Georgians who distinguished themselves in the Mexican war were Gen. \Ym. S. Walker. Capt. Hardee and Lieut. Wm. M. Gardner, each of them receiving a sword in recognition of his valor. Col. James Mclntosh, a hero of 1812. who took an active part in the war. fell in the bloody engagement at El Molino del Rey. Capt. J'/siah Tattnall and Gen. David E. Twiggs also acquitted themselves with distinguished ability and reflected additional honor upon southern chivalry. The defeat of Santa Anna by Gen. Taylor on Sept. 13. 184.7. closed the bl<x>dy drama, and a treaty of peace was concluded on Feb. 2, 1848, by

CIVIL HISTORY.

57

which the United States gained the territory of California, Xew Mexico, Utah and Texas, in consideration of $15,000.
An important event that marked the administration of Gov. Crawford was the organization of the supreme court of Georgia. For several years the lawyers of the state had been clamoring for this court of appeals, in order to establish a
uniform administration of justice, and to correct the errors of the lower courts of law and equity. Hon. Joseph Henry Lumpkin was made chief justice with Eugenius A. Nisbet and Hiram Warner as associate justices. The state has never ' been served by abler or purer men than these illustrious pioneers of the supreme bench. Senator Berrien, who had resigned his seat in the United States senate on account of public censure, was triumphantly re-elected by the legislature as a mark of confidence and esteem.

ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. TOWNS AND THE SLAVERY QUESTION.
In the fall election of 1847 Geo. W. Towns, the democratic candidate for gov ernor, defeated Duncan L. Clinch, the candidate of the whig party. Gov. Towns was a native of Wilkes county and had served the state on the floor of congress. At the first session of the legislature Hon. \Vm. C. Dawson was elected to the senate of the United States and quite a number of important laws were enacted.
Gen. Zachary Taylor, the whig candiate, in the presidential election of 1848. defeated Lewis Cass, the democratic nominee. In addition to these the freesoilers, opposed to the extension of slavery in the newly admitted states, nominated Martin Van Buren. The campaign resulted in the triumph of the whig party. In dispensing the patronage of his administration the president called to the port folio of war, Geo. W. Crawford of Georgia.
The year 1849 was marked by the completion of the Western & Atlantic railroad from Chattanooga to Atlanta and the re-election of Gov. Towns to the chair of state. The agitation of slavery had now commenced in real earnest, and the stormy debates on the floor of congress emphasized the intensity of the situa tion. These debates were precipitated by the admission of California into the Union and by the proposition to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. The southern states insisted that no restriction be placed upon the territories or the newly-admitted states, and urged the enactment of a law providing for the restora tion of fugitive slaves. A brilliant son of Georgia was at this time speaker of the house of representatives and held the reins with a firm grasp. This was Howell Cobb. He had been elected to the speakership after months of ineffectual balloting, the opposition being pronounced on account of the slavery agitation.
In his message to the legislature, following the stormy scenes that had been enacted on the floors of congress, Gov. Towns urged the legislature to pass a resolution authorizing him to call a convention in the interest of the state's sov ereignty and to see that the rights of Georgia were properly respected. The suggestion of Gov. Towns was not only adopted, but the legislature added that if congress persisted in its aggressive legislation that Georgia would adopt secession as a remedy.
During this period of excitement the country was shocked by the death of President Zachary Taylor in July, 1850. He was succeeded by the vice-president, Millard Fillmore.
The compromise measure of 1850, introduced by Henry Clay, afforded tem porary relief to the situation. California was admitted into the 'Union as a free state, the slave trade was forbidden in the District of Columbia, a law was passed

-g

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

for the arrest and return of fugitive slaves and $10,000,000 was paid to Texas for
the recently acquired territory of Xew Mexico. In accordance with the resolution of the state legislature Gov. Towns issued a
call for a convention. Two hundred and sixty delegates, a majority of them from the union party, as opposed to the southern rights party, met at Milledgeville in December. 1850. A platform was reported to the convention by Chas. J. Jenkins, the chairman, in which the devotion of Georgia to the Federal constitution was affirmed, together with her insistence upon the doctrine of state rights and her willingness.'in behalf of the national harmony, to abide by the compromise measure
of Mr. Clay. During the ten years that had elapsed since the last official census the popula
tion of the state had increased to 906,185 souls, more than a third of this number being slaves. The industries of the state had correspondingly increased.

GOV. COBB'S ADMINISTRATION.
The popularity of Howell Cobb was emphasized in the fall election of 1851 by his successful campaign for governor, the defeated candidate being Chas. J. McDonald, one of the best and purest of Georgia's public men. Gov. Cobb was born in Jefferson county. Ga.. and was a son of Jno. A. Cobb, a native of North Carolina. He had filled several positions of honor prior to his election as speaker of the national house of representatives and was one of the leading figures of the country. Gov. Cobb was elected as the candidate of the union party. A con dition of unusual prosperity marked the state at the beginning of Gov. Cobb's administration. The expenses of the state were promptly met and a fair appropriation was made for the encouragement of education. The sum of $10,000 was appropriated for the Georgia Academy for the Blind, and $500,000 for needed repair; on the Western & Atlantic railroad.
In the presidential election of 1852 Franklin Pierce, the nominee of the demo cratic party, was the successsful candidate. A number of votes in Georgia were cast for ex-Gov. Geo. M. Troup.

GOV. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION.
Herichel Y. Johnson, the democratic aspirant for governor, defeated Chas. J. Jenkins for that office in the fall of 1853. Gov. Johnson was a native of Burke county. He was a man of rare accomplishments and had filled many ]K>sitions of honor and responsibility. On the resignation of Hon. Walter T. Colquitt as United States senator he had been appointed by Gov. Towns to that august and dignified body. The administration of Gov. Johnson, like that of his predecessor, was marked by great internal improvement. A number of steamboat, factory, banking and telegraph companies were incorporated and several railroad charters granted. A joint committee was appointed to investigate the condition of the state road.
A disposition on the part of several of the northern states to renew the slavery agitation was resisted by a resolution of the state legislation in 1854, deploring this fact and expressing the determination of Georgia to adhere to the compromise of 1850. A new party sprang up in Georgia at this time. The whigs and the democrats had substantially embraced the same political faith, and the principles of the new party, opposed to alien suffrage and Catholic office-holding, were promulgated by those who styled themselves Americans. In the contest of 1855 Gov. Johnson defeated Garnett Andrews, the candidate of the American party.

CIVIL, HISTORY.

59

On account of the heavy increase of legislative business a constitutional amend ment was adopted restricting the power of the legislature and conferring certain
powers upon the state courts, as changing the names of persons and establishing bridges and ferries. The granting of charters was afterward conferred also.
The indications of a renewal of the agitation of slavery were beginning to make
themselves apparent and a prudent foresight prompted the legislature to provide for the assembling of a state convention whenever the aggressive attitude of congress should make it necessary. A convention of the anti-slavery men was held in Philadelphia in June, 1856, and the republican party, based on an opposi
tion to slavery in the territories, was formally organized. At this convention John C. Fremont was nominated for the presidency.
The democrats nominated James Buchanan for president and Jno. C.
Breckinridge for vice-president. They adopted the compromise of 1850. Still a third candidate was put in the field, Millard Fillmore being the choice of the American party. In the ensuing election the democrats triumphed by an over whelming majority. President Buchanan appointed Howell Cobb of Georgia secretary of the treasury.

GOV. BROWN'S ELECTION.

Perhaps the most exciting gubernatorial contest ever known in the history of the state occurred at this period. After an exciting personal campaign the demo cratic convention met at Milledgeville in the fall of 1857 and the names of five distinguished Georgians were presented for the office. These were James Gardner, John H. Lumpkin, Hiram Warner, Henry J. Lamar and \Vm. H. Stiles. Having adopted the two-thirds rule the balloting proceeded for three days, and great excitement prevailed. Finally it was moved that a committee of three from each district be appointed to make a nomination. This motion prevailed and the com mittee reported to the convention the name of Joseph E. Brown. This dis tinguished Georgian, whose public sen-ices were afterward so closely interwoven
with the history of the state, was comparatively unknown at this time. He repre sented the farming interests of Xorth Georgia, and at the time of his election he was at work in his wheat field.
In the bitter campaign that followed his nomination Brown was opposed by that brilliant and illustrious Georgian, whose talents as an orator have never been eclipsed, Benjamin H. Hill. Mr. Hill was the candidate of the American party. His speeches during the campaign were characterized by a fervid brilliancy that
sharply contrasted with those of his opponent, but he represented the weaker party, and, in spite of his own personal magnetism, his rlasr went clown on the political field.
Gov. P.rown was only thirty-six years old at the time of his election. He was born in South Carolina, and came to Georgia with his lather at a very early age. In spite of hardships and reverses he succeeded in obtaining a meager education. He
settled in Canton, Ga.. and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar. He was subsequently elected to the state senate, and anerward to the bench of Blue Ridge circuit. During- the campaign Gov. Brown developed the qualities of leadership that distinguished him in after life, and clearly evinced that he was a man of destiny. The administration of Gov. Brown was characterized at the start by his attitude toward the banking institutions of the state. On account of the financial stringency a number of these had suspended the payment of specie in the interest of their own
preservation. They alleged that heavy drafts from the north made it absolutely

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necessary. In his inaugural address Gov. Brown, in spite of this defense, declared that he would institute proceedings against the banks for a forfeiture of their charters. He failed to secure the co-operation of the general assembly, however, and a bill was introduced holding up all forfeiture proceedings for one year. This bill was warmly discussed, but finally passed, only to receive Gov. Brown's prompt veto. It was returned to the general assembly and passed over his veto by a twothirds majority. This caused a breach of feeling between the executive and the legislature, but nothing could be accomplished, as matters were at a standstill for at least a year.
The press of the state sternly criticised the attitude of Gov. Brown, but his official conduct was approved by the people at large. The banks resumed their specie payments during the following year. As a result of Gov. Brown's vigorous measures an alteration in the banking system was adopted that proved greatly
beneficial to the state. A charter having been granted to the Air Line railroad, the. corporation selected
Jonathan Xorcross as the first president On account of several difficulties in the way, including the rupture between the states, the building of the road was not commenced until several years later. It was finally completed to Charlotte in
October. 1873. at a cost ol nearly S8.ooo.ooo. The legislature of 1857 re-elected Robert Toombs to the senate of the United States. In this body Mr. Toombs was the peer of the strongest men in the nation, and he was considered by many as the intellectual and oratorical successor of Daniel Webster. At this session of the legislature the law governing the session of the general assembly was repealed, and instead of meeting biennially, a yearly session of forty days, unless extended by a two-thirds vote, was agreed upon.
On account of the failure of the state road to yield a sufficient income to the state Gov. Brown decided upon its reorganization. He adopted a rigid policy, but one that built up the road and made it pay a handsome sum into the state treasury.

GOV. BROWN'S KE-ELECTION AND THE BEGINNING OF HOSTILITIES.
The election of Gov. Brown in 1859 was followed by a renewal of the slavery agitation. Compromises were no longer discussed, and the nation was now confronted xvith the issue, slavery or anti-slavery. The quietude of the preceding years had only been a prelude to this tremendous outbreak, and no power could now check the irresistible current of events. Public meetings in the north left no doubt upon the public mind as to the feelings and attitude of that section of the country, and the frightful realities of dissolution responded to the faintest exercise of the imagination. The indignation of the south was highly inflamed at this critical juncture by the celebrated John Brown raid upon the arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He was captured and prosecuted in the courts of Virginia for inciting the negroes, and on being found guilty of the charges he was executed.
The national democratic convention met in Charleston in April, 1860. Georgia had held two state conventions, electing the same delegates to represent the stale at each of them. The first instructed for Howell Cobb, but the second refused to give instructions. In a personal letter addressed to one of the delegates Mr. Cobb declined to allow his name to be presented. A deplorable division of sentiment distracted the national convention. The platform committee submitted three reports to the convention, one from the majority, and two from the minority. The northern delegates in the convention largely predominated, and in spite of lengthy debates thev refused to be led bv the sentiment of the south. This led to a with-

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drawal of the southern delegates under the leadership of William L. Yancey. A convention was called to meet at Richmond, Ya., in June, 1860. The remaining delegates to the Charleston convention also adjourned to meet in Baltimore in June. The fate of the democratic party was thus distinctly foreshadowed in this unfortunate division.
The Baltimore convention nominated John Bell for president and Edward Everett for vice-president. At the Richmond convention the delegates were still divided, and several states, among them Tennessee, Virginia, Xorth Carolina, 'Kentucky and Oregon, withdrew. Caleb Gushing, the chairman of the convention, resigned his position to follow the seceding delegates. Those remaining in the convention nominated Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency and Herschel V. Johnson for the vice-presidency. The seceding delegates nominated John C. Breckinridge for president and Joseph Lane for vice-president.
The republican convention met in the city of Chicago and presented a solid organization. A platform antagonistic to slavery was adopted, and Abraham Lincoln was nominated for the presidency, with Hannibal Hamlin for the vicepresidency.
The division in the democratic ranks made an easy success for the republicans. They carried the fall elections by a large majority. In Georgia the popular vote was given to Breckinridge, closely followed by Bell. More than 11,000 votes were also given to Douglas.
The election of Mr. Lincoln and the success of the republican party revived the determination of the south to secede from the Union. South Carolina, always impulsive, was the first to act. The ordinance of secession was passed in that state on Dec. 20, 1860, the convention charging that congress had openly violated the constitution and virtually annulled the compact existing between the states of the American Union.
Just at this time the prosperity of Georgia was unprecedented, and the threat ened dissolution of the Union was a serious menace to her progress. Her popula tion had increased to i ,057,286, and twenty-six banking institutions, in addition to several railroad corporations, had been chartered. During one year alone the public wealth of the state had increased over $60,000.000. Commerce and agri culture had been greatly stimulated, and the resources of the state were daily multiplied.
In his message to the legislature Gov. Brown gave a gratifying report of the state road, showing that $450,000 had been paid into the state treasury. The legislature appropriated $75,000 for the purchase of arms, and recommended a further appropriation of $1,000,000 to defend the state from invasion. The office of adjutant-general was created, an order was made for 10,000 volunteer troops, and i,oop rifles and carbines were purchased for the use of the militia in the event of hostilities.
GEORGIA PASSES THE ORDINANCE OP SECESSION.
In spite of these preparations for war the counsels of two eloquent and patriotic Georgians urged upon the people of the state the need of calmness and deliberation. These were Alexander H. Stephens and Benjamin H. Hill. They opposed secession with great eloquence, and were followed by a large number of supporters who thought it wiser to remain in the Union. On the contrary, influences were steadily at work in favor of secession. Howell Cobb resigned his position as secretary of the treasury under President Ruchanan, and he and his brilliant brother, Thomas R. R. Cobb, who had never taken an active part in politics, boldly and openlv

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favored secession. The influences of such men as ex-Gov. Wilson Lumpkin and Robert Toombs \vere also thrown in this direction. In the midst of this exciting campaign the news was received in Georgia that South Carolina had seceded from the Union. Gov. Brown promptly issued an order to the First regiment of Georgia volunteers, under Col. A. R. Lawton, to seize Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the
Savannah river, and to hold it until the meeting of the secession convention on Jan. 16,1861. The fort was seized on Jan. 3, and Gov. Brown immediately telegraphed
his action to the various governors in the south. The legislature having called for a state convention to consider the advisability
of secession, this body met on Jan. 16, 1861. It was the ablest body of men that ever assembled in the state, and the friends and foes of secession were both repre sented. Hon. George W. Crawford, one of the ablest political leaders in the state, and a man of national reputation, having served in the president's cabinet, was selected as the chairman of the convention. Among the delegates were Robert Toombs, in the prime of his intellectual strength, Alexander H. Stephens and his
brother Linton Stephens, ex-Gov. Herschel V. Johnson, Eugenius A. Nisbet, Benjamin H. Hill, Alfred R. Colquitt, Henry L. Benning, Hiram Warner, Francis S. Bartow, Thomas R. R. Cobb, and many other brilliant public men. The inter
ested gaze of the nation was fixed upon this dignified and august assembly. The
ordinance of secession was prepared and introduced by Judge E. A. Xisbet, a man of blameless life and distinguished reputation. Albert Lamar was elected secretary of the convention. Gov. Brown and Hon. Howell Cobb were invited to seats on the floor. Before proceeding to business the convention listened to an able
address from Hon. James L. Orr, commissioner from South Carolina, and Hon. John G. Shorter, of Alabama, who urged upon the convention, on behalf of their respective states, the importance of secession. The discussion of the great question was formally precipitated by the resolution introduced by Judge Xisbet A substi tute for this resolution was offered by ex-Gov. Johnson, calling for a convention of the southern states to meet in Atlanta, Ga., in February.
The scene that followed the introduction of this resolution was one that can never be described. Eloquence never soared to such heights, and the storm of
enthusiasm resembled a wild, tumultuous sea. Speeches were made in favor of secession by Judge Xisbet, Thomas R. R. Cobb, Robert Toombs, Aug. Reese, and Francis S- Bartow. Those who eloquently opposed immediate secession were Johnson, Stephens and Hill. The convention seemed to be in favor of adopting the substitute until the brilliant speech of Thomas R. R. Cobb, in which he declared that better terms could be made outside the Union than in it, and appealed to the Union sentiment in favor of secession. The substitute was lost, and the vote on the original resolution stood 166 in favor of secession to 130 against it The committee presenting the ordinance of secession to the convention was composed of the
following: E. A. Xisbet, chairman; Robert Toombs, H. V. Johnson, F. S. Bartow, H. L. Benning, W. M. Brown, G. D. Rice, T. H. Tripple, T. R. R. Cobb, A. H. Kenan, A. H. Stephens, James Williamson, D. P. Hill; Augustus Reese, B. H. Hill, E. W. Chastain and A. H. Colquitt.
The ordinance of secession was adopted on Jan. 19, 1861, and thus Georgia formally seceded from the American Union. The announcement was received with great enthusiasm through the state and south. As soon as Georgia declared
her intention to quit the Union Gov. Brown ordered the state troops to seize the Federal arsenal at Augusta. The garrison was in command of Capt. Arnold Edzey,
with eighr\- United States soJdiers. Terms of surrender were agreed upon, and the ensign of the state was hoisted in place of the Federal flag. The passage of

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the ordinance of secession resulted in the resignation of the following congressmen: Martin J. Crawford, L. J. Gartrell, Thomas J. Hardeman, Peter E. Love, James
Jackson, John Jones and J. \V. H. Underwood. The only member of the Georgia delegation who refused to resign was Joshua Hill.

ORGANIZATION OP THE CONFEDERACY.
In pursuance of a call for a convention of the seceding states the convention met at Montgomery, Ala., on Feb. 4, 1861. Six states were represented: Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, Alabama and Mississippi. Howell Cobb, of Georgia, was made the chairman of the convention. The principal work of the convention was to form a provisional government and to elect officers for the Confederacy. The choice of the convention for president was Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, and for vice-president, Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia. Mr. Davis was installed on Feb. 18, about two weeks in advance of President Lincoln's inauguration. The first official act of President Davis was to appoint a committee, consisting of Messrs. M. J. Crawford, of Georgia; John Forsyth, of Alabama, and A. B. Roman, of Louisiana, to proceed to Washington and" treat for a peaceful adjustment of all the issues between the two governments. The committee, how ever, failed to accomplish its mission.
At a peace convention held in Washington city thirteen states were represented, but nothing resulted from the convention. On March 7, 1861, a state convention was held in Savannah for the purpose of framing a new state constitution, and to adopt such measures as were necessary to defend the state in the event of war. Gov. Brown was equal to the exactions of 'his high office at this critical period. He placed Maj. Gen. W. H. T. Walker in command of a large body of troops, con tracted for a number of large cannon, and seized the government mint at Dahlonega, Ga., 'capturing $20,000 in gold.

FORT SUMTER TAKEN,
The war between the states being now at hand the state of Georgia no longer presented a division in her ranks. From the mountains to the sea the state was enthusiastic in its loyal adherence to the young Confederacy. Nearly all the forts and magazines belonging to the United States and located within the limits of the Confederacy were captured except Fort Sumter, on the South Carolina coast, and Fort Pickens, at Pensacola. President Davis made a requisition upon Gov. Brown for a regiment of soldiers to defend the strongholds oi Pensacola, and such was the patriotic feeling of the state that over 250 volunteer companies were organized. A regiment was formed from a careful selection of these companies, and Col. J. N. Ramsey was put in command, with J. O. Clark lieutenant-colonel, G. B. Thompson major. Commodore Josiah Tattnall was placed in charge of the gunboats along the coast near Savannah.
The first thunders of battle that inaugurated the fighting drama of the war between the states now .shook the country in the fall of Fort Sumter. Maj. Anderson, the Federal officer in charge, surrendered to Gen. Beauregard on April 13, 1861. About TOO soldiers were employed in the defense of Fort Sumter at the time of the bombardment. The feelings of the nation were now fully aroused, and both the north and the south were stirred to vigorous measures in prosecuting the war. President Lincoln, in behalf of the government of the United States, issued a call for 75,000 volunteers. Defiant responses to this call were made by several of the

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southern states that still remained in the Union. These were Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Xorth Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas and Missouri. In a few days Virginia seceded from the Union, followed by North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas. These additional states greatly strengthened the Confederacy, but, as compared with the states remaining in the Union, the population of the United States was 23,000,000, and that of the Confederate states only 8,000,000. Besides this the south was comparatively without coast protection.
The extension of the territorial boundary of the Confederacy made it necessary to change the capital from Montgomery to Richmond. The congress that assem bled in Richmond called for volunteers, and each of the seceding states promptly responded. Companies were organized in all parts of the south, and it was evident that southern chivalry was ready with the great issues that distracted the country, and to settle them at the point of the bayonet
The Federal army sustained a severe defeat on July 21,1861, at the first battle of Manassas. A number of brave Georgians were killed in this engagement, among them Col. William T. Wilson and Gen. Francis S. Bartow. Gen. Bartow was killed at the head of his brigade, falling in the thick of the battle, and exclaiming as he fell: "They have killed me, but never give up." This brave utterance from the lips of the heroic Bartow is fully in keeping with his patriotic declaration as 'he left Savannah for the front. Said he: "I go to illustrate Georgia," and well did he illustrate the valor of the old commonwealth. It was largely due to the heroism inspired by this gallant officer that the Confederates lost only 2,000 men, against 3,000 Federals.
In order to prepare for a more thorough defense of the state the coast protection was assigned to Gen. A. R. Lawton, and the naval forces were placed in command of Commodore Josiah Tattnall. On account of the scarcity of guns and ammuni tion Gov. Brown called upon the people to dedicate their rifles and shotguns to the Confederacy. A convention was held in Atlanta on July 3, 1861, to consider the financial problems of the new government, and to discuss the issuance of Confed erate money.
Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah river, was equipped at a heavy cost to the state, and three war steamers were purchased. The attitude of Georgia was bold, defiant and patriotic. Up to this time she had furnished 30,000 soldiers to the war.
At a meeting of the Confederate congress in July an issue of $50,000,000 in bonds was authorized. The issue was made, and a large number of these bonds were purchased by Georgia planters. The example of Bartow in giving his sword to the southern cause was followed by Gens. Howell and T. R. R. Cobb. In a few weeks Gen. Toombs, unable to resist the martial impulse, also took the field.
In the fall of 1861 Gov. Brown was re-elected governor of the state by a hand some majority. In his message to the legislature he showed that Georgia had sent fifty regiments into the field and had appropriated $1,500,000 from the pockets of her people. The legislature appropriated large sums of money this year for the erection of hospitals and military supplies. Benjamin H. Hill and Robert Toombs were elected to represent the state in the Confederate senate, but Gen. Toombs, declining to serve on account of his preference for the field, left the office to be filled by Gov. Brown, who appointed Dr. John W. Lewis. The following brigadiergenerals were in the field from Georgia: Howell Cobb, Thomas R. R. Cobb, Henry R. Jackson, W. H. T. Walker, A. R. Lawton, A. R. Wright, and A. H. Colquitt.
In addition to these, two maior-generals were commissioned, these being Gens. David E. Twiggs and W. J. Hardee.

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At the close of the year 1861 the northern army in Virginia under Gen. McClellan numbered 150,000 men, opposed by only 100,000 Confederates.

THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES.
No southern state eclipsed Georgia in her devotion to the principles on which her withdrawal from the Union was based, and the courage displayed by her in maintaining these principles made her the acknowledged peer of any state in the Confederacy. The year 1862 reversed the fortunes of the south, and defeat and ' failure followed in the wake of the brilliant victories of the preceding year. Troops were marshaled into the field on both sides. The total strength of the Federal army was nearly 800,000, while that of the Confederate forces was short of 300,000. Among the Confederate losses that dismayed the soldiers at the beginning of the campaign was the capture of Roanoke Island by Gen. Burnside. This strongly fortified garrison off the coast of North Carolina was a capital prize for the Federal army, and a corresponding loss to the southern cause.
The Confederate government called for additional troops to enter the field. Twelve regiments was the demand made upon Georgia, in addition to a war tax of $2,000,000. Both exactions were promptly met. The martial debt was paid and the regiments were furnished. Gen. Henry R. Jackson was promoted to the rank of major-general and placed in charge of the coast defense. Gen. Lawton was placed in command of the Confederate troops in Georgia. Federal operations were soon directed against the coast near Savannah, and Gen. Pemberton, who was in charge of the Confederate troops, was obliged to retreat from Tybee and Warsaw islands. Preparations were then started by the Federals for making an attack on Fort Pulaski. This garrison consisted of only 350 men, in command of Col. Charles Olmstead. Col. Olmstead refused to surrender the fort, stating that his duty was to defend it. Starvation, however, soon confronted his men and he was forced to yield.
Nearly all the troops that Georgia had furnished up to this time had enlisted in the service of the state for a brief period only. Events were such, however, as to make it necessary for a longer term to be prescribed, and for those whose terms had already expired to re-enlist for the war. The fall of Fort Pulaski was a final argument to all who hesitated, and the organization of troops now commenced in good earnest The chivalry of the state leaped, as it were, into the saddle, and with drawn saber plunged into the fight, thus illustrating the martial spirit of the brave Bartow in the proffered services of a thousand gallant young Georgians. An act was passed by the Confederate congress in 1862, known as the conscript act, that led to a serious controversy between Gov. Brown and President Davis. If required all able-bodied men between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five to enlist in the war. The legality of this act was stoutly opposed by Gov. Brown, who was nevertheless put under the constraint of complying with the provisions. He proved, however, that Georgia required no conscript act to martialize her brave sons by supplying to the Confederacy more regiments each time than were demanded.
An effort was made during this year by a band of Federal spies to capture an engine and several cars belonging to the Western & Atlantic railroad. A number of them boarded the train at Marietta while the engineer and conductor were at breakfast, and leaving the coaches behind, started for the north. Discovering the design of the spies the chief of the motive power immediately started in hot pursuit of the fugitives. They were soon overtaken and a number of them captured, including the ringleader of the band, a man by the name of Andrews. Andrews had a large sum of money on his person, and offered $10,000 to be released. The men
I-E

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\vcre tried and eight of them convicted. They were brought to Atlanta and executed near \Valton Spring in April, 1862.
A number of decisive battles were gained by the Federals in the south and west during the early part of this year, Xew Orleans and Memphis being among the chief cities taken. During the latter part of the year, however, the Confederates under Gen. Lee were more successful, and Gens. McClellan, Pope and Burnside were successively defeated. Gen. Thomas R. R. Cobb was one of the illustrious victims of the southern cause who fell during the latter part of the year. He was killed at the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. A monument on the spot, commemorating the valor of the distinguished Georgian, has since been erected.
A large sum of money was appropriated by the legislature that met in Novem ber, 1862. for war purposes, and also for the erection of hospitals. Before the war closed Georgia had sent 75,000 men to the front, in addition to the state troops, that numbered about 8,000 men. An armory for the manufacture of guns had also been established in the state penitentiary.
President Lincoln, at the beginning of the next year, issued a proclamation for the release of all slaves in the seceded states. The fortunes of the southern cause began to waver as the year advanced, and the strength of the northern army daily increased. The public debt of the state of Georgia at this time had reached $14.000,000, and Confederate money had commenced to rapidly depreciate. In the records of mortality produced by the war it was shown that Georgia had lost more of her brave sons than any state in the south. Xine thousand of her gallant heroes had given up their lives in the valley of Virginia and on the other crimson battlefields of the country.
An effort to invade the state in 1863 was promptly checked by Gen. Forrest, who met the invading party at Rome, Ga., and defeated them with great loss. During the early part of the year a Confederate steamship, the Nashville, was fired at Fort McAllister, on the Ogeechee river, near Savannah. In March of this year the fort was attacked by seven Federal gunboats, but after a fruitless siege of several hours the Federals gave up the fight and sailed away in complete exhaustion.
A special session of the legislature convened on March 25, 1863, to enact suitable measures for the relief of the situation. The war had entailed great suffering among the women and children throughout the state, and this was one of the problems that the legislature had to meet An appropriation of $2,000,000 was made in behalf of the suffering families of absent soldiers, and the cultivation of wheat, instead of cotton, was enjoined upon the planters who were not in the field. Over 4,000 widows and 45,000 children were thus dependent upon the bounty of the state for support and protection.
The Federal army continued to increase in size, and the victories of the Union flag daily multiplied. Yicksburg fell into the hands of the enemy, and Port Hudson, a Confederate stronghold in Tennessee, was forced to surrender. In April, 1863, Gen. John B. Gordon, who became one of the most distinguished soldiers of the war, was commissioned as a brigadier-general. He subsequently became the confidential friend of Lee, attaining the rank of lieutenant-general, and commanding one of the wings of the southern army at Appomattox. Gen. Cordon entered the service as a Confederate captain. Another distinguished Georgian who illustrated the chivalry of the state was Gen. James Longstreet.
Notwithstanding the fact that Gov. Brown had already filled the chair of state for three consecutive terms, he was triumphantly re-elected in the fall of 1863 over Joshua Hill and Timothy M. Furlow. In the Confederate congress Georgia was represented by the following delegation: Julian Hartridge, W. E. Smith, M. H.

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Stanford, Clifford Anderson, J. T. Shewmake, J. H. Echols, J. M. Smith, George N. Lester, H. P. Bell and Warren Aiken. The legislature that met in the fall of 1863, following the re-election of Gov. Brown for a fourth term, fixed the ages of enlistment between eighteen and sixty years. The Confederacy called upon the state for 8,000 home guards, and more than 18,000 volunteered. Howell Cobb was commissioned as a major-general on Sept 14,1863. During the preceding August Gen. A. R. Lawton was commissioned quartermaster-general of the Confederate army. Gen. Lawton was one of the most distinguished soldiers in the state, having enjoyed a fine military training, and having served the state as a brigadier at the beginning of the war.
The Confederate losses throughout the country were disastrous, and the close of the year 1863 plainly evinced that nothing short of a miracle could prevent the iron hand of fate from overturning the Confederacy.
A brilliant victory achieved by the Confederates under the command of Gen. Colquitt at Olustee, Fla., revived for a time the wavering hopes of the south at the beginning of the year 1864. Subsequent losses, however, only served to make this victory a splendid conflagration, as it were, in the inidst of a surrounding wilderness of gloom.
GEN. SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA AND THE PALL, OP ATLANTA.
Gen. William T. Sherman, who.commanded a division of the Federal army, had already commenced his famous march to the sea before the beginning of the year. In March, 1864, Gen. Grant, having been elevated to the command of all the Federal forces, planned two campaigns, one against Richmond to be conducted by himself, and the other against Atlanta by Gen. Sherman, who was then on his way to the sea. Lee was in command of the southern troops at Richmond, and Joseph E. Johnston awaited the approach of Gen. Sherman at Dalton, Ga., on his south ward march.
On May 4, 1864, Gen. Sherman started from Chattanooga, and Gen. Grant, on the same day, started for Richmond. Gen. Johnston, who'stationed his army at Dalton, Ga., awaited Gen. Sherman with 43,000 men--just half the size of the invading army. Sherman made a vigorous attack on Johnston's front, having dispatched Gen. McPherson to Resaca, Ga., eighteen miles below, to advance upon the rear. Gen. Johnston had anticipated this flank movement, however, and had stationed a strong defense at Resaca. On May 12 he withdrew his entire army to this point, and two days afterward an attack was opened by Gen. Sherman. At the same time a part of Sherman's army crossed over the river and advanced toward Calhoun. Here they were surprised by a large reserve and driven back to Resaca with the loss of 5,000 men. Johnston then fell back to Cassville, in order to avoid another flank movement, and left Rome in possession of the Federals. He afterward stationed his men at New Hope Church, learning that Gen. Sherman was making for that point, and here a bloody battle ensued, in which the Federals under Gen. Sherman sustained a severe loss. The next position taken by the two armies was at Pine mountain, Gen. Johnston having marched from Marietta and secured a stand on the mountain. The Federals had been resting at Acworth, but hearing that Gen. Johnston had taken his position on Pine mountain they determined to break through the lines. The battle commenced on June 9, 1864, and lasted for twenty-three days. Each attempt of the Federals to climb the mountains sig nally failed, and on June 14 Gen. Leonidas Polk was killed. Gen. Johnston

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next concentrated his forces on Kennesaw mountain and succeeded in main taining his position in spite of repeated assaults from the Federal army. Gen. Sherman next tried one of his old reliable Sank movements by sending a part of his forces across the Chattahoochee river. Gen. Johnston observed this move ment and immediately withdrew his men from the mountain, crossing over the river himself. Up to this time Gen. Johnston had only lost 10,000 men, while the loss of Gen. Sherman was more than four times that number. On July 17, Gen. Johnstoa was removed from the command of the army, and Gen. John B. Hood placed in charge.
Atlanta, the objective point of Gen. Sherman's march, was now only a few miles distant It was strongly fortified, with a garrison of 10,000 men under Gen. G. W. Smith. Having been a Confederate depot of supplies, its capture had been agreed upon by Gen. Grant as holding the key to the situation. On July 20 a bloody engagement took place just north of Atlanta, in which the Confederates lost heav ily. During the night both armies changed their position to the east of the city, and during the two days that followed one of the bloodiest battles of the war oc curred. On the Federal side Gen. J. B. McPherson was among the distinguished officers killed, and Gen. W. H. T. Walker on the Confederate side. A huge cannon, erected as a monument to the heroism of the Federal officer, commem orates the exact spot on which he fell. Gen. John M. Brown, a brother of the governor, was also one of the victims of this terrible encounter.
A detachment of the Federal army sent out by Gen. Sherman to make a raid on the state met with a series of disasters and finally gave up the enterprise. About 600 of die raiders surrendered to Gen. Alfred Iverson.
Gen. Hood made a second desperate assault on Gen. Sherman's army on July
28, but failed to accomplish his purpose. On Aug. 5, however, he repelled an attack made upon him by Gen. Schofield, defeating that officer with a loss of 400 men. Gen. Sherman for several days continued to bombard the city, and in the meantime secured possession of all the roads. He tore up the track of the Georgia railroad, and also the West Point lines as far as Jonesboro. Here he encountered Gen. Hardee with a force of men who, after a brief engagement, compelled him to retreat. Gen. Sherman then returned to Atlanta, and took possession of the city. As soon as the army of Gen. Hood withdrew the residents who remained in the city were ordered to depart immediately. The torch was then applied to the buildings and everything in sight, except the Federal headquarters and one or two favored buildings, was destroyed.
Leaving Atlanta, Gen. Hood sought to force Gen. Sherman to quit the state by projecting a campaign into Tennessee. An effort to capture the Federal supplies at Altoona failed, but the Confederates advanced upon Resaca, tore up the rails for a distance of twenty miles, and put-themselves in possession of Dalton. -Instead of following Gen. Hood into Tennessee Gen. Sherman decided to send Gen. Thomas in that direction and to resume his devastating march to the sea.

LAST DATS OP THE CONFEDERACY.
The march of Gen. Sherman to the sea was one of pillage and devastation. Villages and farmhouses were destroyed and the depredations of the soldiers beggar description. The front of the invading army covered a breadth of forty miles, and everything was literally swept away before it. As soon as Gen. Sherman left Atlanta, a telegram was sent to Gov. Brown at Milledgeville stating that Gen. Sherman was probably on his way to the capital. The people fled from the city in

CIVIL HISTORY.

go.

great confusion, and Gov. Brown gave orders for the removal of the state records to such places in the neighborhood as were thought secure from invasion. These
hasty precautions were taken barely in time, and Gov. Brown and his family had just left the city when Gen. Sherman entered it. Leaving Milledgeville, Gen. Sherman started in a. southeasterly direction, and reached Savannah on Dec. 10, 1864. Fort McAllister, at the mouth of the Ogeechee river, was captured after a gallant resistance on the part of Maj. G. W. Anderson and 250 brave men. Gen. Hardee was in command of the Confederate troops at Savannah, but having too small a number to cope with Gen. Sherman he withdrew into South Carolina, and left the Federals in possession of the city. The disasters that marred the command of Gen. Hood in Georgia continued to follow him in Tennessee until his army was driven back into Georgia completely annihilated.
The invasion of the state by Gen. Sherman had entailed great suffering and misery upon the people. The public debt had increased to nearly $24,000,000, and food and provisions were sold at fabulous prices. Fifty dollars in Confederate money was scarcely worth one dollar in gold. During this unhappy period the last session of the legislature, under the Confederate government, convened at Macon, Ga. A patriotic message was read from Gov. Brown, and eloquent speeches of encouragement were delivered by Gen. Howell Cobb, Benjamin H. Hill and William H. Stiles.
On Feb. 23 the Hampton Roads conference occurred between President Lincoln and William H. Seward, for the north, and A. H. Stephens, R. M. T. Hunter and Judge Campbell for the south. The conference, however, failed to accomplish the
desired result. In the meantime Gen. Sherman, having left Savannah on Jan. 19, 1865. marched into South Carolina renewing his depredations. Columbia., the capital of the state, was reduced to ashes. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston was restored to his former command and placed in charge of the shattered remnants of Hood's army on Feb. 23, 1865.
The campaign of Gen. Grant against Richmond, in spite of the heroism of the southern soldiers under Gen. Lee, had been successful by reason of the superior numbers of the invading army. Gen. Lee had made a strong defense of Petersburg, but on April 2, after seven days of hard fighting, the lines were broken and Gen. Lee was forced to surrender with his army at Appomattox. The surrender occurred on the morning of April 9, 1865. The army under Gen. Johnston surrendered on April 26, at Greensboro, N. C. The surrender of Gen. Lee was shortly followed by the assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's theater by John Wilkes Booth. It was extremely unfortunate for the south that such an event ever should have occurred.
The fall of Richmond made it necessary for President Davis to leave that city. On his way to Texas, with a number of friends who sought to protect him from violence, he stopped at the 'home of Gen. Toombs at Washington, Ga. Here the last conference of the Confederate cabinet was held, Gens. Lawton and Bragg being present in addition to the members of the cabinet. After the meeting was over the parties dispersed. President Davis was subsequently captured near Invinsville, Ga., by a detachment of cavalry, and taken to Fortress Monroe. Without a trial he
was thrown into prison and remained a captive for nearly two years. Alexander H. Stephens, the vice-president of the Confederacy, was also arrested, but subse quently released. All the money that was rescued from the ruins of the Confederate government was divided among the old soldiers in consideration of their gallant services during the war. Only a small sum was received by each' soldier, but it was something, and, in behalf of his impoverished household, he received it gladly.

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The last official act of the Confederate government was the distribution of this money among the sick and disabled soldiers of the Confederacy.
An effort to arrest Gen. Toombs was skillfully avoided by that astute statesman, who dodged a Federal officer and made good his escape from home on horseback. Gen. Toombs sailed for England, and remained abroad for several years.
In summing up the contributions of the state to the Confederate cause it was found that Georgia had sent 120,000 men into the field. The property of the state, which was now in the hands of the Federal army, had depreciated nearly $500,000,ooo, due largely to the ravages of Gen. Sherman. Each of the principal cities of the state was placed under military control. Col. Eggleston was placed in charge of Atlanta, Gen. Upton of Augusta, Gen. Croxton of Macon, and Maj. M. H. Williams of Milledgeville. A meeting of the legislature was called by Gov. Brown, but Gen. Wilson, who was in military control, refused to allow that body to assemble. Howell Cobb, Alexander H. Stephens and B. H. Hill were all arrested. Gov. Brown was also arrested, but, having been paroled, he was released. This parole was subsequently taken from him by a force of men who surrounded the executive mansion. He was taken to Washington city and remained an inmate of Carroll prison for a week, after which he was released by President Johnson. Returning to Georgia Gov. Brown was surprised to find that Gen. Wilson had assumed the reins of government, and thereupon immediately resigned his office. He then issued a patriotic address to the people, in which he urged them to make the best of the situation, and to acquiesce in the terms by which the civil government might be speedily restored.
THE ERA OF RECONSTRUCTION.
If the era of reconstruction which followed the tragic drama of civil war lacked the fierce element of bloodshed, it was none the less painful and protracted. It was~a gloomy period through which the people of the south were compelled to pass, and there was no appeal and no alternative but submission. In June, 1865, the president of the United States, in the exercise of his declared authority, appointed James Johnson, of Columbus, governor of the state. He entered upon the dis charge of his duties at once, and issued a call for a convention to meet early in October.
The convention promptly assembled, and Herschel V. Johnson, a favorite son of Georgia, was elected chairman. Among the resolutions that were passed by the convention was one repealing the ordinance of secession. Slave ownership was abolished, in accordance with the terms of surrender, and a new state constitution was adopted. An election for governor was held in November, and Hon. Charles J. Jenkins was elected to that office without opposition.
It was beginning to look as if Georgia had escaped the dreadful evils of recon struction, and that smooth sailing would be enjoyed by the ship of state. For several months this happy delusion continued, only to form a bold and bitter contrast to the reign of terror that followed. The legislature assembled in Decem ber, 1865. Gov. Johnson, in a message to the legislature, stated that he would continue to hold the office until the election of Gov. Jenkins was duly recognized by the United States. This was merely a matter of form, and on Dec. 14 Gov. Jenkins was formally inaugurated amid great enthusiasm and rejoicing.
Gov. Jenkins, who was destined to play a romantic part in the events of the next few years, was a native of South Carolina, and was born in January, 1805. He began the practice of law in Sandersville, Ga., but afterward moved to Augusta.

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He had filled many positions of trust, and had been the attorney-general of the state. As a man of integrity and patriotism he was beloved by all the people of the state, and their confidence was not unwisely imposed. Among the acts passed by the state legislature was the ratification of the thirteenth amendment of the Federal constitution forbidding slavery. Alexander H. Stephens and Herschel V. Johnson
were elected to represent Georgia in tiie United States senate, but they were not allowed to take their seats in that body on account of the issues of reconstruction. It was just at this time that President Johnson had his controversy with congress
in regard to the representation of the southern states--a controversy that entailed much suffering, and that patriotism, on the part of the chief executive of the nation, might easily have avoided. The republican members of congress objected to the seating of new congressmen until their respective states had ratified the fourteenth amendment, relating to the negro citizenship. All the southern states, except Tennessee, refused to ratify this amendment. It was distasteful to them for their late negro slaves to thus become their political equals. It was enough for congress to declare their freedom; to give them the elective franchise was too much. Georgia and the other southern states were thereupon declared by congress to be in a state of rebellion. This declaration Georgia stubbornly resisted, stating that she intended to protect the negro, but holding that the right of suffrage should not be too hastily conferred upon him before he had shown his ability to exercise it The people of Georgia were greatly incensed by the attitude of congress, and a special committee was appointed, one of its members being ex-Gov. Joseph E. Brown, to repair to Washington in behalf of a more thorough understanding of the situation. This committee failed to accomplish anything, as congress was not disposed to alter its demands. Gov. Brown thereupon issued a letter to the people in which he urged them, at the expense of their personal inconvenience, to calmly submit to the
terms of reconstruction in the hope of a final and complete revolution. In the light of subsequent happenings the wisdom and patriotism of Gov. Brown's letter is clearly seen, but the warm-blooded passions of the south were too easily inflamed to admit of calmness under insult, and they failed to see the wisdom of Gov. Brown's advice.
Gov. Jenkins himself repaired to Washington for the purpose of testing the constitutionality of the amendment, and failing to secure satisfaction he advised the people of the state to persevere in their refusal to acquiesce in the demands of congress. The views of Gov. Jenkins were warmly espoused by the eloquence of Benjamin H. Hill, who delivered the greatest speeches of his life during this
frightful era of gloom and despondency. In order to force upon the state the adoption of the measures proposed by congress, Georgia was again placed under
military rule, and Gen. John Pope was put in command. A convention of the democratic party was held in December, 1867, and Benja
min H. Hill was elected chairman. The convention declared in favor of nonresistance to congress, but boldly protested against the military administration of Gen. Pope. Resolutions were passed denouncing the measures of reconstruction
as harsh and unwise. Gen. Pope next called a convention to meet during the same month. All the
counties were not represented, and the body was largely composed of negroes. The convention remained in session until March i. In the meantime Gen. Meade succeeded Gen. Pope in command of the state. The convention being in need of
funds demanded $40,000 from the state treasury to meet its expenses. This the treasurer refused to pay without an order from the governor. Gen. Meade there upon addressed a request to Gov. Jenkins asking him to draw the order. Gov. Jenkins refused to comply with his request and was thereupon removed from office.

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Gen. Ruger was detailed to act in his stead, and all the state officials who had served under Gov. Jenkins were likewise dismissed.

GOV. JENKINS GOES INTO EXILE. TAKING WITH HIM THE GREAT SEAL.
Being deposed from his high office as governor of the state, Gov. Jenkins took with him the great seal of the commonwealth and $400,000 of the state's money and departed for Washington city. He filed a bill of complaint in the supreme court of the United States against the seizure of the state government by certain military officials, and passing through New York he deposited the $400,000 in one of the banks of that city. He then departed into exile, still retaining the great seal in his possession.
The convention that was' called by Gen. Meade, being still in session, ordered an election for governor to be held in April, 1868. Rufus B. Bullock was the candidate of the republican party, and Gen. John B. Gordon the nominee of the democratic party. The new constitution was submitted to a vote of the people during this election and ratified. A large number of the best people in the state being denied the privilege of voting, the republican candidate was elected by a small majority. A society known as the Union League was organized about this time to promote the interests of the republican party in the state. Contemporane ously the celebrated Ku Klux organization sprung into existence, and many acts of violence were committed by this band. It was designed, according to the declaration of its leading members, to protect the wives and daughters of Georgia from black republicanism. Gov. Brown became very unpopular by consenting to prosecute several members of the Ku Klux organization in Columbus for the killing of a man by the name of Ashburn. It was denounced as an act of disloyalty to the cause of southern patriotism.
. Benjamin Conley was chosen president of the senate that convened in July, 1868, and R. L. McWhorter, by the small majority of only one vote, was elected speaker of the house. Gov. Bullock was inaugurated and the fourteenth amendment was ratified. Gen. Meade thereupon declared military rule in Georgia at an end. The unseating of twenty-five negro members, in spite of the protest oi Gov. Bullock, called forth great indignation on the part of the republicans. A colored convention was held in ilacon, and violent speeches were made condemning the action of the legislature. The matter was subsequently brought to the attention of Charles Sumner, who demanded that Georgia be put for a third time under military rule. A resolution was adopted by congress to this effect, but it was never put into operation. The supreme court in June, 1869, decided that, under the constitutional amendment, the negroes were entitled to their seats, and this put an end to the controversy. A delegation was appointed by the republican executive committee to urge congress to put the state again under military rule. Gov. Bullock also repaired to Washington for the purpose of securing the passage of a bill author izing the governor to convene the legislature, and providing for the oath of amnesty, the seating of the colored members of the legislature, and the ratification of the fifteenth amendment
For a third time Georgia was placed under military rule, and Gen. Alfred Terry was appointed commander for the district. The first session of the legisla ture under this new regime was held amid great confusion. Thirty-one negro . members were seated, and twenty-four democrats expelled. The attention of congress was called to the manner in which the legislature was organized, and the state authorities were severely criticised by the judiciary committee of congress designated to inquire into the organization. A bill was introduced providing for

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a new election, and also for the re-admission of Georgia into the Union. The bill admitting the state into the sisterhood of American republics was signed by
President Grant in July, 1870. Under the provision of the new act Gov. Bullock was re-elected in the following November.
Gov. Joseph E. Brown, who had been appointed by Gov. Bullock chief justice of the state, resigned that office in 1870 to accept the presidency of die Western & Atlantic railroad that had been leased from the state for twenty years. It may be
stated in this connection that Gov. Brown, by reason of his peculiar views in regard to reconstruction, was obliged to affiliate with the republicans. In adopting this
course he was severely criticised by his former friends and political allies. He acted, however, from patriotic motives, believing it better to suffer patiently than to oppose the measures of reconstruction that were put upon the state by the Federal authority. The fact that Gov. Brown was aftenvard received into full democratic confidence is the highest evidence of his patriotism and devotion to the state. The
population of Georgia at this time in spite of the decimating effect of the war was 1,184,109. The taxable property of the state had greatly decreased in value, but was slowly beginning to rise again. The manufacturing industries had been greatly
stimulated, and the cultivation of cotton was resumed with renewed vigor. In spite of the bitter ordeal of reconstruction there were lacking none of the visible signs of growth and prosperity, and Georgia needed only a home government of
her own selection to make her once more strong and powerful. During the month of October, 1871, Gov. Bullock, who had been re-elected to
the office of governor the year preceding, formally resigned his position. He left
the state immediately, turning over the executive chair to Benjamin Conley, the president of the senate. The state was surprised by the sudden departure, and the feeling was shared, in a great measure, by the whole country. It was known that
Gov. Bullock had found it anything but pleasant to govern a state that entertained no love for the republican party, and that, furthermore, a misunder standing had taken place between him and the state treasurer in regard to advancing a large sum of money to H. I. Kimball for fitting up the old opera house building for a state capital, when Kimball was under an express obligation to put it in
proper condition. No effort was made to apprehend the fugitive governor, and he was allowed to remain unmolested until the fall of 1872. A legislative commit tee, appointed to investigate the cause of his departure, reported that he was in default to the state in the sum of $60,000, and thereupon a requisition for his arrest was made to the governor of New York. He was not found, however, and in 1876 returned to Georgia, and was shortly afterward given a trial and acquitted.
Gov. Bullock had hardly left the state, after his resignation, when the legisla
ture convened. James M. Smith was elected speaker of the house of representa tives and L. N. Trammell president of the senate. Benjamin Conley assumed the executive chair and was permitted to retain it by the legislature. An election,
however, was called for the following December and James M. Smith was declared the choice of the people without opposition. Thomas M. Norwood was elected
to tfie United States senate by the legislature that met in the fall of 1871. Gov. Smith had been a gallant officer in the Confederate army and had served
on the floor of the Confederate congress, after being disqualified by a wound from serving in the field. The governor found it a difficult matter to correct the evils that had crept into the state government by reason of the republican administration,
but he addressed himself to the undertaking with patriotism and ability. His mes sage to the legislature suggested a number of reforms, many of which were sub
stantially adopted by that body and enacted into laws. It was evident before a
great while that the state was beginning to show marked signs of increasing pros
perity.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

The rebound from depression to buoyancy and hopefulness was instantaneous. Freed from the despoiling rule and the strangling grip of those who felt no real interest in her prosperity, and the government restored to her intelligent native and long-time adopted citizenship, Georgia soon regained her old-time progressive spirit, new political life was infused, manufactures, mining and railway construc tion was fostered, and improvement was manifest along all the lines of material development and commerce.

' RESTITUTION OF THE GREAT SEAL.
It was now time for that patriotic old Roman. Gov. Chas. J. Jenkins, to emerge from his retirement and restore the great seal of the state that had been carried with him into exile. He had been informed of rhe changes that were taking place in the state, and as soon as Georgia's sovereignty was recognized he appeared upon the scene and made a formal restitution of the seal that he had faithfully guarded, saying, as he returned it, that he was thankful it had never been desecrated by the grasp of a military usurper's hand. A resolution of grateful thanks was voted to Gov. Jenkins in behalf of the people of Georgia, and the governor of the state was instructed to have a facsimile of the great seal made and presented to Gov. Jenkins and to bear the inscription: "Presented to Chas. J. Jenkins by the state of Georgia," together with the motto: "In aruduis fidelis."
In the presidential election of 1872 the vote of Georgia was cast for Horace Greeley, the democratic candidate, who was defeated by Gen. U. S. Grant. An appropriation for the common schools of the state was made this year by the legis lature, setting aside the poll tax and all revenues derived from liquors, shows and exhibitions, in addition to one-half the rental of the Western & Atlantic railroad, making a total of 8250,000 appropriated to the common school system. It was necessary to increase this appropriation, but this amount, meager as it was, served to awaken the popular heart of the state, and to create a sentiment in favor of a better educational system. In May, 1872, the Georgia state college of agriculture and mechanical arts was organized at Athens, Ga., under the control of the uni versity.
Gen. John B. Gordon, who had served with such distinction in the Confederate army, was elected to the United States senate in 1873. ^ e was one f tne most picturesque men in the Union, and his election to the senate was hailed with popular rejoicing. The office of state geologist was created during the year 1874 and Dr. Geo. Little was appointed to fill this position. The department of agriculture was also created this year and Dr. Thomas P. Janes was called to its head.
The resignation of Judge McKay and Judge Trippe from the supreme bench in 1875 resulted in the appointment of Judge James Jackson and Judge Logan E. Bleckley to fill their vacancies. Dr. Gustavtts J. Orr was also appointed by Gov. Smith to fill the position of state school commissioner.
The governor was authorized to lease the convicts of the state for a term not exceeding five years. His limit was afterward fixed for a term not to exceed twenty years. A provision was further made for the proper care and treatment of the prisoners. It was made the duty of the principal keeper of the penitentiary and of the state physician to visit each camp in the state monthly, and to submit a written report of their condition.

GOV. COLQUITT'S ADMINISTRATION.
In the summer of 1876 the state democratic convention met in Atlanta and Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt, who had distinguished himself in the war between the

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states, was the unanimous choice of that body for governor. His nomination \va5 followed by his triumphant election in the fall, defeating his opponent by a popular majority of 80,000 votes. The vote of the state was cast for Tilden and Hendricks in the presidential election.
Gov. Colquitt was duly inaugurated on Jan. 12, 1877, and entered upon a term of four years, this term of service having been fixed prior to the administration of Gov. Smith. Gov. Colquitt was the son of Walter T. Colquitt, the distinguished statesman and orator. He was a native of Walton county, and was born in 1824. He graduated at Princeton college, after which he entered the practice of law, but soon gave up that profession to engage in agricultural pursuits. He served in the Mexican war, subsequently entered congress, became a distinguished general in the Confederate army, and had been the president of the state agricultural society. In his able message to the legislature Gov. Colquitt recommended economy in the use of public funds, and a more accurate return of taxable property. The legislature decided to call for a constitutional convention to revise the work of the qne that had met itt 1868. The convention met in the summer of 1877 and ex-Gov. Chas. J. Jenkins was made the chairman. Gen. Robt. Toombs was the leading spirit on the floor of the convention. It remained in session for several weeks and a number of changes were adopted. The governor's term of office was reduced from four to two years; the selection of judges and solicitors was referred to the people instead of the exec utive; biennial sessions, instead of yearly ones, were agreed upon and the homestead was reduced. The regulation of freight and passenger tariff was put under the control of legislation, and the fraudulent bonds of the state were re pudiated. These proposed changes were submitted to a vote of the people, together with the choice of a state capitol. Atlanta had been the seat of legislation since 1868, but the removal of the state capitol from Milledgeville to that city was not considered as permanent. In order to get the capitol, however, Atlanta made a liberal offer. In the election that followed the new constitution was ratified and -Atlanta was made the seat of government. The change was exceedingly dis tasteful to Milledgeville, as the capitol had been located in that town for more than
half a century. The state recovered from the United States government in 1878 the sum of
$152,000, an amount of money that Georgia had paid into the United States treasury in excess of what was right for repairing the Western & Atlantic railroad after the war. A number of Indian claims were also collected and these, in addition to an increase in the state's revenue, served to reduce the bonded debt considerably. Severe criticism was heaped upon the governor for endorsing the bonds of the Northeastern railroad. It was made to prevent the sale of the road in accordance with the state's agreement. Gov. Colquitt was found to be in the right, as the law of 1874 that repealed the instructions as to endorsing railroad bonds, distinctly excepted the bonds of the Northeastern railroad.
But the administration of Gov. Colquitt was further fretted and disturbed by charges of irregularity in the several state departments. A thorough investigation resulted in proceedings of impeachment against the comptroller-general and the state treasurer. Chief Justice Hiram Warner presided. The comptroller was im peached, but the treasurer was acquitted. The legislature of 1879 passed an act creating a board of railroad commissioners to carry out the provisions of the con stitution with reference to railroad tariff. Under this act Gov. Colquitt appointed ex-Gov. James M. Smith, Campbell Wallace and Samuel Barnett.
In 1880, Gen. Gordon, having resigned his seat in the United States senate, Gov. Colquitt appointed Joseph E. Brown to succeed him. This created general

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA

dissatisfaction on account of Gov. Brown's unpopularity, and charges of a ring were preferred in many of the newspapers of the state and became the stock of the antiColquitt men in the succeeding campaign.

RE-ELECTION OP GOV. COLQUITT.
It was not the intention of Gov. Colquitt to seek a re-election, but such were the criticisms that were made against him that he found it necessary to seek from the people an endorsement of his administration.
The convention that met in August, 1880, to nominate a governor was one of the most eventful that ever assembled in the history of the state. Col. L. N. Trammell was elected chairman and the two-thirds rule was adopted, making it necessary for the successful candidate to receive two-thirds of the votes of the convention. Several days were spent in fruitless balloting, the Colquitt men being in the ma jority, but unable to secure the requisite majority. Finally the convention adjourned, recommending Gov. Colquitt to the people of Georgia as the choice of the majority of the convention. The name of Hon. Thos. M. Norwood of Savannah was presented as the preference of the minority.
In the fall election Gov. Colquitt received a popular majority of 55,000. The state house officers elected were X. C. Barnett, secretary of state; W. A. Wright, comptroller-general; Clifford Anderson, attorney-general, and D. N. Speer, treas urer.
The legislature that met in November confirmed the appointment of Joseph E. Brown, by electing him to represent the state for a full term of six years in the senate. Gen. Gordon, who had resigned that high office, engaged in private pur suits. The finances of the state were in good condition, and the ravages of war fast disappearing. A large sum of money was collected from the railroads in default of taxes, and this was put into the state treasury. At this session of the legislature Judge James Jackson was made the chief justice of the state. He was one of the most distinguished men in Georgia, having served the state in the legis lature, in the halls of congress and upon the bench.
The assassination of President Garfield by Chas. Guiteau in July, 1881, produced general sorrow throughout the state.
A petition was sent to congress by the legislature of 1881 asking for an appro priation in behalf of the ignorant children of the state. The petition stated that by reason of negro emancipation it was necessary for the state to provide for their education, and it was impossible to do this without help. Nothing was im mediately accomplished by this petition, but it received the warm support of Senator Brown, and resulted in a wholesome and beneficial agitation. In the state Commissioner Orr was making the best use of the state's limited allowance to further the interests of the common-school system. Among the signs of recupera tion that indicated the rapid growth of the state were the establishment of numerous manufacturing industries, applications for railroad charters and the general development of the mining and agricultural resources of the state. This spirit of enterprise was stimulated by the international cotton exposition held in Atlanta in the fall of 1881. It was in the nature'of a revelation to those who had no idea of the infinite resources of the piedmont region. If the first term of Gov. Colquitt's administration was one of violent dissensions, the second one was characterized by profound peace and tranquillity.
The close of Gov. Colquitt's second term of office was saddened by the death of Senator Benj. H. Hill, which occurred in August, 1882. Senator Hill was one o? the ablest men that Georgia ever produced, and as an orator he had no superior

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in the nation. The cause of his death was cancel; of the tongue. A life-size por trait of the deceased senator was ordered by the legislature, and a marble statue was subsequently erected to his memory by popular subscription.

ELECTION OF AL.EX. H. STEPHENS AND HIS DEATH.
Under the provisions of the constitution of 1877 the governor's term of office was reduced to two years. In the summer of 1882, therefore, the gubernatorial campaign was inaugurated by the presentation of the name of Alex. H. Stephens, the great commoner. Mr. Stephens was well advanced in years and was in ex tremely feeble health. He was still in public life, however, and the suggestion of his name was received with patriotic enthusiasm. He received tlie nomination and in the fall election was successful by an unprecedented majority. He was duly inaugurated and entered upon the discharge of his official duties in November, 1882. It was preordained, however, that Mr. Stephens' term of service should be a brief one. He died early in the following year and was mourned by all the people of the south. He was buried in Crawfordville, Ga., and a monument over his grave has since been erected to his memory.
The president of the senate, Hon. James S. Boynton, assumed the chair on the death of Gov. Stephens and performed the duties of that office until the qualification of his successor. In the convention that met to nominate a candidate Gov. Boynton was the choice of a large number of the delegates. Speaker Bacon of the house of representatives also had a splendid following. After a prolonged session, however, Hon. Henry D. McDaniel was nominated as a dark horse and received a majority of the votes in the popular election.
It was during the term of Gov. McDaniel that the bill was passed authorizing the erection of the present state capital at. a cost of $1,000,000. The work of putting up the building proceeded without interruption and the structure was com pleted in 1889. At the laying of the corner-stone the oration was delivered by Gen. A. R. Lawton of Savannah.
The first legislature that assembled after the death of Senator Benj. H. Hill elected Hon. Pope Barrow of Athens, Ga., to succeed him until the expiration of tfie unfinished term. Gov. Alfred H. Colquitt was elected for the long term.
The administration of Gov. McDaniel was patriotic and conservative. In 1884, therefore, he was complimented by a re-election to the high office that he had filled with such distinguished ability. The election of Grover Cleveland, the democratic candidate for the presidency, in the fall of this year created universal rejoicing throughout the south.
GOV. GORDON'S ADMINISTRATION.
The spring of 1886 brought to Atlanta, as the guest of the city, the venerable chieftain of the Confederacy, Hon. Jefferson Davis. His visit to the city was the signal for a pronounced ovation, and the joy of the people at seeing their old leader again was all the more sincere because of the close retirement in which he had lived since the war. Flowers were sprinkled before the carriage in which he rode and the people of the city, young and old, turned out to greet him. The occasion of his visit was the unveiling of the statue of Senator Hill.
Gov. McDaniel's term of office expiring this year the name of Gen. John B. Gordon was proposed as his successor. The suggestion met with popular en thusiasm and Gen. Gordon, having received the democratic nomination, was elected by an overwhelming majority.

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

His administration was fearless and aggressive. In the summer of 1888 he was triumphantly re-elected.
The new capitol building was completed in 1889 and the executive department \vas transferred to the beautiful structure on Washington street, crowning the highest eminence in the city. It may be said in praise of the commission and of all concerned in the erection of the capitol, that it was built within the original ap propriation.
In die fall of this year the greatest oratorical achievement of the generation was won by Henry \V. Grady in the city of Xew York at a banquet of the famous New England society. In a speech of only twenty minutes Mr. Grady caught the ear of the entire nation and did more to heal the breach between the sections than all the orators who had declaimed in favor 'Of reconstruction since the war. From this response of Mr. Grady to "The Xew South" until his final speech, delivered three years later at Plymouth Rock, his life was one continuous ovation. His death at the age of thirty-nine, following upon that of Mr. Davis by only a few weeks, was considered a national calamity.
A series of expositions inaugurated in Atlanta for the purpose of advertising the resources of the Piedmont region attracted thousands of people to Georgia. The first of these expositions was held in 1887 and President Cleveland was one of the distinguished visitors. The population of the state at this time was in the close neighborhood of 1,800,000. The enterprise of the state in all departments of industry, her rapid growth since the war and the development of her marvelous material resources, had won for her the well-merited distinction of the "Empire Stats of the South."
ADMINISTRATION OP GOV. NORTHEN.
The rise of the farmers' alliance now claimed the attention of the public. From a social organization it had grown into a strong political factor and sought to correct a number of legislative evils. Hon. Wm. J. Xorthen of Sparta, Ga., was the preferred candidate of this rural order and received the democratic nomination in the summer of 1890. He was subsequently elected by a large majority and en tered upon the discharge of his duties with patriotic zeal, giving marked evidence of decided administrative ability. In the summer of 1892 he was re-elected to the office of governor by the unprecedented majority of 70,000 votes. In the meantime the farmers' alliance had merged into new party known as the people's party, incorporating the sub-treasury plank in its platform. Gov. Northen, however, in the strictest loyalty to the farming interests of the state, remained true to the traditions of the democratic party. The success of the national democracy in 1892 restored Mr. Cleveland to the executive chair after a retirement of four years. In the distribution of portfolios Hon. Hoke Smith of Georgia was called to the department of the interior in Mr. Cleveland's cabinet, and Hon. Chas. F. Crisp, a distinguished citizen of Georgia, was elected speaker of the national house of representatives.
Gen. John B. Gordon, who had returned to public life, now occupied the seat of Senator Joseph E. Brown in the United States senate. Senator Brown, on account of failing health, was not a candidate for re-election at the close of his second term.
The death of Justice L. Q. C. Lamar of the United States supreme court, a native of Georgia, who had served in the councils of the nation, representing tfie <-tate of Mississippi in the United States senate, in the first cabinet of President Cleveland and on the bench of the supreme court, produced general sorrow throughout the south. He was buried in the state of his birth, though his remains

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were subsequently exhumed and taken to Mississippi. The death of Senator Colquitt occurred within a few months after the demise of Justice Lamar. This distinguished Georgian, who had served with equal ability in the field and forum, and who had worthily won the mantle of his illustrious father, was buried with civic honors in Rose Hill cemetery, Macon, Ga.
Gov. Northen appointed Hon. Patrick Walsh of Augusta to succeed Senator Colquitt for the unexpired term. The legislature that met in the fall of 1894 elected Hon. A. C. Bacon of Macon, Ga., for the long term.
The democratic convention that met this year nominated Hon. Wm. Y. Atkinson of Newman, Ga., for governor. Gen. Clement A. Evans was a popular candidate for that high honor, but withdrew from the race before the assembling of
the convention. This brings the history of Georgia down to the closing decade of the nineteenth
century--more than 160 years from the landing of Oglethorpe on the bluffs of the Savannah river. The state has grown into a splendid commonwealth, embracing a population of nearly 2,000,000 souls and rejoicing in the assured hope of a longcontinued prosperity. In the preparations she has made for the cotton states and international exposition, the greatest enterprise ever inaugurated on southern soil, the state has written the peroration of the century so far as her own marvelous achievements are concerned. The crowned heads of the world have been invited
to attend this exposition and to witness the miracle of growth on which the colony of Georgia, planted by the philanthropic hand of Oglethorpe, has been converted into the splendid and colossal commonwealth that responds in the roll-call of de velopment to the "Empire State of the South."

CHAPTER II.
BY BRIG.-GEX. CLEMENT A. EVAXS.
MILITARY HISTORT--GEORGIA MILITARY PROVIXCE--TROUBLES WITH SPAIN --OPPRESSION'S BY THE MOTHER COUXTRY--GEORGIA BECOMES AGGRES SIVE--GOVERNOR FLEES--NEW CONSTITUTION--MILITARY ORGANIZATIONOPENING OP THE WAR--EVENTS IN GEORGIA--UNDER THE CONFEDERA TION--WAR OF 1812--WAR WITH CREEK INDIANS--MEXICAN WAR--TERRI TORIAL DIFFICULTIES -- SECESSION AGITATION -- MILITARY ORGANIZA TION IN I860--SEIZURE OF UNITED STATES FORTS--SECESSION CONVEN TION--PREPARATIONS FOR THE STRUGGLE--BEGINNING OF HOSTILITIES --DEFENSE OF GEORGIA--FEDERAL BLOCKADE--THE YEAR 1862--CAPTURE OF FORT PULASKI--THE STATE ARMY--EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATIONFORT M'ALLISTER--EVENTS OF 1863--CHICKAMAUGA--CHATTANOOGACAMPAIGN AGAINST ATLANTA--FALL OF ATLANTA--SHERMAN'S MARCH TO SAVANNAH--THE CLOSE.
G EORGIA was originally organized as a military province, subject to the crown of Great Britain. Its martial founder, Gen. James Edward Oglethorpe, had served with distinction in the armies of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough. Moved by a benevolent as well as a venture some spirit, he projected and carried into effect a colony in this English province situated far down the lower Atlantic coast. In 1732, the colonists, with Oglethorpe at their head, left the shores of England and, crossing the ocean, debarked upon the bluff of the Savannah river, where they marked out the site of a town and called it Savannah; thus founding the present elegant and prosperous seaport of the state.
The first colonists of Georgia entered upon the edge of a wilderness which stretched in gloomy solitude more than a thousand miles northward and westward and met upon this threshold of the new world a body of aboriginal inhabitants differing from themselves in color, traits and customs so greatly as to be thought a distinct race of mankind. These Indians, as they were called, belonged to the tribes of the Creeks and Muscogees and being but a part of many warlike nations inhabiting the great American forests, came forward to greet their coming. The situation required a military government. The town, exposed to attacks, must be under the rules of a garrison. Therefore Georgia began its career as a military colony, whose citizens held their lands at first by a tenure that exacted military duty. Even." male inhabitant capable of service was armed with some weapon of war. Other emigrants came soon afterward, among whom were the sturdy Salzburgers and the peaceful Moravians. A fine body of Scotch Highlanders dressed in picturesque plaids and armed with broadswords and firearms landed a little lower down the coast and settled Inverness. Oglethorpe, as the military chief and

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governor of all, explored the coast, selected sites for military posts, built a fort on St. Simon's island and adopted all necessary measures for the safety of the new colony.
TROUBLES WITH SPAIN.
Not six years after their landing the Georgia settlers found that their earliest antagonists were not Indians, but Spaniards--men of their own race. Spain had laid claim to Florida as England had to Georgia and these claims extending vaguely into the unsurveyed wilds, a conflict of interests was inevitable. A state ' of hostility soon occurred. The Spaniards threatened Georgia and Oglethorpe being appointed by the crown commander of the colonial forces of South Carolina and Georgia, invaded Florida with about 2,000 men. The expedition was de signed against the old Spanish town, St. Augustine. Marching into Florida, Oglethorpe attacked several small outposts and capturing them, laid siege to the ancient city. But the Spaniards had fortified their position so well and provisioned it so amply that after some unsuccessful assaults and a fruitless siege of several months, Oglethorpe was compelled to retreat into Georgia.
The Spaniards afterward, in 1742, retaliated by appearing off the coast of Georgia with a large fleet and attacked Fort Williams on Cumberland island, which, however, was held against them by reinforcements sent to its support. The Spanish armament of fifty-six vessels, carrying about 7,000 men under Gov. Montiano, then sailed into Brunswick bay and afterward entered an inlet, effected a landing on St. Simon's island, notwithstanding the gallant fire from the batteries which Oglethorpe had erected. Montiano, having landed 5,000 men, marched against the fortified town of Frederica, which was situated farther inland. Ogle thorpe met him with part of his command amidst the marshes which intervened, but was being driven back until by a skillful maneuver the rangers, under McKay and Sutherland, were wheeled under cover of a thick palmetto brush and from this ambush dashed upon the Spanish flank and producing a panic, made this battle, called Bloody Marsh, a brilliant and memorable American victory. The Spanish army abandoned a large quantity of military stores and hastily embarking set sail for Florida. This splendid victory won by not over 600 men fighting on their own soil against an equipped army nearly ten times their number, is one of the most lustrous events in military history, although Bloody Marsh is among the unnoticed battles of those perilous times.

DIFFICULTIES WITH INDIANS.
While Georgia was now safe from the formidable Spanish invasion contem plated by Montiano, the colonists were at no time entirely free from fears of attacks by the Indians. Therefore, in extending their settlements they built small wooden forts and block-houses at all trading stations and settlements. Oglethorpe went up tne Savannah river a distance, by direct course, 130 miles, and selected a fine site for a strong trading post, which he laid off with great regularity into spacious streets and squares, naming the town Augusta. For the refuge and protection of the inhabitants in the event of Indian hostilities, he constructed a "brace of wooden forts" and mounted them with some guns of small caliber.
Considerable numbers of adventurous people from the adjacent province of South Carolina as well as from the settlements of the sea coast of Georgia began to gather at this important station in order to engage in profitable trade with the Indian tribes. The French and Indian war, opening up about the middle of this century, chiefly affected the northern and western sections, but toward its close a
i-e

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series of fierce Indian hostilities involved the south and produced widely-spread troubles. The Cherokee nation had been friendly to the English in the war with the French, but taking offense at some supposed indignities, a band of Cherokees ravaged the northern frontier of Carolina and provoked a retaliation by the destruction of many Indian villages and fields.
The governmental form in Georgia had been changed by the surrender of their charter and the adoption of a new plan approved in 1754, under which the king of England appointed John Reynolds captain-general and governor-in-chief of his majesty's province of Georgia and vice-admiral of the same. The new military governor made a tour of inspection of the coast and exhibited great zeal in increas ing the military defenses. The alarm felt by the inhabitants in the upper part of the state was made known to him by earnest letters signed by leading men at Augusta, who represented that Indian hostilities were inevitable. The danger seemed to them so imminent that they declared, "We are afraid we cannot hold this place long without speedy assistance. All the settlements on the Ogeechee are abandoned. The fort cannot contain all the inhabitants, so that we shall be obliged to fortify some other places." At the same time a formal petition for help signed by a large number of the inhabitants of Augusta and other places and forwarded to the governor, represented that "Your petitioners by their vicinity and connection with the Indians and Indian affairs have had an opportunity to behold with concern the great progress the French have, made for some time past in sedu cing the Creek Indians and drawing them over to their interest. These people are indefatigable in persuading and spurring on the Indians to a rupture with us and had within those few months, according to the best intelligence we could get, and from the behavior of the Indians in general, very nearly succeeded, and even with the concurrence of a part of the Cherokees." Augusta and other towns near by were then the frontiers of the state, around which hung the threatening cloud of restless, dissatisfied Indians. The trading goods, with which traffic was carried on with the Creeks, Cherokees and Chickasaws, were bulked at that place and invited the raid of the Indians under the instigations of the French emissaries. The situa tion was indeed gloomy enough. The old fort was not only small, but decayed. The few soldiers stationed there had been drawn upon zo largely for detached serv ice as to leave the town defenseless. Its loss by attacks of the Indians and French was regarded by the alarmed inhabitants as opening the way for the destruction of the whole province. The reports from the outlying country continued to come in that the Indians were murdering families and burning the settlements. A new white settlement on the upper source of the Ogeechee had given special offense to the Creeks, and outrages on their rights had provoked them to frequent mur derous retaliation. The tomahawk in the brown hand of the savage did murderous execution. Scalps of men, women and children were grimly added to the belts of the warriors. All upper Georgia was in a state of constant dread, and stockades were newly built in all directions. As an example of the bloody incidents occurring in the rough experiences of the hardy settlers of Georgia but a little over a century ago. the following is taken from reliable authority. Richard Tyner had settled a
place in Elbert county, built his log house, and with his little family was securing a subsistence from the fertile soil. One day during his absence the savage Creeks broke suddenly upon his place and proceeded with the usual bloody work. Mrs. Tvr.cr was killed first, and her baby was dashed against a tree until its brains bespattered the ground. Little Noah Tyner, a young lad, fled to the forest, and concealed himself in a hollow tree. The two girls, Mary and Tamar, were carried awav into captivity, where they were kept several years, concealed, until the eldest was'found by a trader, who brought her back to Elbert. The trader offered to

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purchase both girls, but the Indians refused to sell Tamar, the youngest After the departure of her sister, Tamar made her escape down the Chattahoochee river alone in a canoe, and at length reaching protection at Appalachicola, she was assisted to her home.

OPPRESSIONS OP THE MOTHER COUNTRY.
While the Georgians were thus annoyed by the Indians, their troubles were increased by the oppressive acts of the mother country. Various acts of parliament had been passed during many years, injurious to the interests of the colonies and destructive to their liberties. The British ministry obtained the right to tax die colonies either direcdy or by tariff, to restrict their manufactures, to control dieir commerce and to quarter troops upon them without their consent. These claims being asserted by practical legislation, produced great discontent. They were openly declared to be tyrannical, and a common political creed asserted that "Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God." Otis, of Boston, in an eloquent sentence, said that "taxation without representation is tyranny." Virginia had abolished the slave trade and passed other salutary laws which were annulled in London by the king. Patrick Henry in a passionate speech declared that ''the king who annuls a law of so salutary a nature, degenerates into a tyrant and forfeits all right to obedience." The fever of resistance heightened from month to month, until all the colonies became alike inflamed. Georgia, youngest of the British provinces and least prepared for resistance, was soon borne by its sympathy into the general revolt. Public meetings, held as early as 1769, made strong patriotic protests against those acts of parliament which were declared to be "oppressive and contrary to the birthright of every Briton." Resolutions were passed not to import any British goods or to buy any negroes brought in by British ships. The royal governor, Sir James Wright, wrote to England "that a large proportion of the people of Georgia were Sons of Liberty, and the same spirit of sedition which first appeared in Boston had reached Georgia." The "Sens of Liberty" were composed of ardent patriots, a party of whom, led by Habersham, entered the magazine at Savannah, and, removing the powder, secreted it so safely that they secured its use later on in actual battle. In 1774 resolutions were passed in a public assembly held in Savannah condemning the act of parliament for blockading the port of Boston, the stamp act, the transportation of citizens to England for trial, and concurring with the other colonies in every measure to obtain redress of American grievances. Conservative steps were advised by leading men of the province, and the colony, still declaring its loyalty, made earnest efforts to obtain redress through peaceable means.
The general assembly of 1775 was addressed by Gov. Wright, who stated "that the alarming situation of American affairs at this juncture makes it highly necessary for me to say something to you on the subject, and it is with the utmost concern that I see by every account all the colonists to the northward of us as far as Nova Scotia in a general ferment." The governor warned the assembly that the extraor dinary measures adopted by these northern colonies, if pursued, would involve all America in most <lreadful calamities, and exhorted them not to suffer the province to be involved in these distresses. The assembly responded with assurances of their desire to have "every obstacle removed which may interrupt a cordial and lasting union with the mother country," but they said, "Anxious for the present welfare of our country and the interest of posterity, our ardent wish is that his majesty's American subjects may enjoy all the rights and privileges of British subjects, as

4.

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

fully and effectually in all respects as the inhabitants of Great Britain do, and to
that end it now appears necessary that the constitutional rights of his majesty's American subjects may be clearly defined and firmly established, so that they may hold these inestimable blessings on such a footing as will unite the mother country and the colonies by a reciprocation of benefits, and on terms consistent with the spirit of the constitution, and the honor, dignity and safety of the whole empire.'r This firm response was followed by a declaration of rights, passed by the assembly in January, 1775, reciting the grievances and demands, afterward substantially repeated in the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. "All and each of which," said this Georgia declaration of January, 1775, "the commons of Georgia in general assembly met claim, demand, and insist on as their indubitable rights and liberties, which cannot legally be taken away from them, altered or abridged by any power without their consent"

GEORGIA BECOMES AGGRESSIVE.
Georgia had not yet taken any steps of separation from Great Britain, but had sent delegates to the continental congress and raised contributions for the people of Boston. Events, however, were hastening on to the general declaration of independence. The first bloodshed occurred in Lexington, in April, 1775, the battle of Concord next took place, then Ethan Alien captured Fort Ticonderogar and the battle of Bunker Hill was fought All occurred during the first half of 1775, and the news was borne by couriers to all parts of the country.
The royal Gov. Wright had dissolved the Georgia general assembly early in the year, and as there was no authorized authority to express the popular will, a provincial congress convened in Savannah in July, 1775, composed of delegates elected by various parishes, and elected Archibald Bulloch president and George . \Yalton secretary. After two days' discussion the congress resolved to "approve and adopt the American declaration or bill of rights, published by the continental congress, and to carry into execution all and singular, the measures and recom mendations of the continental congress." Five representatives to the continental congress then sitting in Philadelphia were elected, composed of Houston, Bulloch, Zubly, Jones and Hall. A patriotic and fraternal declaration was also adopted, that the "loyalty, patriotism and prudence of the inhabitants of New England, under their unparalleled pressure, having been construed into timidity and dread of regular troops, a civil war in support of acts extremely oppressive to themselves has been actually begun, and there is much reason to believe that plans have been in agitation big with even-thing horrible to other provinces--plans as rash, barbar ous and destructive as the cause which they were intended to serve. Resolved that this province join with all the provinces in America now met by delegates in continental congress."
Before adjourning, the provincial congress unanimously entered into an association in behalf of the province, under a strong declaration, tantamount to secession from British control, worded as follows: "Georgia, being persuaded that the salvation of the rights and liberties of America depend, under God, on the firm union of the inhabitants, in its vigorous prosecution of the measures necessary for its safety, and convinced of the necessity of preventing the anarchy and confusion which attend the dissolution of the powers of government; we, the freemen, free holders, and inhabitants of the province of Georgia, being greatly alarmed at the avowed design of the ministry to raise a revenue in America, and shocked by the bloody scene now acting in the Massachusetts bay, do, in the most solemn manner,

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/

resolve never to become slaves; and do associate under all the ties of religion and

honor and love to our country to adopt and endeavor to carry into execution

whatever may be recommended by the continental congress or resolved upon by our provincial convention appointed for preserving our constitution and opposing

the execution of the several arbitrary and oppressive acts of the British parliament,

until a reconciliation between Great Britain and America on constitutional princi

ples, which we most ardently desire, can be obtained."

The spirit of resistance to British authority manifested itself in many violent

demonstrations. In October, 1775, Gov. Wright directed a muster in honor of the

king, but instead of loyal compliance the people made effigies of obnoxious royalists

and burned them in the streets of Savannah. A large number of ''Liberty Boys"

assembled a few months later and threatened the governor with personal violence

if he attempted to issue the odious stamps which had recently arrived. A consid erable company, consisting of about 200 men coming from adjacent settlements

paraded the commons near the city, clamoring for redress with such demonstrations

that the governor marched against them with his regulars, rangers and seamen,

and forced them to retire.

The excited state of the people of Savannah may be judged from other incidents

occurring at the time, one of which was the seizure and dismounting of the guns

on the battery. Gov. Wright had published directions for the celebration of his

majesty's birthday, with the usual ceremonies, but on the night of June 2 a body of

citizens dismounted the cannon, and after spiking all the guns, dragged them down

the bluff, where they were found next day, and with some difficulty the spikes were

removed, the guns reinstated in position, and made sullenly to sound the prescribed

salutes.

GOVERNOR FLEES.

During the ferment existing in Savannah several ships of war appeared at Tybee and increased the popular fear. It was conjectured that they were sent at the instigation of Gov. Wright, to overawe the "Sons of Liberty," and in order to prevent him from communicating with the fleet it was determined by a small
body of patriots to hold him as a prisoner. The party, led by Habersham and Milledge, entered the house of the governor, and politely making known their purpose, proposed to leave him at his own house protected by a guard at the door. The governor, however, eluded the sentinel after the departure of his captors, and
making his escape to Bonaventure, obtained a boat and was rapidly rowed to the
warship "Scarborough." The flight of the royal governor brought the revolution in Georgia to a crisis.
The province was left nearly without any organized government, as the general assembly had been dissolved, and the provincial congress had assembled by only a revolutionary authority. But on the departure of the governor, a provisional government was rapidly organized under a written agreement entered into by delegates from the parishes, which provided a method of electing new delegates by
all the parishes, "to meet in one body or council, to be styled a provincial congress,
who shall act in all cases whatsoever for the good of the common cause." After adopting this primitive method of forming a government of the people, the congress still in session provided for the protection of the commonwealth, until a
new election could be held, and after their issuing an address to the inhabitants of the province of Georgia, dissolved itself. In this address they set forth that "a civil war in America is begun. Several engagements have already happened. The
friends of America were in hopes that British troops coi\ld not be induced to slay

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA

their brothers. It is, however, done, and the circumstances are such as must be an everlasting blot on their character for humanity and generosity."
NEW CONSTITUTION IS DRAFTED.
The committee which was appointed to draft a constitution for a provisional government published a form which provided for election of delegates, the election by ballot of the next congress, of a president and commander-in-chief for six months, also a council of safety, who together with the five members of the continental congress from Georgia would constitute a privy council to the president Ample powers were conferred on the president, subject to the advice of the privy council, and all legislative powers were reserved to the provincial congress. Former colonial laws were continued in force, and the congress was required to elect a full judiciary. Thus the new government of the province was launched under trying circumstances. The population of the entire province did not exceed 3,000 men, and they were generally poor. The arms were fewer than the men who could bear them, and were of an inferior kind. Munitions of war were scant indeed, discipline and drill little understood, but the people had been inured to danger, their hearts were inflamed with the love of liberty, and they were led by a number of intrepid men.
There were two general lines of settlement; one a narrow strip extending along the coast from Savannah to the Florida line, and the other up the Savannah river beyond Augusta. On 'the south of the province the Spanish state of Florida contained an unfriendly people, with whom serious difficulties had at times occurred, and several hundred regular, well-equipped Spanish soldiers were in garrison at St. Augustine. The Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Cherokee Indians hovered on the west and north, in dangerous unknown numbers. Five British ships of war, the "Syren," the "Cherokee," the "Raven," the "Tamar," and the "Scarborough," with Gov. Wright, the refugee, on board, rode threateningly at the Tybee inlet, with two transports, carrying over 300 well-armed men. Another small force had landed at Cockspur Island and were ready for action. No assist ance could be expected from the small continental force now gathering to defend the northern colonies, and South Carolina, the near neighbor, was already "drained of men" for its own defense.
PLAN OF MILITARY ORGANIZATION.
The military organization of the times was modeled on the European plan, and the orders for recruiting companies and battalions were duly issued, but money was sadly lacking to provide for their subsistence. Clothing for troops was hard to get, and imported goods of all kinds had advanced in price 300 per cent "Our currency," said Col. Mclntosh, "passed in no other colony than our own, and we have received very little continental money as yet" But a battalion upon the continental plan, composed of eight companies, was raised subject to the control of the Georgia provincial congress, except "where such control should interfere with the orders of the general congress or a committee thereof." Lachlan Mclntosh was appointed colonel, Samuel Elbert lieutenant-colonel, and Joseph Habersham major. Col. Mclntosh promptly addressed a communication to Gen. George Washington, in which, describing the condition of the province, and the dangers which threatened it he asked for directions, and naively remarked that the provin cial congress had chosen all other officers, but neglected to provide surgeons. He~ would, therefore, take the liberty of appointing "surgeons to those battalions, which are so indispensably necessary." The courageous colonel evidently intended to lead his brave command into danger. In addition to this infantry battalion several

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mounted companies were raised to patrol the coast, and to defend the western limit of the settlement from the Indians. The enlistments of these troops were generally for twelve months, although some were received for a shorter time. The pay for enlistment was fixed at $8 for each man. The infantry total amounted to about 360 officers and men, and the troops of horse to perhaps half that number. Less than 500 soldiers were mustered by April i, 1776, and the arms and accoutrements were insufficient for even half that number. As for artillery, the guns which the patriots had dismounted and spiked were in position on the bluff, and a small battery was placed at Trustee's garden below Savannah. Not one ship of war to protect the scores of open inlets belonging to the new government. "Several armed vessels," as Mclntosh wrote to Washington, ''infest our inlets southward, and have made several captures, which we cannot prevent, as we have not a single vessel of any force; but they have always been driven off the shore when they attempted to get a supply of provisions."
OPENING OP THE WAR.

Such was the military state of the province when it entered into the confedera tion of colonies to resist the oppressions of Great Britain. Armed with flint-lock muskets of small bore, and with long-barreled rifles which they loaded from the muzzle by the use of the ramrod; equipped with powder horn, charges made of cane for loading, bullet molds and wadding, but bravely arrayed in homespun of blue, and belted with cutlass and broadsword by the side, cockade on the hat and courage in the heart, these revolutionary soldiers marched to the music of fife and drum into battle for freedom against all the power of England.
The British war upon America was at this time directing its force mainly upon the colonies upon the northern coast, but in 1776 Sir Henry Clinton turned his attention southward to begin operations against the Carolinas and Georgia. A resolute attempt was made to occupy Charleston, but the city was so well defended by Fort Moultrie on Sullivan island that the assault failed. This unsuccessful venture was followed by many annoying attacks all along the southern coast. Several vessels of war "spread terror along the coast," until the career of three of them was arrested by their valorous capture by Gen. Elbert, off the coast near Brunswick, April 19, 1778. Information being brought to Elbert of the presence of these vessels, he detached 300 men, and placing them and two pieces of artillery on board three small galleys, the "Washington," Capt. Hardy: the "Lee," Capt. Braddock; the "Bulloch," Capt. Hatcher, he arrived opposite St. Simon's island late in the evening, and next morning bravely sailed out to attack the three large vessels which prepared to receive him. "You may imagine what my feelings were," said the chivalric Elbert, ''to see our three little men-of-war going on to the attack of these three large vessels, which have spread terror upon our coast and were drawn up in order of battle." The gallant attack was made by the little Georgia navy with great spirit. Their shot from the guns poured upon the wooden sides of the ships, and they steadily stood the return fire. Moving closer they used the musket and rifle, as well as cannon, with such disastrous effect that the British began to fly to their boats and abandoned the vessels with everything on board. The captured ships and prisoners were put in charge of the brave Col. White, who had acted with conspicuous courage. The event elated the hopes of the Georgia province, and gave the several settlements along the coast greater assurance of being protected from the British raids, which had heretofore alarmed them so

greatly.

EVENTS IN GEORGIA.

The county of Liberty had a most glorious record for its patriotic endurance of suffering during this, as well as other years of the revolution. The name was

1

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

bestowed upon the parish in 1777 on account of the patriotism of its people. Its
ancient town of Sunbury and Midway church were the scenes of a battle in 1778, in which the place was taken by the British after a most gallant defense. Sunbury, built on a high bluff, bade fair to become a flourishing port. It was occupied by a small body of intelligent inhabitants, engaged in agriculture and trade, who for protection against the Indians and all other foes built a fort and manned it with a few guns, but depended most on their own trusty rifles and muskets. On account of the many incursions attempted by the British, and the apprehension that this
inlet would be entered, Gen. John Mclntosh and Col. James Screven were sent to Fort Morris at Sunbury with American troops for its defense. The British, under command of Col. Fuser, very soon marched against the fort with a largely superior force, which was divided into four bodies, and captured the upper part of the town. Col. Fuser, commanding the advance, dispatched a note to Mclntosh, calling his attention to the large force which now invested the fort, and demanded surrender upon conditions that the Americans would lay down their arms and remain neutral until the fate of America was determined. To this note Mclntosh returned immediate reply that "we would rather perish in a vigorous defense than accept your proposals. We, sir, are fighting the battles of America, and therefore disdain to remain neutral till its fate is determined. As to surrendering the fort, receive this reply, Come and take it" In the meantime Col. Browne was ordered by Gen. Prevost to meet the Americans, who were reported as coming under Screven to the assistance of the garrison at Sunbury, and placing his command in ambush he surprised the troops under Screven with a sudden and murderous fire, from which the brave Screven fell mortally wounded, and his command retreated. The loyalists
used their success in Liberty county to inflict great calamities on the patriots and their families, destroying their property and dragging their families into captivity.
In the latter part of 1779 Col. Campbell was ordered by Gen. Clinton to attack
-Savannah in association with Admiral Parker, and aided by the forces under Gen. Prevost- Col. CampbelFs well-equipped command consisted of one regiment of British regulars, two battalions of Hessians, four battalions of provincials, and a battery of artillery, all of which were borne by transports to Tybee island. A fleet of ten ships under command of Admiral Parker accompanied the expedition to take an active part in the assault. The British force was over 2,000, and the continental defenders of Savannah were about 900. Without delay the British began to ascend the river at the beginning of the Christmas week, and after a brief and brave resistance by the Georgians effected a landing on Brewton's hill, about two miles above the city. Campbell immediately marched to the Tattnall plantation, where he found the Americans under Maj.-Gen. Howe drawn up in line of battle, four regiments of the Georgia brigade, commanded by Gen. Elbert, extending from the main road, the left resting on the battery on the bluff. The Carolina troops, under the command of Col. Huger, were formed with their right protected by a heavy timber swamp and their left joining the Georgia brigade. A detachment of riflemen was deployed in the swamp for the protection of the right flank of Huger's com mand, and a few pieces of cannon were scattered at available points along the line. A trench cut across the main road, and a slight marshy creek extending nearly parallel to the American line on its front, contributed to the strength of its defense. Col. Campbell, discovering that the weak point of Howe's line was on his left flank, made a feint on the right wing, and, at the same time, threw a corps of light infantry entirely around the left, and to the rear of Howe. Posting his artillery tinder cover of a slight swell of ground to be ready for the advance, and his disposi tions being all made, the signal was given, and the attack followed with an onset that broke the American line. Col. George Walton, commanding a body of

MILITARY HISTORY.

go.

Georgia militia and a battery on the right, met the final brunt of the fierce charge of the British under Col. Baird, and, although he most bravely contested the position, was forced to fly. Within a short time the retreat became general and Savannah fell into the hands of the enemy. The Americans were hotly pursued through the streets by the victorious British, who bayoneted several non-combatant citizens, and seizing many others, hurried them to the prison ships. The Americans lost eighty-three killed and about 450 prisoners. The rest of the discomfited command retreated into South Carolina.
Gen. Prevost was placed in command of Savannah, and under his direction the British rapidly overcame all eastern Georgia. Maj. Maitland was sent to Ebenezer, where he built a fort and harassed the patriotic Germans, who were made to feel the severity of war to the utmost. Ebenezer was selected as the place where captured men were sent and kept under guard, until they could be forwarded in numbers to Savannah, and the inhabitants were forced to witness the merciless cruelties which the prisoners were compelled to endure. The rescue of a party of .these prisoners is an incidental illustration of the daring spirit of the Sons of Liberty, who were fighting for their country against overwhelming numbers. Sergt. Jasper and Sergt. Newton, both bold scouts, having ascertained that a number of prisoners in irons were on the way from Ebenezer to Savannah under guard of ten men, secreted themselves near a spring where they knew the guard would pass. As they expected, the guard halted, leaned their guns against the trees, and leaving only two men with the prisoners, went down to the spring to refresh themselves with water. In a moment the two scouts sprang from their places of concealment, shot down the guard of two men, and seizing all the guns, demanded the surrender of the remainder, which was quickly granted. Losing no time the prisoners were released, and the captured British were marched across the Spanish river to the American camp.
The British invaders, pushing into the interior, established military forts at intervals along the west bank of the Savannah river, and in January, 1779, appeared before Augusta in such force that the town fell into their hands with little resistance. The capture of Augusta was followed by active operations on the part of the British forces to subdue the whole of Georgia, and in pursuance of this purpose Col. Boyd was ordered with a considerable force collected by him in Carolina to cross the Savannah river and scour the northwestern region. This invasion was bravely met in Wilkes county in the notable battle of Kettle Creek, fay the Georgia and Carolina troops belonging to the commands of Heard, Clarke, Dooly and Pickens. Stephen Heard had moved into Georgia only a few years before the war
of the revolution, and for protection against the Indians, he and his neighbors built a rude strong fortification which was named Fort Heard. Around this fort a sturdy band of planters had gathered, among whom Heard was the recognized - leader, and at this spot after the fall of Savannah and Augusta the refugee govern ment of Georgia made its final stand against invasion. Heard joined Dooly, Clarke and Pickens to meet Boyd at Kettle Creek, and there the desperate patriots fought their enemy with such impetuous bravery as to defeat and rout them com pletely. This scarcely noted battle, equal though it was to any in the revolution, was so decisive as to force for the time the British from Augusta back to Savannah
and Charleston. But a quick reverse of fortune occurred within a month. Gen. Ashe, in com
mand of an American force in South Carolina, composed of Georgians under Gen. Elbert and Col. Mclntosh, with North and South Carolina regiments, amounting to 1,200 infantry and a small body of cavalry, was ordered to cross the river and take a position near Brier Creek bridge in Screven county, about half way between

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Augusta and Savannah, so as to interpose the command between the enemy and the up country. His left rested upon the impassable swamp of the river, while the creek was along the front, and a curtain of cavalry hung around his right Provid ing for possible disaster, notwithstanding his strong dispositions, Gen. Ashe made arrangements to retreat by boats across the river, and in his strong position felt secure against the enemy. But Gen. Prevost, marching from Savannah and collect ing detachments from all parts as he went, made a rapid detour by which he evaded
the cavalry that had been unfortunately crossed to the south side of the creek, and suddenly fell upon the surprised right flank of the American line. The attack
found the command of Gen. Ashe wholly unprepared. The troops were not in battle line, and Ashe was unable to form his entire command before his enemy had charged and broken down the opposition of a few companies which Elbert and Mclntosh with rare bravery had rallied, and fought until they were overpowered. The patriot army gave way in confusion, and the mass escaped by the boats or by swimming the river. The Georgia troops suffered heavy losses, and their brave leaders, Elbert and Mclntosh, with Maj. Douglass and eight captains, besides over 150 men, were taken prisoners. Elated with victory, Prevost marched his command, May, 1/79, against Charleston and demanded its surrender. Moultrie courageously refused the demand, and while preparing the defense was succored by Gen. Lincoln, whose advance caused Prevost to beat a slow retreat toward Savannah along the coast. Col. Maitland. with a strong force, was attacked by the Americans at Stone Fern,-, June, 1779, and repulsed the Americans with heavy loss.
In this state of affairs, where neither side appeared to gain any decided advan tage, it was determined by the Americans to attempt the recapture of Savannah by a combined assault of the fortress under Gen. Lincoln, with the aid of a French fleet under Count d'Estaing. The troops under Lincoln were moved from South Carolina and upper Georgia to the west side of the Savannah, and in 1779 the French fleet, appearing oft" the coast, made demonstrations at various inlets, and finally began to land in launches below the city, and at the same time prepared their eleven frigates to advance up the river from Tybee. Upon this demonstration Gen. Prevost prepared for defense with great energy. Col. Maitland was withdrawn from Port Royal, the British ships retired up the river, guns and ammunition were transported in light vessels at Port Royal harbor through the cuts, and the seamen were appointed to the batteries which had been constructed under the skillful supervision of Col. Moncrief. The buoys of the bar were cut away, several ships were sunken in the channel for obstructions, and the fortifications around the city were hurriedly strengthened. Above the city a boom was laid across the river to avoid the danger of fire rafts, which Lincoln's men might float down the river among the British shipping, and the good ship Germain, armed with her guns, was
stationed off Yamacraw to protect the flank. Junction of the French and Americans having been effected, d'Estaing
demanded the surrender of the city on Sept. 16, and received the defiant answer, "We are unanimously determined to defend the town.7' The attack opened with three small vessels having twelve-pound and eighteen-pound guns, which were advanced near enough to throw shot into the city with little damage. Proceeding afterward to reduce the fortified city by regular approach, the French commander constructed a line of works for infantry and thirty-seven pieces of artillery. These finished, a furious cannonading began at midnight of Oct. 3, and continued for nearly a week without producing any effect. It was then determined in a council' of war to take the city by storm, and at daybreak Oct. 9 the assault was made along the entire American and French line combined. Three separate times the American and French charged the British in their entrenchments, but were as often repulsed

MILITARY HISTORY.

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with severe loss. Grapeshot from the British batteries was seen to do destructive work in assisting the fire of musketry. The Georgians and Carolinians, led by Lincoln, attacked the British batteries in the fort at Spring Hill, and even planted their colors on the crest, but were forced back by the fire of the foe. Sergt Jasper again distinguished himself by his heroic conduct in this assault. He was already
celebrated for repeated acts of gallantry, and was now among the first to scale the parapet of the redoubt with the colors of his regiment, which had been presented by Mrs. Elliott. To celebrate the momentary victory as well as to inspire his fellow-
soldiers with new daring, the ardent patriot stuck the staff of his flag upon the parapet and saw it wave over the redoubt, but a moment afterward he was pierced by a deadly ball, and fell upon the spot made forever memorable for his chivalry.
During the fiercest hours of their combined assault the noble Pole, Count Pulaski, rode at the head of his 200 cavalry whenever a charge could be made. At length he thought he saw an advantage through which he could penetrate the British lines, and, forming his gallant horse for a headlong charge, dashed at full speed into the city and bore all before him until he reached an obstruction of heavy abbattis, through which it was impossible to ride. This devoted body 01 brave men were then compelled to endure a galling fire from the British batteries and riflemen, which at last threw them into confusion. A canister shot driving through Pulaski's thigh, hurled him at this critical moment from his horse, and inflicted a deadly wound. The fallen hero was borne from the battlefield and afterward placed under skillful treatment aboard the "Wasp," but as the ship was
departing for Charleston a few days later the patriot foreigner, who in love of liberty came to the help of Georgia in its extremity, yielded his great soul to death, and his body was consigned to the sea, where the waters of the Atlantic and the Savannah river met. The fierce battle continued until about noon, and the assault having failed with lamentable losses of officers and men, d'Estaing and Lincoln ceased firing, and running up a white flag asked for a truce to bury the dead and
remove the wounded. This was agreed to by the British commander, and while these humane offices were being performed by both armies, a council was held in which Lincoln urged a renewal of the assault, but the discouraged count resolved to withdraw. Retiring to their original lines the French began to remove their heavy guns to the ships, and on October 17, without having made any further demonstration, d'Estaing drew off his command and embarked. Gen. Lincoln being left without support fell back upon the interior, and Georgia was again in
control of the enemy. Augusta was re-entered by the British with their Indian allies under the com
mand of Col. Thomas Browne, who held it with an iron hand for many months.
Col. Elijah Clarke made a gallant attempt in September, 1780, to wrest the town from Browne's grasp by hastily gathering three companies of militia, commanded by Col. McCall, Maj. Taylor and himself, and marched to an attack on the west side of the city. He first encountered the Indians, and driving them rapidly back, fell
suddenly on a body of rangers in camp within a few miles of the city, and surprising the garrison, laid siege with vigor to the fortifications. Irregular fighting continued from day to day, resulting in an unsuccessful attempt by the patriots to either force Browne to surrender or to carry his works by storm. A body of Cherokee Indians arriving, and also a force of British under Col. Cruger coming to reinforce Browne, the Americans were compelled to raise the siege. They had suffered heavy loss, and Maj. Carter, defending the pass to the White House with great bravery, was killed, leaving behind him this eulogiurn from the commander: "A man of more bravery than Maj. Carter never occupied a space between heaven and earth." With him fell the fiery Luckie and many others equally brave. In one of the sorties Capt. Ashby,

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

with twenty-eight men, was captured by the British, and twelve of the number, including Ashby, were hanged on the White House staircase. Indian brutalities
were also permitted within the knowledge of the British officers, which painfully disclosed the savage nature of the wild war which was waged in Georgia. Col.
Browne was desperately wounded himself during the skirmishes of this siege, but recovered and remained in charge of Augusta until the final siege and surrender of the place in 1781.
Gen. Greene had been sent to take charge of the southern department after the disastrous campaign of Gates, and had the assistance of the great partisan leaders, Marion. Sumter. Pickens. Clarke and Dooly. These noted leaders carried on a harassing warfare against the British, striking unexpected blows, and now began
under the generalship of Greene to force the invaders of Carolina back toward the sea. With them "Light Horse Harry" Lee co-operated with signal distinction, and participating in the plan to drive the enemy from all their interior forts, moved his
command into Georgia for the purpose of re-taking Augusta. Fort Galphin lay in his path, and there, he learned, had been recently stored a quantity of ammuni tion and presents for the Indians. These he seized with little resistance and
distributed among his troops. The cavalry, under Maj. Eggleston, forded and swan! the river, and the entire command was quickly marched to the western side of the city, and formed a junction with the provincial troops which Gens. Clarke,
Pickens and Jackson had in their command. The plan adopted was to first attack Fort Grierson. which had been erected in the upper part of the place, and this was done at the first assault. The garrison was taken by storm and its defend ers were killed, captured or driven down the river to Fort Cornwallis, near the
center of the city. The Americans then took a strong position, with Lee near the
bluffy banks of the river, while Pickens and Clarke extended the right into adjacent roads. Taking advantage of the shelter which the curves and high banks of the
river afforded, the Americans began to work their fortifications toward Fort Corn-
wallis. but as the flat, even ground afforded no advantageous position for the light artillery which they had, the expedient was adopted of building a low tower
of wood from which their cannon might be fired with effect. The besieged British made several furious sallies against the besiegers, to be driven back to their fort
at the point of the bayonet. Several bloody hand-to-hand engagements took place along the river bank in the vain attempt of Col. Browne to take the American works.
The erection of the tower endangered Fort Cornwailis. Several houses between the American and the British lines had been seized by a few sharpshooters from Lee's lines, and the situation grew desperate for the British garrison. Browne made a final effort to burn the tower and the houses which sheltered the sharpshoot ers, but all means of defense failing, he was compelled to surrender. The British
garrison marched out on the morning of June 5, 1781, at shouldered arms, with drums beating, to a spot near by, where their arms were piled, and they with the Indian allies were guarded toward Savannah, to be delivered as prisoners to the nearest American command until exchanged.
Col. Tames Jackson \vas ordered to march to Ebenezer with his command,
find making th?.t point the center of operations, engaged in numerous small battles with parties of British. Oil. Jackson harassed the enemy at all points around Savannah until Col. Campbell" followed after him with a large force of British cavalry, and overtaking him on the Ogeechee. compelled him after several hours
oi stubborn fighting to retreat into a swamp, from which he escaped during the night and returned to Ebenezer. Reinforcing his command he again scoured the country and intercepted the foraging parties sent out so successfully that the
British commander ceased to occupy the country outside the limits of Savannah.

MILITARY HISTORY.

93

Georgia from Fort Heard to Savannah was once again free from British invasion. Gen. Greene, who had scarcely over 2,000 men when he assumed the command in the Carolinas, had fought Cornwallis, Rawdon, and Stewart succes sively, each time outnumbered, but always with such success as to re-inspire confidence in the colonies and to force the enemy steadily from their positions until at length they held only Charleston and Savannah. Washington soon compelled the surrender of Cornwallis at York, and the long seven years' war was over. Savannah was evacuated July 12, 1782, and Gen. Jackson entered it proudly with .his dashing cavalry and received the surrender of the town.
The military organization which existed in Georgia during these years of war with England was of such an imperfect character as to have embarrassed the natural
courage of the colonists. The number enlisted in service was small for the popula tion, but a better organization and equipment with smaller forces would have been much more effective. The meager records show an attempt to form Georgia brigades in the continental line with regiments and battalions of infantry; com panies of mounted men called dragoons; and certain bodies called legionary corps; unattached partisan rangers and troops of horse were accepted and used,
sometimes in co-operation with the main body, and often in independent service. The artillery was least effective of all arms on account of the poor quality of the guns, the inadequate means of carriage, and the expensiveness of their use. Officers and soldiers were clad in coarse attire, generally home made, and by no
means uniform in cut or color. These troops assembled and fought their battles, then many dispersed, and came together again in emergencies. And thus the state maintained its cause and won its place among the free commonwealths of the Union. The territory covered by the war, as has been noticed, was a narrow strip extending
along the coast from St Mary's to the Savannah, and then up between the Ogeechee and Savannah rivers to Elbert and Wilkes counties. The population was small and grouped around a score of little towns. The patriots were generally poor, hardy and brave, accustomed to perils by the Indians, and bred to the love of liberty. They fought well without complete military organization or equipment, but they learned the need of both and began to devise a militia system, which after many changes is growing into the more perfect plans of the present period.

UNDER THE CONFEDERATION.
Georgia was now a member of the confederation of states formed during the revolution, and a few years later united with the other states in the adoption of the constitution of the United States. When the colonies first opposed the aggressions of the crown and parliament they had no idea of producing a separation between the countries. Their object was merely to obtain a redress of their wrongs, and to this end repeated petitions and remonstrances were made, all expressing the most loyal feelings, and claiming or asking only those rights and liberties to which they were entitled as British subjects. When, however, these were all disregarded, and new petitions produced only new violations of their rights--when the parliament assumed to itself the right to bind the colonists in all cases without their consent, and when by repeated oppressions the burden became too heavy to be borne by a free people, they indignantly threw off the trammels of tyranny, declared themselves free and independent of the mother country, and by an appeal to arms supported that declaration to the emancipation of thirteen states from the oppressions of a
weak, misguided king. Although now free from British invasion, the people of the state were still
flanked from the seaboard to the mountains by the Indians, who occupied a large

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MEMOIRS OF GBORGIA.

extent of unceded lands which they claimed the right to use as hunting grounds. Their dangerous proximity and frequent predatory incursions upon the American settlements required the maintenance of a ready and vigilant military establishment,
to be called at a moment's notice into actual service. The old organizations of the
recent revolution provided a basis in part, and the officers who had distinguished themselves in that \var furnished experienced commanders of divisions, brigades and regiments. Col. James Jackson was made a colonel, first regiment of regu lars, and afterward brigadier-general of an important brigade composed of battal ions from Chatham and contiguous counties. Tattnall was assigned to the duty of organizing commands to cover the exposed counties of Bryan, Liberty, and McIntDsh, and for protection of the people against the troublesome Indians. The Chatham artillery was kept under Tattnall's instruction in superb drill. Gen. \Vayne was also in constant service, and Gens. Twiggs, Elbert, Heard and other leaders were continued in commission. Col. Hammond, who had attained a richly deserved distinction as a partisan fighter, was sent with a battalion of Chatham
militia to suppress a body of lower Creeks who were doing damage on the frontier. The office of adjutant-general was organized, the militia enrolled, and required to make regular reports. The legislature appropriated funds for the purchase of 10,000 stand of arms. 12 field pieces. 700 pairs horsemen pistols, 1,000 horsemen
swords, 10,000 pounds of powder, and other munitions, to be deposited in the arsenal at Louisville, the capital of the state.
The following official return of a battalion of eleven companies will serve to show the military character of the organization of the times:
"A return of the First battalion of Burke county militia, agreeable to order with its present situation and rank, with the number of men in each company and the number of arms, shot bags, and powder-horns for the year 1792."

Captains.

ist Lieut.

2d Lieut.

Xo. Men.

Arms.i Shot.

: 23 Samuel White ........ .. Hopkin Dve.......... Jno. McGomerv . . .

s \Villis Watson. . .......

... 68

30 Dill. Sapp. ........... .. Wills Davies.........

... 48

23 50 30

Daniel Evans... ....... Charles Kilbee ........ . .
.. .. .. Laban Thompson ...... . . Benjamin Matthews . . . . .

Wm. Martin ......... Lem Lassiter. ........ Xich Stregles ........ John Roberts ......... Wm. Parrimore .... Elihu Thompson .....

.. .1 Bart Grav......... ...
John TreJIwell . . . . .. ... ohn Sailer. ....... --

.. 38 48 92 37

i;

2^7
68 15
20
15

.

27 68 '5
20
<5

Xoah Williams. ....... . . John Frvar. .........

... 82 4 41

. . Jas. Rawles ..........

... 43 21 l 21

WAR OF 1812.
The war of 1812 was fought by the United States against England for maritime independence. The honor of the new republic was assailed on the high seas by the insistence of Great Britain of a right to search American vessels for fugitive British subjects. A doctrine which America regards as established by the revolution, that a citizen of a foreign country could voluntarily surrender his native citizenship and swear allegiance to another government, was disputed by Great Britain, who held that "once an Englishman was to be an Englishman always." Upon this ground American vessels were held up on the ocean by English men-of-war and searched to such an extent that within the eight years of forbearance, over 6,000 men were

MILITARY HISTORY.

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taken from the ships of the United States and forced into the British navy. At length the American ship "President" encountered and attacked the British war
ship "Little Belt," and with well-trained shots disabled and brought her to terms. About the same time the Indians in Indiana were excited by British agency to make war on the Americans, and were defeated in the great battle of Tippecanoe, fought
under the leadership of Gen. William Henry Harrison. These victories roused the American spirit, and war was declared by congress against Great Britain in June, 1812. At that time the United States navy consisted of only thirteen inferior vessels, while the British numbered nearly 1,000, nor were the American armies yet organized and equipped. The first battles were therefore won by the British, and the war raged along the great lakes upon the frontier of New York, and in the
west. But after a year of defeats the day brightened for the Americans by the naval victory of Perry on Lake Erie, and the brilliant battle where Col. Dick Johnson is famed for killing the great Tecumseh. Scott. Ripley'and Gaines
commanded in the New York district, winning the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. The little navy began also to astonish the world. The "Essex" whipped the "Albert," the "Constitution" vanquished the "Guerrier," the "Wasp"
forced the ''Frolic" to haul down its flag. Capt. Bainbridge blew up the "Java" with his "Old Ironsides," and the "Hornet" sank the "Peacock." Privateers put in
commission scoured the seas, captured three hundred merchant ships and broke down British commerce.
During this time Georgia was not invaded at any point, but was endangered on its western frontier by the visit of Tecumseh, whom the Shawnees sent to engage
the Creek Indians on behalf of Great Britain in the general quarrel. In this visit to Alabama Tecumseh, who was aftenvard slain, excited the Creeks to attack .Fort Mims and massacre the prisoners, producing such alarm that the call on the government in Georgia by the* Federal government for a levy of troops was immediately filled. Thirty-six hundred men were assembled at Camp Hope in the vicinity of Fort Hawkins and placed under command of Gen. Floyd, with orders to join Gen. Andrew Jackson, who was in supreme command in Alabama. Floyd's force was composed of two regiments of infantry armed with muskets, one battal ion of riflemen, one squadron of dragoons, and a company of artillery, nearly all of whom were volunteers and the best quality of Georgia militia. Delayed for a
time for the want of supplies and transportation, Floyd procured funds from the state treasury and purchased his supplies for active operations. Then constructing a line of blockhouses and stockade forts from the Ocmulgee westward, he built a strong work on the Chattahoochee which was named Fort Mitchell. Establishing a camp there Floyd detached a body of 1,000 picked men, carrying their rations in their 'haversacks without baggage, and by a forced march of about two days and a night, reached the Indian town of Antossee at <taybreak, which was instantly and furiously attacked. The Indians, although taken by surprise, fought with despera tion, but were routed with great slaughter and the town was reduced to ashes. Floyd's command suffered severe loss, and he himself was seriously wounded, but after a short rest, the Georgians were reinforced from Fort Mitchell to the strength of 1,500 men, and moved to attack the upper Creeks at Challibee. On the march and when near the town they were in turn surprised by the Indians, who fell upon
them at night in large numbers and kept them under murderous fire until, daylight coming, the Georgia troops rallied and drove the Indians entirely from the field
with great loss. Gen. Jackson, with Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia troops, rapidly reduced
the Creeks to peace, and Floyd's command being disbanded to their homes, he was subsequently appointed to a new brigade to co-operate with Gen. Clarke on

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

the coast. The British, however, made a few attempts to enter Georgia from the
sea. Landing at Cumberland island they made an effort to"hold the island, but were so vigorously attacked by a small force under Capt. Messias, Capt. Tattnall, LieuL Hill and Lieut. Hardee, that they were compelled to retreat to their boats. Another similar enterprise was made up the St Mary's river with barges, but they were driven back by the sharp-shooters along the bank, who from all coverts dis charged their rifles with almost unerring aim. Other small harassing events oc curred, but meanwhile Jackson won the great victory at New Orleans, and the
treaty of peace signed at Ghent December, 1814, gladdened the distressed country.

REVISION OF MILITIA LAWS.
After the war of 1812 the militia laws of the state were thoroughly revised, and with some occasional changes the system was continued in force until the period of the Confederate war. By this militia system the state was divided into small military jurisdictions called captain's districts, and were numbered con secutively as districts of Georgia militia in which magistrates or justices of the peace had civil and criminal jurisdiction in limited cases. By the new statute of 1818, the militia was organized into divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions and com panies, respectively commanded by major-generals, brigadier-generals, colonels, lieutenant-colonels, majors and captains. The territory was divided into two de partments and each of these departments was divided into six divisions, covering certain designated counties, making twelve military divisions, each under the command of a major-general. The divisions were composed of two or more brigades and these were formed of regiments and battalions of infantry, squadrons of horse and one company of artillery to each regiment The regiments were made up of two battalions, and the battalions were composed of companies without special number, under command of the captains. The companies were divided into two platoons, and each platoon into four sections. The commissioned officers were first and second lieuenant and ensign. The non-commissioned officers were four sergeants and four corporals, and a drummer and a fifer were allowed for each company. Sixty-four privates constituted the limit of a company enrollment, and these were divided by the captains into four squads, each squad under direction and drill by a sergeant and a corporal. The enrollment of the citizen soldiery was de signed to include the arms-bearing strength of the entire population, and every ablebodied white male citizen between the ages of eighteen and forty-five was made subject to military duty, and required to be enrolled in the company of his district.
The United States was expected to furnish arms, but the state, without waiting for them from this source, voted liberal appropriations for that purpose, and dis tributed them upon proper requisition among the troops. It was therefore required that every commissioned officer should be properly armed with his sword, even- non-commissioned officer to appear at all musters "armed, equipped rnd provided with a firelock in good order, a cartridge box, and a shot-pouch." Grenadiers, or riflemen, the cavalry and artillery were to be armed and equipped fully, like regulars in the United States army, and aH volunteer companies organ ized apart from the militia of the line were to be held to the same rule as to arms, uniform and equipment.
The musket of that date was a smooth-bore barrel on a rough-and-ready straight stock, with thimbles on the under side of the barrel to hold the iron ram
rod, and it was discharged by means of a flint and steel lock which cast a spark into a small metal pan primed with powder. The powder in the pan caught the
spark and flashing out a little puff of smoke, its fire entered the barrel at the side of

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97

the breech through a touch-hole, and exploded the charge which had been rammed tightly to the bottom of the barrel. The round leaden ball, or the charge of buck shot, was thus driven out with sufficient force to do good execution at the distance of a hundred yards. A bayonet was borne in a scabbard by the soldier and was adjusted so as to go over the muzzle of the musket, and by a. turn of its shank was fastened securely in place. The manual of arms taught the soldier was necessarily adapted to the kind of weapon in his hands. He was taught to "Handle cartridge" in two motions, which transferred the cartridge from the cartouch to a position
opposite his mouth: to "Tear cartridge," which he did by biting one end off with the teeth; "Load," "Draw rammer," "Prime," "Ready," "Aim," "Fire!" All these motions were gone through with in drill and were necessary to actual battle, al though executed at the will of the soldier when face to face with the foe. It may be supposed that the firing was slow and the execution much less than in this period of improved weapons of war. The horseman's pistol was simply a short musket-barrel on a pistol stock. The entire arm was a little over a foot in length, heavy, cumbersome and of short range. A brace of them was carried by each trooper in holsters on the front of ,his saddle. But with these and his trusty, slightly curved broadsword, the mounted man did admirable service. The artillery was scarcely as effective in construction as these imperfect small arms. The guns were commonly smooth-bore ten and twelve-pounders, carrying .round shot and grape, loaded by rammers at the muzzle and fired by being touched off at the vent near the breech. But they made a noise and were dreaded by the savages!. The guns on the coast and the general equipment of the Chatham artillery were of superior qual ity and had been often handled with great effect. The private militia soldiers were not required to dress in uniform and consequently they mustered in all varieties of suits, but the uniform of the officers must correspond with those worn by the United States army officers, with this provision, that they "might be made'of home spun dark blue cotton and wool, with plated bullet buttons." The uniform of the volunteer was required to be blue, but with liberty as to ornament. The button worn by the militia was a round, hollow, brass or white metal attachment put on in triple rows, the center row serving to fasten the coat and the others for con spicuous show. Field officers wore the heavy cocked hat with waving plume, and were further distinguished by epaulettes of gilt or bright yellow worsted fastened on each shoulder.
The musters required by law were frequent. The officers, both commissioned and non-commissioned, of every regiment were to be assembled once each year, and being formed into a company the adjutant-general was required to train and instruct them in the exercises and discipline prescribed by the congress of the United States. At these annual drills the commissioned officers were ordered to appear in full uniform and with their swords; the non-commissioned officers with firelocks and bayonets accoutered also with cartouch boxes, bayonet belts and scabbards, and with six blank cartridges each for practice in loading and firing. The encampment and drill could continue three days and in addition to this exercise the brigadier-general could order separate drills and reviews of the officers under his personal supervision. The regimental muster of the entire command was held annually under the inspection of the adjutant-general, who was directed by the law to instruct the regiments in the evolutions prescribed by congress. The colonel must also hold an annual muster of his whole regiment, and the majors were authorized to call on their battalions for exercise twice every year. In addition to these general assemblies the company parade was to be made in the several militia districts four times annually, at which time the captains exercised their men
according to the tactics.
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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

It was found necessary to give special encouragement to the volunteer cavalry, who couH be rapidly moved in emergencies. Alany sections of the state needed this particular arm for protection of the inhabitants. Hence squadrons of volun teer cavalry were organized, comprising two to five troops and commanded by a major. Each troop was required to consist of at least forty men uniformed in blue, mounted on good horses and armed with broadswords and pistols with holsters. Musters for instruction were held four times a year, and once annually a three-days' patrol and drill of the whole squadron was exacted. Every county was perrnitted to form a cavalry company, the whole body throughout the state being known as the Georgia Guards, and were subject to first call in all emer gencies. A system of reports was adopted by which an exact account of arms, acoouterments and the number of effective men was regularly made by each captain, and these forwarded to regimental headquarters were consolidated, then transmitted to brigade commanders, were again consolidated and forwarded to the division headquarters, and then to the office of the governor. Military storekeepers were also appointed for Savannah and Milledgeville. who were charged with the cus tody of all arms, munitions, arsenals and other military property.
Tl.'s minute military system which converted the population of Georgia into
a military force, was sustained in part by fines and penalties for delinquencies, but also by the knowledge of its importance for the safety of the people. Notwith
standing its imperfect fulfillment it provided the state with a method through which a sufficient force could be quickly assembled in any section. The governor was clothed with full authority to call out the militia of the line or any volunteer com pany on invasion or insurrection, or a probable prospect thereof, either by entire
companies or by drafts of men, and when thus called out they were governed by the laws which regulate troops of the United States. Even officers commanding in counties were empowered in cases of sudden invasion of a county to summon their commands to repel the invaders without waiting for orders from any superior officer. In such cases, however, it was made their duty to dispatch a courier to the brigade commander, and through that source to report the invasion to the governor.
With these military dispositions Georgia sustained itself throughout the pettyIndian difficulties of twenty years following the cessation of British hostilities until confronted with the serious outbreak of the lower Creeks in 1836.

WAR WITH CREEK INDIANS.
The war with the Creek Indians in Georgia during the year 1836 was caused by the continued depredations committed by roving bands of this tribe upon the frontiers. Near the beginning of the century it was deemed advisable to extinguish by treaties the titles of the Indians to the territory of the state and to induce them to remove to the west beyond the Mississippi river. Many treaties were signed under which partial cessions of land had been made, and the United States govern ment finally contracted with Georgia to secure the removal of the Creeks, Cherokees and all other Indians from the state. This effort was so warmly resisted by the Indians in South Georgia as to cause its temporary suspension, but the commissioner? were directed to hold a council with the Creeks at The-Cath-Co, the capital of the tribe. f;>r the purpose of final negotiations. The council was held in 1824 and resulted in a refusal by a majority of the chiefs to accede to the proposed terms. President Monroe being appealed to, brought about another full meeting of the chiefs at Indian Springs. February, 1825. Rig Warrior, the head of the Muscogee Confederacy in the Creek nation, a man of great ability and of friendly disposition, wa? attended in the council by the notable chiefs of his

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tribe and listened with gravity to the addresses of the commissioners. They were answered by Opothleyolo, their chosen spokesman, who eloquently recited the claims of the Creeks, and in conclusion declared that no treaty for the extinguish ment of their tides could be agreed upon by their chiefs. He therefore advised the holding of another council at Broken Arrow. After the council of the day ended Big Warrior departed with the chiefs and warriors of the Cussetas, but certain leading chiefs belonging to the party led by Mclntosh remained in large numbers, and on the next day resumed the council and agreed upon a treaty which was duly signed and forwarded to President Monroe, who also signed it on behalf of the United States This formal cession of their lands in Georgia created an excite ment among the hostile portions of the Creek nation which was expressed at first in warm protests accompanied with threats of war. Among their first revenges was the assassination of Mclntosh in the night at his house by two bands which had been selected for that purpose in a secret council. The home of Mclntosh on the Chattaheechee river was set afire by the appointed assassins and he, after desperately fighting for his life, was slain and scalped. His house was then burned to the ground, his property plundered and his cattle killed. The excited Indians next marched to the house of Hawkins, the son-in-law of Mclntosh, and brutally slew him in the same manner. Tustennugee, a brave, intelligent chief who had signed the treaty was also killed, and the Creeks proceeded to make forays for plunder and slaughter upon the defenseless settlements. The fears of the people becoming very great, Gov. Troup organized bodies of Georgia militia for defense. The secretary of war of the United States also ordered Gen. Gaines to co-operate with Troup. An extra session of the legislature was called, during which the treaty was fully discussed, and a dangerous controversy arose between the state and the Federal government. The legislature declared that upon its investigation it fully appeared that the Indian Springs council had concluded a fair and open treaty which President Monroe had ratified. The treaty was made in accordance with the compact entered into between the state and the general government in 1802. But through improper influences this treaty was ignored and another signed in 1826 which President Adams sent to the senate for ratification. Cuthbert, Forsyth, Meriwether and other Georgia congressmen vigorously opposed the second treaty, but it was ratified by the senate. Gov. Troup held to the validity of the first treaty at Indian Springs, and in reply to the president, who had threat ened force in carrying the last treaty into effect, declared that "he would feel it to be his duty to resist to the utmost any military attack which the president of the United States should think proper to make upon the territory, people, or sovereignty of Georgia." The legislature sustained the bold governor, and the people declared for "Troup and the treaty" without dissent. Fortunately no violence was offered by the general government to sustain its untenable position, and the territory ceded by the Creeks was surveyed and divided by lottery in 1827.
But the hostile Creeks were not at all contented and uniting with the Seminoles in lower Alabama, made numerous hostile demonstrations throughout Alabama and on the borders of Georgia along the Chattahoochee river, producing constant alarm. One of the earliest attacks upon the Georgia settlers was made at night in May, 1836, upon the little village of Roanoke, situated on the left bank of the Chattahoochee river in Stewart county by the same body of Creek Indians who had attacked the small steamboat "Georgia" not long before, and killed all on board. The first night attack on Roanoke was repelled by the citizen soldiers who had collected there for its defense, chiefly from Stewart county, and the Indians were driven across the river. A block-house surrounded by sharpened pickets had been built in Roanoke and other preparations made to resist attacks, but as the Indians

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did not immediately return the town felt secure and relaxed its vigilance. So little fear was felt of further immediate assault that many of the soldiers who had been assembled at that place to guard the borders of Georgia went to their homes in Lumpkin and other parts of the county on short leaves of absence. Only a few men were left on guard and there appeared no danger. But on Sunday morning, very shortly after the first unsuccessful attempt of the Indians and just before day break, the slumbering garrison was aroused by the yells and shouts of the Indians now numbering about 300. They had silently crossed the river and stealthily approaching the little hamlet, scattered around it in Indian fashion and, as if fearing the result of assault, began to pour in their fire from a little distance. The aroused troops returned the fire with irregular and uncertain aim in the dark, and the Indians closing in around them began to fire with deadly effect Eleven men were killed in a short time and eight were wounded. The remainder who were unhurt, -with such of the wounded as could escape, making a dash for life broke through the circle of Indians into the adjacent woods and fled under the bluffs of the river. The savages set fire to the town and in the midst of their revels during the day were attacked and routed by a new body of soldiers who had fortunately hurried to the relief of the little garrison. This and similar attacks created such alarm that many families fled to middle Georgia. Women and children were removed to Lumpljn, and the court-house was converted into a block-house as a safe refuge. All the men of the county were put under arms.
About three weeks later a severe fight occurred on Sheppard's plantation in the same county between CapL Garmany's command of Georgia militia and the Creeks. CapL Garmany's company consisted of only about forty men, but on meeting with the Indians the heroic little band at once attacked them, when a fight ensued in the style adopted often in Indian wars. The fight was in the form of a skirmish where each soldier took advantage of any tree or other protection while firing on his foe. At first Garmany drove his enemy before him, but re inforcements coming from the larger body of Indians he was forced to fight in retreat, stubbornly contesting the field from tree to tree. Maj. Jernigan, who was stationed at Fort Jones, hearing the firing pushed forward and arrived in time to take a brave and active part in the battle. At a critical moment another relief came from Fort McCreay and then a general advance being made the Indians were put to flight The courage of these pioneer settlers fighting for the protection of their families from the ravages of Indian marauders was widely commended. Garmany was severely shot and many of the command were killed and wounded.
After these battles in Stewart county the Indians with increased numbers began their march down the Chattahoochee river and turning through Randolph county sought to reach the Seminoles on the borders of Florida and Georgia. As they were passing through Randolph and Lee counties they were pursued by the gallant Jernigan with the companies of Capt. Ball and Capt. Clifton, now reinforced by companies from other parts of the state commanded by Captains Wood, Mathews, Guilford, Snellgrove, Wills and Smith, making a regiment of about 300 men. A short and bloody encounter occurred on July 25 at the Ichuanochua creek and theIndians retreating at night were followed until July 27, when they were again overtaken and Gen. Welborn, arriving from Eufaula with troops, was placed in command and continued the battle. The Indians, numbering over 300, secreted themselves in the depths of the swamp and awaited the advance of the Americans. Dividing the command so as to move with advantage to a common center Welborn and Jernigan charged the Indians from several directions, but met with a desperate resistance at all points. Finally securing an advantage through a flank movement of Capt. Wood, and a simultaneous direct attack by the companies of Capt. Ball

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and Capt. Clifton, the whole line assailed the Indians and so impetuously scattered
them, that contrary to their custom they left many of their dead and wounded behind.
The battle of Chickasawhachee, which occurred in a swamp in Baker county,
is a companion of the engagement just related and also illustrated the warfare in
Georgia during its early settlement The Indians, about 300 strong, had collected on an island in the swamp and prepared for defense. The swamp was about six miles wide and fifteen miles long, containing small islands and infested with wild
animals. Within its dark recesses the Indians had penetrated, intending to march
southward to join the Seininoles. Col. Beall, commanding a militia force of about 500 men, composed of infantry companies from Steuart, Early, Baker, Thomas
and Pulaski and a cavalry company from Bibb, pursued and determined to attack
them in their covert. First stationing a part of iiis force at points along the swamp
to intercept the Indians on their escape, the other companies marched into the swamp through mud and water about four miles. The advance guard coming in
sight of the savages imprudently fired and thus by alarming the camp saved the
Indians from complete surprise. Instantly taking to their cover and animated by their chief, they fought the advancing Georgians with great bravery and only gave
way when a rifle ball slew their courageous chief. The Indians were 'heavily slaughtered as they fled down the swamp, leaving behind them all their tents, horses, provisions and entire equipage. The battle almost entirely broke up the
Indian party. Dispersing in all directions, one body hurried southward to the
Seminoles for shelter and others skulking through the woods, recrossed the Chat-
tahoochee into Alabama, while many of them were captured in small numbers in different places.
It was one of these scattered remnants marching through Thomas county toward Florida that was discovered and attacked by the Thomas county and
Lowndes county battalions, commanded by Maj. Young, between Warrior creek
and Little river. The battalion was formed in line confronting the Indian force, which had made a stand in a good position and dashed against them under a galling
fire. The Indians made a fierce resistance, continuing the fight even after their
lines were broken by firing from behind trees until they at last escaped below the
borders of the state.
The difficulties with the Creeks in southern Georgia were co-incidental with the Cherokee troubles. The Cherokee Indians, once a powerful nation inhabiting
the fine country from the Ohicv to the Tennessee river, had dwindled to a small but intelligent tribe which had encroached on the territory of the upper Creeks until they had gained possession of a large part of north Georgia. The tribe in 1838,
the date of their removal, had advanced very much in civilization. They had schools, churches, farms and trading places and lived under a written constitutional form of government. Conflicts of jurisdiction were inevitable where the state of
Georgia claimed civil and military jurisdiction over territory occupied by a race which asserted for themselves another form of government, and the difficulties were of such a character as to be without solution except by the entire submission of the Cherokees to the state government, or their removal beyond the Mississippi. The latter alternative appearing to be alone feasible, the United States in 1827 provided for removal and permanent settlement of the Cherokees, but very few were found willing to make the change of counties. Georgia had found it neces
sary to extend its commercial jurisdiction over the Cherokee nation, but John Ross, principal chief, appealed to the supreme court of the United States for in junction to restrain the state from enforcing this legislation. Pending these troubles a survey of the land was made by Georgia amidst great excitement, and

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for many years the state as well as the general government was in perplexity. In 1834 the Cherokees began to make such a show of hostilities that the legislature authorized the government to organize the Georgia guard for protection, and a part of this guard composed of mounted troops was put under command of Col. Bishop and stationed within the Cherokee territory.
As a further complication of difficulties parties divided among the Cherokees on the question of removal. John Ridge, a Cherokee chief of distinction who favored the removal, and John Ross, another Cherokee of high esteem among his people who led the party opposed to removal, at first strove for supremacy, but finally went together to Washington and there formulated a plan of treaty which, after much discussion between the Ross party and the Ridge party, was concluded and ratified May, 1836, at Washington. But hostile sentiments felt by Cherokees opposed to the treaty were still exhibited in terms so unfriendly as to-cause great fears of an outbreak. Consequently Gen. Hemphill was ordered to station a body of militia on the Coosa under Maj. Nelson and arms were freely distributed among the Americans in the Cherokee country. Gen. Wood was sent into Georgia with a Tennessee brigade commanded by Gen. Dunlop, and these prudent movements of well-armed troops acting in concert with the Georgia guard prevented hostilities. Final arrangements were then made for the removal of the Cherokees and Gen. Scott was sent in 1838 to superintend the work. He assembled his command at Xew Echota and dispatching various companies in different directions throughout the Cherokee nation, collected the Indians in camp and about the close of the sum mer started them up the long march to the west. About 14,000 were then re moved and all possible arrangements were adopted for their comfort Thus ended the Indian difficulties of the state with the Indian tribes whom Oglethorpe found in Georgia 105 years before.
MEXICAN WAR.
Scarcely a decade -had passed, during which the whole country as well as Georgia passed through several years of financial distress, when the United States became involved in a brief successful war with Mexico, caused chiefly by the resistance of that country to the "annexation of Texas." But it is not within the scope of this sketch to follow the history of that foreign struggle. It is sufficient to say that Georgia favored most heartily the annexation of Texas, and having already contributed men like Lamar, Houston, Fannin and Wood to fight and die for Texan independence now responded to its small quota of men and money re quired by the government. The entire United States force employed in the invasion of Mexico was composed of 26,690 total regulars and 56,926 total volun teers, besides the navy. The losses of men by death from disease and wounds was about n,ooo, and only about 1.500 were killed in battle, making a loss of only seven per cent. The cost in money amounted to $150,000,000. The gain consisted of the cession of extensive territory stretching to the Pacific ocean, several thou sand miles of valuable sea coast and an immense bound of the United States into international power. In the accomplishment of this general result Georgia sent the following organizations in addition to numbers who served from the state in various bodies through the war:
First regiment of volunteers: Col. Henry R. Jackson, Lieut-Col. T. Y. Redd, Maj. Chas T. Williams: Adjts. C. P. Hervey, John Forsyth, Capts. Bird, Calhoun, Davis. Dill. Grambling. Holmes, Jones, Nelson. Sarjent and Turner.
Battalion Georgia volunteers: Lietit.-Col. I. G. Seymour, Adjt. F. M. Levison, Capts. Fain. Gaulden. Grant, Hervey, Xelson and Smith. Battalion Georgia

MILITARY HISTORY.
mounted volunteers: Lieut.-Col. J. S. Calhoun, Adjts. Haliday and Knight; Capts. Fulton, Goulding, Hamilton, Kendall, Nelson, Renfro and VV. T. Wofford.
Independent Georgia mounted volunteers: Capt. John Loyall; Lieuts. F. M. McCordy, George T. Anderson and Ed. L. Thomas. Among the regular army officers we find the names of men distinguished then and afterwards for military skill and gallantry, such as Maj. James Longstreet, Lieut. La Fayette McLaws, Lieut-Col. W. H. T. Walker, Maj. Alfred H. Colquitt, Maj. Goocle Bryan. Capt. Gilmer, Capt G. W. Smith, Maj. Geo. Rains, Capt. Duncan Clinch, Capt. Ector, Col. Echols, all of whom, as is well known, rose to high rank in the Confederate war. Maj. David E. Twiggs was a distinguished soldier before the Mexican war and now bore a famous part under Tayl-or and Scott from the beginning to the close. Lieut. Geo. T. Anderson and Lieut. Ed. L. Thomas ami Lieut. \V. T. Wofford became brigadier-generals in the Confederate army. Licut.-Col. Win. Mclntosh, an officer of the war of 1812, commanded the Fifth infantry, was one of the most conspicuously gallant commanders under Taylor, but was unfortunately mortally wounded in a charge upon the regiment by the Mexican cavalry, which he gallantly repulsed. The Georgia regiment in Ouitman's brigade and in de tached service fought at Resaca, Palo Alto and Monterey and followed Scott from Vera Cruz to Mexico. Loyall's chivalric command did extraordinary service. In one of the engagements at the storming of Huamantla Gen. Lane assigned an important assault to this company, in which they drove the Mexicans back with slaughter, and Lieut. George T. Anderson had the honor of capturing the brave Mexican general La Vega. The entire Georgia contingent became greatly de pleted by the close of the war, especially by diseases produced by the climate, and when the struggle was over the survivors returned with honor to the state which they had faithfully served.
TERRITORIAL DIFFICULTIES.
Following the Mexican war questions arose relating to the territory acquired by the treaty of peace as well as by former purchases from France, causing fiery debates in the Federal congress and continuing until a settlement was had in the celebrated campaign measures of 1850. But the party spirit inflamed during these discussions produced an increased sectional feeling, notwithstanding the forma tion of a constitutional union movement which was designed to unite into one salutary organization the old whig and democratic parties of the country. Sec tional discussions continued to be prominent through the years succeeding the settlement made in 1850 until the epoch of the great Confederate war began to dawn in 1859. Causes of various kinds had been tending towards this terrible event in American history, until coming together in full force they culminated in the convulsion which for a time concerned and even alarmed many civilized nations of the world. The period of that eventful war is the most interesting, tragical and patriotic part of Georgia's history and the great struggle between the states will be here considered mainly as it took place on the soil of Georgia with only necessary notices of nations and movements of armies outside the common
wealth. Already the relations between the southern states and the general government
were strained to the utmost tension. The governor of Georgia, Joseph E. Brown, set forth in his message to the legislature of 1859 a careful, serious and able review of the situation, pointing attention to the approaching presidential election as a critical period in the history of the country. He said: "In the present condition of affairs I would advise the citizens of Georgia to stand united with the national

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democracy so long as they continue to stand by tier rights and protect them in the Union; but should this organization be broken down and her constitutional rights be denied, and her equality in the Union destroyed I would then advise her citizens to strike for independence and to pledge each other their lives, their
fortunes and their most sacred honor never to forsake each other until triumphant success shall have crowned their efforts. My fervent prayer to Almighty God is that wisdom, moderation and justice may control our national and state councils, and that the right> of the states and the union of the states may be perpetuated."

SECESSION AGITATION.
This message of the governor sent to the legislature more than a year before secession actually occurred, merely reflected a common popular feeling. There were few in Georgia who were urging disunion per se. All parties, and even fac tions of parties, declared their veneration for the Union and uttered strong pro testations of fidelity to the constitutional form of government as it then existed. With few exceptions the people held to the doctrine of state rights and under that view agreed in holding to the legal power of peaceable withdrawal from the Union as belonging to the sovereign state of Georgia. But the union senti ment in the state was greatly in the ascendant and prevailed with too much power to allow secession without causes which the people at least believed to exist. Mr. Stephens, afterward vice-president of the Confederate states, was the acknowledged leader of the Union sentiment and he boldly assumed the position that the ([uestions at issue should be debated and determined in the Union and not out of it. Robert Toomb? deprecated disunion if it could be averted. The majority in 1859 opposed secession as the sole remedy for alleged grievances, and indulged in the hope that political evils would be removed through the ballot and by peaceable legislation. There were, however, avowed secessionists who declared their despair of preserving the authority of the state, and of pro tecting the interest? of the south within the Federal union. They pointed public attention to the formation and growing power of a sectional party which threat ened to control the policy of the government adversely to all southern prosperity. The state? thus threatened, they urged, were in a minority, and the majority wa* pressing on to control completely all departments of government, just at this hour, when public sentiment was rapidly forming, the ill-starred invasion of Virginia took place, led by John Brown, of Kansas, and created a fear in the southern mind which swept away the suggestions of all cool reason. The bold criminal act of John Brown was regarded as only the advance skirmish line of a grand army of invasion and insurrection. A song composed after war set in by a southern soldier and afterward sung in the camps and marches of the Union army--"Old John Brown's Soul is Marching On"--expressed the fear felt in 1859 by the southern people.
Misunderstanding among the best citizens of the two great sections of the Union was the inevitable and unfortunate condition, resulting from the state of the times and the actions of rash partisans. The Georgia legislature declared that the John Brown raid was "the result of a fanaticism which had invoked the air! of treason, murder, and rapine, and advancing on southern soil had spread bloodshed throughout a southern state." Northern assemblies resented the strong southern language in expressions of equal bitterness.
Union hopes in Georgia grew fainter as these and other political events followed fast after eadi other. The advance of secession ideas was hastened by the utterance* of eminent northern statesmen as well as by the warmth of

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speech indulged in by the southern men. Extremists in the press as well as on the hustings provoked the popular mind to discord. Threats on one side were answered by defiance on the other. The conservatives in Georgia were goaded into the secession ranks by provocations mercilessly made by extremists. The fuel for the flames was furnished by northern ultraists. and the kindled fires grew too great to be subdued. War became inevitable. Even in 1859 the con servative, sagacious governor began to btiy arms for Georgia from northern
factories. The extremity of wrong had come, and it is there that "without the shedding of blood there is no remission of sins."
The political crisis in the history of the great American republic strided on into the year 1860. That was the year in which the presidency of the United States was at stake and with the choice of president was involved the possible installation in power of a new party whose policy was understood in Georgia as being wholly hostile to the welfare of its people. Abraham Lincoln was
nominated by this new party for the presidency, and notwithstanding his high character he was held to be the representative of an aggressive party directed against the prosperity of the people of the state. No electoral ticket was offered in Georgia on his behalf, for he had no supporters. The people divided their votes among Breckinridge, Douglas and BeH, and the first named received the majority of ballots. But Lincoln carried all the northern states, and the movement through which he was borne into the office of president was regarded as a distinct declaration of hostilities to southern interests. It was the popular belief, whether grounded in reason or not, that a determined practical war was
being made under the form of national government, against the sovereignty
of all the states and against the welfare of one section of the Union. Georgia statesmen did not attack the character of Lincoln nor base secession merely on his election. Those who knew him personally eulogized his worth, and some even expressed the opinion that he would not obstruct by force of arms the effort of Georgia in confederation with other states to form a new government. No war was proposed against him, no army measures to set aside his election. Their aim was, as they avowed it to be, "simply to enter into concert of action with the sister southern states which will secure their common rights under the constitution in the Union, or if that be no longer possible, their independ ence and security out of it." Asserting their own interpretation of the con stitutional provisions, designed to protect the states, they laid claim to a right peaceably to withdraw from the Union, and insisted that it was their purpose in secession to do no injury to the United States.
Such facts as those above stated are to be kept in viexv, in order that justice may be done the people of Georgia who had patriotically reposed the great interests of the state in the keeping of a common country, and were faithfully co-operating with all sections in increasing the majestic glory of the greatest
popular nation on earth. "The war," said Stephens, "had its origin in oppos ing principles which in their action upon the conduct of men produced the ultimate collision of arms. The contest was between those who held that the general government was strictly federal in its character, and those who main tained that it was thoroughly national." With this statement of facts kept in mind let us look at the condition of Georgia at this date as it is shown by the report of Comptroller Thweatt for 1860. This report shows that the total wealth
of the state was $672,323,777, disclosing a remarkable increase since 1850 and especially during the four years under Brown's administration before the date of the secession. This taxable wealth consisted of 450,000 slaves valued at nearly $303,000,000, thus averaging about $700 each. The taxable land was valued

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at 8161,765,000, and all other property was summed up to about $200,000,000. Agriculture prospered and general trade was good. The rate of taxation was so low as not to be felt, a surplus in the state treasury from year to year had served to reduce the small bonded debt, and the state's property in the West ern & Atlantic railroad was then paying increasing and profitable instalments every- month. The debts of the people bore a small proportion to their general property; mortgages were few, and by an easy cultivation of the lands the farmers were able to produce enough food for themselves besides a good export of cotton which was turned into money. The wealth of the people was dis tributed with such evenness that very few were enormously rich and few were in abject poverty. The Georgians of 1860 were descendants of all states from Maine to California, but chiefly came from Virginia and Xorth Carolina and South Carolina. Georgia was then a rural state with no large "cities, many beautiful towns and a thrifty country population. Its people were characterized by morality, culture and republican simplicity with boundless hospitality. It was in these conditions of material advantage that this people considered in 1860 their grave political situation. Their interest in the national question was all the more intense because their state affairs were so well managed. The only threat thrust at their peace and prosperity seemed to come from the national government Their political foes appeared to be resolved on using the Union which they loved as a power to do them damage. They felt harassed as Bartow declared by "the endless controversy, and were wearied by seeing this threatening- cloud forever above their heads."' So after a discussion in which their greatest and best men participated, these Georgians cast their electoral vote for Breckinridge and gravely rebuked the election of a sectional president.
In the last months of 1860, members of the legislature met to face the greatest responsibility. Soon after assembling they received the governor's message advising- them to call a convention of the people of the state, and recommend ing the appropriation of Si .000,000 for a military fund to be expended for the purpose of placing the state in a condition of defense. The people also began to assemble in mass meetings to discuss the probable result of the presidential election and passed resolutions favoring- some form of state resistance to be forwarded to the legislature for consideration. The volunteer and military com panies of many cities and towns were assembled in a general convention and declared themselves ready to respond to any call of the governor when their services were needed. In response to these evident popular demands, as well as in accord with the message of the governor, the legislature unanimously voted the call for a convention to be held at Milledgeville, Jan. 16. 1861, and to be composed of delegates elected from each county by the ballots of the people. This convention was called to determine the momentous question of union or disunion by an august body representing directly the sovereign will of the whole people of Georgia.
MILITARY ORGANIZATION' IX 1860.
At this serious juncture it is proper to consider the military organization of the state. We have seen that after the war of 1812 the militia system was revised and made efficient for the wars with the Indians and also that the state early furnished its quota of troops for the war with Mexico. But during the years of peace when attention was given to peaceful pursuits unharassed by fears of war. the militia system had fallen into disuse. The laws were not enforced and the plan of divisions, brigades, and regiments was nearly obsolete. Now and then some ambitious colonel or captain of militia summoned his com-

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niand to muster, giving legal notice for every man to "appear armed and equipped as the law directs." But the muster became ridiculous by the appearance of the militiamen in line, armed with every conceivable substitute for a gun, such as walking sticks, one-barrel shotguns, or cornstalks, and the awkward evolutions contributed to the general fun of the burlesque parade. The militia muster grew to be a farce which the Georgians indulged in as an occasional amusement Volunteer companies, however, were organized in the cities and in- a number of the towns, composed of young men who bore the expense of the company, but these companies received but little encouragement from the state and were maintained with great difficulty. There was afterward a general awakening of interest about the year 1857, which resulted in an increase in the number of voluntary military and their better equipment. The legislature began to give more attention to the military defense of the state. The militia laws were revised and improved, and more liberal grants made for the encouragement of the citi zen soldiery. Governor Brown addressing the legislature by message, said, "I do not hesitate to say that the state should offer very reasonable inducement for the organization and training of volunteer military corps as the best and most efficient mode of reviving the military spirit among the people. This can not be done unless she has made provision for arranging such companies. At present the only provision for the purpose is the distribution of the small quota of arms which the states receive annually from the general government and which is wholly inadequate to the demand. The consequence is that many of our volunteer companies are without arms, while many others would be organized were it known that they would be supplied." The governor, also, early in his administration called attention to the benefit the state would derive by fostering liberally the state military institute at Marietta. "It would not only put the institute upon a solid basis and add largely to the number of educated persons in the state, affording a collegiate education to many of the poorest though brightest and most intellectual boys in Georgia, but would diffuse a knowledge of military service among the people of every county in the state: which all must admit in these perilous times is second in importance to no other." The successive legislatures from 1856 caught the spirit of the times and following the recommendations of the governor restored the state's military organization, and by energetic measures prepared to respond to the call of arms.
SEIZURE OP UNITED STATES FORTS.
Resuming the military story, we see that the many peace projects under taken soon after the presidential election were destined to failure. The gover nor therefore, sagaciously seeing that delayed action would increase the peril of the state, resolved upon a bold. act in advance of the formal secession by the convention. Georgia was still in the Union, but its people had spoken by ballot, and there was no doubt as to the action in the approaching convention. Anticipating that certain action of the sovereign state, the governor sought to protect the people against the seizure of all the forts on the coast and the occupation of its seaboard cities and towns. With these patriotic as well as sagacious views, he first took immediate and successful measures to get posses sion of Fort Pulaski on Cockspur island just below Savannah, which had been built to guard that seaport city against invasion. It was the most important fort on the entire coast of Georgia, although at that time scarcely garrisoned at all, and its occupation was indispensable to the security of the state. The governor went in person to Savannah, in order to become fully informed con cerning the necessity of taking this important step in advance of the meeting

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of the convention, and after full}- satisfying himself issued the following efficient and peremptory order:
Headquarters Georgia Militia, Savannah, Jan. 2, 1861.
Col. A. R. Laxvton, Commander First Regiment, Georgia Volunteers, Savannah: Sir:--In view of the fact that the government at Washington has, we are
informed on high authority, decided on the policy of coercing the seceding state back into the Union, and it is believed now has a movement on foot to reinforce Fort Sumter at Charleston and to occupy with Federal troops the southern forts, including Fort Pulaski in this state, which if done would give the Federal government in any contest great advantage over the people of this state: To the end, therefore, that this stronghold which commands the entrance into Georgia may not be occupied by any hostile force until the convention of the state of Georgia which is to meet on the i6th instant has decided on the policy which Georgia will adopt in this emergency, you are ordered to take possession of Fort Pulaski as by public order herewith, and to hold it against all persons, to be abandoned only under orders from me, or under compulsion of any overpowering hostile force. Immediately upon occupying the fort you will take measures to put it in a thorough state of defense as far as its means and ours will permit; and for this purpose you will advise with Capt. Claghorn, Chatham artillery, who has been charged with all matters relating to ordnance and ordnance stores and their supply. You will further arrange with Capt. Claghorn a series of day and night signals, for communication with the city of Savannah for the purpose of calling for reinforcements or for other necessary purposes. And you will arrange with Mr. John Cunningham, military purveyor for the time being, for the employment of one or more steamboats or other means of transportation by land or by water that may be necessary, and for other supplies (except for ordnance stores for which you will call upon Capt. Claghorn; as may be required. If circumstances should require it the telegraph will be placed under surveillance.
I think from your conversation you fully understand my views, and relying upon your patriotism, energy and sound discretion in the execution of this important and delicate trust, i am, sir, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
JOSEPH E. BROWX, Governor and Commander-in-Chief.

Co. A. R. Lawton was at this time commander of the state military at Savannah and subsequently was commissioned brigadier-general and assigned to the department of Georgia. After serving most efficiently several months in this department, he was, by his own special desire, ordered to engage actively
in the field, assigned to the command of a fine brigade of Georgians, formed and forwarded for Virginia service and placed in the division of Stonewall Jack son. Lawton commanded his brigade in the battles around Richmond and in subsequent actions with marked distinction, and afterwards the division to which it was attached. He was severely wounded at Sharpsburg, and notwithstand ing his urgent appeal to be returned on his recovery to active field duty, he was required by President Davis to accept the office of quartermaster-general of the Confederate states. The position was as distinguished as it was arduous, and was filled by him with such ability as gained the well-merited commendation of all the southern armies. Lawton on receiving the order of the governor organ ized a command for the proposed expedition by causing details to be made

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from several companies among whom an earnest emulation sprang up at once.

The details were promptly furnished by the Chatham artillery, Capt. Jos. S.

Claghorn, the Savannah volunteer guards, Capt. John Screven, the Oglethorpe

light infantry, Capt Francis S. Bartow, altogether making a force of 134 men.

Borne upon a steamer the military under the command of Col. Lawton proceeded

to the fort and after a temporary parley it was entered and occupied in the name

of the state of Georgia.

The fort thus taken into the custody of the state of Georgia was built on a

marshy island, the walls presenting five faces and prepared for a little over 100

guns. At the time of its seizure there were only twenty-two guns in the fort

and a meager supply of ammunition. Its capture therefore was understood

to be only a form through which Georgia would reassume the control of the

works for the safety of the coast The taking of this fort in the manner deter

mined on by the governor and his advisers insured a bloodless occupation, and

prevented all undue irritation of the people of the United States. Immediately

after taking possession, the flag of the state, a red star on a white field, was

raised above the fort, a salute followed from the guns, a small detachment was

left in charge, the United States guards were honorably cared for and the occu

pation was complete. The fort was too important to be neglected, and conse

quently it was put in good order through the work of the efficient Savannah

military. Ammunition was supplied and a daily drill and practice instituted.

The city of Savannah exhibited great interest in the proper preparation of the

fort for any attack, even the ladies uniting with patriotic zeal to furnish the

cartridges for the mounted guns. The state convention afterward endorsed the

act of the governor and made it the act of the state in the following terms:

"This convention highly approves the energetic and patriotic conduct of

Gov. Brown in taking possession of Fort Pulaski by Georgia troops, and requests

him to hold possession until the relations of Georgia and the Federal govern

ment be determined by the convention."

x

The governor was also applauded by the entire press, and having sent com

munications to several governors of southern states, informing them of his

action he received replies fully commending his course. Public meetings held

in many places expressed warm public approval, and Savannah in patriotic

fervor testified its gratification in many ways. The flag of the United States

was taken down from the custom house on the resignation of Mr. Boston,

the port collector, and in its place floated a new ensign made for the occasion.

The new white flag bore the coat of arms of the state, surmounted by six stars,

the number of seceded states, and was raised by the hand of Maj. Lachlan

Mclntosh.

The march of events leading towards the actual shock of battles now took

the double quick step. One after another in rapid succession the exciting causes

of conflict followed in columns of attack to the inevitable result. Southern states

in convention were seceding and calling for a confederacy. Fort Moultrie on

the Carolina coast was burned and abandoned by the United States troops and

the garrison stationed there was removed to Fort Sumter. Rumors were cur

rent that reinforcements were to be sent to this strong fort so as to hold it against

South Carolina, and the war vessels were in the way to blockade Charleston

harbor at once. One Federal steamer had actually attempted to reach Fort

Sumter, and had been driven back by a fierce fire from Carolina troops at Fort

Morris. Georgia was unanimous against coercion of any seceding state, and

the rumor that South Carolina, which had already withdrawn from the Union.

would be invaded aroused general resentment. A movement was started at once

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among the volunteer companies to march across the Savannah river to the help of the neighbor state. Several companies formally applied to the gov ernor of Georgia for permission to offer their services at once to South Caro lina, but the governor properly refused their request Bankers grew enthusiastic and offered immediate money to the state for defense. The press sounded alarms in patriotic editorials, and the people became united in the sentiment against coercion of South Carolina.
SECESSION CONVENTION.
In the midst of these thrilling events the state convention called by the legislature and elected by the ballots of the people, met Jan. 16, 1861, in Milledgeville. The convention was composed of the ablest and most conservative men in the state chosen by their constituents without regard to party differences. Douglas men. Breckinridge men, and Bell men, who had contended in 1860, perceived in this grave crisis that they must rise above former party issues and face the tremendous question of state secession. Influenced by high patriotic considerations the people elected their best and truest men to represent them in the solemn and sovereign convention, who would gravely discuss the situa tion and determine the course of the state. Upon the assembling of this august body it became soon evident that even yet Georgia was reluctant to secede. One reliable, authoritative word of peace, good-will, and legal safeguard, coming just then from the United States, would have arrested secession. It was not spoken. Judge Xisbet, a cultured, upright, and conservative statesman, intro duced a resolution favoring immediate separate secession and requiring that a committee be appointed to report the proper ordinance for adoption by the convention. But other resolutions were offered as a substitute, proposing delay of action and co-operation with other states in lieu of separate state action. It was fully proposed to call a convention of southern states in Atlanta in Febru ary following. One significant resolution provided that Georgia would in any event resist the coercion of any state which had already seceded. These resolu tions were before the convntion for discussion, and one of the ablest, most animated and eloquent debates ensued that ever occurred in human history. All the mighty issues of the critical hour were set forth with rare eloquence possessed by such intellectual giants as Nisbet, Stephens, Ben Hill, Toombs, T. R. R. Cobb. Herschel Y. Johnson, and others nearly or quite their equal. The great debate was exhaustive, well-tempered, and with open doors, result ing in a ballot by which the Xisbet resolution was carried and the committee being appointed at once, very soon reported the ordinance by which the state would sever its connection with the government of the United States. This highly important public document is of such interest that it may well have a place in this chapter as follows:
AX ORDIXAXCE
To dissolve the union between the state of Georgia and other states united with her under a compact of government entitled, "The Constitution of the United States of America":

WE. THK PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA IN CONVENTION ASSEMBLED, DO DECLARE AXD ORDAIN*, AND IT IS HEREBY DECLARED AND ORDAINED:
That the ordinance adopted by the state of Georgia, in convention on the secoju' day of January, in the year of our Lord 1788, whereby the constitution

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of the United States was assented to, ratified and adopted, and also all acts and parts of acts of the general assembly of the state, ratifying and adopting amend ments of the said constitution, are hereby repealed, rescinded and abrogated.

WE DO FURTHER DECLARE AND ORDAIX:
That the union now existing between the state of Georgia and other states,
under the name of the United States of America, is hereby dissolved, and that the state of Georgia is in the full possession and exercise of all of those rights of
sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent state.
After the first reading of this important paper a request was made for it to be repeated and this was done amid the profound silence of the sovereign conven tion. The approval of its terms by the majority was evident, but opposition to its
passage was nevertheless made in the form of resolutions designed to delay separate action and invite the co-operation of other states, and on taking the vote for this substitute it was lost by only thirty-one votes. This first effort to secure secession by co-operative state action having failed, the opposition
to secession broke down and the ordinance passed by a vote of 208 yeas to 89 nays. At two o'clock P. M., Jan. 19, 1861, the president of the convention, Geo. W. Crawford, briefly and impressively announced the vote and declared officially
that by virtue of the ordinance the sovereign state of Georgia was a free and independent republic. To this announcement the convention responded with dignified applause, but the people outside who had gathered in Milledgeville
from various parts of the state in large numbers, manifested their approval by
much greater demonstrations. Cannon saluted the event, the bells were sounded, the popular voice rose in swelling volume of cheers, the colonial state flag waved over the capitol, and at night the city was made a blaze of illumination. Intelli
gence spread in a few minutes through the state by telegraph, and the people were everywhere promptly informed of this expected final action by thousands of extras poured out by the press. They were evidently ready to ratify the act of the constitution notwithstanding its serious import. Very many deplored disunion
and nearly all would have averted it. There had been a difference of opinion, "not so much as to the rights which Georgia claims, or the wrongs of which she
complains as to the remedy and its application." Union men fully believed that the power of the republican party would be overthrown as soon as it attempted any wrong against the south and had insisted on resort to another ballot in the I'nion. Others urged a temporary delay of secession until a convention of
southern states could assemble and agree on a plan of concerted action. But now that the state hail by its convention decided on immediate secession, its people buried their differences and united in support of the ordinance. The entire state thus rapidly rallied and was aroused to indescribable enthusiasm. Cities and towns became the centers of mass meetings in which the population, men, women, and children, gathered to hear the orators of the state. Every possible aspect of the momentous question was fully presented, even to the dreadful possibilities of long ami wasting war. Speakers with impassioned utter ance emoted the words spoken by the colonial orators. "Sink or swim, live or
die, survive or perish, 1 give my hand and my heart to this cause." "Peace if possible, but war to the end if we must." "If we perish, let it be so, for we will die for liberty and all liberty will perish with us." Yet the hope was brightly painted that secession would be peaceable: that armed coercion by the United
States government would not be used; southern states would all unite in a constitutional government; treaties of amity and close commerce would be made with the I'uited States, and prosperity and peace for both governments would

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

certainly follow. Thousands shook their heads in dissent to these fond hopes and urged that no delusions be indulged. Secession, they said, involved war and it was the first business of the hour to prepare for the inevitable, irrepressible conflict
The foregoing account of popular feeling and state action preceding the military operations in Georgia is necessary to a presentation of the causes that
produced the disastrous movements of contending troops, when brave Ameri cans of common blood met in great battle within the limits of the state. The profound convictions of the Union forces which invaded the state being con
ceded and their valor proclaimed, it is fully just to say that no impeachment of the people of Georgia on account of their action in those days can be sustained. They had a rare reverence for the principles fought for and then framed into constitutional form by the founders of the American Union, and they were distinguished by ardent devotion to the Union itself. The political platforms of all their parties reposed on the conservative doctrines of fidelity to the Union and the constitution. They had furnished troops, arms and sustenance in all
the wars of the common country. They were conspicuously faithful to the Union in the war of 1812, when other sections talked seriously of secession; they had refused to sustain the nullification views of a southern sister state; they had
first contributed as a southern people the leaders who had won peace and vast territory in the Mexican war. They were justly proud of their heroes, Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott, Robert E. Lee, and Jefferson Davis, whose armies had
brought Mexico to terms; and in 1850, ten years before secession took place, the state stood foremost in agreeing to the celebrated compromise, which it was hoped would allay all sectional disputes and secure constitutional union. Now at this crisis of 1861, the same people of Georgia were profoundly persuaded that a dual Union formed in the whole country covered by the United States would be better for both north and south than the one Union governed by a sectional party. They had lost confidence in the power of constitutional guar
antees to protect them from sectional oppression. They wished in good faith to withdraw in peace, and not without great hope that the separation by a geo graphical line running from ocean to ocean would destroy the causes of strife
and unite the two distinct nations in the closest international fraternity. Even if it be supposed that secession thus considered was a mistake, it would be
admitted that Georgians were provoked into error and acted with becoming dignity in asserting their views. All they had they staked in this action. They immolated property and their lives on the altar of their convictions; they illus
trated honor itself by their conduct of the war, and put new and loftier value upon the love of liberty under constitutional free government by making its "last analysis the blood of the brave." The legal rights of Georgia under the Federal constitution to secede, has been conceded by implications in those
amendments of the constitution, resulting from the Confederate war, which expressly forbade secession. Whether the exercise of that privilege was prudent admits of contrary opinions, but does not affect the question of the honorable purpose of Georgians to abide by the terms of the constitution, nor allow a criticism which accuses Georgia of disloyalty to the flag of the nation, the con stitution of the government and the union of the states.
The ordinance of secession was signed by all the members of the conven tion Jan. 22, 1861, and on the next day thereafter the governor emphasized the sovereign act by taking steps to obtain possession of the Augusta arsenal in the name of the state. On the summit of salubrious sandhills noted for the purity and dryness of the climate and near a patriotic, historic and delightful

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city, the United States had erected buildings, established an arsenal, and kept there at all times a detachment of regular troops. The flag of the nation floated over the place and asserted resistance to the secession and sovereignty of Georgia. The continued occupation of this arsenal by United States forces after Georgia had formally resumed its original independent sovereignty was construed to be a defiance of its supreme authority within its own boundaries, and hence the
demand arose for the surrender of its possession to the authorities of the state. Gov. Brown, accompanied by Col. Henry R. Jackson, an accomplished and experienced officer as his aide, and also Col. William Phillips as a member of his staff, proceeded to Augusta in person and on Jan. 23 addressed a courteous note to Capt. Elzey, commanding the arsenal, requesting him to withdraw his troops and proposing to receipt for all public property in his charge to be accounted for on adjustment between the state and. the United States. The commandant, Capt Elzey, well understanding his duty as a military officer, declined to surrender his post on this demand and immediately sent a dispatch by telegraph to the secretary of war at Washington, and about midnight received
the following answer: Washington, Jan. 23, 1861.
Capt Arnold Elzey, Second Artillery Commander, Augusta Arsenal, Georgia: The governor of Georgia has assumed against your post and the United
States an attitude of war. His summons is harsh and peremptory. It is not expected that your defense should be desperate. If forced to surrender by
violence or starvation, you will stipulate for honorable terms and a free passage
by water with your company to New York. T. HOLT, Secretary of War.

The governor having received the refusal of Capt. Elzey to vacate the arsenal, ordered the military of Augusta to be put in readiness to take it by force if necessary. Col. Gumming, in command of the Augusta battalion, prepared for action in obedience to orders, but no further movement was made on that day in order that Capt. Elzey might have ample time to determine on a bloodless sur render of his charge. Early on the morning of Jan. 24, the command of Col. Gumming was assembled under arms to march against the arsenal, when the governor received a note from Capt. Elzey requesting an interview "for the purpose of negotiating honorable terms of surrender." Elzey having become fully satisfied by the show of force which had been marshaled t take the arsenal that resistance would be vain, and result only in the wanton destruction of life, determined to act upon his judgment according to the discretion given him by the secretary of war. The governor had only desired to enforce the authority of the state, and promptly retiring the troops which had assembled, he went at once to hold the interview which Elzey had requested. Attended by Gen. Williams, Gen. Harris, Col. Win. H. T. Walker, and his aides. Col. Jackson and Col. Phillips, the governor entered the arsenal grounds and held a satisfactory consultation with the gallant officer in command. After proper deliberation it was agreed that the flag on being lowered should be saluted, flic garrison should inarch out with military honors, retaining arms and private property ami have safe passage to Savannah and then to New York. The governor also receipted for the property of the arsenal, and thus all the honorable terms were adjusted.
Great sympathy was shown for the commandant in the trying circumstances of this enforced surrender of his trust. No one doubted his courage or his willing ness to defend his post at any reasonable hazard, but all commended the prudence by which needless loss of life was prevented. In appreciation of his embarrassing
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position. Gov. Brown and all present extended warm assurances of their esteem, and expressed the common desire that the unhappy difficulties of the country might be adjusted without estrangement or hostility. The brave and impetuous Walker, afterward major-general in the Confederate army, and killed in battle near Atlanta, had been with Elzey at West Point. Seizing the hand of his former fellow-cadet with a warm grasp, he said: "You have done all that could be required of a brave man." Elzey silently threw his arm around his friend in acceptance of his sympathy, and both expressed regret that an occasion had arrived which separated chief friends. A very large amount of ordnance and general munitions fell into possession of the state upon the occupancy of the arsenal, including 22,000 small arms, two howitzers, two cannon, together with considerable stores of ammunition. Observing the form of surrender the garrison was paraded and a salute of thirty-three guns, one for each state,-was fired. The United States flag dropped down the line along the staff and soon afterward Gen. Harris with a detachment of Oglethorpe artillery took possession under the authority of Georgia. A flag had been provided, made of white material and displaying in the center a five-pointed red star, and this was run up on the arsenal to symbolize the sovereignty of the state. The event was duly celebrated by a salute of twenty-one guns, the first for the republic of Georgia, five others in honor of the states already seceded, and then fifteen more in anticipation of the union of all the states of the south in the southern Confederacy.
Gov. Brown and staff returned immediately to the capitol, where the conven tion was still in session, and engaged in maturing many important measures made necessary to the new relations which the states bore to all nations and states of the world. Among other acts the governor was authorized to raise two regiments at once for state defense. These were very promptly formed. Offers pressed in upon the governor from all parts of the commonwealth and the only difficulty was in the selection from the excessive number of eager aspirants. Two colonels, William J. Hardee and W. H. T. Walker, were commissioned; also Lieut.-Cols. Chas. J. Williams ami E. W. Chartain, and Majs. McLaws, Gardner, Gumming and Harben. The governor, or commander-in-chief, proceeded vigorously to organize the military of the whole state so as to be ready for possible war. The formation of volunteer companies in every county was considerably encouraged, notwithstanding the want of arms. These companies were advised to organize and drill with or without guns. Uniforms made at home were adopted without much regard at first to regularity of cut or color. Officers capable of drilling were few and books of military tactics were scarce. There were more plough-shares than swords in Georgia, and while shotguns and small-bore rifles were plentiful, they were not well adapted for battle. Nevertheless the military spirit was at work and strong enough to overcome all difficulties so successfully that com panies were rapidly formed in such numbers as to be far in excess of the requisitions.
PREPA RATIONS FOR THK STRUGGLE.
The honor, it is said, falls to a company called Lee's Volunteers, organized in Atlanta, of being tlie first in Georgia to tender service to the Confederate States government. The tender was formally and enthusiastically made at Mont gomery on the fifth day of March, by officers who had gone to Montgomery, Ala., the Confederate capital, for that purpose. On their return from this successful mission they were honored with public demonstrations at various places on the way and received with distinguished honor at Atlanta. On the train which bore them homeward there were some patriotic ladies who, fully imbued with the

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spirit of the times, procured material at Grantville, and with their own hands made the first Confederate flag for Georgia, and presented it to the company. The flag as made showed seven stars in a circle on a blue union, and three hori zontal bars of red and white. As in all parts of the state volunteer companies were being formed and drilled numerous incidents suitable to that just related occurred and increased the already ample enthusiasm. In forecast of the needs of the .state Gov. Brown had contracted with northern firms for arms and some had been delivered, but the difficulty of securing their delivery increasing, he contracted with the Tredegar iron works, at Richmond, Va., and through that source obtained a number of guns for coast defense. As a further means for obtaining small arms all old muskets were put in order. The smooth-bore flint and steel gun was altered to the percussion lock. Where it could be done the bore was rifled and bayonets were attached. Companies were directed to arm themselves with the common double-barrel shotgun. Cartridges were made of buckshot, or with "buck and ball," consisting of one lead ball and three or four buckshot. Such private arms as these were freely contributed by the people, and with these the companies learned to drill, and in many cases fought their first battles.
Pending all the popular s'tir in the state which followed the ordinance of secession the convention which had adjourned from Milledgeville met again March 7, 1861, in Savannah, and gave the governor power to issue state bonds and treasury notes for war purposes. The convention also yielded entire control of forts, arms and military operations to the Confederate States govern ment, which had been formed at Montgomery during the first week of the preceding February. After adopting all other measures of immediate necessity the convention proceeded to adjournment, after hearing the parting words of the president, George VV. Crawford, a portion of which are here recalled to show the common spirit of the times. Said he:
"You have overturned a government which has been sectional in policy and sectional in hostility. It had lost nationality, and the first requirement of every government is that of protection to person and property. You have overthrown the Federal Union, but you have preserved the Federal constitution. You have sustained ancestral wisdom in the foundation of your government sepa rated only from those abuses which experience has developed. In short you have effected a political reformation."
After the state had become a member of the Confederate States government the issue was joined between the two nationalities and no longer existed as between the state separately and the United States. Georgia in convention formally recognized the fact that the supreme military authority, and, therefore, the responsibility for the conduct of military operations, rested in the Confederate States government. Accordingly the governor responded promptly to all requi sitions for troops made by the secretary of war. The first regiment ordered into Confederate service was organized at Macon and sent to Pensacola, where it was early under fire and sustained itself with admirable gallantry. Subsequently it saw some service in Northwestern Virginia, and still later on, being divided among other commands, its gallant companies were conspicuous in nearly all the great battles of the war. This first regiment attracted particular attention on account of its priority in the field, and its organization at Macon was witnessed with great enthusiasm. An election was held in camp for field officers, resulting in the choice of James N. Ramsey, colonel; J. O. Clarke, lieutenant-colonel: G. H. Thompson, major. A review of the troops was held by Gov. Brown, witnessed bv a great assembly of citizens and in these inspiring circumstances the regiment

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

left for action and dangerous service. Further requisitions continued to be quickly made, and were responded to in numbers of companies far beyond the ability of the state to equip them for service or the demand made by the Confederate government. Local camps were also formed in many counties during the spring of 1861, when the young soldiery learned their first lessons in the art of war. Not only did the young men offer themselves as soldiers, but the people of all ages and classes showed a wonderful readiness to share the burdens now falling on the state. Contributions of funds to meet the expenses
of new companies were raised in large amounts. Uniforms were bought in many instances at the public expense. Even entire companies were equipped by the liberality of a few men of wealth. The women formed sewing societies and made clothing for the young soldiers who were preparing for war. Pledges were given to protect the families of men who enlisted for the Confederate struggle. The food crop was more largely planted and in general a community of feeling
and effort existed everywhere.
It will be borne in mind that these active preparations were stimulated by the threatening effect of the clouds which were gathering in the north and the early mutterings of the storm brewing at Washington. Peace commissioners
had been sent from southern states to submit the secession question to peaceable
consideration of the government Among these messengers from the south, an
eminent Georgian, Martin J. Crawford, accepted a prominent place, and after a long, unavailing effort to obtain a hearing he returned home in April, 1861, and announced to the people that the subjugation of Georgia would certainly be attempted. The peace commissioners now understood that the hearing which
they had so long asked for in Washington had been delayed, in order to gain time for military operations, and that the final refusal in April to allow their
overtures to be considered was in their judgment tantamount to a public declara tion of war. Their address published throughout the south destroyed the last
hope of peaceful settlement, and aroused the state to immediate preparations for a war that might begin at any time by invasion of the coast.

BEGINNING OF HOSTILITIES.
Hence no great surprise was felt at the beginning of hostilities by the appear ance of war vessels off the coast of Carolina, and the attempted reinforcement of Fort Sumter, which resulted in the thrilling bombardment and surrender of that fortress to the Confederate forces. The further news was also brought that Norfolk was under threat of attack and it was now clearly realized that war had indeed begun.
A telegram from Richmond, sent by Gov. Letcher to Gov. Brown, asked for troops from Georgia to be dispatched without delay to Norfolk to aid in its defense. The governor expeditiously put himself in communication with the cities of Columbus, Macon and Griffin, where he knew that military- companies had been well drilled and prepared for emergencies. The demand was very urgent Not over a day was given for departure and not more than an hour allowed for the answer of acceptance. But the responses came to their demand quickly and bravely. The companies were ordered to move at once, and in less time than twenty-four hours the gallant men composed of the flower and pride of the state had made preparations, bidden adieu to their homes, and were aboard the cars hurrying with ardent haste to the front. Notwithstanding this short notice, the people of the cities left behind as well as those through which they passed evinced their patriotic pride with enthusiastic demonstrations. This is-

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but one instance given as an example of the. readiness with which the young Georgians of that day exhibited their fealty to the state. The companies com posing the command were the Floyd rifles, Capt Thos. Hardeman; Macon volun teers, Capt. Smith; City light guards of Columbus, Capt. P. T. Colquttt; and the Griffin guards, Capt. Doyal. These were formed into a battalion commanded by Capt. Thos. Hardeman, and made a record unsurpassed for courage and fidelity to the close of the war. But it is not within the scope of this chapter to trace the events of the Confederate war outside of the limits of the state; the history of Georgia troops in Virginia and other states will not be told. Their deeds are worthy of the lofty patriotism which inspired them and the state should not be left without an honorable and enduring record of the services and sacrifices of these, its gifted and gallant sons. It is, however, an interesting legend in the record of this battalion that it reached the immediate seat of war before Norfolk with such promptitude as to be on the ground, even in advance of troops called out from noble, patriotic Virginia itself. And there is the further state
ment, which reflects luster on the military history of the state, that the first gun turned against the enemy and that sent the first hurtling defiance against the invasion of the south was in the charge of this command. Capt Colquitt had this rare distinction and months afterward he gave up his loyal life in battle.
Thus it is history for Georgia that it fired the first gun at Norfolk, and we will see in the sequel that Georgia also fired the last gun at Appomattox.
Five regiments of twelve-months infantry troops had been organized during the first four months of 1861, besides a large number of unattached companies of infantry not yet put in service, and several commands of cavalry and artillery. Further demands for Georgia troops continued to be made by the Confederate government. The great war was now on in earnest. The Federal government had made a call for a large army and its demand was met with offers of troops from every quarter of the northern states. Washington was crowded with appli cations for service. The two great sections were becoming terribly interested. Both sides appeared to believe that the struggle would be short, fierce and decisive. Three months was to be the limit in which the momentous issues were to be determined. One great duel in Virginia and then--peace! Upon one side the cry arose "On to Richmond." Confidence was felt that the quick capture of that city would explode the secession bubble. On the other side, there was an equally strong confidence in the fighting enthusiasm of southern troops, which paid no regard to the force of numbers and superior equipment. With these thoughts gallant northerners poured into Washington. With these inspirations Georgia companies were forming and drilling every day in the presence of an excited and applauding population. The governor was pressed even to annoy ance with the demands Tor arms, equipments and orders to march at once to Virginia and anywhere, that gunpowder could be burnt and glory won. Young blood was up to the highest mark of patriotic heat. Capt. Glenn, of Savannah,
expressed the general passion in a notable public letter, in which he begged permission to go with his command "to Virginia where there was a prospect of
a fight." Hitherto the troops called out for service had been enlisted for twelve months,
but in May, 1861, the Confederate congress then in session at Montgomery, Ala., authorized enlistments for the full term of the war. An incident immediately fol lowing the passage of this act to raise troops for service during the war illustrates the high spirit which at the moment was moving the men of Georgia. The name of Francis Bartow has become as immortally associated with Georgia history through this incident and his heroic death at Manassas as that of Jasper or Marion

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
with the war of the revolution. Bartow was at the time a member of the Confed erate congress and also captain of the Oglethorpe light infantry of Savannah, a splendid volunteer company which had been formed in 1856 and was superbly drilled, equipped and composed of young men of superior spirit A detail of this splendid company had participated in the seizure of Fort Pulaski and the entire command while on active duty at or near Savannah had constantly manifested an eager desire to become participants in the pending struggle where battles might oftener take place. Bartow being at the seat of the Confederate government when the important measure passed to authorize war enlistments, wired his company at once concerning this opportunity to be placed foremost in action and received an immediate reply urging him to tender the command without delay. The gallant commander lost no time in seeing Pres. Davis, and having secured the -accept ance of his company, gave them notice and then hurried away himself to take charge of their departure. Preparations were rapidly made for leaving Savannah for Virginia and Savannah honored their going with great demonstrations. Citi zens abandoned all business for the hour of departure, the local military proudly escorted their comrades and artillery salutes reverberated through the city, re inforced by the enthusiastic cheering of the people. One only circumstance caused apprehension of trouble. The splendid guns borne by the company had been bought and furnished by the state of Georgia and were about to be carried away without the consent of the governor first obtained. Georgia was not yet free from fear of invasion of Savannah. The coast line was already threatened. The defenses were inadequate, the troops few and arms difficult to get. Hence the governor sought to retain in Georgia the guns belonging to the state, or at least required that the consent of the state be obtained for their removal. This neglected concession to state authority provoked a sharp controversy between Bartow and the governor in which the latter maintained the right and need of the state with strong argument, and in which the gallant officer expressed in a single phrase the pride of his company in their commonwealth itself as well as the patriotism by which they were inspired: "I go to illustrate Georgia." This was the historic burn ing line which alone remains of the controversy in the memory of the present age. It settled the contention. It was a noble utterance, made potent and pathetic for ever by the blood of the brave hero which ebbed his grand life away on the field of Manassas not three months afterward. Wounded and dying on that battle ground, when southern troops won the first great victory, Bartow added renewed pathos to his former phrase by the words: "They have killed me, but never give up the fight"
Georgia regiments were rapidly formed after this act of congress and sent to Virginia. A. R. Wright, the colonel of the Third Georgia regiment, was already in the field and facing the foe. The Sixth Georgia, commanded by Col. Alfred Colquitt, was however the first full regiment enlisted and accepted for the war. The Seventh, Col. Gartrell; the Eighth, Col. Bartow, and the Ninth and Eleventh Georgia regiments constituted the brigade led by Barton- in the battle of Manassas.
DEFENSE OF GEORGIA.
Turning attention more exclusively to the progress of the war on the soil of Georgia we observe that the fall of Fort Sumter, the threatened attack of Norfolk, the increasing naval demonstrations of the Federals, drew early attention to the defenseless condition of the long coast of the state. It appeared certain that Georgia was in danger o finvasion from the direction of the sea. Therefore, it was prudent to improve its defenses as rapidly as the limited resources of the state

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would permit. T-he approadies to Savannah, Brunswick, Darrien and other points were therefore put under the test protection that couM be made. The little Tattnall navy was made all use of possible for its strength. The first regiment of Georgia regulars was divided and stationed at Tybee, Fort Pulaski and Fort Jackson. Land batteries were erected here and there. Fort Jackson was improved. Fort Pulaski had been strengthened and newly equipped at a cost of $80,000. The governor made frequent careful inspections of the coast and being satisfied of the peril which threatened the state prepared with all the resources at his command to put the grand seaport of Georgia in a defensible condition by encouraging fortifi cations and forwarding from the state all the troops that could be provided with arms not called out of the state in genera! Confederate service.
A Federal fleet of forty-one vessels having captured Port Royal on the coast of South Carolina, afterward appeared off the Georgia seaboard near Tybee and
plainly threatened Ft. Pulaski. Other Federal movements fully justified the un easiness felt by the governor and the inhabitants of the seaboard section. Only four small vessels, commanded by Commander Tattnall, were ready to offer any resistance to this formidable fleet. They were the "Savannah," Lieut. Maffit; "The Resolute," Lieut. Jones; "The Samson," Lieut. Kennard, and "Lady Davis,"
Lieut. Rutledge. Commander Tattnall had been assigned to command this little navy which hugged the coast and hovered near the inlets. He had already achieved
great and merited distinction as a naval officer, but was contented to serve the state in this humble command. By his birth at Bonaventure in 1796, he was a Georgian in whose career the state had great pride. Having joined the United States navy in early life he served under Decatur, fought the Algerines and the West Indian pirates, bore a most gallant part in the Mexican war and in 1859 gave that famous and fortunate aid to the English fleet in the Chinese seas, justifying
himself in the saying that "blood is thicker than water." When his stale seceded i". 1861 he was stationed at Locket's Harbor, N. Y., but promptly retiring, he cast his lot with its fortunes.
The coast department of Georgia extending from Savannah to the Florida line had been put in charge of Gen. A. R. Lawton by the Confederate government. This eminent Georgian was a graduate of West Point, but retiring early from military service became a distinguished jurist and statesman. His military abili ties, however, had been in constant requisition and as has been stated he was fortunately in charge of the military of his city at the capture of Fort Pulaski. On receiving his commission and assignment by the Confederate government in 1861, he entered vigorously upon the discharge of his duties, co-operating intelligently and patriotically with the governor of the state. The legislature having authorized a call for 10,000 volunteers for state defense, the governor divided the state into four parts with the design of raising one brigade in each section,"Constituting a division of state troops, the command of which was tendered to Gen. Henry R. Jackson with the rank of major-general. This distinguished officer had the ad vantage of military training and experience in the Mexican war, and enjoyed the confidence of the governor, who accepted his services as an aide and military adviser in the affairs at Fort Pulaski and the Augusta arsenal, as well as in other early preparations of the state for war. At the time this important service in the state was tendered him Gen. Jackson was in nortlnvestern Virginia, where he had been in command with Hie rank of brigadier-general during a short, severe cam paign. He was there first apprised of the existence of the Georgia division by a telegram from Gov. Brown, informing him that the troops were already in the field and tendered him the command with the request that he accept or decline by telegram. At that moment Gen. Jackson was under orders to remain in winter

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quarters in West Virginia within "handling distance" of such force as he might retain for the purpose of holding the line which he then had in charge, and seeing that the sen-ice offered by the governor would transfer him from the camp to the field, from inactivity to active important duty on behalf of his state, he could but accept the honorable call. The command, however, was only for a six months' service, as that was the period for which the body of state troops was generally accepted, and hence Jackson asked the Confederate authorities for leave of ab sence for that term and supposed it would be readily granted. The leave of absence, however, was refused and he was compelled to resign his commission as brigadier-general in the Confederate states army in order to fill the position required of him by his state. Arriving at Savannah Gen. Jackson found one brigade of his division near that city, another on the Atlantic & Gulf railroad, and the third between the road and the seaboard near or within Camden- county. Perceiving that Savinnah was specially threatened Jackson at once massed his division at that imperiled city and according to the report of the Federal commander the contem plated movement against Savannah at that time was thus thwarted and abandoned. This massing of a division at a point available for ready moving to any point ac corded with the policy which Jackson urged as the best for defending the seaboard Sine. In an elaborate letter to the governor he suggested that a strong picket of observation should be maintained along the southern coast and especially on the Georgia coast, and that divisions be massed in the rear so that by co-operation of the state forces raised by the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida among them selves and with the Confederate commands, it would be feasible to concentrate a Inrge body upon any threatened point.
Gen. Jackson had the efficient assistance to his division of Gen. Harrison, Gen. Walker and Gen. Capers, and the full co-operation of Gen. Lawton, who com manded the department, and Gen. Mercer, commanding Savannah. In the mean time while this attention was given the coast the office of Adjt.-Gen. Wayne was busied with the organization and preparation of troops to all points. Gens. Semmes and Walker, who had at first been under state commissions, were trans ferred to commands in the general Confederate line. Gen. Phillips was directed to organize a brigade, which he rapidly accomplished and placed it in a camp of instruction with the view of preparing the troops for active operations. With the aid of Adjt.-Gen. Wayne and Maj. Capers, commandant of the Georgia military institute at Marietta, he soon raised his command to a high conditon of efficiency. Referring to this body of Georgia military the governor said in his message to the legislature: "They were a noble, patriotic and chivalrous band of Georgians and I hazard nothing in saying--military men being the judges--that no brigade in the
Confederate service was composed of better material or was better trained at that time for active service in the field.'' During the summer of 1861 the governor tendered this splendid brigade to the Confederate government, but the president
expressed his desire that the tender should be made of the regiments only, not including the battalions, and that they should be tendered separately. Gov. Brown insisted on the acceptance of the brigade entire a? officered by the choice of the men. The difference of views was at length settled, as the governor states in his message: "Finally the president agreed to accept the battalions and regiments, and in view of the pressing necessity for troops in Virginia I yielded the point and accepted Gen. Phillips' resignation and permitted the troops to be mustered with the Confederate service by regiments and battalions." Gen. Phillips subse quently did gallant and distinguished service as commander of Phillips' Legion.
A regiment of "Georgia regulars.'' as they were called, had been formed under command of Col. Chas. f. Williams, and another of volunteers commanded by Col.

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P. J. Semmes, upon which the state was relying for defense. These t\vo fine bodies of men, commanded by accomplished officers, were ordered by the secretary of
war out of the state about the same time that the regiments and battalions of Phillips' brigade had been called into Confederate service. The arms collected by Georgia had also been generally sent with its volunteers into the general service
in Virginia and elsewhere, with the result that great difficulties now arose in attempts to supply such troops as had volunteered to defend the coast The situa
tion grew serious as the summer of 1861 wore away and decided Federal demonstrations began to be made along the general coast line of the Confederacy. It was true that the state was not yet actually invaded at any place, but it was open to successful attacks at all points available by water. Therefore, the governor summoned more troops to the coast and appointed Geo. P. Harrison of Chatham brigadier-general, ordering him to organize a brigade of volunteers to be armed as well as possible. This meant the employment to a considerable extent of the country rifle and shot-gun. It was a curious sight to the trained military men
who knew the indispensable importance of arming troops with the most improved weapons of war. But the presence of the men themselves on the coast was no little advantage. It would reassure the planters as well as the inhabitants of the towns near the sea that the state desired to defend them, and the soldiers would also grow used to camp life, pass through the usual first camp afflictions of war troops, learn something of the evolutions and acquire the habit of obedience to orders. At any rate the call was quickly heeded and the troops from all the
interior country came promptly to the aid of the state, bringing with them the rifles and shotguns with which they had hunted through the Georgia forests. Some companies even provided rude bayonets forged at home shops and fastened to the barrels of the guns. Others carried the long broad-bladed knife made by the blacksmiths at the country forge from old steel files, which they carried in a leather sheath slung to their belts as a substitute for the bayonet, should any hand-to-hand encounters take-place. Their uniforms had been hastily woven at tlie looms in the country and quickly cut and made by the willing hands of the patriotic women. Tents, blankets, 'haversacks and nearly every other requisite were strictly home manufacture. Thus the business of the state was on a war basis. The military
use of Georgia products became a patriotic pleasure as well as a stern necessity, and the gallant young fellows esteemed nothing as being hard, or even life as dear, if they might by their sacrifice and valor save the state from dreaded invasion.
Out of this splendid material, Gen. Harrison rapidly and skillfully found a fine
command and the governor on receiving troops enough for another brigade, com
missioned Maj. Capers brigadier-general and ordered him to take command.

FEDERAL BLOCKADE.
Toward the close of 1861 the blockade by Federal vessels increased in efficiency until its effects began to be felt throughout the state. The women of Georgia, cut off from the purchase of northern and European goods, began to exhibit a lively and skillful interest in domestic dress. Fashion courted necessity and formed a happy union. Beautiful gowns made at home out of raw material became the style. The state developed hundreds of small industries, which flourished under the blockade without the help of a tariff. Men's clothing made of mixed wool and cotton was manufactured in all counties without the aid of machinery except cards, reels and looms of home construction. Coffee and tea came to be rarities, but substitutes abounded. Cotton was unsalable, but with grim humor the fanner paid his debts in Confederate money and made an abundance of meat and

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grain. An enforced economy prevailed, but the necessaries of life were as yet produced for all. Salt was obtained a while front the old stock on hand, then from the salt fields of Virginia, then from evaporation of the water of the sea, and at last even from the old smoke-houses as the buildings were called in which the bacon of successive years had hung and dropped its excessive salt upon the ground floor. Privations of former luxuries were little cared for in the midst of greater troubles caused by the battles where brave men were mangled and killed.
The pressure grew stronger as 1861 came to aclose, and thoroughly understand ing the situation, the governor urged the legislature to appropriate $3,500,000 for
the year 1862. The Confederate government had issued $50,000,000 in bonds, which the people were advised to buy. The bankers of Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama and Florida met in Atlanta, and agreed to use Confederate treasury notes or currency. Gov. Brown urged the passage of a stay law, and recommended legalizing the existing suspension of banks. An armory was established in the state penitentiary for making and repairing muskets, the Georgia Relief and Hospital association was formed, and at the tender suggestion of ilrs. Williams, of Columbus, wayside homes were opened all along railroad routes for the comfort of the troops. The comptroller-general's report for 1861 showed that forty-one regiments and battalions had been sent to the field, and $1,000,000 had been expended for military purposes. But the message of the governor at the session of the legislature in November, 1861, more fully sums up the account of Georgia troops, both state and Confederate, to the number of forty-seven regiments and six battalions. "Including a few country arms, the state had anned, accoutered and equipped thirty of these regiments."

THE YEAR 1862.
When the year 1862 arrived, the hope of speedy settlement of the war had flown, and the people of Georgia faced the dreadful possibility of a protracted struggle, which would demand all their energies and exhaust their resources. The Federal army had been increased from the first call made upon the northern states to nearly 1,000,000 men on the field, while the entire Confederate forces reported less than a total of 300,000. Georgia had sent to the front over 20,000 troops, besides the state forces, and was raising more regiments to be ready for coming requisitions.
In addition to calls for inen the Confederacy levied a necessary war tax, the assessed portion of Georgia amounting to $2,500,000, but this large levy was raised without delay by the sale of state bonds, and even before the time of payment arrived the entire assessment of Georgia was in the treasury. While thus meeting the requisitions for men and nsoney for -the general Confederate operations, the state continued its attention to the question of home defense. Gov. Brown issued his proclamation in March, 1862, requiring a -complete enrollment and organization of the militia under the laws of the state, through which the whole body of the population capable of bearing arms were mustered in the various counties under snilitary officers of their own selection, and constituted a valuable force of citi/en soldier}- for the drafts which soon became necessary. In fact the danger of invasion at several inlets on the coast required the earnest attention of the governor and military commanders. The Federal fleet now completely blockaded the port of Savannah, and Tybee island was occupied by the Union forces. Gen. R. E. Lee had been temporarilv assigned to the general southern coast, and gave his skillfu! advice in regard to the proper fortifications. Lawton. Jackson. Mercer, and other experienced officers were fully employed in general direction of the defenses, but

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notwithstanding all efforts, the Federals succeeded in pushing into Warsaw. The reduction of Fort Pulaski was then determined by the Federal general, David Hunter, by batteries of 'heavy guns established on Big Tybee. Batteries were also located above the fort in the marsh at Venus Point and Bird Island, and still another was planted on a hulk anchored in a creek south of the fort. During these preparations to invest the fort by the Federals, Commodore Tattnall executed a bold and successful venture with his little fleet in conveying under the fire of the United States gunboats a six-months' supply of provisions to the besieged garrison. But the Union officers and men on their side displayed equally great skill and energy in providing the purpose to capture the strong Confederate works. During
the month of March the Seventh Connecticut volunteers, the Third Rhode Island artillery, with two corps of- engineers, were employed in transporting ordnance into position, building roads through the marshes, and constructing batteries. "Mortars of eight and a half tons weight and columbiads but a trifle lighter were moved in the dead of night over a narrow causeway bordered by swamps on either side, and liable at any moment to be overturned and buried in the mud beyond reach. The men were not allowed to speak above a whisper, and were guided by the notes of a whistle." The entire armament consisted of thirty-five guns of heavy ordnance, completely investing the fort, five batteries of which had been constructed at night under concealment in very advanced positions.

CAPTURE OF FORT FULASKI.
This important fort, held by the Confederates to the number of 389 men, com manded by Col. Charles H. Olmstead, a brave and faithful officer, was originally garrisoned to defend the river approach to Savannah. It was a brick structure of five casemated sides, walls seven and a half feet thick at the base, and twenty-five feet above water, and built to mount two tiers of guns, one in casemate, and one en barbette. A demi-lune covered the gorge face, and beyond all a tide-water ditch was cut surrounding the whole work. Its armament at this time was fortyeight guns, but only about twenty could be trained upon the batteries of the Federals.
Gen. Hunter's dispositions being all made, he sent a formal demand on April 10 for the surrender of the fort, and received from the heroic Olmstead the noble response: "I am here to defend the fort, not to surrender it." The bombardment opened with the tremendous force of the full amount of heavy guns, and mortars, and for two days Olms-tead and his intrepid comrades replied to the furious fire, until their guns were dismounted and the heavy missiles from Hunter's batteries of Parrott rifle-guns began to pour in through the crumbling walls. The magazine became exposed to explosion, the fort was no longer tenable, and as retreat was utterly cut off, the brave defenders yielded to the dreadful necessity, and on April 11 surrendered upon the most honorable terms to their valorous foe.
A deed of heroism something similar to the gallant act of Jasper at Fort Moultrie, in revolutionary times, occurred during the fiercest fire of this heavy cannonading. Amidst the bombardment of the second day, while the air was thick with bursting shells, and solid shot were pounding the tottering walls, the colors of the garrison were torn down by a Federal shot that severed the staff. Seeing their flag fall, Lieut. Hussey.of the Montgomery guards, and Private John Latham, of the Washington volunteers, leaped upon a parapet, and amidst the hail of deadly projectiles raised the colors with their own hands upon a gun carriage, and there unfurled them with an heroic courage that was worthy of brave men of every country and all ages.

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The fort \vas lost, but its fall only stimulated the Georgians to increase their
remaining' means of defense. The islands, with all their outer defenses were given up, and as the mainland was easily accessible, new fortifications were built at all
points. In anticipation of the reduction of Fort Fulaski by the Federal forces, and the movements made possible afterward, all persons near the coast liable to militaryduty \vere ordered into service by the governor, and Gen. Jackson was required
to enforce the order. The volunteer companies of Savannah were strengthened,
and a general increase of the local force occurred. During ail this period, when the coast \vas under threat of invasion, tfie state had the services of not only its "war governor" and his staff, but from time to time the presence of Lee.Beaure-
guard and Pemberton. all experienced army officers and military engineers. Brig.-
Gen. A. R. La\vton, commanding the coast line, and Gen. Mercer, at Savannah, as we 'have seen, were the first officers in charge at the beginning of hostilities. Maj.-Gen. Henry R. Jackson, with his adjutant-general, Col. Charlton Way, com
manded the Georgia division of six-months' troops, composed of three brigades commanded by Gen. W. H. T. Walker, Gen. George P. Harrison, and Gen. F. M. Capers, and it was by the work of this division that new and elaborate fortifications were constructed under direction of Gen. Boggs, a most competent military engineer
officer. The division had been of great service in preventing any raid upon the borders of the state by snch forces as might be tempted to land from the ships and had been drilled under good officers. Its arms, as well as its quartermaster
and commissary stores were ample, and of the best quality, and in all respects it had become one of the finest body of troops in the service. "The works around the city of Savannah will relate to posterity the skill, intelligence, energy and patriotism
of the state troops of 1861 and 1862.'' And now came a pressure under the con
scription law for the service of these men in Virginia. Their term of enlistment was nearly expired, and the Federals were making no further decided demon
stration against well-fortified Savannah. Gen. Jackson suggested that they be tendered as an organized division, after re-enlistment, for the war. The governor had desired that these disciplined state troops should be protected from individual conscription, but telegraphed, April 15, 1862, to the secretary of war: "I propose to turn over the troops who yet remain at service with the responsibilities to you immediately on such manner as may be most agreeable to the president" On the next day the command of Gen. Jackson expired, and the brigadier-generals were
directed to report to Gen. La\vton. Gen. Jackson parted with his division by a farewell order, in which he touchingly said: "While he confesses to a keen disap pointment in the disorganization of his command before it had encountered an enemy in battle, he feels strengthened by the conviction that wherever, and under
whomsoever, its elements may be called into action, they will exhibit, not only the heroism of Georgians fighting for their liberty, but the force and efficiency of
drilled and disciplined soldiers." In a message to the legislature, November, 1862,
Gov. Brown says in reference to this gallant officer: "It is but justice to Maj.-Gen. Jackson that it be remarked that he has with untiring energy and consummate ability pressed forward the preparation of the defenses and the training of the army,
and that the people of Georgia owe much gratitude to him for the safety of the city of Savannah and its present freedom from the tyrannical rule of the enemy."

THE STATE ARMY.
The "state army." as the governor chose to call the troops assembled by his special call, became incorporated with the general Confederate line, and the regi ments were rapidly distributed through the armies of Lee and Bragg. where they

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increased the luster already glowing round the soldiery from Georgia. Gov.
Brown, as their commander-in-chief, says in his message: "I feel it a duty which I owe to the gallant officers and brave men who composed the state army to say that
they were at the time of the transfer as thoroughly organized, trained and disci
plined, as probably any other body of troops of equal number on the continent who had not been a much longer time on the field. While they regretted that an opportunity did not offer to show their courage and efficiency upon the battlefield, they stood like a bulwark of strong arms and stout hearts between the city and the enemy, and by their chivalrous bearing and energetic preparation, in connection with the smaller number of brave Confederate troops near, saved the city from
attack and capture without bloodshed and carnage."
Notwithstanding the gloomy advent of 1862, the year closed with somewhat brightening prospects for the Confederates. Georgia still held its territory
untouched, except a few islands occupied after the fall of Fort Pulaski. The state
had in the field of infantry, cavalry, and artillery about 75,000 men, and its troops had fought through all the great battles in Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. Already a large number had been slain in battle or tortured by wounds. Hospitals had multiplied, millions of money had been spent, and the stress of war was felt
everywhere. Within the boundaries of the state 8,000 Georgians had been under arms as state troops in actual service, and over $2,000,000 had been expended in state defense, besides $2,500,000 paid into the Confederate treasury. Confederate
money depreciated three to one, and all articles of produce and merchandise rose correspondingly high in price.
The legislature sitting in November and December enacted many important
war measures, among them a law forbidding cultivation of cotton beyond three
acres to each field hand, in order to encourage the increase of grain and meat. Cotton cards to be used in the homes of the people for domestic cotton spinningbecame a great want, and the manufacture and sale of them was regarded of such importance as to authorize an appropriation of $100,000 for that purpose. The governor was requested to buy salt to the amount of $500,000 and have it sold to the people at nearly the cost. As a further step to prevent waste and secure supplies of food the distillation of corn into whisky was forbidden. Clothing for troops was ordered to be supplied by an appropriation of $1,500,000, and $1,000,000 was set apart for a military fund. The families of the deceased and disabled soldiers were afforded support to the sum of $2,500,000. A benevolent society having been perfected, called the Georgia Relief association, the legislature donated $400,000 toward its support. Manufactures of shoes, hats, blankets, medicines, arms and ammunition were fully encouraged by public and private aid. These large appro
priations of money, amounting to over $6,000,000 in one year, were readily made by the legislature in 1862, and accepted with patriotic willingness by the people. Georgia placed its all on the altar. Suffering and loss of life hacl already been
appalling, but the state did not falter. At this date, when less than two years of war had passed, there were 500 totally disabled soldiers and a far greater number of widows and little children to be provided for. The men were at the front in numbers.almost equal to the voting population, and the people at home were nearly
all employed in sustaining the army.

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
The next prominent and significant event of the war occurred when the president of the United States celebrated New Year's Day. 1863, b.v issuing the celebrated

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emancipation proclamation, by which he declared that the negroes of the south were no longer subject to their owners. The news spread rapidly throughout the state, producing, however, no effect upon the relations existing between the white and colored races. Some apprehension was felt that the negroes would be tempted by Federal rewards to insurrection, and that the state military would be required to suppress outbreaks. But the negroes manifested no disposition to disturb the peace. History will record to their praise that while actual war was pending on the soil of Georgia they quietly awaited the issue of the fiery struggle between the so.ith and the north. Entire communities of women and children were left in their charge, while all able-bodied white men were away on the battlefield, and the trust was faithfully kept Instances of criminal acts were so rare that at this period none are recalled, and while this fidelity is proof of the peaceful character of the negro, i: is also evidence for their owners that slavery had produced no personal hostilities between the two races in Georgia, and that the treatment of the negro by his owner under the law had been such as to maintain between them personal attachment and mutual confidence. Many negroes accompanied their owners to the seat of war, not to take part in battle, but to serve in semi-military duties with
out exposure to danger. Some of them marched in Maryland and Pennsylvania with the armies of Lee, voluntarily returning, although they might have remained in the free states without hindrance. They are still proud of the conduct of their race in those days of anxiety and peril.
The proclamation of President Lincoln, however, was regarded in Georgia as a strictly political war measure, designed to place the cause of war distinctly upon the sole question of slavery, for an effect to be produced upon foreign countries, and with the purpose of making use of negroes as soldiers in the Federal army. The issue of negro freedom had not been distinctly made until this proclamation created it. Hitherto it had been understood that at the furthest the Federal authorities would insist only on restriction of slavery to the limits where it already existed, and a gradual emancipation upon payment of the value of slaves held at the beginning of the war. But now it was settled that the United States proposed to enforce by arms an instantaneous emancipation without compensation.

FORT M'ALLISTER.
From this political war measure we turn to the gallant defense of Fort McAllister in March, 1863, one of the illustrious war incidents which marked the spirited resistance made by Georgia people against invasion. This fort, built at the mouth of the Ogeechee river, was a low earthwork, consisting largely of sand thrown up in parapets, which proved to be an excellent protection, and at this time it was under the command of Maj. Gallic with a small garrison. Several times its reduction had been attempted with failure, and now again seven Federal ships, among which were a number of monitors, steamed up into position to renew the attack on the devoted stronghold. For eight hours the fort was furiously bom barded, and the fire was returned with spirit. Maj. Gallic was killed early in the fight, and Capt. Anderson assuming the command, heroically continued the defense. The sand parapet walls drank up the shots which plunged into their sities, and infolded the fragments of exploded shells, while the Federal gunboats were so skillfully battered from the guns of the fort that prudence demanded their with drawal from the unsuccessful attack. The splendid defense brought great honor to the little garrison from all quarters, and the commanding general sent flattering commendations of their heroism in orders authorizing the defenders to celebrate

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the victory by placing upon the flag of the fort the words: "Fort McAllister, March 3, 1863."
EVENTS OP 1863.
The legislature assembled by special proclamation of the governor in March, discussed with serious earnestness the difficulties which beset the state. It was becoming evident that suffering would grow intense. The state had been drained 'of its fighting men, the blockade had become strict, and cotton could not go out for sale, nor goods come in except by occasional desperate ventures in ''running the blockade." Senator Ben. Hill came from Richmond to Georgia and addressed the legislature in a patriotic and impassioned speech, in which, with his wonderful eloquence, he discussed the recent conscript law, as well as the general situation of affairs. The conscript law, passed April, 1862, by the Confederate congress con tinued to be unpopular. It was declared that the state was already sending its volunteers, and would continue to do so, without this measure, and the appeal to patriotism was believed to be more effective than the resort to legal conscription. Mr. Hill had voted against the measure in congress, but after it was passed into law he urged the legislature with great force to co-operate with the Confederate congress and make the act effective. The governor also believed the law to be unwise and unnecessary, but 'he responded to every requisition made by the secretary of war. The president had written in June, 1862, to Gov. Brown: "I take great pleasure in recognizing that the history of the past year affords the amplest justification for your assertion that if the question had been whether the conscript law was necessary to raise men in Georgia, the answer must have been in the negative. Your noble state has responded to every call that it had been my duty to make on her, and to you personally as her executive I acknowledge my indebtedness for the prompt, candid, and effective co-operation you have afforded me to defend the country against the common enemy."
Under all these circumstances volunteers continued to go to the field of active operations, filling up the broken ranks of the old regiments, the new companies were likewise raised for the war and forwarded into service. The supply of muni tions of war and general equipment required the establishment of manufactures to be managed by competent officers, and these were constructed and maintained at Macon, Columbus, Milledgeville, Augusta and other points. The chiefest of these were the foundry and powder works built and managed by Gen. George W. Rains, who was assisted by Col. Shaler, a highly accomplished civil and military engineer. Gen. Rains was one of the ablest among the scientific soldiers of the army, and conducted the manufacture of munitions at Augusta with such great success as to furnish a very large supply of powder and equipment for the armies of the Confederacy. The powder works at Augusta contributed an imposing array of buildings, above which towered the tall brick chimney that has been preserved as a conspicuous monument of Confederate titp.es.
During the latter part of April, 1863, the Federal Col. Streight made a daring attempt with a cavalry force of 1,500 men' to ride to the rear of Bragg's army, then in lower Tennessee, and not only to destroy Confederate supplies in northern Georgia, but also to cut off Bragg's communications. Streight marched from Tuscumbia, directly toward Rome, where a large amount of stores were in depot, which he hoped to capture and destroy. Forrest becoming quickly advised, started with a small force then immediately at hand to intercept him, and also summoned Col. Roddy with his command to engage in the pursuit by another course. Riding rapidly, Forrest came in contact with Streight at Day's Gap, and gave him imme diate battle, but as it was Streight's purpose to raid rather than waste his force in

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battle, he merely met the brunt of Forrest's charge and withdrew toward Rome, but for three days he was pursued day and night and hotly attacked by Forrest at every opportunity. Streight was driven from his second stand at a mountain pass, and pushed on toward the Georgia line, only to be overtaken next day at Black Creek, where, after heavy skirmishes, he succeeded in crossing upon a wooden bridge which he burned at .once, and placed the deep and rapid stream between his command and pursuit Fairest found it impossible to ford the creek at that point, and was seeking some other place to cross when a handsome girl of the south, Emma Sanson, coming from jy:r home, told him that She knew of a ford near by, and said, "I would guide you if I had a horse, but the Yankees have taken all we owned." Gen. Forrest offered her 'his thanks, and courteously requested her to mount behind him and direct him to the place. The patriotic girl answered, "I will go with as brave a man as Gen. Forrest," and springing on the horse behind him, and followed by a courier, soon conducted Forrest to a bend in the creek where there was an old ford which cavalry could use. When the little party dismounted and approached the creek they were fired upon by a picket from the opposite bank, and as the balls whistled by them the brave girl placed herself in front of Forrest, and said, "Stand behind me, general, and they won't dare to shoot." But Forrest could not accept such costly protection, and gently requested her to screen herself behind the roots of a fallen tree until he could reconnoiter the ford. The intrepid girl, however, would not stay under shelter, and several balls came cutting the ground around her feet, and some of them actually passing through her skirts, she lifted her sunbonnet and waved it defiantly toward the foe. The gallant cavalry in blue ceased firing, raised their caps, and gave her three hearty huzzas as she retired out of sight Forrest at once brought his artillery into play across the ford, and drawing off the 'detachment, crossed 'his command in a few hours, and once more hurried after the Federal force. Two or three times Streight stood and skirmished, but after each battle made away toward Rome. On the morning of May 3, Forrest, with his command reduced to about 500 men, overtook Streight again and forced a pitched battle, which he managed by a show of strength, completely deceiving his antagonists, who outnumbered him nearly three to one. At the "white heat of battle" Forrest audaciously dispatched an officer to Streight demanding immediate and unconditional surrender of his whole force. Streight parleyed a very short while, but Forrest with an impatient declaration that he could wait no longer, sent
couriers and staff officers to a number of imaginary batteries and to four supposed regiments of cavalry to form line and prepare for battle. Forrest -had in fact only two field pieces and a fragment of a regiment, but his staff and couriers dashed off impatiently to convey his orders as he had given them. "Within ten minutes," said Forrest, "the signal gun shall be fired and the truce will end." Whereupon Streight surrendered his entire force of 1,500 men prisonens of war. The capture of this strong command by Forrest, "the wizard of the saddle," as he came to be called, excited the loftiest praises from Confederate and Federal alike. It rescued Rome from invasion, saved the foundry, machine shops and supplies, and left Bragg's communication in a secure position.
About this date, Georgians were illustrating their state in the battles of Baker's creek, and on to Vicksburg on the west, and around Chancellorsville in Virginia, and at Gettysburg. The state itself was also sufficiently threatened to require a call by the president for the organization of a special military body, to be styled Home guards, and on his call in July for 8,000 men for that purpose, the state responded with 18,000. This body was composed of men not yet in the Confed erate army, and Maj.-Gen. Cobb was assigned to the command and entered upon his duties in September, with Gen. Jackson commanding the department at

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Savannah, and Gen. Iveison commanding another, with 'headquarters at Rome. And now the alarmed attention of Georgia was turned in the latter part of the summer of 1863 to the advance of the Union forces under Rosecrans through Tennessee toward the northern counties of the state. Bragg, after fighting the battle of Perryville, December, 1862, withdrew to Murfreesboro, where he was pursued and so vigorously attacked by Rosecrans, that notwithstanding the heavy slaughter of the Federals, he was forced back to Shelbyville. From this position he was also flanked and withdrew to Chattanooga, in June, 1863, where Rose crans followed, and by the last of August occupied Stevenson and Bridgeport. During these movements of Rosecrans against Bragg, another large Federal
force, commanded by Burnside, drove Buckner's little army from Knoxville, Tenn., and pressed it back into Georgia, while Rosecrans, detaching Crittenden's corps, sent it through Sequatchie valley to attack Buckner in the rear, and also ordered Thomas' corps across Lookout mountain into McLemore's cave, thus threatening Chattanooga, but hazarding his army by a separation of his forces. Moving his command from Chattanooga, Sept 7, 1863, the Confederate commander formed his line of battle, chiefly along the road from La Fayette to Lee and Gordon's mills, the right lying between Graysville and Ringgold, upon the Western & Atlantic railroad. In this position he covered the country and held the passage through which the Federals must march in invading the state from Chattanooga. Within two days after Bragg's departure the army of Rosecrans occupied that city, and was then advanced by separate corps upon the Confederate position. These movements of the two armies soon brought them into close contact, and consequently there was severe skirmishing by infantry pickets, and short but fierce encounters occurred between cavalry all along the line between Ringgold and La Fayette for many days. On Sept. 11, Catoosa Springs was the scene of a bril liant cavalry contest, in which the Confederate cavalry were driven back to Tunnel
hill, where they made a successful stand. On "the same day the gray and blue met as mounted men near Ringgold, when the Confederates beat their adversaries back into the little city, and then with a dashing charge, led by Forrest in person, drove them in disorder from the place. A few days later a body of Michigan cavalry stationed at Reed's bridge for its defense crossed a part of the command to make a reconnoissance, but their advance was watched by Confederate cavalry concealed in the woods, who opened fire with two pieces of artillery, and cutting them off from the bridge, stampeded them down the river to a ford, through which they escaped, and at the time dashing across the bridge, drove back the entire
detachment
CHICKAMAtTOA.

These stirring preliminaries in which the Confederate and the Union soldiers toyed with the dangers of the field, in equally conspicuous gallantry, brought on the great historic battle of Chickamauga. The meager official records show the following organization from Georgia in Bragg's army at the date of that battle:
Cheatham's Division.--Second Georgia cavalry battalion, Gen. J. K. Jackson's brigade, First Georgia battalion, Maj. J. C. Gordon; Fifth Georgia regiment, Col. C. P. Daniel; Second Georgia battalion sharpshooters, Maj. Whitely.
In Cleburne's and Breckinridge's Division--Gen. M. A. Stovall's brigade, Fortieth, Forty-first, Forty-second, and Forty-seventh Georgia regiments.
In Walker's Division--Gist's brigade, Forty-sixth Georgia, Col. P. H. Colquitt, and Eighth Georgia battalion, Lieut-Col. Napier; Wilson's brigade, Twenty-fifth Georgia regiment, Col. A. J. Williams; Twenty-ninth Georgia regiment, Lieut.-
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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Col. McRae; Thirtieth Georgia regiment, Col. J. S. Boynton; First Georgia battalion sharpshooters, Maj. Shaft; Howell's battery, CapL E. P. Howell.
In Stewart's Division--Bates' brigade, Thirty-seventh Georgia regiment, CoL Rudler; Fourth Georgia battalion sharpshooters, Maj. Caswell; Dawson's battery and Company E, Ninth Georgia artillery battalion.
In Preston's Division--Kelly"s brigade. Sixty-fifth Georgia regiment, Col.
Moore; Peoples' battery. Capt. Tyler M. Peeples; \Vollikms' battery, CapL A. N. Wollikins.
In Longstreet's Corps. Hood Commanding--Wofford's brigade, Sixteenth, Eighteenth. Twenty-fourth Georgia regiments, Second battalion sharpshooters; Cobb legion and Phillips legion: Bryan's brigade, Tenth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first and Fifty-filth Georgia regiments; Benning's brigade, Second, Fifteenth, Seventeenth and Twentieth Georgia regiments: Harris' battery and Massenbury's battery.
In addition to these are the First Georgia cavalry, Col. Morrison; Second Georgia cavalry, Col. Ison: Third Georgia cavalry, Col. Thompson; Fourth Georgia cavalry, Col. Avery ; Sixth Georgia cavalry, Col. Hart.
The general field of maneuvers lor several days prior to the final clash of the bloody battle of Chickamauga spread over a vast extent of broken ground lying west of Ringgold, but the scene of conflict was at last compressed into the incarna dined space enclosed within the tortuous windings of the Chickamauga creek and the adjacent mountain spurs. Rosecrans commanded the Union men and Bragg the Confederates. The right wing of the Federals was held by McCook, the center by Chittenden and the left by Thomas. On the right of the Confederate line stood the splendid corps of Polk, while Longstreet's command under Hood for the first day extended to the left By wonderful sagacity Gen. Lawton, quartermastergeneral at Richmond, had transported Longstreet's corps from the Rapidan in Virginia, a distance of 800 miles over worn railroads to Chickamauga in the nick of time to take a glorious part in the impending battle.
The great encounter opened during the morning of Saturday, Sept. 18, by a demonstration from the Federal side, which was promptly met by a most resolute attack led by Polk against the extreme left of the Federal army, commanded by Thomas. The ardent southerners poured en masse against their adversaries at this point, for the purpose of turning the left of Rosecrans and thus to beat an open way into Chattanooga. The assault was made with impetuous force, and repeated with unabated courage and with only the general result of forcing back the Federal line a mile or more. The Confederates pressed their stern antagonists hard all day, winning an advantage -here and there, but still failing to break down the strong Federal lines which bore the brunt of the day's battle. Meanwhile Hood, with the divisions of Kershaw. Johnson, Cleburne, Stewart and Hindman, as well as his
own, battered the right wing and center with many furious assaults that several times imperiled the Federal lines, but at the close of the horrible day the advantage
appeared to rest with neither side. Thomas spent the night in strengthening his breastworks, and placing his rein
forcements in position. Longstreet arrived in person, and having reported to Bragg. early next morning assumed the command of his old corps. Some slight changes were made along the position of both armies preparatory to the renewal of the struggle, and at dawn of day the two brave adverse lines of Americans rose tip from troubled slu.mber, or laid down the pick and spade to engage again in deadly strife for the mastery of the already bloody field. Dispositions on Sunday morning showed the right wing of Bragg's army formed of divisions of Cleburne. Breckinridge. Walker, and Cheatham, under Polk. The left wing with the com mand* of Johnston. Buckner. Hindman, Stewart, Kershaw. and Hood, under the

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direction of Longstreet. The general Federal alignment was nearly as on the day before. About 8 a. m. the Confederates moved against the center and left of the fortified Union lines, and the Federal left center became at once the theater of one of the most desperate fights of the war. Charge and countercharge distinguished the morning hours, and marked the spot for perpetual fame. Hood, called "The Paladin of the fight," flushed with victories won with his division, rode headlong in the successive charges until shot by a minie-ball he fell from his horse into the .loving support of some soldiers of his old Texas brigade. With him went down hundreds of men on both sides equally brave. The crash and roar of artillery and musketry, with all the gory incidents of dreadful battle, swept up and down the entire field, but it was at the left wing where Thomas still stood on his fiercely debated ground that the heaviest and hottest fire raged. Hard pressed all the
morning by the veteran divisions of Walker, Cleburne and Cheatham, and with difficulty maintaining his grim hold upon the line assigned him, Thomas called in the early afternoon for reinforcements, which were promptly sent. Van Cleve's and
Negley's divisions were withdrawn by Rosecrans from McCook's and Crittenden's corps for that purpose, but by a misunderstanding of orders a gap was left in the Federal lines near Davis' division. Longstreet saw the opportunity, and hurling his troops into the fissure, struck the opened Union flank and threw Davis' division into disorder and rout. Pressing their advantages the southern divisions mixed among the Federals at all angles, and charged wherever they found a foe. Sheri dan was at this precise hour .moving his command to the support of Thomas, but
encountered the impetuous corps of Longstreet, which had penetrated the Federal lines, and after a brief, brave stand were driven back to Crawfish spring road. The flame of battle burned along Horseshoe battery, Mission and Snodgrass ridges, and victory seemed to be within the Confederate grasp. The commands of McCook and Crittenden, composing the entire Federal right, were broken and driven toward Chattanooga, pursued by Confederate infantry and artillery. Rose crans himself hurried back amidst the retreating troops to make a stand and save his army, which now appeared to be threatened with complete destruction.
Sheridan and Davis, however, although driven to the rear, had eluded the dashing advance of the Confederates, who were pursuing Crittenden and McCook, and reforming their commands at Rossville, rallied to the support of Thomas, who still invincibly held his position, although bent to a semi-circle, with the flanks plunged deep into the spurs of a mountain. The succor was timely, for Longstreet had turned a part of his victorious column against Thomas, expecting to drive him from his line by debouching through a gap in the hills and descending upon his flank. It was a critical hour in this, the afterpart of the bloody day. Polk was
pounding away with relentless force, and the infantry of Longstreet were pouring toward the gap, while field batteries were hurrying to the adjacent hills. The fighting became instantly desperate. On all sides the Confederates pushed their advantages with hot enthusiasm, but at the critical moment Gen. Granger, com manding a body of reserves, hearing the firing near by and perceiving the danger, without waiting for orders, threw Steadman's cavalry into the coveted gap, placed artillery in commanding positions, and double-quicked his infantry to meet the Confederate onset. The fearful collision came on at once. Down into the gap rode the Michigan cavalry. The artillery- poured a cataract of shot and shell upon the southern columns. The fresh infantry reserves thickened the air with minieballs. Twice and thrice did Longstreet's men charge this fresh Federal opposition, and then even after dark made the final unavailing assault. Thomas, during all this crisis, when his whole command was environed with peril, withstood every attack,

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and as night came on to curtain the bloody scene from sight, he was left in possession of his well-earned position. But with battered troops, reduced in numbers and scarce of ammunition, .he could not remain before the valiant foe, who would certain!}- attack and destroy him at dawn. Therefore under shelter of the night he safely transferred his weary, wounded, brave command to Rossville, and then to Chattanooga. Victory in this great national battle may be claimed for the Confederate side, but the triumph was only partial and produced no permanent result The reports show that the Confederates captured thirty-six guns, 15,000 small arms, a large amount of accouterments and valuable stores, with 7,000 pris oners. The battlefield became theirs by the retirement of Rosecrans to Chatta
nooga, but the frightful losses in killed and wounded on both sides attest the valor of all the troops and exhibit the consuming cost of war. The united nation has converted this historic spot into a national park, where patriotic Americans of the future ages will meet to observe with mutual pride the memorial monument of American valor.
After the battle of Chickamauga, the army of Rosecrans occupied the strong fortifications of Chattanooga, and Bragg, drawing his forces fonvard, erected works along Missionary ridge and Lookout mountain. Thus for about two
months the Confederates held their opponents in siege. Longstreet's corps was now moved to east Tennessee to attack Burnside, and fought the battle of Knoxville. Rosecrans was relieved OcL 30 and Gen. Grant was assigned to the com mand. Grant at once commenced an energetic organization of the army, and having reinforced his strength with the corps of Sherman and Hooker, the last
week of November found him ready with a splendid army for the bold, aggressive action which characterized him as a military commander.

CHATTANOOGA.
Bragg's army now extended along the general crest of Missionary ridge, from McFarland's gap to the mouth of the Chickamauga creek, a distance of about six miles. Grant moved out of his trenches Nov. 23, and after two days' maneuvering for position, opened the attack on Bragg's line by massed columns directly driving against the opposing Confederate left flank. Hardee's corps occupying that point met the assault of the morning with cour ageous nerve, and the first Federal attempt ended in their repulse. Later, about noon, another charge was made with heavy infantry lines preceded and sustained by artillery by which the Union forces broke through a part of the Confederate lines, gained the crest, and turning squarely upon the disrupted ranks broke the brigades successively until the army of Bragg was forced to a full retreat. The day was lost to the Confederates. All the triumph of Chicka mauga vanished at the instant the wedge of Grant drove into the Confederate position at the crest. Suddenly the whole southern army fell back, followed at first by their victorious foe, but at Taylor's ridge Cleburne turned upon the pursuers with such vigor as to win a splendid victory, capturing 250 prisoners and inflicting a heavy loss in killed and wounded, while so arresting pursuit as to permit Bragg to remove his army safely out of danger, and to bring the further operations of this patriotic body of troops upon the soil of Georgia. Notable changes in the command of both armies occurred in this juncture by the appointment of Grant as the commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States, who went at once to open the Virginia campaign against Lee, leaving Sherman in charge of the forces in Georgia. Bragg was relieved in December,

MVnmn. NMTMWP 4 w., MI manna wm, MVMU, H. Y.

GEN. W. T. SHERMAX.

GEN. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON.

MILITARY HISTORY.
and Hardee was left in temporary command, but at his own request was retained in the command of his corps and Gen. Joseph E. Johnston was ordered, Dec. 27, to the command of the Confederate army.
CAMPAIGN AGAINST ATLANTA.
Two great commanders mow confronted each other. Sherman, wily, aggressive, and skillful, had the advantage of greatly superior numbers and equipment. Johnston, the master of strategy, had an advantage in the privilege of selecting his ground and fighting in defense of the state against invasion. We will follow by only a general survey the deathless story which these two armies shall tell, with the thrilling tongue of many battles fought from Dalton to Atlanta, over a bloody course of 100 miles. Johnston established and fortified his line of battle in the vicinity of Dalton and Ringgold, over a broken country, where he secured a position of good defense against direct attack, but open to the objection that it could be turned without giving battle. In that position he addressed his remarkable military skill to the task of bringing the Confederate army into splendid fighting condition, with all the limited means which the state and the Confederacy were able to place at his disposal. His entire effective force (May 6) was 42,856 men of all arms, comprising Hood's and Hardee's corps, and he was confronted by Sherman with a strength of 98,787. Sherman formed his line in Johnston's front, with the right on Mill creek gap, and the left near the Cleveland road, and commencing active operations attacked, with Schofield and Thomas, but at the same time marched McPherson's corps through Snake creek gap toward Resaca. This earliest flank movement, which foreshadowed the general Federal plan of invasion, caused Johnston to withdraw from Dalton and fortify at Resaca, where the southern force was augmented by the arrival of Cantly's division and Loring's division on May u to 55,248 of all arms.
Sherman kept close on to his retreating enemy, but cautiously entrenched at every advance. At Resaca the passage at arms between the two armies covered scarcely more than two days, the first of which was spent in desultory but sharp fighting. On the second day the engagement, although limited to a part of the line, was noted among the participants as one of the severest in their martial experience. Sherman's general line extended across the Western & Atlantic railroad, somewhat overlapping the Confederates. The first day passed in tl.e maneuvering of the two commanders, and on the morning of May 16 both armies were ready for action. The battle was begun during the day by a general movement of the Federal forces against Johnston's breastworks at Resaca, which failed, and a simultaneous attempt to force a crossing at Tanner's Ferry, which succeeded, notwithstanding the stubborn resistance of Avery's brigade. It was in this action that the memorable charge of Stovall's Georgia brigade was made across an open field under galling and destructive fire in order to secure a position which was regarded as important and which the Federals were moving to occupy. It was a quick, sharp, gallant charge, in which the Forty-second Georgia, Col. Thomas commanding, was especially exposed and suffered severe loss. Colonel, afterward Gen. Henderson, bleeding from a wound in the face, continued to inspire his dauntless command. Hulsey was cut down in the thick of the fray and borne from the field severely wounded. Camoun fell with a shot in his hip, at the moment of bitterest fire, and many a brave soldier on both sides surrendered his life. It is also a worthy incident of the battle of Resaca that the young cadets of the Georgia military institute, then located near Marietta, on one of the foothills of Kennesaw Mountain, received their first baptism of fire.

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The Georgia military institute, founded in 1857, was designed as an academy for military instruction and furnished the first military training of many young
men who became conspicuous in the Confederate war. Among them were Hon. Gen. Pierce Young, Gen. George P. Harrison, Gen. Capers, Capt. E. P. Howell,
and Capt. John Milledge. The institute continued its educational work through out the first years of the war, and in the spring of 1864, when the campaign opened at Dalton, the cadets were eager to take an active part in the defense of the state. At length they were gratified by the "long roll' and the orders to take cars at once "for the front," then at Resaca. The gallant boys reached the field and took their place in the line of battle. The battalion was commanded by Maj. Capers and consisted of Company A, Capt. Austin, and Company B, CapL Manget During the advance of the Federals the cadets encountered the Ninth mounted Illinois infantry and received their charge with well directed volleys and held the line until withdrawn by order. We shall have occasion to note the subsequent service thus gallantly begun by these boy soldiers in gray jeans in many a weary march and hard battle.
Sherman's success in the movement at Tanner's Ferry enabled him once more to turn the Confederate flank and put Johnston's army in peril. Yielding there fore to necessity, the Confederate general retired from his entrenchment, and after two days of small affairs below Resaca, entered Cassville, May 18, about noon, and massed his command by brigades for a temporary bivouac. Next day a stirring announcement in general orders from headquarters informed the troops
that battle would be given in this new position, and the announcement was received with enthusiasm by the gallant men who desired to meet their valiant foe and drive them from the soil of the state. Line of battle was formed along a range of hills in the rear of the town with here and there an intervening depression. Accustomed to promptly fortify their position, the army quickly
threw up the ordinary rude but serviceable breastworks, but they were scarcely ready before the alert Federal troops appeared upon the opposite ridges, placed their batteries, and opened fire on the corps of Hood and Polk, continuing the
cannonading until dark. The Federals found an advantageous line along an extended range of hills, nearly covering the entire front of these two commands and about thirty to fifty feet higher than the ridges which they occupied. Bat
teries were accordingly posted at available positions where an enfilade would sweep the open ridges of Johnston's left wing with a plunging fire. Pickets advanced to the crest could not hold their positions in some of these exposed places on account of the heavy cross-firing along several' hundred yards of the
Confederate lines. Observing this dangerous defect in the location, a careful examination was made before nightfall and then a consultation was called at
the headquarters of Polk, at which Hood and Polk advised Johnston either to assume the offensive next morning or to change the positions of their commands. These two officers were positive that neither would be able to hold his line the next day on account of the great exposure to enfilade by the Federal artillery.
It seemed evident that Sherman would attack Johnston's right flank at this weak point by moving through the open country, instead of advancing against Hardee's stronger position directly across the valley in which the beautiful town was nestled. Report was also brought at the same time that Schofield's corps was moving
to cross the Etowah, and threaten the southern connections. Johnston, having the ultimate responsibility, yielded to the views of his lieu
tenant-generals and at once gave orders for his army to cross the Etowah river. The movement required the utmost secrecy and celerity, for the withdrawal must be made in the immediate presence of a watchful enemy. Accordingly details

MILITARY HISTORY.
were made to be deployed along the main line with orders to keep fires burning, to cut trees and to make other demonstrations while the main army moved silently away. The night was calm, and alight with stars. The two lines of battle frowned upon each other that soft night in the middle of May from the opposing hilltops. Campfires threw their weird light against the sky and dappled the foliage of the trees. The strange, muffled hum made by armies at night preparing for to-morrow's battle extended along the Confederate line. The Federal general was preparing his flank movement from the left and the wary Confederate general was preparing to elude and disappoint him. The devoted Confederates, confiding in the masterful spirit of their leader, quietly drew out of their rifle pits, scarcely leaving a trace behind except their hastily constructed trenches. The Federals either suspecting retreat or determined on a quick assault at daylight, had almost as quickly extended and advanced their lines. It is probable if Johnston had resolved on a daybreak attack and moved out 'his troops for that purpose before dawn, both armies would have found themselves face to face, and not many yards apart All night the subdued sounds of moving troops crossed frcm side to side, and when the sun had risen the main columns of the Confederates were all on the south side of the river. The details who had been left to make the show of a line had also withdrawn and were hurriedly crossing to rejoin the army, while at the same hour the Federal infantry, cavalry, artillery and wagon trains were in full motion on the roads toward Kingston. Before noon the whole of Johnston's army was across the river and safe from immediate attack.
Sherman, in following Johnston from Cassville, moved his columns toward Dallas in order to avoid the Altoona pass, and two weeks later the two armies again faced each other and fought the little brilliant battle of New Hope church. Johnston had rested the right of his infantry upon Little Pumpkin Vine creek, with Wheeler's cavalry prolonged as a protecting curtain, and while in this position Hooker's corps was thrown against Stewart's division near the church on May 25, but were gallantly repulsed with frightful slaughter. The following two days were spent in skirmishes between both cavalry and infantry almost without cessation, and as Sherman rapidly extended to the left so as to employ his usual flank movement, Hood found his right flank threatened seriously by Howard's corps. , Having secured Cleburne's division for his relief, he massed it in columns of brigades in the rear of his extreme right, with careful instructions to permit Howard to make the attack on them, and to quickly deploy into line so that the Federals would be suddenly faced by a solid line of infantry, where they expected only an open space upon the Confederate flank. Late in the afternoon (May 27) the anticipated attack was made, the cavalry pickets were brushed aside and Howard's corps came down upon Wheeler's dismounted men and Cleburne's ready division. The unexpected stubbornness of their reception caused a temporary recoil, but the attack was again renewed with chivalric vigor only to fail again. And thus the brilliant battle went on until the Confederates, taking the offensive at dark, made a gallant charge, forcing their opponents from the field and capturing 200 or 300 prisoners.
Encouraged by the successes of the two days, Johnston resolved on a general battle for May 29, but the Federals changed position during the night, drawing back across Pumpkin Vine creek, and quickly built a strong, fortified line. After these movements the two armies remained in threatening opposition for nearly a week, engaging in scattered contests every day. Sherman repeatedly assailed portions of the Confederate line, and was as often repulsed. All attempts to break over the rifle pits which Johnston's men had thrown up for protection were foiled, and the determined Federal commander again shifted his position

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and overlapped Johnston so thoroughly as to compel him to drop to Marietta, and occupy a succession of hills, with his right on Kennesaw mountains, his left at Lost mountain and with Pine mountain at his center. On this new line the intrepid Hood was placed to command the right, Hardee, cool, resolute,, skillful, held the left, and brave-'hearted Polk had charge of the center. Sherman, advancing his newly reinforced army, faced Johnston fully along the whole length of the field. McPherson, the idol of his corps, was assigned the Federal left over against Hood; Schofield, the match of Hardee, occupied the right, and the gallant Thomas, who had won imperishable fame at Chickamauga, confronted Polk in the center. At this date Johnston's effective force of all arms was less than 60,000 men and Sherman's over 100,000.
Confident of his strength, the eager Federal general began on June 9 that remarkable series of assaults, feints, and general attacks which made this one of the most memorable struggles of the long campaign. For more than three weeks the deadly strife was protracted with thrilling incidents and frequent displays of sublime courage. These were no sham battles. The skirmishes were always hot, and now and then the scourge of battle reddened the entire lines with the blood of brave men. The first week had nearly gone when Pine mountain, standing out in dangerous salient at Johnston?s center, drew the special attention of the Federal commander. It became also the object of Johnston's solicitude and began to be regarded as an untenable part of his line of defense. A council upon its brow, intended to devise a plan by which it could be strengthened, was therefore held, and it was that council which cost the life of the brave and good LieuL-Gen. Polk. On June 14 a group of Confederate generals, composed of Johnston, Polk, Hardee, and the gallant cavalry general, Jackson, rode from the front of Bate's division to select an advance position for artillery. A lull occurring in the skirmishing, these officers dismounted and walked to the brow of the hill where, standing together, within 800 yards of the Federal guns, they examined the situation with such interest as to attract the special attention of their foes. Very soon a shell discharged from the nearest battery came hurtling toward the distinguished group and exploded over their heads. Presently another tore its way to the same spot, and crushing through the body of the brave Polk, robbed the world of as noble a knight as ever made honorable battle in a sacred cause. When the mangled hero fell Johnston bent over him in anguish, and, assisted by his comrades, bore the bloody form back to the rear. It is enough to say that the true men of both armies were saddened by the fall of Bishop-General Leonidas Polk. The grief is not outworn by the years that have elapsed, and as often as Kennesaw battle is named, the distinguishing event of the three weeks' contest
is stated to be that Polk was killed. Loring succeeded to the command of Polk's corps, and the general dispo
sitions were soon changed, for Johnston found that his line of separate moun tains was untenable, and giving up Lost mountain as well as Pine moun tain, he defined a shorter and stronger line of battle about Kennesaw, which baffled every assault. The Federal forces were promptly moved up to meet the situation, fortified themselves afresh, and disposing infantry and artillery
to great advantage, were ready, June 27, for the terrible venture made by Mc Pherson and Thomas to crush the Confederates under Loring and Hardee. With terrific cannonading and impetuous infantry assaults, the Union forces rolled in billows of fire against the Confederate entrenchments, and as often ebbed in broken battalions to cover of their trenches. The veteran division of Cheatham and Cleburne, in Hardee's corps, and those of French and Featherstone, in Loring's corps, bore the brunt of the furious attacks made by men equally

GEN. JAMES LONGSTREET.

GKK.J. H. HOOD.

HATTL.KH AKOIJNI) ATLiANTA.

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veteran and equally brave. They had met before on many fields and knew each other's mettle. The trained troops of Thomas, who had stood their ground at Chickamauga against the fiercest Confederate charges, here met with a valor as stubbornly firm as their own. McPherson led his men to the fight, animating them by his own chivalric spirit, only to see them recoil in bloody, broken regiments. The storm of battle only subsided with the sinking of the sun, and the day's deeds satisfied both armies of the intrepid courage of each and gave to history an illustrious example of the fighting qualities of American soldiers.
As the sequel of these efforts for three weeks to batter down the living wall of Confederates, interposed between the state and a sweeping desolation, the direct attack in front was abandoned and Sherman began an adroit march toward the Chattahoochee river, intending, as he states in his reports, to "avoid the Kennesaw hill." In anticipation of this maneuver, Johnston had caused forti fications to be constructed near the river, and the governor of Georgia co-operat ing with the Confederate commander had forwarded to this line the state troops commanded by Gen. G. W. Smith. It has been understood in the current story of the continuous fighting from Chattanooga to Kennesaw that the governor of the state and its people manifested deeply their interest in all military opera tions. Every department of state government was practically on military duty and the intense strain of popular concern can scarcely be conceived. The dread of invasion with all its horrors darkened nearly every home. The boom of the hostile cannon now swelled along the hills below Marietta and rolled gloomily away south of the Chattahoochee. All along that river from Roswell to West Point the Georgia militia division had been picketed under Johnston's orders to guard the crossings until called to the support of the cavalry on the left wing at Kennesaw, where they were engaged in the fighting of the final days. "When the army fell back they were the last infantry withdrawn to the fortified position," and were assigned a place in Hood's corps. Clearly baffling pursuit and suc cessfully repelling the minor attacks made during the withdrawal, Johnston moved his army across the Chattahoocliee, July 9, and threw it on guard at Atlanta. Sherman moving eastward from his position at Marietta, crossed above Peachtree creek, and advancing parallel with that stream, marched left in front until Schofield and McPherson reached Decatur, leaving the right of the Federal army commanded by Thomas well up against the left bank of the Chattahoochee. According to Gen. Wheeler's report, made to Confederate headquarters, the entire Federal army was crossing the river July 17, and moving against Atlanta.

HOOD SUPERSEDES JOHNSTON.
Just before noon of the same day Gen. Johnston received orders from the Confederate secretary of war, relieving him and assigning the command of the army to Gen. Hood. On receiving the orders assigning to him the great trust at this critical emergency, Hood earnestly urged Johnston to retain the com mand and joined with other officers 5n; telegrams to President Davis, entreating the recall of the untimely order. The Confederate president declined the request with courteous replies, assigning reasons which he regarded as his entire justi fication, and nothing remained to be done but the acceptance of the situation. Two days, including July 17 and 18, were wasted by the Confederates. Johnston remained with the army for nearly that time, and during these important hours the southern force appears to have been without an active directing head. Hood writes of the confusion incident to this change of commanders, announces his want of information and states that he consumed the greater part of the day in

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vain endeavors to adjust the existing difficulties. But in the meanwhile Sherman was marching his great armies directly across the front of Atlanta, only a few miles distant, and even exposing them to serious and dangerous assaults if made by an alert organized foe. The Federal "armies," as Sherman properly calls his command, were active on July 18, each moving separately into position. Thomas covered Buckhead and faced Peachtree creek, Schofield turned into Decatur and McPherson marched far down to Clarkston on the Georgia railroad and then turned toward Atlanta, tearing up the railroad as he came, and reaching Decatur at night, where he formed the contemplated juncture with Schofield. It thus appears that Sherman ran a great and needless risk in moving his three army corps separately within almost immediate sight and easy striking distance of his enemy, and he was perhaps saved a disastrous assault by the confusion and consequent inaction of the Confederate army. The removal of Johnston one week earlier or one week later might have entirely changed the history of all the battles around Atlanta.
Hood formally assumed command on the afternoon of July 18, and actively spent the night in getting himself in full connection with all parts of his brave Kttle army of 50,000 men. With these he was to defend "the heart of the south," as Atlanta was officially called, against 106,000 splendid troops. Can they save the day in this last extremity of the southern Confederacy? During the night
Hood began to form his line of battle fronting Peachtree creek. Throwing his right wing eastward as far as possible, so as to cover Atlanta against McPherson, he rested his left across the Pace ferry road toward the northward, and trusting largely in the Chattahoochee river to protect his left flank, employed his cavalry mainly on the right On the morning of July 19 Cheatham's corps occupied the breastworks of the right wing, Hardee filled the center with his fine corps, and Stewart was assigned to the extreme left. The artillery was carefully posted at intervals along the hills and Maj.-Gen. G. W. Smith's Georgia state troops were put in position on Cheatham's right While the Confederate dispositions were in progress Thomas was rapidly building a number of bridges over Peachtree creek, and purposing to cross his army to the south side where he would entrench
a position with the Chattahoochee on his right flank and the creek in his rear. The army under Schofield was also moving from Buckhead for the purpose of
crossing Peachtree creek east of the Buckhead road. Away on Sherman's left and southeast of the creek, McPherson was aligned near Decatur. It was the evident purpose of these movements to establish a connected line near the city
from which an assault could be made without the disadvantage of the interven
ing creek. Hood determined boldly to attack his enemy while in motion and attempting to cross the stream. Thomas was to be the first object of assault, and after crushing that corps back against the river, the Confederates would turn upon Schofield. Explaining his plan of battle to his generals, Hood chose one o'clock in the afternoon, next day, July 20, as the hour when his attack would begin. He expected to find his enemy partially under cover of hastily con
structed breastworks, but the larger body engaged either in rapid entrenching
or crossing the bridges of the creek. He reckoned on the disorder of Thomas, and expected to fall with the crushing weight of Stewart and Hardee, first upon Thomas and then turn his whole force upon the remainder of Sherman's army.
Sherman had the long and difficult and he had the short and easy line of com munications, so that the general situation aided in his plan of battle. By this plan the battle was to begin on the right by divisions 'attacking in echelon at
short intervals of space, and, driving Thomas back, to continue the movement down the left bank of the stream until his army would be packed in the pocket

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formed by the creek and the river. The orders were that .where entrenchments were encountered they were to be carried with the bayonet, and every opposing division as it was met should be forced back by assault His bold, but appar ently feasible plan of battle met with the approval of his generals and accordingly they separated to prepare for the action. The hour of one o'clock arrived and the impetuous Hood was made to chafe by a delay, which postponed the begin ning of the fight until four, but even at that hour the Federals were taken by surprise. Stewart after addressing his troops, while riding along the line, and arousing their enthusiastic hope of a great victory, moved out his splendid corps in the order as designated and drove line after line back with intrepid courage. But the charge from his right was not so impetuous. By a fatal error these divisions missed the points of attack, and while Stewart's corps was executing orders in a gallant style, their supporters were able to do little more than skir mish with the unbroken lines of their enemy. Gen. Sherman was not on the lookout for any assault, as he states in regard to this battle. "On July 20 I was met by Gen. Schofield near the center and soon after noon I heard heavy firing in front of Thomas' right. I soon learned that the enemy had made a furious sally, the blow falling on Hooker's corps and partially in Johnston's division of the Fourteenth and Newton's of the Fourth. The troops had crossed Peachtree creek, were deployed, but at the same time were resting for noon,
when without notice the enemy came pouring out of their trenches down upon them. They became commingled and fought in many places hand to hand. Gen. Thomas happened to be near the rear of Newton's division and got some field batteries in good position on the north side of Peachtree creek, from which he directed a furious fire upon a mass of the enemy which was passing around Newton's left and exposed flank. After a couple of hours of hard and close conflict the enemy slowly retired within his trenches, leaving the dead and many wounded on the field."
These facts show a well ordered battle which should have met with distin
guished success. The ground favored the assailants, the distance was short and the advance was covered from view. The assailed were slightly entrenched and to the discredit of their officers were taken by surprise in open day. "There was quite a gap," as Gen. Sherman states, '"between Thomas and Schofield," into
which the returning victors might have poured. The battle was a misadventure as many battles are for which there is no explanation. The sullen Confederates resumed their trenches, disappointed indeed by the issue of the day and it was
felt that some vigorous movement must be made or Atlanta could not be defended. Gen. Wheeler had been active on July 20 in securing information which he imparted fully to Hood at night. He had discovered that Sherman had left a flank of McPherson unsupported, just as he had left a gap between the armies
of Schofield and Thomas. McPherson's flank was thus left "standing out in air,' between Decatur and Atlanta, permitting a vigilant enemy to move in the opening at night and make a successful attack at break of day.
Preparing for another sally at this exposed point, Hood ordered a new line of breastworks to be rapidly constructed, using nearly his whole force in the labor with such energy that they were ready for occupation on the night of July
21. Hoping now to gain an advantage of what he supposed to be a serious military blunder, committed by his adversary, Hood developed his plan to the corps of commanders and with remarkable energy began its fulfillment. That Gen. Sherman saw the hazardous position of his command appears at this Junc ture from his note of caution to McPherson, July 21, concerning which he says:
"Finding that McPherson was stretching too much on his left flank, I wrote

I 4O

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

him a note early in the morning not to extend so much by the left, for we had not troops enough to invest the place, and I intended to destroy utterly all parts of the Augusta railroad to the east of Atlanta, then to withdraw from the left flank and add to the right."
Very early on the morning of July 22, Sherman saw in person that the old entrenchments of the Confederates had been abandoned the night before, and for some moments supposed that Hood was preparing to evacuate the city. He at once placed Schofield's corps irr morion to discover the real meaning of the movement, and riding in advance himself he soon came in view of the new line,
"strongly manned with guns in position at all intervals." At precisely the
same hour Hood rode on the high hill near the right of Cheatham's corps and surveyed the Federal lines which he was preparing to storm. It was the morn
ing of the eventful battle of July 22. Daylight revealed extraordinary move ments which called the non-combatant citizens to the tops of the houses. Ladies
in some numbers anxiously looked for suitable positions and watched for the
coming events foreshadowed by the actions of the armies. Confederate troops had been moving all night into new positions. Hardee's corps had passed along the city's edge toward the Confederate right as if escaping southward. Gen. McPherson approaching in full view of the city from the high eastern hills saw
the commotion of southern troops as well as the excitement of citizens and rashly concluded that Hood was in full retreat. At the same moment Sherman heard with some uneasiness "the sound of artillery back toward Decatur." It
was Wheeler who had swept with his cavalry round the Federal right quite to the rear. Immediately afterward, heavy skirmishing broke out near to the rear of McPherson, followed almost instantly by rapid volleys of musketry and the shouts of charging men. The battle was on. The moving troops which the brave McPherson thought were in hasty retreat had turned upon his flank and were mowing their way over the field. Hardee had swung round on the -McDonough road in accordance with Hood's plan of battle, and was making the first drive which was designed to double the Federal divisions on each other in confusion toward their right, subject them to successive attacks by Cheatham,
Smith and Stewart, until they were forced into retreat beyond Peachtree creek.
But McPherson had taken the precaution to fortify his left flank and place troops in easy reach of the entrenchments. It was the entrenched line com manded by Gen. Frank P. Blair which Hardee assailed, and not the open flank of McPherson as was expected.
The Confederates encountered also, by a strange accident, a division of the Six
teenth corps which McPherson had ordered without knowledge of the pending
attack to take position on the left of Blair. As this division halted on the Clay road, in the rear of Blai^s division, they were suddenly assailed by the Confed erates who at the same time pressed with vigorous charges both the rear and flank of Blair s entire position. It was during these irregular but fierce assaults
that McPherson fell. Blair in his report says: "Gen. McPherson, under whom I served, with several other officers and myself rode out to the front to see what was going on, and if possible to make up our minds as to the nature of the movement that was being made. As we rode back to our lines Gen. McPherson repeatedly expressed his opinion that the Confederates were retreat
ing and would abandon the city. I rode with him to his headquarters and after I had been there some half hour, we heard skirmishing in our rear immediately in the direction of Decatur. Gen. McPherson ordered me to send back to the rear two regiments to protect our hospitals. I executed this order, and as these regiments were moving to the rear one division of the Sixteenth corps which

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141

had been ordered by Gen. McPherson to take position on my extreme left made its appearance in the rear of my position on a road known as the Clay road, and at right angles with the McDonough road, along which my corps was entrenched. Just as this division halted about 500 yards in rear of my line, heavy skirmishing commenced on the extreme left of my line. I hastened toward the front of the line, and as I reached a skirt of timber, which inter vened between me and the line, I saw Gen. McPherson accompanied by one orderly enter this piece of timber in front of me. In a few minutes I heard a heavy discharge of musketry, and McPherson's horse came out of the timber riderless." The gallant Federal general was attempting to reach the spot where his troops were in imminent danger. He rode forward to share their danger, to inspire them with his presence and to die with them if need be. The monument erected to his memory on the fatal field where he fell is revered by the men of the south who admired his splendid military abilities and loved him for the worth of his personal qualities. Upon the same day the gallant Walker gave up his life. Brave to a fault, generous to the extreme, the state of Georgia honors his memory and will forever cherish his fame. So with the costly price of noble blood spilled freely in trench and open field, from the veins of privates unknown to fame as well as officers of distinction, the battle went on through all the bloody day. Blair found' his men struggling desperately to hold their breastworks by fighting from the reverse of their entrenchments and by the singular good fortune that the Sixteenth corps reached him simultaneously with the attack made upon him by Hardee, he was able to save his line. Around his corps and near him the battle chiefly raged during the day. The Confederates attacked and held several lines of breastworks only to find themselves involved in a network of others manned by determined Federals. Hood watched the battle near by and seeing that the purposed break was not taking place at McPherson's corps, commanded Cheatham in the after noon to attack the position in his front, and the order was readily and bravely obeyed with conspicuous success. The Confederates in Cheatham's line and the Georgia state troops under Gen. Smith forced the Federal defenses, notwith standing a most stubborn defense, capturing five guns and holding his ground until forced by enfilade fire to withdraw from the works he had captured.
One of the most brilliant assaults made at any time by the Confederate army and which signalizes this fierce battle occurred in the charge of Stovall's brigade, Col. Abda Johnson commanding, and the capture of DeGress battery by the Forty-second Georgia regiment, commanded by Col. Thomas. The gallant achievement won the applause of Sherman, who witnessed the attack from an elevation, and remarked afterward that it was the "grandest charge made during the war." Upon the right of this regiment the state troops under command of Col. John Brown participated in the triumphant assault in which he was mor tally wounded and the command fell upon Capt. Albert Howell, whose gallantry on that day won him the commission of lieutenant-colonel. Upon reaching the Federal works a hand-to-hand fight ensued. Bayonets were found useful and club muskets did deadly work. The Union defenders gave way at last after marking the defense of their guns with Confederate dead, then afterward rallied and regained their lost position. In the shadows of the forest as well as along the heights of these entrenchments many instances of Federal and Confederate valor occurred which made mutual the renown of the men who fought the fight of t'leir faith. Georgia was honored and illustrated by thousands of its infantry, artillery and cavalry who were foremost in the defense of their homes upon this historic day. The battle cannot be counted as a Confederate victory, but it

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seemed to have failed by the sheerest accident Gen. Blair, whose defense saved McPherson's corps from rout says, "The position taken up accidentally by the
Sixteenth corps prevented the full force of the blow from falling where it was intended to fall. If my command had been driven from its position at the time that the Fifteeenth corps was forced back from its entrenchments there must have been a general rout of all the troops of the army of the Tennessee commanded
by Gen. ilcPherson, and possibly the panic might have been communicated to the balance of the army."
Atlanta from this date was subjected to a daily shelling from the Federal guns and therefore bomb-proof pits rapidly became part of the domestic arrange ments in the especially exposed parts of the city. Residences were constantly struck and the population of women and children necessarily remaining lived in the awful strain of hourly suspense and anxiety. The Confederate line of
breastworks which had been drawn close in the suburbs on the north and east, were matched by the new commanding fortifications of the Federals, but no hostile demonstrations took place more than the disturbance of the usual shelling
for several days. On July 26 and 27 Gen. Sherman shifted his line steadily to the right down the Chattahoochee on the west side of Atlanta toward the West Point & Central railroads, for the purpose of seizing and destroying "the only line by which the Confederate army was still able to secure its supplies." This important movement was inaugurated by a splendid body of Federal cavalry, which had crowded round to the right of the Confederates at Flatrock and
another strong mounted force which was rapidly moving by way of Fairburn toward the Central road. To meet these threatening demonstrations Wheeler pursued the Union cavalry toward Flatrock and by a vigorous assault checked
their advance. The Federal demonstration toward Fairburn was more fortunate
and succeeded in destroying a wagon train at Fayetteville and tearing up a mile of two of the railroad below Jonesboro.
While these cavalry demonstrations were in progress Sherman was steadily
moving his great columns of infantry southward on the west side of Atlanta to seize the railroads leading south from that city. Gen. Stephen D. Lee, who had just been assigned the command of a corps in Hood's army, was at once
ordered to arrest this extension of the Federals southward and on the execution
of this trust came in conflict with his enemy on the west side of Atlanta near Ezra church. The advanced Federal division had already reached the ground
which Lee designed to seize, and in consequence he found himself compelled to attack at once in order to gain the desired position. The fight which ensued grew in magnitude to a battle. The Confederates charged the Federals without success, and in turn the countercharge was equally unavailing. Stewart was
hurried to the field of the engagement in support of Lee and the strife was renewed in detached assaults lasting until sunset, when the firing ceased without material
advantage to either side. The active operations of the Federal cavalry radiating in several directions from Atlanta, commanded earnest Confederate attention. Sherman's cavalry of 12,000 men were commissioned to raid the surrounding
country, destroy railroads, capture Macon, and release the Andersonville pris oners. A powerful force of picked men under McCook moved toward Columbus
and encountered the Confederate Roddy near Newnan, who held them at bay until Wheeler arriving in person, together with Jackson and his command, '
attacked with such relentless vigor that the Federals were forced to fly with the loss of 950 prisoners, 1,200 horses and two pieces of artillery. At the same
time Iverson was pursuing Stoneman, who had destroyed many miles of the
Georgia railroad, and after burning the bridge across the Oconee river was

MILITARY HISTORY.
rapidly advancing on Macon. At that city he was met by the state forces under Gen. Cobb, and when Iverson arrived the splendid Confederate victory was won which induced Gen. Shoupe to say, "The first day of August deserves to be marked with a white stone." From Iverson's brief despatch next day the state learned that "Gen. Stoneman, after having his force routed yesterday, surren dered with 500 men; the rest of the command are scattered and flying toward Eatonton." These defeats of well equipped Federal cavalry by the mounted Confederate men who had fought with Bragg, Johnston, and Hood, every inch of the long battlefield through Georgia, arrested the purpose of Sherman to release the Andersonville prisoners and thwarted his plan for destroying the Confederate communications south. "I now became satisfied," says that Federal general, "that cavalry could not or would not make a sufficient lodgment on the railroad below Atlanta and that nothing would suffice but for us to reach it with the main army."
Unfortunately the partial and fruitless victories of Hood inspired him with the hope of destroying the mighty power of his adversary by the extremely hazardous and finally fatal campaign which he at this time projected. Almost duplicating Sherman's recent cavalry failures, Hood despatched Wheeler north ward to break the communications of the Federal arm}-, with a force of 4,500 mounted men. Pursuing the general's instructions Wheeler burned the Etowah bridge near Cartersville, recaptured Resaca and Dalton, destroyed thirty-five miles of the Western & Atlantic railroad, seizing large numbers of mules and horses, but was finally forced to retreat. Forrest, the Confederate "wizard," moved part of his forces from Mississippi and co-operated with Wheeler in these successes, only to participate in the ultimate failure. Sherman being on the alert sent Newton's division to Chattanooga, Corse's division to Rome, and gave instructions to Rosser at Nashville and Steadman at Chattanooga so as to meet the raiders and protect his roads. Possessing all superior facilities the well equipped Federal chief was enabled to meet these Confederate demonstrations with such ease that Hood was made to see that his cavalry could not compel Sherman to retreat.
During these incursions of the cavalry, the operations around Atlanta by the infantry and artillery grew in their lurid significance of the city's doom. Bate's division was charged Aug. 6 by two desperately determined Union assaults which it bravely repelled, and Aug. 9 became a famous date for the beginning of a most terrible bombardment of the city. The Federal batteries poured from their hundreds of brazen muzzles shot and shell in nearly every direction. Hitherto the cannonading had occurred chiefly during the progress of some battle, but now even while the troops were in the trenches the batteries rolled their red wrath against the homes of the people. Women and children flew into cellars and pits where they crouched in fear of death. Bomb proofs were hurriedly built everywhere for safety. Shell came crashing through residences and churches, and exploding along the streets threw deadly fragments on all sides. The night of Aug. 17 centered the terror of the dreadful bombardment. An eye-witness says: "The night was dark, the spectacle sublime, and but for the burning houses, crashing of timbers and the screams from wounded and frightened women and children as they fled away in terror and despair from desolate homes, might have been enjoyed as a grand pyrotechnic display." The fury of that fearful fire from Federal batteries during the dead hours of night seemed to presage the storming and sacking of the stubborn city, but its lines stood ready for the encounter and its people gave no sign of surrender. After the day dawned and

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

the news came from various quarters, it became apparent that all this artillery outrage was merely designed to cover the Federal cavalry raids.
For nearly a month afterward Sherman cautiously but persistently extended his right west and south of Atlanta until he had secured an entire change of position, and on the morning of Aug. 26 the Confederates found the old Federal breastworks entirely abandoned. Hood at once readjusted his lines to the new situation and from scouts and cavalry learned that the Federal army was entrenched in force across the West Point railroad and revealing evidently the design to capture the railroad leading to Macon. From this new position Sher man began on Aug. 29 to move toward Jonesboro, and from his own lines near Atlanta Hood directed the brigades of Lewis, Reynolds and Armstrong to take position in the vicinity of the same town, and on Aug. 30 the Confederate line of battle was established between Rough and Ready and East Point The opposing armies were thus converging at even' step and Lews' brigade became the first object of attack, about dark, by a Federal corps which had crossed Flint river. The battle of Jonesboro now became an impending event and Hood realized that upon his success depended the fate of Atlanta. Forming his plans for an advance on the next day, he gave the initiation of battle to Hardee's corps which was to strike its enemy from a. base line at Jonesboro supported by Lee, and if the assault should be successful, Stewart's corps and Smith's state troops were to take up the attack from East Point, and with a general movement the Federal army was to be driven down the Flint river and the West Point railroad. In the afternoon of Aug. 31 Hardee made his attack and gained a part of the Federal breastworks, but failed in the general assault to cany the entrenchments which had been rapidly built along the Federal front. The following day Sherman assumed the offensive by a successful dash against .Hardee's weakened corps and although the debatable ground was bravely con tested the confident Federals broke through the corps and at nightfall had the important railroad in their possession. The division of Lee had been withdrawn on the night before and marched to Rough and Ready, to protect the flank of Hood's retiring columns, who were rapidly moving away from Atlanta to Lovejoy station, and in that position Lee was attacked by a large Federal force and driven back with a loss of eight guns.
FALL OF ATLANTA.
This retreat of Hardee meant that Atlanta was unavoidably abandoned to the mercy of the invaders. The unfortunate Confederate commander had attempted to prepare for this possible event by instructions to have all facilities ready for the prompt removal of stores, cars and engines, and accordingly all were saved except one valuable trainload which the rear guard blew up at night. The troops were rapidly withdrawn from their several positions and before the morning of Sept. 2 the gates of Atlanta, so valiantly defended for forty-six days, stood open without a guard to challenge the approach of a foe. Within a few days Sherman ordered his wearied forces to repose in camps and entered Atlanta as its conqueror. Mayor Calhoun. accompanied by a body of non-combatant citizens, met him on his arrival and requested protection for the defenseless inhab itants. The people of Atlanta had endured the terrible siege with wonderful fortitude and in uncomplaining submission to the dangerous and threatening situation in which they were placed by the progress of the war. Even when their homes were shelled and they were forced into their pits for safety and when their rations grew scant as well as coarse, they bravely bore their calamities and cheered their defenders. The women nursed the sick and wounded in the

MILITARY HISTORY.
hospitals and even in their homes with the most delicate care and assiduous attention. The old and infirm men did humane service to friend and foe alike. All they now asked was to be protected in their domiciles and allowed to remain in their city. But Gen. Sherman thought it expedient to order the departure of all citizens, notwithstanding their protest and appeal. He considered that they could not be provisioned in Atlanta and accordingly gave Gen. Hood notice on Sept. 7 that he would send them with their baggage into his lines. The order was executed and a large number were subjected to this involuntary exile. The city was then converted into a military post and subjected to all laws of war.
The dilemma from which Hood must now choose, one of two evils, pressed sorely on his brave heart. He could not successfully attack. He could not safely wait. He could not presume that Sherman would loiter in Atlanta as long even as he did, and therefore decision must be made without delay. Those who knew well this splendid fighter of a division in Lee's army would expect him to decide just as he did. His natural impulses were to daring exploit, and during his services in Virginia he became fascinated with the military genius and strategic methods of Stonewall Jackson. This is the secret of his movements from the day he planned the battle of July 20 to the day of his fatal overthrow in Ten nessee. In every plan of battle he had Stonewall Jackson in mind, and nobly aspired to repeat 'in his Georgia campaign the remarkable movements and achievements of that great commander. This suggestion is also evidenced by his repeated reference to Jackson in his published book. But the conditions in Georgia were different from those in Virginia. There was never but one Stone wall Jackson. No one could take his place.
While revolving in his mind the extreme perplexities of his situation, Hood received the full assurances of the governor of Georgia that all the resources of the state would be put at his disposal. Maj.-Gen. Smith, commanding the state line, was ordered to fortify Columbus, Macon and Augusta. The Georgia reserves, under Gen. Cobb, were ordered to the front, and the governor called into the field the few remaining arms-bearing men of the state. It was too true that the fall of Atlanta sounded like the first crack of doom to the Confederacy, but Georgia stood ready for whatever a patriotic people should dare to attempt. In this extremity President Davis came into the state to visit Hood's army, and a council of generals was held with the president in Palmetto, at which Hood proposed the plan on which he had resolved to act. It was not, as is generally supposed, to make a rapid march at once into Tennessee and Kentucky, but to withdraw a few miles above Atlanta, and thence to fortify a strong line and from that position descend on Sherman's communications so as to force him either to move his army south toward a new base of supplies, or retrace his steps northward and attack Hood in his new entrenchments. The march to Tennessee was the result of an afterthought. The general plan was approved in the council, and Sept. 28 Hood moved across the Chattahoochee toward Powder Springs and Lost Mountain. Stewart was then rapidly advanced to Big Shanty and captured it, taking 170 prisoners. The garrison at Acworth at the same time surrendered to Loring. French, pressing farther, attacked Corse at Allatoona, but was foiled by a splendid defense. Sherman, scarcely comprehending Hood's actions, forwarded a large part of his command from Atlanta and formed line of battle near Kennesaw, but at this juncture Hood, encouraged by his success, changed his original plan and decided to move his command further up the line of railroad, with the intention of drawing Sherman after him. The Con federate army marched rapidly through Dallas, Van Wert, Cedartowu and Cave Spring to Coosaville, followed for a time by Sherman, whom the cavalry of
1-10

I 46

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Wheeler and Forrest harassed at every opportunity as far as Snake Creek gap,
near Rome. Hood had meanwhile reached the Tennessee river and there awaited the arrival of Forrest, and while he was making his arrangements to march
through Tennessee, Sherman returned with his army to Atlanta to destroy that city and begin his "March to the Sea."

SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA.
Gen. Sherman describes the beginning of this famous march in the following words: "About 7 a. m. of Nov. 16, we rode out of Atlanta by the Decatur road filled by marching troops and wagons of the Fourteenth corps and reaching the hill just outside of the old rebel works we naturally paused to look back upon the scenes of our past battles. We stood upon the very ground where was fought the bloody battle of July 22, and'we could see the copse of wood, where McPherson fell. Behind us lay Atlanta, smoldering in ruins, the black smoke rising high in air and hanging like a pall over the ruined city." This testimony concerning an inexcusable horror faintly describes the destruction even down to heaps of ashes by military order two months after its capture, of the city that now so proudly vindicates "its right to be," by its unsurpassed restoration from ruins. No description need be given of the fiery storm which swept the city and the crash of collapsing walls scattering their ruins over the streets, or of the hot, stifling air and the vast black volumes of smoke arising and falling in great somber waves. Four thousand houses were wantonly burned and the remainder were left at the mercy of marauders. But worse than all this was the human want and other suffering that followed the needless waste of Atlanta by the ruthless torch.
Sherman marched his entire army from Atlanta and spreading out his columns began to seek the sea by the shortest line. It may be observed that the course of his march from Dalton to Atlanta is a narrow strip lying close to the Western & .Atlantic railroad, made rugged with fortifications and ghastly with graves. But from Atlanta southward the course broadens into a dark swath nearly fifty miles wide, sharply denned by burnt or pillaged dwellings, devastated farms and sacked hamlets. The legislature was in session and the governor communicated the information received Nov. 17, concerning the departure of Sherman from Atlanta and his advance, laying waste the towns and country in his march. The message suggested the immediate passage of the pending appropriation and mili tary bills "and that the governor and legislature then adjourn to the front, to join in the struggle till the enemy be repulsed." The legislature at once appro
priated $500,000 for the relief fund, $6,000,000 for disabled soldiers and soldiers' families, $1,000,000 for military funds and $3,000,000 more for sundry military purposes, in all $10,500,000. Never before or since were such millions voted by a Georgia legislature on such short notice. The rapid advance of Sherman's cavalry followed close by dense columns of infantry, stimulated legislation and
soon brought the front to the very gates of the capitol, rendering it easy for the general assembly to adjourn according to the governor's suggestion, and shortened the distance they would have to go "to aid in the struggle till the enemy is repulsed." By the exercise of great diligence nearly all the valuable books and papers of the state were removed to the lunatic asylum, and the penitentiary convicts were released and formed into a company, except a few confined for murder, who were sent off under guard. In a short time the train moved off toward Macon loaded with refugees, and the capital of the state was left on Nov. 19 to the occupancy of the Federals, who entered, and after burning a few build ings, but sparing the old capitol, moved on. Near Macon, Gen. Cobb threw out a portion of his Georgia reserves and made a dash at the passing columns without

MILITARY HISTORY.

147

checking its course an instant. Farther down at Griswoldville, the Georgia militia impetuously attacked numbers greater than their own and were thrown mangled and bleeding aside. Detachments of Wheeler's corps left in Georgia rode at all points night and day, seeking information and contending with their vastly superior antagonists. There was, in fact, nearly nothing to oppose the steady advancing tread of the devastating force under Sherman over the anguished state. The Georgia institute cadets, now veritably bronzed veterans, but not 100 in number, stood before the Federal army at Oconee bridge and actually gave battle at the cost of life and limb. Gen. Wayne, commanding whatsoever troops he was able to collect, could only move ahead of the destruction which followed after him. On the east side of Shennan's course a brush occurred near Waynesboro. Col. Young with a part of Games' command foiled the attempt of cavalry at Ball's Ferry. Huger's artillery assisting Wheeler's cavalry harassed the head of the advancing column at Sandersville. A line was fortified at Miller on Sunday, Nov. 27, from which the defenders retired before the Seventeenth corps. Toombs' First brigade state troops, with Anderson's and Phillips' brigades, made a junction on Little Ogeechee with three pieces of Pruden's battery and no cavalry. They boldly formed line of battle in the afternoon and skirmished with their enemy, but Gen. McLaws arriving from Savannah directed withdrawal at night. The Washington and Emmanuel militia companies, composed of men in advanced life, were specially commended in reports for active service. At length these futile efforts to stay the sweeping blight that burned a broad track to the sea culminated at the trenches near Savannah on Dec. 7. Sherman had exhausted twenty-four days in the march, and then after carrying Fort McAllister against the heroic resistance of the garrison commanded by Maj. Anderson fully invested Savannah. The Confederate fortifications around the city were manned by about 10,000 men under command of Gen. Hardee, who remained in their defense until the night of Dec. 20, when they were quietly withdrawn across the river into South Carolina. Sherman then entered the city unopposed and gaily telegraphed his conquest as a Christmas gift Not long afterward he resumed his march taking a direction northeastward through Carolina, and after the surrender of Lee and Johnston, returned in person to Savannah.
Thus closed the thrilling story of active hostilities in Georgia, and as the purpose of this history is thus fulfilled we will not follow the current of history into the years of reconstruction, out of whose gloom Georgia grandly rose after a brief, determined struggle. From all the armies of the south and the prisons of the north the soldiers of Georgia returned to resume the pursuits of peace amidst unprecedented difficulties. They found the state under Federal military rule, labor disorganized, all social order imperiled, wealth destroyed and the future uncertain. But they were still young men, inured to hardships, accustomed to difficulties, and possessed of an unexampled experience which fitted them to undertake and to signally achieve the restoration of their state. Grappling bravely, intelligently and effectively with all the serious problems of their times, they rapidly bore the state, for which they had so nobly fought, back to its equal constitutional position in the Union, and conquering many antagonists uplifted themselves and families from the prostration of defeat to the constantly rising ground of material prosperity. To such valor, intelligence and patriotism promptly employed in peace the state as it now is owes an inextinguishable debt
of gratitude.

CHAPTER III.
BY EX-GOV. W. J. NORTHEN.
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES--AGRICULTURE--CULTIVATION OP SILK--THE SOILS OP GEORGIA--THE COTTON BELT--THE NATIVE TIMBERS--THE CROPS OP GEORGIA--DEFECTS IN AND NEEDS OP AGRICULTURE--MANUFACTURING IN GEORGIA--LUMBER AND NAVAL STORES--MINERAL AND MINERAL RE SOURCES OF GEORGIA.
AGRICULTURE.
A S early as the tenth century the grand expanse of country between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, for years known as Georgia, is reputed to have been discovered by Celtic and Irish navigators. So favorably impressed were they with this country that on their charts they designated it as Great Ireland or White Man's land. It is also asserted thatjn the twelfth century Madawc, son of Owen Gwyedh, Prince of Wales, visited these shores. In 1525 Jean de Verrazzano was delighted with the promising appearance of the country. Jean Ribault sailed from Havre de Grace in 1562, and coasting northward from Florida reached -the Georgia coast So charmed was he with the country that in proof of his appreciation he named the rivers after those in France. To the St Mary's river he gave the name of Seine; to the Satilla that of the Somme; to the Altamaha that of the Loire; to the Newport that of the Chareute; to St Catherine's that of the Garonne; to the Ossabaw Sound that of Gironde, and to the Savannah river that of the Grande. But little is known of what they discovered as to the productions of the country at the time of their visits. They were deeply impressed, however, and expressed their admiration of the country.
In March, 1540, Sir Ferdinand De Soto entered Georgia at the southwest corner of the state with a large retinue of men, and traveled mostly in a northeasterly direction, through the pine barrens of Lowndes, Ware and Irwin counties, through Houston county, via Stone mountain to Hall county, and thence to the Conesauga river in Murray county. This route afforded him an opportunity to see the con dition of the country. The Indians furnished them with abundant supplies of corn, mulberries, etc. As late as 1850 the remains of a fortification of rock wall could be seen on the sides of Stone mountain, which it is thought was put up by the Indians or by De Soto in 1540 to guard against apprehended attacks. The Indians at that time, by the rudest kind of husbandry, raised corn in abundance, and ponies, which pastured on the luxuriant grass that abounded in the woods. The effect of these discoveries in the new world was slow in developing for the reason that intelligence, at that period, was not so rapidly promulgated or widely disseminated as at the present time in the old world.
On March 24,1663, King Charles II. granted to the lord proprietors of Carolina all the land lying between the thirty-first and the thirty-sixth degrees of north lati tude and westward to the Pacific ocean. This grant was enlarged on June 30,1665,.

W. J. NORTIIKN.

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

by including all the land between the twenty-ninth and the thirtieth degrees of

north latitude. This embraced the greater portion of the present states of Alabama

and Mississippi, a territory containing 147,000 square miles, rich in natural re-,

sources and which, if it had remained a part of Georgia, would have constituted

her the third state in the Union, only less in area than California and Texas. In

1802 Georgia ceded 88,020 square miles of her territory to the Federal govern

ment A very strong effort was made in the year 1717 to improve the lands be

tween the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers. Sir Robert Montgomery, Bart,

termed it the "Margravate of Azilia" and enthused with the country, described it

as "the most delightful country in the universe." In a letter to Europe he referred

to it in the following strong language: "Nature has not blessed the world with any

tract that can be preferable to it Paradise with all its virgin beauties may be

modestly supposed, at most, but equal to its native excellencies."

A charter was granted on June 9, 1732, constituting twenty-one noblemen and

gentlemen a body corporate for twenty-one years by the name of trustees, for the

establishment of the colony of Georgia, the grant specifying "all those lands, coun

tries and territories situate, lying and being in that part of South Carolina between

the Savannah and the Altamaha and westerly to the Pacific, and the islands within

twenty leagues of the coast" Subsidiary to the great design of philanthropy in

establishing a colony in Georgia was the further purpose of making it a silk, wine,

oil and drug-growing country. The movement to establish a colony in Georgia

with a colonial government met with popular favor in London. A writer in the

London Magazine of October, 1735, evidenced his approbation in the following

lines:

"While ripening alow, the future purpose lay,

And conscious silence planned the opening way,

Kind o'er the rising: schemes an angel hung And dropped his counsel from his guardian tongue,

Wish you this way the royal pair inclined? To Carolina be a Georgia joined, Then shall both colonies sure progress make, Endeared to either for the other's sake-- Georgia shall Carolina's favor move,

And Carolina bloom by Georgia's love."

The aborigines of Georgia, although possessing nothing but the rudest agri cultural implements, succeeded in obtaining from the soil abundant yields of corn, pumpkins, gourds, beans and melons. They selected the richest spots in their towns and the valleys, and with but little labor secured large crops. When they took in new fields they girdled the trees with stone axes. Many of the fields had evidently been cultivated for many years, as the roots and stumps of the trees had entirely disappeared.
CULTIVATION OF SILK.
In 1732 the colonists in Liberty county grew fine crops of rice, corn, peas, pota toes, pumpkins, cabbage and incligo. Silk culture attracted considerable attention in South Carolina, and on Jan. 31, 1732, Sir Thomas Lambe certified that the silk produced in South Carolina possessed as much natural strength and beauty as the silk of Italy. Gen. James Edward Oglethorpe estimated that the cost of the produc tion of silk in Georgia was twenty-five percent, lower than in Piedmont All seemed to agree in the belief that the production of silk was important to be considered and fostered. The production of raw silk was then begun in Georgia under nattering .auspices. It became the fashion, and in 1735, upon the king's birthday, the queen illustrated the royal approval of the industry by appearing in a full robe of Georgia

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
silk. In 1739 Samuel Auspourquer carried the raw silk from Georgia to England and it was pronounced by John Zachary, an eminent raw silk merchant, and Mr. Booth, the great silk-weaver, to be as fine as Italian silk, and worth twenty shillings per pound. At New Ebenezer, in 1741, twenty girls made seventeen pounds of cocoons, which sold in Savannah for eight pounds three shillings. In 1747, 800 pounds of cocoons were raised in Georgia, of which one-half was raised in Eben ezer. In 1750, 1,000 pounds of cocoons and seventy-four pounds two ounces of raw silk were sold in Ebenezer for i 10 sterling. In 1764, 5,514 pounds of cocoons were delivered in Savannah. In his official account of the reasons for establishing the colony of Georgia, the secretary of the board of trustees says: "The Italian, French, Dutch, Indian and China silks, imported, thrown and wrought only, may, on the most moderate computation, be reckoned to cost us 500,000 sterling per. annum, which may all be saved by raising the raw silk in Georgia. The saving of this 500,000 sterling per annum is not all, but our supplying ourselves with raw silk from Georgia carries this further advantage along with it, that it will provide new or additional employment for at least 20,000 people in Georgia for about four months in the year during the silk season and 20,000 more people of our own poor here all the year round in working the raw silk."
Gen. Oglethorpe in his "new and accurate .-recount" of the colony, says: "We shall be the market for great quantities of raw silk, perhaps for wine, oil, cortoh, drugs, dyeing stuffs and many other lesser commodities. It must be a weak hand indeed that cannot earn bread where silk worms and white mulberry trees are so plenty. In Georgia the working hand will have the benefit of all his labor." lie was very enthusiastic in his description of the climate, soil, productions and beauties of Georgia. To give an idea of the general climate he quoted the following lines as applicable:
"The kind Spring which but salutes us here, Inhabits there, and courts them all the year; Ripe fruits and blossoms on the same trees live, At once they promise, when at once they give. So sweet the air, so moderate the clime, None sickly lives, or dies before his time. Heaven, sure, has kept this spot of earth uncnrsed, To show how all things were created first"
Lucerne was planted in Frederica in 1735. Indigo was planted on Bermuda, now known as Colonel's island, and its culture was profitable until the invention of the cotton gin in 1792 stimulated the culture of cotton and consequently the culture of indigo was abandoned. The Salzburgers at Ebenezer, in 1738, made a limited experiment in growing cotton. The yield was abundant and the quality excellent, but at that time the trustees of the colony favored silk and wine, and did not give any encouragement to the culture of cotton. In 1749 the principal exports were pitch, tar, rice, deerskins and indigo. History is silent as to the individual who first introduced the seeds of the cotton plant into America. In 1736 cotton was cultivated as an object of horticulture in Talbot county, Md. The earliest and most decided proof of the practicability of raising cotton crops to advantage was first received in a letter from Mr. Leake of Georgia, to Gen. Thomas Proctor of Philadelphia.
THE SOILS OF GEORGIA.
The cession of a large part of her territory to the Federal government by Georgia left her in a compact form, strictly a southern state. Georgia lies between thirty degrees, twenty-one minutes, thirty-nine seconds and thirty-five degrees north lati-

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.
tude; her northern boundary is south of the lowest parallel of Europe--thirty-six degrees. The variety of soil and climate in Georgia makes the cultivation of almost any product a possibility. Georgia is essentially agricultural, but her resources are so abundant that she may be considered a variety state. Artificial agricultural progress is of very slow growth. Experiment and demonstration must precede development. Agricultural progress has been slow in Georgia, and necessarily slow when all its environments are considered. In considering the lines of progress in agriculture the quality and character of the soil is a factor worthy of attention, and in that consideration the geological formations of the state present themselves in die following order:
The Metamorphic, representing the archaean of middle and northern Georgia; the Paleozoic, in the Silurian, Devonian and the Carboniferous of northwest Georgia; the Cretaceous, lying south and east of Columbus, on the western bound ary of the state, representing Mesozoic; the Tertiary and Quaternary of southern Georgia, representing the Cenozoic.
Middle and Northeast Georgia.--The Metamorphic covers the larger part of the agricultural divisions of middle and northeast Georgia. The southern limit of its exposure may be correctly defined by a line drawn on the map of the state from Augusta through Milledgeville and Macon to Columbus. North of this, with the exception of the ten counties of northwest Georgia, the formation covers all the country. Approached from south Georgia the change is from a roiling region of sandy lands to one of a more broken character, with a rocky or gravelly surface; from pine lands to lands covered with a growth of oak and hickory. In ap proaching it from northwest Georgia there is a change from a region of parallel valleys and ridges that are usually continuous for long distances, to a generally broken country--from a limestone to a freestone. The topography is that of a broken region. The country gradually rises toward the north and is generally hilly, with few elevations rising to the proportions of mountains in middle Georgia, but becoming quite mountainous in some parts of north Georgia. The country rises to the very general level of 2,000 feet above the sea near the northern line of the state, with mountains from 3,000 to 5,000 feet. The soils of this division are red, sandy and clayey; gray, sandy and gravelly, and granitic lands.
Under the designation of red lands are included both red. sandy and clayey soils, from whatever source they may be derived. The color and character of the soil are as varying as is the proportion of hornblende and associated minerals in the rock. The surface of the country occupied by these red lands is rolling or undu lating, and often somewhat hilly, there being but few level areas, and then not in very large tracts. Very little is too broken for cultivation. The red lands are usually sandy for a depth of several inches and hence are rather easily cultivated, especially in dry weather. Decayed vegetation frequently gives to them a dark, "black" surface, but the subsoils and underclays are very red. The latter being in place and derived from the disintegrated and decomposed rocks, are variegated, showing different colored strala. They are generally difficult to till in wet weather, being sticky, and in dry seasons are very hard and compact. Except perhaps in southern counties these red clay lands are considered best for small grain, es pecially oats, as they are cold and their cotton crops are late in maturing. A large portion, probably one-third of these lands under cultivation, is devoted to cotton. The disintegration of the quartz, feldspar and mica of the gray gneiss rocks produce a loose, sandy, gray soil, more or less clayey, and covered or mixed with gravel and loose quartz rock. The subsoil is usually a yellowish clay. The surface of the country covered by the gray lands is always more or less rolling and hilly, but has broad, level areas either on the ridges or in the valleys. The slopes of the

MBMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
ridges are so gradual as not to interfere with their successful cultivation, excepting of course in the more mountainous districts. Their light, sandy nature makes them very- liable, when opened up to cultivation, to wash into gullies and flood the low lands with sand. There is comparatively little of the gray lands too broken for cul tivation outside of the Blue Ridge mountain region. The soils are coarse, gray and sandy, frequently colored dark for an inch or two with decayed vegetation, are more or less gravelly, from three to twelve inches deep and have a yellow, clayey subsoil. From this intermixture of the soil and subsoil in cultivation a yellow mulatto soil is obtained.
Of the gray lands under cultivation, from one-half to two-thirds is devoted to the culture of cotton. Though these lands are said to produce late crops of cot ton, they are preferred to the red clays as being more productive and because they enable the stalk to stand the drought better. They are also easy to till, and a larger area can be cultivated than of the red lands with the same labor. Fresh lands yield from 500 to 700 pounds of seed cotton per acre, as do also old lands by the aid of fertilizers; without fertilizers the latter yield 250 or 300 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Large and small areas of gray, sandy soils, having out-cropping, under lying granite rocks, are found in many counties of the Metamorphic region, but chiefly in the southern half and cover about 2,600 square miles. The surface of the country is generally rolling and broken, with sharply-defined and rounded hills in localities which have the granite boulders or rounded masses, and broad, level areas when only the flat rock underlies the land. The soil is often a coarse, gray or gravelly sand from three to six inches deep, with a subsoil of yellow or red clay more or less sandy, or sometimes a whitish, impervious clay. The soils are cold, but are easily tilled and well adapted to cotton culture. About two per cent of the entire granite lands of the state are untillable, either from their broken character or because of the exposure of the granite or its near approach to the surface. The yield per acre on these lands is about 800 pounds of seed cotton when fresh and unmanured. Cultivation reduces the yield to 350 pounds of seed cotton per acre. A notable feature in the soils of the granite region is the increase of both potash and lime over that of other Metamorphic soils, both derived doubtless from the feld spars of the granite.
In the high and mountainous districts of the Blue Ridge region, especially in Towns and Rabun counties, there is comparatively a small amount of the land suitable for tillage. The farms are small and are found principally along the water courses. In the entire group of ten counties the average of land under cultivation is only seventy-nine acres per square mile. The lands have a dark or red loam soil, very rich and durable; those of the Little Tennessee valley in Rabun county being especially noted for fertility and excellence; but in those counties which lie chieHy outside, or south and west of the mountains, the lands are gray, sandy and gravelly, with a yellow or red clay subsoil. Cotton is not cultivated because of the distance from market, want of transportation facilities, severe climate and short seasons. In the counties of Franklin, Hart, Madison, Banks, Hall, Forsyth, Cherokee and Pickens, south of the Blue Ridge counties, the acreage in cultivation is about thirty-eight per cent.
The lands north of the Chattahoochee river on the northeast have almost en tirely gray, sandy soils with but few strips of red clay. The subsoils are almost universally clays. The yield per acre with fair cultivation is: Corn, twenty bushels; wheat, fifteen bushels: oats, twenty-five bushels: hay, two to three tons; sorghum syrup, seventy-five gallons. Tobacco, buckwheat and German millet can be grown with great success. The fruits adapted to this section are the apple, pear, cherry, grape, plum, peach, raspberry and strawberry. In that part of the

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

153

Metamorphic region geographically called "Middle Georgia," cotton, corn, oats, wheat, all the grains and grasses and tobacco can be grown successfully. This division was settled after .the coast country and has long been the most populous
section of the state. The exhaustion of the soil by injudicious culture has reduced the yield, and the yield of the ordinary crops per acre is: Corn, twelve bushels; wheat, eight bushels; oats, twenty-five bushels; barley, thirty bushels; rye, eight bushels; sweet potatoes, one hundred bushels. In the northern counties, near the Blue Ridge, the acreage in cotton is naturally small. Southward the acreage increases rapidly, until it reaches the percentage of the total area of ten or fifteen per cent on the east and fifteen to twenty per cent on the west, with Clayton, Pike
and Troup above twenty per cent. The Central Cotton Belt.--There are three distinct belts within the central
cotton belt, differing very widely from each other. These are: First, the sand hills and pine belt on the north and bordering the Metamorphic region of the state; its sands also extending northward and covering some of its rocks. Second, the red hills adjoining the first belt on the south. Third, the sandy loam upland with clay subsoils, forming a transition belt from the red hills to the sandy wiregrass region
of the south and gradually falling in elevation from the hills to the level lands of the latter.
The northern limit of the sand and pine hill belt extends from a very few miles north of Augusta and Thomson, a few miles south of Warrenton and Sparta, to
Milledgeville, Macon, Knoxville, Geneva and Columbus, at which point the Metamorphic rocks are found outcropping in the beds of the streams, while the sand hills extend northward a short distance along the uplands. The southern limit is defined by the somewhat abrupt clay hills along its border. The area embraced in the sand hills is about 2,950 square miles. Its width varies greatly, but is great est on the east and west, about twenty-five miles from each of the large boundary
rivers. Between the Ogeechee and the Flint rivers it is rather narrow, but widens to the west to twenty-five miles or more in the counties of Marion and Taylor. On the Chatta'hoochee river its southern limit is near the mouth of Upatoi creek. The surface of the country embraced in this belt is high and rolling, and especially is
this the case near its northern limit, where the altitude is from 500 to 600 feet above the sea and sometimes 100 feet or more above the metamorp'hic region adjoining. Southward the country falls to the foot of the line of red hills, which often rise
abruptly from its limit. In other localities, as between the Flint and the Ocmulgee rivers, the lower part of the belt presents a broad plateau which gradually declines southward. In the western portion of the belt the transition of the red hills is
gradual. The country is hilly and broken, with a height of from 100 to 150 feet above the streams, and is interspersed with deep gullies formed by the washing away of clays and sands. The lands of the sand hill region have a soil of white sand from six to twelve inches deep, and usually a sandy subsoil underlaid
by variegated clays, and are not very productive except where fresh or highly fertilized. The yield of cotton after a few years of cultivation will not exceed 300 pounds of seed cotton per acre. The red hills region is characterized by a high, rolling or broken and well-timbered surface, covered with deep red clay lands, .more or less sandy. The red lands are very generally associated with siliceous shell rocks and friable ferruginous sandstones, and are found in isolated
areas over the entire yellow -loam region. The beds have a thickness of sixty feet at Shell bluff on the Savannah river and fifty feet at Fort Gaines on the Chatta-
hoochee, but between these two points they thin out to ten or twenty feet as they approach the central Atlantic and gulf-water divide.
The lands of these red and clav hills are usuallv some\Vhat sandv and have a

154

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

depth of from twelve to twenty-four inches in the eastern counties and from six to twelve inches in the others. The subsoil is a heavy clay loam, deeper in color than the soil and more clayey, which sometimes overlies a variegated and plastic pipe clay. The lands of this belt lying on the Savannah and Flint rivers are the best of this region, and not only occur in large areas, but are more productive and durable and easily tilled. The subsoil is stiff and tenacious and hard to break up. The lands yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed cotton per acre when fresh, and 500 pounds after a few years' cultivation. After being in cultivation fifty years it yields 300 pounds per acre. These lands are preferred for small grain.
The yellow loam region forms a belt across the state between the Savannah and Chattahoochee rivers, and extends in width from the sand hills south to the pine barrens and wiregrass region. Its width varies greatly. Between the Savannah and the Ocmulgee it is narrow and confined almost entirely to the country south of the red hills from fifteen to twenty-five miles. Westward to the Flint river it is wider, and in Houston county the lands are found north of the red hills. On the west the area widens still more, one narrow belt extending southwest to Albany, while the lower limit of the rest of the region extends to the Alabama line, a few miles north of Fort Gaines, and the northern passes west to the Alabama line at the mouth of Upatoi creek. The entire area embraced by the yellow loam region, including the red hills, is about 6,650 square miles. The soils of the eastern part of the belt are gray and sandy, except on the immediate surface, where they are dark from decayed vegetation. Black, brown and yellow ferruginous gravel is abundant in some of the counties on the surface and mixed with the soil. The subsoil, at a depth of from three to nine inches from the surface, is either a yellow clay loam or yellow sand. Lands having the latter are poor and unproductive, except for a year or two, and the use of fertilizers is almost a necessity. The growth is almost exclusively the long-leaf pine. The better class of soils, with -their clay subsoils and a mixed growth of long-leaf pine, oak and hickory, are easy to cultivate and well drained, and yield an average of 500 pounds of seed cotton per acre when fresh and 250 to 300 pounds after a cultivation of ten years. The upper counties, and those along the Chattahoochee river as far south as Clay county, are hilly and usually covered with a heavy deposit of sand. Underneath the sandy soil are the red and yellow clays over variegated and joint clays with cretaceous marls.
Southern Oak, Hickory and Pine Region.--The area embraced in this region is 2,317 square miles, comprising portions of the counties of Brooks, Decatur and Thomas, lying along and near the Florida line. The country for the most part is high and rolling, and is about 75 feet above the wiregrass country on the north or 130 feet above the river. It presents a bolder front to that region in Decatur county than in the other counties; the ascent from a point seven miles south of Bainbridge thence eastward to near Attapu'gas and north ward to Climax being quite abrupt Eastward it gradually assumes the wiregrass feature and the line of separation is not so well marked. The surface of the country for the most part is very open, with a tall timber growth of long pine. The soil is very generally sandy, from six to twelve inches deep, with mostly a clayey subsoil, underlaid by white limestone. A peculiar feature of this region is the presence of a red clay loam in localities where the timber growth is oak and hickory. The yield is from 600 to 800 pounds of seed cotton per acre after four years' culti vation.
Lowlands of the Central Belt--The bottoms and hammocks of the streams and gallberry flats comprise the lowlands of the central belt The bottoms of the larger streams are usually liable to yearly overflows and are, there-

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fore, but little in cultivation. Their width varies from 209 to 1,500 yards and even more in the sharp bends of the streams. The soil is a dark loam, more or less sandy, red in some of the streams and from one foot to six feet deep to a tenacious pipe-clay. On the Chattahoochee river there is but little bottom land proper, the uplands approaching to the water's edge and forming bluffs. Corn and oats are the chief crops, as cotton crops on all of the bottom lands are liable to injury from early frosts and rust The gallberry flats are lowlands along the very small streams which have a light sandy soil and a dense growth of gallberry bushes about three feet high and a large growth of cassine and a few cypress. They are somewhat marshy and are not cultivated. The hammocks, or second bottoms of the larger streams, are very extensive. They are very level and 'have a growth similar to the bottoms. The soil is rich, sandy loam from twelve to twenty-four inches deep, with much decayed vegetation, and is considered the most productive lands of the belt When fresh the hammocks yield 1,400 pounds of seed cotton per acre, and after cultivation for a few years from 800 to 1,000 pounds. Heavy clay underlies these lands, and as they are cold and ill-drained, they are not consid ered the best for cotton, as that crop is liable to injury from early frosts and rust
The alluvial lands of the Savannah river are very level and wide. The soil is fine, brown loam mixed with scales of mica, is from two to three feet deep, with a putty-like, tenacious pipe-clay which is hard to till and breaks up in clods. These lands are well adapted to cotton, corn and grain. On fresh land the yield is 1,500 pounds of seed cotton per acre, and after a few years' cultivation 1,000 pounds. Along the Chattahoochee river, south from Columbus to Georgetown, there are many level valleys of open prairie occupying a position similar to the second bot toms of the other streams, higher but without their growth. In Muscogee county these valleys are very broad and open, and have a very fine, sandy, loam soil from five to twelve inches deep and a heavy clay subsoil. In the counties south, where the blue clay marls approach near the surface these prairie valleys are richer, the soil being darker and more tenacious. The sand and red clays of the adjoining hills enter more or less into its composition. In the southwestern part of Stewart county this valley is two or more miles wide. These lands when fresh yield from 800 to 1,200 pounds of seed cotton per acre, and after ten years of tillage from 600 to 800 pounds.
Long-Leaf Pine and Wiregrass Region.--The region of the long-leaf pine and wiregrass covers a large portion of southern Georgia, south of
the oak and hickory pine lands of the central cotton belt, extending from the Savannah river on the east to the Chattahoochee on the west, including in its area eighteen whole counties and large parts of others. The entire region is, as it were, a vast plain nearly level, except in the north, and covered with a growth of long-
leaf pine. The surface of the upper and western portions of this region is some what undulating, with a few long ridges ,or hills, and is elevated from twenty-five to fifty, or even seventy-five feet above the streams and from 200 to 500 feet above the sea.
The Lime-Sink Region.--The lime-sink region lies chiefly on the west of the Atlantic and the gulf-water divide. The soft limestone underlying this section, instead of sandstone, is accompanied on the surface and sometimes in Beds, by masses of a siliceous and aluminous and often flinty shell-rock. The eastern limit is marked by a line of low ridges branching off southward from the main divide and separating the water of the Allapaha and Withlacoochee rivers from those of the Flint river. This line passes through the eastern side of Worth and Colquitt counties and southeastward into Brooks and Lowndes. The region embraces 7,020 square miles and includes the following counties and parts of coun-

156

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

ties: Screven, except a strip along the eastern and northern side of the county; the lower part of Burke, the upper part of Bulloch, all of Miller, Mitchell, Colquitt and Worth; the southern part of Pulaski, Dougherty, Baker and Early; the northern part of Decatur, Thomas, Brooks and Lowndes; the eastern part of Dooly, Lee and Dougherty and the western part of Irwin, Berrien, Dodge and Wilcox. This is a better cotton-producing region than the pine barrens, and Decatur county was at one time the banner county in total production. Four per cent of the land is irreclaimable swamp and twenty-six per cent, of the remainder has been cleared. The uplands, with their long-leaf pine and wiregrass, have a gray, sandy soil, which is from six to twelve inches deep and a red or yellow, sandy clay subsoil, and con tains some ferruginous gravel. These lands are not as productive or as durable as in other sections and the country is so sparsely settled that the farms are located on the better classes of land. At first these lands yield from 500 to 800 pounds of seed cotton per acre, but after cultivation for eight or ten years without fertilizers the yield is reduced to 350 or 500 pounds. The bottom lands lying along the rivers and hammocks of the creeks have a dark, loamy soil with a clay subsoil at the depth of from ten to twenty inches. They are very durable and yield when fresh from 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed cotton per acre, and nearly the same after several years of cultivation.
The Pine Barrens.--The pine barrens proper cover an area of over 10,000 square miles and include parts of the following counties: Tattnall, Montgomery, Emanuel, Tel fair, Appling, Coffee, Effingham, Bulloch, Johnson, Laurens, Wilcox, Irwin, Berrien, Lowndes, Pierce, Wayne, Mclntosh, Liberty and Bryan, and areas of Jefferson, Washington, Dodge, Ware and Clinch. It has a general level or slightly undulating surface and is underlaid in many places by a sandstone that juts out in bold bluffs in some of the streams. The soil is usually fine and sandy, with a yellow, sandy subsoil, though clay frequently underlies it The surface of .the country in the upper counties is undulating, but becomes quite level southward; the soil also becomes less sand}'. The land contains much ferruginous gravel or brown pebbles. The wiregrass region terminates near the coast, forming the second terrace. From this terrace there is a descent of fifteen to twenty-five feet to the savannas and pine flat and palmetto lands. While this is not properly a cotton-growing section, about eighteen of the counties are devoted to the culture of cotton. The introduction of fertilizers has made the cultivation of cotton profit able and to some extent has broken up the old method of throwing away old lands and taking in new. Six per cent of this area is irreclaimable swamp and only fifteen per cent has been cleared for cultivation. The soil of the uplands is sandy and gray or ash-colored, twelve inches deep and has a subsoil of yellow or orangecolored loam. In the 'higher regions there is sometimes a clay subsoil approaching the surface, giving to the land greater fertility and durability as indicated by the oak and hickory growth. The soil is frequently covered with gravel, either of quartz or ferruginous concretions, yellow or of dark brown externally and either smooth or rough, with a black exterior. These sandy soils, while producing a good crop of cotton when new and fresh, very soon wear out On fresh sandy uplands, without the aid of fertilizers, the yield is 500 pounds of seed cotton per acre. After cultivation for several years the yield diminishes to 300 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Corn, oats and sorghum do very well. In some counties the bottom lands are considered better than the uplands, but are more or less liable to overflow. In the northern section, owing to the liability of cotton to suffer from rust and early frosts, corn is raised instead. The soil is very sandy and colored nearly black by decayed leaves and other vegetation. Its depth is twelve inches or more,

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and it is sometimes underlaid by clay. The second bottoms of hammocks differ from the bottom only in being above overflow.
Pine and Palmetto Flats.--Lying in the southeastern part of the state, around Okefenokee swamp, and embracing mainly the counties of Charlton, Clinch and Echols and large portions of Pierce, Ware and Wayne, is the region designated as the pine and palmetto flats. It is considerably higher than the belt of the coast region that extends across other counties to the Savannah river. The country is very level and open and sparsely settled, and is covered with many swamps having a dense growth of trees, all interlocked and frequently tied together with bamboo briers, forming an impenetrable thicket This region is about 125 feet above the sea, the descent being very rapid on the east from Okefenokee swamp to Trader's hill at the head of the tide-water on St. Mary's river. Hence there is a level second terrace to the edge of the savanna lands, fifteen miles east of Colerain. This terrace is covered in places with deep, white sand, and is very similar to the third or Okefenokee uplands. But little cotton is planted in this entire section. The lands are sandy though firm and the roots of the saw palmetto not only make traveling disagreeable, almost forbidding the use of four-wheel vehicles, but give trouble in farming operations. The lands wear out rapidly. In the swamps the white, sandy bottoms are covered with a muck several inches deep, while streams of dark and even black water flow sluggishly among the roots and cypress knees and across open spaces. The creek bottom lands and ham mocks of this pine flat region are not very wide and have a dark loam soil from eight to twelve inches deep, with a clayey subsoil underlaid by a blue stratum of day. This latter is found in the wells of the uplands north of Homerville in Clinch county, at a depth of nine feet from the surface. These lands, while con sidered the best for cotton, are not devoted to its culture except in a limited area, because of the danger to it from early frosts.
Savannas.--The region properly designated the savannas occupies a belt of country from ten to fifteen miles wide, between the pine barrens and the wiregrass region on one side and the coast live-oak lands on the olfher, extends from the Savannah river to the St. Mary's river and embraces nearly all parts of the coun ties of Chatham, Bryan, Glynn and Camden and large portions of Liberty and Mclntosh. The surface of the country is very level and ten or fifteen feet above tide-water and comprises what is known as the first terrace. Its northwestern limit is the bluff of the second or wiregrass terrace, passing through the lower part of Effingham county, twenty miles north of the city of Savannah, into Bryan county, where it is fifty feet high. Southward through Liberty county this bluff forms the gravel hill south of Hinesville, which has an elevation of fifteen to thirty feet above the sea; deep-sea sands are found here. Thence the limit extends through Mclntosh county to Waynesville and on the eastern side of the Satilla river into and across Camden county at a distance of about fifteen miles east of Colerain. At this last point this rise is twenty-five feet Within this region ad joining the marsh lands there is a belt of live-oak lands having a width of several miles which properly belongs to the savannas. This region along the first or lower terrace is noted for its beautiful meadow lands, which are broad, flat and open plains, having no growth other than sparse and tall long-leaf pine, flat and thick undergrowth of saw palmetto, with here and there bunches of wiregrass that have found its way down from the upper terrace. The savannas at one time cov ered a large portion of these counties, but the custom of burning off the lands to cause a growth of young grass for grazing purposes has also produced a scrub undergrowth of trees and bushes. The soils and subsoils outside of the live-oak
lands are sandy and are not cultivated to any extent.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Live-Oak and Coast Lands.--From the Savannah river to the St Mary's river, along the coast as well as occupying the islands, there is an irregular and interrupted bed of yellow or mulatto sandy lands about ten miles wide, whose characteristic feature is the growth of very large live-oak frees. The_re are properly three divisions of this live-oak belt, viz.: upland or ridge, middle or lower bottom lands, each comprising about one-third of the area. The first has sandy soils and subsoils, which are not remunerative. The bottoms are very rich and have a dark soil underlaid by a blue clay. They are adapted to sea-island cotton, the yield being 400 pounds of seed cotton per acre.
Coast Tide Swamp Land.--Occupying a narrow belt along the Atlantic
coast, not continuous, but bordering on the various inlets and streams to the limit of tide-water is the region of the coast tide swamp land. On the Savannah river the bodies of tide swamp land are extensive and are cultivated upward of twenty miles from the brackish marsh up the river. On the Altamaha river these lands equal in width those of the Savannah river, but from the marshes upward their extent does not exceed sixteen miles, where the freshets forbid their being of any value except for timber. The soil is more of decayed vegetable mold than the
land of the Savannah river and is more easily cultivated. The tide lands of the Ogeechee river extend from the marshes about ten miles. Those of the Satilla river, not as broad as those mentioned, extend from the marshes twenty miles up the river and are liable to freshets. On the St Mary's river the swamp lands on tHe Georgia side extend only to the foot of the second terrace, fifteen miles east of Colerain, though the tide-water reaches Trader's hill. These are rich lands, devoted almost exclusively to the cultivation of rice, although other crops do well. The black seed of Florida sea-island cotton was at one time the principal crop of these low swamp lands. The soil of these swamp lands along the streams and island is ash-colored and clayey, from one foot to six feet deep to a blue gray stratum. There is very little of what may be properly called sea marsh along the Georgia coast Very small areas are found at the mouths of some of the rivers.
The Sea Islands.--Along the coast there lies from one end to the other a perfect network of islands, large and small, having a rolling surface, not exceed
ing fifteen feet above the tide. Their united area amounts to 560 square miles. The soD is usually sandy and well-adapted to the production of sea island cotton, corn and sweet potatoes, and lemons, figs, pomegranates, olives, oranges grow finely. Formerly these soils yielded 400 pounds of sea-island cotton per acre, but the introduction of commercial fertilizers has caused more attention to be paid to the cultivation of upland or short staple cotton.
The Limestone Region.--Economic geology gives a knowledge of the soils and the distribution of the mineral fertilizers, which is essential in forming a correct judgment as to the measure of progress. The limestones and calcareous
shales form the brown and red loams. These lands are perhaps the richest uplands in the state. They lie well, but when hilly they are inclined to wash. The blue limestone areas are on the eastern and western sides, and the rotten limestones in
the central part of this division of the state. In the blue limestone region the soil
varies in color from a light to a dark brown and black, a dark or chocolate brown being the most characteristic color, with a subsoil approaching to red. The soil of the rotten limestone belts is a dark red color, with a* red subsoil. There is a striking difference in the appearance of these lands, though in the more important
characteristics of productiveness and in adaptation to various crops there is little difference. Lands that have been in cultivation for thirty years or more will often produce from thirty to fifty bushels of corn per acre. For the culture of wheat
these lands are not so well adapted, yet, by the growing of clover and turning under

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.
the crop, a yield from ten to twenty bushels of wheat per acre is possible. Cotton in the counties of Floyd and Polk yields on an average 600 pounds of seed cotton per acre. In the regions where the rocks are of limestones, arenaceous shales and siliceous or cherry limestones, the lands are rolling generally, but sometimes nearly level where the valleys are broad, the soil being brown, calcareous and siliceous or sandy, with sufficient clay in the subsoil to give it a somewhat retentive character, and admit of good drainage, even where the lands are nearly level. The areas of this character are in the valleys immediately around Lookout, Pigeon and Sand mountains, in the broad valleys immediately east of Taylor's ridge and of Horn's mountain, in the following valleys: West Armuchee, in Walker county; Sugar valley, in Gordon county; Dirt town, in Chattooga county; Texas, with a large portion of the county to the west of Coosa river, in Floyd county. These are the best uplands for the culture of cotton in this part o the state, often yielding, without commercial fertilizers, from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Corn, oats and wheat do well. In Dade county, along the eastern side of Lookout mountain and around Pigeon mountain, in Walker county, the soil is yellow or orange colored, rather argillaceous in character, though there is an admixture of fine sand and gravel that renders it easy of tillage. The rocks consist of green calcareous shales that outcrop in the hills or on the slopes of the ridges around these mountains, and the lands to which they give rise are rich. The steepness of the slopes and character of the soil predisposes the land to wash, rendering horizontal hillside plowing necessary. These lands are well adapted to corn and wheat
There are in Georgia about 400 square miles underlaid by a series of shales or indurated clay and limestones 2,500 feet in thickness and occupying in belts of from half a mile to two or three miles in width, and found in all the counties of the limestone region, except in Dade county. The soil is argillaceous and of an orange or light color, the entire area nearly being slightly rolling or nearly level lands. It contains more clay in general than most of the good lands of this region, but is more or less calcareous, and contains a sufficient amount of sand or fine gravels derived in part from bordering cherty ridges, to promote easy culture. The clay beneath the soil has varying depths from a foot or two to fifteen feet down to the shales, but rarely less than four or five feet. These lands rank as about third-rate upland for the culture of cotton; with fertilizers they yield 500 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Corn, oats, wheat, clover and the grasses grow well, and on land that has been cultivated for thirty years, with little if any return to the soil for its improvement, an average of twenty bushels of corn, ten bushels of oats and six bushels of wheat per acre will be obtained. These lands are capable of a high degree of improvement
Gray Gravelly Lands of the Ridges.--The gray lands of the ridges have a gravelly soil, varying in color from light to dark gray, with generally a porous gravelly subsoil; but in some places there is a good clay subsoil, with a gravelly soil of a brown or red color. These lands are among the most profitable for the culture of cotton, giving a better immediate return for manures than the richer valley lands. The cotton crop is less subject to injury from continued wet weather in the spring than on most other soils, and come to maturity early, rarely failing to open well. With the use of fertilizers the production is 1,200 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Except in the very rainy seasons corn does not do so well after a few years' cultivation. Wheat, when fertilizers are used, tills well and matures better developed grain, and is less subject to disaster than in the richer valley lands. Although these lands are hilly, they are less liable to injury from washing than most of the uplands, being protected by the pervious character of the

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

soil, and the gravel and small stones with which the surface is covered. The tops and slopes of the ridges have an immunity from late spring frosts, making them well suited to fruit culture. These lands are remarkably rich in potash and phosphoric
acid, and a sufficiency of lime to insure their availability for the present Sandy Lands of the Mountain Summits. On the tablelands from 1,000
to 1,200 feet above the valleys the soils are yellow, sandy land, more or less gravelly and rocky. The total area of these lands is 200 square miles, embrac ing Sand mountain in Dade county, Lookout mountain in Ghattooga, Walker and Dade counties, and Little Sand mountain in Chattooga county. The topography varies from nearly level to rolling and hilly. Owing to the average low tempera ture it is not suitable for the culture of cotton, but is well adapted to the culture of fruit and a great variety of vegetables.
The Flatwoods. The topography is diversified with mountains, hills, and nearly -level flatwoods. The soils everywhere are of one general character of sterility. The most extensive area of these lands is that of the flatwoods near the
Oostanaula and Coosa rivers, in the counties of Floyd, Gordon and Polk, and a mountainous section south of the Coosa river, in Floyd and Polk counties. It occurs again in a belt of hills in the southern part of Murray county, extending
southward nearly across the county of Gordon, and in a narrow belt extending southward from the eastern part of Catoosa county into Whitfield county. The soil is thin, of a gray or light-brown color, with but little depth, and of little value for cultivation.
Alluvial Lands. In the mountains, where the streams are rapid, the alluvial lands have little extent, but in the valleys the creek and river bottoms are compara tively broad. The bottom lands vary from one-eighth of a mile on small streams to two miles on the larger ones, the greater part of their width being generally on the western side of the stream. The alluvial deposits of the small streams vary .much in character, those of the larger ones in general being more productive. Where a large proportion of sand is contained in these alluvial lands, cotton has been grown with success. Some of the best cotton lands in this part of the state
are along the Coosa and Etowah rivers.

THE CROPS OF GEORGIA.
The adaptability of Georgia to successful diversified agricultural pursuits is evidenced by her geographical position and geological formation. Elevations and longitude help each other in supplying a range of climate and productions. The productions, both natural and cultivated, are varied, and the ranges between the coast and mountains very great Cotton, com, wheat, oats, rye, barley, rice, sugarcane, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, melons, peas, ground peas, vegetables of all kinds, all kinds of grasses and forage crops, oranges, figs, bananas, apples, pears, plums, peaches, cherries, grapes, berries and nuts are produced in Georgia.
Indian Corn. How long prior to 1540 Indian corn was cultivated in Georgia history does not give us any data. Ferdinand De Soto in his "marching through Georgia" was given thousands of bushels of Indian corn by the Indians, who then occupied a portion of the soil of Georgia. Even with the crude system of culture employed by the Indians the soil made handsome returns. With good seasons and proper "culture a fair crop is always possible. The following authenticated yields have been reported: 125 bushels per acre in Cobb county, 123 bushels in Wilkes county, 119 bushels in Thomas county, 115 bushels in Crawford county, loo bushels in Gwinnett, Walker and Hall.
Oats. While very much depends upon the season in the cultivation of oats, it

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is a very important and valuable crop. The following yields have been reported by reliable parties: 137 bushels per acre! in Wilkes county, 131 bushels in De Kalb county, 121 bushels in Floyd county, 115 bushels in Coweta county, 100 bushels in
Schley county, and 75 bushels in Brooks, Newton, and Putnam counties. Wheat.--"Before the system of railroad transportation was introduced the cul
ture of wheat was conducted on a more extended scale in Georgia than for the last few years, and the return was remunerative. That wheat can be produced here profitably is evidenced by the experience of many. Among the yields reliably reported are: 65 bushels per acre in De Kalb county, 40 bushels in Carroll county, and 28 bushels in Cherokee, Walton, Clark and Morgan counties.
Sweet Potatoes.--Sweet potatoes can be grown in almost any section of Geor gia to the profit of the grower, especially in the middle and southern parts of the state. Authenticated yields are reported as follows: 800 bushels per acre in Berrien county, 600 in Richmond county, 500 in Brooks county, 400 in Fulton county.
Irish Potatoes.--The culture of Irish potatoes in Georgia yields fair returns for the labor employed. In Wilkes county a yield <of 420 bushels per acre is reported, 108 bushels in Walker county, 100 bushels in Rabun. In the vicinity of Savannah the truck farmers grow them on an extensive scale for market.
Rice.--Along the coast of Georgia rice has been cultivated for many years with decided profit to the producers. On the uplands its culture is growing in favor and extending in territory. One hundred bushels per acre is reported in Pike, White, Hall, Talbot, and Early counties.
Clover'Hay.--Clover can be grown with success. As an evidence of this fact there are yields reported of 10,000 pounds of clover hay in DeKalb and Greene counties, 6,000 pounds in Cobb county, and 4,862 pounds in Hancock county.
Other Hay.--The adaptability of Georgia soi! to the growing of the grasses anc!
forage plants is a settled fact. In Bibb county 8,046 pounds of crab grass was gathered from an acre. In Spalding county 10,720 pounds of peavine hay, in Greene county 13,953 pounds of Bermuda grass hay, in Gordon county 9,400 pounds of lucerne were housed as the product of a single acre each.
Syrup and Sugar.--That syrup and sugar can be produced on the soil of
Georgia from the ribbon cane and sorghum is'well known. The following yields from the ribbon cane are reported: Six hundred and ninety-four and a half gallons from one acre in Thomas county, 700 gallons in Bulloch county, 600 gallons in Thomas county, and 480 gallons in Burke county. In sugar 21 barrels per acre in Bulloch county.
Cotton.--Cotton is the most extensively cultivated crop in Georgia. The fol
lowing yields of seed cotton before it is ginned are reported: 6,917 pounds per acre in Washington county, 4,595 pounds per acre in Troup county, 4,500 pounds per acre in the counties of Gay, Schley, Carroll and Burke; 4,000 pounds per acre in Crawford county, 3.500 pounds per acre in Bulloch, 2,700 pounds in Brooks, 2,200 pounds in Coweta and 2,000 pounds in De Kalb.
The value of the cotton crop has been materially increased in consequence of the utilization of the cotton seed in the production of oil, meal and hulls. Between the years 1874 and 1894 the farmers of Georgia used $100,000,000 worth of com mercial fertilizers, which vast sum had to be paid out of the proceeds of the cotton
crop. Tobacco.--Tobacco has never been a staple crop in Georgia, yet repeated tests
have demonstrated that it can be successfully and profitably grown. The great drawback to the successful culture has been and is at present the want of con venient warehouses and proper barns. In 1842 141,523 pounds were grown in Georgia; in 1880, 228,590 pounds, and in 1890 263,752 pounds. In 1786 a
1-11

162

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

tobacco warehouse \vas erected by Dionysius Oliver in the fork between Broad and Savannah rivers, near the town of Petersburg.
Average Annual Productions.--The lack of adequate and reliable data as to the gross annual productions of the state renders it almost impossible to give the correct figures. The best possible information, however, fixes the average annual productions as follows: Cotton, from 750,000 to 950,000 bales; corn, 30.000.000 bushels; oats, 5,000,000 bushels; wheat, 3,006,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 5,000.000 bushels; rice, 35,000,000bushels.
Compared with Italy.--In respect to climate there is great resemblance between that of Italy and Georgia. The soil and climate of Italy are congenial to the staples which have engaged the attention of Georgia agriculturists. Indian corn and rice have long been grown by the Italians, and during the continental system of Xapoleon the culture of cotton was commenced in the south of Italy, but abandoned with the fall of that system and its author. That silk, wine and oil can be made on Georgia soil as well as in Italy is a settled fact.
The soil of Georgia is capable of sustaining as large a population to the square mile as that of Italy. The Italians have been successful in solving the problem of how to gather the largest portions of the most valuable products from a given surface of land in any given number of years. In the northern pan of Italy the three divisions of her system are often displayed at one view-- the plain, the hill and mountain farms. The grape and the olive are seen clustering in the richest abundance on the highest and bleakest spots. Golden harvests of corn are to be seen on the sides of the hills and the most luxuriant meadows on the plain. A specially notable fact is that the sides of the hills are girdled by terraces of the most substantial masonry. Did this prevail in Georgia the lands would be benefited and the yield increased.
Defects in Georgia Agriculture.--rPrior to 1860 the aim of the cotton planter .was to get the cream of the soil converted into cotton, and then abandon the fields used for fresher soil. It was the general rule to "clear up more land to purchase more slaves" and "to purchase more slaves to clear up more land.'' The improvement of the soil was not considered. After the "War Between the States" the planter had to begin anew, without anything save the soil and without slave labor. Under the system that existed before 1860 the planter made his supplies on his farm, but under the new order of things the planter had to obtain his supplies on time, and gradually a system was adopted, pernicious in its influence and disastrous in its results, viz.: purchasing supplies and fertilizers on time, and depending ujx>n one cotton crop to pay off the entire indebtedness. Under the operation of this system the fertility of the soil has been nearly <xhausted. the cost of production increased, and the condition of the farmer made worse. Improvement cannot possibly obtain under such a pernicious .system.
Needs of Georgia Agriculture.--Agriculture in Georgia needs for its full devel opment the inauguration of a system based on improvement of the soil as the primal consideration. The development of the fertility of the soil is possible when there exists a soil. The thorough tillage and pulverization of the earth is the first step to secure increased fertility in the soil. The judicious terracing of hillsides and lands subject to washing away is important to preserve the soil of fields in cultivation. Diversified and intensive farming are essential factors in improving- the condition of the soil and those who till it Rotation of crops, and the planting of crops suitable to the location of the particular plat of land, will be found of great practical benefit. The limit of the productive capacity of an acre of Georgia soil lias never been reached or determined. A system that will

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

163

return to the soil more fertility than has been taken from it and keep and main
tain it in proper condition at all seasons will enable the farmer to approximate the capacity of the soil to produce. The possibilities of Georgia soil under a wise and comprehensive system are great.

MANUFACTURING IN GEORGIA.
Silk Raising.--The policy that led to the establishment of the royal colony of Georgia was the same that in ancient times led to the founding of Carthage by the mother cities of Tyre and Sidon. England wanted to increase her trade and her power. She was contesting with Spain the supremacy of land and sea; and she was engaged in her long and marvelous struggle, decided a century ago in her favor, for the commerce of the world. Spanish fleets from the West Indies continually threatened the devastation of her colonies along the Atlantic coast, and she was paying to Piedmont $3,000,000 annually for importation of silk. It was thought by -English statesmen that a colony founded to the south of Charleston could be made to perform the double duty of setting bounds to Spanish aggression from the martial province of Florida, and of transferring the silk trade with Piedmont to the American plantations. With the military feature of the colony we are not concerned in this sketch; but the attempt to establish the silk industry in Georgia is of peculiar interest, because it is the beginning of our history of manufacturing, and because of the vast expectations and visions of remunerative commerce it excited in English minds. It was the heroic age of American industry; and although the production of silk in the plantations was doomed to an early fate, it bears for us the charm of being one of the chief causes that led to the foundation of Georgia, and presents to our imagination all the elements of romance.
It was the dream of English economists that the mother country could save millions of sterling annually if the American colony would produce silk. Joshua Gee, a noted populist, had written: "As this nation (England) very much inclines to the wearing of silk garments in imitation of the French, to the great discour agement of our woolen manufactures, the manufacture of silk from our plantations would not only make us to supply ourselves, but to be capable of exporting very great quantities of silk fully manufactured."
Twelve years after the founding of Jamestown, Va., eggs of the silk worm were sent to that colony, and the cultivation of mulberry trees was enforced by fines and rewarded by bounties. Every planter, by an act of colonial assembly of 1656, was fined if he did not have at least ten mulberry trees to each hundred acres of land. Hartlib, in an essay published in 1652-5 says that the " 'bottoms,' or cocoons, raised in Virginia were so large as to be the wonder of the world; to the glory of the Creator and exaltation of Virginia." But all efforts failed, and the silk industry in Virginia died, partly for want of encouragement from England, and partly from the lack of trained workmen, who were prevented from coming to America by Cromwell's navigation laws. The culture of silk in the Carolinas also met with an early fate. These two colonies exported only 251 pounds of silk in the twenty-five years from 1731 to 1755. When the revolutionary war put a stop to English bounties it also put an end to silk culture. The experiment in Georgia was more successful. When, in 1732, Georgia was separated from Carolina and made a distinct province, it was the aim of the trustees that silk should be raised as the principal article of export. On every ten acres of cleaned land 100 white mulberry trees were to be planted. The colonial seal consisted of a device showing the silk-worms weaving their cocoons and bearing the motto:

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
Non sibi sed alias. "Xot for ourselves but for others." Oglethorpe was of the opinion that 40,000 or 50,000 people might be profitably employed in the silk industry, and that the cost of production would be 25 per cent, less than the cost of its production in Piedmont. In 1734-35 the general carried to Eng land a package of eight pounds of Georgia raised silk, which Sir Thomas Lambe, by the royal command, had woven at his factor}-. This was made into a robe for Queen Caroline, and worn by. her majesty on the king's birthday in 1735. The trustees sent over a number of skilled workers from Piedmont to teach the colonists the art of manufacture. Every colonist had to plant mulberry trees or keep them standing where they had been planted, and liberal bounties were offered by England for the production of silk. This latter greatly stimulated the industry. The colonists soon became very skillful in the business. In 1739, as we find recorded in "An Impartial Inquiry into the State and Utility of the Province of Georgia," printed in London in 1741, "Some was brought over by one Mr. Samuel Auspourquer, who has made an affidavit that he saw the Italian family winding it off from the balls. It was viewed by Mr. Zachary, an eminent raw silk merchant, and Mr. Booth, one of our greatest weavers, who affirmed it to be as fine as any Italian silk, or any they would wish to use, and that it was worth at least twenty shillings per pound." Here we are given an expert opinion upon the quality of Georgia silk.
The muse was summoned to celebrate the triumph of Georgia silk. Upon the occasion of Gen. Oglethorpe's visit to England bearing the eight pounds of silken thread that was thought to be an augun- of the success of British trade, the muse did not hesitate to predict a great commerce from the new colony:
"The merchant hence unwrought the silk imports, To which we owe the blaze of queens and courts,"
which may very probably be an allusion to Queen Caroline's robe of Georgia sitk. Another poet prophesied that
"Hence annual vessels shall to Europe sail With the gay treasures of the silky spoil."
Bin the colonists must not rest satisfied with the production of a few pounds, and the statesmen and poets of the mother country united in an effort to encourage the colonists to greater activity. The author of "A True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Georgia" says that they could instance a hundred hackney muses, "but confined themselves to the celebrated performance of the Rev. Samuel Wesley, where we might well expect a sufficient stock of truth and religion to coun terbalance of poetical license." After commanding Georgia merchants to "bring wine no more, or from the Iberian or the Tuscan shore," and inviting Franco herself to "drink her best champagne," as all these were to be produced abundantly in the "young province," Mr. \\~esley cautions the general against neglecting the golden possibilities of the silk-worn:
"Xor less the care, Of thy young province, to oblige the fair; Here tend the silk-worm in the verdant shade The frugal matron and the blooming maid."
Under the stimulus of a poetic policy on the part of the statesmen, ami a politic poetry on the part of the bards, the colonists devoted their best energies tc the production of silk. The town of Xew Ebenezer, one of the "dead towns"

INDUSTRIAL, RESOURCES.

^5

of Georgia, where the "wandering emigrants," as the persecuted Protestants of Salzburg were called, had settled, led in the culture of silk. In 1747 these Salzburgers produced one-half of all the silk of the colony. They continued the industry several years after the other colonists had abandoned it for the more profitable raising of cotton and rice. The reels used by them were of their own manufacture, and were so admirably adapted to the work that one of them was sent to England as a model, and another to the East Indies. The following table, which is compiled from Jones' "Dead Towns," McCall's History, and from the United States census reports, gives the production of silk in Georgia, as far as it can be ascertained, from 1735 to 1772:

SILK PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA.
1735--Enough to make a robe for Queen Caroline. 1747--847 pounds of cocoons. 1748--850 pounds of cocoons (estimated). 1749--762 pounds of cocoons and fifty pounds of spun silk. 1750--6,300 pounds of cocoons at filature. I 75-54--Value of raw silk exported, $8,800. 1756--268 pounds of raw silk exported. 1757--1,052 pounds of cocoons received at filature. 1758--7,040 pounds of cocoons received at filature. 1759--Excess of 10,000 pounds of cocoons at Savannah. 1764--15,512 pounds of cocoons produced. 1766--20,000 pounds of cocoons produced. 1768--1,084 pounds raw silk sent to England. 1758-68---In ten years 100,000 pounds of cocoons at filature. 1770--291 pounds raw silk produced. 1
1771--438 pounds raw silk produced. V Silk raising confined to New Ebenezer.
1772--485 pounds raw silk produced. ) 1755-72--In seventeen years 8,829 pounds of raw silk exported. It will be seen that the industry reached its most productive period in 1766, when 20,000 pounds of cocoons were produced. From 1770 the industry was confined to New Ebenezer. Operations at the filature in Savannah ceased in 1771, and Sir James Wright, the royal governor, suggested to the common house of assembly in 1774 that the building should be used for some other purpose. The cessation of the royal bounties, which was the immediate result of the war with England, was the finishing stroke, and the prediction ventured upon by Judge Law in his oration at the celebration of the first anniversary of the Georgia Historical society, in 1840, that "silk is doubtless destined to bring again into utility our exhausted soils and greatly to increase the wealth and capital of our state" has not been fulfilled. But the effort to establish the silk trade had given an interesting and instructive page to the history of Georgia, and may serve to teach the needful lesson that bounties and tariffs cannot secure for an industry successful competition with other countries more favorably conditioned for its pursuit. Among these futile efforts to legislate against the laws of nature and create prosperity by decree, may be mentioned the act of George II., 1749, which provided that raw silk from the American plantations should be admitted free of duty and that Georgia and South Carolina should be known as the "Silk Colonies," a right they have long since forfeited. In 1754 George II. directed that a silver seal should be made for Georgia with the device of a figure presenting a skein

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
of silk to his majesty and the motto: "Hinc laudem sperate coloni." All this royal solicitude was in vain. By the time of the revolution the industry was in its last stages of decay. During that war it is recorded by Thomas McCall that French settlers at New Bordeaux, seventy miles north of Augusta, supplied "much of the high country" with sewing silk spun from their own cocoons. In 1790 two hundred-weight of raw silk was purchased in Georgia for export, the price paid being eighteen to twenty-six shillings a pound. This is the last men tion of the silk industry.
GEXERAL, MANUFACTURES.
The ''frugal matron and the blooming maid" no longer tend silk-worms on the white mulberry trees which were the pride of the trustees, the dream of England, and the despair of the colonists. They have turned their hands and cares to more profitable pursuits. It was inevitable that the industry should fail: and it has yielded room for other occupations better suited to our climate, latitude and soil. As soon as Georgia devoted her attention to such industries as were adapted to her condition and resources, she began a development which increases in greater proportion than her population, and which is destined to put her in the foremost rank of the states of the Union. It is an error to suppose, as is too often done, that manufactures were neglected in the "Old South" and that they are of recent development and largely due to the inflow of northern energy since the war. In thousands of homes throughout the south the "frugal matron and the blooming maid," of the Rev. Mr. Wesley's poem, who had abandoned the unprofitable silk reels, spun and wove cotton and wool into clothing for their households. They had laid their hands to the spindle and their hands held the distaff. Cotton manufactories, blomary iron forges, naileries, smithies, and little unpretentious factories, wherein were made the few implements and manufactured articles that were needed in those days of "plain living and high thinking" were springing up everywhere. There is no record of them and the world no longer accepts traditions without sustaining documents. But they were the germs of the stupendous manufacturing industries of the south of to-day, and the greater south of to-morrow.
In 1810, at the third census enumeration, the national government made the first attempt to get statistics of the manufacturing industries of the country. That year, therefore, is the era of manufacture, the dawn of authentic history. It was ascertained by the census that in 1810 the manufactured products of Georgia and the two Carolinas were greater, both in variety and in value, than the manu factured products of all New England. What a change has taken place in eighty years. To-day the south operates 2,774,087 spindles--to limit the comparison to one industry, and the very one in which the south should lead the world-- while New England operates more than 12,000,000. From 1810 to 1860 the growth of manufacturing at the south was rapid. In the latter year out of a total value of what was known as home-made manufactures of $24,300,000, the south was credited with $16,500,000. The war not only put a stop to all development, but involved the south in such disaster that manufacturing was impossible. New England eagerly took advantage of the situation. She had capital and labor, the south had neither. The raw products of the south went to New England factories, and the south by reason of helplessness suffered a second spoliation at the hands of her late enemy. Conditions are rapidly changing, however, and the growth of manufacturing is now more marked at the south than it is in any otber section of the country. The situation has been admirably summed up by a recent writer who says: ''It (the south) has accumulated capital enough

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.
to undertake very extensive manufacturing. It has demonstrated that the south ern man makes a successful manufacturer and as skilled a mechanic as the northern man or the Englishman, and that the climate is rather advantageous than otherwise to successful and profitable work. In iron, cotton and lumber manufacture it is not a question whether the south can hold its own against other sections, but whether other sections can compete with the south."
What is true of the south is doubly true of Georgia, because in variety of climate, soil, natural resources, products of agriculture, and in the energy and fhriftiness of the people she is the heart of the south. She was founded as a manufacturing colony, a history that no other state can boast. She led her sister colonies in the manufacture of silk, and her development since the war has been such as to indicate that she will be the center of southern industries. The list of manufactures in Georgia, as disclosed by the census of 1810, is remarkable. It shows that manufacturing has sprung up in small industries everywhere, and that its extent was very much greater than is generally supposed. As given in the report, the list includes "cotton goods in families, etc., cotton manufacturing establishments, flaxen goods in families, etc., mixed goods and hempen, chiefly mixed; blended and unnamed cloths and stuffs, woolen goods in families, etc.; bagging for cotton or hemp, flaxen and mixed goods, stockings, carding machines, spinning wheels, looms, labor-saving machinery, drawing and roving machines, mules, billies, jennies, looms with fly shuttles, spinning frames, spindles, blomaries, forges, naileries, soap and'candles, tanneries, deer-skins, distilleries, breweries, gun powder mills and saw-mills," which last are classed as "articles of doubtful nature." We can see in this list, which has great historic interest and value, the early begin nings of our manufactures of the present day. We do not find fertilizers, cotton-seed oil and meal, marble, stone, crackers, confections and "patent medicines,'1 which constitute a large proportion of the manufactured products of Georgia at the present time. The first was not needed in the virgin soil, and the others are products created to supply new demands in the world of trade.
. The following table shows the growth of Georgia manufactures since 1850, the earliest date from which definite statements are obtainable:

Year.

Xo. Estab- ' Capital

Hands I Wages

lishmcnts. ' Invested. Employed. ! Paid.

i

1850 ........ 1860 ........ 1870 ........ ..!
1880........ 1890 ....... ...j

1.4"
1.890 3.836 3-593 4-25

i $5,456,483 i 10,890,875 | 13,930,125 1 20,672,410 j

8.368 "-575 17,871
2546,,837853

I $1,709.664 ! 2.925. 148 ! 4.844.508
;i 5,266,152 17,312,196

Value Material.
$3.404.917 0.986,532 '8,583.75' 24, '43 939 71.774,480

Value Products.
$7,082,075 16,925.564 31,196,115 36440 948 &5.9['7,o2o

From 1880 to 1890, the increase in value of the manufactured product of the United States, was 69.31 per cent. During the same period the increase in the value of these products in Georgia was 90 per cent. In 1880, wages in Georgia were 8211.70 per capita; in 1890, $307.04; an increase of 45 per cent. The percentage of increase in wages for the United States for the same period was 39. The increase in population in Georgia during the same decade was 19.14 per cent., showing that the growth of manufacturing is greatly in excess of the
growth of the population. The development in manufacturing was also far greater than the growth of
wealth. In 1860, the real and personal property of the south was worth

168

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

$6,332,456.289. In 1870, after the loss of all property in slaves, in cotton, in the general devastation of war, the value of all property was $4,401,462,507. The war had cost the south about 82,500,000,000. In 1880, the south had slightly more than recovered her lost ground, and the value of all property was $7,641,000.000. In 1890 the value was $11.534,261,685. Taking this rate of increase as a basis for the estimate, the present value of all property is not less than $15.000,000,000 in 1894. The rate 'of increase in property is over 50 per cent; while the increase in manufactures in Georgia is 90 per cent. In other words, while the population of Georgia will double in about forty years--at the present rate--the value of all property will double in about twenty years; and the value of manufactures will double in about ten years.
At this point, before we taken up the history and development of separate industries, it will be of interest to consider the general condition of manufacturing in the state in 1860. In that year the state was at its highest point of ante-bellum prosperity. The old order, in which the most prominent features were slavery and the extensive plantations, had more than doubled the wealth of the southern states in a single decade, from 1850 to 1860. It had. possibly, done its greatest work, because the old order was already passing away. For these reasons the condition of even.- southern state in 1860 will always be the basis for future com parisons to illustrate development and prosperity. In Georgia, in 1860, the true value of all property according to the national census, was $645,893.237. In 1870, it was only $268,169.207. In 1880, it was $606,000,000. In 1890, it was

The following table shows the condition of manufactures in every county in the state that had any to report, and the condition in the state as a whole. It is given in its entirety because of its great historic value.

INDUSTRIAL. RESOURCES.

169

MANUFACTURES IN GEORGIA BY COUNTIES IN 1860

Counties.

sis
' c"= 'zisg

Capital.

Cost of Employes. Annual

Raw

Cost of

Material. Male. Female Labor.

Annual Value of Product.

Baker .................. Baldwin ................ Berrien .................' Bibb ................... Brooks ................. Bryan .................. Bulloch.................
Butts ................... Calhoun ................ Camden ............... Campbell.. ............. Carroll ................. Cass(Bartow) ........... Catoosa................. Charlton................ Chatham ............... Chattahoochee .......... Chattooga .............. Cherokee. ............ . : Clarke. ................ .1 Clay....................! Clayton ............... J Clinch... .............. Cobb .................. Columbia ............... Colquitt ............... . ! Coweta ................ .'
Uecatur ................ DeKalb ................' Dooly.... ... .........' Dougherty.............. Edwls. ................. Effingham .............. Elbert.. ................. Fannin ................. Fayette ................ Floyd .................. Franklin................ Fulton ................ ; Gilmer .................
Gordon.................' Greene................. : Habersham ............. : Hall.................... Hancock ...............' Haralson ............... Harris........... ....... Hart ................... Houston................ Jackson................. Jasper......... ........ Jefferson................

4 $ 13,800 19 146,725 7 , 45.2OO 88 | 955.131 13 ! 8,175 5 31,000 9 15,600

6 54 500

4 10.700

7 78,750

13 84,900

42 37,886

31 107,615

16 38,800

5 73,5Oo

38 913,400

18 18.475

5 87,000

7 17,200

36 294,700

28 46060

n 29,100

2

8,000

16 ! 468,453

5 ! 99,500

4 ! 9,ooo

58 i 192, 560

* 20,450 178,23? 14.700 460.030 6,923
12,000 14,440 265,020 49,700
9, '97 88,390 4-1,77' 88.945 124.390
1"7 77 C 83.000 ',273.393 55,625 29,567 23,150 218,823 62,851 20.760 15.000
1^,356 t **>
101 777 5,600

15 107,100

20 37,700

16 19,040

19 46,000

5

4,600

4 32,500

40 70,575

4 306,700

10 27.600

6 93.500

8

5.800

15 770,600

3

2,050

23 ! 54,875 17 152,100 1 1 24,050 6; 17,275 18 122.400 6 : 1 1,000 45 79,185 16 16,005 38 130,600 18 30.550 17 ' 55,2io 6 7?.ooo

71.650 65,679
23,375 14 620 12,700 6,6co 199,206 19.962 48,650
44,47? 5.100
198,781 900
7,coo 26,544 204,475 26,933 164.300 5.600 8,700 236,626
9,403 213,862 61,700 50,274
57.300

.2 I......
12? 79 18 ....... 719 78
34. '..... .

10 '..... .

21 .......

89

I

60

30

14

'

94 ' 9

71 58

77 .......

175

2

lol

T.

654

20

21 .......

29

5O

28 '

1

229 136

84 ......

21 .......

18 .......

260 : 256

70 5

n .......

"74

4

15 .......

6

loo 35

60

i

36 .......

91

i

10 .......

53

3

87

20

68 .......

28 .......

IOO

12

12 .......

319 .......

6. i

9 .......

74 ........

Ill ! 85

26 .......

35

96 ' ICO
7 ....... 115 .......

37 :

5

128 27

gi:::::;.

44 i.......

$ 2,760 40.348 4,932 308,664 9.024 2.412 5.100 27,600 17.520 3,624 20,508 19,728 '6,392 47,256 22,644 42,504 270.216 4,248 10,920 3432 70224 23616 5.076 5.100 97.188 13,956
2 4OO 45,768
3,'8o .8.940 i, 080
13.488
274.3AO0A0. 1.980 2120.,551824 18,144 5,82,0 34,080 2,460 110,484 31,,254906 15.456 29,784 6.960 ",352 3d 200 1,224 32,012 7,824 35,916 6,372 1123,.986204

? 30,412 269,898 22,725
1,003,824 24,570 19,240
42372 ,12Q4O3 76,500 16.650 147,756 18231.,690880 211,750 210,620 150,355 ',9146788,,,367570170 31 391836.,.868309780 3300..400000 676,609 2591169418,...,872479270500000 192634848243.,....312951275580550090
5/1 COO
263,252
48.400
lo1o5'.S8o25o
414.336
123,.337050 50.295 283,090 40,372 21,100 244,922 ".545 325,460
304,808 81,044 83,821 83.000

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

MANUFACTURES IX GEORGIA BY COUNTIES IN 1860.--Continued.

Counties.

-j*
Ec..Saa So-

Cost of Employes. Annual

Capital. i Raw

Cost of

Material. Male. Female Labor.

Annual Value of Product.

- Jones ...............
Lee................ Lincoln .............
Mclntosh........... Milton.............. Monroe .............
...
... Pickens. ............. Pierce .............. Pike Polk. ..... .......... Pulaski ..............
Randolph............ Schley. ...... ........
Stewart.............. Talbot.. ....... ...... Tattnall ............. Tavlor............... Terrell .............. Towns.......... .... f, .'So5 "1'mm-jrt'O'C --- ---
Walker.............. Walton.. ...... ..... Ware
\Vavne .............. White.."............. Whitfield. ........... Wilkes.... ......... Worth ..............

It14 $ 72,023 9.400 29.4-10

21114540

1 ! i1

16.200 39,865 '128-,510750

4 10

9,900 217,400

69,412

8,000

6

,9

21,200

19

8o8,500

89

200.730

24 75,75

13 27,100

37 7

5IO92.,,O83O572O0

15 60,200

95,000

*

li'.SSo'

12

47 1,057,200

9 3 14

13,050 34,75 61,000

199

34,25 2>9=5

90,285

14 17,455

22

35,8oo

88 103,522

ii

29,250

6 35,20

I

5j

30 182,850

17 31-375

5,3

41 3'6.9J!5

11,666

51

78.645

3

21,500 52.9

8 48,200

49,265

16

12,800

2142

85.500 41.300

18 37,24

4

95

'$ 3<M05 16,800 31.710 12.580 6375 22,899 15.870 ',765 116.200 28,822 1.500 28,085 62,710
9,585 762,245 212,379 '47,136
17,724 3,oo 107,723 16,776 63,35 45,200 7,464 16,221 844.400 42,784 39. 48,906
33-575 61,811 46,650 87,062 13.720 356,55 37,860 26,000
10,000
22129,,529056
2,000 22?>2J7
6,800
'43 757 25.500 34=3' 11,225 ".675 8.700 46:278 23,860 35-406
709

119

2 $ 21,756 $ 144000'

'7

2,880 22,625

49

HS88 8i,373

22

4,596 20,700

65

14,316 98.065

39

i

10.044 44,370

30

2

7,152 34-120

M

3.42

9,251

161 119

9

36.144 29.856

J97-475 84,775

5

1,440

6,000

53

16.800 63,100

7I

I

17,664 109450

26

4,200

18,925

540 : 415

224 73

So

4

5

3

99 44

i

46

2

49 34 26 41 59' 250

24

62

4

86

I

44

142I6 24

,

38

245 ii

47 69

225112803.,,.993513072228
31I114690434,,,,.,863738000688$400000 23231114644038,.,5,.,59652715969252266046
41929.,9-98367098243.

1,409,711 348,831 187,343 33,oo 34.000 77,857 45,800 88.870 85,000 17-94* 42,432
1,362,642
57.675 62,400 114.671 57,150 89.188 102,225 1 10, 130 24,525
533,433 62,930 57,000-

2
; 173 7

480

1 1 poo

4i,3i6 344,950

8.520 34,394

3
>74

96

2,040 48,552

33IO0.^O7Q8C2X

17 146

4

4,236 40,068

22193,,603126

4" 79
I
16
ll ?l

20 I

9,060 18,336 8,040 6,780 3,252 27,264 13.224 18,000

4802,,220906.
321084,,,245760560 1852426,,,461065060

2,640

4,100

...i 1,800 10,890.875 9-986,532 9.5" 1 2,064 2,925, 148 16,925,564

NOTE--No returns from twenty counties.

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

171

Cotton.--When the manufacture of silk ceased to be profitable, or to give hope of profit, the colonists of Georgia turned their attention mainly to agriculture; bur found it necessary and economical to make at home many things that they had been getting from England. The separation from the mother country greatly stimulated these small home industries, and the people of the state, making a virtue of necessity, began the manufacture of farming implements, nails, utensils of the home and office, clothing for the household, and iron from the ores of the northern hills. The census authorities say in their compilation of their last reports ' that all information upon cotton manufacture prior to 1840 is "meagre and not altogether trustworthy." Nevertheless it is fair to assume that the manufacture of cotton soon took the place occupied by silk in the old colonial days. The staple that has for a half century been the king and ruler of the destinies of the south, was brought to this country from Cyprus and Smyrna in 1621, at which time a few seeds were planted, as an experiment^ in Virginia. It was twenty years after this first planting of cotton seed in Virginia that cotton began to be used in the manufacture of textile fabrics in England. The cotton used, however, was not from the American plantations, but imported from the Levant. The experiment did not promise well, as at the time of the revolution the cotton crop of the south consisted in a few thousand pounds raised in little garden patches for home use. It was not until 1784 that cotton was exported. In that year 1,200 pounds were shipped to England. For the same year the total consumption of cotton in England was 11,250,000 pounds. In 1894, the southern states exported to Eng land 2,761,306 bales, or 1,365,130,388 pounds; the total crop of the south being 7,527,211 bales, or 3,478,422,352 pounds; and England's consumption being 4,100,000 bales, or 1,640,000,000 pounds.
The south itself consumes 839,000 bales; the United States, 2,830,000; and the entire world, 11,714,000. These figures show the tremendous growth of our cotton crop, and at the same time indicates the danger to which the south is exposed. We now raise within 2,000,000 or 3,000,000 bales of the world's con sumption. Adding to this crop the product of Egypt, India, China and Russian Asia, the world is raising more cotton than it consumes. This year's crop leaves an excess of nearly 2,500,000 bales.
In 1800 the south produced 40,000,000 pounds of cotton. By 1820, the crop had grown to 160,000,000 pounds; by 1830, to 350,000,000 pounds; by 1840, to 790,000,000 pounds; by 1850, to 978,000,000 pounds, or 2,469,093 bales. In 1860, the total crop was 2,154,820,800 pounds, or 5,387,052 bales. Southern planters who got fabulous prices for cotton just after the war declared that the south would never raise another 5,000,000 crop. In 1867, the crop was only 2,230,000 bales. In 1870 it reached 3,011,996. In 1880 it got up Jo 5,755,359, or back to the figures of 1860, just twenty years after the golden era. The con sumption of cotton and its manufacture has not either in this state or in the United States, kept pace with the crop. As early as 1640, nineteen years after the planting of the first cotton seed in Virginia, and a year before England herself began to manufacture cotton, Massachusetts offered bounties for the manu facture of cotton goods. The first factory was established at Rowley, Mass., in 1743. In 1791, only 5,500,000 pounds were manufactured in the United States. At the beginning of this century, 1801, 9,000,000 pounds were consumed; in 1811, 17,000,000 pounds; in 1821, 50,000,000 pounds; in 1831, 77,500,000 pounds; in 1841, 97,500,000 pounds; in 1850, 245,250,000 pounds; in 1860, 422,704,975 pounds, or 1,094,762 bales of 400 pounds each; in 1870, 1,109,000 bales; in 1880, 2,118,000 bales; in 1890-91, 2,958,000; and in 1894, 2,830,000 bales. The south raised in 1894, 7,577,211 bales, and consumed 718,515 bales; Georgia raised

172

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

1,125,000 bales, and consumes 176,303 bales. The increase for consumption in the south has been 55 per cent, since 1889. In an address delivered in Baltimore,
Aug. 14,1894, Mr. R. H. Edmonds made the following statement as to the general condition of cotton manufacturing in the south:
"There are about 15,000,000 cotton spindles in the United States. They
represent an investment, including all classes of cotton manufactures, of over
8400,000.000. Of this number the south has in round numbers one-sixth or 2,700.000 spindles, and the capital invested is about $97,000,000. The world has about 85,000,000 spindles. If the capital invested were in the same proportion as in this country the aggregate would be over $2,300,000,000, but the capital of European mills is less in proportion to the number of spindles than in this country. The south produces nearly 60 per cent, of the entire cotton crop of the world, and if it manufactured this it would need over twenty times as many spindles as it has. or about 50,000,000, and the capital needed would exceed 81,300,000,000. The total annual value of the product of these mills would be equal to the value of three full cotton crops. In the last eighteen years the cotton crops of the south have been sold for an aggregate of nearly $6,000,000,000. Before they reach the consumer their value has increased to $18,000,000,000 or 820,000,000,000. This enormous business, creating wealth wherever established, is the prize for which the south has now commenced to contend."

GROWTH OF COTTOX MAXUKACFURE IN GEORGIA SIXCE 1860.

Establishments, Noof.

Year.

ui

1

I

v>

i

1

c
1I

Capital Wages Cotton Value of Invested. Paid. Consumed. Product.

1860..... - 33 2,041

1870.....

1,887

1880..... <\ i 4.4Q3

1890..... - 53 '0,459

1893..... 65 11.655

85,186 2.813 $ 2 126,103 * 41-33-' 85,602 , 2.846 3 433- 265 611^868 198,656 6.215 6,537,657 1.141.782 442,148 10.530 17.664,675 2.366 085 534,36o F-> 27CVZ

13,907 ,94" * 2,371,207 10.92 1, 176*1 3.648.973 33-757- '99 6,513.490
145.859* 12,035.629 184,403* 15.000flood

Notes to table on cotton: (a) Number of pounds given for 1860, 1870 and 1880; (b) number of b .les for 1890 and 1893; the number of pounds for 1890 were 69,139,410, and for 1893, 78,722,079; (c) operatives estimated on the basis of one to every 43.19 spindles; (d) estimated.

While the figures for 1893 cannot be given in regard to operatives, capital, wages, and value of product, yet a very close estimate is possible. For instance, the average number of spindles to the operative in Georgia is 43.19; this would give 12,370 operatives. Other estimates are based upon such averages, and the information gathered through correspondence with the mills of the state. A glance at the table will be sufficient to show that the rate of increase in the manufacture of cotton has been very marked and rapid. We should not go back to 1860 for comparison, because between 1860 and 1870 there is a gulf which comparative statistics cannot cross. We should begin the comparison at 1870. The figures for 1860 are given for their historic interest, and to give a basis of contrast between ante-bellum prosperity and the prosperity of the present day. Taking the figures for 1870, therefore, we see that in the manufacture of cotton

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

173

Georgia's increase has been nearly 500 per cent, in twenty-three years. A few more years of such growth will place her in the front rank in this industry. Even-thing points to an even more rapid advance. The mills, as has often been said, are coming to the cotton. New England and Great Britain cannot success fully compete against the south in the manufacture of southern cotton. England has the advantage of a century's start ahead, and so has New England. But the natural conditions at the south cannot be met by artificial conditions. The south has 20,000,000 horse-power comparatively idle; she has cheaper labor than can be found elsewhere, and this labor is equal in industry and skill to any in the world; she has a climate in which work can be performed with comfort and safety all the year; and she has the cotton at the doors of her mills. In middle Georgia there is a cotton mill driven by water power, situated by the side of a railroad, and within a field'of cotton. The picture of this mill tells the whole story, and is itself a clear prophecy of the future of the cotton manufacture. It is claimed, however, that while the southern mills can control the markets of the world with regard to coarse goods they cannot do so with regard to fine goods. What is true in the one case is true in the other. The skill necessary will soon be forth coming, and the day is not far distant when the southern states will manufacture their own cotton, and control the markets of the world in all varieties of cotton manufactures. To the $300,000,000 of the cotton crop will be added at least $800,000,000 invested in cotton manufacture, and the south will become one of the richest portions of the globe.
Georgia does about 25 per cent, of all the cotton manufacturing of the south. She will hold this proportion for years to come, and wilt probably increase it within the next few years. The prospect is that cotton manufacturing in this state will grow with tremendous rapidity, and will soon have an invested capital of upward of $100,000,000. From 1880 to 1890, the increase in value of the product of the cotton mills for the whole United States was 39.51 per cent, and for Georgia 85.52 per cent.
Wool.--The manufacture of wool is so closely related to that of cotton that it might be well included in the statistics and accounts of the latter industry. While the manufacture is still of considerable importance, it has not fulfilled the rich promise it gave of rapid development and growth. Its history goes back dimly to 1810, when it was entered into the census list of industries in Georgia as "woolen goods in families." But there is nothing authentic prior to 1840. At that time Georgia is credited with one woolen establishment with a capital of $2,000, and with a product value of $3,000. By 1850, there were three establish ments, with capital of $68,000, and a product value of $88,750. In 1860, the industry showed a very great development. There were eleven establishments with a capital of $242,500 and a product of $464,420. In 1870, it reached its highest point of growth. The establishments numbered forty-six, the capital invested was $936,585, and the product $471,523. In 1880, there were thirty-two establishments, capital $180,733, and product $239,390. In 1890, there were only fourteen establishments, but the capital had risen to $298,539. The product still decreased in value and was reported as $173,245. The condition in 1894 remains probably as in 1890. The growth of the business in the west has somewhat over shadowed the industry in the southern states, although a prominent operator in this state reports the outlook as encouraging, and predicts a substantial and satis
factory advance. Cotton Seed Oil.--Within recent years a new industry of very- great importance
to the farmers of the south has sprung into existence. A few years ago the only revenue- the farmer received from his cotton was from the sale of the lint. The

174

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

seed, except what was needed for replanting and the little used for feeding stock, was almost a waste. It was not even understood and appreciated as a fertilizer. The seed is now utilized to the farthest degree, and has added a large and growing
industry to the southern states, and many thousands of dollars to the scanty revenues of the cotton planters. It is estimated that there are in every bale of
cotton thirty bushels of seed. Two bushels are needed to plant an acre, and as
it requires three acres to produce a bale, six bushels out of these thirty must be saved for the next crop. This leaves twenty-four bushels of seed for every bale of cotton, which constitutes the raw material of the new industry. This year's crop of cotton was 7,427,211 bales. Multiplying this by twenty-four and we have 180,653,064 bushels of cotton seed. Twenty bushels of cotton seed weigh 720 pounds. There are, therefore, 5,419.591.920 pounds of cotton seed from a single crop that may be made into oil. meal and fertilizer. To the farmers who sell to the mills, this means at the usual price paid for seed. 15 cents a bushel, or $10 per ton--830,000,000 a year. The average value of the cotton crop may be stated as about 8300,000,000. The value of cotton seed is about one-tenth. In other words, the southern farmer has added to his income by 10 per cent, of what he was making from his cotton. The industry has a brilliant outlook, as the oil is being more and more extensively used in the manufacture of lard and the various substitutes for butter, and for mixing with olive oil.
In 1860, cotton seed oil is mentioned for the first time in our national census reports. At that time there were seven establishments, with a product valued at 8741,000 for the whole country. In 1870, there were twenty-six establishments, with a product worth 82,205,610. Louisiana led with six establishments. Xew York, Rhode Island and Ohio together had seven. All the rest were in the south ern states. Georgia had not one. In 1880, there were forty-five establishments, with a capital of $3,862,300, and a product valued at 87.690,921. With the excep tion of one establishment each in Connecticut, Rhode Island and Ohio, and two in Missouri, all were in the south. Georgia was still without a report. In 1890,
there were 119 establishments, with a product valued at 819,335,947. Georgia's share is reported as seventeen establishments, and a product valued at 81,670,196.
The development in this state since 1890 has been marvelous. There are now twenty-five establishments, which crushed this year 200,000 tons of seed. The product of a ton is as follows: Forty gallons of oil at 40 cents, $16; 700 pounds of meal at 820 a ton, 87; 25 pounds of lint at 3 cents, 75 cents; 900 pounds of hulls at $3 a ton, 81.25. Total, 825.10. This gives the following result: Eight million gallons of oil, $3,200,000; 5,000,000 pounds of lint. $150,000; 180,000,000 pounds of hulls, $270,000; 140.000.000 pounds of meal, $1,400,000. Total, 5,020,000.
If this estimate, which is furnished by thoroughly informed men engaged in this industry, may be relied on, the manufacture of cotton seed oil and its attendant industries has increased 300 per cent, in four years. The "crush" of the present year in Georgia was about one-third of the seed produced.
Iron.--In the history of manufacturing in Georgia, the iron industries follow close upon the manufacture of cotton. As early as 1810, we find the census report mentioning blomaries, forges and naileries. It is more than probable the colonists liad found it both necessary and -economical to make nails and farming imple ments, but there is no record of the industry, which was confined, perhaps, to the plantation, each supplying itself with such tools and iron implements as were necessary. In 1810, however, it is recorded that there was a nailery in Chatham county, a forge in Elbert, and a "blomary" in Warren. A blomary is "the first forge in an iron works through which the metal passes after having been melted

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

from the ore, and in which it is made into blooms." As the iron ores of Georgia were all in the upper part of the state, they could not be got at until after the Indians had vacated portions of the mountainous region. It was not until 1838
that the Cherokees abandoned their claims to the territory. The iron industry, therefore, labored under many disadvantages in its early history.
The Sequee blomary forge was built in 1830, three miles south of Clarkesville, Habersham Co., but was abandoned in 1835. In the same county Hodge's forge was established, probably about the same date, if not earlier. Blomary forges were built in Cass county (now Bartow) in 1838, 1841 and 1846. In Union county one was built in 1839 and one in Murray county in 1843. Blomaries were also built in Dade and Walker about the same date. The first furnace built in the state was the one at Sequee, 1832, abandoned about five years later. Others were built in Cass and Walker counties about the same period. Rising Fawn furnace, in Dade county, has the distinction of being the first furnace in the United States to use the Whitewell hot-blast stove. The first blowing in iron was on June 18, 1875.
The iron industry has been re-established in this state within the last twenty-five years, and gives promise of a much greater development. The following table s'hows the industry since 1870. The census report for 1860 does not give figures:

Xumber ot

Year.

Establishments.

1870. .................. ................. 7

1880................... ................. 14

1800................... ................. s

Capital. $ 228,060
i,i35>9o
........

Product. $903,068 990,850
47L757

This table, compiled from the census, would indicate a decided decrease in the
iron production, but such is not the case. In 1892 Georgia produced 9,950 tons of pig iron. In 1893 she produced 39,675 tons. This advance is remarkable because only three states showed an increase in iron production in 1893--Colorado, Mary
land and Georgia. The percentage of increase in Colorado was 40, in Maryland .52, and in Georgia within a fraction of 300. It may be well to call attention here to the great increase in industries using iron and steel as material in manufacture.
The manufacture of agricultural implements increased from a product of $601,935 in 1880 to $793,825 in 1890; foundry and machine-shop products from $1,299,491
in 1880 to $2,272,653 in 1890. Marble and Granite.--The marble and stone industries are of recent develop
ment. The census report for 1870 gives a record of marble and stone work (not
specified) as two establishments, with a capital of $60,000, and a product of $25,000, while "monuments and tombstones" are recorded as having seven establishments,
a capital of $62,300 and a productof $104,800. Paving material is not given at all.
In 1860 none of these industries is mentioned. The report of the United States census for 1880 gives the condition of the
paving-stone industry for Georgia as two establishments, with a capital of $7,500,
and a product of $13,100. By 1890 it had grown to five establishments, with a product of $513,648. In 1881, less than twenty carloads of paving stone, building and monumental stone were snipped out of Georgia. For the last three years, that
is, for 1891, 1892 and 1893, the average has been from 8,000 to 10,000 carloads, and a product of upward of $1,000,000 a year. In 1893 Georgia did as large a business in this one industry as the entire country did ten years before. By the census report of 1880 the entire granite product of the United States was $5,188,998. By 1890 the industry had almost trebled its product. In 1880 Georgia ranked twelfth among the states in stone-producing industries. In 1890 she had advanced to fifth

176

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

rank in paving material, and sixth in building stone. In the cities of Baltimore, Cincinnati, Columbus, O., Dayton, Louisville, Chattanooga, Nashville, Memphis, Montgomery, Birmingham, New Orleans, Savannah, Augusta and Atlanta there are 1,845,000 square yards of granite paving--equal to 130 miles of roadway-- furnished by the quarries of Stone Mountain and Lithonia in this state.
While the marble industry dates from 1840, when F. T. Simmons opened a small quarry in Longswamp valley,.near Tate, no extensive product was madeuntil some years after the war. In 1850 two mills were erected on Longswamp creek, and the output was very largely increased. But it was not until 1885 that quarrying was conducted on an extensive scale. A company was organized in 1884, with a capital of $i ,500,000, for the purpose of quarrying marble. Another
large company was organized in 1885. Since that date the business has grown very rapidly. In 1886 a third large company was organized. Georgia produced $261,666 worth of marble in 1893, and now ranks next to Vermont in the amount of product. Marble is found in Fannin, Pickens and Gilmer counties, though Pickens is the only one now actively producing. The work of dressing marble
constitutes an auxiliary industry which has a capital of about $200,000 and is an important and thriving business.
Fertilizers.--A number of industries have sprung up within recent years or
have assumed large proportions. Among them is the manufacture of fertilizers. In 1870, when this industry makes its first appearance in the census statistics, there were six establishments, with a capital of 851,500, and a product of $163,950. In 1880 there were three establishments, with a capital of $240,000, and a product of 8246,500. In 1890 the business showed an increase of 2,000 per cent, for the decade. There were forty-four establishments having a product of $5,026,034. It is estimated by the manufacturers that 225,000 tons were produced in the state during the past season. The state chemist inspected about 315,000 tons, and the amount consumed by the state was about 325,000 tons. The state uses probably 100,000 more tons than is manufactured in it.
Crackers and Candy.--Another industry of recent and rapid development is the manufacture of crackers and candy. Ten years ago the candy and cracker industries employed 8150,000 capital, and had a product of 8400,000. This year the capital employed is 400,000 and the product about $1,000,000.
Patent Medicines.--The manufacture of patent medicines has become a very important industry in the state. In 1880 there were twelve establishments and
a product of 8138,500. By 1890 there were fourteen establishments and a product of $837495. The product is now very greatly in excess of these figures, as may be inferred from the development of one of these manufactories. In 1880 the retail value of the product of this single preparation was only $1,843. I" J 889 it was $13,894; in 1890,856,672; in 1891,8126,918; in 1892, $226,404; in 1893, $309,932, and in 1894, $367,993. Atlanta has the reputation of doing the largest business in patent medicines of any city in the south, and as much as all others south of Louisville combined. One firm in 1890 did a business of $500,000.
Industries have not yet grouped themselves in certain places as they have in other states. Georgia has no Lowell or Pittsburg. But the process has begun.
Cotton manufacturing is mostly confined to Augusta and to Columbus, where water power is very cheap, convenient and exhaustless. Savannah is the largest naval-store market in the world, and Brunswick is following her development
rapidly. Atlanta is remarkable for diversified industries. Only Lowell and Law rence, Mass., outrank her in the proportion of population engaged in manufac turing pursuits. She had more than 840 manufacturing establishments in 1885, the variety extending to fifty-two different industries.

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

177

The following table gives the conditions of manufactures in the state for 1880 and 1890, with aggregates for 1860 and 1870.
Lumber and naval stores are treated in another article following this.
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MANUFACTURES--1860 TO 1890.

Industries.

Noof. Establish,|ments. (A
i*t! Year. w

Agricultural Implements. ........... 1890 Brick and Tile ....... ............. life Cotton Compressing ................ 1890
1880 Cotton Ginning .................... 1890

ii 20 61 76
9

21,,024256872'47804

i 281

1,236

1 880 Cotton Goods ...................... 1800
1880 Fertilizers .......................... 1890
1880 Flouring and Grist Mill Products. . . 1800

53 44 44 3

1610,,,24546231780

719 1,394

1880 1,132 1.845

Foundry and Machine Shop Products. 1890 1880
Furniture, Cabinet Making, etc. .....

52 1,743 39 912 52 854

42 205

Iron and Steel. .............. ..... 1890 1880

5 357 '4 ',303

Leather.................. .........

12 255

173 243

Liquors, Malt ...................... 1890 1880

5 193 i 25

Lumber, etc. .....................:.

434 5.917

655 3,392

Planing Mill Product, etc. .......... life 82 2.317

27 682

Oil, Cotton Seed and Cake. ......... rlE 17 800

1880

Patent Medicines, etc.. ............. 1800 14 "3'

12

90

Paving and Paving Materials. ....... tffe

5 422

2

13

Printing and Publishing. ............ rife 238 1,930

1880 21 483

209 Rice, Cleaning, etc. ................

3

O5H

Tar and Turpentine ................ life J 9.9"

J8jjo 84 ?,743

1,238 i ado 13.819

j88

4,915

Wages Paid.

Cost

Value

of

of

Material. Product

$174,811 77,585 473.072 188,883 127,147
881,,900030
21,,83333412446082472631241,,,,,,.,600348750874847825222799 31147185825,,,,741447782099 1952409,,.321688946
10,943 1,572,284
554,085
OO8 TO2 164,663 186,685
61,695
32,479 176,230
3,600 I,022,56l
213,052 54,776
34,957 2,012,396
506,842 5,673,865 1,361,215

425,985 337,846 253,922
"5,747 59,135
1,500 23,613

$793.825 601,935
1,201,542 409,025 401,303 3,200 227,782

7,832,230 4,039,673
203,000 4,356,700 8,619,092
753.299 612,483 475,279
55,464 312,728
111 24i',7p 60,567 3,263,027 3,197,155 1,907,370 353,300 1,289,421

12,035,629 6,513490 5,026,034
246,500 5.190,3" 9,793.898 2,272,653 '.299491 i ,002,829
188,514 471,757 990,850
433,853 6i9,9|7 580,760
- 99-584 6,306,095 4,o75,3>o 3,548,972
737,200 1,670,196

180,147 56,900 184,497 6,000 760,085 218.306 684,396 1,309,400 1,001,686
490,355 8,401,709 3446,748

837495 138,500 513.648 13,100 2,706,829
579,054 914.611 1,488,769 4.242,255
1M8454S8,.674319 6,386,832

Aggregates by Decades. ............ 1860 1870 1880 1890

31,,883960

, 575 17,871

3,593 4,285

24,875 56,383

4,844,508 5,266,152 17,312,196

9,986,532 18,583,731 24.!43-939 35,774,480

16,925.564 31,196,115
3D. 44O,94&
68,917,020

LUMBER AND NAVAL STORES.
The lumber industry, if we include in it all its legitimate branches, is the most important of the manufacturing industries of the state. And yet almost nothing 1-12

178

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

is known of its extent and condition. It is very difficult to get accurate infor
mation, as the census reports on this particular industry are totally untrustworthy. Recourse has been had to private sources of information, to the scattering articles
on special branches of the business, and the entire work has been done from the start, or original!}-, as there was nothing to be had better than very general and very unsatisfactory accounts. Since 1860 the value of the product of the lumber industries has been above $3,000,000 annually, and has comprised about
one-seventh of the entire manufacturing business of the state. We have just begun, however, to appreciate the extent and value of the industry, and to realize that we have, in our ignorance and blind race after immediate profit, been killing the goose that laid the golden eggs. The pine forests are going, just as we are beginning to understand their tremendous value. It will require from thirty
ro fifty years for the pine forests to grow to their maturity; and half a cen tury is necessary to repair the injury done by the greed of a single generation. Fortunately there yet remains a vast amount of pine timber in the state; enough to constitute a source of great natural wealth, if properly protected. The great clangers that threaten the pines are the recklessness of the mill men, who do not seem to care how much they destroy in their efforts to increase their "cuts" and profits, and the blind desire of the small farmer to have the timber cut <!own in order that he may impoverish himself by planting the land in "cottonpatches." Instead, therefore, of the mature trees being cut, and the young j^rowth allowed to remain for future milling, the whole forest is swept away. In its place spring up here and there "patches" of cotton, which are cultivated until the natural fertility of the soil is exhausted, and the patches are moved to other fresh land, and so on, and so on, leaving barren acres of land that < >nce grew the most valuable timber of the world. It is to be hoped that proper care will be exercised by the state over this great natural resource, and that it will be preserved as a constant and boundless source of revenue.
The value of Georgia yellow pine is increasing year by year. Its uses, its qualities of endurance, and its ornamental value, are becoming better understood and appreciated. It is known all over the world, and serves for luxurious street pavements in Berlin, and for ornamental woodwork in the halls of the nobility of Europe. In even,- country of the old world forests of valuable timber are cared for as if they were orchards, from which the}' expect future crops. They are not destroyed for one harvest. It is sheer folly to sweep away the forests of yellow pine in this state, and deprire ourselves of our greatest source of wealth.
In 1860 the census report gave to Georgia, in the lumber industries, 429 establishments, with a capital of nearly $2,000,000, and a product valued at 83,000,000. In 1870 there were, according to the same authority, 543 establish ments with a capital of about $2,000,000, and a product of $4,700,000. In 1880 there were 682 establishments, with a capital of about $3,500,000, and a product
of 85,612.510. In 1885 the establishments had increased to about 800, the capital to something like 85,500,000, and the value of product to about $8,000.000. In
1890 the estimate of the census enumerators was that there were 516 establishments and a product valued at 89,855,067. Xo estimate has been made as to the cap ital invested. Although these figures would seem to indicate a decrease in the
number of establishments, the value of the product has increased nearly 100
percent, over 1880. The figures given by the census must, however, be taken with several grains
of allowance, especially with regard to this industry. In 1890 the forestry division of the agricultural department estimated 101,760,550.000 feet of long and short leaf timber were standing in the forests of this state, about half of it being "long

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

179

leaf or "yellow" pine. The figures of the yellow pine standing in 1880 were given as 16,778,000,000 feet A careful estimate was made in 1890, through members of the legislature from the pine section of the state, as to the condition of the yellow pine timber. It was pretty definitely determined by this method that the estimates of the census were far from the truth. A statement of the result will show both the vast wealth the state possesses in her pines and the fearful vandalism of speculators which is so rapidly destroying this abundant source of revenue.
There are 15,000,000 acres of yellow pine timber in Georgia. It is calcu lated that here are, on an average, 3,000 feet of lumber to the acre, or 45,000,000,000 feet of standing yellow pine. A careful calculation shows that this timber, when marketed, is worth $37.50 to the acre; that there is a profit in cutting and marketing this timber at $12 per acre. The yellow pine timber of Georgia, as it stood in the forests in 1890, was worth $562,500,000; or more than the assessed valuation of all the property, real and personal, of the state. The profit in marketing this would be $180,000,000. This land, bearing a crop worth $37.50, or a clear profit of $12 to every acre, is assessed for taxation at from twelve to thirty cents an acre.
For the purpose of a general article, and as denoting the respective value of the different kinds of timber in Georgia, the yellow pine may be considered as constituting one class, and all other varieties of our timber as embraced in another class. The value and importance of the pine timber far exceed that of all other varieties.
WOODS OP GEORGIA.
The other and less known and less utilized timbers are, however, very abund ant and valuable. Along the range of the mountains in northern Georgia are extensive forests of oak and hickory. These varieties of timber are found in great abundance in the counties of Rabun, Habersham, Union, Lumpkin, White, Pickens, Towns, Murray, Fannin, Gilmer, Walker, Dade, Catoosa, Chattooga, Bartow, Cherokee. and other counties comprising what is known as northern, or upper Georgia. Large quantities of these woods are now being used in the manufacture of carriages, buggies, wagons, plow frames, tool handles, etc., and the oak is becoming more and more popular for finishing and ornamental material in interior and cabinet work. There is no wood in the forests of this country, with the possible exception of bird's-eye maple, walnut, and cherry, which are all rare and costly, that is more ornate and durable than the Georgia oak. Our oak has the tremendous advantage of being abundant. The red oak, the white oak and the mountain oak are the most familiar varieties.
The oaks and hickories, while generally indicative of a clayey soil and a high country, are yet found continuously from the northern to the southern boundary of the state. In central Georgia and in the upper part of southern Georgia, where the yellow pine reigns supreme, the oaks and hickory disappear; but they are found again along the southernmost bound of the state, in Thomas, Decatur, Lowndes and Brooks counties. Along the western side of the state they extend almost unbrokenly from Lookout mountain to the Appalachicola. On the east, also, they are found from the North Carolina line to the ocean. Along the Atlantic coast, in a strip of about twenty miles in width and about one hundred miles long, are found forests of live oak. This wood is the toughest of all our varieties, and is very valuable in shipbuilding. It cannot be split, as its fibers and grain are so knit as to be as strong as iron. The live oak is a beautiful and picturesque tree. One who has seen the oaks of Bonaventure, near Savannah, can never forget their grandeur, their solemnity, and their inex-

I g0

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

pressible beaut}-. Their long, knotted and twisted branches, frequently larger and longer than the main trunk or stem, extend over the paths and avenues and the gray moss trails from them almost to the graves below. They seem draped in perpetual mourning for the dead who sleep beneath their boughs. It is under such trees, bending their branches until they rest refreshed in the damp marsh, that Henry Lee, "Lighthorse Harry," lies "buried by the upbraiding shore" on Cumberland island, at Dungeness, the seat of Gen. Greene.
Along the coast, also, and in the swamps on the banks of the rivers near the sea, are extensive forests of cypress, one of the most valuable of all woods. Cypress lumber is the material of a large industry in that section of the state. The lumber is more expensive than pine, and the shingles made of it are the best and most durable. It is also excellent for use in places where it will be subjected to damp ness. Heretofore a large part of this timber was inaccessible, growing as it does in almost impenetrable swamps. But the draining of Okefenokee swamp, and the use of improved machinery for hauling the logs out of the very heart of the swamp on long cables of wire or rope have made cypress lumber more abundant in the market. Prior to 1886 cypress was almost unknown as lumber, but since that time its use has steadily increased. There is quite a good deal of cedar in what is known as the lime-sink region of southern Georgia, and in the limestone country of the northwest. In the northern and northeastern parts of the state the ash, white pine and spruce are found, but not in very large quantities. The gathering of oak bark for tanning purposes constitutes quite an industry in this part of the state Scat tered all through the state are occasional groups of poplars, growing to tremendous size and height; but the poplar is no longer abundant enough to make any show as lumber. It was once one of the most common trees of our forests, but it is fast disappearing.
There are some other hardwoods in the Georgia forests and swamps that are slowly becoming recognized as timber woods. These are the persimmon, the holly and the gum. They will'be utilized some day, and, as they are rapid growers, will form quite a valuable addition to the timber wealth of the state. These woods constitute one class of our lumber trees. The yellow pine, forming a class by itself, is yet more valuable than-all the other woods of the state.
The yellow pine is at once the glory and the benefactor of Georgia. This majestic tree, bearing its crown of fadeless green upon its lithe, straight stem, 100 feet high, like a temple column with Corinthian capital, is the most beautiful object to be seen in our forests. Its trunk offers to the avarice of man the most valuable lumber to be found on this continent, and its balsamic leaves are "for the healing of the nations." It should be put upon the seal of the state, and be made our emblem. It has given us already enormous revenue, and the pine forests still hold a greater wealth than is stored in all the farms, railways, mines, manufactories and cities of the state.
HEALTH-GIVING PROPERTIES OP GEORGIA LUMBER.
While we are considering lumber only, and looking at the pine tree as if its beauU- and perennial freshness were destroyed and the columnar stem cut into a blank square representing so many feet of board, and so much profit, we may pause to glance at the tree as a benefactor in a higher sense. The pine forests are natural sanitariums. Under the pines health reigns and sickness disappears. The invalid, whose throat and lungs have become diseased in the cold climates of the north and west, finds relief and health in the breath of the pines. The pines neutral ize the unwholesome vapors rising from the swamps and purify the air. This .enables us to enjoy perfect health and strength in a warm and almost Italian

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

igl

climate. In the entire pine section of the state, which embraces about 25,000,000 acres, or more than one-half of the state, is found health and an invigorating climate. This, too, may be considered from a commercial point of view. The salutary and curative virtues of the pine bring thousands of people yearly to Georgia, increasing the traffic of railways, enabling hotels to pay dividends, supporting stablemen, creating a market for fruit and vegetables, and helping physicians, who would starve and die upon the natural hcalthfulness of the region, to find a practice among sojourning invalids. The pines around Thomasville and in the other sections of Georgia have increased the average length of life int this country by adding years to many a life that had been despaired of in the icy north. It is to be hoped that this consideration, in its double aspect of profit and healing, will aid in the work of preserving our pine forests from total destruction.
The yellow or long-leaf pine, is more abundant than any other timber tree on the continent. This constitutes its third claim to primacy among our forests and timber trees--its value as lumber and its curative properties being the other two. It will long outlast the big redwoods of the northwest, the maple, ash and poplar of Tennessee and Kentucky, the cypress of the southern coasts, and the white pine of the north and east If the forests of Georgia and the south are properly cared for the time will come when the only profitable lumber tree of this country will be the yellow pine.
Attention has already been called to the statistics of lumber cut and milled in this state, and to the growth of the lumber industry. The pines of Georgia now standing occupy abo'it 15,000,000 acres, and are to be found in paying quantity in seventy-nine of the 137 counties. The pine belt may be said to begin as high north as Chattooga, and thence it sweeps in an ever-widening curve toward the Atlantic, until it embraces the entire middle and southern part of the state. Over this extensive area the quantity of pine forest varies greatly. In Lincoln county it is estimated that there are 2,000 acres of pine timber, while in Coffee county there are about 548,000 acres. At 3,000 feet to the acre, this would give to Coffee county 1,644,000000 feet. Three other counties--Charlton, Clinch and Tattnall--have each more than 500,000 acres in pine. Three others--Appling, Berrien and Mont gomery--have between 400,000 and 500,000 acres each. Four--Bullock, Decatur, Laurens and Liberty--have between 300,000 and 400,000 acres each. Fifteen-- Brooks, Burke, Camden, Colquitt, Dodge, Dooly, Effingbam, Emanuel, Lowndes, Mclntosh, Mitchell, Ware, Washington, Wilcox and Worth--have each from 200,ooo to 300,000 acres. Twelve--Baker, Bryan, Crawford, Early, Echols, Glynn, Irwin, Johnson, Pulaski, Screven, Taylor, and Telfair--have between 100,000 and 200,000 each. These thirty-eight counties have about 10,500,000 acres of the entire forests of *he state, or, say, 31,500,000,000 feet of lumber.
Along the lines of railroad and navigable streams the timber has been very much thinned, and the saw-mills, accompanied by "spur" tracks, are now pene trating to the very heart of the forest There is a great deal of waste in the milling and marketing of the pine lumber. The thrifty New Englander would utilize all pieces of timber that are not marketable as lumber; but nearly all this is wasted at the southern mills. This will probably continue until the lumber begins to grow scarce, and closer profits must be looked for in the use of everything. But small industries that could utilize this waste timber would increase the profits and the importance of the lumber industry.
YELLOW PINE.
The yellow pine has borne the name and fame of Georgia farther than has the reputation of her greatest statesmen. This is a commercial age, and fame now sits

182

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

in the market-place. In I*aris, in Berlin, in Africa, the Georgia yellow pine has established for itself "a local habitation and a name." And yet its merits have alone carried it into the markets of the world. The more energetic and commer
cially minded lumbermen of the north and east have pushed an inferior wood ahead of our pine into the markets of this country. But the long-leaf pine has won its way alone. Its uses are manifold. It is durable, light, easily worked and easily cut and put upon the market, and is, withal, one of the most ornamental woods of the world. For the general purposes of house-building, and, indeed, for the most common uses of lumber, the yellow pine has no peer. No other wood combines so many good qualities, and pine will always be the standard lumber of this country. The outside markets have not been systematically, or energetically, or properly looked after. The demand for pine could be increased in England, France, and in the countries to the south of us, and while this is being done we should learn to regard our pine forests as a lasting source of revenue, and guard them from ruth less spoliation, so that they may be left as a heritage to the future citizens of the commonwealth.

SHIPMENT OF STORES.

Connected intimately with the lumber interests, and, indeed, a part of it, is the naval stores industry. Before the pines are cut for lumber they are generally "boxed" for turpentine. Of the 15,000,000 acres of pine in Georgia, about onethird or, say, 5,000.000 acres, have been boxed, and there is about one turpentine still for even' saw-mill. It was long thought that boxing the trees injured them for lumber, but it has been found that it improves rather than injures the quality of lumber got from the tree. For ahnost all purposes to which our pine lumber is now applied, its value is enhanced by the turpentining of the trees.
It is usual to abandon turpentining the land after three years. The cost of tur pentining an acre is about $7 to $7.50 for the three years. The estimated average yield per acre is $i 142; or a profit of $4 to the acre for three years, or $1.33 a year. It will be seen, therefore, that a Georgia pine forest has a double crop. It yields, in turpentine and rosin, $3.81 a year for three years, and then has 3,000 feet of lumber to the acre. The profit on "farming," that is extracting the spirits of turpentine from the trees, is $4 an acre, and the profit on marketing the lumber is $12 an acre. These figures have been established by data furnished by mill men of long experience. This part of the lumber industry, or the preparation and handling of naval stores, has -been a very important factor in the prosperity of Savannah and Brunswick. Savannah has risen to the rank of the first naval stores market of the world, and the growth of Brunswick as a naval stores market and as a port has been remarkable.
The movement of naval stores at Darien, Brunswick and Savannah shows both the bulk and importance of this industry, and the rapidity of its develop ment. At Darien the year 1880 marks the commencement of the shipment of naval stores in considerable bulk. In that year the value of the shipment of stores from this port amounted to $12,000. By 1885 the value of the annual shipment had run up to $66,000, or upwards of 500 per cent in five years. In 1886, the shipment was valued at $85,000. The first complete cargo was shipped in 1886, which was followed by two other cargoes the same year. The export has rapidly grown since 1886, and amounted to more than $125,000 in 1804. The .securing of better railroad facilities is expected to result in the doubling of the receipts and shipment of naval stores from this port during the year 1895. The growth of Brunswick has been remarkable in every way, and her rather sudden development

INDUSTRIAL. RESOURCES.

has been very largely due to her business in naval stores. Prior to 1880, the

business amounted to very little. At that time it began to increase rapidly. The

following table shows the receipts of stores at this port from 1880 to 189*3, both inclusive:

Year.

Bbls. Rosin.

Bbls. Spirits Turpentine.

1880....................................... 39,495

9,261

1881....................................... 70,297

1882.......................................119,584 1883....................................... 99,769

25,559 18,305

1884....................................... 120,858

24.342

1885....................................... 100,974

22,510

1886....................................... 82,874

23,647

1887.......................................145,225

30,57i

1888....................................... 127,421

32,408

1889....................................... 166,210

41,204

1890.......................................205,000

50,000

1891....................................... 168,852 1892....................................... 189.683

47,457 56,243

1893.......................................160,755

45,269

The increase in the receipts of rosin has been, for the fourteen years, a little

over 400 per cent. The increase in the receipts of spirits of turpentine has been,

for the same time, nearly 430 per cent. At Savannah, while the growth has not

been marked by such great percentages as at Brunswick, the business has

increased steadily and rapidly. The period for which figures are obtainable opens

with Savannah having a very large business. The trade was organized here much

earlier, as it was the most considerable port and the first commercial city of the

state.

The following table gives the movement of naval stores at Savannah from

1883 to 1893, both inclusive:

Bbls. Rosin.

Bbls. Spirits Turpentine.

Year.

Received. Shipped. Received. Shipped.

1883........................ 564,026

559,628 133,139 129,835

1884........................ 478,834

491,998 117,291 121,028

1885................:....... 450,106

424,490 107,369 106,925

1886........................ 582,539

566,952 147,352 146,925

1887........................ 643,532

654,286 169,961 168,834

1888........................ 584,428

577,990 158,208 159,931

1889........................ 683,077

716,658 183,558 181,542

1890........................ 758,448

770,3" 196,166 196,227

1891........................ 873,678

862,292 234,986 235,496

1892........................ 1,032,198 1,002,659 277,617 273,566

1893........................ 957,027

915,623 261,080 256,889

It will be seen that the growth of this industry has been remarkable at these three ports. In 1892, the receipts at Savannah being 1,032,198 barrels of rosin
and 277,617 casks of spirits of turpentine, making an aggregate of 1,309,815 packages, exceeded the combined receipts of all other primary- ports by 100,000 casks of spirits and 600,000 barrels of rosin, or by 700,000 packages. The outlook for both the lumber and naval stores industries is very promising, and with

184

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

proper care, will remain for generations a source of profitable trade and of revenue to the state.
THE MINERALS AND MINERAL, RESOURCES OP GEORGIA.
The difficulties attending any attempt to write up the mineral resources of a state, when no adequate survey has been made, cannot be conceived until one attempts the work. The state of Georgia, everywhere known as one of the most progressive of the southern states, is behind in systematic investigation of its geo logical resources. This is not due to a lack of interest on the part of the people as to the importance of such work so much as to an unfortunate series of adventitious circumstances, explanation of which need not here be attempted. Prior to 1874 some work in general geology was undertaken in a private way, including a survey of Burke and Richmond counties, by John R. Cotting, in 1836, under the patronage of the two counties. The first systematic survey undertaken by the state was organized in 1874, with Dr. George Little as state geologist. A short report of progress, thirty-six pages, was made in 1875 by Dr. Little, and another, sixteen pages in 1870. During the same year a hand-book on Georgia was published, in which a report of the geological survey was included. In 1878 Dr. Little issued a catalogue of ores, rocks, and woods, selected from the geological survey collection, for the Paris exposition. This pamphlet contained sixteen pages. In 1879 l'ie survey was suspended because the legislature refused to make further appropriations for maintenance.
In 1885 a book entitled 'The Commonwealth <of Georgia" was published under the direction of Judge Henderson, commissioner of agriculture. One hundred and fifty-six pages of. this book, with geological and mincralogical maps, were devoted to the topography, geology, etc., of Georgia, the matter having been prepared by Mr. A. R. McCutchin, assistant geologist under Dr. Little, from data collected by the survey. Nothing more was done by the state in the way of advertising its mineral resources to the world, until the legislature, which met in the fall of 1889, passed a bill re-organizing the geological survey and making an appropriation for its maintenance for five years, to date from July i, 1890. Dr. J. W. Spencer, who was appointed state geologist, submitted a report of progress in 1891, of 128 pages, which was devoted to the geology of the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of southwest Georgia. This was followed in 1893 by a report by Dr. Spencer on the Paleozoic Group of Georgia, of 406 pages. In March and April of 1893 a com plete change in the personnel of the survey was made by the geological board. Since then the policy of making systematic surveys of the economic mineral depos its and other geological resources, wherever they may be found in the state, has been followed, by which the public will be able to get monograph reports on each subject, without having to wait for an areal survey to be made of any partic ular section. This policy is by far the most practical for giving to the public com plete information as to the economic mineral resources of the state at the earliest possible data. In pursuance of it, a bulletin on the marbles of Georgia was issued in November, 1894, and one on its Corundum deposits came from the press a few mortths later. Field work is in progress by the geologist and his assistants prepar atory to issuing a series of such bulletins on the gold, phosphate, marl and bauxite deposits and the water-power and artesian-well systems of the state. The plan of making an economic survey of the geological resources does not preclude a final report which would include both the general and economic geology of the state. The demand for information, as to the economic mineral resources, has been very strong, and the plan adopted for the survey has seemed to meet with universal approval.

INDUSTRIAL. RESOURCES.

185

In compiling this article, free use has been made of "The Commonwealth of Georgia," "Mineral Resources of the United States," "Report on the Mineral Indus tries of the United States at the Eleventh Census," "The Paleozoic Group of Geor gia," "The Mineral Springs of Georgia," by J. R. Duggan, Bulletins i and 2 of the Geological Survey of Georgia, and such other publications as were available.

GEOLOGICAL, CHARACTER OP THE STATE.
The ten counties lying in the northwest corner of the state, namely, Dade, Catoosa, Walker, Whitfield, Chattooga, Murray, Gordon, Floyd, Bartow, and Polk, constitute all the territory in the state known at present to belong to the Paleozoic Group. On the south and east of this lies what is now called the Crystal line Belt, for its true position in geological history is a matter of doubt, the earlier classification as Archaean being at present questioned, at least in part, by many of our most eminent geologists. The southern boundary of this belt is an almost straight line, from Augusta through Macon to Columbus, separating it from the Tertiary and Cretaceous formations. Along the line, separating the Paleozoic from the Crystalline, is a series of metamorphic rocks, including the marble deposits of the state, and the roofing slates of Rockmart and other places in that region. Adjacent to the Crystalline Belt on the south, extending from Columbus to a point about fifteen miles southwest of Macon lies a triangular area, constituting all the Cretaceous exposed in the state, except two small patches, one a fork, whose east limb extends from Macon southeast for about fifteen miles, and whose west limb extends about the same distance in a northwest direction, until it ceases at the line of contact with the Crystalline Belt. This prong is about two miles wide, and its fellow about twice that width. The other patch, about three miles wide and ten miles long, with a northwest and southeast direction, lies between the first and the main area. The western boundary of the Cretaceous is the Chattahoochee river for probably forty miles south of Columbus. A very jagged line from the extreme northeast point of the main area to the southern end of its west boundary consti tutes the dividing line between the large area of this formation and the Tertiary which bounds it on the south and east. The Tertiary covers the largest area in the state. It lies south of the Crystalline Belt and the Cretaceous formation, and is bounded on the west and south by the state lines, and on the east by the state line and the Quaternary formation of Georgia. This latter occupies a narrow strip along the coast of Georgia, about 100 miles long and 25 miles wide. Beginning a little north of Savannah, its western boundary extends to a point not far east of Trader's Hill on the Florida line, running parallel with its sea line, which is the eastern boundary of the formation. The Paleozoic Group contains deposits of coal, iron ores, lead ore, aluminum ore (bauxite), manganese ore, ochers, graphite, barite, soapstone, roofing-slates, limestones, sandstones and clays. The Crystal line Belt, which extends from Nova Scotia through Georgia into Alabama, is the gold-bearing formation in Georgia. These rocks are also riclh in other minerals, such as corundum, mica, marble, granite and kaolins; and copper, lead, iron and manganese ores, asbestos, graphite, novaculite, pyrite, and soapstone occur in profitable quantities. The Cretaceous formation produces marl, sandstone and limestone, while the Tertiary produces millstone, limonite, marl, 'hyalite and fireopal, and the Quaternary, marls and sands.

i86

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

MINERALS OCCURRING IX GEORGIA.

Below is given a list of the minerals and rocks, indigenous to Georgia, those of economic value being marked by an (e):

Diamond (e) Graphite (e)
Pyrite (e) Pyrrhotite (e) Tetradymite (e) Arsenopyrite (e) Antimony (e) Bismuth Platinum (e) Molybdenite (e) Gold (e) Silver (e) Chalcocite (e) Harrisite Covellite Cantonite Chalcopyrite (e) Galena (e) Pyromorphite (e) . Clausthalite Plumbagurnite Hitchcockite Cassiterite (e) Hematite a. Specular (e)
b. Red Ocher (e) Limoriite
a. Bog Iron Ore (e) b. Compact (e) c. Fibrous (e) d. Yellow Ocher (e) Chromite (e) Bauxite (e)
Pyrolusite Ce) Millerite (e) Genthite (e) Quartz
a. Rock Crystal (e) b. Amethyst (e) c. Cjuartzite Ce) d. Chert (e)
e. Massive (e) f. Tripoli Ce) Opal
a. Hvalite

b. Fire-opal (e) c. Milk-opal Corundum a. Sapphire and Ruby (e) b. Corundum (e) Ilmenite Rutile (e) Diaspore 'Calcite Dolomite (e) Lanthanite Andesite Spodumene (e) Amphibole
a. Artinolite b. Tremolite c. Hornblende d. Asbestos (e) e. Smaragdite Beryl (e) Garnet (e) Chrysolite (e) Zircon (e) c Kyanite Zoisite
Epidote Allanite Tourmaline (e)
Staurolite
Muscovite (e)
Biotite
Margarite
Prochlorite Talc
a. Foliated b. Steatite or Soapstone (e) Glauconite Kaolin Ce) Halloysite Ce) Pyrop'hyllite Ce) Xenotime (e) Apatite (e) Lazulite Wavellite
Barite (e)

INDUSTRIAL, RESOURCES.

Limestone a. Marble (e) b. Common Limestone (e) Shales (e) Sandstone (e) Granite (e) Gneiss (e)
Mica-Schist (e) Mica-Slates (e)

ROCKS.
Roofing-slates (e) Hornblende (e) Diorite (e) Chrysolite Serpentine (e) Phosphates (e) Marls (e) Infusorial Earth (e)

ECONOMIC MINERALS IN WORKABLE QUANTITIES.

Of the above minerals and rocks, the following are found in good paying quan tities:

Graphite Pyrite
Gold
Chalcopyrite Hematite Magnetite Compact Limonite Yellow Ocher Chromite Bauxite
Pyrolusite Chert
Massive Quartz Tripoli
Infusorial Earth

Asbestos Garnet,
Muscovite
Steatite
Kaolin
Barite
Marble Limestone Sandstone Granite
Gneiss Roofing-slate Shales
Phosphate Marl

The number of minerals whch produce gems and precious stones are compara tively few, so far as they have been reported, as occurring in this state. The following have been found:

Diamond (g) Sapphire (g) Ruby (g) Rock Crystal (g) Amethyst (g) Fire-opal (g) Rutile
Spodumene

Beryl Garnet Zircon
Kyanite
Chrysolite Tourmaline Pyrite

Only those marked (g) have been found as gems and precious stones, but, so far as known, none of these are in workable quantities.

RARE MINERALS.

A number of comparatively rare minerals have been reported from the state and a few which are very rare.

Diamond Tetradymite
Automolite

Hyalite Sapphire
Ruby

188

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Molybdenite Chalcocite Harrisite Covellite Cantonite Pyromorphite Claustlialite Plunibagumite Hitchcockitc Cassiterite Bauxite Millerite Genthite Amethyst Fire-opal Milk-opal

llmenite Rutile " Diaspore Lanthanite Andesite Spodumene . Smaragdite Zircon Lazulite . Allanite Margarite Pyrochlprite Halloysite Pyrophyllite Wavellite Xenotime

Of the above, harrisite from the Canton mine in Cherokee county, is a pseudomorph of cbalcocite (a copper sulphide) after galena, and cantonite is said by Dana to be covellite, another sulphide of copper from the Canton mine, occurring in
cubes, with a cubical cleavage. It was regarded by Dr. F. A. Genth as a
pseudomorph of covellite after harrisite. The following minerals and rocks are, or have been in recent years, mined in
Georgia:

Asbestos
Barite
Bauxite Chalcopyrite Chert Clay Coal
Corundum Galena Gold
Granite Graphite Halloysite Hematite Kaolin

Limestone
a. Marble
b. Common Limonite a. Brown Iron Ore b. Yellow Ocher Marl
Muscovite (Mica) Pyrite Pyrolusite
Roofing Slate Shale Steatite Serpentine

ECONOMIC MINERALS.

Iron Ores.--Hematite.--Hematite, when crystallized or crystalline, has a hard ness of from 5 to 6.5, and its specific gravity is from 4.5 to 5.3. When in this form its luster is metallic and its color steel-gray. It also occurs in an earthy condition, the color then being brownish-red. In composition it is iron sesquioxide, con taining, when pure, 70 per cent of metallic iron and 30 per cent of oxygen.
Fossiliferous hematite occurs in northwest Georgia in large quantities. Here it has resulted from the alteration of limestone, by infiltration of iron oxide derived from the alteration of other minerals. It retains the structure of the original limestone, essentially a mass of broken shells, intermingled with small flattened circular and lenticular concretions. Above the drainage level the calcareous mat ter of the limestone has been leached out, leaving the ore soft and porous. Below this level the ore still retains most of its calcareous matter, and is compact, being

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

189

known as "hard" ore. The more compact material, which may be called a fer ruginous limestone, contains from 10 to 40 per cent of iron, while the soft ore contains as high as 60 per cent of iron.
The fossil ore beds in Georgia are mostly confined to the Red mountain series, a part of the Silurian formation.
Localities.--On Dirt Seller mountain, about one and a half miles from Lyerly, in Chattooga county, active operations are being carried on in mining and
shipping this ore to Rome, Ga., where it is smelted. The deposit is near the top of the mountain and it is carried from the mine by an incline railroad to
the valley below, where it is dumped into cars, which convey it to Lyerly, and thence to Rome. On Shinbone ridge, entering the state from Alabama, the first mines occur at Menlo, where the ore bed is divided into beds of nearly equal thickness, the thickness of the whole deposit varying from two to three feet. The strata dip at 20 north, 50 west, and the ore lies near the surface of the ridge, upon its western side, though the ore-beds are found dipping at an angle of 75, a short distance from the exposures referred to. The ore continues north ward through Shinbone ridge, and dips under the mountain to the west. At Bronco the hard ore is worked by a shaft over 200 feet deep. As this mine goes below the drainage level, the soft ore gradually gives place to the compact variety. The soft ore averages 55 per cent in metallic iron, while the "hard" ore ranges from 40 per cent, downward. At certain depths in this mine several beds of limestone occur, containing no iron.
The ore formation gives rise to ridges about the northern end of Pigeon mountain. It is found in workable quantity on the property of Mr. Dougherty
and Mr. Clarkson, at the head of McLamore's cove, where the exposed beds have a thickness of from six to eighteen inches. These beds are more or less covered with shaly soil and the full extent of the deposits is not known, as there are few natural exposures. The ore belts continue northward, along the eastern side of Lookout mountain, almost to the Tennessee line. A short distance south of the Chickamauga & Round Mountain railway the Wessboro mines are in opera tion. Here the soft ore has a thickness of two feet The superincumbent earth is removed from the ore until the limits of profitable working are reached; but deep mining is not continued far into the hillsides. East of High Cliff postoffice
a separate basin of the Fossil ore bounds an anticlinal valley. The ore here occurs in the red shale and has a thickness of from six to ten inches. In Look
out valley, the Red mountain series, in which the Fossil ore occurs, forms a series of serrated hills, along both sides of the valley. In these rocks the ore is generally met with, and in many places the soft ore near the surface has been extracted to as great a depth as would be permitted by removing the superin cumbent earth. Only at Rising Fawn has underground mining been resorted to. On the ridges here most of the soft ore has been exhausted, but the hard ore passes down at low angles beneath Lookout mountain. The total thickness of the hard ore beds is seven feet. In one locality only, on Pudding ridge, north of Rising Fawn, is the surface ore as thick as seven feet. The principal layer is only three feet, with the remaining four feet interbedded among shaly seams. In a boring at Rising Fawn the compact ore was found to be seven feet thick at a depth of eighty feet. Throughout the whole valley there are many workings in the foot ridges beneath the table-lands. The soft ore east of New England city has a thickness of seven feet, and is largely used for the manufacture of red ocher.
A limited amount of ore is found near the Alabama line, on the eastern side of Kincade, or Simm's mountain, a part of Taylor*s ridge. Some iron bearing sandstones occur at Kitchen's gap, east of Holland. At High Point the ridge

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

has been preserved from erosion by the presence ol heavy bedded standstones. At various points to the northward the ore is also seen, where it is said to be nearly three feet thick. Northeast of- Summerville there is a fossil ore bed of good quality from sixteen to twenty inches thick owned by Mr. Cleghorn. This bed dips 26 S. 40 E., and is somewhat steeper than the eastern face of the mountain, from the summit of which the ore descends thinly covered with shales, which have been removed by sheets in several localities, thus exposing the ore. On the Greenbush-Lafayette road the ore is seen on the eastern side of the moun tain and in ravines, attaining a thickness of twelve inches. In Dick's ridge, to the northward, on Mr. Hamilton's land, the ore beds are found from ten to twelve inches thick. Blocks of ore are also found on Dick's ridge at Gordon Spring, near Ringgold. The ore crops out on Mr. Simm's land, on the ridge above West Armuchee creek, near Subligna. The ore horizon of Taylor's ridge has suffered from erosion, which has removed much valuable ore from Horn's, Rock\- Face and John's mountains, the strata of which reach to the horizon of the fossil ore series.
Analyses of Fossil Hematite.--A partial analysis of the soft iron ore from Shinbone ridge is here given: Iron, 60.72; silica, 8.28'; phosphorus, 0.131. In addition to these components small quantities of alumina and lime were present. This analysis is said to be above the average in quality, both as to the percentage
of iron and the small amount of phosphorus, the latter being usually higher in quantity.
The following partial analyses of hard ore, taken from the Bronco mines, on Shinbone ridge, were made by Dr. Gustave Bidtel: I.--Metallic iron, 40.65; silica, 6.30; alumina, 7.00; lime, 21.00; phosphorus. 42. II.--Metallic iron, 41.30; silica, 6.10; lime, 18.64; phosphorus, 3.51. III.--Metallic iron, 45.33; silica, 31.67: lime, 13.62; phosphorus, 9.58.
In the case of analyses II. and III., which, with analysis I., are taken from the report of Dr. J. W. Spencer on the Paleozoic group of Georgia, it is probable that the high percentage of phosphorus is due to clerical or typographical error, and that the amounts should be, respectively, 0.351 and 0.958.
The following analyses were made by Dr. Gustave Bidtel, for the Dade Coal & Iron company, from hard ores mined at Rising Fawn:

Iron. 30.38 28.34 24.13 2246 27.81
26.28 30.39 27.79 32.19 31.10 28.91 2941 31.08 28.87

Insoluble Residue. 8.21 10.64 8.91 9.56 11.36
9.35 9-/6 8.65 9.22 11.67 846 9.71 15.16 8.07

Caustic Lime. 26.79 25.71 3048 30.79 25.56
28.39 23.56 26.87 23.04 2244 28.62 2743 24.64 26.88

Phosphorus. -33 1 .289 .269 .337 .270
-268 .368 -285 .30* .308 .322 .338 .274 .304

Soft ore from Rising Fawn yielded the following partial analysis: Metallic iron, 59; silica. 9.11: phosphorus, .092.

INDUSTRIAL, RESOURCES.

jm

The following complete analysis of the fossiliferous hematite from Iron ridge near Burnt Mill in Walker county, is from the first report of progress of the geological survey of Georgia, by Dr. George Little:

Water and organic matter at red heat............................. ... 1.91 Iron ............................................................. 54.69 Oxygen ...................................................... ... 23.44 Insoluble matter................................................... 12.57
Alumina .................................. ................... ... 7.42 Phosphorus ....................................................... .19 Sulphur .......................................................... Trace
Total ......................................................... 100.22

Specular Hematite.--In some of the foot hills of the mountains in the eastern part of Bartow county, gray, compact, crystalline hematite occurs in stratified beds. A micaceous hematite is found associated with quartz in veins of the crystalline rocks in the Cherokee ridge.

LIMONITE.
Large deposits of compact limonite, commonly known as brown iron ore, are found principally in a broad belt of country between Lookout mountain and the Cohutta range. It occurs in detached beds resting on the concrete rocks of nearly all geological ages. It is probably derived from the alteration of silicates containing considerable iron, which has been washed down and deposited in low places. The beds are more numerous and extensive east of the Chattoogatn range. Most of them are confined to a series of cherty ridges; but some of the most extensive beds arc in the Chattoogata range, in Snake creek gap, where they occur in the Silurian sandstone. The most westerly occurrence of the brown ore beds is in the ridges, which pass through Lafayette, Walker Co. It is found in this range, a few miles northeast of Lafayette; also near Graysville in Catoosa county, and again near the South Carolina camp ground in Chattooga county. In Bartow, Floyd and Polk counties the brown iron ores are found in large deposits, and have been extensively worked. Extensive beds occur also in the Cohutta range, and in a belt of country east of this, from Fannin to Cherokee. It also occurs in some localities, much farther southeast.

THE BROWN IRON ORES OP POLK COUNTY.
Six belts of brown iron ore in Polk county are well established, viz., first, that in the fault basin north of Indian mountain; second, one running from Etna to Cave Spring; third, the Cedartown belt; fourth, that southeast of Cedartown; fifth, the Fish creek belt; sixth, the Long Station belt. It is true that there are outlying deposits of brown iron ore, especially along the chert ridges: but the deposits in the belts above named are the most valuable. West of Little Cedar cr^ek there is a basin two miles wide and eight miles long, extending from Indian mountain up into Floyd county. In this basin there are several deposits of brown iron ore. On the property of Mr. Linton Sparks, on lots 139 and 140, seventeenth district, there are pockets of good and indifferent ore. side by side. On the ridge near by there are several exposures of thick siliceous beds, some oi

192

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

\vhich contain brown ore, rich in iron. These exposures occur on the Stott-

Folger and other properties. In addition to these, there are other ferruginous

beds, the ores of which are not so rich as those of the ore banks; but they

have an advantage over the latter, in that they can be more economically worked.

Some of this ore is manganiferous. "Hematite," a siding station on the western

system of the Southern railway, is the outlet of these deposits.

On the east side of the valley a Alabama, enters Georgia at Etna, \vestern side of the valley, except

chain of ore-bearing ridges, coming on the property of Col. Hamilton. near Oredell, the hills are slaty and

in from On the barren.

The bottom of the valley is generally underlaid by Cambrian shales or slates;

but the ridges to the east are composed of overlying decomposed Knox dolomite.

Along the west side of these ridges workings have exposed the ore on

there are subordinate ore banks. the state line to a depth of sixty

Extensive or seventy

feet, without reaching its bottom. While it is throughout a heterogenous mass,

still it contains thick beds massive in form than is

of solid ore. This ore generally seen farther

is less concretionary and more east in other Knox deposits,

and contains more or less included quartz. Beyond Etna, similar ore occurs

at to

Fryer's and continue to

Oredell. In an artesian well sunk at Oredell, the ore was a depth of 180 feet The ridges on the eastern side of the

found valley

are characterized, to some extent, by accumulations of hard brown iron ore;

but there are also other deposits associated with the quartzose beds of the gray

lands. These deposits are generally inferior to those on detached ridges farther

from the cherty beds. Farther north, on the

All these ore eastern side

beds are convenient to the Southern railway. of the railway, other workable beds of the

ore are found, before reaching the Floyd line. Thus it is seen that the whole

chain of ridges bounding the valley east of the railway constitutes a belt of

rich ore ridges. The great iron deposits of at Esom hill, near which are the Brewster

the Cedartown district enter Georgia and other banks. These ore banks

re-occur at various points, as for example, on Mr. Rice's property near Berry

station. The largest group of ore banks is two or three miles south and west

of Cedartown, chief among which are the Reed, the Ledbetter, Wood, and other ore deposits, many of which are now included

the Peek, the in the proper

ties of the Augusta and the Central mining companies. The ore also appears

at Mr. Waddell's and Mr. Frank Shelter's, two and a half miles north of Cedar-

town, and on other lands. These ore banks rise from a hundred feet above the valley. The ores are usually small,

few feet to fifty or a concretionary masses;

but there are some blocks or bowlders of large size. Southeast of Cedartown

these ore banks are not continuous throughout ridges rise up through overlying Chickamauga

the belt. Two of shales two miles

the ore-bearing south of Cedar-

town. Another iron-bearing locality occurs east of the shale basin south of

Cedartown, near Young's mills, and at the Cleveland, the Pittman, the Cox and

the few

Ray ore banks, between Young's and the miles east brown ore beds of the Knox

Crystalline belt, to the south. A series again come to the surface,

near Fish creek. to the Cherokee

At Grady there is a group of extensive Iron company and the Central Mining

ore deposits, belonging company. Other iron-

bearing ridges extend southward, as at Hickman's and Simpson's mines (lot

1015, twenty-first district), and Mr. Winn's (lot 1060,

W. O. Morris's (lots twenty-first district).

1088 and 1133), Mrs. Morgan's This belt continues northward,

with interruptions, to within a mile or two of Seney, and thence into Floycl

county. Ore occurs in this belt on the lands of T. H. Peek and others adjacent,

lying north of Grady; also on several lots belonging to Messrs. T. Colbert, B.

F. West and others, making a continuous belt across the county. Another belt

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

193

lies adjacent to the Southern railway, between Rockmart and Seney, and espe cially in the vicinity of Long Station is it abundant. From these beds large
quantities of ore have been shipped, the principal mines being those of the Central Mining company, the Randall and the Cochrane.
The Deaton mine, situated near Taylorsville, represents the principal working of the Deaton ore series. It is on lots 64 and 81, eighteenth district. The Central Mining company has similar deposits on and adjacent to lot 1076 of the same
district, and they also occur on lots 714, 715, 868, 869, 870 and 932, all of the eighteenth district These accumulations represent residual beds of the series, which rest upon the Chickamauga limestones, and at the edge of the hills of the Rockmart slates; they belong to the sub-carboniferous formation. The back part of the Deaton mine is an almost solid mass of iron ore. The favorable con ditions of occurrence, and the situation directly upon the railroad permit the. loading of the ore at a less cost than any other ore in the state.

BROWN IRON ORES IN FLOYD COUNTY.
As in the case of the Polk county limestone, so the deposits of Floyd county belong to the Knox series. Entering Floyd county from Polk, the belt from Etna continues northeast, and, with many breaks, does it extend across the country among the Knox ridges eastward of Van's valley. This region is more broken than in Polk county, exposing more ore beds; but they are of inferior size. The ore is also frequently seen among the cherry ridges. Of the property lying between Cave Spring and Rome, on which the ore beds occur, that of Dr. Montgomery, north of Cave Spring, on lot 620, where the ore is mined, may be mentioned as a type.
The Little Cedar creek belt enters Floyd county, and extensive deposits in this belt crop out on the properties of Maj. James M. Couper, of Atlanta. Continuing onward, the features of the country are rounded adjacent to Cedar creek, and there is a considerable number of ore banks. Mr. J. W. Asbury's lot, about two miles northeast of Cave Spring, has an extensive bank situated in the valley. Near by, ore occurs on the land of Mr. Wiggins (lot 948), on that of Mr. Simmons (lots 923 and 924), and on other properties. Ore also occurs near the creek, on the farms of Messrs. Roberts and J. R. Scott; but it is here associated with much chert In the district northeast of Cave Spring, near Six-Mile Station, there is an ore-bearing ridge, on the farm of Mr. Gibson. Again, ore is found in many places near the western Knox ridges; and, in some cases, the deposits are large.
On lot 692 and adjacent properties there is a large development of brown ore. Further south, on the Cave Spring road, a large outcropping of siliceous brown ore occurs, just back of New Prospect church. It also outcrops at the top of the red ridge back of this church. This ore occurs on R. S. Brammon's land (lot 14, twenty-second district); and, near J. A. Howell's bauxite beds, large deposits occur on lot 610, twenty-second district
Near Seney are several brown ore deposits, of greater or less importance, and the same is the case in the vicinity of Silver Creek postoffice. Between Spring and Silver creeks, large deposits of ore are found on the lands of Dr. Boyd, Messrs. C. Ivens, T. Cochrane, L. Mathews, S. Hoffman and J. B. Alexander. The valley of Spring creek forms another belt of ores. This is a continuation of the Long Station belt in Polk county. Several deposits occur about Chulio, and large deposits east of Rounsaville, passing into Bartow county. On the Blastock and other properties,
1-13

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
north of the Etovvah river, and in the northeastern corner of the county, adjacent to Armstrong mountain, many deposits of the ore occur, forming a continuous belt.

THE BROWN IRON ORES OF BARTOW COUNTY.
In the western part of this county, the brown iron ores of the Knox Dolomite scries occur, mostly near the Floyd county line. North of the river, the largest developments are adjacent to, and mostly west of, the Western & Atlantic R. R. The country is broken by ridges; but these are continuations from Polk and Floyd counties. A few miscellaneous ore deposits in the central part of this county cannot be correlated with the other belts, except that they are a part of the Knox Dolomite series. The Spring Creek belt enters Bartow southwest of Rounsaville. Extensive beds are found near Ligon, and the ore is in abundance, the conditions being similar to those at Cedartown. North of the Etowah river, in Tom's creek valley, the ore occurs in an excess of chert. West of Linwood and west of Adairsville, and in the Connesenna valley, ore crops out at many places, at some of these in considerable quantity. Small quantities of the ore occur in the upper part of Cedar creek in the northeast part of the county, and near Roger's station (W. & A. R. R.). In the Petty's creek valley, about five miles north of Cartersville, brown iron ore covers some of the Knox Dolomite ridges. The brown ores are extensive in the eastern part of the county; but they belong to the semi-crystalline rocks, on the border between the Crystalline Belt and the Paleozoic Group. As an instance of the importance of this group of brown ores, it may be stated, that, between Oct. i, 1890, and Nov. i, 1891, one company alone shipped 30,000 tons of the ore.

BROWN IROX ORES OF GORDON, MURRAY, WHITFIELD, CATOOSA, CHATTOOGA, WALKER AND DADE COUNTIES.
In Gordon, Murray, Whitfield, Catoosa, Chattooga, Walker and Dade counties, brown iron ores of the Knox Dolomite series are found in small quantities; but, as yet, no extensive deposits have been discovered. A peculiar brown ore, which is pseudo-specular, with smooth surface and sub-metallic luster, belonging to the Deaton ore series, occurs in the ferruginous rocks extending from a point east of Varnell to the Tennessee line, and are to be seen at the Catoosa company's property, one and a half miles from Yarnell, and near Red Clay, on the land of Mr. W. K. Sheddon.
In the extreme southeastern part of Walker county, sub-carboniferous brown ores occur in large quantities, upon the east side of Horn's mountain, extending into Gordon county, west of Sugar -valley. These ores also occur upon the western side of Big Texas valley; and similar ore is seen at many points, where the Fort Payne chert conies to the surface, as at Fox Ridge.
The following analyses of some of the brown iron ores will be of interest:

CEDARTOWN AND FISH CREEK ORES.
I.
Silica ................................................. 8.01 Alumina ..............................................13.21 Iron Sesquioxide ......................................70.57 Lime................................................... 1.27 Magnesia............................................... 042 Manganese............................................ 0.12

II.
15.95 17.01 57-OO
1.13 0.22 0.93

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

195

I.
Phosphoric acid........................................ 0.58 Water ................................................ 5.01 Iron, metallic ..........................................49.40 Manganese . .......................................... 0.09 Phosphorus . ......................................... 0.253

II.
2.17 4,88 39-9 0.72 0.949

I. Roasted ore from the Grady Bank. II. Roasted ore from Peek's Bank.

ETNA ORES.
Iron Sesquioxide ................................................. Manganese Sesquioxide .......................................... Alumina . ....................................................... Lime ............................................................. Silica ........... . .............................................. Water ........................................................... Phosphorus ...................................................... Sulphur .............. . .........................................

81.26
043 1.12
6.12 5.79
i145 0.05 o.oi

100.23 Metallic iron ..................................................... 56.88

DEATON MINE.
III.
Metallic iron ..................................................... 49.800 Silica ............................................................ 12.030 Phosphorus ...................................................... 0.287 Lime ............................................................. Trace Alumina ......................................................... 9.040
In 1890, of the brown ores from the Knox series, 200,000 tons were shipped outside the state. Besides this quantity, about 60,000 tons were consumed in furnaces in the districts. Many of the deposits are too far from the railway, as yet; to be brought into market.
Yellow Ocher.--Yellow Ocher of very good quality occurs at Rockmart and at Cartersville. Ocher works have recently been established at Rockmart for the manufacture of paint from these ferruginous clays, and at Cartersville an estab lishment has been in operation for some years. It is to be regretted that these deposits have not, as yet, been surveyed, and for this reason fuller data cannot be given.
MAGNETITE.
Magnetite is iron proto-sesquioxide, and has a composition of: Metallic iron, 72.4; Oxygen, 27.6, equalling 100.0. This mineral, which is commonly called magnetic iron ore, is iron-black in color, and has a metallic luster splendent to sub-metallic. Its hardness is from 5.5 to 6.5, and the specific gravity of the crystals is from 5.168 to 5.180. It crystallizes in the Isometric system, and is usually found, when in crystals, as octahedrons. There are six varieties known to mineralogists, only one of which is common. This is what is known as magnetic iron ore, or ordinary magnetite, occurring in massive crystals, and as loose sand. When

196

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

massive, it ranges from very coarse to fine granular, and the sand is what is known as black sand, usually found in the cannings from placer gold mines. It is also found in places where rocks have decomposed, leaving the fine magnetic crystals unchanged. Magnetic iron ore is in great demand for the making of steel, and many occurrences of it, extensively worked, are to be found in the United States. In Georgia it is found in a number of places in the Crystalline Belt, but principally in two belts extending across the state, one along the west base of the Blue Ridge, trom a point where it enters the state from North Carolina, passing through Gilmer, Cherokee and Cobb counties. The other follows the Chattahoochee ridge along its entire length. This ore also occurs, in scattered fragments, over large areas. It is so abundant in some places, where little or no prospecting has been done, as to point to the probable existence of large deposits. There is said to be a large deposit of it near the city of Atlanta.

LEAD.
Lead occurs in Georgia, as galena, in a number of widely separated localities, both in the Crystalline Belt of middle and northeast Georgia, and in the Paleozoic formation of northwest Georgia. Galena, the most common ore of lead, contains: Lead, 86.6; sulphur, 134, equalling 100.0. It belongs to the Isometric system, and usually occurs as cubo-octahedrons. It has a highly perfect cubic cleavage, and readily breaks into cubes. Its color is lead-gray, and its luster metallic. Its hardness ranges from 2.5 to 2.75, and its specific gravity is from 74 to 7.6. It occurs, at the Magruder gold mine, in Lincoln County, Ga., associated with gold, silver and chalcopyrite, and other gold mines in that section of the state. It is also associated with gold near Cartersville, and with silver and chalcopyrite it is found at the west of the Cohutta mountains, in Murray county. It is found in considerable quantity in Wilkes county, disseminated in quartz. In small quantities it occurs in a limestone bluff on the side of the road running from Toccoa to Clarkesville, in Habersham county; also in Union, Fannin, Floyd, Bartow and Catoosa counties. At Graysville, in Catoosa county, a small vein was exposed by a cut in the Western. & Atlantic R. R. Again, in this county, five or six miles northeast of Ringgold, it occurs in a sandstone ridge In Bartow, small quantities have been found associ ated with barite.
COPPER.
Several species of the compounds of this metal are found in Georgia, especially in the counties of Union, Towns, Fannin, Cherokee, Paulding, Harralson, Carroll, Murray, Fulton, Lincoln and Greene. It has been found native with its compounds at the Magruder mine, in Lincoln county. The principal copper mineral occurring in Georgia is chalcopyrite, a double sulphide of iron and copper. As such it occurs in veins in Fannin county, being an extension of the celebrated Ducktown deposits, across the state line in North Carolina. It is said that these deposits in Fannin are equally as rich as those at Ducktown, and would pay well for working. The veins can be traced for several miles. They have also been worked to some extent near the North Carolina border. A copper vein has been opened up on the top of the Blue ridge, in Lumpkin county. This vein can be traced several miles northeast and southwest, following the trend of the mountains. At the Canton mine, in Cherokee county, cantonite and harrisite are found associated with chalcopyrite, which is mined for copper. Chalcopyrite is also mined by the Paulding Copper company, at Dallas, Paulding Co.; by the Tallapoosa Miningcompany, in Harralson county, and it is found at other localities in Lumpkin,.

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

197

Fannin, Towns, Fulton, Carroll, Murray, Greene, Lincoln, Habersham and Rabun counties. In the latter good mineral specimens have been found.

SILVER.
This metal has been found associated with ores of lead, copper and gold in many localities; but not in sufficient quantity for profitable mining, except as a bi-product. It is said to have been found in the form of native silver; but it is usually contained, as a sulphide, in galena. It is exceedingly rare to find galena which does not contain at least a small percentage of silver. The prin cipal localities for silver are given under the subject, "lead." Many stories of rich deposits of silver in the northern portion of the state have had free circulation; but they have usually been traced to peripatetic self-styled experts, who have come into the state as adventurers, and who have been able to get a sufficient number of people to believe their stories, and thereby create some excitement, from time to time.
GOLD.
Gold has been found in paying quantities in certain belts in the great Crys talline area, running northeast and southwest. Two of these are continuous across the state, coming in from North and South Carolina, and continuing into Alabama. It is probable that when field surveys have been made, and sufficient judicious prospecting has been done, other belts will be found to be continuous, though at present they are arranged by irregular patches, usually lying parallel to the large belts referred to. Investigations are now being carried on by the geological survey of the state, which, when finished, will give the proper areas in which gold is found in paying quantities. Of the two large belts referred to, one enters the state in Rabun county, and passes through Habersham, White, Lumpkin, Dawson, Forsyth, Cherokee, Cobb, Paulding and Carroll counties. The other enters Habersham from South Carolina, and passes through Hall, Forsyth, Gwinnett, Milton, DeKalb, Fulton, Campbell, Fayette, Coweta, Aleriwether and Troup counties. In the first of these is located the noted locality lying in and around Dahlonega; also the well-known mines of White county and Cherokee. In the latter is the Franklin mine, which is so well known. Another important but short belt, coming into the state on the line between Columbia and Lincoln counties, runs into McDuffee and Warren. The mines of this belt have produced over $1,000,000. The gold fields north of the Chattahoochee river were the first discovered in the state, and they have been the most extensively worked. As indicated above, the other gold belts in the state have been imperfectly prospected; and in extensive areas, where gold may be expected to occur, it has not been looked for at all. Prospecting with the pick, pan and shovel ceased to a great extent at the outset of the California excitement. The mining operations now conducted are on a more extensive scale than they were when the pioneers ceased work; and, when modern improvements in machinery and methods of working are introduced into the state, much better results may be expected. There are very few places in the crystalline area of the state where gold may not be found in more or less quantity. In 1882, according to the report of the director of the United States mint for that year, Georgia produced gold as follows:

Rabun county ..................................................$ 10,000
White county ................................................... 25,000 Lumpkin county ................................................ 225,000

198

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

Da\vson county ................................................. Chcrokee, Cobb, Paulding, Carrolt; Towns, Union, Fannin and Gil-
mer counties ................................................
Hall county- ....................................................
Miscellaneous ................................... ...............

15,000
30,000
2,500 5,000

The reports were not all official, and in some cases the amounts were thought
by the director to be overstated, and after careful reviewing the total amount \vas placed at 8254,500, which shows an increase over that oi 1881 of $120,500.
In 1883 the gold product fell off to $199,000, and the next year to $137,000.
In 1885 it was $136,000, and in 1886 $152,500, an increase of over $16,000 over
the year before. In 1887 the gold product was $110,000, and in 1888 $-104,000,
while in 1889 there was a slight increase, the product being $107,000. In 1890 the gold product was $100,000. In 1891 it was $80,000. In 1892 it was $94,734,
and in 1893 it was $97,200. Many causes have been assigned as reasons why
the gold miners of this state did not receive more encouragement It is stated
that a great deal of disastrous mining was caused by bad management, and a lack of good judgment as to the methods used in mining. In some cases, extravagant plants were put up at a cost, sometimes, of several hundred thousand
dollars; and not enough return being made to the stockholders, work would be discontinued, as the property would not prove a paying one for such extravagant investments. If better judgment had been used at the outset, the plants would
have been started in an economical way, and, as the output would justify, the amount of money invested would be increased. This plan has paid in working the marbles of the state, and marble plants, which began in a small way, have now
increased in size as the output justified. In 1889, according to the statistics of the eleventh census, 173 foremen or overseers, 250 mechanics, and 228 laborers,
were employed in Georgia in gold and silver mining above ground, while in underground work, seventeen foremen or overseers, forty-one miners and ninety-
three laborers were employed. The average wages paid foremen was $1.60, miners, $1.05, and laborers eighty cents.
The following are the names of some of the principal gold mines in the state:
The Cherokee, the Franklin and the McDonald mines, in Cherokee county; the Hand, the Barlow, the Pigeon Roost, the Ivy, the Singleton, the Lockhart, the Chestatee, the Boly .Field and the Findlay mines, in Lumpkin county; the Loud
and the Calhoun mines, in White county; the Magruder mine, in Lincoln county; the Columbia and the Walker mines, in McDuffie county; and the Glade, the Currahee and the Mammoth mines, in Hall county.

OCHERS.
In composition, the ochers are impure earthy varieties of several mineral species, being soft and pulverulent, instead of forming compact masses. Red ocher is a mixture of earthy hematite and clay in varying proportions. Yellow ocher is a similar mixture of limonite and clay. Bog manganese and iron form an umber, and bog manganese and graphite with clay form black pigments. The red fossil hematite found in northwest Georgia is frequently free from grit, and is easily ground, yielding a very fair red ocher. In many parts of northwest Georgia yellow ocher occurs with the lirnonite ores. A very fine quality occurs in workable quantities at Stegall station near Cartersville, and was mined a few years ago by the Cherokee Ocher and Barites company. This material occurs with barite on the banks of the Etowah river, near the railroad bridge. A very good deposit of light yellow ocher occurs near Sandersville, in Washington

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county. An earthy ocherous concretion is found in south Georgia in small, round pebbles that have covered the surface of the earth. When free from grit, as it is in some localities, it may be utilized as an umber. Graphite with clay, forming a black pigment, is found in a number of localities in the state, which arc men tioned under the subject of graphite.

BARITE.

Barite is used alone and mixed with white lead, when ground, as a paint; and, owing to its high specific gravity and white color, it is well fitted for such purpose. There are several beds near Cartersville, and one east of Spring Place in Murray county. This mineral occurs both crystallized and massive in these localities, and is associated with yellow ocher.

ASBESTOS.
This is a variety of hornblende, very finely fibrous; it is used for many purposes in the arts. It was used by the ancients, and is still used, for making fireproof cloth. It is used for making all kinds of fireproof material, such as steam-packing, ropes, board, paint, linings for iron safes, etc. Of late years, a very fine silky variety of serpentine, mineralogically known as chrysolite, has been used for asbestos; and it has, to a very large extent, supplanted the true asbestos. This material occurs in large quantities in certain localities in Canada. It is more easily fusible than the true asbestos; but it is better for practical purposes, in that it is much more easily woven into cloth. Asbestos is found in Towns. Rabun, White, Habersham, Hall, Cherokee, Douglas, Carroll, Fulton, DeKalb, Clayton, Walton, Heard and Troup counties, in this state.
A very important industry has recently sprung up in Habersham county, where asbestos of short fiber is mined at the top of Sal mountain, ground into pulp, and all the impurities thoroughly washed and leached out of it. It is then put into a compress; and a very fine grade of fire-brick, pipes and other articles are made from it Near Clarksville, in this county, an asbestos of even better quality is said to have been recently found very convenient to the Blue Ridge & Atlantic railroad. Lately, fine specimens of asbestos have been taken from a locality in Hall county, the fiber being much longer than that in Habersham county.

COAL. All the coal measures of Georgia are found mostly in Daile, Walker and1 Chattooga counties, extending over an area of 200 square miles. Five distinct beds of bituminous coal of very good quality are found near the top of Lookout mountain. At Coal City, in Dade county, this coal has been extensively worked1 by the Coal City Mining company. A narrow-gauge railroad was constructed to the mines, which are 800 or 900 feet above the valley. The fine coal was coked, and the balance was shipped, to be used for steam and grate. Of the two principal beds worked here, the Castle Rock vein yielded the hardest coal, best suited for the grate. Of the five beds known to exist in Lookout mountain, one is below the surface beds of sandstone and conglomerate, constituting the brow of the mountain. This is the greatest in areal extent; but it is of inferior quality at most of the points where it is exposed. Above this bed, there are found beds exposed' in and around Round mountain, a horse-shoe shaped eminence, of a few hundred! feet, on the top of Lookout mountain. The beds differ much in thickness, as does each bed of the different localities of its exposure, varying from one to five

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feet For nearly twenty miles south of Round mountain, the sandstones and shales, which form this eminence, are spread out in a nearly level plain, and probably contain beds of coal, though not exposed. In Chattooga county, some of the beds are exposed near Little river. The coal mining in Georgia is carried on by the Georgia Mining Improvement & Investment company, of which Mr. Julius L. Brown is receiver, and the Chickamauga Coal & Iron company, P. J. Murphy, receiver. In 1893, the Dade. Coal company, a division of the Georgia Mining Improvement & Investment company, mined at Coal City, Dade Co., 199,682 short tons of bituminous coal, and manufactured 90,726 short tons of coke. During the same year the Chickamauga Coal & Iron company mined at Chicka mauga, Ga., 172,509 short tons of coal, the cost of mining which was 64 cents per
ton. Lignite is an inferior coal of brown color, constituting the transition stage
between the original wood and bituminous coal. It has been found in small quantities, near the probable limits of the tertiar\r formations in Georgia.

PYRITE.
This mineral, which is an iron sulphide, has a composition of iron, 46.7; sulphur, 53.3. It is extensively employed in the manufacturing of sulphuric acid and copperas. It is found in large quantities in this state. A large number of veins were opened before the war in different parts of the state by people who were searching for copper. Most of the shafts sunk for this purpose exposed pyrite, with only a small percentage of copper, derived from chalcopyrite associated with the pyrite. Considerable deposits are found in Fannin, Cherokee, Paulding, Harralson, Carroll, Fulton and Lumpkin counties. It has been worked near Dallas, in Paulding county, and the ore was shipped to Atlanta, for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. It is said that the vein of this mine averages five or six feet, increasing in size and in the quality of the ore, with the increase of depth. It yields from 40 to 42 per cent, of sulphur and 5 per cent of copper, with some silver and a little gold. A very fine deposit of pyrite in Lumpkin county is now being worked, with the view of bringing the ore to Atlanta for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. A deposit of pyrite in Fulton county, near Atlanta, has been worked; but it is not there in sufficient quantities to be remunerative.

MANGANESE.
This material occurs in northwest Georgia, usually as the minerals pyrolusite and psilomelane, more or less mixed. Some of the most beautiful specimens of the former have been taken from these deposits. Pyrolusite is a maganese dioxide. It is blue-black in color, steel-gray when crystallized, and has a metallic luster. It belongs to the orthorhombic system, and has a hardness of from 2 to 2.5, and specific gravity of from 4.73 to 4,86. It occurs, sometimes, in needles; but usually in Georgia, when crystallized, the crystals are small prisms with rounded pyramidal terminations. The theoretical composition of pyrolusite is manganese, 63.3; oxygen, 36.7.
Psilomelane is a heavy mineral, with hardness ranging from 5 to 6, and specific gravity, from 3.7 to 4.10. It is black or steel-blue in color, and usually occurs in botryoidal, stalactitic or irregular shaped masses, the cavities of which are often lined with the crystals of pyrolusite. In composition, it is a hydrous manganese manganite, in which part of the manganese is often replaced by barium or potassium. According to Laspeyres, its composition is H 4 Mn Os' The barite

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contained in it varies from a trace to 17 per cent, and the potash goes as high as 4 per cent. When free from clayey matter, the ore contains from 45 to 60 per cent,
of the metal. Braunite is a mineral, whose hardness varies from 6 to 6.5, and its specific gravity
from 4.75 to 4.82. It crystallizes in the tetragonal system, and occurs both massive and crystalline. Its color is black and brownish-black, and its luster is submetallic In composition, it is a siliceous oxide of manganese, containing silica, 10.0; manganese protoxide, 11.7; manganese sesquioxide, 78.3.
Manganite has a hardness of 4, and its specific gravity ranges from 4.2 to 4.9. It crystallizes in orthorhombic prisms. It also occurs crystalline massive. Its color is black, and its luster is metallic. When pure it contains oxygen, 27.3; manganese, 624; water, 10.3.
Wad or bog manganese is a light, earthy brown or black mineral, containing considerable impurities. In manganese, it varies from 15 to 45 per cent While the two first named minerals, named here, occur most abundantly, yet mixtures of all these, with braunite and manganite, are often found in Georgia. The principal ore is psilomelane. These manganese ores occur in masses, from the smallest particles to a ton in weight, besides the larger pockets in beds. With all the manganese ores, more or less silica is included, even in the concretionary and stalactitic, and in the prepared ore more or less clay adheres to the grains and lumps. Besides this ore, there are in Georgia many mixtures of manganese and iron ores, which are of value. A valuable deposit of manganese ores occurs south of Cave Spring, where it was mined, until recently, by Maj. James M. Couper, of Atlanta. Some of the better quality of the ore yielded the following analysis, made by Mr. J. Blodgett Britton:
Metallic manganese ............................................... 53.440 Ferric oxide ..................................................... 2.830 Baryta .......................................................... 8.620 Water ........................................................... 1.560 Silica ............................................................ 7.790 Alumina ........................................................ 1.520 Lime ........................................................... 0.080 Phosphoric acid (Phosphorus .064).................................. 0.147 Oxygen with manganese, undetermined, etc......................... 24.013

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In this case potash was not determined. Other samples contained a larger amount of water. For commercial purposes, the analysis of carload lots is of more value than those of picked samples. On Dec. i, 1889, a carload of 30,200 pounds, from Maj. Couper's mine, yielded the following results:
Manganese .......................................................46.749 Iron ............................................................. 1.746 Silica ............................................................ 13.050 Phosphorus ...................................................... 0.059
On Mr. Asbury's property, northeast of Cave Spring, surface ore sent to Car negie & Co. gave the following results:
Manganese .......................................................45.189 Iron ............................................................. 7.840 Silica ............................................................. 7.620 Phosphorus ...................................................... 0.053

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Ore from the Barnsley estate gave die following partial analysis to the Pittsburg Testing company:

Manganese ...................................................... 43.730 Iron ........................................................... 1.010 Silica ............................................................ 3.530 Phosphorus ...................................................... 0.129

The presence of phosphorus has an important bearing on the value of ore, as its greatest use is in steel manufacture.. Good ore should not contain over 0.2 per
cent of phosphorus. However, the manganese ores of Georgia are usually as low in this objectionable element as those of Virginia, which yields the largest supply. A large number of shipments of ore from Georgia show only 0.05 to 0.167 Per cent
of phosphorus, and the ores are consequently low in this element Manganese ores occur in the Crystalline Belt, near Mount Airy, in the semi-
crystalline rocks east of Cartersville, and in the Knox dolomite series of the
Paleozoic group. The Cartersville ores have been extensively worked for many years, their product in 1887 being 9,024 tons, and in 1888 5,568 tons. There are three principal districts of manganese in the Knox dolomites of northwest Georgia.
These are on ridges extending from south of Cave Spring northward to near the Etowah river; a belt near the border of Bartow and Floyd counties; north of the Etowah river in the region of Woodlands, and the Tunnel hill district, on the border of Whitfield and Catoosa counties. These districts are of broad extent, and include the distribution of the belts occupied by parallel ridges.
Cave Spring District--In this district manganese ores occur with the iron in many localities, but the most important deposits are on a belt commencing in
Polk county and extending eight or ten miles northeastward, with occasional scattered deposits, to a point near the Etowah river. The largest deposits which
have been worked are those of th Georgia Manganese and Mining company, commencing in Polk county, about two miles south of Cave Spring, and extending
two and a half miles northeastward. The principal works are on a hill 195 feet above the valley of Cedar creek. The summit is covered with red or brown clay, van-ing from two to four feet in thickness, and containing manganese gravel.
The ore of the surface clay is mostly in small grains and nodules, although masses of a ton in weight have been met with. Through the clay there is also much coarse manganese powder, which is not of value at the present time. Beneath the clay covering is brecciated cherty clay, the remains of the decomposed manganiferous cherty limestones. Through this clay some layers appear to be entirely free from manganese. But other seams contain lenticular masses or pockets of manganese ores, and the general position is probably that of the original beds of dolomite, dipping at about 20 degrees southeastward. A shaft has been sunk to a depth of fifty feet, penetrating large masses of ore. Stringers of manganese ores extend irregularly through the ore-bearing lands. As far as the shaft has been sunk there
is no appearance of the original solid rock. Near by, on the side of the hills, the partially solid strata appear with the beds, dipping in some cases as low as 10 degrees nearly eastward. Layers of manganese ore are seen especially in the clays
of the decomposed limestone, above and below some of these beds. Much of the ore is concentrated by the removal of calcareous matter, although part of the manganese has also been lost. Some of the manganese concretions in the clay may ha\ e been segregated from the mineral dissolved out of the original rock, and thus a portion of the "shot-ore" pellets and gravel nodules may be accounted for, especially in the surface clavs.

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Northeast of the Georgia Manganese and Mining company's (Maj. J. M. Couper, president) property the surface ore is shown on the lands of Mr. Asbury, on lot 922, on the lands of Mr. Simmons and others. On Mr. Asbury's the lower part of the hill is cherty, and the manganese accumulations are scattered over the red or chocolate-colored clay. Again, to the northeastward, manganese occurs on ridges of red land belonging to Mr. W. I. Taylor, on lot 840, third district, and on other adjacent banks. On a ridge to the eastward of the last deposit are the Rice or Hatchet! manganese beds (lot 822, third district), near Prospect church. The localities given are only a few of the known deposits in the district There are many places where explorations have been made, by sinking pits, and more or less ore has been taken out. The ores in this belt are not confined to one series of ridges, but they occur on several parallel hills, and extend on the county line between Polk and Floyd, from Maj". Couper's mine to near the Chattanooga, Rome & Columbus railway, the belt of country having a breadth of several miles. The geological conditions for the occurrence of the manganese ores continue from the northern part of Polk county to the Etowah river, although they narrow somewhat in breadth as they pass northward. Laterally the belt extends from Van's valley to near Spring creek. Manganese and manganiferous iron ores also occur in the narrow. Knox basin, west of Cave Spring, on the property of Mr. Simmons and others. These deposits are about two miles west of Hematite station, on the Southern railway.
Woodlands, or Barnsley District.--Manganese is also found in deep red or chocolate-colored loam on the low ridges adjacent to the valley of Tom's creek. The occurrence is similar to that near Cave Spring. One pit, twenty feet deep, was opened, and fifty tons of ore were taken out of it. In part, the deposit resembles breccia, 'with manganese oxides for the cement. In this locality there is a large number of unworked deposits exposed to the surface.
Tunnelhill District--From a point west of Tunnelhill, a narrow belt, mostly a chain of ridges, extends northeastward into Tennessee. The ore in the surface pits in these ridges is mostly in a residual clay, which is of variable depth. Upon this belt, about three miles from Tunnelhill, some extensive openings have been made by the Catoosa Mining company. One shaft is said to go down into, the re sidual cherty clays to a depth of 210 feet. Manganese often closely resembling that in the deposits east of Cartersville, is seen on the surface about this mine. Man ganese ore has been seen, to a limited extent, upon the Knox dolomite ridges, southwest of Tunnelhill, and at other points, but the quantities are not large.
The first serious attempt at working these manganese deposits was inaugu rated by Maj. James M. Couper, at the mines near Cave Spring. An improved plant was constructed at this place, with two Cornish rolls, double log washer, screen, five giggers, etc. The water for washing was brought from Cedar creek, a mile away. It is only by means of the improved methods of washing that the separating of the siliceous matter from the ore can be satisfactorily accomplished.
At Tunnelhill a still more extensive plant has been constructed. The deposit in Bartow county is probably the finest in the United States, outside of those of Arkansas.
MAGNESIA.

Large quantities of dolomite, in the form of crystalline marbles, and hard magnesian limestones occur in northwest Georgia. Dolomite, which is a double carbonate of magnesia and lime, is used for the manufacture of magnesia and its salts. These are very extensively used in pharmaceutical preparations, and these

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deposits may, in course of time, become a source of revenue. The mineral, magnesite, a carbonate of magnesia, has not yet been found in Georgia.

PHOSPHATES.
Besides the mineral, apatite, a calcium phosphate, large deposits of the calcium phosphate are found, which are of fossil origin. They are largely used in the manufacture of fertilizers, and the large deposits of apatite in Canada and in Norway are used for the same purpose. The phosphates, which are of organic origin, are found in nodules and fossil bones in southern and southeastern Georgia. Some of these deposits have become very compact, and form a cryptocrystalline rock. Considerable work was done at Boston, near Thomasville, in southwest Georgia, a few years ago, but on account of the scarcity of material, and the inferior quality of the phosphate, which contained considerable sand and clay, work was discontinued at this place. Some of the marls contain a small amount of calcium phosphate, and when these are used a good fertilizer should result. The mineral, apatite, has been found associated with corundum and phlogopiie, at the Laurel creek corundum mine, in Rabun county, Ga. Six months' work was done during the first part of the years 1894 and 1895, by the geological survey of the state, in the southern part of Georgia, in making a survey of the phosphate and marl deposits. Material has been obtained for the first of a series of bulletins on this subject, and it is probable that it will be issued during the fall of 1895.
GYPSUM.
This mineral, when ground, is used under the name of land plaster. It is also calcined and becomes the plaster-of-paris of commerce. The finer varieties, such as alabaster, are used for statuary and for other ornamental purposes. The majority of the statues and other ornaments made of white and mottled stone, brought to this country from southern Europe, and sold as marble, are made of this material. In composition it is a hydrous calcium sulphate. It is found in the tertiary deposits of Georgia to a limited extent, also in Wilson's cave, in Walker county, as incrustations on some of the limestone, and in efflorescent crystals on the floor of the cave. It is not known to occur in the state in workable quantities.

GRAPHITE.
This mineral is carbon. The finer varieties of it are manufactured into pencils. The inferior grades are used for imparting luster to iron; and with this in view, much of it is made into stove polish. The grades of graphite which are free from grit are used as a lubricant for machinery, and the more common grades are used for the manufacture of crucibles used in the liberal arts. In Elbert county there is a mine of very fair quality which has been worked to some extent. This is the largest deposit of this mineral yet opened in the state. Graphite is said to be found in the same belt in Madison and Clarke counties. It occurs also in small pockets at the base of the itacolumite along the county line between Pickens and Gilmer. An impure variety is found in Hall, Douglas, Cobb, Paulding and Troup counties, as well as in many other localities in north Georgia. This variety will serve for stove polish, or when thoroughly washed it will make a fair lubricant

MICA.
I-arge masses of crystals of muscovitc occur in the gneissoid rocks in the northern part of the state, along with quartz and feldspar. This mineral is the mica which is used in stoves and for a variety of other economic purposes, even

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the scraps and refuse having a market value. It is found in Rabun, Union, Fannin, Gilmer, Pickens, Cherokee, Paulding, Carroll, Jasper and Morgan coun ties, and lately it is said that a large deposit has been found in Hall county, which will produce very large sheets. The mineral has been mined to some extent in many of the counties mentioned, but no work of production is at present being done.
CORUNDUM.

This mineral, which plays so important a part in the manufacturing enterprises of present civilization, has been found in a greater number of localities and in greater abundance in Georgia than in any state in the Union, 'except North Caro lina. So far as is at present known no gems of this species have been found here except two or three quite small in size and of inferior quality. The massive variety occurs in large masses in the widely-known Laurel creek corundum mine in Rabun county. Other mines and unworked deposits occur in this county and in Towns, Union, Lumpkin, Habersham, Hall, Forsyth, Cherokee, Cobb, Paulding, Doug las, Carroll, Heard, Troup, Walton and Upson counties, many of which could be mined at a fair profit The industry in this state is yet in its infancy.

TALC.
This mineral is a magnesium silicate, having three varieties. The first is foliated talc, which is little used in commerce; the second is steatite or soapstone, and is of massive compact form; the third is pseudomorphous. Steatite or soapstone plays an important part in the arts as a material for lining furnaces and for making1 hearths, fire-places, stationary wash-tubs, etc. As a lubricator it is used for reducing friction in machinery and by shop-keepers in the form of a powder for fitting gloves and shoes. It is cut into little square thin blocks and is known as "French chalk," used by tailors. When finely ground and perfumed it consti tutes .many of the cosmetic powders now on the market. A very coarse variety called pot-stone was many years ago used by the Indians for making pots and other rude vessels for their domestic uses. A beautiful light green talc has been mined in Murray county, near Spring Place. White talc is said to occur in the marble belt running from Fannin to Cherckee county.

SANDSTONE AND SAND.
Sandstone is sand which has been compacted; geologically they are the same. Loose sand is used for making up mortar and for other building purposes; also for making molds for foundries. Quartz sand is used for the making of glass, etc. Large quantities of excellent quartz sand are found in various parts of the state. Sandstones are found in great varieties in northwestern Georgia, but very little, so far as is known at present, is of commercial value.
Within a few miles of Graysville, in Catoosa county, is found a deposit of brown sandstone, owned by the Southern Brownstone company. The Chattoogata mountains contain sandstones of various shades and colors, many of which are white, gray and even brown and red. Some of these exist in massive compact bodies, -while others have a jointed structure, which makes them easily quarried. The thickness of the entire series of sandstone is about 800 feet. Building stone of this character may be had also on Lookout and Sand mountains and in the

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Cohutta range. Large deposits of itacolumite, a thin bedded sandstone, often flexible, occur in the Chattahoochee ridge and in Pine mountain.

FLAGSTONES.
Many of the stratified beds in middle and north Georgia contain thin layers, well suited for sidewalks and street crossings. The banded gneiss, found so abundantly along the southern slope of the Chattahoochee ridge and south of it, has been much used on the streets of Atlanta and is well-suited as a flagstone. In Dade, Walker and Chattooga counties excellent flagstones occur about the base of the coal measures. The rock is a compact sandstone of great strength, with a smooth cleavage corresponding to the bedding. The only uses yet made of this stone is as hearths for fire-places. Slabs can be obtained from the quarries in any desired size or thickness. The bed is found covered by debris from overlying rocks, .but it is well exposed in the Lookout gulf, near Trenton, in Dade and at Eagle cliff and Pigeon mountain in Walker county. Hard sandstones that cleave readily into t'lin slabs are found in the Cohutta range, in the eastern parts of Murray, Gordon and Bartow counties.

SLATES.
The important requisites for a good roofing slate are durability and the capacity for splitting readily and evenly into thin plates. The fine-grained varie ties are used for writing slates and softer kind for pencils. Cleavable slates are found in great quantities along or near the line of contact between the Silurian and Metamorphic groups, near the Cohutta, Silicoa, Pine Log and Dug Down mountains. The most noted locality in which roofing slates are found in the state is on the eastern side of Polk county. The slates outcrop in steep hills, apparently in beds of great thickness and have been extensively worked at Rockmart. These slates are of a dark color, approaching closely to black, and are very fine-grained, cleaving readily into thin plates. Dark colored slates are also found in Bartow, Murray, Gordon and Fannin counties. Slates of buff and light green shades are found in large quantities near the northern portion of Bartow county.

MARBLE.
The marble belt enters Georgia from North Carolina, in Fannin county, and runs in a southwesterly direction through Gilmer, Pickens and Cherokee counties. The quarrying and working of marble constitutes one of the most important in dustries in economic geology in the state of Georgia. The first quarrying was done on a small scale in Longswamp valley, near Tate, Pickens Co., in 1840, by Fitz. T. Simmons. Previous to this time, however, the marble was worked in a small way for bowls and other utensils by the Cherokee Indians, the original inhabitants of this section of the country. About two years after Simmons began work he erected a mill with one gang of saws on the east branch of Longswamp creek, near Marble hill. This mill is said to have been rather primitive, but the same methods of cutting the marble are now employed in our best mills. In 1850 Tate. Adkinson & Company opened a quarry in the vicinity of what is now the Georgia marble works, and erected two mills on the creek, one above and the other below the quarry.
In 1854. Summy & Hurlick, who ten years before had opened a quarry two miles east of Jasper, again renewed work at that place. Immediately after the

INDUSTRIAL RESOUBCES.
war this quarry was worked by Robinson, Richardson & Besinger for nearly two years, but it was afterward abandoned until 1885, when the property was opened up by the Perseverance Marble company, with James P. Harrison as president This company erected a steam mill and opened up new quarries, using steam drills and all the machinery necessary to carry on a first-class quarry. These works, which employed a number of hands, continued operations for only about three years, turning out a great deal of marble, which was used for various purposes. At the end of this period the greater part of the machinery was moved to what is now the Piedmont marble works, where railroad facilities were immediately at hand.
The Georgia Marble company, which works the Creole, the Etowah and the Cherokee quarries near Tate and the Kennesaw quarry at the foot of Marble hill, was organized in the spring of 1884, with a capital of $1,500,000. Previous to this time Georgia, which is now recognized as the second state in the Union in the production of marble, was practically unknown to the trade, but the energy and businesslike methods of this and other companies soon organized, with the good quality of the marbles produced, soon brought the state into the front ranks as a marble producer. The first work of the Georgia company, after securing the con trol of nearly 7,000 acres of marble property, was to construct and equip a branch railroad from the quarries to the main line of the Marietta & North Georgia rail road. This road was extended up to the Kennesaw marble quarry, and is the outlet for the produce of the Piedmont and Southern Marble companies.
The Southern marble quarries were opened in 1885 by Miles & Home, contrac tors for the state capitol of Georgia, in which they used some of the best of the stone for the stair steps and the principal part of the tiling. Since the first quarry was opened three new quarries have been opened, and a good mill has been erected. Only one of these quarries is at present being worked.
The Piedmont Marble company opened up its quarry a short distance from the Kennesaw quarry; but in the latter part of 1893 they opened up a new quarry, close by the first. Both these quarries produce an excellent grade of white marble, with much of it almost free from blemish. The value of the output in 1893 is estimated to have been $261,666. During the first six months of that year the marble industry in Georgia was said by leading producers to be in the most flourishing condition it has ever enjoyed. In the latter part of the year, however, the demand was light and business dull, owing to the terrible financial depression existing all over the country. About the first of 1894 the Piedmont Marble company secured a large contract for marble for the building of the new St. Luke's hospital in New York city, the contract amounting to about $240,000. In addition to the true marbles occurring in the counties above named, there are semi-crystalline limestones in Murray, Whitfield and Floyd counties, which take a high polish and afford a very good ornamental stone. Large enough pieces for practical use have not yet been found; and these deposits have not produced any marble of economic consequence. The marble belt, running from Fannin to Cherokee, is about sixty miles wide, and lies on the border line between the well known Paleozoic group and the broad belt of crystalline rocks. Constant streams are everywhere abundant; the larger ones are rapid, and furnish fine water-power. The Marietta & North Georgia railroad runs parallel with the marble belt, throughout its entire length; and at no point is the outcropping at a greater distance than three miles from this- road.
The marbles enter Fannin county from Xortli Carolina in two almost parallel lines of outcroppings, about two miles apart. The eastern line makes its first appearance on the head-waters of Hamestring creek, a small stream flowing to

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the northeast and emptying into the Notteley river. The marble here is com posed of small crystalline grains of 'dark or light gray color. One mile southwest of this exposure, on the same creek, marble is found on the Polk-Patterson property. It underlies for nearly a quarter of a mile the western base of High Top mountain, and is one of the most extensive surface exposures in Fannin county. The indications are that this deposit must be at least eighty feet thick. It is evidently a continuation of the outcropping mentioned above. A limited amount of work has been carried on here to ascertain the extent and character of the stone and to secure specimens for exhibition. A large slab of this stone was sent to the Piedmont exposition at Atlanta in 1887 and attracted a good deal of attention. In color it is light or dark gray, more or less banded with black; but marble of a flesh color tinged with green, and quite similar to the Etowah marble, also occurs. The crystalline grains are small, of a uniform size, firmly cemented, and afford a high polish. Small crystals of chalcopyrite, and here and there a few scales of mica are found; but neither is in sufficient quantity to seriously injure the marble for architectural purposes. As far as examined, the deposit is comparatively free from seams and cutters; but its general sound
ness can only be determined by further prospecting. On J. M. Garrison's property, one and a half miles southwest of the Patterson
property, marble is found near Cutcane creek, a small stream flowing parallel with Hamestring creek, but in an opposite direction. The marble lies here in a narrow valley, about five feet beneath the alluvial soil. Only one excavation has been made, at which the marble can be examined. The color and general appear ance of the stone are quite similar to the marbles above described, being, how ever, of a somewhat coarser texture. This property has not been prospected sufficiently to reveal anything definite as to the extent or soundness of the stone.
In the immediate vicinity of Cutcane postoffice, on the property of D. L. Gray, marble occurs in the creek bottoms, overlaid by four or five feet of alluvial soil. This marble has been used to a limited extent for making lime for local con sumption, but no regular quarrying has been attempted. Two miles farther down Cutcane creek, on the property of Mrs. Dean, marble outcrops in the creek bottom. This has been used for making lime. In places the marble is quite cleavable, owing to parallel layers of mica; but the exposures are not sufficiently extensive to be able to tell whether this mineral extends throughout
the deposit Near the junction of Cutcane and Hemptown creeks, on what is known as the Park property, considerable prospecting work has been done for marble. A quarry was opened here, and many cubic yards of stone were removed, the work being finally abandoned, before any of the marble was marketed. The texture of this stone is well suited for ornamental purposes; but on account of its unsound condition it is a question whether or not it can be quarried with profit. The prevailing colors are white and light gray, with an occasional band of black. Mica and tremolite are the principal accessory minerals, forming long
masses of crystals, which are quite conspicuous on the weathered surface. One mile east of Mineral Bluff marble is found in a somewhat hilly section,
close to the road leading to Morganton. Two excavations, only a few yards apart, each about twenty feet square and ten feet deep, have been cut into the marble by channeling-machines, and large blocks have been taken out. The marble from one of these openings has a very fine texture and snow-white color,, but mica occurs in some of the layers in such abundance as to cause them to split quite easily along certain lines. In the other opening the marble seems to be of pure quality, though of a dark color, but even this contains mica and tremolite. The white varieties of stone here resemble in texture and color some

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of the Italian marbles, and, were it not for the impurities, it would command a high price as an ornamental stone. However, the extraneous minerals in marbles are frequently quite local, and someiimes disappear in a few feet, when a stratum is being penetrated. The soundness, also, may vary at different depths.
On Weaver creek, about one mile east of Blue Ridge, marble occurs on the Cox property, outcropping at two or three places along the creek. The deposit covers quite an area in the creek bottom, lying only a few feet beneath the alluvium. The texture and color of the stone is similar to that found near Mineral Bluff, having the same impurities, with an addition of some crystals of chalcopyrite. In the neighborhood of Sweet Gum postoffice, the western line of outcroppings enters Fannin county from North Carolina, occurring first near the state line, in a narrow valley along Rapier Mill creek, on lot seven, eighth district, first section. Just across the state line, near Culberson, N. C, a quarry is in operation, and a great amount of valuable stone has been shipped to eastern and western cities, where it always commands a high price, because of its superior quality. The marble at both these places is similar in texture and color, the crystalline grains being small and firmly united, forming a dense, compact marble, which admits of a brilliant polish. Ordinarily the color is dark gray, but black and light gray with black bands occur. Mica and other impur ities are less abundant here than at other places, described above in Fannin county. At Arps' Spring, one mile southwest of Sweet Gum postoffice, on lot 42, eighth district, first section, marble again appears in the Rapier Mill creek valley, occurring in a depression about the spring, underlying an area of about half an acre. Drill-holes put down here a short time ago to the depth of thirty feet do not pass through the stratum. The core was generally sound and free from impurities. The stone differs but little in texture and color from that of lot No. 7. A similar marble is said to have been recently found on Youngstone creek, near Cole's crossing.
On the Dickey property, at Toccoa river, a large pit about thirty feet square and fifteen feet deep has been sunk near the railroad bridge, exposing the marble. It here appears to be in large bowlders, though on the opposite side of the river the marble is said to underlie a considerable area about the mouth of Youngstone creek. No attempt has been made to develop this. Specimens from this deposit contain numerous cutters and seams, being generally unsound. Further development, however, might bring to light a better quality of the stone.
On the poorhouse farm, one mile southwest of Blue Ridge, near the Marietta & North Georgia railroad, marble occurs along a small stream, showing at two exposures a dark gray marble of coarse texture with less mica than is usually
found in the marbles of Fannin county.

GIL.MER COUNTY.
Gilmer county, while containing extensive beds of marble, has not produced any either for building or ornamental purposes that would be of consequence from an economic standpoint. The stone has been used to a limited extent for making lime, but no quarries of any kind are at present in operation. Pros pecting has been carried on to a limited extent, and a few pits and drill-holes have been sunk, but not to an extent sufficient to give very definite information as to the deposits.
On Rock creek, near Cherry Log postoffice, on the property of J. L. Lacey, it is found in the bed of the creek and in the adjacent bottoms, covering an area of less than an acre. One or two pits have been sunk, but no attempt, by
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boring or otherwise has been "made, to ascertain the thickness or general sound ness of the stone. Specimens from this deposit are usually of a light or dark gray color, and are of fine texture. Weathered surfaces show but little mica or other impurities. The water-power of Rock creek and the closeness of the rail road would be special advantages in the development of this property.
Near White Path marble is found on the property of P. B. Whitaker, out cropping along White Path creek below the railroad trestle and on both sides of the railroad, underlying an area probably of three acres. The cores taken from two or three drill-holes ten to thirty feet in depth are said to have been generally sound throughout their entire length, though the stone taken from the creek was somewhat laminated, on account of the considerable amount of mica it contained. In color and texture the character of the stone is similar to that found on the Lacey property, though some of the layers on the east side are quite black, and likely to be'taken for slate. On the Holt property adjoining there are several out crops of marble about the junction of Big and Little Turniptown creeks, and it is said to underlie a number of acres in the immediate vicinity. The property is practically undeveloped. The general appearance of the stone is similar to the lighter varieties found on the Whitaker property, though a pale-blue variety also occurs. The texture is fine, and the grains are difficult to distinguish with the unaided eye. The outcroppings at some places show somewhat laminated struc tures, while at other places the stone seems to be apparently free from impurities. The appearances indicate an extensive deposit at this place, and much valuable stone is likely to be found. Big Turniptown creek is a stream of considerable size, and would furnish fine water-power for operating quarries on this property.
Xear the headwaters of Tolona creek, five miles south of Ellijay, on John Ray's property, a series of outcroppings extend along the creek for about six miles, with only one or two interruptions. The stone is fine-grained, and light-gray or white in color; but no work has been done in testing the extent or the quality of the stone. On lot 260, tenth district, second section, a few hundred yards south of the last exposure, a somewhat extensive outcropping occurs near the creek, as a twelve-foot bluff. A small quarry for lime making was opened here some years ago; but has since been abandoned. [Much of this marble seems to be quite solid and free from mica, weathering evenly on the exposed surfaces. Its color and texture are similar to the texture and color of the stone found on the Ray property.
On lots 142 and 143, eleventh district, second section, one and a half miles south of Tolona postoffice, marble forms a line of cliffs as far south as Price's creek, being mostly light colored and fine grained, though a dark or mottled variety, closely granular, occurs, both varieties containing more or less mica, especially the fine-grained variety. Quartz in the form of veins and nodules
appears on the weathered surfaces, though the marble which has been exposed in the cliffs for a long period ordinarily shows even weathering. An eighty-foot
drill-hole was put down into this marble near the railroad trestle on lot 142, two or three years ago, without passing through the marble. This property has not been sufficiently developed to reveal its character as to soundness or freedom from impurities.
Marble bluff, the property of Henry Gartrell, joins lot 142, and lies along the east side of Tolona valley, just below the mouth of Price's creek. An eighty-foot bluff, almost perpendicular, is exposed along the Marietta & North Georgia railroad. This is one of the most extensive natural exposures of marble in the state; but, so far, it is practically undeveloped. The thickness at this place is about 175 feet. The stone varies greatly in texture and color, pink, white and darkgray prevailing. The white, however, is most abundant. The gray is rather coarse

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in texture, but the grains are so firmly cemented as to form a very solid marble. The white and pink have a very fine texture, and when free from mica they admit of a fine polish. A small quantity of chalcopyrite and quartz occur as inclusions, but they are not present in sufficient quantities to be injurious. About a year and a half ago, a company began quarrying, but the work was afterward temporarily suspended. No previous work of development had been done on this property, except the digging of one or two pits in the creek bottoms to ascertain the extent of the stone. This property is more favorably located for the production and shipping of marble than any other in Gilmer county, having all the advantages of railroad facilities, suitable grounds for the location of mills and marble yards and a mountain stream of considerable volume to furnish the necessary water-power. This stream for the first two miles above where it enters Tolona valley, has a fall of nearly 100 feet, and the narrow valley becomes so contracted that retaining dams could be constructed with little expense.
PICKENS COUNTY.
While there are possibilities in the marble deposits of Fannin, Gilmer and Cherokce counties, yet the real value of the Pickens county deposits has been proven by their successful working. Large plants have been established, and large quan tities of marble of good quality have been shipped to market. These marbles, which are in the same belt as those of the counties above mentioned, enter Pickens from Gilmer on lot 140, fifth district, second section, adjoining the Gartrell property. The bluffs here are almost as high and precipitous as those on the lot adjoining; the only apparent difference in the character of the stone being the absence of the flesh-colored layers. A few hundred yards farther down the creek, on lot 139,. a considerable quantity of marble has been quarried for limemaking. The capacity of the mill, which is located on the east side of the railroad on a siding, is about 1,000 barrels per month. A drill-hole has been put down thirty feet in the marble on the opposite side of the railroad from the lime-kiln, and the core is said to have been quite solid, throughout its entire length.
On the Godfrey property, near the mouth of Fisher's creek, is an extensive exposure of marble which seems to be the southern terminus of the deposit in Tolona valley. Between this property and the lime-kiln the marble continues throughout lot 138, forming high bluffs. A small quarry, long since abandoned, was opened on the Godfrey property more than forty years ago in order to secure marble for tombstones. These stones, which are to be found throughout the country in various graveyards, are little affected by atmospheric agencies after so long an exposure. The color of the marble is usually light or dark-gray, and its texture varies from coarse to fine-grained. The coarser, which predominates, is sounder than the fine-grained, and contains scarcely any mica. About half a mile south of this exposure, running parallel with it, is another line of marble outcroppings, belonging to an entirely different stratum. It is an impure, darkcolored stone with a somewhat slaty cleavage, forming a bluff thirty or forty feet in height near Fisher's creek. The same stratum seems to outcrop opposite Tolona school-house, and is found near the state line in Fannin county; but only in the vicinity of Ball Ground and Canton, in Cherokee county, is it likely to be of any economic value.
On the headwaters of Fisher's creek, four miles northeast of Talking Rock station, several hundred dollars were spent a few years ago in prospecting for marble, on the Eager property; but no quarry was opened. The prospecting consisted mainly in stripping the earth from the marble, with the view of determining the extent and character of the deposit. The crystalline grains

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making up the stone are somewhat irregular, though usually small. The coarse and fine-grained varieties, however, generally lie in different strata, the light
colors on top. Two miles east of Jasper, on Longswamp creek, is the property of the
Perseverance Marble company. This is an almost continuous series of bluffs forty or fifty feet in height and nearly a mile in length. Four quarries have been opened, one of which was extensively worked a few years ago and produced much marble. For lack of suitable railroad facilities the greater part of the machinery of these quarries was moved to the Piedmont works. The stone of these quarries is of a snow-white color, and has a fine texture. However, seams are of frequent occurrence, making it difficult to quarry large blocks. Some of this stone weathers uniformly, and some, containing more mica, has rough and irregular weathered surfaces. The texture is fine and close, admitting of a brilliant polish, and making it valuable for ornamental purposes. Two diamond-drill holes, one 111 feet and the other 130 feet deep, respectively, failed to pass through the stratum of marble, the cores showing the character of the stone to be similar to that exposed in the outcroppings. The thickness of the deposit is about 200 feet. Longswamp creek, which divides on this property, has a good fall, and could be easily utilized in furnishing water-power for an extensive quarrying plant, at a comparatively small outlay of money. The marble continues south from these quarries, along the east bank of the creek for about two miles, to a point near Tate's mill. Some prospecting has been done at two places along the bluff where the stone very closely resembles in color and texture that which is found farther up the creek.
Marble occurs on both sides of the east branch of Longswamp creek, on the Disheroom property, one mile east of Marble Hill postoffice. The outcropping on the south side of the branch runs west until it reaches the junction of the ""two brandies of the creek, where it turns abruptly to the south, following the east side of the main stream for nearly two and a half miles, finally disappearing in the overlying gneiss. It is along the cast and west line of this series of out croppings that the Southern marble quarries, the Kennesaw quarries and the Piedmont quarries lie. in the north side and at the base of Marble nil!. There are only two natural exposures of marble on the Disheroom property, and these are so limited as to admit of only a very imperfect idea of the general character of the stone. However, the indications do not seem to be very good. On the lot owned by William Pool, adjoining this property, the marble seems to be much more ex tensive. The stone, which has been slightly prospected, is very similar to that found at the Southern marble quarries. These quarries are located on the north side of Marble hill, four miles east of Tate, with which it is connected by a branch
road from the main line of the Marietta & North Georgia railroad. Four large quarries have been opened here, each of which has been extensively worked. Quarry Xo. i. lying farthest to the east, is situated on the hillside and is connected with the mill by an incline railway, about 100 yards long. An excavation, eighty feet square and thirty feet deep, in the upper part of the stratum has been made, and a great deal of stone has been taken out at this point. The stone taken from this quarry is very solid, rarely showing any seams or lines of stratification, and, as a consequence, blocks of almost any size can be secured. The natural out croppings show a remarkably uniform mode of weathering. The crystalline grains making up the stone are usually large and semi-transparent, giving the surface of the marble a somewhat mottled appearance, rather than a uniform white. In places a number of accessor}.- minerals arc found, the most common being mica, which seriously interferes with polishing. The marble attains at this place a

INDUSTRIAL. RESOURCES.
thickness of nearly 200 feet, dipping to the south at an angle of about 20 degrees. Quarries Nos. 2 and 3 are a short distance farther down the creek, on the same hillside, but nearer the valley, each about the same size as quarry Xo. I, and producing a similar marble, though not of such uniform white color. Quarry Xo. 4, which is the only one worked at present, is still farther down the creek, and well up on the hillside, in the upper portion of the stratum. The marble here appears to have less mica and other impurities than that from the other quarries, but it retains about the same texture and color as that from quarry No. i.
The mill, located in the valley near quarry Xo. i, is connected with the quarries by an incline railway, so graded that the cars, when loaded, run by reason of their own weight, directly to the mill. The company has an excellent plant, with a capacity for turning out a large amount of marble at a comparatively small expense.
The Kennesaw quarries, owned by the Georgia Marble company, are located three-quarters of a mile west of the Southern company's plant, at the base of the hill. Two excavations, near each other, have been made on this property, one 72x90 feet at the top, gradually increasing in size by channeling, to a depth of eighty feet. The other one, recently opened, is 110x90 feet at the surface. The stone is snow-white, with an occasional blotch of black or dark gray, resembling very closely the marble from the Southern quarries in texture, being generally sound and free from impurities. There is a large annual output of stone for monuments, furniture, interior decorations, etc., from these quarries.
The Piedmont quarries are only about 200 feet west of the Kennesaw quarries, on the same portion of the stratum, the amount of marble found here being practically inexhaustible, its thickness, while difficult to determine with any degree df accuracy, being at least 200 feet. The color and texture of the stone are practically the same as the Kennesaw marble. Seams frequently occur in the stone, however, and cause considerable waste. Otherwise it is comparatively free from defects. One of the best equipped marble mills in the south is owned by the Piedmont Marble company, and is located at these quarries. The company is now turning out a large quantity of marble, under a $240,000 contract for the building of St. Luke's hospital, in New York city. This is probably the largest single contract which has been secured by any of the marble companies in Georgia.
The Herndon property, owned by James P. Harrison and others, is located in the valley south of Marble hill, opposite the Piedmont q'uarries. There are two or three places of natural exposure, but the deposit lies under alluvial soil, at a distance varying from two to six .feet from the surface, and more than an acre in extent. At one point a quarry has been opened and large blocks have been taken out, of very superior quality, being white, almost free from blemish, and of texture much the same as the marble of the Southern Marble company's quarry No. i, except that the accessory minerals, especially mica, are not so abundant. The dip here is near 12 degrees southeast, indicating only a slight change from the original perpendicular position of the marble. For this reason, the stone will probably be found to be generally sound. Nearly half a mile below this opening, toward the northeast, where the valley becomes contracted, marble outcrops at several points on the south side of Marble hill. A few narrow bands of flesh-colored marble have been observed here, but otherwise it is similar to that found at the quarry just described. A branch road was begun in 1893, to connect this property with the Piedmont quarries. When finished, the company proposes to begin work on an extensive scale.
The Griffin property, at present controlled by the Georgia Marble company, lies immediately west of the Piedmont quarries, on the same line of outcroppings.

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A number of exposures occur on this property, extending along the ea?t side of the creek, and on the hillside for about two and a half miles. The lower part of the stratum, near the creek, is, at places, of a flesh-color, while that on the hillside is white, with blotches of dark gray. At a number of places along this line of outcroppings a limited amount of prospecting has been done, but no regular quarrying has been attempted.
Two miles northwest of the Piedmont works, and on the opposite side of a high ridge, marble occurs on S. A. DarnelFs property. This is an entirely different Jine of outcroppings from the one above described, though the structure of the marble and the character of the associated rock both show that it belongs to the same stratum. For nearly two miles these two lines of exposures run almost parallel with each other, but they seem finally to unite in the lower end of Tate's bottom. The marble found on the property above mentioned, near the juncture of the two branches of Longswamp creek, is of a somewhat finer texture than that found at the other exposures in the vicinity, yet in color and structure it is
quite similar. Very little prospecting has been done here, though across the creek, on the adjoining lot, owned by Dr. Tate, a number of drill holes have been put down to a depth of eighty or ninety feet, the cores showing the marble, it is said, to be generally sound, with a texture and color much like the Creole from the Georgia works. Some prospecting has been done, by boring and sinking-
pits, on a third line of outcropping, a few hundred yards west of the Darnell property, separated from it by a narrow ridge. This marble does not seem to form so thick a stratum as the other exposures farther west, but the general appearance of the stone remains the same
The quarries of the Georgia Marble company are located in the valley of Longswamp creek, one and a half miles east of Tate station, on a fold in the stratum of marble, whose upper portion has been removed by erosion. The Creole and Cherokee quarries are located on the east side of this fold, while the Etowah
is on the west side.
Of the Creole quarries, there are two within a few feet of each other, designated, respectively, as Creole No. i and Creole Xo. 2, the former, which was the first opened, being 80x85 feet at the surface, and gradually increasing by channeling to a depth of 130 feet, where it is 110x115 ^eet ' anl tne latter 80x90 feet at the surface and ninety feet deep. The marble from these quarries is a beautiful white, mottled with blue and black, and is quite free from impurities and seams. The texture is quite coarse, and the bluish-gray clouding and banding gives variety to the white, and affords striking contrast This ^tone, on account of the pleasing
mottled effect and the brilliant polish it takes, is extensively used throughout the
country for monuments and interior decoration. The Cherokee quarry, 80x90 feet at the surface and forty feet deep, is near the
Creole quarries. The marble here, however, is of a more uniform color than the
Creole. Otherwise it is quite similar. A few hundred yards east of the Cherokee quarry and near the creek, are the
Etowah quarries, one of which has been extensively worked while the other has only recently been opened. In structure and texture the stone is much like the
Creole, but it contains more impurities, finely distributed iron oxide in it giving it a pink or flesh color, while graphite, hornblende and a black mica produce a more
or less banded appearance, \\ith dark or light shades of gray. This marble is in great demand for interior decoration, and the company finds it difficult to meet the demand. Wainscoting, tiling, furniture and other ornamental subjects are worked up from this beautiful material. Fine examples of this marble are to be seen in the wainscoting of the first floor of the state capitol.

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A branch railroad, owned and operated by the Georgia Marble company, con
nects its quarries with the main line of the Marietta & North Georgia railroad. The company's plant, including its mills, is well supplied with the latest improved machinery, all of which is kept in an excellent state of repair by a well-equipped
machine shop. The mills are among the largest, as well as the most completely fxirnished in the country, from 150 to 200 hands being regularly employed at the works.
At Nelson, the first station south of Tate, marble outcrops near a spring located .200 yards south of the depot A few outcroppings whose weathered surfaces re
semble in general appearance the light-colored and fine-grained marbles in Longswamp valley, constitute the exposure of this property, on which some prospecting has been done. The quantity and quality of the stone, however, have not been
sufficiently promising to justify the opening of a quarry.

CHEROKEE COUNTY.
Cherokee county, while long known to contain more or less marble, has never as yet become an active producer. The marbles in this county constitute the southern end of the belt entering the state in Fannin county, but the exposures are not so extensive nor so continuous as in the other counties. Here the dark and rather impure marble first noticed in Pickens and Gilmer counties is quite well developed, forming at places beds of considerable thickness. A limited amount of prospecting has been done at a number of localities in the county, though no regular quarries have been opened. The so-called green marble which has been worked near Holly Spring as an ornamental stone, is serpentine. Beautiful slabs of this have been gotten out. The stratum of dark-colored marbles makes its first appearance in Cherokee county, at the bridge on the road leading to Dawsonville, four miles northeast of Ball Ground, forming a series of outcroppings about ten miles long and extending in a southwestern direction by way of Ball Ground to within a short distance of Canton, where it seems to gradually thin out. It is exposed on both sides of the road west of the creek and has been used in con structing the piers of the bridge mentioned above. Some of the layers are very impure, forming micaceous sandstones, cemented with calcium carbonate and weather into a porous, sandy mass. Other layers have few impurities, are of a light-gray color and weather more evenly. This stone is hardly suited to building and ornamental purposes on account of the too great lamination and its many im purities.
The dark-colored marble again makes its appearance on T- Holbert's property, southwest of the bridge, on the right bank of Longswamp creek, being ex posed at a number of places along the creek and in the field near Mr. Holberfs house. The stratum attains a thickness here of at least 100 feet. No prospecting of any consequence has been done on this property, and the quantity and quality of the stone can only be surmised from its natural exposures. In these the stone varies considerably both in structure and composition, in some places being more or less slaty in structure on account of the quantity of mica contained, while at other points it is solid and comparatively free from mica and other impurities. While the color is usually dark-gray, yet a light-gray and black are also found. The latter seems well suited for tiling, but on account of impurities it does not weather evenly.
A coarse-grained, white marble has been recently discovered on lot 296, fourth district, second section, on the opposite side of the creek from the Holbert property,

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being exposed at only one place in a small stream near the point where it empties into the creek. The stone here resembles the marble in the vicinity of the Georgia marble quarries, and it is probable that it belongs to the same stratum. Nothing is known of the extent of the deposit, as little prospecting has been done on the property. Along the road between the Holbert property and Ball Ground, the dark-colored marble is exposed in a number of places, showing up especially well at Fanner s Spring, the general character of the stone being about the same as that at other exposures. An exposure of marble occurs on Airs. Stern's property, near the road leading to Canton, three-quarters of a mile south of Ball Ground, and at a number of places along a small branch, being usually unevenly weathered, due to mica and other impurities, more or less abundant in the stone. It is darkgray or black in color and is fine-grained and compact, admitting of a fair polish, It, however, has a more laminated structure. Other outcroppings belonging to the same stratum may be seen at a number oi places along 'the road leading to Canton. -Six miles northeast of Canton, near Mabel station, is quite an extensive deposit of marble, outcropping in two small streams on property owned by G. W.
Crain. The marble is exposed for more than 100 yards by one of these streams, running at almost right angles to the strike of the marble. The total thickness of the deposit at this point must be at least 120 feet In color it is dark-gray or black, the colors sometimes alternating with each other, giving a banded appear ance to the marble. Mica and magnetite with an occasional crystal of pyrite, the general impurities of the stone, frequently become so abundant along certain lines as to cause a slate-like cleavage and irregular weathered surfaces. The portions of stone which are more solid admit of a fair polish and seem well suited for tiling, etc. About two miles west of Canton, on the Chattahoochee Mining- company's
property, is another exposure on this line of outcropping, where the stane is used for making lime. The deposit is here very greatly reduced in thickness and has no economic importance as a building-stone.
- Two miles west of Ball Ground, on Sharp Mountain creek, is a second line of marble outcroppings, which appears to be a part of the same stratum which has just been described. This extends in a southwesterly direction, parallel with the first line of outcropping, as far south as Hickory Log creek, where it has been prospected on the property of P. \V. Stafford, the marble found being much like that found in the vicinity of Ball Ground, but of a much whiter color.
On L. E. Cowart's property, three miles southeast of Ball Ground, an ex posure occurs along a small branch, near Sharp Mountain creek, which in texture and color resembles very closely that occurring in Longswa^np valley. It prob ably belongs to the same stratum. It is rather coarsely granular and white or light-gray in color, banded with black, a flesh color much like the Etowah also occurring, but not appearing to be very abundant The outcropping is so limited that definite information as to extent and general soundness of the deposit cannot be had. Surface indications, however, are favorable and would seem to justify a limited outlay of money in prospecting. Marble outcrops on the lot owned by T. J. Carpenter, on Ragsdale creek, six miles northwest of Canton. The stone is quite similar to the Cowart marble and evidently belongs to the same stratum. The deposit is not thick and is usually unsound.
About eight miles northwest of Canton quite an extensive outcropping of marble occurs on property owned by J. M. White, at the junction of Lost Town and Shoal creeks, exposed for fully a quarter of a mile along the left bank of Lost Town creek, in places forming bluffs some ten or twelve feet high. The marble occurring here is generally sound, though it contains fine sand. It is of a light-

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gray or pale-blue color. Judging from the exposure and the top of the deposit. the stratum must be nearly eighty feet thick.

THE SEMI-CRYSTALLINE MARBLES OF NORTHWEST GEORGIA.
In a number of counties within the Paleozoic area in northwest Georgia limestones occur which are partly crystalline in character. They arc found heavy bedded, and admit of a good polish. At a few places, in the counties of Murray, Whitfield and Floyd, this stone may become of importance for ornamental purposes.
MURRAY COUNTY.
At the base of Cedar ridge, five miles west of Spring Place, in this county, ' a great deal of work has been done in opening a quarry in the so-called black marble, but no marketable stone of any consequence has been shipped. The
stone is a jet black carbonaceous limestone, belonging to the Oostanaula shales, and occurring in beds f^rom six inches to two feet in thickness. There is little of it of crystalline structure, but the stone admits of a fair polish. Exposed to the atmosphere for any length of time it undergoes a change of color, due, evidently, to some change in the carbonaceous material. This, together with its occurrence in thin beds, is a serious drawback to its ever becoming important as an ornamental stone.
WHITFIELD COUNTY.
In the northwestern corner of this county is a narrow belt of dark chocolate and grayish marbles, highly fossiliferous, entering the county from Tennessee, about one mile east of Red Clay, and extending nearly parallel with the Southern railway for about ten miles. A good exposure of it occurs one mile east of Varnell's station, on the Eslinger farm. This marble belongs to the stratum which traverses the valley of east Tennessee, and which is so extensively worked in the vicinity of Knoxville. The quality of the stone is quite variable, and in color it is generally of a dark chocolate, variegated with white. There also occurs, in more or less abundance, a light gray and a beautiful pink. These various colors are frequently found at the same place, occupying different layers in the same stratum, or they blend into each other, so that almost any shade or color, from a dark chocolate to a light gray, may be secured. The light gray, which is always the most completely crystallized, is generally traversed by dark irregular lines, which give variety to an otherwise monotonous light gray sur face. The exposures are mostly in the form of bowlders, or large disconnected masses, which appear to be due to the surface weathering of thick layers of marble, with a somewhat jointed structure. Since this peculiar mode of weather ing has been caused by surface waters, carrying carbon dioxide in solution, we may reasonably suppose that the bowlders and disconnected masses unite and form continuous beds at no great depth. These beds, making up the stratum of marble, as shown by the outcroppings, are from two to eight feet in thickness. It is difficult to determine the exact thickness of the marble deposit at any point along the belt, on account of the overburden of earth and the limited outcrops. However, one would be safe in putting the minimum thickness at from thirty to forty feet. On the Haskin farm, one mile southeast of Red Clay, it probably attains more than twice this thickness, but it is not all salable stone.
The chemical and physical properties, together with the smooth surface of the stone, after being exposed for years in its natural bed, are conclusive proofs-

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

that the marble is well suited for building and ornamental purposes. The dark chocolate variety contains less calcium carbonate than the other, and its coloring matter is due to iron sesquioxide, in a rather coarsely divided condition. This variety contains numerous fossils, and is only partly crystalline. Owing to its beautiful color and brilliancy when polished, it is well adapted for furniture and interior decoration. The marble was worked many years ago, to a limited extent, on the Eslinger farm for tombstones, some of which are still to be seen in the church yards of the vicinity, in a fair state of preservation. At other places along the line of outcropping where the marble becomes thin bedded and easily quarried, it has been used locally for making chimneys, foundations for buildings, etc. The marble belt of this county is quite favorably located for the shipment of stone, as branch lines can be easily constructed from the main line of the Southern railway, along the numerous small streams which cut their way through the ridges, separating the marble belt from the railroad. Some of these streams will afford considerable water-power, which can be used in operating quarry machinery.
FLOYD COUNTY.
Xear Six-Mile station, south of Rome, a considerable amount of money was invested a few years ago in an attempt to develop the black semi-crystalline limestone which belongs to the same formation as that at the base of Cedar ridge in Murray county. The stone found here, however, seems to have been much shattered and broken up by some great dynamic force, and to again have been united by white veins of calcite, which penetrated the stone in every direction, which give it a pleasing effect when polished. A branch road, nearly two miles in length, was graded from this quarry to the main line of the Southern railway, and quarrying machinery was purchased and put in operation; but the works \yere finally abandoned, before any stone was shipped, the principal trouble being due to its unsound condition and its variable physical structure.

MARBLE DRESSING WORKS.
In addition to the mills at the several quarries described, three companies are doing an extensive business in dressing marble for the market They operate no quarries, but depend for material nearly altogether on the products of the Georgia quarries. One of these is the Kennesaw Marble company, which was organized in the latter part of 1891 with a capital of $72,000. Its plant was erected at the junction of the Western & Atlantic and Marietta & North Georgia railroads, just outside the city of Marietta. Another is the Blue Ridge Marble company, which was organized in 1886, with a capital of $100,000, and whose plant is located at Xelson, Pickens Co., on the Marietta & North Georgia railroad; while the third is the firm of George B. Sickles & Company, located within a few hundred yards of the Georgia Marble company's works near Tate. This firm was organized in 1886, with a capital of $10,000, but since then its plant has been greatly enlarged, in order to supply a rapidly increasing trade. All three of vhese companies are supplied with excellent mills, fitted up with all the best and latest improved machinery for dressing marble. They turn out "all kinds of interior decorative work, such as tiles, wainscoting, pillars, etc., and columns, monuments, and other outside objects.
Physical Tests.--The microscope has been recently used in studying the struc ture of the marbles of Georgia, with interesting results, showing the most minute impurities, which might give rise to uneven weathering or to rapid disintegration,

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.

2I g

and the crystalline structure, whether it be pheno-crystalline or crypto-crystalline. In the recent investigation of the marbles of the state by the geologica'l survey of Georgia, microscopic sections were made, some of which showed the grains of calcite to be very small and compact, besides showing whatever mica or magnetite or other impurities were in the stone. Other specimens showed the individual grains to be moderately fine-grained, with inclusions of mica, carbon, etc.; while some others showed the crystalline grains to be of considerable size. It is interesting to note that the pink marble from the Etowah quarries entirely lost its color, so finely distributed was the iron sesquioxide which gave it color.
Crushing Tests.--In the crushing tests one-inch tubes were used, or as near that size as were to be had. All the cubes showed very high resisting power, especially so in the cases of the Creole and Etowah marbles, from the Georgia company's quarries. A cube of the Kennesaw marble showed a compressive strength of 11,400 pounds per square inch; a cube of the Creole marbles, a compressive strength of 13,900 pounds per square inch; a cube of the Etowah marble, 13,200 pounds per square inch; and a cube of the Southern marble, 11,300 pounds per square inch. The cubes which burst formed a double cone, whose bases were the original compressed faces of the cube, thus showing the specimens to be sound, and that the weight was distributed equally over the entire surface.
Absorption Tests.--The absorption tests were made by drying the cubes for twenty-four hours, and afterward immersing them in water for seventy-two hours. The approximate percentages of absorption are:
Kennesaw ................... .................................... .008 Creole ................................................ .......... .004 Etowah .................................................... ..... :oo5 Southern, No. i................................................... .006 Southern, No. 2................................................... .008

CLAYS.
Materials suitable for brick are to be found in almost all parts of the state, and -need not here be amplified. A fine pottery clay occurs in large beds in the counties immediately south of the great belt of crystalline rocks. This clay is worked at Stevens' pottery, in Baldwin county, for fire-brick and tile, sewer pipes, flower pots, jugs, and other earthenware, it being white, quite soft and free from grit and other impurities. It'was said by the proprietors of the Stevens' pottery that their claybed covered many acres of land, varying in thickness from four to ten feet They also have one bed of pure fire-clay and two of pipe-clay, one of latter having the consistency of putty, while the other is not so tenacious. A belt of clays runs from Augusta, southwest through Richmond, Columbia, McDuffie, Warren, Glascock, Hancock, Baldwin, Wilkinson, Jones, Twiggs and Bibb counties; while another, still larger, beginning south of this in Washington county, and running in the same direction parallel with the first, passes through Wilkinson, Twiggs, Houston, Dooley, Macon, Schley, Sutnter, Webster, Terrell, Randolph, Quitman and Clay. A third belt, smaller than either of these, begins in Polk county, and, passing through Tatnall and Appling, ends in Coffee county. By far the largest proportion of clays are mixtures of the several mineral species; but deposits of halloysite, kaolin, newtonite, etc., are occasionally found, especially kaolin, which is at times found in large beds. Kaolin is generally associated with large mica crystals, and masses of quartz in decomposed granitoid rocks, the kaolin resulting

22O

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

from the decomposition of feldspar. This mineral occurs in a number of localities in the central and northern parts of the state, at times snow-white and free from impurities. Halloysite, another clay species, has been found in the Devonian formations of Dade, Chattooga and Whitfield counties. This clay has been tested for pottery purposes with excellent results, and has been shipped from Dade county and used in the manufacture of alum, for which it seems especially adapted. An analysis of halloysite from Dade county, gave the following:
Silica .............................................................. 404 Alumina .......................................................... 37.8 Magnesia .......................................................... 0.5 Water ............................................................. 21.8

100.5

In northwestern Georgia there are several types of clay: First, the kaolin-
like clays: second, the clays derived from the decomposition of limestones and calcareous shales; third, those formed from the disintegration of shales; fourth, alluvial deposits. The kaolin type, in the Paleozoic group, occurs as "horses," or in sheets or pockets in the residual earths, derived from the decomposition of the Knox dolomite and Fort Payne chert series. They are at time pure white, stained occasionally by iron oxides; or this material may color the mass in
streak?. In the ch'erty remains of other portions of the Knox dolomite, white siliceous, chalky clay occurs near Cave Spring and in Lookout valley in the Fort Payne chert. From this siliceous matter, the white clay could be mechan ically separated, if the demand were great enough to warrant the expense. Halloysite occurs under similar conditions in the Fort Payne chert, and can be used for the manufacture of fine porcelain.

GRAXITE.
Valuable deposits of granite and gneiss are to be found covering large areas in the state, and the quarrying industry in granite is probably one of the best-paying economic mineral industries in the state. Small areas are found in Rabun, Habersham. Troup. Meriwether, Harris, Muscogee, Talbot, Taylor and Crawford counties, while larger areas lie in Douglas. Campbell, Coweta, Heard, Elbert, Ogle-, thorpe. Lincoln. Wilkes, Taliaferro. Greene. Hancock, Putnam, Columbia. Rich mond, McDuffie, Warren, Glascock, Baldwin. Jones and Bibb counties. A very large area, the largest, in fact, in the state, lies in Jackson, Walton, Gwinnett, DeKalb. Rockdale, Xewton, Henry, Butts. Clayton, Campbell, Fayette, Spalding, Pike and Monroe counties. It is said that the deposits of granite in Baldwin county are very fine and very extensive. The stone is bluish-gray and compact. At present, however, no quarrying is being done in this deposit. A grade of granite, of excellent character as a building material, is found near the Chattahoochee river, along its course across the state. This appears at intervals in the northeastern part of the state, and separates it from the large area south of Atlanta. This is from fine to medium-grained feldspathic granite, specked with black mica. It is worked at Stone mountain, one of the best known deposits of Georgia granite, and at Lithonia, by Messrs. Venable Brothers, of Atlanta; and the stone is used, in large slabs, for side-walks in cities; as Belgian blocks for roadpaving in city streets, and for buildings. There is a large demand for this stone, and Messrs. Venable Brothers are kept constantly busy, in order to supply the

INDUSTRIAL, RESOURCES.-

221

demand. The granite at Lithonia is a continuation of the formation at Stone moun tain, though lying at a lower level, and, having, perhaps, a greater proportion of hornblende and feldspar, which add to its value for street-paving purposes. There are at this place 500 acres, nearly all granite, a supply sufficient to meet any demand that may arise for centuries to come. The extent of the deposit is practically inexhaustible. The Stone mountain deposit is said to be the largest deposit of merchantable granite in the world. There are some 2,200 acres, of which 563 acres are granite, a solid granite mountain, measuring seven miles in circumference at its base, and containing, as estimated by competent engineers, 7,543,750,950 cubic feet of exposed granite above the level of the plain. The remaining acreage, at this point, is in part a virgin forest, and partly fanning lands, affording ample space for any additional facilities for carrying on the extensive business, which is being carried on there. The Stone mountain quarries can be worked to a total capacity of 25,000 paving blocks per day, while those at Lithonia will yield 30,000 per day. The yield at Stone mountain can be increased to any desired output: but
the Lithonia quarries are limited to a maximum of 40,000 or 50,000 blocks per day. The granite found in these two properties is of a light-gray color, of uniform grain and free from lamination. It is well adapted to all structural and street work. To facilitate the transportation of the output of the quarries, the proprietors own and operate two locomotives and fourteen miles of railway, besides numerous plants, consisting of boilers, engines, steam-drills and other machinery and appli ances, the equal of any large quarrying outfit in the world. This company has furnished 1,700,000 square yards, laid in different cities in the north and south.
Besides the immense shipment of granite blocks from the quarries at Lithonia and Stone mountain, curbing and cross-walking have been shipped during the same time, making in the aggregate near 100 square miles of dressed stone. Of this amount, Atlanta has used 436,490 feet. A number of buildings in Atlanta have
been erected, in part, or whole, of this stone. Much of it presents a unique appear ance, the layers of mica in it being so disturbed and distorted as to make very beautiful and pleasing effects, not in any way, however, interfering with the soliclitv of the stone. This variety comes from Lithonia.
Crushing tests were made of four two-inch cubes of the Lithonia granite, for the board of public affairs of Cincinnati, Ohio, by the engineering department of that city. One cube crashed under a pressure of 76,800 pounds; the second, under a pressure of 83,400 pounds; a third failed to crush under a pressure of 85,000
pounds, as did also the fourth. This work was done under the personal supervision of Lieut. Morrill, of the United States navy.
Compressive tests of four two-inch cubes of the Stone mountain granite are quoted from the official report on the compressive strength, specific gravity and ratio of absorption of the building stones of the United States by Gen. Q. A. Gilmer: Xo. i was not hurt under a pressure of 85,000 pounds; No. 2 was
crushed by a pressure of 50,325 pounds; No. 3, by 48,760 pounds, and Xo. 4, by 65,610.
At Lexington, in Oglethorpe county, extensive granite quarries are worked by the Lexington Blue Granite company, of which Mr. S. H. Venable is president.
This company was organized in 1892 with a capital of $80,000; but it has recently been reorganized, and active operations have been begun. The stone quarried by this company is fine-grained biotke-muscovite granite of light color, and sus
ceptible of very high polish. It is used for building purposes and for monuments, pillars and other purposes requiring a fine grade of granite. The lower grades are used for curbing, flagging, crossings and Belgian blocks. The company owns
seventy-five acres of land, of which about forty acres consist of a solid bed of

. MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
granite, said to be practically inexhaustible. The company also owns a wellequipped broad-gauge railroad, running from Crawford, on the Georgia railroad, to Lexington, and thence to the quarries. There is an abundance of water running all the year round on the company's property, which can be utilized for running machinery, etc. This is one of the finest monument granites to be found in the United States: and. when it is better known, it will rank second to none. Its fine grain, fine color and freedom from blemish alike distinguish it.
Four two-inch cubes of this grariite were submitted for tests at the United States navy yard: and. according to the report of Capt. W. T. Sampson, inspector of ordnance. United States navy, the following results were obtained:
Xo. i. at 45,000 pounds, small piece spawled off of the corner. At 80,000 pounds, one corner spawled off badly! Did not crush. Pressure, per square inch, 19,801 pounds.
Xo. 2. at 8o,ooc pounds, small piece spawled off of one corner. Did not crush. Pressure, per square inch. 20,000 pounds.
Xo. 3. at 80,000 pounds, one side spawled off very badly. Did not crush. Pressure, per square inch. 19,900 pounds.
Xo. 4. at 60.000 pounds, commenced to spawl off. At 80,000 pounds, crushed. Pressure, per square inch. 19.801 pounds.
The greatest crushing power of this machine was 80,000 pounds. This com pany is furnishing the granite for building1 the new postoffice at Savannah.

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.
THE FOLLOWING MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES ARE GIVEN HERE BECAUSE
IT WAS FOUND DIFFICULT TO ASSIGN MANY OF THEM TO THE PROPER
COUNTIES:
QGLETHORPE, GEX. JAMES HOWARD, founder of the colony of Georgia, was born in London, Eng., Dec. 21, 1688, and was the son of Sir Theophihis
Oglethorpe, of Godalming, Surrey. At the age of 16 he entered Oxford college, but soon left to take the position of ensign in the Guards. Under Prince Eugene, he was in the campaign against the Turks in 1716-17, and took an active part in the siege of Belgrade. When twenty-four years old he entered parliament, and continued a member for thirty-two years. In November, 1732, Oglethorpe, with 116 settlers, embarked for Georgia, and in January, 1733, lie arrived at Yamacraw and marked out a town and called it Savannah. In April, 1734, he returned to England, taking with him several friendly Indian chiefs. During his visit he sent to the colony 150 Scottish Highlanders and a number of German Protestants from Salzburg. He returned to the colony in 1735. Under his rule the'colony prospered, but much trouble was had with the Spaniards, then in possession of Florida. This culminated in war, and in 1741 Oglethorpe made an unsuccessful attack on St. Augustine. A year later the Spanish invaded Georgia, but were compelled to retire by spirited resistance on the part of the colonists. In 1743 he returned to England to answer charges preferred by Capt. Cook, one of his officers. The court martial resulted in a vindication of Oglethorpe. He did not return to Georgia, and in 1752 resigned his charter of the colony to the British government. When, in 1775, Gen. Gage returned to England, the command of the British forces in America was offered to Oglethorpe, but he refused to accept, unless given authority to make concessions, and to pursue a plan of conciliation he thought proper with the colonies. Oglethorpe was a man of natural refinement and of culture that commanded the admiration of such men as Alexander Pope, fames Thomson and Samuel Johnson. Oglethoq>e's life has been written by Thaddeus M. Hams (Boston, 1841), Robert Wright (London, 1867), by W. 15. O. Peabody, in Sparks' American Biographies. Gen. Oglethorpe died July 1,1785.
CTEPHEXS, WILLIAM, president of the colony of Georgia (1743-50), was the son of Sir William Stephens, Bart., and was born on the Isle of Wight, Jan.
28, 1671. His education was obtained at Winchester school and King's college, Cambridge. He came to South Carolina in 1712, and located at Charles ton. Upon the recommendation of Gen. Oglethorpe, Stephens became secretary to the trustees of Georgia in 1737. In 1741 he was made president of the county of Savannah, and in 1743 president of the whole colony. He died in August, 1753, at the age of 82.
DARKER, HEXRY, president of Georgia (1750-54), was born near Savannah, Ga., about 1690. He was bailiff of Savannah in 1734, which office at that time
was identical with that of magistrate, and shortly afterwards he colonized the

224

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Isle of Hope. When the province was divided into two counties, in 1/41, he became an assistant to Sir William Stephens, president of the Savannah province, succeeding him in 1/50. In that year he presided over the first assembly in Georgia in which the executive and the members addressed each other according
to parliamentary formalities. When the province surrendered the charter in 1754 he resigned the governorship. He died at an advanced age on the Isle of Hope.

D EYXOLDS. JOHX. governor of Georgia (1/54-57), was born in England about 1700. He entered the British navy and became captain, and upon the surren
der of the charter of Georgia by the British trustees, he was assigned by the king of England to the colony, with the title of "Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of His Maiestvs Province of Georgia, and Yice-Admiral of the same." He reached
Savannah Oct. 29, 1754. and a new system of government was inaugurated. The first legislature was created, consisting of a council of twelve advisers to the governor, and a house of commons. Gov. Reynolds established friendly relations with the Indians, but soon became involved with the assembly in a dispute, and in 1756 was recalled to England. Failing to satisfy the board of com
missioners with his explanations of his conduct, he resumed his position in the navy. He died in England. January. 1776.

CLLIS. HEXRY, governor of Georgia (1757-60). was born in England in 1721, and was appointed to succeed Gov. Reynolds in the management of the colony
of Georgia, in 1757. His administration was a wise and successful one, and the colony prospered in number and condition. He organized a defense and
obtained arms and a ship. He made conciliations to the Indians and a treaty with the Spanish in Florida. During his term the province was divided into parishes. The differences between the crown and the assembly were settled. Gov. Ellis, at his own request, was succeeded in 1760. He died Jan. 21.1806. He was a scientific scholar and geographical student and author, and conducted an expedition in 1746-47 in search of a northwest passage to the Pacific. He was the author of several works in connection with the subject of a northwest passage, which secured
him a fellowship in the Royal society.

IGHT. SIR JAMES, Hart., governor of Georgia (1761 to 1776. and 1779 to 17821. was born in Charleston. S. C. about 1714. His grandfather was chief
justice under King James II.. and his father was chief justice of South Caro lina. At twenty-one James Wright was attorney-general of South Carolina, and in 1760 lieutenant-governor of Georgia, and royal governor in 1761. His admin
istration was v.-ise and successful. With the passage of the stamp act came trouble. The colonists opposed it. and Gov. Wright loyally tried to enforce it. In 1768 he
dissolved the assembly, on the ground that it was revolutionary in claiming the right to petition for redress of grievances. At the same time he was urging the British government to make concessions to the colony. The year 1772 he spent in
England. Returning, he found the spirit of revolution steady. He was arrested by a party of rebels, but escaped Feb. 11. 1776. and went to England. He returned
July 14. 1779. and resumed gubernatorial office, the city of Savannah being in
rontrol of the British. At the close of the war he returned to England, dying there Xov. 20. 1785.

UABKRSHAM, JAMES, governor of Georgia (1769-72), was born in England in 1712. He was a true democrat in principle, and though of distinguished
descent, refused all titks aw! sought his fortune in the colonies, arriving1 in

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.

225

Savannah May 7, 1738. With the celebrated evangelist, George Whitefield, he established the Bethesda Orphan Home, still in a flourishing condition. In 1744 he resigned the presidency of the school and established the mercantile house o Harris & Habersham. He was made, with Pickering Robinson, a commissioner
to promote silk culture in 1750; secretary of the province and a councilor in 1754. From 1769 to 1772 he acted as governor in place of Gov. WrighL He raised the
first cotton in the colony and exported the first bales to England. His death occurred Aug. 28,1775.

CWEN, WILLIAM, governor of Georgia (1775), was born in England about 1720. From an apprentice boy to the colony trustees, by his industry, honesty
and fixedness of purpose, he rose to the position of head of the province. During the year 1775 he was chairman of the "council of safety," which ruled affairs so long during the war. He was active in supporting the patriots in the great struggle, and died after seeing independence achieved, amidst friends and relatives.

DULLOCH, ARCHIBALD, governor of Georgia (1776-77), was born in Charleston, S. C., about 1730. Possessing a thorough education, and after
being admitted to the bar, he settled in Savannah about 1755. In 1772 he was elected member of the provincial assembly and speaker of the house, but the body was dissolved by Gov. Habersham, because of differences growing up between the colonies and Great Britain. Mr. Bulloch was elected a member of and president of the provincial assembly of 1775-76, and the same year was a delegate lo the continental congress. He served as commander-in-chief and president of Georgia under the provisional assembly, up to the meeting of the first regular state con vention, Feb. 5, 1777, and was thus the first republican president of Georgia. On Aug. 6, 1776, Gov. Bulloch had the honor of receiving a copy of the Declaration of Independence, by special messenger from John Hancock, president of the continental congress. Gov. Bulloch died at Savannah, Feb. 22, 1777. He was a patriot and statesman, and one of the most important men of his time. His name is linked with the great events of that period. Mr. Bulloch was the son of Rev. James Bulloch, of Wilton, S. C., clergyman and planter, and of Jean Stobo. He married in 1760, in Savannh, Mary De Veaux, a daughter of James De Veaux. In his biographical sketches of the delegates from Georgia to the continental congress Mr. C. C. Jones, Jr., says: "Of all the patriots who encountered peril and made strenuous exertions to deliver Georgia from kingly dominion and pave the way for her admission into the sisterhood of the confederated American colonies, no one was more earnest, self-sacrificing, valiant, or influential than the Hon. Archibald Bulloch. Of irreproachable character, firm in his convictions, brave of heart, bold in action, wise in council, jealous of individual and political rights, and thoroughly identified with the best interests of Savannah and of the province of which it was both the capital and commercial metropolis, at an early age of the revolutionary proceedings he became am acknowledged leader of the rebels, and was by them rapidly advanced to the highest posts of danger and of honor."

f~* WINATETT, BUTTON, governor of Georgia (1777), congressman and signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in England about 1732. He
located in Savannah as a general trader in 1765 and in 1772 became a fanner on St. Catharine's island, Ga. He wavered at the opening of the revolution, but through Dr. Lyman Hall was converted to patriotism. He was elected delegate to the continental congress and afterward to the convention that framed the state
1-15

226

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

;

constitution in 1777. He was elected by the council of safety president and commander-in-chief of the colony--practically governor--in March, 1777, but was defeated for governor at the regular election in May of that year. Personal diffi culties growing out of political rivalries led to a duel between Gov. Gwinnett and Gen. Lachlan Mclntosh on May 15, 1777. Both were wounded, Mclntosh dan gerously and Gwinnett fatally, and he died in his forty-fifth year, and in his greatest usefulness, a victim to the laws of false honor and of mortified pride. He
left a widow and several young children, none of whom long survived him, and none of his direct descendant; ever blessed the land of his adoption.

TREUTLEX. TOHX ADAM, was governor of Georgia (1777), and one of the foremost revolutionists. He was a member from the parish of St Andrew
of the first provincial congress of Georgia, which met in Savannah July 4, 1775. He was elected governor May S. 1777, over Button Gwinnett, a signer of the Declar ation of Independence, by a large majority. He was described as a "rebel governor" by act of the royal government of Georgia in 1780. It is claimed his death was caused by tories in 1780. and that he was murdered at Orangeburgh, 5. C.
H OUSTOX, TOHX', governor of Georgia (1778 and 1784), was born at Waynesboro, Ga., Aug. 31. 1744. In 1774 he called the first meeting of the "Sons of Liberty" and acted as its chairman. He soon became a popular leader. He was a member of the continental congress of 1775 and 1776. He was appointed a member of the executive council May 8. 1777. and elected governor Jan. 8, 1778. As governor he invaded east Florida with Maj.-Gen. Robert Howe. but the move ment failed. During his administration the British captured Savannah, and he was invested by council with almost dictatorial power, the exigencies of the oc-
jasion requiring it. He was again elected governor in 1784. He was one of the first lawyers of his time and was a remarkable figure in Georgia history of his period. He died at White Bluff July 20. 1796.

\\/ EREAT, JOHX, governor of Georgia (1779), was born about 1730, and was
an early and ardent champion of liberty. He was a member of the first provincial congress of Georgia and speaker of the congress of 1776. After Savannah fel! into the hands of the enemy the legislature dispersed without ap
pointing a governor for the succeeding year. Mr. Wereat, as president of the executive council, continued the operation of the functions of the government. In 1782 the people west of Augusta suffered from famine and Mr. Wereat found
relief for them. He was remarkable for his financial talents, which he exerted with much usefulness to his country. He died in Bryan county in 1798.

LI ALL. LYMAX, governor of Georgia ^1783), and signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Connecticut in April, 1724, graduated from Yale
in 1747 and located in Sunbury, Ga.. in 1758. He achieved great distinction in the practice of his profession, and being active in promoting the revolution, was
elected to the provincial congresses of 1774-75 in Savannah, Ga. He was sent as
a delegate to the continental congress by St. John's parish, and being the only representative from Georgia, he was admitted to this body as the representative
of his parish and not his colony. He declined to vote, but took part in the debates, and had a potent influence in cam-ing his province into the revolution. He served \r. the continental congress fro-n 1776 to 1780 and was ^ne of the signers of the
Declaration of Independence. He was elected governor in 1782, and after serving
one year retired t:< private life. H died in Burke county, Ga., Oct. 19. 1790. Gov.

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227

Hall was a great friend of Button Gwinnett and attended that statesman when he was fatally shot in a duel by Gen. Mclntosh. Although Gov. Hall never bore
arms, or won the distinction of an orator, he hazarded everything in the cause of humanity and liberty, on every occasion manifesting an exalted patriotism con
scious of the blessings to be secured and jealous of the rights to be defended.

MARTIN, JOHN, governor of Georgia (1782-83), first appeared in the public service as naval officer at the port of Sunbury, being appointed to that posi
tion by Gov. Wright in 1761. He was a warm patriot and the people of Savannah . chose him as a representative in the provincial congress of 1775, and on the im
portant council of safety. In 1781 he was a lieutenant-colonel in the continental army and the same year was elected to the legislature from Chatham countv.
As governor of Georgia in 1782 his administration saw the British evacuate
Savannah July n, 1782, and the commonwealth given her full power as a sov
ereign state. While governor so great was the distress of affairs that he had to apply to the legislature for relief to keep his family from starving, not being able
to get his salary. In 1783 he was appointed a commissioner to make treaty with the Cherokee Indians and the same year was elected treasurer of state.

JJAWLEY, RICHARD, governor of Georgia and congressman, was born near Savannah about 1740. He obtained a good education and met with
success in law. First representing Liberty county in the state assembly, he rose to distinction and in 1780 was elected governor. He also represented his state in the continental congress in 1780-81. During his executive term the state was overrun by the British and on advice of the legislature Gov. Hawley and his council fled the state for the time. When it looked as if Geogia would be delivered to Great Britain, he with others of the delegation in congress published a remon strance which was given to the press in 1781 at Philadelphia. He died in Savannah December, 1784.
UEARD, STEPHEN, was born in Ireland and was governor of Georgia in 1781. He fought with gallantry in the French war and in 1773, with other Virginians,
settled in Wilkes county, Ga., being attracted by the fertility of the lands in the "Broad river county." He served in the revolution under Col. Elijah Clarke and distinguished himself at Kettle creek. Feb. 18, 1781, he was elected president of the council, in the absence of Gov. Hawley, and thus became governor de facto until Gov. Brownson was elected, Aug. 16, 1781. He retired to private life after the war and became one of Wilkes county's most influential citizens. He died Nov. IS,

R ROWNSON, NATHAN, governor of Georgia and congressman, is supposed to have been born about 1740. In 1761 he was graduated from Yale, and
studied medicine. Introduced by Dr. Dumvoody, a revolutionary patriot, he be
gan practice in Liberty county and was the first physician to practice south of the Ogeechee before the revolution. He was a surgeon in the Georgia brigade, a member of the provincial congress of Georgia in 1775, of the continental congress
in 1776-78 and member of the legislature and speaker of the house in 1784. He was elected governor by this body. He was senator and president of the senate, 1789-91. Gov. Brownson was a man of a retired disposition, dignified in demeanor
and of a forceful character. He died in Liberty county, Ga., Nov. 6, 1796. He
was a surgeon in the continental army and took much interest, when governor,
in the establishment of the state university.

228

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

CLBERT, SAMUEL, governor of Georgia (1785), was born in South Carolina in 1743 and at an early age engaged in mercantile business in Savannah. He
was made captain in June, 1774; a member of the council of safety June 22, 1775; lieutenant-colonel Feb. 4,1776, and colonel of a battalion of continental troops the same year. He was the head of an expedition organized by Gov. Houston against Florida in 1777. In 1778 he captured three British vessels at Frederica. He was taken prisoner during the war and on being exchanged joined Washington, winning his chiefs highest commendation for brave service at Yorktown. He was promoted to be brigadier-general in 1783, elected governor of Georgia in 1785 and appointed major-general of the militia. He died Nov. 2,1788.

14 AXDLEY, GEORGE, governor of Georgia at the early age of thirty-six, was .-- born near Sheffield, England, in 1/52. He came to the colonies in 1775, and at once joined the continental army, becoming captain and soon rising to lieu
tenant-colonel. He was captured at Augusta and sent to Charleston, S. C, as a prisoner. After the war he became sheriff of Richmond county, state representa tive, inspector-general and then governor of the state in 1788. He was one of the commissioners to the state of Franklin in 1786. He died at Roe's Hall, Ga., Sept. 17, 1793.

\YALTOX. GEORGE, governor of Georgia (1789-1790), and signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Prince Edward county, Va., in
1749. He was left an orphan at an early age and served an apprenticeship at carpentering. He made rapid advancement in knowledge, by the judicious use of his evening hours, eagerly perusing all books he could borrow from friends or neighbors. When about twenty years of age he migrated to Savannah, when he began the study of la\v. He was soon admitted to practice, and his success was immediate. In 1777 he married Dorothy Camber. He was one of the leaders in the patriotic party in Georgia and was the secretary of the first provincfal congress of Georgia, which convened July 4, 1775. He was president of the Council of Safety in 1775, and with Archibald Bulloch, Lyman Hall and Button
Gwinnett \vas elected a delegate to the continental congress from Georgia by the provincial congress Jan. 20, 1776. With the exception of an interval in 1779, when he was governor, he was continued as a member of congress until October, 1781. In association with Gwinnett and Hall he signed the Declaration of Inde pendence. As a member of the treasury board of the committee on naval affairs
and of other committees he rendered intelligent service. He was a colonel of the militia formed for the defense of Georgia and in the battle at Savannah was w.'-unded and then captured. He was appointed chief justice of the state in 1783 and elected delegate to make a constitution for the United States. In 1795-6 he represented Georgia as senator in the congress of the United States. He was a member of the Union society of Savannah, and a trustee of the Rich mond academy. He was twice elected to the Georgia assembly and was a United
States commissioner to make a treaty with the Cherokee Indians in Tennessee. Without adjunct of education or fortune, George \VaIton won and maintained his right to preferment by conscientious endeavor, consecutive study and unques
tioned ability. His life and success well illustrate what in this country can be achieved by honesty of purpose, natural talent and earnest effort.

1RWIX, JARED, fourth governor of Georgia, served his country faithfully many years during the latter part of the revolutionary war, and afterward in cam
paigns on the Georgia frontiers against the Indians. He was born in Mecklen burg county, X. C., in 1750. In 1788 he moved to Washington county,

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.

229

Ga.; was elected a member to revise the state constitution in 1789; a mem ber of the first legislature convened under the present form of government in
1790; a member of the state convention in 1795; governor of Georgia in 1796; member and president of the state convention of 1708 that formed the permanent constitution. After thirty years of distinguished and almost continuous service,
during which he attained the military rank of brigadier-general of militia, he died at Union Hill March i, 1818.

IVl ATHEWS, GEORGE, governor of Georgia in 1787 and 1794-95, was born in
Augusta county, Va., 1739. His father, John Mathews, was a native of Ireland. George won distinction in the incursions made against the Indians of the north west territory. In 1775 he became a colonel and fought under Washington at Brandywine and Germantown. He was under Gen. Greene as colonel at the close of the war. He located in Oglethorpe county in 1785, and was elected in 1786, in one year's residence, governor of the state and representative in congress. He was re-elected governor in 1794-95, and during the last term was called on to sign the celebrated "Yazoo act." He did so, and his political death followed. In 1811 President Madison appointed him commissioner of the United States to negotiate for the annexation of Florida, but the president dis avowed the treaty. While on his way to Washington for the avowed purpose of chastising the president, whose action he deemed a reflection on his integrity, Mr. Mathews was taken sick, and died at Augusta Aug. 30, 1812.

JACKSON, JAMES, governor of Georgia (1798-1801), was born in England Sept 21, 1757. An orphan at fifteen years he came to Savannah in 1772,
where he found John Wereat, an old friend of his father. He was elected clerk of the court in 1776, by the provincial congress, when only nineteen years old. In 1788, when elected governor, he modestly refused the office on account of his age. He was elected to the state convention that adopted the first constitu tion of Georgia; was a representative to the first congress held under the Federal constitution, 1789-91; a United States senator, 1793 to 1795, when he resigned; state representative in 1796; governor of Georgia, 1798-1801; and United States senator from 1801 to March 16, 1806. He was defeated in a close contest for congress by Gen. Anthony Wayne in 1791. Gov. Jackson won distinction as a soldier; entering the revolutionary army at the age of seventeen he became successively lieutenant, captain, major and colonel, and was made brigadiergeneral after the war. He shared gallantly in the defense of Savannah and then repaired to South Carolina. He was with Col. Elijah Clarke in 1780, was on Gen. Sumter's staff during the resistance to Tarleton's attack on Blackstock's house, signalized himself at Cowper's under Gen. Pickens, and risked his life in 1781 in seizing the colors of the Seventy-first English regiment. Savannah was surrendered by the British to him July 12, 1782, and his gallant conduct was recognized by the people, who voted him the Tattnall house and lot for his "great and useful services." One of the most important of Mr. Jackson's public acts was defeating the big land steal scheme known as the "Yazoo fraud." The Georgia legislature sold 20,000,000 acres of land extending to the Missis sippi river for $207,000: Gov. Jackson then in the United States senate denounced the scheme, resigned, came home, was elected to the legislature and had passed a "rescinding act" declaring the "Yazoo fraud" null and void. This territory was aftenvard ceded to the United States for $1,250,000. In March, 1780, Gov. Jackson fought and killed in a duel Lieut.-Gov. Wells. He was a prominent Mason and a member of the Society of Cincinnatus. He died March 16, 1806.

230

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

JTMANUEL. DAYID, came to Georgia about 1768 or 1770 and settled in Burke count}-. This part of the state was the scene of some severe skirmishing
with the British and Mr. Enianuel participated in a number of them. He was a member of the legislature a number of terms and president of the senate. He was elected governor in 1801 and died in 1808. It is related that during the revolutionary war Emanuel was captured together with two companions by loyalists. All of them were sentenced to be shot The execution took place and his companions were killed, but Emanuel escaped through the bad markmanship of the soldier entrusted with the taking of his life.

TATTNALL, TOSIAH. governor of Georgia and United States senator, was born at Bonaventure, near Savannah, Ga., in 1762. He was educated near
Nassau. His father and grandfather were Tories and fled to England during the war. their estates being confiscated. The son ran away from England and at the age of eighteen he landed without a shilling in his pocket, on the north side of the Savannah river, and traveling alone on foot through the country, arrived at Parysburg, when he crossed into Georgia and then joined the army of General "Wayne at Ebenezer. He was captain of the Chatham artillery in 1792, colonel of the First Georgia regiment in 1793, and brigadier-general of militia in 1800 . He was a member of the Georgia legislature 1795-96, United States senator 1796-09. and governor of Georgia 1802. He died at Nassau, New Prov idence. \Y. I., June 6, 1830.

MILLEDGE, JOHN, eighth governor of Georgia (1803-1806), was born in
Savannah. Ga., in 1/57. His ancestors came to Georgia with Oglethorpe. His early education was the best the colony afforded. Though at the outbreak of the revolution he was studying law in the king's attorney's office, he became active in the cause of liberty and was one of a party of seven that rifled the crown's powder magazine at Savannah and captured Gov. Wright in his own
house. Mr. Milledge participated in the futile assaults upon Savannah and
Augusta, and in other engagements in Georgia and South Carolina. At the age of twenty-three he was appointed attorney for the colony. He served in the legislature and was elected to the continental congress, resigning to become governor. In 1806 he was elected United States senator. In 1802 he was asso ciated with Tames Jackson and Abraham Baldwin as a commissioner for ceding to the United States government certain portions of the territory of Georgia. Mr. Milledge was one of the first with whom the idea of establishing the state univer sity originated. He died on Feb. 9.

M ITCHELL, DAVID BRADIE, ninth governor of Georgia, was born in Scot land. Oct. 22. 1766. and arrived in Georgia at the age of seventeen. He read
law under Gov. William Stephens. He was elected solicitor-general in 1795; repre sentative to the legislature in 1796; major-general of the militia in 1804, and governor in 1809 to 1815. resigning in 1817, to accept an appointment from the president of the United States as agent to the Creek Indians. He died at Milledgeville, Ga.. April 22, 1837.

CARLY. PETER, tenth governor of Georgia, was born in June, 1773, in Madison count}- Ya.. and migrated with his father, Joel Early, and family, about the
year 1795 to the county of Greene. He was graduated from Princeton college in 1792. In 1802 he was elected to congress and supported the bill to prohibit the African slave trade, and voted for the impeachment of supreme court judge,

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.

231

Samuel Chase. He was elected judge of the superior court in 1807 and served until 1813. In the fall of that year he was elected governor. His entire admin istration, civil and military, met the approbation of all classes up to the day on which he returned with his official veto to the house a bill continuing in force what was called "the alleviating law." He was defeated for re-election; returned to his estate in Greene county and, with the exception of two or three years as senator of that county, never took any part in the political affairs of the country. Gov.
Early was married to Miss Smith of Wilkes county, sister of Colonel, afterward Gen. Thomas A. Smith of the United States army.

DABUN, WILLIAM, eleventh governor of Georgia (1817-18), was born in Halifax county, N. C., April 8, 1771, and removed to Wilkes county, Ga., in
1785. He was given the usual backwoods education, but acquired great informa tion by reading and observation. For many years he represented Hancock county in both branches of the legislature. Being president of the senate in 1817, upon the resignation of Gov. Mitchell, he became governor. During his administration a tart correspondence took place between Gen. Jackson and himself relative to an attack on an Indian village called Cheha. Mr. Rabttn died while governor, Oct 24, 1819. Rabun county, Ga., was named after him.

TALBOT, MATTHEW, twelfth governor of Georgia (1819), was a Virginian by birth and settled in Wilkes county in 1785. He was a member of the legisla
ture from Wilkes county, and was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of Georgia. In 1808 he was elected to the senate and was president of that body from 1818 to 1823. By the death of Gov. Rabun he became governor, acting until the election of Gov. Clarke. He died in Wilkes county, Sept. 17, 1827.

, JOHN, governor of Georgia (1819-23), was born in North Carolina in 1776. At the age of sixteen he was appointed lieutenant of a company and afterward captain of the continental militia. Under the command of his father, Gen. Elijah Clarke, a revolutionary hero, he fought and distinguished himself at the siege of Augusta and the battle of Jack's creek in 1787. He rose to be majorgeneral, and at the dangerous period of the second war with Great Britain had command of the forces to protect the sea coast. In 1819 and 1821 he was elected governor over George M. Troup. In 1827 Gov. Clarke retired from public life and moved to West Florida, where he died Oct. 15, 1832. He was a friend, patriot and statesman whose warmth of heart, fixedness of purpose and inflexible virtue lives in the memory of his countrymen.

fROUP, GEORGE MICHAEL, governor of Georgia (1823-27), senator and congressman, was born at Mclntosh's Bluff, Tombigbee river, in the part of
Georgia now Alabama, Sept. 8, 1780. His father was born in and educated in England and was a successful merchant and planter. His mother, Catharine McIntosh, came of a family distinguished in colonial days and the revolution. He was graduated from Princeton in 1797, and admitted to the Savannah bar in 1800. He was a member of the legislature (1801-03) : representative to congress (1806-12) ; U. S. senator (1816-18). He was defeated for governor in 1819 and 1821 and elected in 1823 and 1825. Mr. Troup retired from the government in November, 1827, with a popularity unsurpassed by that of any former chief magistrate. In 1828 he was recalled to the United States senate, an appointment he accepted with regret. Gov. Troup was a great champion of state rights and sovereignty. It was under the conviction that these were imperiled that he declared, in 1823, that

232

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

he \vould have been carried on his death bed to the capital rather than not have given his vote against the force bill. He retired from public life in 1833. He was the same year nominated for the presidency by a Georgia state rights convention. He died in Montgomery, Ga., April 26, 1856.

pORSYTH, TOHX, governor of Georgia (1827-29) and United States secretary of state under Jackson and Van Buren, was born in Frederick county, Ya.,
Oct. 22, 1870. His father was a revolutionary soldier, and with the son settled in Georgia in 1784. Mr. Forsyth graduated from Princeton college in 1799, and was admitted to the practice of law in 1802. and a short time afterward was appointed attorney-general for the state. He was elected to congress in 1811, and to the United States senate in 1818. In 1819 he resigned to accept an appointment as minister to Spain. In 1823. while in Spain, he was again elected to congress, and again in 1825: governor of Georgia in 1827. and United States senator in 1829. He resigned in 1834 to become secretary of state under President Jackson, and was reappointed by President Van Buren. serving until 1841. Mr. Forsyth was one of the most brilliant of Georgia's many bright statesmen. He was an orator, diplomat, and statesman. He championed President Jackson in the debate on the removal of deposits from the United States banks, and as the premier of two able
presidents he carried on some of the most important transactions with foreign
powers that the government had engaged in since the war of 1812. He died in Washington. D. C. Oct. 21. 1841. Mr. Forsyth married a daughter of Josiah Meigs. at one time president of Franklin college, and to them were born several
children. Before his death the legislature of Georgia had named a county in honor of Mr. Forsyth. and the county seat of Monroe also bore his name thirty years.

QILMER. GEORGE ROCKIXGHAM. governor of Georgia (1829-31 and 1837-391. and congressman, was born in that part of YVilkes. now Oglethorpe
county in 1790. His parents were of Scotch descent, and they located in Georgia :n 1784. George was educated at Wilson's school at Abbeville. S. C., and at Dr.
Waddell's Georgia academy. On account of his health soon after being admitted to the bar in 1813. he was appointed first lieutenant in the regular army. He served
in the Creek war with distinction. He was elected state representative 1818-20;
representative to congress. 1821-23. and governor in 1828, being defeated in 1830. He was a member of conarre?? in 1833-34. presidential elector on the Hugh L.
White ticket in 1836. a second time governor of Georgia in 1837-39. presidential elector for Harrison and president of the electoral college in 1840, trustee for thirty ye?.rs of the state univer-.jty of Georgia. He- died at Lexington, Ga., Xov. 15, 1859.

I UMPKIN". WILSOX, governor (1831-34') and senator, was born in Pittsylvania
county. Ya.. Jan. 14. 1783. When he was one year old his father removed to Georgia and settled in that part of the state then known as Wilkes county, now Ogletiiorpe. He received a common-school education, and picking up the ele mentary points of law by serving as clerk to his father, clerk of the court, he studied the profession. At the age of twenty-one years he was elected to the state legisla ture, serving- a number of terms between 1805 and 1815. He was elected to
congress in 1815. and again in 1827 and 1829. and governor in 1831 and 1833. He was appointed by President Jackson, in 1835. one of the first commissioners under the Cherokee treaty. He was elected United States senator in 1837, in place of John
P. King, resigned, serving until March 3. 1841. Mr. Lumpkin was one of the most active and useful men Georgia has had. He died in 1870.

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.

233

CCHLEY, WILLIAM, governor (1835-37), was born in the city of Frederick, Md., Dec. 10, 1786. His education was acquired in the academies at Louis
ville and Augusta, Ga. He was admitted to the bar in 1812, and continued the practice o law until 1825, when he was elected judge of the superior court of the middle division of Georgia, the duties of which he ably discharged until 1828. In 1830 he was elected a member of the legislature from Richmond county, and in 1832 was elected a member of congress. In 1835 he was elected governor of Georgia. During his administration the Creek war broke out, and in his first message to the legislature, in 1836, he strongly recommended the construction of the Western & Atlantic railroad. Mr. Schley was a public-spirited citizen in every relation and a man of advanced ideas. He was a prominent democrat, believing in the strictest construction of the United States constitution, and the withholding of all powers from congress which were not expressly delegated to it. He died at Augusta, Ga., Nov. 20, 1850.
CRAWFORD, GEORGE WASHINGTON, was bom in Columbia county, Ga., Dec. 22,1798. He was graduated from Princeton college in 1820, and was admitted to the bar in 1824. From 1827 to 1831 he was attorney-general of Georgia, and then was elected to the legislature, serving from 1837 till 1841. In 1843 ne was elected governor, on the whig ticket, and in 1845 ne was re-elected. His administration was an excellent one, distinguished for the adjustment of the state's finances and the restoration of its credit. In securing this end Gov. Crawford pledged his personal estate to the extent of $150,000. In 1849 he entered the cabinet of President Taylor, as secretary of war, but resigned in 1850, when the president died. In 1861 he presided over the Georgia secession convention. He spent several years in Europe, and on his return lived in retirement at his home in Richmond county, where he died after the war.

jyi 'DONALD, CHARLES JAMES, nineteenth governor of Georgia (1839-43), was born in Charleston, S. C, July 9, 1793- I" n ' s early infancy his parents
moved to Hancock county. Ga. He received an academic education under the direction of Rev. Nathan S. Beman, and was graduated from Columbia college. South Carolina. He was admitted to the bar in 1817, and a few years later was in the enjoyment of an extensive practice. He was elected solicitor-general of Flint
circuit in 1822, judge of the superior court in 1825, state representative in 1830, state senator in 1834 and 1837. and governor in 1839 anc^ 1841. In 1850 he was defeated for governor by Howell Cobb. He was elected judge of the supreme court of Georgia in 1857. As governor, Mr. McDonald was fearless an;' guided by practical wisdom and integrity. He took an issue with the legislature which
caused much excitement. In 1838 the state was suffering from the panic of 1837, ,and an obligation of $300,000 had been protested. The legislature refused relief, but, on the contrary, reduced the state taxes 20 per cent. Gov. McDonald promptly outlined and carried out a policy that alleviated the financial distress. He vetoed the act reducing taxes, and when the legislature was about to adjourn, and leaving $110,000 of expense unprovided for, he boldly closed the treasury and suspended payments. He held his ground, and the measure of relief he recom mended was passed. He died Dec. 16, 1860.

TOWNS, GEORGE WASHINGTON, governor of Georgia (1847-51). was born in Wilkes county, May 4, 1801. The family was from Virginia, and the
father was a soldier of the revolution. The boy educated himself bv perusing books and studying at night, and when he attained his majority he had a good

234

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

foundation in science and in literature. He began life as a merchant, then turned his attention to law and began its practice in Talboton, Talbot county, Ga., in 1826. He was elected from that county to the state legislature and senate, and in 1834 was sent to congress and served until 1839. He was again elected to that body in 1845.
He was elected as a democrat, governor, in 1847, over Gen. Duncan L. Clinch. Gov. Towns was a Chesterfield in address. Nothing could exceed the suavity of his disposition and the ease of his manner. He was truly a refined gentleman,
courteous and unpretending with the plain, and diplomatic with the precise, just as the society he was in for the time being demanded such an exhibition of char acter. He had a friendly word, a kind recognition for each individual. The charm was complete; he satisfied all. At the bar his rank was decidedly high as an advocate. He possessed all the requisites of an orator to control the jury. Of him.
Stephen F. Miller says: "His return to the bar was hailed by his professional brethren with universal cordiality. All within his attendance looked forward to much enjoyment in his society, to much improvement by his example. There had been a Forsyth, with his fluent simplicity and inimitable sneer; a Berrien, with his musical phrase and classic gesture; a Wilde, polished in diction and lofty in thought: a Colquitt, with the arrows of nature barbed for the rhinoceros or softly edged for the hare; there had been such advocates in Georgia, honored, glorious; yet it was the prestige of Gov. Towns to differ from them all, perhaps to excel them all, in the spontaneous gushings of the heart, in the electric sympathy that, kindling
with the orator, burst out and blazed in every bosom; court, jury, bar, audience, all melted, all subdued by the occasion." Gov. Towns was married to a daughter of the Hon. John W. Jones, of Virginia, speaker of the United States house of representatives. He died in 1854.

(""QBE, HOWELL, governor of Georgia from 1851 to 1853, was born at Cherry ^ Hill, Jefferson county, Ga., Sept. 7,1815. His father was Col. John H. Cobb, of Greenville, X. G. who removed to Georgia when young, and his mother, Sarah Roates, of Fredericksburg. Ya. Howell Cobb was graduated at Franklin college, Athens, in 1834, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1836, and chosen an elector on the Van Buren ticket the same year. He was elected solicitor-general in 1837, representative to congress in 1842,1844,1846 and 1848, and speaker of the
house in 1849; governor of Georgia, as nominee of the Union party, in 1851, and representative in congress in 1854. In 1857 he was appointed United States secre tary of the treasury, by President Buchanan, a position which he resigned in 1860. He was president of the confederate provisional congress, and brigadier and major
general in the army of the Confederate states. Mr. Cobb's familiarity with the rules, skill as a debater, and his bold championship of slavery, made him the leader of the southern party in.the house in 1847, and he was elected speaker
in 1849 after a long contest. He demanded the extension of slavery into Cali fornia and Xew Mexico by federal authority, and advocated the compromise
measures of 1850. Upon the latter issue he boldly antagonized the extreme men of his own state, and accepting the nomination for governor from the
Union party (1851) took the stump and was triumphantly elected. After his term of governor he resumed the practice of law, though continuing to take an active part in politics. He stumped the north in 1856 for Buchanan, and in 1857 became his secretary of the treasury. He found the treasury full and the bonds representing the national debt at a premium of 16 to 18 per cent He
used the surplus funds in the treasury in purchasing this indebtedness at this
high premium, but the approach of the civil war so affected the national credit that he was compelled to attempt to borrow at an exorbitant discount the

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.

235

money necessary to defray the ordinary expenses of the government. On Dec.
10, 1860, he resigned, giving as a reason that the state of Georgia (then about to recede) needed his services. His name was mentioned before the Charleston convention for president, but a division in the Georgia delegation caused him to
withdraw it in a good-tempered but patriotic letter. He warmly advocated secession and was author of those much-quoted words, "The hour of Georgia's dishonor in the union should be the hour of her independence out of the union."
He was elected permanent president of the convention of seceding states, which met in Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4, 1861. He was not a favorite of President Davis of the Confederacy, and so withdrew to private life. On the demand of Georgia members of congress that body appointed him brigadier-general in the
Confederate army and soon promoted him to a major-generalship. After the close of the war Gen. Cobb opposed reconstruction vigorously, maintaining its effect would retard the restoration of the south to the union, keep back its prosperity, and destroy the negro race. He died in New York city Oct. 9, 1868.

JOHNSON, HERSCHEL VESPASIAN, governor of Georgia and senator,

was born in Burke county, Ga., Sept. 18, 1812. He was graduated from the

state university at Athens in 1834 and a year later settled in Augusta and began

the practice of law. He entered public life during the presidential campaign of

1840, taking the stump, after declining a congressional nomination. He was

defeated for congress in 1843, canvassed the state as presidential elector in 1844 on

the Polk ticket, withdrew his name when urged for governor in 1845, and in

1847 was appointed to the United States senate to fill the unexpired term of

Walter T. Colquitt, February, 1848, to March 3, 1849. He was delegate to

the Baltimore national convention in 1848, and was elected judge of the superior

court in 1849, delegate to the Pierce democratic national convention, and elector

for the state at large in 1851. Resigning his judgeship upon his nomination

for governor in 1853, he was elected to the latter office, and re-elected in 1855.

He was nominated for vice-president on the Douglas ticket in 1860; elected

Confederate state senator in November, 1862; president of the state constitu

tional convention that repealed secession, repudiated the war debt of $18,000,000,

and abolished slavery in October, 1865; and in January. 1866, after the restoration

of the state to the union, United States senator, though he was disfranchised

by acts of congress and did not serve. He was appointed, in 1873, judge of the

superior court, an office which he held until his death, Aug. 16, 1880. As an

orator, a constitutional lawyer and jurist Judge Johnson took high rank. He was

a master of classical diction, his state papers being the most finished in the state

archives. Originally a strong "southern rights" man, he nevertheless acquiesced

in the compromise measure of 1850, and later opposed secession. He married

Mrs. Annie Polk Walker, a niece of President Polk, and a highly intellectual and

beautiful woman.

,

DROWN, JOSEPH EMERSON, was born in Pickens district, S. C, April 15, 1821. His paternal ancestors were Scotch-Irish. The grandfather, Joseph
Brown, was a whig rebel, and took an active part in the war for Independence. The father, Mackey Brown, was a native of South Carolina, and served under Jackson, in the campaign of New Orleans, in the war of 1812. He married Sally Rice, of Virginia ancestry, in Tennessee, and then moved to South Carolina. During the boyhood of Joseph, the Browns removed to, and settled in, Union
county, which is in northeastern Georgia. He labored in the field and attended stock to aid in the family support until nineteen years of age. He had mastered

2^6

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

the elementary branches in the country schools, when he heard of the educational
advantages offered at Calhoun academy, in Anderson district, S. C. It was 130
miles distant, and his sole possessions consisted of a yoke of steers. He borrowed a horse and drove them to the vicinity of the school, where he traded them for eight months' board, and entered the college, going in debt for the tuition. By
teaching school he got through the second term, when, in January, 1844, he took hold of the town academy at Canton, Ga. While teaching this school he read law of nights and Saturdays without ah instructor. In 1845 he pursued the study of law with a view to its practice, and, at the same time, earned his board by teaching the children of Dr. John W. Lewis. The latter, appreciating the mind and energy of the young man, loaned him money to attend the law school at Yale college, where he entered in October, 1845. In addition, he took a literary course, and was
graduated in 1846, when he returned to Canton, and entered into practice, which soon became extensive and lucrative. Joseph Brown's first election to public office was in 1849, when nominated by the democrats of the senatorial district of Cobb and Cherokee counties, he was elected by a big majority. This general assembly was a body of the first significance and importance on account of the state's rapid development, and embraced many men of mark and merit In the debates and matters attending the alleged fraudulent organization of the territory of California,
Mr. Brown, while "not a disunionist or secessionist, was firmly in favor of such a course as might lend to aggression and preserve the Union and constitution by providing safeguards, or enforcing those we had, for the rights of the states, and the honor and interest of the householding people of the south." He was chosen presidential elector on the Pierce ticket in 1852, and in 1855, was elected
judge of the superior courts of the Blue Ridge circuit over Hon. David Irwin. He was nominated and elected governor over Ben. H. Hill in 1857, and re-elected
in 1859, defeating Hon. Warren Akin of Bartow county. In 1861 he was the third time elected defeating Hon. Eugenius A. Nesbit, and in 1863, he was elected over Joshua Hill, a Union candidate, and an old whig, and T. M. Furlow, a strong secessionist, who was supported by the faction not approving of Gov
ernor Brown's opposition to President Davis' policy. Governor Brown was an active secessionist and on Jan. 2, 1861, ordered Colonel Alexander R. Law-
ton, to take possession of Forts Pulaski and Jackson, near Savannah, which was done on the 3d. He put two regiments in the field before the Confederacy was organized, and personally seized the government arsenal at Augusta, and held it under the authority of Georgia. During the war he was a vigorous
supporter of the Confederate government, but disputed with Mr. Davis the constitutionality of the conscript measures. During Sherman's invasion he put into the field an army of 10,000 men made up of state officers, youth, aged men and others usually exempt from military duty, but refused to send them out of
the state when requisition was made for them by the Confederate government The collapse of the Confederacy abruptly closed his fourth term, and he was arrested, carried to Washington and confined in a military prison. In a few days he was released and returning home, went to work to upbuild his state. During the reconstruction era his course was criticised, but the final conclusion of affairs vindicated his patriotism and purity of motives. He strongly advised
his state to accept the situation, and comply with the terms of reconstruction.
This position made him unpopular, and for a time, to sustain his views, he voted with the republicans, openly supporting General Grant for president in 1872. Under Governor Bulloch he was appointed chief justice of the supreme court
for the term of twelve years, a position he resigned in 1870 to accept the presi dency of the company that had leased the Western & Atlantic Railroad for the

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.

237

term of twenty years. The only political defeat of his life was in 1868 when
Joshua Hill was elected United States senator by the legislature. After 1872,
he acted with the Democrats, and in 1880, was chosen United States senator to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of General Gordon. In 1884 he was re-elected with but one vote against him. After his election in 1880, he made
a speech before the assembly justifying his course in 1866, and declaring the results of the war must be accepted as final. Governor Brown as president of the Western & Atlantic railroad pursued a progressive and liberal policy, which built up and developed the interests of the road, and protected it against the intrigues and machinations of immense and pushing systems. Governor Brown was married in 1847, to Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. Joseph Grisham, a Baptist clergyman of South Carolina. To them have been born the following children: Julius L., prominent in the legal profession of Atlanta; Joseph M., engaged in the railroad business; Elijah A., engaged in agriculture; Mary, the wife of Dr. E. L. Connally of Atlanta; George M. and Sarah. Franklin Pierce Brown and Charles
M. Brown, deceased. Governor Brown's career was one of success in every field. He was a statesman, jurist, lawyer, railroader, financier, manufacturer, miner, business man and farmer. No man has more impressed his brain and will upon
the events with which he has been connected. He died in 1895.

I ENKINS, CHARLES JONES, was born in Beaufort district, S. C, Jan. 6, 1805. He removed with his parents to Jefferson county, Ga., in 1816, and
was educated at the state university and at Union college, where was graduated in 1824. He studied law in Savannah under Hon. J. M. Berrien and was admitted
to the bar in 1822. He became a member of the Georgia assembly in 1830, was attorney-general of the state in 1831, and again a legislative member from 1836 to 1850. He was speaker of the house in 1840, 1843 and 1845. He was a firm advocate of the principles of state rights, but supported Harrison in 1840 and Clay in 1844, for president He was a Union member of the Georgia convention
of 1850 and voted for the famous "Georgia platform of 1850." President Fillmore offered him the secretaryship of the interior in 1850, but he declined it.
In 1860 he was appointed to the supreme court bench, to fill the vacancy caused by Linton Stephens' resignation. He was elected member of the Georgia recon struction convention called by President Johnson and became governor in 1865, but was removed by Gen. Meade in January, 1865, for refusing to draw a voucher on the treasury to pay the state convention, without an appropriation. Gen. Meade detailed Gen. Thomas H. Ruger to fill the executive chair. Gov. Jenkins left the state carrying with him the seal of state and did not return until 1869. In 1872 when the democrats were in possession of the gubernatorial chair
and general assembly Gov. Jenkins delivered over the seal, books and money to the state. For years he was president of the board of trustees of the state university and in 1877 he closed his public life as president of the constitutional
convention. He died near Augusta, Ga., June 13, 1883.

QONLEY, BENJAMIN, governor of Georgia from October, 1871. to January, 1872, was born in Newark, N. J., in 1815. At fifteen years of age he removed
to Georgia and entered mercantile business in Augusta, of which city he was mayor in 1858. He was a republican and a champion of the congressional plan of recon struction, holding various public positions until January, 1869, when he was elected to, and president of, the senate. On Oct. 30, 1871, Gov. Bullock having resigned, Mr. Conley by virtue of his office succeeded to the gubernatorial chair. The question arose whether he was entitled to 'hold the office as his term as senator

238

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expired Xov. i. The democrats maintained that L. N. Trammell, president of the ne\v senate, was the one to be elected governor. Mr. Trammell declined
the office and his party permitted Mr. Gonley to serve until December, when a special election was held and Mr. Smith chosen to fill out the unexpired term of Mr. Bullock. President Grant appointed Mr. Conley postmaster of Atlanta, a position he held for several years. Mr. Conley was a strong partisan, but showed himself a person of integrity at times when his party associates were bad men. He was a prominent Odd Fellow and a member of the Episcopal church. He died in Atlanta in 1885.

C MITH, JAMES MILTON, governor of Georgia (1872-1874), was born in Twiggs county, Ga., Oct. 24, 1823, and in his boyhood days was a helper in
a blacksmith shop. Culloden academy in Monroe county furnished him with an education, and in 1846 he commenced the practice of law in Columbus, Ga. As an independent state's rights democrat he was defeated in 1855. He served in
the Confederate army and became colonel of the Thirteenth Georgia infantry. He was engaged in all the battles of the Virginia army until 1863, when he took a seat in the Confederate congress. He resumed law after the war, and aided in the defense of the Columbus prisoners charged with murdering Ashburn. Mr. Smith was elected a representative to the legislature and speaker of the house in 1870, governor in 1872 to fill out Mr, Bullock's unexpired term, and again in
October, 1872, for four years. In 1877, he was defeated for United States senator. Gov. Colquitt appointed him chairman of the railroad commission of Georgia in 1879. In 1888 he was made judge of the superior court. He died Nov. 20, 1890.

CTEPHENS, ALEXANDER HAMILTON, was born on a farm near Crawfordsville,Ga.,Feb.ii,i8i2. His grandfather, a native of England, was a brave
soldier in the French and Indian war, and in the war of independence, serving with distinction under Gen. Washington. He had eight children, of whom Andrew B., the father of Alexander, was the youngest son. Andrew B. was permitted to attend die school of Rev. Hope Hull, at Washington, a famous institution of learning in that day. When fourteen years old he was recommended by his instructor as competent to teach, and was placed at the head of a school on Little Creek. His first earnings were used in purchasing the loo-acre tract of
land upon which his parents lived, and this tract was the nucleus of that home stead, which, except for a few years after the death of Andrew B., has ever since been in the possession of the family. Andrew B. married Margaret Grier, whose parents were natives of Ireland, and took up the avocation of a farmer. To them were born four children: Mary, Aaron, Grier and Alexander. The mother was of a frail constitution, mild, industrious, charitable, intelligent and a great help to the husband. She died soon after Alexander's birth. Andrew B. Stephens again married, his wife being Matilda Lindsay, the daughter of Col. John Lindsay, distinguished in the revolutionary war. From the second marriage four sons sprang: John L., Andrew Baskins, Benjamin F. and Linton. Until he was fifteen years old Alexander Stephens had few opportunities for schooling. He was
the general messenger boy and errand-goer, at ten he worked in the fields and at eleven he handled the plow. His childhood was passed in sickness and menial toil. Upon the death of his father and mother, he was taken to the home of his uncle, Gen. A. W. Grier, of Warren county. He placed him in a school at Wash
ington, presided over by Rev. Alexander Hamilton Webster. This tutor, a most worthy Christian gentleman, took great interest in the pupil. His extremely
frail physical organization, his delicate health, the loss of his parents, and his

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.

239

poverty had produced a frame of mind of habitual melancholy, which, associated
with his constant Bible reading, had induced Mr. Webster to see in Alexander the subject of religious convictions. This prompted him to send the youth to Franklin college, now the state university, and in so doing he gave to Alexander his middle name. His tuition and expenses were paid by the Presbyterian Edu cational society, but before he was graduated, Alexander reimbursed them from a small patrimony. He was graduated in 1832, and was employed two years in Liberty county teaching the children of Dr. Le Conte and those of Mr. Varnadoe. In 1834 he decided to adopt the profession of law, and three months of study enabled him to be admitted, upon examination by Joseph H. Lumpkin and William H. Crawford. His first political speech was made July 4, 1834, and in this he distinctly took the grounds from which his convictions never afterward wavered. While denying the asserted right of nullification, the right of a state to remain in the Union and yet disobey the Federal laws, he insisted upon the soveieignty of the states, and the right of any to withdraw from the Union, if the compact should be violated by others. Though his health was delicate he was immediately successful in law. On a platform opposing nullification he was elected to the legislature from Taliaferro county, in 1836, and re-elected in 1837,
1838, 1839, Z840. 1 1842, he was elected state senator and in 1843, at ^e a&e of thirty-one, to congress on the whig ticket. He was re-elected continuously until 18*49. When the whig party was disorganized and the know-nothing party framed in 1855, he made an independent canvass for congress in opposition to the principles of the new party, which was one of the most remarkable political fights in his career; and was elected by 3,000 majority. He retired in 1859, and in a farewell address congratulated the 'country upon the peaceful settlement at that time of all the agitating questions which were disturbing the country when he entered congress in 1843. These were settled on the principles set forth in the
Cincinnati platform, he said, and by adherence to those there was a bright prospect of peace for the country; but if they departed from them they might expect disaster. His name was mentioned in connection with the democratic nomination for the presidency, but he declined the use of his name in the Charles ton convention, supporting Mr. Douglas. In a speech before the legislature of Georgia, in November, 1860, he advised against secession, and voted against it in the convention at Milledgeville, when the ordinance was adopted, though he signed the same. He was chosen a member of the Confederate convention to organize a provisional government, and was elected successively provisional and permanent vice-president of the Confederacy. He was one of the commissioners from the Confederacy to the celebrated Hampton roads peace conference in 1865. After Lee's surrender, in May, 1865, he was arrested and incarcerated at Fort Warren, Boston. In 1866, after much persuasion, he accepted the election to the United States senate, but was not allowed to take his seat He was a delegate to the National Union convention at Philadelphia, and was defeated by Joshua Hill for the United States senate in 1868. He was again defeated for the senate by Gen. J. B. Gordon, in 1873, but was elected to congress that year, and con tinuously up to and including the term beginning in 1882, when he resigned shortly after taking his seat, having been elected governor. He died March 4, 1883. For forty-five years Alexander H. Stephens held a foremost place in state and nation. His career was remarkable, and unequalled in the history of the
nation. At any time during his life, his death would not have been a surprise, and yet his physical weakness never impaired his usefulness. Although a giant, intel lectually, he was a pigmy physically; he never even in his prime attained a weight
over ninety-four pounds, and on leaving college his weight was but seventy. Mr.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Stephens was strong by his moral intrepidity. No public opinion could frighten him, nor public frenzy awe him. He fought know-nothingism when it threatened the state, battled against secession and spoke for Union when it was hopeless. In congress he opposed Polk on the Mexican war; favored California's admission as a free state, and was one of the authors of the "Georgia platform of 1850." In 1840, though a state's rights man he voted for Harrison. He desired Texas annexed, but was for Clay, who said if annexed it would cause war. In 1848, h,i supported Taylor over Clay for the whig nomination for the presidency, and though generally acting with the whigs he refused to vote for Scott, casting his ballot for Webster, who was then dead. He voted to admit Texas. In 1854, he defended the Kansas-Nebraska act He was for Douglas--against Breckinridge. During the war he opposed President Davis' conscription policy. He was a great orator and during his life made many historical addresses. He once chal lenged Gov. Herschel V. Johnson to a duel, and at another time Senator Benj. H. Hill, but they declined to meet him. In his life he educated more than a hundred young men. He published in 1867-70 The War Between the States; and 1870-71, a School History of the United States. He died a few months after his inauguration as governor, having caught cold from exposure attending the
trip to Savannah, when he made his greatest speech at Georgia sesqui-centennial
celebration.

QOLQUITT, ALFRED HOLT, was born in Walton county, Ga., April 20,1824.
He was graduated at Princeton college, New Jersey, in 1844; was admitted to the bar in 1845, an(i served in the Mexican war as a staff major. In 1855 he was elected to congress, and in 1859 was sent to the state legislature. He was the same year on the Breckinridge and Lane electoral ticket, and was a member of the Georgia secession convention in 1861. He was prominent in the advocacy of secession, and entered the Confederate army at the outbreak of the war, serving with distinction until its close as captain, colonel, brigadier-general and majorgeneral. In 1876 he was chosen governor of Georgia for four years, and in 1880 for two years. In 1883 he was elected to the United States senate, and again in 1888, serving until his death in 1893. For thirty-five years Senator Colquitt was a democratic leader, advocating with courage, eloquence, and energy democratic principles. His public career and private life have been alike stainless. Asa lawyer he showed himself learned and profound, a skillful pleader and successful advocate. Mr. Colquitt was a temperance and Sunday school leader of signal power and national reputation, winning celebrity at the intellectual centers of the country. The debates which have transpired during Mr. Colquitt's membership of the senate show his ability, his comprehensive view of public questions, his zeal for the equal rights of citizens, for the moral conditions of society and his recogni
tion of the elements of true progress so unceasingly manifest in the history of his country.

QRAWFORD, WILLIAM H., like many other distinguished Americans, owed nothing to the influence of family or wealth. He was born in the state of
Virginia Feb. 24,1772, of poor but reputable parents. When about fourteen years old he emigrated with them to Georgia. His father was dependent on the labor of himself and sons for the support of a large family. William, after following the plow until about the age of twenty-one, was sent into the world without fortune or patronage. He had received, while at home, a good English education, but aspir ing beyond the sphere to which his humble attainments as a scholar would have confined him, he determined by his own efforts to repair the deficiencies of fortune

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.

24!

and to qualify himself for one of the learned professions. In 1794 he was able to place himself under the tuiton of Rev. Dr. Waddell, and by employment as teacher
he was enabled to support himself and read law, being admitted to practice in 1799. In 1800 he was appointed, with two others, to revise and digest the laws of the state. While at the bar his reputation as a lawyer was unrivaled in that state, and
his professional attainments were accompanied and adorned by an irreproachable
moral character. He supported Jefferson for president in 1800, and in the canvass his commanding talents and political firmness led to quarrels, followed by two
duels, in one of which he had the misfortune to kill his antagonist, and in the other to be himself severely wounded. In the first his opponent was Peter L. Van Alen,
then solicitor-general of the western circuit of Georgia, and in the latter, Gov. Clarke. In 1804 he was elected as a republican in the legislature, and in 1807 to the senate of the United States, as sufficient proof of the estimation of his talents
and industrious application to the public business. While Mr. Crawford continued in the senate he was one of the most useful and distinguished members of that body.
From 1808 to 1813 he took a conspicuous part. He voted in 1811 in favor of the United States bank, and in consequence of the sickness of Vice-President Clinton
was elected to the important station of president of the senate pro tempore, being the youngest man ever elected to the chair. On the resignation of Mr. Eustis asi
secretary of war in 1812, the place was offered to Mr. Crawford, but he declined it.
At the close of the session of congress, in March, 1813, Mr. Crawford was made minister to France, a station which had become vacant by the death of Mr. Barlow. He returned in 1813 and took charge of the war department, an appointment which had been conferred on him in anticipation of his return. Under his administration an extensive system of fortifying the sea-coast was planned and commenced. In March, 1816, a nomination of president and vice-president was made by the repub lican members of congress. So elevated, even at that early day, was the standing of Mr. Crawford, that he was the only person named as the competitor of Mr. Monroe. He declined to be considered a candidate, yet he received fifty-four votes, out of 119. On the resignation of Mr. Dallas, in October, 1816, Mr. Crawford was.
transferred to the treasury department. He was continued in this station on the accession of Mr. Monroe in March, 1817, and served until 1825. He was nomi nated for the presidency in 1824 over Mr. Calhoun by the democratic party, and
in the election that followed he received the electoral votes of Virginia, Georgia, with scattering votes from New York, Maryland and Delaware, in all forty-one.
No choice having been made by the electoral college, the election reverted to the house of representatives, when John Quincy Adams was elected over Jackson and Crawford, a result said to have been brought about by Henry Clay, who as a candidate threw his support to Adams. Crawford's administration of the treasury
was criticised and was made the subject of an investigation. The committee,
headed by Webster and Randolph, reported sustaining Mr. Crawford. After receiving his wound his health was badly impaired and rendered it impossible for
him to continue in public life, and, although he recovered his strength partially, he took no part after this date in politics. Returning to Georgia he became circuit judge, and occupied this office until 1831. He was opposed to the nullification movement, and his last days were spent in retirement. Though powerful as a, debater, the merits of Mr. Crawford were more in the closet and on committees.
Gifted with a vigorous, expansive and discriminating mind--a mind guided by discretion and governed by integrity--he forced his way by patient application
and persevering industry from obscurity and indigence to the highest stations in
the public service. In private life Mr. Crawford was unostentatious in his manners, mild and conciliatory in his deportment, plain and regular in his habits, correct in

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

morals, frank and honest in his intercourse with society--a friend of religion and ;public virtue.

HILL, BENJAMIN HARVEY, was born at Hillsborough, in Jasper county, Ga., Sept 14, 1823. His father, John Hill, was a man of limited means and
little education, but of a flawless reputation and possessed of any amount of good common sense. His mother was a Miss Parham, a Christian lady whose example and teachings had a potent influence in forming the honorable characters of her children. Both parents were consistent members of the Methodist church. When Benjamin was about ten years old his father moved to Long Lane, Troup Co., which was his home until the day of his death. Benjamin grew up on the farm, joining with his brothers in hard labor, and helping his father in the support of the large family, and his only educational advantages were those found in a few months of the country schooling. When eighteen years old, through an arrangement by which his father contributed one-half of the expense, and his mother and an aunt furnished from their slender savings the other half, Benjamin was sent to the state university. He graduated there, taking first honor, also the honors of his literary society. So keen was his intellect that within a year he was admitted to the bar and began practice at La Grange. Here, soon after the commencement of his great career, he was wedded to Miss Caroline Holt, of Athens, a young lady belonging to one of Georgia's old families, of fortune, beauty and accomplishments. Mr. Hill grew rapidly at the bar and his profes sional fame soon extended all over the state. He began life as a whig and was elected to the legislature in 1851 on that ticket When that parry dissolved he became a know-nothing, or strictly American, and as such was defeated for congress by Judge Hiram Walker, the democratic candidate. In 1856 he was nominated on the Fillmore ticket as an elector-at-large and stumped the state with great ability. At this time he assumed the leadership of the American party, and became their candidate for governor in 1857, being defeated by Gov. Joseph E. Brown. In 1859 ne was elected to the state senate as a unionist, and in 1860 his name was on the Bell electoral ticket He was an open Union man, and in the state secession convention at Milledgeville in 1861 strongly opposed the
ordinance of withdrawal from the Union, but on account of the threatened division of his people he afterward voted for secession. He was a member of the Con federate provisional congress and Confederate senate, and was regarded the ablest supporter of Mr. Davis' policy in the senate. In May, 1865, after Lee's surrender, he was arrested by the United States government and confined in Fort Lafayette, N. Y., but was soon released on parole. Returning home he resumed his activity in politics and was vigorous in his opposition to the reconstruction acts of congress, a speech he made at Atlanta attracting wide and marked attention. During this time he published his Notes on the Situation, being a severe arraignment of the constitutional government of the states. In 1870, after the congressional plan of reconstructing the states was completed, and the constitutional amendments were adopted and incorporated into that instrument, Mr. Hill, believing further resistance useless, advised the people to accept the result He resumed the prac tice of law with great success. He supported Horace Greeley for president in 1872 and in 1876 was elected to congress from the ninth district. He supported the electoral commission bill in an eloquent address. His celebrated discussion with Mr. Blaine from Maine was one of the most memorable that has ever occurred in the house of representatives, and gave him a national reputation. In 1877 he was elected to the United States senate, where he served till Aug. 16,1882, the date of his death, which was caused by cancer.

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.
'TOOMBS, ROBERT, was born in Wilkes county, Ga., about five miles from Washington, July 2,1810. William Toombs, the great-grandfather of Robert,
was the first of the English family to come to America, about 1650, and he settled in Virginia. Gabriel, a son, fought with Braddock. His son, Robert Toombs, the father of the distinguished statesman, commanded a Virginia regi ment during the revolution and rendered great service against the British in Georgia. He came to Georgia in 1783 and received a rich tract of 3,000 acres of land in Wilkes county. He settled on Beaverdam creek, five miles from Washington. He first married Miss Sanders, of Columbia county. She died without issue and he then married a Miss Catlett, of Virginia. His third wife was Catherine Huling, and of this marriage these children were born: Sarah, who finally became Mrs. Pope; James, who was killed by accident while hunting; Augustus, Robert and Gabriel. Catharine Huling was of Welsh ancestry, a devoted Methodist and a most excellent woman. Robert Toombs was, in his youth, of slender build, and of a rather stunted instead of fragile growth. His physical development was after he had reached the age of fifteen. His first train ing was at what was known as an "old field school," taught by Welcome Fanning. Afterward a private tutor, Rev. Alexander Webster, the preceptor of Alexander Stephens, gave instructions. About 1840 young Toombs entered Franklin col lege, now the state university, located in Athens, Ga. His college days are replete with stories of mischievousness, and he left the school without receiving his diplomas. Later in life, in his characteristic way, he refused an honorary degree, though a director of the college. In 1828 he finished his classical course and received his A. B. degree at Union college, Schenectady, N. Y. He studied law at the university of Virginia, and on March 18, 1830, was admitted to the bar of Elbert county, his license being signed by William H. Crawford, judge of the superior court During the first five years of his practice he did not give a bright promise. His work was that of the average country lawyer. Then he developed forth, with an impetus that carried him to a height in his profession never attained by a lawyer in Georgia. As a lawyer Mr. Toombs had a thrilling delivery, which, coupled with a noble presence, carried his audience or jury from the start. A thorough knowledge of his cases, a lightning-like perception of the weak and strong points of controversy, a capacity and willingness to perform intellectual labor, with charming conversational powers were his master points and contributed to an immense success in his profession.
Robert Toombs cast his first vote for Andrew Jackson in 1832. He almost immediately thereafter joined the whigs. In 1837, just after his return from the Creek war, in which he was a captain, he was elected as a whig from the democratic county of Wilkes to the legislature. He was returned at the annual elections in 1839, 1840, 1842 and 1843. In the big campaign of 1844 he was the chief orator of the whigs in Georgia, and combated the great McDuffie in South Carolina. He took his seat in congress in December, 1845. His first speech was on the Oregon question, and placed him among the first debaters and orators of that body. He opposed the acquisition of Texas, and was active in the compromise measures in 1850, and greatly contributed to their passage. On Nov. 10, 1851, he was elected to the United States senate after serving eight years as congressman. As a senator he was unfaltering in his belief in state rights, and advised secession as soon as Lincoln was elected, and in a passionate speech informally left the senate, which action was followed by his expulsion in 1861. He advocated disunion with all the force of his oratory, and when the state convention met in 1861 was chiefly instrumental in carrying the resolution of secession. He was elected to the Confederate congress and would have been

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA

elected president of the Confederacy but for old political enemies who opposed
him in the last hour. He accepted the portfolio of state under President Davis, but resigned after a short service on account of differences with Davis, and receiving a commission as brigadier-general, on July 21, 1861, joined Gens.
Beauregard and Johnston at Manassas. In January, 1862, he was elected to the Confederate States senate, but declined it, preferring to remain in the field. He fought at the second battle of Bull Run and Antietam, but later resigned and returned home. In 1864 he was adjutant and inspector-general of Gen. George \V. Smith's division of Georgia militia. He was present during the battles before Atlanta and the engagement at Peach Tree Creek. The four men whom the Wash
ington government wanted to arrest and hold responsible for the war were Toombs, Davis, Slidell and Howell Cobb: Gen. Toombs' escape was accom
plished only after thrilling adventures, and he passed two years in Cuba, France
and England, but returned in 1867 and resumed the practice of law. As he refused to take the oath of allegiance he was debarred from citizenship. After the war he acted principal!}- with the Democratic party, but Mr. Toombs' great power
always made him independent. He criticised Pierce, Buchanan and quarreled with Jefferson Davis. The last years of his life were spent in a war on the railroads. The legislature of Georgia in 1874 taxed railroad property the same
as other property, and those corporations resisted. Gen. Toombs, for the state, carried the case to the Supreme court and recovered $300,000 taxes. He was the originator of the state commission railroad law. Gen. Toombs married Julia
A. Dubose, a South Carolinian. A man of great deeds and great temptations, great passions, and glaring faults, his domestic life was a model one. His life long home at Washington was the scene of proverbial hospitality. Three genera tions have accorded him the distinction of being one of America's greatest men.
He was a strongly marked southerner of the old school. Mentally he was distinctively great, eloquent, and personally, upright, brave and obstinate. He
died Dec. 15,1885.

QOBB, THOMAS W., was born in Columbia county, Ga., in 1784. He studied law under William H. Crawford, amd practiced in Lexington, Ga.
In 1817 he was elected to congress, serving until 1821, was again elected in 1823, but resigned in 1824 to succeed Nicholas Ware, deceased, in the United States senate. In 1828 he resigned and became a judge of the superior court. He was a brilliant orator, and during his public life was prominent in all debates on important questions. He died in Greensborough, Ga., Feb. i, 1830.

U[LL. JOSHUA, was born in Abbeville district, S. C, Jan. 10, 1812, and remov ing to Georgia when a lad, he studied law and began its practice at Madison.
He was a member of congress, being elected as an American, from 1857 until Jan. 23, 1861. when he resigned on command of his people, he being opposed to seces sion. He took no part in public affairs during the war, save accepting a nomina tion for governor and being defeated by Gov. Brown in 1863. He was a member of the constitutional convention called by President Johnson in 1866, and was defeated for United States senator. During the reconstruction period he defeated Gov. Joseph E. Brown for United States senator, serving until 1873.

QOLQUITT, WALTER T., was born in Halifax county, Va., Dec. 27, 1799, and
soon after his parents moved to Georgia and settled near Mount Zion, where Walter was sent to the school of Mr. Beman. He went to Princeton, but was called home by the sickness of his father before he graduated. He read law in the office

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.
of Col. Samuel Rockwell of Milledgeville, and was admitted to the bar in 1820. He first located at Sparta, and then moved to a village called Cowpens in Walton county. In the meantime he had been elected brigadier-general by the legislature when twenty-one years old. In 1826 he was a candidate of the Troup party for congress, and in a district which contained a majority of 2,000 Clark voters he was only beaten by the Hon. Wilson Lumpkin, their candidate, by thirty-two votes. At the age of twenty-seven he was elected judge of the Chattahoochee superior court. In 1836 and 1837 he represented Muscogee county in the state senate. He was-elected to congress as a state's rights whig man in 1838. He resigned upon the nomination of Harrison for the presidency, and supported Van Buren. His course was indorsed by his constituency, and he resumed his seat in congress, serving till March, 1843, when he was sent to the United States senate. He supported the Polk administration and the Oregon question and the Mexican war issue, and opposed the Wilmot proviso. As an advocate Judge Colquitt stood alone in Georgia, perhaps in the whole south. No man could equal him in vigor and brilliancy where the passions of the jury had to be led. He was a Christian and a member of the M. E. church. Of a magnificent constitution, Judge Colquitt was prodigal of his health, and died in the prime of life, aged 56 years. He was first married on Feb. 23, 1823, to Nancy H. Lane, daughter of Joseph Lane, of Newton county, by whom he had six children. The second marriage was in 1841 to Mrs. Alphia B. Fauntleroy, formerly Miss Todd. She lived but a few months, and in 1842 he married Harriet W. Ross, daughter of Luke Ross, of Macon.
DERRIEN, JOHN M'PHERSOX, was born in New Jersey, Aug. 23, 1781, and was the son of Maj. John Berrien, a distinguished officer under Washington,
and his mother, Margaret Macpherson, whose brother, John Macpherson, was aid-de-camp to Gen. Montgomery, and fell with him at Quebec. In the house occupied by Gen. Washington as headquarters, whence he issued his farewell address to the army, John McPherson Berrien was born. He graduated at Princeton at the age of fifteen, and was admitted to the bar of Georgia in 1/99, having read law under Hon. Joseph Clay. In 1809 he was elected solicitor-general, and the next year judge of the eastern circuit. Judge Berrien commanded a regi ment of cavalry during the war of 1812. He left the bench in 1821, and was elected to the state senate in 1822. His abilities were so conspicuous there that he was elected in 1824 to the senate of the United States. His eloquence gave him the name of the "American Cicero," and Chief Justice Marshall called him the "honeytongued Georgia youth." In March, 1829, he became attorney-general under President Jackson. A quarrel in the cabinet, caused by social jealousies -on the parts of families of certain members, led to Mr. Berrien's withdrawal. He was elected to the senate again in 1840, and supported the policy of the whigs, and modified his views on the tariff so as to support "incidental protection." He was a delegate to the convention at Baltimore that nominated Henry Clay for president. He became dissatisfied with the whig party in 1845 an^ resigned from the senate. In 1847 Mr. Berrien had been re-elected by the legislature of Georgia for a new term in the senate, to expire March 4, 1853, and during this service he supported the compromise measures. In 1852 he resigned and returned to his home. He had had fame enough to satisfy even the proudest ambition. In all offices, in all trusts, in all emergencies, his fidelity was acknowledged. Besides, he had a repu tation beyond the borders of his own country for scholarship, eloquence, and refine ment. He was president of the American party convention held at Milledgeville in December, 1855, and died a month later at his home in Savannah. A writer has said of him: "He was, indeed, a man whose equal in many respects the world

246

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

has not produced since the days of Cicero. America has had her Henry, one of nature's thunderbolts, her Clay, of grand and surpassing gifts, to electrify the public by their soul-stirring eloquence; but neither of them had the polish of the Roman school, with its rich stores of learning and classic beauties gathered from every epoch and every clime. It was reserved for John McPherson Berrien to stand alone as an example in the nineteenth century."

)AWSON, WILLIAM C, was born Jan. 4, 1798, in Greene county, and died
May 5, 1856. He graduated at Franklin college about 1816, and studied law in the school at Litchfield, Coon. He commenced practice in Greensboro in 1818, and soon won for himself a high reputation as an advocate. He was clerk of the
house of representatives of Georgia for about twelve years. He was several times elected a senator and representative from Greene county in the legislature, and was a member of congress from 1836 till 1842. He commanded a brigade against the
Cherokee Indians in 1836. In 1841 lie was beaten for governor by Hon. Charles J. McDonald, and in 1845 was appointed judge of the Ocmulgee circuit In 1847 he was elected United States senator, and served until 1855. He was a vigilant senator, watching the interests of the whole country, and no constituents were ever more faithfully served in the various trusts committed to his care. As a member of the Masonic order Judge Dawson had reached the highest elevation, and upon his death 200 subordinate lodges draped their rooms in mourning. He was mar ried first to Miss Henrietta M. Wingfield, who died in 1850, then in 1854 to Mrs. Elizabeth M. Williams, of Memphis, Tenn. His eldest son died while at school, the second in infancy; the third son was George Oscar, who frequently repre sented Greene county in the legislature, and the fourth child was Henrietta Wingfield, who married Joseph B. Hill, of Columbus; the fifth was Edgar Gilmer Dawson, who became a lawyer of Columbus; the sixth child, Emma Caledonia, married Edward W. Seabrook, a nephew of Gov. Seabrook, of South Carolina; the seventh child was Lucien Wingfield Dawson.

T AIT, CHARLES, was born in Louisa county, Va., in 1768, and at an early age located in Georgia. He was associated with William H. Crawford in the
management of the Richmond academy. He was judge of the western circuit court of Georgia from 1803 till 1809, and was elected that year to succeed John Milledge in the United States senate. He served till 1819, when he removed to Alabama, dying Oct. 7, 1835.

FREEMAN, was born in Charles City county, Va., Oct 25, 1780. He began the practice of law in Georgia in 1802, and soon became distin guished at his profession. In 1807 he was elected to the legislature, and in 1819 to the United States senate. A speech on the Missouri compromise question won him distinction. He resigned 1821 and retired to private life, dying Sept 23, 1827.

JOHX PENDLETOX, was born in Barren county, Ky., in 1799, and was taken by his parents to Tennessee, where he resided until 1815,
when he removed to Georgia. He was admitted to the bar in 1819 and then spent two years in Europe completing his education. He returned to Augusta where he practiced his profession with great success. In 1833 he was a member of the constitutional convention of Georgia and distinguished himself as an orator in debate with W. H. Crawford. Mr. King being a Jackson democrat The same year he was elected United States senator to fill an unexpired term, and, in 1834, for the full term, serving till Xov. i, 1837, when he resigned. In a speech before

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.

347

the senate he attacked Van Buren's administration, and being criticised for it
by a newspaper he retired from public service. In 1842, he took charge of the Georgia railroad and under his management the road was finished and prospered. His daughter, Louise Woodward, established the Georgia society for prevention of cruelty to animals, and was the founder of the Louise King Home for widows at Augusta.

^fARE, NICHOLAS, was born in Carolina county, Va., in 1769, and accompa
nied his father, Capt Robert Ware, to Edgefield, S. C., thence to Augusta, where he studied medicine. He finished his studies at the Litchfield, Conn., lawschool, and located in Augusta. He represented Richmond county in the legis lature, was mayor of Augusta, and United States senator from Georgia in 1821-24. At the time of his death, Sept 7, 1824, he was trustee of the state university of Georgia, and president of the board of trustees of Richmond county academy.

TELFAIR, EDWARD, second governor of Georgia, was born in Scotland in 1735, and came to America in 1758 as an agent of a mercantile house. He
resided in Virginia and then North Carolina, settling in Georgia in 1766. Through out the revolutionary struggle he bore a conspicuous part, and was intrusted by his fellow citizens with the highest offices. In February, 1778, he was elected delegate to the continental congress, and on July 24 signed the ratification
of the articles of confederation. In May, 1785, "he was re-elected a member of congress, but did not take his seat He was governor of Georgia from 1787 to 1789, and from 1791 to 1793. Gov. Telfair was a successful business man. Tel-
fair county, Ga., is named after him. He died Sept. 17, 1807.

PRINCE, OLIVER HILLHOUSE, was born in Connecticut about 1787, moved to Georgia in early 3"ears, studied law and practiced at Macon. He
was elected to the United States senate, in place of Thomas W. Cobb, serving from Dec. I, 1828, till March 3, 1829. He was the author of many humorous sketches and of Digest of the Laws of Georgia to December, 1820. He per
ished in the wreck of the steamer "Home," on the coast of North Carolina.

QUTHBERT, ALFRED, was born in Savannah in 1786, was graduated at Princeton college in 1803 and began the practice of law in Monticello, Jasper
Co., in 1803. He was a member of the legislature and then elected to congress in 1813, and 1815, when he resigned. He was again elected in 1821, serving to 1827, when he was chosen senator to succeed John Forsyth, resigned. After filling out the unexpired term he was re-elected, serving till March, 1843. He
died near Monticello, July 9, 1856.

QHARLTON, ROBERT M., was born in Savannah, Jan. 19, 1807. In 1828 h was elected to the state legislature and aftenvard became United States
district attorney under President Jackson. In 1834 he was appointed and after
ward elected judge of the supreme court for the eastern district of Georgia. In
1852-53 he was United States senator. He was an elegant orator, possessed fine literary accomplishments, being the author of several works of prose and poetry. He was twice mayor of Savannah and died in that city Jan. 18, 1854.

gIBB, WILLIAM M., was born in Virginia, Oct. i, 1780, was graduated at William and Mary college and received the degree of M. D. in 1801 at
the university of Pennsylvania. He located in Georgia and was elected for two

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
terms to the legislature, a member of congress from 1807 to 1813 and United States senator 1813 until 1816. He removed to the territory of Alabama and was elected governor there 1817, and 1819, and was the first executive 1819-21, after its admission as a state. He died July 9, 1820.
)UXX, JAMES, was born of humble parents in Virginia in 1739. Receiving the benefits of a common school education, he applied himself to the study
of law, and was admitted to the bar. He joined the continental army and as ca.pta.in of dragoons he participated, under Gen. Wayne, in the movement for the relief of Savannah, in 1782. After the war he selected that town as his home and resumed the practice of law. He became a colonel of the state militia and subsequently brigadier-general. He was elected a member of the continental congress but never took his seat. He was a member of the first congress under the constitution of 1787. and a United States senator from Georgia, in 1795 and 1796. He was forced from office by his connection with the "Yazoo Frauds" and died in Louisville, Ky.
FVERSOX. ALFRED, was born in Burke county, Dec. 3, 1798, was graduated at Princeton and began the practice of law at Columbus. He was a member
of the legislature for eight years and was for seven years judge of the superior court for the Columbus circuit. In 1846 he was chosen to congress as a democrat and in 1855 took his seat as a United States senator, withdrawing in 1861 when his state seceded. During the war he was colonel of a Confederate regiment and was commissioned brigadier-general in 1862. In a speech in the senate, before his withdrawal, Mr. Iverson said the southern states would never be satisfied with any concession "that does not fully recognize, not only the existence of slavery in its present form, but the right of the southern people to immigrate to the common territories with their slave property, and their right to congressional protection, while the territorial existence lasts." He died in Macon, March 4, 1873.
JOHXSOX. JAMES, was born in Robinson county, X. C., Feb. 24, 1810. He was of Scotch descent, his grand-parents being natives of Scotland. He was
graduated from Georgia state university in 1832, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. He practiced in Columbus with great success and in 1857 was elected to congress, but was defeated two years later by A. H. Colquitt, he then being the nominee of the unionists. He was a member of the Georgia knownothing convention in 1857 and of the Georgia American convention in 1858. By appointment of President Johnson he was provisional governor of Georgia from June 7 to Dec. 19, 1863. He was appointed United States collector of customs at Savannah in 1866, serving until 1869; was made a judge of the superior court in 1870 and in 1872 was an elector on the Grant ticket. It was a high tribute to his qualities as a firm and devoted unionist that he was selected for the delicate duty of restoring Georgia to the Union after the war.
A KERMAX. AMOS TAPPAX, was born in New Hampshire in 1819. In 1842 he was graduated at Dartmouth college, and settled in Elberton, Ga., in
1850, practicing the profession of law. He went with his state in secession and was quartermaster-general in the Confederate service. He joined the republican party after the war and supported the reconstruction acts. He was district attorney for Georgia in 1866. and attorney-general of the LTnited States in 1870, resigning in 1872.

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.

249

DULLOCH, WILLIAM BELLIXGER, was born in Savannah in 1776 and was the son of Archibald Bulloch, the first republican president of Georgia.
He received a finished education and was an eminent lawyer. He was mayor of Savannah in 1809, then collector of its port He served in the war of 1812 and succeeded William H. Crawford in the United States senate, officiating from May 24, 1813, to Dec. 6, 1813. From 1813 to 1843 ne was president of the state bank of Georgia. He died March 6, 1852.

D ALDWIN, ABRAHAM, was born in Guilford, Conn., Nov. 6, 1754, and his collegiate course was pursued at Yale college where he graduated in 1772.
From 1775 to 1779 he was a tutor in that institution, and during the revolutionary war, was chaplain in the continental army under General Greene. In 1784 he moved to Savannah and was admitted to the bar. Three months afterward he was elected to the legislature, where he originated the plan of the university of Georgia, drew its charter, and indicated the lines along which this institution has ever since moved. He was a delegate to the continental congress from 1785 to 1788, and as a member of the convention of 1787, which framed the constitution of the United States formulated some of the essential clauses of that memorable instrument. .He was a federalist. He was elected United States senator from Georgia, and served from 1709 to March 4, 1807, his death occurring on the last date. In private life Abraham Baldwin was correct in all his habits, and given to benevolent deeds. Never having married, he expended his accumulations in assisting worthy young men in acquiring an education and in establishing them in business.

, WILLIAM H. T., was born in Georgia in 1816, was graduated at West Point, 1837, served in the Florida war and was wounded three times at the battle of Okeechobee, and was brevetted first lieutenant for his gallantry there. He served in the Florida war of 1840-42, and became captain in 1845. He was in all the principal engagements of the Mexican war. and won his star as major by heroic conduct at Cantreras, and was made lieutenant-colonel for bravery at Malino del Rev. He was instructor in military tactics at West Point and in 1860 resigned his commission in the United States army. He was made majorgeneral in the Confederate army and was killed at the battle of Decatur, July
26, 1864.

JM'LAWS, LAFAYETTE, soldier, was born at Augusta, Jan. 15, 1821, attended the schools of that city and entered the university of Virginia, from which
place he was appointed to the United States military academy. He was graduated in 1842 and gained his final experience on the Indian frontier. He was under Gen. Taylor in the Mexican war and was at the occupation of Corpus Christi, the defense of Fort Brown, the battle of Monterey, and the siege of Vera Cruz. In 1851, he was made captain of infantry, and took part in the expeditions against the Mormons and Navajo Indians. He resigned his commission to enter the Confederate army as a brigadier-general. His services in the battle of Lee's Mill, his maneuvers on the retreat to Richmond and at the battle of Williamsburg brought his advancement May 23, when he was made major-general. At the battles of Savage's station and Malvern hill, he commanded divisions, and on the retreat of the Federal army from the Virginia peninsula, his division watched the operations at Harrison's Landing. His division was with the army of north ern Virginia in its march into Maryland. He captured Harper's Ferry and Maryland Heights and rejoined the main army at Sharpsburg in time to restore

250

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

the Confederate line. He was at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsvile, Gettysburg and Knoxville. He defeated Gen. Sedg\vick?s assault at Salem church, and was in the command of Georgia and opposed Sherfnan's march through the state. Gen. Johnson's surrender included his command, and after the war Gen. McLaws established himself in business at Augusta. He was appointed collector of internal revenue in 1875 an^ collector of the port of Savannah in 1876.

CEW. WILLIAM, was born in Baltimore county, Md., June 8, 1748, and was a descendant of William Pfew, one of the Penn colonists. He received a good
education from private tutors in Xorth Carolina, and coming to reside in Georgia in 1776, he began the practice of law in Augusta. The following is a summary of the more prominent positions filled by Mr: Few during his long, busy and useful life, as given by Mr. C. C. Jones, Jr.: 1777, member from Richmond county of the Georgia legislature; 1777, member of the executive council; 1778, engaged in the expedition conducted by Gen. Robert Howe and Gov. John Houston, for the subjugation of East Florida; 1778, elected surveyor-general of Georgia; 1778, appointed commissioner of confiscated estates, and senior justice of the county of Richmond; 1779, appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Richmond county militia, and actively employed in the field in resisting the advance of Col. Campbell upon Augusta, and guarding the frontiers of Georgia, and in resisting the predatory attacks of British, Tories and Indians; 1779, a commissioner on the part of Georgia to bring about a pacification of the Creek and Cherokee Indians; 1779, a member of Georgia assembly; 1780, a member of continental congress; 1781, by will of congress, present in Georgia to reconstruct state government: 1782, member of congress; 1783, member Georgia legislature; 1784, admitted to bar of Savannah: 1786. re-elected to congress; 1787, delegate from Georgia to the Philadelphia convention for revising the constitution of die United States; 1788, member of the Georgia convention which ratified the constitution of the United States; 1789, United States senator from Georgia; 1793, member Georgia legis lature: 1796, appointed judge second judicial circuit of Georgia; 1799, removed to Xew York city; 1801-1804. member general assembly of New York; 1804, commissioner of loans; 1813-14, alderman Xew York city.

UABERSHAM, JOSEPH, was born in Savannah, July 28, 1751, and was the son of Tames Habersham, governor. Joseph was a member of the council of
safety during the war and served in the continental army, being a lieutenantcolonel at its close. He was a delegate to the continental congress, and speaker of the state assembly in 1785 and in 1790. He was postmaster-general under Washington, John Adams and Jefferson until 1801, when he resigned to become president of the United States branch bank at Savannah. He died in 1815.
VOUXG, PIERCE MAXXIXG BUTLER, was born at Spartanburg, S. C., Xov. 15. 1839. At thirteen years of age he entered the Georgia military insti
tute. at Marietta. Ga., and in 1857 was appointed to West Point. He left the school and entered the Confederate army as second lieutenant, was attached to Gen. Bragg's staff and \vas aide at the same time on Gen. W. H. T. Walker's staff. By frequent promotions he became brigadier-general of cavalry in 1863 and major-general of cavalry in 1864. After the war, he was elected from Bartow county to congress, in 1867. 1869, 1871, 1873. He was delegate to the democratic national conventions that nominated Seymour, Tilden and Hancock. He was appointed by President Haves, a commissioner in 1878, to the Paris International exposition, and in 1885 by President Cleveland, consul-general to St. Petersburg,

MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.

25!

resigning in 1887. Gen. Young was a brilliant soldier in the war, and at twentythree years of age was made major-general. He was wounded three times in battle and three times mentioned for gallant conduct by Gen. J. E. B. Stuart.
QOBB, THOMAS R. R., was born in Cherry Hill, Jefferson county, Ga., April 10, 1823. In 1841, at the head of his class he was graduated from the Uni
versity of Georgia. He was admitted to the bar and was reporter of the supreme court from 1849 till 1857. He was a member of the Confederate congress and became a general in the southern army, being killed at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Mr. Cobb gave much attention to religious and educa tional matters. He published Historical Sketch of Slavery, from the Earliest Periods; Digest of the Laws of Georgia; and several essays in behalf of a state system of education. He was married to Marion, daughter of Judge J. H. Lumpkin.
C TILES, JOSEPH CLAY, was born in Savannah, Dec. 6, 1795. He was graduated at Yale in 1814, and began the practice of law in Savannah, but left
it to study theology, graduating at Andover in 1825. The presbytery ordained him in 1826 and he served as an evangelist in Georgia and Florida up to 1835. In 1835, he removed to Kentucky and for nine years labored in the west After serving as pastor in Richmond, Va., and New York city, he resigned, and, in 1850, became general agent for the American Bible society in the south. In 1853 he became pastor of the South church in New Haven, Conn., and from 1860 to 1875 he labored as an evangelist in the south. He received the degree of D. D. from Transylvania university in 1846, and that of LL. D. from the University of Georgia in 1860. Dr. Stiles was the author of several works on the slavery question. He died in 1875 at Savannah.
LJARDEE, WILLIAM J., was born in Savannah about 1818. He entered the army as second lieutenant in 1838, after he was graduated at West Point in
the class with Gen. Beauregard. His advancement was rapid and the United States secretary of war sent him to the military school of St. Maur, in France. He returned to America and was one of the officers who crossed the Rio Grande with Gen. Taylor in 1846. He was taken prisoner at Curricito, but was after ward exchanged. For gallantry on the field he was made brevet major March 25, 1847. He was appointed to the command of the cadets at West Point, with rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1855. ^n I ^6J ne resigned his commission in the United States army to enter the Confederate service as brigadier-general and was promoted to major-general. Gen. Hardee was in command of the Third corps at Shiloh in 1862, and at the battle of Perryville, Oct. 8, he commanded the left wing of Gen. Bragg's army. He distinguished himself at Murfreesboro and Chattanooga and was made lieutenant-general for services at Perryville and other engagements. He was subsequently assigned to commands in South Caro lina and Georgia, surrendering to Gen. W. T. Sherman with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army at Durham, N. C, April 26, 1865. He died in Virginia Xov. 6,1873.
RAWFORD, MARTIN JEXKIXS, associate justice of the supreme court of Georgia, was born in Jasper county, Ga., March 17, 1820. He was ad
mitted to the bar and entered public life as a member of the state legislature of 1845-47. He was appointed judge of the superior courts of Chattahoochee circuit in 1853, but resigned to go to congress, where he held his seat from 1855 to 1861. He was one of the three commissioners sent bv the Confederacy to

252

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

Washington to treat with the government for the peaceful separation of the states. He served gallantly in the Confederate army on the staff of Gen. Cobb. After the war he was appointed to the superior court bench of the Chattahoochee district and then to the supreme court.

gTILES, WILLIAM HEXRY, was born in Savannah in January, 1808, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1831. He was solicitor-general for the
eastern district of Georgia in 1833-36, and was elected to congress as a democrat in 1843. In 1845 ne was appointed charge d'affaires in Austria, serving till 1849. At the beginning of the war he raised a Confederate regiment, in which he served as colonel, but on account of his health resigned. He was the author of a History of Austria, 1848-49.

AUGUSTIXE SMITH, was born in Fredericksburg, Ya., Nov. 27, 1783, and with his parents removed to Georgia before 1800. In 1804 he was graduated at the university of Georgia, was admitted to the bar and elected to the legislature. In 1810 he was appointed to compile the statutes of Georgia from 1800. In 1819 he was elected judge of the superior court of the western circuit of Georgia, serving six years, and then again, from 1828 till 1831. In 1831 he was elected to congress, and opposed the tariff and United States bank meas ures. He served two terms in congress and retired in 1835. He died at Athens June 21, 1839.

IW'IXTOSH, LACHLAX, was one of two officers furnished by Georgia to the continental army, who attained the rank of brigadier-general. He was
born near Raits, in Badenoch, Scotland, March 17, 1725, and when only eleven years old he accompanied his father, John More Mclntosh, to Georgia. While still a lad he was enrolled by Gen. Oglethorpe as a cadet in his regiment He was educated chiefly by his mother, with a military training under Gen. Ogle thorpe. At the age of seventeen he entered the counting room of Hon. Henry Laurens, of Charlestown. He subsequently returned to his home near Xew Inver ness, where he married, and adopted the calling of a surveyor. He was made colonel of the First Georgia battalion, formed in January, 1776, and served in behalf of the colonies until independence was achieved. As a result of a clash of jealous ambitions he fought a duel with Button Gwinnett, which resulted in the latter s death. Following this he served during the war in the districts of Vir ginia and Pennsylvania, but on personal request he was transferred by Gen. Washington to Savannah, where he served gallantly in the siege of that place. He died in 1806 rich in the esteem, the friendship and the gratitude of his fellowcitizens.

WARD, JOHX ELLIOTT, was born in Liberty county, Ga., Oct. 2, 1814. He attended Amherst, then studied law and was admitted to the Savannah
bar in 1835. In January, 1836, he was appointed solicitor-general for the eastern district of that state, and in 1838 was appointed United States attorney for Georgia. He was elected to the legislature several times and in 1854 was elected mayor of Savannah. In 1856 he presided over the democratic national convention that met in Cincinnati. In 1858 he was appointed United States minister to China. He moved to Xew York city in 1866 and practiced law there for many years.

BAKER COUNTT SKETCHES.
BAKER COUNTY.
g H. ASKEW, merchant and postmaster, Milford, Baker Co., son of David * R. and Eliza Ann (Jordan) Askew, was born in Spalding county, Ga. His
Grandfather Askew came from North Carolina and settled in Georgia in the early part of the present century. Mr. Askew's father moved to Griffin to educate his children, where he remained until 1873. That year he removed to Baker county and settled at Haggard's Mills, and later moved to Plattville, Early Co., where he engaged in merchandising until 1876, when he moved to Milford-- where our subject now lives--and continued his business until his death, in 1878, aged fifty-eight years. In early life he was a whig, but later became a democrat, and served four years in the Confederate army. His wife survived him some years. To them three children were born : Tallulah Virginia, wife of S. B. Chancy; B. H., the subject of this sketch; Elizabeth, wife of Mr. Thompson. The maternal grandfather of Mr. Askew, Willis A. Jordan, was born in Hancock county, was a physician of fine reputation, and a Methodist preacher. He moved to Spalding county, where he successfully practiced his profession and preached until called "to that bourne whence no traveler returns." Mr. Askew passed his early life in Griffin, where he was educated, attending a school taught by Prof. W. F. Slaton, now superintendent of the public schools of Atlanta. In 1879 ne embarked in a general merchandise business at Milford, continuing in it until now, carrying a large and varied and well-selected stock, and is the leading mer chant and postmaster of the place. Mr. Askew married Miss Mary L., daughter of Dr. I. H. Hand, of Baker county, and to them seven children have been born: Ben Hill, Birdie May, E. Bower, Fannie Roslin, Gladys, and Floy and Laura,. deceased. Mr. Askew is a master Mason, and financially and socially he and his family rank with the best in the county.
D F. HUDSPETH, clerk of county court, Newton, Baker Co., son of William and Mary (Pool) Hudspeth, was born in Wilkes Co., Ga., May 22, 1833.
His paternal grandfather, Richard Hudspeth, was born and raised oh a farm in North Carolina, and, when a young man came to Georgia and settled in Wilkes county. After living there many years he moved to Henry county, Ala., where he died at a very advanced age. He was a member of the Primitive Baptist church. His wife survived some years, and was very old when she died. They raised ten children to be grown, two of whom are yet living: Richard T., Henry county, Ala., and Mrs. Elizabeth Parks, Pike county, Ala. Mr. Hudspeth's father was the oldest of the children, and was born in Wilkes county, Jan. 2, 1802, where he grew to manhood and married. He was an "old-line whig," and quite active in politics, and served as major in the Florida war. About 1840 he moved to Meriwether county where he farmed, but lived in Greeneville. Six years later he went to Arkansas and settled on a farm about eighteen miles west of Camden, Ouachita county, where he remained but a year. From there he went to Vicksburg, Miss., and organized the firm of A. M. Boyd & Co., for the sale of western implements; but in 1852 he sold his interest in this business and went to Ouachita county, La., and engaged in farming. Not liking the county he returned to Florida and settled in Baker county. He lived here until 1861 when he moved to Chicot county, Ark., where he remained until after the war, when he came back to Baker county, where he died Jan. 16, 1877. He was a member of the Methodist

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
church. He was married twice. His first wife--the mother of our subject, died in Wilkes county, and was the mother of six children, of whom Mr. B. F. Hudspeth is the only survivor; Eliza J., wife of Dr. J. T. Glover, died in Newton; Mary Ann, died in Memphis, Tenn.; Mattie, wife of John B. Heard, died in Baker county; two died young. His second wife was Miss Caroline Hill, of Meriwether county, Ga., by whom he had one child: Julia T., wife of Columbus Brooks, Albany, Ga.
Mr. Hudspeth during his boyhood attended school in Greeneville, Ga., and spent his youth in Vicksburg, Miss., where, at the age of seventeen he began life for himself as a clerk for A. M. Boyd & Co. Later he bought an interest in the business, but sold it in 1852 and went to New Orleans, and engaged in steamboating on the Mississippi and Red rivers until 1854. That year he returned to Newton and settled for life, and has been almost continuously in the employ of the people. In 1859 the people of Baker county elected him sheriff; they next elected him judge of the county court; then, in 1868, they elected him ordinary. In 1871 he was elected clerk of the county court, and the next year he bought the fern- across Flint river at Newton--and still holds the office and ferry. In May, 1861, he enlisted in and was made lieutenant of the "Baker Fire Eaters," which afterward became Company H, Sixth Georgia regiment, Colquitfs brigade. He resigned in a short time to accept the colonelcy of the 1 1 ith Georgia militia, to which he was elected. He saw much arduous service, particularly during the siege of Atlanta, when the command was almost continuously under fire. His command dug nearly all the trenches around, and from Atlanta to Peachtree creek. After the war he engaged in merchandising in Newton, and as has already been related, in serving the people. Enterprising, progressive, and public spirited, his official positions afforded him the opportunity and the influence to be an eminently useful citizen--an opportunity he has been quick to avail himself of.
Mr. Hudspeth married Miss Sarah A., daughter of Israel Maples, a prominent fanner of Baker county, by whom he has had three children: Emma; Mattie, and Kate--all three at home. He is a master Mason, a member and secretary and collector of the American Legion of Honor,--a position he has held since 1880-- and an exemplary member of the Methodist church.
I H. HAi^-D, physician, Milford, Baker Co., son of Henry Harrison and * Charity (Thompson) Hand, was born in Burke county, Ga., in 1822. The family descended from one of two brothers who emigrated from Holland to America and settled first in New York. Afterward the descendants of one of the brothers scattered from New York eastwardly and westwardly, and the descendants of the other scattered from Maryland and Virginia southward. Mr. Hand's grandfather, Rev. Henry Hand, was born in Virginia, where he migrated to South Carolina, and thence to Georgia. He settled first in Columbia county, but later moved to Talbot county, where he died in 1835 or *&3fi* aged eighty-two years. He was ordained a minister of the Baptist church when a young man, and was an earnest and zealous worker in the Master's vineyard until within a few years of his death, when the infirmities of old age compelled him to retire. He was very active in his efforts to prevent a division of the Baptist church on mis sionary work. He was a man of more than ordinary ability, self-educated and self-made; and a man of large influence. He was the father of ten children, seven of whom were sons: William, John, Henry Harrison, James, Rev. Thomas, Joel and Rev. Joseph. Mr. Hand's father was born in Columbia county, but was raised principally in Burke county, Ga., where he married and lived until he had quite a family. From Burke he moved to Houston county, Ga., where he lived about twenty years, when he moved to Sumter county, where he died

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some years later, aged seventy-eight years. He was a farmer and blacksmith, was what is known as a "good liver," made plenty to meet every want, but unam bitious as to the acquisition of property. In the last war with Great Britain, 1812-14, he served as lieutenant, and afterward was a captain of the militia, when it was a local distinction. He was physically a very strong and active man and earnest and zealous in whatever he undertook. In politics he was an "old-line whig," and, his mother being a Harrison, and a reputed relative of Gen. W. H. Harrison, he took a very active part in the presidential campaign of 1840. His first wife was a Miss Owens, by whom he had one child--Sarah, now deceased-- who married a Mr. William Iverson. By his second marriage--to Miss Thomp son, our subject's mother--he had five children: Joseph, who died in Taylor county, Ga.; Elizabeth, now Mrs. Raiford, Americus, Ga.; I. H., the subject of this sketch; Columbia W.; Camilla, wife of Dr. David Bagley, Sumter county, Ga. His wife died in Houston county in 1848 or 1849, aged fifty-four years. Dr. Hand was raised in Houston county, his father having moved there when he was about five years old. He attended the common schools of the county, but may claim to have educated himself, as he studied assiduously at night after his day's work in the field was done. He studied medicine under Dr. William Fisher, of Wilkinson county, Ga., and aftenvard attended lectures at Forsyth, Ga., at the institution since removed and established in Atlanta as the Georgia college of eclectid medicine and surgery, at which he has subsequently lectured himself. He has also lectured in the medical department of the Uni versity of Florida. After his graduation he located in Houston county, where he practiced until December, 1851--six years--when he removed to his present location, where he has since lived, where he established a large and remunerative practice, and where, also, he is engaged very extensively in farming. During the late civil war he was elected by the justices of the inferior court to remain at home and give medical attention to the families of the soldiers. After the war he was elected a delegate to the constitutional convention of 1865, and after ward elected to the general assembly and served during the sessions of 1865-66. He was also elected a delegate to the constitutional convention of 1877, and in 1886 was elected to represent his senatorial district in the general assembly. In 1890 he was again elected. In each case he was elected without any solicitation on his part--as he never sought office.
In 1892 he was nominated for congress by the populists, but was defeated. The nomination was unanimous and unsought Dr. Hand's writings on medical subjects have attracted much attention throughout the country and his contri butions on the political questions of the day have brought him many letters of congratulation. Dr. Hand was married twice. His first wife was Miss Laura Elizabeth, daughter of Isaac Bower, Milledgeville, Ga., to whom were born: Fannie H., educator; Joseph H., physician, Blakeley, Ga.; Mary S., wife of B. H. Askew, Milford; Miranda, wife of Dr. R. T. Hillman, Senoia, Coweta Co.; A. L., physician, Faceville, Decatur Co., Ga.; Isaac Henry, deceased in infancy; Galen, deceased at five years; Clifford, deceased at eleven years, and Lillie, deceased at thirteen years. For his second wife he married Mrs. Ella S. Bull, Tallahassee, Fla., daughter of Chief Justice Baltzell, whose children by her first marriage were: W. S. Bull, conductor, Brunswick & Western railway; Ella, wife of John Farrant, and Misses Bessie P. and Hattie B., at home. The doctor is pleasantly situated, comfortable in every way, surrounded by an itelligent, accom plished family, and dispenses "old-time southern hospitality."

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA,

I T. KIDD, planter and miller, Milford, Baker Co., Ga., son of George W. ' and Martha (Crocker) Kidd, was born in Stewart county, Ga., in 1851. His grandfather; Richard Kidd, when a yoong man, settled in Stewart county-- among the earliest settlers--and was a planter of note and a prominent citizen.
He represented the count}- in the general assembly, reared a large family of children, of whom only one survives--Peninah Belle, living in Alabama--was an influential member of the Methodist church, and died at a very old age in 1867. Mr. Kidd's father was born in Xewton county, Ga., and, when quite young, went with the family to Stewart county, in which he grew up and was educated. During the war he served awhile in the militia. He served a number of years as sheriff of the count}-, his vocation being that of a planter, and milling. In 1866 he moved to Albany, Dougherty Co., Ga., where he kept a hotel until 1869, when he moved to Baker count}-, and settled on a plantation near Milford. Seven years afterward he moved to Brooks county, Ga., where he lived .till he died, his wife surviving him but a short time. He was a consistent member of the Methodist church. They were the parents of three children: Missouri, wife of C. W. Dunkin, of Brooks county; J. T., the subject of this sketch, and Cora. Mr. Kidd
was raised mainly in Baker count}-, on the farm, and at milling; but was schooled mostly in Lumpkin, Stewart count}-, and at Albany. In 1872 he entered into
business for himself at the old home place, where he remained about five years;
he then, in the spring of 1877, settled where he now lives, and engaged in planting and operating a saw and grist-mill. Energetic and enterprising, he is a hearty and liberal supporter of all movements calculated to promote the interests of the county morally and materially. He served as county commissioner a number of years. He married Miss Cordelia F., daughter of W. J. Jeffries, a farmer and stock raiser of Baker count}-. To them three children have been born: Willie
J.; Centennial, and George Hand. Mr. Kidd is a stanch democrat, and himself and family are members of the Methodist church.

J T. XORRIS, merchant, Xewton, Baker Co., Ga., son of Thomas and Frances * (Myrick) Xorris, was born in Chambers county, Ala., in 1843. His father
was born near Yorktown, Va., in 1807. When he was about ten years old his father died, and he was taken in charge by his uncle. A few years later he left his uncle and worked in a blacksmith shop until he saved money enough to buy a horse. He then came to Georgia on horseback, and stopped in Macon, Ga., where he engaged as overseer with Hon. Henry G. Lamar, with whom he remained several years. In the meantime he had married, and decided to go to Alabama, which he did, and lived some years in Chambers county. Returning to Bibb count}-, Ga., in 1852, with his family, he purchased land in Baker county, and settled his negroes on it, and in 1856 settled his family there. He engaged ex tensively in planting, and lived on this plantation till his death, which occurred in 1874. Mr. Xorris' mother, who was a devoted member of the Methodist church, died in 1875, aged fifty-nine years. Of eleven children born to them, four died in childhood, two--Abner H. and Samuel A.--died after reaching maturity, and five are living: J. T:, the subject of this sketch; Julia F., wife of John Bowman, Macon county, Ga.; C. E., merchant, Xewton, Ga.; Lucia O., wife of S. J. W. Livingston, Albany, Ga., C. F., merchant, Newton, Ga. Mr. Norris was raised and educated in Bibb county, and when seventeen years of age joined Cobb's Legion--going from Baker and enlisting in Dougherty county--and remained in the service until the surrender. With his command he participated in the most important battles fought by the army of northern Virginia, and came out of the service as adjutant of Wrighr's brigade (he entered the army weighing

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ninty-four pounds, and left it weighing 156). Mr. Norris was wounded--not dangerously--three times, never missed a day when able to be on duty, never was sick except a few days with small-pox, and missed roll call only" three days.
After the war he returned to Baker county and farmed until 1868, when he engaged in merchandising. In 1873, on account of the panic, he returned to his farm,
which occupied his attention several years. He next went to Decatur, Ala., and went into the restaurant business, which he continued until the yellow fever drove him out. He then returned to Newton, and re-entered the general'merchandise business, in which he is now successfully and profitably engaged. He is a shrewd business man, one of a high sense of honor, and throws his whole soul into whatever he undertakes. Mr. Norris married Miss Mattie O., daughter of James C. Lark, of the mercantile firm of Hammond & Lark, Hamburg, Macon Co., Ga. One child only--Thomas P.--has blessed this union, who is now a student at the university at Macon, Ga. Mr. Norris is an unadulterated demo
crat, and took a vejy active part against the third (or populist) party; is a Master
Mason; a Knight of Honor, a member of the Legion of Honor, and an influential member of the Presbyterian church.

U A. LEDBETTER, hotelkeeper and merchant, Newton, Baker Co., son of * Drury and Nannie (Dodwell) Ledbetter, was born in Dougherty county,
Ga., in 1856. The family came from middle Georgia and settled near Albany, in what is now Dougherty county, and engaged in planting. Later they moved to Dougherty county, where the father died in 1864, aged fifty-six years, and the mother died in 1866, aged fifty-five years. He was a member of the Baptist church, and she of the Methodist church. Nine children were born to them: William A., Albany, Ga.; Alfred M., Albany; H. A., the subject of this sketch; Lizzie, deceased wife of W. W. Dodwell, leaving one child, and five who died when small. Mr. Ledbetter was principally raised in Dougherty county, and educated mainly in Dawson, Terrell Co., Ga. In 1874, he began life for him self on a farm near Walker station, Dougherty Co., and, later, embarked in merchandising. In 1877, he moved to Baker county, and settled at what is now known as Ledbetter P. O. (so named in compliment of him), where he engaged extensively in farming and conducted a general merchandise store. He continued this about ten years and then went to Decatur, Ala., where he engaged in business in partnership with J. T. Norris, which, however, had to be abruptly abandoned on account of the yellow fever. Returning to Newton he embarked in the hotel business, and in partnership with Mr. Xorris established a general merchandise store, transacting a very large and successful trade. Having ample means, and being of affable manners, sociable and of generous impulses, he is very popular and a leading citizen. When he went to Decatur he resigned the position of clerk of the board of county commissioners, but was re-elected imme diately on his return, and holds the office now. He is wide-awake and public spirited, takes a deep interest in county affairs, and is active in politics. He is especially solicitous that his chldren should be thoroughly educated. Mr. Led better was married to Miss Annie, daiighter of James C. Lark, formerly of Augusta, Ga., but now of Baker county. She was raised in the county, but edu cated at Forsyth and Thomasville, Ga. Eight children blessed this union: James D., student, Cuthbert, Ga.; Annie Pearl; Adolphus B.; George Lark; Thomas Norris (living); and Lessie, Maude and an infant deceased. Mr. and Mrs.
Ledbetter are exemplary members of the church.
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IOHX O. PERRY, judge county court, Newton, Baker Co., son of John and Martha (Partin) Perry, was born in Crawford count}-, Ga., April 3, 1835.
His father was a native of North Carolina, who, on the death of his father when he was a boy, left that state and came to Georgia. He dwelt awhile in Burke county, then went to Twiggs count)', where he married his wife (who was
a native of South Carolina), and, later moved to Crawford county--among its earlier settlers. He was a farmer, but. took an active part in politics, holding the offices of bailiff and tax collector many years. When advanced in years he moved to Jefferson county, where he married a second time, and died in 1863, aged sixty-six years. An older brother, William Perry, died while a soldier in the war of 1812. Judge Perry's mother died in Crawford county, in 1856, aged fifty-seven years. Both parents were members of the Primitive Baptist church. They had eight children, of whom those living are: John O., the subject of this sketch; M: F., treasurer Crawford county; Caroline Becham, wife of Washing ton Becham, Crawford county; and Martha L. Seely, of Terrell county. The
deceased are: William R., died in Florida, in 1881, aged sixty-one years; Colum bus B., of the Twelfth Georgia regiment, died October, 1861, on Greenbriar river, aged twenty-four years; America, drowned when two years old; Bettie. died at twenty-three; Jane, wife of Robert Hancock, died in Crawford county, sixty years
of age. Mr. Pern- remained on the farm, and attended the common schools until he was sixteen years old, when he engaged as a clerk in a neighboring store until he was of age. He then went to Bainbridge as bookkeeper for J. H. Colbert & Co. He was elected marshal and held the office until he left for the Confederate army as a member of the Bainbridge independents. Capt. J. W. Evans, First
Georgia regiment, Col. Ramsay. After sen-ing here a year he enlisted in the Abell battery, Florida artillery, with which he remained as first gun sergeant until Gen. Johnston surrendered at Greensboro, X. C, April 26, 1865. He was in the battle at Greenbriar river, Va.; at Olustee and other battles in Florida, and the battles around Savannah, besides many minor engagements. After the war he returned to Bainbridge, finding nothing left but a wife and three children. He soon left for Mitc'nell county, Ga., where he engaged in farming, with excellent success, for four years. The latter part of 1869 he moved to, and settled in the woods on the land he now ouns, and which has since been his home--on the Flint river, between two and three miles below Xewton. Besides this 25O-acre tract, under improved and profitable cultivation, he has one of 500 acres partially cleared, and several other tracts. He is a progressive and good farmer, full of energy, and very popular. Besides his farming interests he is largely interested in real estate in Baker and adjoining counties. April i, 1876, he was appointed
judge of the county court, and is now sen-ing his tenth term--will have senred twenty years on the expiration of his present term, April i, 1896--and during his nineteen years' sen'ice the decisions of but one case have been reversed, and he has never, from any cause whatever, failed to hold his court at the stated time. He is thoroughly alive to the interests and progress of the county and its development. Mr. Pern- was married in Abbeville, Ala., Xov. 29, 1859, to Miss Sarah, daughter of Edwin J. Cole, a leading merchant of Clayton, Barbour Co., Ala., a union which has been blessed with four children: Mrs. Lulu A. May, Florida; Walter C., traveling salesman. Bainbridge. Ga.; Edwin J., cashier Bainbridge state bank; Willie Frank, died when two years and six months old. Mr. Perry was president of the county board of education fifteen years, or until the law was passed against holding two offices at the same time. He is a member of the American Legion of Honor, and has been grand commander of Georgia, and was Georgia's representa tive to the supreme council held at Milwaukee. Wis.. August, 1893. He also was

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Georgia's representative at Detroit, Mick, in August, 1895. Himself and wife are exemplary and active members of the Presbyterian church, of which he has been
a ruling elder twenty-one years. He has been superintendent of the Newton Sunday school twenty years, and president of the Sunday school association of the county fifteen years. Baker county cannot, and it might safely be said that
no county can, claim a more useful citizen. Judge Perry is now in his sixty-first year. He is hale and hearty, strong and active, and is a total abstainer from all intoxicants, not having so' much as tasted wine or strong drinks for the last twentythree years of his life.

UENRY T. PULLEN, planter, Millford, Baker Co., Ga., son of Moses and Pen elope (Askew) Pullen, natives respectively of Virginia and North Carolina,
was born in Laurens county, Ga., in 1825. His grandfather, Rev. Thomas Pullen, was a. native of Scotland, ancf came to the United States late in the last century, married a Miss Bowers in Virginia, then migrated to Georgia and settled in Laurens county at what is now known as Pullen's Hill, where he engaged in planting. He was a zealous Methodist preacher, and supplied several churches. He died in Laurens county at the age of seventy-five years. His wife died several years before he did. They had six children--all deceased--of whom Henry T.
Pullen's father was the youngest son. He was born and raised on the home place, and received a common school education in Laurens county. He married a Miss Ard, by whom he had three daughters: Priscilla, born deaf and dumb (deceased); Sarah, widow of Seabon Walters, Americus, Ga.; Martha J., wife of Simeon Walters, Baker county. The mother of these having died, he married Miss Pene lope Askew, born in North Carolina. In 1831 he moved from Laurens to Sttmter
county, Ga., and settled on a tract of land and lived there until he died. He was a lieutenant in the army in the last war against Great Britain--1812-14--was an old-line whig in politics, and a member and class leader in the Methodist church, and was a much-esteemed citizen. His wife died in 1865, and himself in 1866. Of the children born to them five lived to maturity: Henry Thomas, the subject of this sketch; Mary Ann, wife of Isaac C. Harris, Norwood, Warren county, Ga.; Moses M., Alabama; Joshua H. (deceased); and William, died in
Virginia during the war, a member of Patterson's company, Cutt's battalion brigade of artillery. Mr. Pullen's father moved while he was a child to Sumter county, where he was raised and educated. He remained at home until he was twenty-five years old, when he went to Stewart county, Ga. After several years' residence there he moved to Calhoun county, Ga., where he lived four years, and then returned with his family to Sumter county. In 1864 he enlisted in the Tenth regiment, Georgia state troops, and remained in the service till the close of the war. In 1866, he removed to Blakeley, Early county, Ga., living there five years; thence to Damascus, same county, where he planted until 1879, when he settled permanently where he now lives. Mr. Pullen has a fine plantation and com fortable home, is a prosperous man, very highly esteemed, and exercises a wide and strong influence for good. Mr. Pullen has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Annie E., born in Columbia county, Ga., daughter of William P. Jones, of Sumter county, by whom he had nine children: William M., Early county; Thomas H., physician, graduate Georgia college eclectic medicine and surgery,
Atlanta; George M., at home; Mittie L., deceased wife of W. I. Layton, Seneca,
Florida; Sarah W., deceased wife of G. D. Webb, Cuthbert, Ga.; Emma, died at thirteen years of age; Ida Anna, died at four years of age; and two which died when infants. Mrs. Pullen died Sept 13, 1874, and subsequently Mr. Pullen mar ried Miss Jane E. Hardy, whose parents moved from South Carolina to Miller

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
count}-, Ga., in 1859, by whom he has had no children. Mrs. Pullen is a member of the Missionary Baptist church, and Mr. Pullen is a member of the Methodist church, of which he has been a steward for twenty-five years.
BALDWIN COUNTY.
JOHN T. ALLEX, judge of the county court, Milledgeville, Baldwin Co., son of James Troup Alien, was born at Mt Zion, Hancock county, Oct. 24,1861. His
father is, and all his life has been a farmer in Hancock count}'. During the late war he was a non-commissioned officer in the Confederate service, and remained until the surrender.
Judge Alien was raised on the farm, and received such education as the near-by schools could give, and in 1880, when the middle Georgia military institute opened its doors at Milledgeville, he entered that institution, graduating from it in 1883. He then entered the law department of the universiy of Georgia at Ahens, from which he graduated in 1884, and was at once admitted to the bar, but returned to his home at Mt Zion. Early in the ensuing year he came to Milledgeville, and in April formed a law partnership with Hon. Robert Whitfield, which still continues. He is a well-read and able lawyer, creditably sustaining the dignity of his judicial position, to which he was elected in 1889, and after serving four years was re-elected.
Judge Alien was married Nov. 27, 1890, to Miss Hattie, daughter of H. E. Hendrix, of Milledgevllie, by whom he has had three children: Marion, Isabelle A., and Gladys Pernita. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., a royal arch Mason, and affiliates with the Presbyterian church.
JOHN A. CALLAWAY, physician and surgeon, Milledgeville, Baldwin count}-, was born in Milledgeville, Aug. 17, 1858. His boyhood and youth
were spent in the city, and he received his primary and preparatory education at its excellent schools. He afterward attended Mercer university, from which he was graduated in 1877, and then began the study of medicine. After careful preparation he attended lectures at the college of physicians and surgeons, New York city, from which he was graduated in 1881, and returned to Milledgeville, where he located and has since practiced his profession. Dr. Callaway is a man of natural ability, and of more than ordinary skill as a surgeon. Personally he is a very pleasant and most affable gentleman, and universally popular. He is a member of the state medical association.
Dr. Callaway was married in 1882 to Miss Bessie Fleming, a union which has been blessed with two bright sons--Leon and Thomas. He is a member of the masonic fraternity and a member of the Baptist church.
I HARRIS CHAPPELL, president of the Georgia Normal and Industrial * college, Milledgeville, Baldwin Co., was bom near Macon, Bibb Co., Ga., Oct 18, 1849. When eight years old his father moved to Columbus, Ga., where he received his primary education. Later, in 1869-70, he attended the university of Virginia. Soon after leaving the university he began teaching school, filling engagements in Clinton, Tones Co.. and in other small country towns until 1877, when he located at his old home in Columbus, where he remained seven

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years. In 1884 he was elected principal of the State normal school, Jacksonville, Ala., which he held two years and was re-elected, but he declined because of the earnest and urgent solicitations of leading citizens of Columbus, Ga., to return to that city and establish a high grade girls' school. In response to this urgent solicitation he went to Columbus and opened the school. He met with phenomenal success, the attendance soon reaching 150 pupils, demanding a faculty of ten
teachers. He was principal--equivalent to a presidency--of this school until 1891, when he retired to accept his present position. He was elected secretary of the Georgia State Teachers' association in 1887, and served one year, and in 1888 he was elected president. For a number of times he has been chosen or appointed
by the association as an essayist--unfailingly meeting every expectation. Asa practical educator, and one commanding the fullest confidence of the public as such, President Chappell doubtless has equals, but he has few, if any, superiors.
President Chappell was married in 1883 to Carrie, daughter of the late G.H. Brown, Madison, Ga., for many years president of the Madison female college. She died childless in 1886, and in 1891 he contracted a second marriage with Etta,
daughter of Dr. J. Kincaid, Rome, Ga., by whom he has had two children--Calmese, deceased, and Cornelia.

pETER J. CLINE.--Industry and economy, when accompanied by intelligently directed enterprise, will generally win under any surroundings; but there
now and then occur cases of more than ordinary success and interest. One of
the most conspicuous of these, as well as one of the most instructive, is that of Peter J. Cline, merchant-farmer and stock raiser, Milledgeville, Baldwin Co., Ga., son of Peter and Bridget Cline, who was born in Augusta, Ga., Sept. 22, 1845. His parents were natives of County Roscommon, Ireland, and the subject of this sketch was the only one of the children born in this country. Mr. Cline's father, a teacher by profession, emigrated to this country in 1843 an^ settled in Augusta, Ga., where, by his unusual ability he soon attained prominence and influence and position in the city government. About three years afterward he sent for his family, and two years later, in 1848, he died, aged thirty-nine years. His widow was born in 1813 and died in 1853. Both were devout Catholics.
On the death of his parents Mr. Cline was placed under the guardianship of his sister, Miss Mary E. Cline, who with himself were the only surviving members of the family. He was sent to Sharon, Taliaferro Co., Ga., to school. While he was at school his sister married Patrick Otis, of Augusta, Ga., and after his return from school he was "cash-boy" in a dry-goods store for some time in Augusta. In February, 1861, he was sent to St. Vincent college in Pennsylvania, where he remained until July, 1864, when he left there and started home. By the time he had reached Louisville, Ky., his money gave out, and having no friends and knowing no one through whom to get a passport, he sought employment, which he finally obtained on the railway, and worked his way as a brakeman to Nashville. In that city, having some friends, he secured a situation in a crock ery store and retained it some considerable time. Himself and other "southern boys" there were very closely watched, but the national characteristics of impul siveness and impetuous courage caused him to be more closely watched than others, and involved him in several fights with the Federal authorities, and finally five weeks' incarceration in jail--and he was really threatened with more serious punishment. Through the influence of kind friends he was finally released, and there being no railway transportation, he left Nashville as quickly as possible for Augusta by wagon, via Atlanta. On reaching Augusta he obtained a situa-

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tion in a dry-goods store, which he kept until December following, when he went to CrawfordviJIe, Ga., where he clerked several months. In 1869 he went to Atlanta, where he entered the employ of John Cannon in his dry-goods store, and remained about a year. Returning to Augusta he clerked awhile and then formed a partnership with J. P. Quinn and sold silks and broadcloth in South Carolina with horse and wagon--a portable store. Starting with a joint capital of $150, he made Si ,400 in between four and five months. He now "struck out"
for bigger things. In September, 1870, he and his partner began business in Milledgeville under the firm name of Cline & Quinn, and in 1873 established a branch store, with Mr. Quinn as manager in Eatonton, Ga. In 1875 *he firm,
with 823,000 cash capital, dissolved. Their success had been phenomenal from the beginning; a very striking example, as well as affording the greatest encour agement to young men ambitious of success in any line of human endeavor.
Turning his attention to husbandry, he has been no less successful and prosperous;
and here, also, sets an example which thousands of southern farmers would do well to emulate. He has a large grass farm, is the largest hay producer in that part of the state, and is making money at it In addition to this he has one of the largest and best blooded herds of Jersey cattle in the south--no better pedigree in the country--in which he takes just pride, as well as realizes large profits. When southern farmers "wake up" and work up to the great possibilities of their section there will be tens of thousands like the enterprising subject of this sketch. It was hardly possible that a man of Mr. Cline's practical business qualities should be entirely overlooked by his fellow-citizens--so he has been
elected to the mayoralty of Milledgeville, been a member of the board of trustees of the Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural college, a. director in the bank, and was appointed by Gov. Xorthen a member of the board of commissioners to the colored school at Savannah--all through the urgent solicitation of friends.
He has always been an active temperance worker, and although not a prohibition ist has never taken a drink of whisky. How much of his success may be credited
to that? Mr. Cline was married in 1874 to Miss Katie L., daughter of Hugh Treanor,
of Milledgeville, by whom he had seven children, six of whom are living. The mother of these, a devout and exemplary member of the Catholic church, died in August, 1884. Subsequently he married a sister of his first wife, who has borne him six children, of whom five survive. Mr. Cline and wife and family are devout and influential members of the Catholic church.

THOMAS JEFFERSOX COOPER, farmer-merchant, "Stevens Pottery, Ga., son of William M. and Millie (McGinty) Cooper, was born in Muscogee
county in 1837. His father and mother were both born in 1811; the former died in 1866 and the latter in 1886, and both were devoted and devout members of the Primitive Baptist church. They were the parents of eight children: Mary, wife of James T. Robinson; Melinda, wife of W. R. Fenn; Thomas J., the subject of this sketch; Emily, widow of Mr. Etheridge; Catharine, deceased; James, died at Goldsboro. X. C, while in the Confederate service; Elizabeth, wife of W. C. Patterson; Gatsey, wife of W. F. Partee.
Mr. Cooper's parents moved to Baldwin county about 1845, so tnat ne was raised and educated in the county of which he has been a citizen fifty years. On attaining to manhood he began farming, but in 1862 enlisted in a company commanded by Capt. Conn, went to Virginia and was discharged. He re-en listed under Col. (afterward Gen.) Doles, serving six months; next under Capt Lofton, and later, for awhile under both Capts. Beman and Rutherford, and was

COL. CHARLKS DcBIGNOX.

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finally discharged in Augusta in 1865. He came home from the war to find his earnings all gone, and that he must begin life anew, so he set about the "reconstruc tion" of his own affairs with a will. By hard work, and working early, late and long, practicing economy and investing his surplus judiciously he has forged ahead until he now owns 635 acres of excellent, well-improved farm-land, and since 1868 has had a well-stocked general merchandise store, where he does a good and profitable business. He is now one of the leading planters and one of the solidest and most reliable men of Baldwin county. For four years he served his fellow-citizens as a justice of the peace.
Mr. Cooper was married in 1858 to Miss Sarah, daughter of Joseph S. and Fannie Etheridge, a union which has been blessed with twelve children: Catha rine, James, Charles, Sallie, Fannie, John, Erne, Mamie, Roy, Cleveland and two which died in infancy. The mother of these died in 1892 and subsequently Mr. Cooper married Miss M. E. Fenn.

QOL. CHARLES DU BIGXON, deceased, was the son of Col. Henry and Amelia (Xicolson) Du Bignon, and was born on Jekyl island, Glynn county,
Ga., Jan. 4, 1809. After receiving his preparatory education in his native state lie went north to finish it. On his return he read law under the late R. R. Cuyler, one of the most eminent lawyers of his time, and for many years the able president of the Central Railroad & Banking company, and located in Glynn county. In 1841 he was elected to represent the county at the general assembly at Milledgeville, then the capital. In 1844 he moved from Glynn to Baldwin county, where he made his permanent home, and abandoned politics and the practice of his profession to look after the very large plantation interests of his wife, whose father, Senator Grantland, was then one of the wealthiest men in Georgia. He was a magnificent specimen of southern manhood and chivalry and was made captain of the governor's horse guards, which was composed of the flower of the citizenry of the state's capital and Baldwin county. As the captain of this company he went to the Confederate army in Virginia. He died at Woodville, near Milledgeville, Baldwin Co., Sept. 13, 1877, and is entombed in the cemetery at Milledgeville. His estimable widow, who survives him, is living at the old homestead.
Col. Du Bignon was married Jan. 4, 1844, to Miss Anna V.j daughter of Hon. Seaton and Ann (Tinsley) Grantland, a union blessed with the following-named children: Charles Fleming, who lost his life in the Confederate service; Seaton G., deceased since the war; Katharine, who married Gen. Moxley Sorrell, now of the Ocean Steamship company, with office in New York; Fleming G., lawyer, Savannah, Ga., sketch of whom will be found elsewhere in these Memoirs, and Charles P., youngest child and son, who is living with his aged mother at the Grantland old homestead, Woodville, Ga.

JOHN MARTIN EDWARDS, county treasurer, Milledgeville, son of Martin Edwards, was born in Milledgeville in 1840. His father was born in Rocking-
ham countv, N. C., in 1800, ran away from home when a boy, and finally settled in Augusta, Ga., in 1836. He was married in 1838, very poor, and about the same time began life in earnest by engaging in peddling. After accumulating a small sum from his savings he settled in Milledgeville and engaged in merchandising; was prosperous and acquired considerable property, and died in 1879. ^-e w"as a member of the Masonic fraternity. His widow, whose maiden .name was Miller, is still living at the old homestead, her home since 1848, where she awaits the sum mons to a reunion with him who has gone before. She is a revered and exem plary member of the Methodist church. Eight children blessed this union: John

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M.. the subject of this sketch: Annie E., wife of M. Kicld; Susan E.. widow of M. Ji. Bell: Pern- J., who was a soldier in the Confederate army; George F.; Jeffer son, drowned when thirteen years old; Man,-, deceased, and Warren.
Mr. Edwards was reared in Milledgeville, where he was schooled until he was seventeen years old. when he was made overseer of his father's plantation. He remained there until the civil war began, when he joined the state troops and sen-ed six months under Col. Robert T. Harris. He then enlisted in the Confed erate sen-ice, and gallantly participated in some of the most important battles of
the war. among them Yicksburg, seven days' fight around Richmond, Knoxvillc, Murfreesboro. Missionary ridge. Powder Springs, Kennesaw mountain, and the battles around Atlanta, remaining in the sen-ice until the surrender, losing no time in hospitals or by furlough. His father had 6,000 or 8.000 acres of land, and on this on his return home he commenced farming. Of the corn he raised he sold 100 bushels for $250. which was the foundation of his present estate. In 1873 ne was made deputy sheriff and sen-ed four years, and in 1885 he was elected treasurer of Baldwin county, to which he has been continuously re-elected since, the highest testimony possible as to his business capability and integrity. He is now operating thirty hands on the farm, and is accounted one of the best farmers, as well as one of the solidest and most influential of Baldwin county's citizens.
Mr. Edwards was married, in 1869. to Miss Bessie, daughter of Robert Himes, Franklin county. Tenn. Four children have been the fmit of this union: Himes
M.. William Stroud. Mattie T.. deceased at six years of age, and Bessie. Mr. Edwards is a member of the I. O. O. F. and a Master Mason, and Mrs. Edwards is an active working member of the Baptist church.

QHARLES \V. EXXIS. ex-sheriff, farmer, Milledgeville, Ga., son of P. M. and Evaline (Minor) Ennis. was born in Baldwin county in 1845. ^e grew to
manhood on the farm, and enjoyed very good educational advantages at the
country schools and in Milledgeville. His father was of Scotch-Irish descent, born in Baldwin county, and died in 1891. His mother died in 1882. Both were members of the Primitive Baptist church. On reaching manhood he engaged in
farming, which he has made the principal pursuit of his life. In 1863 he entered the Confederate sen-ice as a member of the governor's horse guards, Capt. Xichols, and continued in it until the close of the war. He was a participant in the battles of the \Yihlerne5s and Cold Harbor, and many others--in all fourteen engagements in twelve months, besides numerous skirmishes. Early in 1865 he was captured and sent to Hart's island. X. Y.. where he was detained until June 19, 1865. He
reached home July 3. to find his father's farm nearly devastated--stock and pro visions all gone, the Federal army having passed over it. In 1875 he embarked in the saw-mill business, which he successfully followed until 1879. when he was elected sheriff of the county. He wa= continuously re-elected until 1895. having
sen'eci for sixteen consecutive years. While discharging the responsible duties of sheriff so efficiently as to be continued so long in it, he conducted his farming wirh success. His faithfulness and efficiency and the consequent merited popularity could not be better attested than by his prolonged retention in office.
Mr. Ennis was married in 1866 to Miss Eliza F.. daughter of George W. and Abia (Lewis't Barne?. native? respectively of Maryland and Xort'i Carolina. To
them six children have been born: Sonora. Charles P.. killed in 1891 by a boiler explosion: Cora: T. Howard, farmer: Ernest and Willie. He is a Master Mason and has filled several offices--senior warden and others--below that of worshipful master, and is a member of the Fraternal Mutual Insurance company. Himself and
are members of the Bawist church, of which he has been a deacon for more

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than twenty years, and a trustee for a long time, and Mrs. Ennis is a working member of the Ladies' Aid society.
CAMUEL EVANS, cotton merchant, Milledgeville, Baldwin Co., Ga., son of Jesse and Rebecca (Cash) Evans, was born in Person Co., N. C., May 5, 1841.
His paternal great-grandfather was born in Wales, England, and came to this country and settled in Philadelphia before the revolutionary war, during which he served in the patriot army. Soon after the war lie moved to North Carolina and settled in Orange county. Samuel Evans, his son, and grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born in Philadelphia, and while yet young came with his parents to North Carolina, where he died in 1840. He married a daughter of Levi Sweeney, whose wife was a Miss Ledbetter. They were natives of Ireland and emigrated to this country about 17/5. She lived to be over one hundred years old. The wife of Samuel Evans died in 1852. These old matrons remem bered well and recounted vividly the privations and stirring events which occurred during and after the war for independence. A brother of Mrs. Evans--John Sweene)---served during the revolutionary war and was wounded near the Sa vannah river; for many years the family preserved the old flint-and-steel musket he carried, which is believed to have seen some service during the late war. Mr. Evans' father was born in Orange Co., X. C., in 1808, where he married and had nine children born to him, of whom six were boys: Azariah, killed at the
battle of Plymouth; Henry H., wounded in the battle of Murfreesboro, now in North Carolina; John S., killed in the battle of Sharpsburg; William, who came to Georgia and afterward went to Tennessee, where he died in 1872; Moses D., in North Carolina, and Samuel, the subject of this sketch. The parents of Mr. Evans were industrious farming people, accumulated quite a large property for the times--including but few slaves--and were devoted members of the Primitive Baptist church. When Mr. Evans' great-grandfather on his mother's side (Cash) settled in North Carolina he received five square miles of land for a rifle valued at $75. Mr. Evans' mother was a daughter of Moses Cash, and her mother was an Oakley, this family being related to the Ashleys. She was born in 1810 and was married in 1829. The father died in 1878 and the mother in 1881.
Mr. Evans spent his boyhood on the farm in North Carolina and attending school. In 1861 he enlisted in the Confederate service, but on account of a broken ankle was assigned to detail duty, and remained in the service four years --two of which were at the presidential mansion. After the war he engaged in farming for about a year, then, in addition, began the manufacture of plug tobacco, and in 1871 established a business in Milledgeville which he continued three years. At the end of that time he embarked in the heavy grocery and farmers' supplies business and pursued that until 1887, when he entered the cotton commission business, which he has successfully pursued to the present time, at the same time profitably operating a thirty-plow plantation. As a good and progressive farmer and successful business man and an able manager and financier he is not outranked by any citizen of the county.
Mr. Evans was married in 1869 to Miss Zella, daughter of Isaiah and Elizabeth V. (Anderson) Bumpass, anglicized from the French--de Bumpre. Of thirteen children born to them five survive: Alice L., Addie V., Bessie, Samuel and George C. He is an ardent member of the Masonic fraternity and himself and wife and all the children are members of the Methodist church.
C EATON GRANTLAND, deceased, formerly a citizen of Baldwin county, was during his active life one of the most conspicuous as well as one of the most
influential personages of his day. Mr. Grantland was born in New Kent Co., Va.,

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June 8,1782. On reaching a. suitable age he was apprenticed to learn the printing trade in the old "Enquirer"' office, Richmond, Ya., when Thomas Ritchie was its editor. Soon afterward his brother, Fleming Grantland, was also apprenticed, and the two brothers there learned the printer's art. In 1808 Seaton Grantland came to Georgia and located at Milledgeville, and was followed the succeeding year by his brother Fleming. Milledgeville had a few years previously been made the capital of the state, and in 1807 the general assembly held its first session there. In 1809 the Grantland brothers commenced the publication of the "Georgia Journal," which soon established a character for uncommon editorial ability, and under the management and editorship of Seaton and Fleming Grantland became a leading and controlling power in Georgia politics. In the struggle between XVilliam H. Crawford and Gen. John Qark for political supremacy the "Journal" espoused the cause of Crawford. Fleming Grantland was elected to the state senate without opposition. But his life was short; he died in 1819 when only twenty-nine years of age. Upon the death of his brother Fleming Mr. Grantland sold the "Georgia Journal." Later in the same year, however, with the late Richard McAllister Orme, he established the "Southern Recorder," and \vas its editor until 1833, when he sold out to Miller Grieve, who had married his niece, Miss Sarah Caroline, daughter of his brother Fleming. Mr. Grantland was a strong and fearless writer, and still opposing the Clark party with gloveless hands, under the battle-cry of "Troup and the Treaty," carried the first direct election of governor by the people--in 1825--by electing George M. Troup over John Clark. It was a bitterly and hotly contested struggle--a veritable "battle of giants"--but was a grand triumph for Troup. Mr. Grantland was twice elected a representative to congress--1835 and 1837--when the election was by general ticket, and it is worthy of remark that his membership was contemporaneous with that of some of the grandest characters which adorn the nation's history-- Clay. Calhoun. Webster. Jackson. Benton. Cass. John P. King, Forsythe, Buchanan, John M. Clayton, and scores of others. He retired after this from active politics, his only subsequent service being as one of the electors for Georgia in the presidential election in 1848. when he cast Georgia's vote for Taylor and Fillmore at the capitol in Milledgeville, He was opposed to secession and lived until near the end of the war, his life closing October, 1864. at his long-time home at \Yoodville. near Milledgeville, aged eighty-two years. When he came to Georgia he brought his mother--then Mrs. Caroline Goodwyn--with him. She died in 1851 and was ninety-one years old.
Mr. Grantland was twice n-.arried. He was first married to Miss Ann Tinsley, of Virginia, by whom he had three children: Fleming, a physician, to whom \vas given the best po~?ible education, partly in Paris: he died in 1854 in the prime of promising young' manhood, aged thirty-six years: Susan, now Mrs. David J. Bailey, and Ann Y.. widow of Charles Du Bignon, now living at the Grantland "old homestead" near Milledgeville. His second marriage was to Miss Katharine Dabney, but there was no issue.

M ILLER GRIEVE was born in Edinborough, Scotland, Jan. 10, 1801. His father was named John Grieve and his mother's maiden name was Miller,
Miss Marion Miller, a daughter of Dr. Daniel Miller. There were four children:
Marion, who married Mr. James McHenry: John. Miller and Callender. who rnarried the late Judge Joseph Henry Lumpkin, so long the chief justice of Georgia. In 1817. they landed in Savannah, John Grieve and James McHenry to go in the old house of Andrew Low & Co.. to ship cotton and rice to England and Scotland. In 1820, John Grieve and James McHenry died of yellow fever in

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267

Savannah, and the balance of the family moved first to Liberty and then to Oglethorpe county, Ga. Miller Grieve read law at Lexington and went into the prac tice, the law firm being Grieve & Lumpkin. George R. Gilmer was elected governor over Joel Crawford in 1829, and brought Miller Grieve with him to Milledgeville, Ga., then the capital, as secretary of the executive department and his private secretary; and he remained in that capacity for two years. In 1833 he married Miss Sarah Caroline Grantland, a daughter of Fleming Grantland, and niece of Seaton Grantland; and during the same year he bought out Seaton Grantland's interest in the "Southern Recorder," and with the late Richard McAllister Orrne, conducted that paper under the firm Grieve & Orme until 1853. As an editor he was a power, pure, chaste, genial, honest in conviction, frank in statement; and the "Southern Recorder'' was then the leading and controlling paper of the whig party. It was regarded, as has been remarked about it, while he was editor of it, that "it was the supreme court of the whig party." Men in different counties would wait its coming to direct what to do, and how to act, and when it did come it was as a remittiteur from the supreme court to the court below. He conducted the paper through the Harrison campaign of 1840, "Tippecanoe and Tyler too," and Georgia cast her electoral vote for Harrison and Tyler. It was the campaign of log cabin, coon skin, green gourds, strings of red pepper, and hard cider, against the "sly fox from Kinderhook, New York, named Martin Van Buren; the political magician; agreeable to all men and all measures; 'now I see you, now I don't,' everything in general and nothing in particular. Write a paper meaning one thing at the start, in the middle something else; wind up with still another contrary to either of the first, capable Of three constructions and maybe more, and meaning neither, promise anything, and everything, and when the time came for him to stand, would dodge you sure. Yet smart, and a man not only of ability but of prominent ability."
Mr. Grieve was a power with the "Recorder"' in the campaign of 1848. Taylor and Fillmore were the whig candidates, and Cass and Butler, the democratic, and Georgia voted for Taylor and Fillmore. George R. Gilmer was beat out by Wilson Lumpkin, in 1831, for governor, but Miller Grieve left the secretaryship of the governor, or executive department, with a determination to re-elect him, and never did give up until he was re-elected in 1837, beating Scliley.
Miller Grieve was elected as a whig to represent Baldwin county in the Georgia legislature twice--1841 and 1843. ^ e was tne chairman of the bank committee of the house, and a powerful aid to Gov. George W. Crawford in bringing up the central bank bills, which were at 50 cents on the dollar to 100 cents on the dollar. George W. Crawford was elected governor in 1843, and adopted his plan, (See report of bank committee, 1841.) Mr. Grieve made an able representative, but declined repeatedly to run again for the legislature, though often urged. He was chairman of the board of trustees of Oglethorpe university, at Midway, Ga., and gave some $20,000 of his private fortune to build and establish it.
He was for a number of years a trustee of the Georgia Lunatic asylum and president of the board. Dr. Green, the old late and former superintendent, has remarked repeatedly that, but for Miller Grieve and the editorial columns of the "Southern Recorder" he would not have been able to have built the asylum or carried the measures for appropriations through the legislature.
He was the captain of the old Metropolitan Greys, one of the finest military companies in the state.
Mr. Grieve was present and met Henry Clay when he visited Milledgeville in 1844, when Mr. Clay spoke from the corner in front of the old McComb's hotel.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

He advocated the subscription by the citizens of Milledgeville of $100,000 to locate the Central railroad at Milledgeville \vhen \V. \V. Gordon, its first president, was in Milledgeville urging it. He advocated the building of the state road, Western & Atlantic, from Atlanta to Chattanooga, and, in general, was a public-
spirited man. He was offered the minister's position by President Taylor to the Argentine
Republic, South America, but declined it. He was tendered by President Fillmore charge d'affaires to Denmark, and accepted it, and went to Copenhagen, taking with him his two oldest boys, Miller and Fleming G., and his nephew, James
McHenry Lumpkin. His wife preceded him to the grave. There were nine children: Miller, Mar
ion, Fleming G., Eliza, John, Joseph Henry Lumpkin, Marion, George Gilmer, and Sarah Collender. The two Marions died in infancy; Mr. John Grieve died at
the age of 31 years, and six of the children are still living. He died in 1878 at the age of seventy-seven years, honored, respected, beloved
by all who knew him. an honest man, a Christian gentleman. He is buried in
the Milledgeville cemetery.

QHARLES RHODES HARPER, farmer; Meriwether. Baldwin Co., was one of five children born to Robert H. and Eliza Ann (Carter) Harper. The
father was born in Hancock county in 1817, and was a big farmer and large slave holder before the war. He served in the state militia during the war, and died in
1884. His wife was born in Putnam county, Ga., in 1819, and died in 1881. They were good, honest. Christian people, who enjoyed the esteem of every one. Mr. Charles Rhodes Harper was born in Putnam county in 1842, and his boyhood days were those of the farmer's lad, with a meager schooling, picked up here and there in the old log school houses. When the war broke out he enlisted in the state militia, where he did duty for six months, and then went out in Company H, Fifty-seventh Georgia regiment. He was attached to Walker's brigade, in the battles of Peachtree creek and Decatur. and was also at the siege of Yicksburg, and his war record is as creditable as has been his private life.
In 1866 he was married to Anna E. Tatum, a daughter of Dudley H. Tatum, a native of Xorth Carolina. Mr. and Mrs. Harper have had born to them seven children, as follows: John B.. Fannie E., married: Robert D., deceased: Charles T., a student in the Technological school: Annie E., a graduate of the Milledgeville Normal school: Julia M.. and Emma G.. deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Harper are devout Christians, belonging to the Methodist church, of which Mr. Harper has
long been a steward and trustee. Mr. Harper is one of the largest planters in Baldwin county, and owns about 2.100 acres of finely cultivated land. The estate is now managed by his son.

JVERSOX L. HARRIS, physician and surgeon, Mifledgeville, Ga.. son of Hon. Iverson L. Harris, once associate justice of the supreme court of Georgia, in his
day one of the most eminent members of the legal profession in the state, was born in Milledgeville Xov. 21, 1835. He was raised in his native city, where he enjoyed excellent educational advantages;. After preparatory study he attended lectures at the Pennsylvania Medical college from 1857 to 1859, graduating the last-named year. Very soon aftenvard he located in Albany, Ga., where he was when the "war between the states" began. In May, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Gov
ernor's Horse Guard. Milledgeville. and served as such six months, when he was appointed assistant surgeon to Phillips" Legion--to which his company had been assigned. After acting in this capacity and command three months lie went before

BALDWIN COUNTY SKETCHES.
the medical examining board at Charleston, S. C. He "passed" the examination and was appointed surgeon of the Fifty-ninth Georgia regiment, in which position he continued until the surrender--serving a part of the time as brigade surgeon of Andersen's brigade. During the time he was in the army he was in several im portant skirmishes, and professionally saw much arduous service. Early in 1865 he was captured by Wilson's raiders between Macon and Columbus, Ga., but was soon after paroled and returned home. He then went to Macon, Ga., and tem porarily retiring from the practice, engaged in the drug business, in which he continued five years. In 1872 he returned to Milledgeville and resumed the prac tice of his profession, in which he has continued, growing in professional reputation, with constantly extending patronage and financial success. For six years of the existence of the old board of physicians he was its secretary and dean. He has also been a member of the State Medical association. He is at present local surgeon of the Central railway of Georgia, and ranks with the foremost of the members of his profession in the state in scientific attainments and practical skill.
Dr. Harris was married in 1876 to Miss Ida Burnet of Sparta, Ga., and to them have been born two children: Mary F. and William B. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, of which he is an elder. WILLIAM GARDNER HAWKINS, farmer, Milledgeville, Baldwin Co.,
Ga., son of Peterson and Mary P. Hawkins, was born in Baldwin county Feb. i, 1844. His father was born near Petersburg, Ya., in 1813, and when a mere boy came to Georgia and settled in Baldwin county, where he engaged in farming, and which he made his home until he died in 1893. His wife was born in 1826 and is still living--both parents having for many years made their home with the subject of this sketch. They had but two children: William Gardner and Jane Rebecca, who married W. S. Elam, and died in 1882.
Mr. Hawkins was raised on the farm and educated in the common schools of the county. In 1861 he enlisted in the Baldwin Blues, Capt. Caraker, and went immediately to the front. He was in the battles at King's school-house and Malvern Hill, where, being seriously wounded, he returned home. In a short time he rejoined his command, but receiving discharge on account of disability he returned home. He resumed his farm work, to which he has since devoted his entire time and attention. He has prospered and has large farming interests, and is regarded as one of the foremost farmers in Baldwin county.
Mr. Hawkins was married in 1874 to Miss Fannie, daughter of D. H. and Frances Tatum, who bore him five children: Bernard H., just finishing his educa tion; KirbyP.; Dudley R.; Mary A. and Willie G. Mrs. Hawkins, an exemplary member of the Presbyterian church, is still living. Mr. Hawkins is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Presbyterian Church, of which he is an elder. \A^ALTER PAINE, clerk of the superior court, Milledgeville, was born in
Milledgeville in 1835. He was raised and received his primary education in the city and finished his education at Oglethorpe university, then located at Midway, Baldwin county. At the beginning of the civil war he was in the hotel business in Milledgeville and in June, 1861, enlisted and entered the service, but was discharged on account of physical disability and returned home. He remained at home until January, 1863, when he ehtered the Georgia reserves as lieutenant, but was at once made captain of Company D. Fifth regiment, continuing in the service until the surrender. He was at Savannah when that city was evacuated, and was afterward in the following engagements: River's bridge: Coosahatchie and Pocotaligo, and was then detailed to accompany wounded soldiers to Augusta

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and saw no more active service. After the close of the war he returned to Milledgeville, but soon afterward went to Macon and accepted a clerkship in the freight department of the Central railway, which he held three years. He then returned
to Milledgeville, where he engaged as bookkeeper for G. W. Haas, grocery-man,
with whom he remained for several years. In 1873 he was elected clerk of the superior court, to which office he has been continuously re-elected since.
Capt Paine was married in 1857 to Hiss Gertrude Dasher. She having died,
he contracted a second marriage in 1872 with Miss Anna E. Turner. Mr. Paine has one son, Charles H. Paine, who is in the drug business at Yaldosta, Ga.

P)R. THEOPHILUS 9. POWELL, superintendent of the state lunatic asylum, was born in Brunswick county, Ya., in 1837, and when six or seven years of age
came to Georgia with his parents, who settled in Sparta, Hancock county. There he was educated largely under the supervision of that very eminent educator, Richard Malcom Johnson, of national fame, and after studying medicine for a time attended lectures at the Georgia Medical college, Augusta, from which he graduated in 1859. Soon alter his graduation he located in Sparta and was rapidly advancing in the public estimation when the civil v.-ar broke out. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the Forty-ninth Georgia regiment and served as such until about August, 1862. when he accepted an appointment as first assistant physician to the state insane asylum at Milledgeville. He served as such until February, 1879, when he was appointed superintendent, a position which he has creditably held ever since. While in the Confederate service Dr. Powell was in all the battles around Rich mond and many skirmishes. In 1886, in compliance with a resolution of the senate and house of representatives of the general assembly of Georgia, Dr. Powell submitted to that body a very full and exhaustive report of his "investiga tions as to the increase of insanity in this state, and the most important factors in its causation so far as it has been practicable to ascertain them." This report re flects the highest credit on Dr. Powell's professional erudition, profound study and patient research and placed him high "on the roll of honor"' of the medical pro fession. His great scientific attainments, intelligent consiclerateness for the unfor tunate and conscientious discharge of -every duty devolving upon him has commended him to the confidence of the people and of the "powers that be," who are satisfied that no more efficient officer could be found. Dr. Powell is a member of the State Medical association of Georgia and was president of the State Medical association in 1887: is a member of the American Medico-Psychological association and of the National Medico-Legal society, and few. if any members of the pro fession stand higher than he.
Dr. Powell v,-as married in 1860 to Miss Frances, daughter of Edward Birdsong, of Hancock county, a union blessed with two children: Julia, wife of P. A. West of Baldwin county, and Harriet, wife of John Conn of Milledgeville. Ga. He is a chapter Mason. Scottish rite and a trustee of Milledgeville Lodge No. 3. F. and A. M.
JUDGE LUCIUS O. C. LAMAR was a son of John Lamar and was born July 15. I797- and from boyhood was a lover of books, reading with good
effect almost everything that came within his reach, but had a decided partiality to poetry and other works of imagination. In after life he was distinguished for his attain:nent in belles-lettres, for the classic purity of his composition, and for
forensic eloquence. In 1816 he commenced the study of law in the office of Joel Crawford at
Milledgeville. where he read with great assiduity, and, among other acquisitions,

T. O. I'OWKLL

BALDWIN COUNTY SKETCHES.

271

anyfalGbarnuneeowodamdcmura-swlsbmbdceayioherslarsomhalfoittamnonehlrsrgaoaanttnrcthtaeecoteGLvuetciedrhemtoarcoeytmhiorengLfsppiiptieladatlelc.eferdtahtale,imfdvioiheeneefirldrs.dit,tnhphsgeireHcnohsafautoetvanhsoctiiseleonoiuognwUorn,fsasanepsalCientaeoeondlddfntmunltfcSeoweracocsteatttmtiulitovcetrhneusen.e,stm,o.hoioeInnstnDtlratywehwutpehsria,aiinsncoisprhgrtesriodtomJuabuuttoadigoporbgheenltetryhiis,nooebfdyRitcnhteehosielsfteegvubroetdekrhfeaafiaiintnrtnceetdtedydsr,, tnwwtphoasehiveoneanomoriiloalegtlythonlnuuisnihehnAatrontolr,heedegvereltabdiriao,esnsnwncnoneatiwqgdroutetdbvnehupttrhebeelaepaehyttarcnullohayarmtaideotfefltelsmosoieritbaoisctcocrytreprsoeaaominceiectiatsngtuoaanimoe,naboghmrrggnnertnteesicto1.ytmasvehc;ri8fn,ofiel.eo1climdfnhteWahn8hhmisltIoelstcaiasoynhhnonh.owtreiclgstanclashpther1afahscpsvHlaicl8enakoodloero1mecodertetaspn9dhhetdwnctb,us.eseetycalplqehrraeasoadiseorueoncrTuindafoismwcutlnfdfrhfteyafoateiigeoeeccvtuswe,oheirukosvsnLsfheg;iaremnea.ndytunhrahhldmyondneaeitdetwmfrhsdaipoerhadofriowsneeaoecstnntwredtraderith.tdtolthashaeniaeqwsysMw,eoonu"BdlffccahyioieteuosecolaehufwidstepnprfirhnssiaednphcBwisnnyeeecsahedfeesiinhtdgarotcidac?hadovreerol"r,nesaennauftcsgnsoritcllCbuihihiditvooteoesrpieoiosnnonfrmlnuofl,e.tudioorswpraacaga,uattdrenlhghHeusoehcdiaetasgaceoce,tspnhhrhhtuenedotdMtraelrrcehiefottunp-tr,tmsuiusethlgcremlshbsaoaleeettwiwtciofmdebelantbeergneelineeayescmarretdddnssree-ercfftoiahOihotwiahninoshfefcilcenhuglavatgttaahihhnhtitcersocBrnieeiseeareoohtnstyeuhusansotpelhttrteseni,rsnaeetoaeoeetthuwntchcphsnlutoheunsdcceipaennaaobtdoarrhtrrhtdecinuesmegoibahtlilsrippiomnoeyewe,hoerfsdndsewhniuecrai,sah,mfeceosoohteaoiwhnoeurfsicpnhfadcfnlitaaiadhtnhnbeeinthistsimhouerrssneepsehrtsbhholpohvdimuefeeeanfaot-eoremanpseihsrrsupnrnssdotosipitrsoasdslu,psoneki,bnc.sfetsacascniywefetcyanekaeosaoucAstaehprdisuwefatenlndiiae.ittcsodghin,dacymenhn,tiir,ash,tti,icoyntwostedotwyafaudobenhngfbdhabecfoiatdtesedicuachlhtsratehtasroaarlharbnsimiansteocaaaohleyeddybhnvnteceihnlieidwaeafconehhdgielahfgniwaertwsmoofocdvltaspaonhotieaekncdurmaomnwoenttttrclrohtcneaepihctoeaeiwdhuaiefmasaedlteannrodtdedeipthihdgnvgo,neeeibaieoomdrntfartdwreauetcahdstetdlatgaomhherbdhrtpcahneiseerepcyyanpetpsoysno,uetesrauoo,tusdlueb.tnlfguewtnponsuhtd.hnttahdtaheyI,ogreseNohteaafaorsfinatdwomsptcfidsteeoeaohtTeaetoexnocuiaunpxenmpwpi--nssla,roeseediewielmrsogrwswskdhmtjecsgso,nunihiehiiisurnuegoaterieet--hmcysgstwnihmnehets,.,t aolsthmeTpioerftxirhfbtlseaupilfiricec-gMssiItidetrrentrilaeoaefrcceatnu.rratesoisiyhilostoa-Lseanaplupmot,anahsrmsmmodharoauatfneefnnebmaceatretrrfmshgiemicorsolaseeodiulnehftoimrroraosrtinetau,nproeiaoimtbttt,nrnlufhhtat.eiflabaacte1iobovnyth8sLTfieusf2ilaohaeais1iyttmmnvih,ysespwceaaehaoemtdcitrirhlnaessoireanrdthenabmniftfdafcmdieaturdhassulffssb,ll;eootc,esirbprttdnpwoeotiuaueo,rwrarthemvnnrtshhicyegee--saeees.relnwnupnitahaymtmtahUfiaoTmntiildoerectnehgedpehrgadoidwpnniieimamttotaris,ttimrraabhonattdaysyhuesnaunettcwadWehlspiatautiarLenwnia.enraerdlfareamtlsClieemhubdtndobioyaelamadebifnvettcreebcaiieaelon,rbe--risvxiesngwenehb,no--cargheitfrasbbsaeeimtjsonihotnououtiudiniersmrcntestahthlugdfsbcoyteicehqgesepclfcaefusefrerpoaw.ionosarftrtmsoecaaoeerrlhrft,wlnodsitttnhebeuhahoordgyesseeff.

2/2

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

efitopvHhhwsme1lhomefroilox8amaeyreartwet2pvrdse-nMhmsMd8coteieyeoooco--hnrvprtlresfrgmo.fetey.lye,,etaibCrehf,mbtcCdn,heyhaweooauiciwoirezsbnnhssagthsbehsobdmsieossibdsiaienm'uenosceMnnwcennwhtrecstcahreaaereeoaeatceoo.msdnrelsslapfeflcC,isdeeraooeaaftjrhoeg,smhucfurnnicsibeieteladdtstealohbdyneiigomblsnoedexdoepwatlhlefabpefe,pnUittailLcemoeeyodnaysmntrflannit,ietippoefetlmerdetbcoihaneneanmfnytrserrdatiocttmettwahbrerstpoeS(ssheedailrwJn,ewttraeetsuatrevaraefhtvtdoagmrenhbasediimfgercccdeseorsietah,encmsemoernsocncgadcEb,tcohapontleooealwyljnawogniynlokoftoarredsShreheetfscrfnitus.aesaoatetgnsdtdynsSlhtrrheheoie,;estehodedafoatodbdsooenlisouoyeunttaOrsfrsotksnttb;etfoaee,aciimeefrctnbhrnmohoaene)oiugbfrmdrefofuaitewlheflsyrrlb.lrercethogeei.olrhtttedpmheeshooHa.erooaicehreHltnsmoetaahasCmchcwncieadeetiwasoehutrnt.yueicubfeacbtneesrrupabnsheeueTwrtilr'woc--fstia,beich,vfuovsbdeooafestmaihLweaarirvnatslcatsityae,liiheepitdlnsmttctnlnayeohykwgadnrbdpaensnomesad.erroeuodnss.eerpoflwaiiavsangdutjgpfprteionnabtvhaieefeittelieatnoctyerirndoosctt.rt, oatcaistpao"oaohnhusetW npefwwhdevafrpnpdaienteenapcTdhlBbnecrtaaesoearhhdralaeususuntmoaaaetn,ftbseocemlunonccesjdaenmoerredoyles,eawciearau)iunselgttwmundtlhh.ctlfhdaondeyatiihhmeonlcendnelidOhhioeccqeecostbadhfo,thnduenmnfoevnroteeaaettlM.em.whydhalnlhreywetieedacrdhtHTilf.vcaihniewoobagauheoeLpvtrnsrjuiosieoeumaaodwskeswenpidmdueednndoaaxtuhii-- secs.sirscpalitsoweeicaihlrfymcarfiiahrretncchelecisohJeltastnaoeMseyiustabmaarztuu,odnaghloytrlieyfttigad.iecf,aiti,sowoyneiCcohwdohaui,nthhitroeinopLinsssmiif?brncgphgea"fpehbdhaiorirmmsnaaaomtuirntuehenvtaabthaohlanilatedbtayreetooinddi'ltnsshsnjyl,ischalougoabighwatwdfagdcndeiiesiesnioilg,ei.ntcdffattadnhnaerahhartTsosrncheelsadseeemotndsiuciolcpnggi(eeftqegrrtocoonfhdcyiunnaiocnntoteecaeoctmacndcdaiidcilaewtiannnafiipsntfnindqsytaehhiloltaolwduueebx,oa.rnwinsntieptmterlhc,udetdyeiirwaHeetrneda-aylesrhuews,ehlee,edtpenivwhafaadt,catcooesspdiehiinhfalrrmtooromerhiydgiwatsetptr,phwienecvllabwredwedaeg,eheseenemxi;aeinestdvattphsyasmr.ihaneet,rerieshy.onooeosenbmpntubSnro,miaymusmanotfataibbiadmndahhoneoldolenteiiindyyneocsfes,,

Whatever may have been predicted of the eventful career of Judge Lamar, had tmpetkadhtehonetiieronegrgtmtddlshnhamioenive,egtlneeaywesdbsdn,disetaws.oarlerpoeinhvnlanaadodeHnngysretydeehwilovsirevafbeodesanlhenteernntiremcpsuidctdatorhhsuolebrepi.rsdtneeltomebsefaoneenednfdondnfmifpceitadfhclifniart,iowniaccvrashubeaaetcdsellrttteuoiainocwrasntyftnttoiytadocrharliuonetnnehd:nmdeyetdgadounairnsrceeotdpdthhssfhaesse-he,tlniiciotsfttohgiirrpgrchrsdaaohaatottifnadresnrrdirdabgoensuutesjoikscnpsusima.femrntsaicoeeeei,tsHlsssiios,,ttnp.oetgihemascehptXiairiaragstdeoslhhtmsshceatiuoeodinrtnwaeuoadttederpneetdplec;rlwwenetyftshhiisiaentoetahvtgrtojo,vuekfgrebrvonarioefheeebartiwaslhyasse,t

bohfiustthsHfoerainsinsn,kmteL,arb.inloQnarne. urdCsn.adiLnnedarpmruMebafrrli.ni,ceCbdael.necvadHemplaeernilUvdea'fnsttieafteilrydisfoteSutwtenaregtmerefs,awsamenhindloyaltalooyfjrufsfrsoretoniecmsefaroMonmfdisthdsuieassuessilgupehspptsrie,erfmsosere(cmorcenaotleaiutroyryft, of the United States.

The above and foregoing is from the pen of his law partner, the late

Joel rank

CofraJuwdfogredL, aanmdarthinisthteestpirmoofensys,iofnro, mandonaelsosoascoamciptiezteenn,t,theestaatbtelimshpitntgo

eminent the high improve

BALDWIN COUNTY SKETCHES.

273

atrfodtwmnrieelivtorehdnneihfuxamiaoghpoememtetttctteihuhi"nnuuih"eceemloaiBtetpduSrllhlaarsainaelesiamronatoeetctOc.,,ilticominnsrytitdoeotnruodcfchanseneHnbtaime,rneaenoptn.dtee.a,ihweJdludrcaoroituttaswlnhdaohfihTrHgttlstsaumaoeoeyoojtehtiurbbnhuhfheeseaihbsvlutielinre1etcvhadtgraefrch5tidfitveeahiictmri,geoaeeriermrebgeoerhrcscdvpee1e,molbbanetutmoe7ysfilaeaivoo9fowtnclsotteooeriyua7,pfaetcfnhdfrtenn.ircleowhyntipeessaoubfhcvee;tleonhDrbworheeoeolorseotlbfnlfvirofishym,oi,bediteoLisebnehvdhGabhaehdemuetri,iurpio.ugwlhes,lsdcopitrifoJooresii.taoihrvrifuluyAkvroonnedhmiupgi,ls,ecdbrmdeiigyleihdttsmniHhaQdnwuctaita,ee.y4sehefihi.hieosns,a,nsmaeeilbClsofmgsvsneHr1fw.veuh,tefsaidii8htctteenreLalenioeo3yomoefrtndifdrtahn4tv,ruoowseyanplm.oeibnarxf"tsgeebawurihataektatfsrrssiearetletetrlisheealyerionn,,JtadailMtetrcdidauwltnaueapeahnbordihnsphflttldollerfyhfgaeliedopefieseiscseemcewfrjsndeafuirohtcngeottcdiieIoabdihhseenveomursnahfangeiercvbenrgtv,tadyefoiyrtqihalrfoynsasohnlviuop,ooheceuheanieeelpfs,hnoaihnisnlrpssorratfaodymGdmtehsLwssrsfsn,tcgaeyre.oeabiheio.aursdnonmatHseeicstfniiftstgteuteuavsehAqoheamncpatteeoruridirehensofyna,remeh,psarilnwssrbptaiisprrawceoatgoaye:rngitercteriohrontsfedeilrtaexpudluften.dsdcsleroatrdoeloaoennitltuaetnbomivthuehhbnneltalneoeredhiyeedegdltrs,fr

tabTwnrhidegena*tffdyRoaiH-ml.eltowr.iR-lwoygaOeneidyndsBeeofIarEafSarrlslOoimzliidXaninnb,VegtshtpuihreachglcylRiIensnoshiidcsaibisiiioaassnnnltoio.fnecwa,.kna,wdr,bHaussaiutsnbrdhgofiaesrwtnohfnaaeis,trnh'saMeWrbmilwraleoesamtdhshgibenbeergov,rtriolnSolnefai,mntchGuoWeeua.lna,gtseRyshn,ooiennbGrgaiszotl.oof,annsi,Wnscewoim1lual8isnba4tlm3yya. tpatmlhpaHsawssmgAcaihosemObrttnoheraitadfeuoaaeaxpaaiccaloneplsgcosdvscttunolprrnerthhteeanDeyocmtatglnJdiotwirveeondch,piucdaodmrnoifoecatoe.ild,laweuntannyfnlGsuatipnoperMiothegtdaRtonWnlme,adaehetfd1oarfddotgronnaos,5teheuhthtiexsndbdro,alxdaiegiCedgldy.asihewibstait1hmrsitesecenoipotfva8eoesstspwrpaeinamtmrheur6.nrnanArrrrratrehd1rts,eo,oempoMpiec:eim,,bosffrrdacwtaAfaeaueesapfilehinhin'Soces,isrscanaydfheYniospessdtnsthteditaestiebiierSrciogecsaoouneaaWmralawlfeaenrrnyncrcfsritalkpid.elotGethi,,ttlrailhtithDsuuolusmehaacocsawbhetettcrtsrnethorhwteeHwe'euaa,.esh,dlihdnestdntlrinnrTioaitJieueamarg,cmhds.gCv.acedgonsnrh.teytlsrpretieheotSodGoebeunee.l,oKsFemhncieaaelnra.nrg,nirooveirvfnk,rndAtnbSeeptHsbetmi,eacghehdsdndh,rhnpuudhnotrrebiepeigeaaihaavgutoetsdnroarsrPnrenceahutn-lasirhntrwtoddiibhctdeehutstsonnoieyepikafritaaerg,in-enlavo,MoetnswwrssAlssisrtg,cgelaebnpeta,WwlaaednilwwpeoruunlWeuslf,decsClhptwkrles.rHkcneheihvageootreanoodatsvihareiekri,DmdmtnnmlinsgeelhterindtwdghfnentcrhniaKrpaih.vsiiohs1enertinvwnawyosotnsida8enrneuJolonugeemn8snohalslh.aerxceyabetel1oyxik.itdoiesacrl.csc,ovGlsvfhCos,nphietiKh'-e.idneo.wfwqaiolgdrddrm,falsceuW.oahiheShrh.tepi1gaFeIoepnfm,eetesephi8rnhiynhdaiotwdennv,il8fatGtin,necsegtb6llliAueewtoh1dey,anherwoHehdneyn8oarpatehgdreanthoat6edadlenipeciynsttne8ausnluynmdohfotesdnasrlenrceaabrnmsinucohono.aedtnt-- DrGuthrehrhmeevdriuecaerreanladereesketetgdRypa.rdteuboudDdn,sowcrnieermauidRatitcxrcdgnbadganhirltCc.cehov,eoeuomisnueathramuhedcibtrtSnetmtcy1myetniichdMohrluca8aspttaoltaeeatinkwlrio7onhuhntdgnilenherd2dalnsoeyade?odeiesegee.-,t,.
MS

274

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

irCGpSSneroaiegoxl.1oi.lmDmDi8recg6Gri,rehn2i..naaidelR.twdRna;, rMouthoeabgiSbnnaleiheaindstsmhtodwioeonniunrsediertniohnelhsw,ffaoteltduawwthacsheeorhtnephmnmotrirfflayeeraeauwlse;rtrieireadtminbaseeMncrodenoedfimtrn,t.hitbMonhewJtefihr.irshsOltethoGoocuiennT.ftnow,wYiStbtoahwhheeonseeinrhu,n,toanhwyMbg1o-duaec8elirtsih6tHe:ghe7adnhrao,p,ortdiWlhrnnaiisinsiesi.nts1Gt8\FcoecYe6oof.rho,4lfiulrlotaekghrwftgciihenamehhhmes,i.ileosreMmenFsgiduibcnfiercTtemvceotryeiheuevianoenenestfrtt.ehsrydeteah,rnGHvtepodTiaeecnoroeMtdow.rinsgireeintisrdhasas. nogaqCcbwbicsanhoDgepppciefsdbaanlyAfaeorEmtaufuuonroexLafaarrroxaloenonuetsvueornoaoaeesirtvdwyletuurcnIlwrdeudstdaehieeirtnlusdlvaefrhiiigiatzsinnhtioinbr-EeisneeneniititientgefihneatsmUuteentowc,emcdqlndiscsebdggdheX--hisdbecgsvdsiotnigoupudnisueaonaspsvtoatemaklubRbenshtpaidiiprfblncgtttrtelritnnlovnibgnieoenitith,eleoibohaihioyYdnnorsiaalogenetnruocdsieanvynntelaerygadrncngatGn,soedtobSednnusyrtnullseumP,lotSsehdedaamtrwtsoehibo(hdleianihanGeaotlwa.ueaoTnaadinimh.uixtwiwcnaitivlaeonsipcslrgbanflialreeEoasncredgsvaeolssdhehtnreaaioclsirateprit,siootrlneeYlrnneienhreho.uhkecsphaao1occ'mrsamnlspnneasfdhupeeeexnetawndy8teEhuaot,rusoleitsditdxasnpisd5eyl.dWrcouss.leltXnw,ytuG,aria4etnrisee,s.,stvngtrofrt.cccnoocwe.urhbnuhierySawhewsteHaaauastaihhotrcorkoduspeucenhn,eelolr,hiianyoiuaesouloccfenttnpmatn.dnnTtpriayryihpnrvnaoehtffaficlwivdhacgnkwohvhoii,isnthetSmebthwtteeisinnelMeatysdsatehhaeaxaurmneanilhehetdvsbddtetennyseis,letasetvnbywaneulheeairlelurle,esdlgltreereedeeteyrgmesbifltnqGnaar.yiGfycvtpmneoadssidiwesbnaeaosrhsutntlneoedibbarrghaneroipcaaertihhonrpeaisoiwelll.gouvsgtgpyaeeomstitritno,eae.utntosouretaehdetevs-roaeeahsdpryke1htwsftcehnvllheiaersCa-gibpbehpin8yy;ipn.scaewpnMoieidilnnWitainttuweut7eilotsyerlesmiaoefehllsrdiooaog1sarttsbnideiyeagndute.ephoMCenilsqs.ffbnfnoi,yorfos.lntsgcirincfrehaeueuahdsuoecr,euipgceorauc"cnnfidsdteanwnisaie.rnaHcbeOslegrfrhstmooteTpliivegnarawdieossestoteplnonShnesmmrBwetridneewnihisgimatapew.enearantgntntrhovwfyddiafr.tkicrebprlsaytaglagsgtoadifoaheeecltoeialuvsiertlllcdhttas"caer,nndeeulahHlt,ouJtmyeeehiCmee,yhwOpeca-lnhdtlbdteniodnnnnhaegsi)gema,yeoennooddbetetiid,Eusneptergadrnooil-lmnagdteennegveaol.Lacrant,tmndrvnsnsrnGwfhersenneenlenrpwewdBptictgeeideatbberrreaehvadabdedlataohrdbriylyeAdirnxiateyehrnv.reesionuatndsmou,rereuetw"pschtixuesrrifhafnh.oidmrnwnMegtcsnlmphoeltetcrwafaaceoeadhyueie,teehtgtrtaonieuhgsnntedtyiceoidro,renensalgeehwcnllovsBang.neo.e,enhtasl,iarbggaohtigailensktMdtiensehupasertetpeatcufahamtsSbnhtserdiadoroiuirsbutapmg.niemeAplanGgttteahsthsswtlradunilsreioehdhaotoyeugmytiseisamprnieneevptdsdasiilbseilfhcoegatotlnHiubso.iuoret,ptolhscnbfnmd2thmhrftavithrearnaoraX,taeuhesciee1e"octcgehtreaentgnsgelasrhiwpsytewd.rPTsmehohtettdisdetsdhenoenicehea,umncwfataecwhoredlpua.ttf1adawd,eoootas,dagh-"ebarelaahnhrt8aanaWreefnbnenkliietnhenoeecoannY1ateenslnyhnaddlrteriiovihdpps3ttddbbyaionsazitGoh-- hgsAgnenis.eonerecmrguellBanhdpsawraeoniirunrutadivgreCvsdesrukwwe,lniegwapivatidmtimogaetuapli-- amlnmig,huxCrdinshilarni-lusodro-rreacacadhrit,rmeurasbiitmgieioe"ciaas,rgtngnlniaeheweneanhnlsooskaeesietntmnileisindstdedideagettissg-ladnssarrnnr,is.lta.,dsoadlnd,,nl,,

BALDWIN COUNTY SKETCHES.

275

lian obligations and duties. There was always a hearty welcome, a bed in his house, a .place and a plate at his table, and money in his palm for the preacher of the gospel of peace. Though remarkably successful in all his worldly pursuits, Christian principle and Christian liberality were a dominant characteristic of his every-day life. An interesting incident which occurred just after the war forcibly illustrates this: A Methodist preacher stopped over night at his house, yet midst the ruins left by Sherman's devastating march. During their conver sation the preacher's absolute destitution--want at his home- -vas made apparent to Mr. Stevens. As already stated, all, and the only, good money he had, was six or seven dollars in gold, and this, true to the generous impulses of his heart, and his profound sense of Christian obligation, he freely gave to the preacher. In 1876 he sold out to his sons, and retired to the quiet enjoyment of a home hallowed by Christian practice, faith and hope.
Mr. Stevens was happily married in Greene county, in 1837, to Miss Matilda, daughter of John and Martha Stevens, formerly of North Carolina, and descend ants of early settlers of that state. Her parents started in life poor, but by hard work, close economy and good management, accumulated a small fortune. He died about 1850, and his widow died about 1860. To Mr. and Mrs. Stevens eight children were born: Martha Jane, wife of F. M. Bone; Walter Crawford, partner Stevens Bros, company; Annie E., wife of David Brewer; John Henry, partner Stevens Bros, company; Fannie Matilda, died in 1887, wife of Rev. J. W. Glena, Methodist preacher; Eliza, wife of F. C. Davis, Newton county, Ga.; William Park, treasurer and general manager H. Stevens Bros, company, Macon, Ga.; and one who died in infancy. The mother of the above, a very pious and exemplary member of the Methodist church, born in 1823, died in 1862. Mr. Stevens contracted a second marriage with Miss Carrie, daughter of William Torrance, by whom he had no children. In both marriages Mr. Stevens was exceptionally fortunate and happy. He was an ardent and prominent master Mason, and a most devout and very influential member of the Methodist church, a real working Christian, a steward nearly all his life, and a trustee.
He died Jan. 16, 1883; and m's last wife died in 1883.

JOHN' HENRY STEVEXS, manufacturer, Stevens' pottery, Baldwin county, Ga., son of Henry and Martha Matilda Stevens, was born in 1851. He grew
to manhood on the plantation, and received his early education at the common schools of the county, after which he attended Emory college two years. He then engaged in business for himself for awhile ; but in 1876 he joined his brothers in purchasing the pottery business established by his father. In addition to the extensive pottery business done by the firm, they cultivate about 1,000 acres of land. They are already doing the largest business in their line in the south, throughout which their goods are shipped; and their business is constantly increasing. Mr. Stevens was married in 1873 to Miss Julia, daughter of A. J. and Talitha (Wright) Webb, a union which has been blessed with six children: Lemma, wife of Lee Crittenden Manley; Henry A., deceased; John H., Jr., deceased; Maggie Mell, deceased; Pearl and Rubie. Himself and wife are members of the Methodist church, of which he is a steward.
ALTER CRAWFORD STEVENS, manufacturer, Stevens Pottery, Baldwin Co., Ga., son of Henry and Matilda Stevens, was born in Greene county, Ga.
He grew to manhood on the plantation, assisting generally on that and in the "pot tery" his father was engaged in establishing. He obtained his primary education

276

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

at the common schools of Baldwin county, after which he attended Emory college, at Oxford, Ga., two years. In 1876 he and his brother, John Henry, and his uncle, William Stevens, of Sparta, Ga., formed a partnership under the firm name of Stevens Bros. & Co., which they continued with growing reputation and increas ing business until the uncle died. They then bought their uncle's interest in the business, and continued the same as Stevens Bros. Company. To meet the rapidly increasing demand for their products* they established an immense additional plant, equipped with the best latest improved machinery, making William P. the general manager and treasurer of the new company, known as The H. Stevens Sons company, Macon. The introduction of this industry by the father, and its subsequent permanent establishment and wonderfully rapid improvement and extension by the sons, demonstrate what persistency of effort and intelligent and well-directed enterprise can accomplish--especially with abundance of the best raw material at hand, and the skill to utilize it.
Mr. Stevens was married in 1872 to Miss Emma Heard, daughter of Wilson and Man- (Wright) Davis, by whom he has had three children, Mittie Irene, wife of Dr. M. M. Stapler, Macon, Ga.; Maria, and one child which died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. Stevens are prominent and active members of the Methodist church, of which he is a steward.

[) B. SAXFORD, lawyer, Milledgeville, Baldwin Co., Ga., was born in Greensborough, Greene Co., Ga., April n, 1839, his family being one of
the most influential at one time in that county, and one of the best known in the state. He was educated at the excellent schools in his native county, where he lived until he was nineteen years of age, when he went to Milledgeville, and in 1859 was appointed deputy clerk of the supreme court On the death, soon after, of the principal clerk, he was commissioned by the general assembly to bring up the unfinished work. Suspending this work, he enlisted, in February, 1861, as a private in the Greene Rifles, at Greensborough. The company was assigned to Phillips' legion: later he was elected first lieutenant of Company A of that legion r and in 1864 he was commissioned as captain, holding the rank until the close of the war. Among the important battles in which he was a gallant and efficient participant were: Second Manassas, South Mountain, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville, Wilderness, and Sailor's Creek. After being twice wounded at this last-named battle, he was captured and sent to Washington, D. C., where he was detained until August, 1865, when he was released. On his return home he studied law, and in 1867 he was admitted to the bar. He located at once at Milledgeville and resumed his work on the supreme court records. In 1873 he was elected ordinary of Baldwin count}', an office which he held by re-election four terms--sixteen years--during all of which time he successfully practiced his pro fession. In 1889 he was appointed county commissioner, and in January, 1895, he was reappointed. Mr. Sanford is now, and for ten years has been president of the board of trustees of the Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural college, and also has for ten years been a director of the Milledgeville Banking company. His retention of these several important and responsible official positions is conclusive proof of his capacity and fidelity, and of the estimation in which he is held by his fellow-citizens.
Mr. Sanford was married, in 1868, to Miss Elizabeth C., daughter of D. B. Stetson, deceased, a union which has been blessed with two children--Daniel S-, in the land office in Oklahoma, and Elizabeth E.

BALDWIN COUNTY SKETCHES.

277

DOBERT WHITFIELD, lawyer, Milledgeville, Baldwin Co., Ga., who was born

onMfeesGsr"cet--ehorerogrueninaii.vnthee1rHs8ioi5ts2yld,,bitosfhayeomhnnoielloyoodcfpaattlheanedndtraaeittsaiiPornlengyn,fiyaineosluJdwta,hesGlplwaea.re,srwceoohnsueepnreoetynfh,tt-- ehGerdeammu. roainsiInntgegdti1hf8ttewe6d7"ouyhynoeepualneresnga.tsemarHneetdne

Talwnf(eoctehegiolxtellihnoystgewleatnrlhniteosnietsoucegsnairmdnet:geegdadegnWnytr)hete,alaeeaetJsrmuhuohCdniefnegionvgeBn,getyroarCwaescn.dirhhtsCuyoeD,.alooeJtReosrfhdsonGaaocewvufkese,,oidPtraWhRhgleeaitiaalhvlol,se.tCsoeJAodo.rpte.Dh,hBglee.yr.Gnfe,HtsHea,sa.ioomfltflrmh,omeSBemNiioarxacnowthfd.mieh,mhlEiDoocip.shnrrrt.HoehchAsflsaesa.LrsrgSlsaoiarm.swnat,eCdsar,Ctualeomaa.shctnapLeedbldb.eewioBmilinlnre,amgnre1sttett8ltadeh7attitlo0eet.

Jackson, Butts Co., account of his health. spent the year 1875

Ga., so as to be conveniently near Indian Springs, on He remained here three years, doing some practice, and then on the plantation in Jasper county. The ensuing year he

aodLjwcalchgwttwwalwoTaitybWlecuBunhheannihnaoise.gnoineesdoahansmadleepytidencBetalhauststthgssiniamtarelaehhecnesriihsnpuqnti-- aacdhnttrwsrteiaeeicedote;fermuohseiaeacasietnittuhadlardelleernlted,eslyglopia.eaoeygeirncselstal,ea,lentcedetiiqdttaaacoeidsiemecsntintnccnesegnnuttuAiyoo.nrisa--tegtenoefiiowh--otroeeltfaoelngtnedocsrmuehnMeewmscdifI,araafpufanmttoMn1ttreoaustatmlhwwaprbhitataeeh8trsormtetlo,oirialnteaddoulslaieae8slfatyhioefetrtesidialsrrsctta0trh,oittdfcesgsfaehhggetyysnnhS--smoeoceeunafgsit.etiaeer,eedesoonatssmrbtnlaee.nenaalteaerlahOvragsevlsldahasd,sdbtamrronaewtaWoriatetthevlMcesetnllmacoiednwylnoGyolah,istivwuotaeaernceoptcofr.resaoeepiirttxmtteuei.saahbtnmlhisiehmallesaitocoosnhWwaaaepoeyeceile,Ipcnoefnnne,bc1irnfoirnfieuarl,amtdtwxesh8antiilteaptmlohwnechtlseoed8hetpib,ctiiuamrefseliatdrftv9hcfhaeiee-uof&ou.slymsJoor,PtgieniadcaitntrrehemereoctrnhecrtetutaitddmelThciahtohioAshenesodeotnhhttotbfifnennahoiyewhdfehtnfentdteemcoh,Getrtaeole,ldaeftgahtouaatdrarmTsrhltwhtsmMshispmlfnyenwtosytcryetea.eoiaaurlta,taoeiotoMroaj,saoiilittmtsrthAo.lWccmnlnn'tfllrlufJemeteohewaeeoiurduhWtsapscddnNpnmeO.wweemlrmeiemseateealgr,wanrtiepsophdyhcieidfWemneimaeidtanttsaerammilepssasnetnetnntwpnmgsasetesrrstuiafhrrtctthseeceudtol,,teionnmaanriutiabeeeNmncedeolsdttektyktwlJgdmdlfeiinrfieu&deno,aaieoosoetfleaioeehsshclbnodtnvtfnbpsefnrfclaahqih1e1eercuAoeedsteycrdhtgn8ueeatadh8fnoechemnbshhotoe9dtda8cei.stm,hishlvwidbero2nlbu4bpahegntisciiheestela.meysnrWnmeteacfethuratrIvaitnilrnrtiaahwtnayentlneiyuvieaoirthlettiittsaatceAmhBeiedl,ellliiiltrai,atoihwknrtedenae.memhbraMhjcwala(ptaeigwrc1umxlalrSehtynlnsryrceed8eihidiyiIeah.edtsvHlrwjald.sl9nwrinailuasspoelaioetcnaac,4iettcqiseeossdfpniarhfescig,Id1.hnsirnpuHianniiob)engegnom8igtcsoaerah.ctnihyahcsef9nheiyerntsrrfoeaIarnpueoto01adveaottFtecn--mtrtierd8ihiuaerdv,sieriiyhoofltlonilcs8nondnanweh,ee;pala,emnwftto13esdtrmteheLslrewsapCrtfym8r;mlbihplseooiyeasashopsl7dlihinuhsilabepiumndtedu.etacle8ieieisnahsatencieaesnsro.ugrrhoitenirrvtfcnketdxtiwanhcttMpluttroHtcwcienhtceetththehaidaahleaesalrhIidcessediedloereeedelcue,,eltsett..

ogMfiratlhs--Mteerhlr.aaMWtveeahJsbuiotldfenigseseladenCddwhtahaasirmslheuaespnmEpiob.ilneHyr, amRorfroaitrbshr,eieeortdfP,,MrJiorn.at,ecDCsotnehac.anertmlFeEobspeuHirrs,.cc,1ohA8pi7land7lnr,ceathnoau--nMrcdthihsM.rseeaErfbifooieny,.sdaaHnudeghoistneaer

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
BANKS COUNTY.
oowswHlhcBctaHnoofhfooioaarlenseisuuidKnstNsgtoinnwiplaaveilahottpitadnIeayyrndtierLraa'imtsg..st,aeeoetnhc'LaeunrsrefMdrabnrItgeHCpPminmowsAEpnrhaaaeaue.eraoltcmrrMnlAneietsottuznthwsitroglosnavoyaesievoharbnAtfeynaaGsemfeealwpttaniSdv'eht,WnseaaanhddaaHaeo,tjftdpnirro(ofraslElwirtaiAaglraoptohaairhr,ihsGlarl,tieneamdecotnemfnwteCriaamraceceotterrwhnerrshoarmrmianednngeuhaiacwntnyeiedsnelukssaclrnettbrtee.e,EydwhratyhtnoeuttBel,mhai)lreieAsrezsnemaWrAiiedmaengnflsmimobsitvkhingeifiehlvenolsetblririeeStivgil;tteahou,ydihFirroramwluwateeerul(,itostaeaaMoaotaewlf,rcnhrsanysdsehtckGnhaBhCbavCiwldetrieneiooaoynnaonoosgnlrrJPruorwnuSokitadcgrthltmnlosnad)ieoiiiewodnaunresiuaMC,een.btaatnFghrdauao,(ystcerFn.ry.raHtiC,aCayniendnl,tneereryGadocAiamwpkrtraoanhacwowalfhna.ivilkertl,nnaeralieete,ancisgassrtlnccnheamsao)atai.oisdd,wuspnnnoeAutrfaaddomvlscHnaotnsoweeheenthyfbdcdpecydd.aneealuie,Ayr.eelawairntG,nHdfrrleowddate,sdaeaHiistexii.ssshornFt,nnatuewaheledicrimndrnnnaaevnBbdwcdGnorwfeaaet1adeowtkaditrtr8hhn,orirteslva2lekeinaaiFaesne5annrass.t.. alsnNommiOhhapohiaaGennnufseecuirafvafedmaumgWfc1ntrehrmdto,aaMsaorh8hcMnaibrurixinaibsuy2iedsladnermincilre7cneg.tzsictrch.hEd,rhao--tds,eaohAe"aomei.Aitloil.ltrniioliflbsdldCdhnngffoesdfhRy.aayrechweanaraee1uneio1tednte.gptn8rohhgHda8nhbdwe5tir:whers4weec,,5esHTaebPwt8hrMi,eaasrbottcaarPihverwhnsmfuarohbuamrEieeodnnciteeutrilhort.fhtayeakes,hsnJvhtafhhW,rerboeai.stseaeaernMaEarrrySidnsatyvaiesnegd.sth(laidm,lideeldodBmieltsmebisdvryo,wsoavmJoceirmheoemaneooihweEnianeGnn,nfwushnocsgelaao.aisteonoaes1zftnnetvaocolmnhrtth8aAsredeeteh)rEfse4veej,gerrlAucuf6oJedneOywRmiWmitrsfa,cf.dagteec-- awtaoitnsbtnaroihtoeriratoubcheelemtrhdds,snbnlciee,rnetieeo(Mocsd,ar.dceMrmdeeuoetrmtovoinasxienissfsemsfaiHtuntsccHedanesefiyfCttenldteniehouhrgutesadl.tC.elml,eole)ysiseAet.rbdniweyhinTdleevsPtprindInigcrdtaoteuernTrl.yde1ihetsltieoarnhtca8yieevheikschvkiai15msreiebaMet,eeFns:8ut2sni.yodfoaez6ge.prrJrhaTtena1enmr...eearav-- an.nrooBmrsoAsd,ogishHknipJMcylainjrebwetls.ldolesueih,ynierthortcfnthhs,o,resNehirCutcitons.ntcnsbiichhlhhcoyscesoilAtohtoeosieteuuerninshrenuiwotusrrttncnatrhoenhchfeelnrweeoiFtfheadii1tCmsv}Mui"aaoh,a.crntp8-eHnahsaitnis,eao3raJnettrneSn,eeowyn.so3doh,hkdxot.tsmhpl--tiheeheilieuhSseaniarbxeeeemntaevadarhlehdbcMreeeramap"GsuucaefuoBesaCtd,hoscfcapuegfcmoiuaasuaatfdhlahnohroiltAtanrinrcalteinilonoereeodekytedas.dyny,d,rnsn"s.ss AaaCJGvOayafara.re,Hco.raomliriuXnnMenoatr}r1,rF.-8amt)L3nw,E3iOdsovg.oarYsnaoneHtDlserod'vidfseEfwDadtYopthahaaeAveGtsnierXderat\noShvaar,aensglsodfiaflagbadrMrmomiiaenrainernlrrdy1y,i8ipnnBc0(aTa0rtaNmh,eonnenaoketners.ptytdhoac)JotosrECGuehiotvnanettartloyeonradE,lsgir,vnGimiaanawa.ny.aaFss(n,drHpdabuowneorswakitrnofsnlaoifgsnflaiilancotchewnsoJ,emaaeuGtcdanirvkleitllyesfvlaso.ocvrnohlmiufilHllctideinoNeo, gunoHownnarataraltylyyhlsll,

BANKS COUNTY .SKETCHES.

his life. Franklin

His mother was a daughter of John and Xancy Toney, early settlers county. He served as a wagoner during the revolutionary war.

in-

otuhevbhTochfmeneaaolhedrtttdneiithyc-rllMtrtoeotetiigonyhfmusprmefu-el.ionuuedfceooEocsn.eodseylrutvwtoi,irvalctrgIntanewehrntunsuhrlssneidyGtea6c1nctwbhi58hetYlhmalo07oeettaso2ioshracdaclgren-kcehiawihtyrsiawetiigoeobsozshuaereurby;erdkstnrobee.gegsaueoi.oiesrmingraIcnsnrnrhia.oemnnOttmtnwhhe1notchspee8,ntoia6lcsmfatrymi2haoegn,fersuahfndima.owcrne.lsrhtpotetyaiaaWfrnn.In"bokrlngptdilrehiseacdHetrttmhiheecncpediecahaisaaerth,nitic"risenehhvlufydaaeotemCcomdojaawwosudimnawtlmsaiaydttevshhnh.ipceieclvhacareieenyhtotBsceorymioylufnhaiamEetemntnsha,dmefdihlhervtCleeeoaiepsaisndsmrtaepecsbvargtleere.eyctcrddahgdeAaauvweadmac.efwruoanalwdTpyarhutdeai.malnaodlirBhytmdgninaehnaemesagdaesnstdotnhdoaanwaeettnnnenhehltaddtyedddeesr

MwdwaahrussicMg.ahhErwt.bveleEraelnslvo-ssatfeonad-JsrdaetwohmdiafseesasvurmmonataieenordrdrniaemntSdhdearmlietmnaebno1esiv8ruase6rdv0(oBifttvooretoh:MMoekEiiBsssrss)aaisspMBsttuiiepasslrptly.iPc,.hA,wHu.Jhrae(cembhroew.ershanseainndbdioeMrdSn.iasnsiidnOsysfiHpFtpha.iellinMcchor1i.lu8dna4rnt5eynd),,

awspdsWmfrJ1taoaea8iasienaltui2rosdulDrcng7eklciteNhed.eidh.eh,oerrisataGewneatincarHharncaUandlfaosioimadniXtnsufshtrceanimJteXomnpahxtotnygneaeEoIiev.cgrtndlaLeeoprdGanranalLainXnlMdnttaeteeaiSdrdnoaocdlirc,nrton.mooSgwct.gtfnriaGyoaraaaaltaodlriruriMnmnGa(fmeenoHnudtneerfyhtHdef.uoerhaed1lnrudatslGg8ahcstntieu3)nit'eouttarh6td.rufinflG,-inoeantns3hdrgtupt7eDhHyebntrl,ethlieuanehnsorlsanesa'eeenciwiwltWrnreehltmvreasleeaeeeom,sisrsorvldsrG,katwopahbemuaiulaBanensounnrsoarndarttntictnrnuieoiebeoolwvkrmlnoufliesta1asnorenbvs,tn8rforthiey3ymlWfhrewlb6.ieiwnVso,aso,illrasfaawiknlrsFrBniyegth.fardesaeieain.cannnnaneicSrkakasnoHomsh,tl1tumiieuae7avennsCr9emeatywf7yoalcab,ys.aoroa,oeemjsifununraaGndesearnVotstrnadiy1,fv.iscg8,,areoateag0fhtnlwtGg0isteuoedlno,eeanarfincdds.atww,otet,hhnaeiaioieanensnrasf woapaMceoesashuohtnfauprudcnsfohofpeybcoefpueioinucMitacefylnceMnnhosiiubhtcpeasreceaeeorrlioititanre.nlroabdiho.nirtmcdoiccbtrllGisfnetoiyesinhGflee,acyitwu,mushscmlwupoanatlrciwaitmnynoauctnaihosebhtlnn.hhrdsneuoh,netieiu}dlt,nrtcmafhlhli'miHtcesolhnbeoehreshmaftrelxwenbiioe,neircr1epwcosseadtayel8iweeynrdtstnsai8aohhhlvsshpskl0omopehiem,yteeeussrfnlirenrrpwaeebmaapleaeyate.toxllroieareyimensrceosofcshdiesaea.rtefpiuoAadorctrUlspdlasicttBgnietotthsxcnolyyeHg.iaaiasdaeoinnsninnbttsiertnttaaegsdehsekiotI1neancod.dhtesnir8dshudansrep5Saehcrfsba1eon1t,prwpogatyfHhrg8arsaersueifteiee6teeoorradentlnemm5ibfsherdeseotooemceMeytordhunhwteoheaa'aies.asetrinffvnlentnrnessa.e,iudssyhddeciwraomHnaeitrarsMslaXasettbdenimtiehesorddeshurladorlsweifvuneulaarof,onileseecetlttguoiacrehtotwldaffdiletnsoheiahrtfhacaanseeu.aeaenaetstihdEcernshanrnntdieaxh.wtanoaeetdIysiicauddun(nnmiaesbmsigsbcuinnleohootnaalhoesnfedh,erlsiteleutdemlnngehutlatfnnvouhtsshueentbscteitchuhenlrednuyiaea4,rhiecpernbrls5cogsesehbfFtstaaeo.oeioprohaetalrls-inlarlrlefvaapcvaoeiieennnnitccnfrdHarctarnitoorkhgrvailcegeidrmlahaealeselehoieilbreadnlepgkfpafahibocaerltssnraononiilracaesostdtsymfoueaonoeytiaccezf,rfmmdcuhti,baddehahaanoastenbblteonnrehtolnheisloeemyyndadndeyl.ndefr-

280

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

oaaXBGd\uLns^aMvnnfyinlo.eo.hsrddfl,irtartoav.aithtorcwenrdaahhceacyhmddniehihnfMsTMiaieehudaGansre1er,faonetmcae5Mmsbdfactmh,othGynapAe,arromid1lgMrser.laod8.dyreoeJrMicwi3ai,r.aGsecwP3ntgtagadHoau)u.-isas,encapnoosGh,iaiadtnnnlAaMoutaebaep,igsrnmooulrrtocMrgalhoderngsshlnorgeeao.d,ihe.dnirscsikGsatbsseheegese;hurvuaaiirPnniGvternnPim'elgnneodnoy'err.fsemfoatteasPlehpnrWlselregmsafekaeHttl.irrtrliiaalpkopiatilalennlseisnaAidv(odd.ratgbcaiff.remin,aoionnwvrogtwr1uHceohitn:FJ8fenltieee.i8feartgrie}a5Sdwrn,aaim'.nwooa'nrsoaHFkerufadynralrsseeJTkidhpaaondneXhnrcraheurroAoelkcay:xinrmnoeol.piei,lnvsumanrPiSmatingonwt.caimtcepmtstreYiytonielfk(hroea.eitPutasnemtrnn,rlpryaeosenirtbaOnn,cfrwyeemresdktvatfr,a.Trie;eonsnti.tomophlndCtuf)M1afrefB.btol8tiutt.erLPcrson3hhae.rhpa0.naeXevn,iero)tGaelti,kJerfydrivIl.ouaesdye.reet.lsunedaHhaeOwnnsuermo;.me.,gfaHbMefhlrhDlaXuOome,esPtrceraea.maebnhtinwrnwhfnseFeitcooanrteaeir.aoysns,fl,sr

nkceLhesba:VGynicnennenyitiaiannliogdXrLizc.tCctgw,sateoGioetCgiannfuennirlsaape,ncdnliieE.rdndtoa,armt.gat,sXlece1slnLis.epoeonm8"wTradruna4Tcempnohm9oHhsslot.feuaoieeyoeefnDnrnnyE,lr.cdGtcVtw.Hlyweihihbnwlei,aiaiahenHsgrLssdhhwnerccetieOeanqdtenhaphstcnuic.epCbsaee"otcitriietthiaKentueeaccsiaemnngrnaolHphHnt.mduleyetrnaaaAoino.esolsLgtmtfBtRwbyGoevrmogw\eueiTevaunritwtor.naaGti,,eyLyetsrnnheairtetipdrnhwotenoaiahpsre(cacrridOtymsghatsoewvhgsriwlaaahaaeiienadncnGnenenspi,hntteatlrlaa,moocasahrnega)onwonaedoBeldudttaaavLemnr.aiurnBeraionstd.gtddenysrcthAtioeWd,ktttmtanhosDwuhenihuwarbgnerieerrHtL.lu,hoghgtny,soLceafierntolnlorcoswaoGoleeeknncasavhvsechl,ekstyeeeoohcaahrrurborHenwsaaogsntomeldri,fetoexst}rnt'psmnt-saweOtee,taahreetfnvanmwitietanrnonlsyed,teesrhtmy.nlHytcahreaBhesoerseaa,paaatmtnltBnrwturalnstoacmreskcpactmniploseitsooiaeyvrenlirunowbddenvttnCadmioueieotnnehortrn)orindond-gyee.tf,, cahgBWinoteoavho1nthehiDd8klere6esirl9nd.rtcceghLaootpuwnouuuasdcnnnotaekttiytymhynei,oxeap1swnartlce8trohhsn7wya,e1osneraioavdedshlfesetrhheaseegrwtieesrcshwereautrnadduhirsttdueioocdiagtnrehotyrdeot.ahdhAwme.egtnelolfadHoaioninrccdemtaiartnt,eehpeadpa.ernnuandidctnatHaitaecciHefnoectg.eneaapraltlatgtreeIneecnnddcdodeuaeti1hanvd8cseti7lynhe8ap,griuskwahcbsflehhliferiaeircspimrktrelfciyoaniohvvngueoeAordraseto,lesdahdttonoairesbtfuadlgpHl,iuesrcwocahsatcmethutotdiiirerocceerhneas,. acsBdHhrhaamaiiupplbdDgytfeiurhsrrelt.stunehmLcnrahldoamiouevscfrtrkicenJhchrgoGoa.o:suereftnnpWt.twhhyeiaJ.lsoMllioham.Hcmnaaaselrntraod(iniHensddEoadlmiWinuzweara1rible8)ntele7lglt-r5oht.odtth(o<gCeHelMoa,egaliaflnsietassed)rmXahM"aieumRnrancorsptayyeilnnlea(fd,albasotAanhsrnedernctrnnvwhieneoisdfMfHse."HaaainslraloelnTtlcmh,oheanueenmonydCwtbyohpenilaarnifsvsvetedio1ne8fwgtr4twaoh9itr)eone,

wniAnaat*si1vJ8woe.3fMi5otJ.hfa'WmVGHieHerisgnsIi.aRnpnJiTaada,tEceDkwrRnsea.oassnlifnaagraamrftfaaeFnrXrmo.dcwfBewarlatehnarOek)nrsdr.MlecaJaocanuWsmsno.ehtldysiri(Met"Merprro,i.cnsWwtM-toahhfscefiWirbctleeoah,rmsi.Htrtoaewifrrnam'srIUorfwinnasiyihtothhnGedrGredoswirvcseaeetars)nti,ct,bGtB,oarwSri.,nta.assiConinn.a;,

BANKS COUNTY SKETCHES.

28l

tmhwhewKSaHoMattocwSteiiefehcemsaobnoeanaav.luhrtprronusrfalelhketMri-iabuvxttthgscaneeeihhrroevHlvhqmatrcaoprsbbr.ie.duGChnleg,PrlrltiMehfaoooao-epoeio;eshsPnsorf,HoHptnrcetophoedeoraeMSWdCiiltsegueoitdrwlisohe,ertlnrishfrte,uehoasrn.ehafimltsdiftSicua.suMerrhrabaBkrasahectrsmnuiosenatgkcmoanCtfeIudrrlmdoiWra,odngram"repcorlnwnpiar,irmmksnffhhohaeesulaeb1ulniolseoeg3Yis8ur1insbitmrsn2wa6tgn8w.r,oeort51,agtf5raeiarrhrae,ati7,tiskoNhrmeanhswnaIhtgmt,eecomnteodecoaFHpdfarutwpsraeooCordop1mttaersaeavdorhn8rumr,nrdtsoawneoa6m,ealclseadftdpe2iAnnoiitprsnotrgtWuehettihrttiaendnpcsnceoizkraensnbkydteieen,csnliwaoanGdrsowdlsfm.yG,tifbaimetaeain,taerluCarfroomFeemnenepodrbnrsosid'CgjadvsesgsuoocuGn.beuaihoiatloaynfrayndutoeamtnfuiyrdp-iGrmrdanatdeeroHg'phrcfnsgiaareifonr,rataldogsltoeeyimnitstaaHuniycirzy.Shysnvntyeusii,iseaaetgnnl,ieabnhtalvvrdagDe,tnH,tpuhenelmahtnder-wa,ddhgeMtuwWtdgsppheehhsC,pKmlnhpaai'ieaoisdanoriaytesnitesordtspewscochmt"stmSFlttctiohesfeeaaet.cotrbcimroetbyoaian1nsohpesMwplntn8pgWfnitiroawFoelse1okne,itooohyaoru2centliasnl,eilfmt.wdnSs,indg,hntnadtageleoHsecnhigaWeicnorenyolemrnooaolcmte..dievhegufonrxMoce'seioneusectntpsrrtfretBelHexey,yhglydsdCtulaete,h.ehlmomcesOtruCfooheiknSwronadmwpdaoeoetHilntenllikkmlxdmaiieyesdsysle,,,s-t aiwscntroaaeuFtseMnerbtexsoyrhde.reemniMnrdpiicinlc1ekaW8drsN3ybah0eut)iwmrr,tgtbheed,eemrarVuarbwyadgea.vhr,dssatiwensmortcarfesaiocdrtfarth,iaeHefSgado.erMmpCJoeue.ef.tnrhanaeonanindndd2eid4stlHyt,iav-ac1sesneh8donv6ulmei7drecn,ioeht(syr.oYteianeoMrafstgi.hhsaeesnr)MSOleiSrfnme.iemaiiynnnmod(Glsbe.MoeowrrnrsHag.riei.Man,wcFiHnWarsiaswhnbihwkroitlicreifhnner

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\^ C. OLIVER, * well) Oliver,
parents, Dionysius

farmer, Arp, Banks Co., Ga.. son of Jackson and Mary (Mvcwas born in Elbert county, Ga., in 1836. His paternal grand and Jane (Jackson) Oliver, were natives of Virginia, who

282

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

early in life settled in Elbert county. He was a captain in the patriot army

and served through the revolutionary war. His brother built the first house

in Petersburg. Elbert county, and his wife's family was related to that of "Stone

wall" Jackson. Mr. Oliver's father was born in Elbert county, was a farmer and

a Methodist preacher: and in 1840 moved to what is now Banks county and

settled on the farm where Mr. Oliver now lives. His maternal grandparents,

William and Jane E. (Higginbotham) Maxwell, moved to what was then Franklin,

now Banks, count}-, from Elbert county.

Mr. Oliver was raised on the farm and received a limited education in the

near-by country schools. In 1862 he enlisted in Company A, Capt. Chandler,

Twenty-fourth Georgia regiment, but he was soon taken sick and returned home.

After the war he taught school for some time, and then returned to farming,

in which operating

his his

success has met his most sanguine expectations. In addition to farm of 225 acres he operates a ginnery and threshing machine,

and runs a grist and coton seed mill. He is a progressive and excellent farmer

and business man, and is highly esteemed by his neighbors.

Mr. Oliver was married in 1868 to Miss Mary E. (born in Franklin, now

Banks, county in 1844), daughter of John and Elizabeth (Scott) Mackey. He

was a prosperous farmer of Franklin (now Banks) county. Of the children

born to them eight are living: Dewitt, Lovick, Lenora. Denver, Atticus, Nettie,

Leila, active

and John Jackson. He is a Master members of the Methodist church.

Mason,

and

himself

and

wife

arc

14 P. OUILLIAX. physician and surgeon, Arp, Banks Co., Ga., son of O.

" P. and Jane (Meadows) Quillian, was born in what is now White county,

Ga.. in 1850. His paternal great-grandfather was a native of Ireland, who mar

ried an English lady and settled in Virginia. His grandparents, James and Sarah

(Pricket) Quillian, were natives of Virginia, whence the}- migrated to Georgia

about 1804. and settled in Franklin county. He was a farmer, and a very promi

nent and widely known Methodist preacher. His maternal grandparents were

Barnabas and Jane (Garrison) Meadows. He was a native of Virginia, migrated

to a

Georgia and settled volunteer soldier in

in Franklin (now Banks) the Seminole war. Dr.

county. He was Quillian's father

a farmer, and was born in

Franklin county. While he was a boy his father moved to that part of the

count\- now embraced in White county, where he supplemented his farming by

engaging in general merchandising.

Dr. Quillian country schools

was and

raised on the the male high

farm and school at

received Elberton,

his education from the Ga. He taught schoor

for a few years. In 1876 he began the study of medicine under Dr. Matthews,

and then attended the university of Georgia, from which he was graduated in

1880. and at once entered upon the practice at Arp, and has remained there

ever since. Shortly after his graduation he took a post-graduate course in New

York. Beginning life with no means, and relying alone on his own resources

and exertions, he has attained to an enviable reputation in his profession, and

has demonstrated his skill and ability by his success, and by establishing a

large and remunerative practice.

Dr. Quillian was married in 1874 to Miss Man- E. (born in what is now

Banks county in 18561. daughter of D. was born in what is now Banks county,

C. and Amelia (Saunders) Oliver. raised a farmer, served in the civil

He war

under Capt. Chandler. Sixteenth Georgia regiment, and afterward went to

Athens. Ga., where he is now chief of police. Six children have blessed this

BANKS COUNTY SKETCHES.
union: Tallulah, Edgar, Hattie, Bascom, William, and Annette. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church.
JOHN E. STRANGE, farmer, Carnot, Banks Co., Ga., son of William and Polly (White) Strange, was born in Franklin (now Banks) county, Ga., in
January, 1832. His paternal grandparents, Seth and Mary (Dobbs) Strange,, were natives of Virginia, migrated to Georgia in 1800, and settled in Franklin county. He was of Scotch-Irish descent and a farmer. Mr. Strange's father was born in Virginia, and was about two years old when his parents moved to Georgia, and followed farming all his life. His maternal grandparents, Isaac and Rebecca (Hooper) White, were natives of South Carolina. He tendered his services to the government during the war of 1812, but peace was proclaimed before lie was mustered in.
Mr. Strange was raised on the farm, and was educated at the near-by country schools. In 1861 he enlisted in Company A, Capt. Chandler, Twenty-fourth Georgia regiment. With his command he participated in many of the important battles of the war--seven days' fight around Richmond. Gettysburg, Petersburg, etc.--in fact most of the battles fought by the army of northern Virginia. He was captured three days before the svirrender, and was sent to Point Lookout, where he was held six weeks. Returning from the war he resumed farming. He commenced with very little, but by working hard, "making every edge cut,'* and exercising care and attention, he has become the possessor of a good 6oo-acre farm, which is well improved, and in addition operates a cotton gin and grist mill. He is one of the county's best citizens, popular and held in very high esteem.
Mr. Strange was married in 1866 to Miss Judah E. (born in what is now Banks county in 1843), daughter of George W. and Nancy (Crow) Poole, native Georgians. He was a well-to-do farmer, and for many years a justice of the peace. They have six children living: Josie L., wife of Tyrie Duncan; W. H., Robert E., George G., Jessie J., and John W. He is a Master Mason, and himself and wife are prominent members of the Baptist church.
I N. TURK, clerk superior court, Homer, Banks Co., Ga., son of William H. and Isabella S. (Ash) Turk, was born in Franklin, now Banks, county,
Ga., Dec. 30, 1850. The founder of the Turk family in America was James Turk, who with his family, consisting of his wife, Mary, and three children, Jane, William and Ibby, came from the north of Ireland, province of Ulster, county of Antrim, to this country in 1757. William, then thirteen years of age, landed in Charleston, S. C., and settled in Abbeville district, Abbeville county, on Long Cane creek. He entered the service of his adopted country in the early part of the revolutionary war, and bravely continued throughout the struggle, a part of the time being on Gen. Pickens' staff as his express bearer or courier. After the close of the war he married Miss Margaret Archibald, daughter of John Archibald, who lived in. Roan county, now Iredell county, N. C. In 1792 he moved with his small family and his mother to Elbert county, Ga., and settled on Cold Water creek. He aftenvard moved with his family and a servant girl, Nellie, to Franklin county, Ga., and located on Webb's creek, where he died April 10, 1795. A son, William (grandfather of L. N. Turk), was born June 20, 1794, in Franklin, now Banks, county, Ga., in a fort called Morris on Webb's creek, where the family had taken refuge from the Indians. This place was within one and one-half miles of Homer, and near there he lived and died. His occupation was farming. He was a soldier, serving as colonel during the

284

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

Seminole war, and he served for many years as judge of the inferior court, and for six years was principal keeper of the Georgia penitentiary at Milledgeville, receiving his first appointment under Gov. Herschel V. Johnson. He died in 1877. Mr. Turk's father, William H., was born in Franklin county in November, 1818, and followed farming all his life. Early in the late civil war he enlisted in Company A, Twenty-fourth regiment, and served three years. He officiated a number of years as justice of the peace and died in 1885. Mr. Turk's great-grandparents on his mother's side were William and Jane ^Fleming) Ash. He was a native of South Carolina and served under Gen. Sumpter during the revolutionary war. His maternal grandparents were A. F. and Elizabeth (McCrackre) Ash. He was born in Union district, S. C., and came with his father when a boy to Franklin count}', Ga. He served in the Indian war as major. He represented his county (Franklin) in the Georgia legislature for quite a number of years and he was a man of great force of character. Mr. L. N. Turk grew to manhood on the farm and owing to the unsettled condition of the country- he received but little schooling. He :s essentially a self-educated man and as his father lost all his property during the war he began life with nothing. He served his county as surveyor for eight years and in 1858 he was elected clerk of the superior court and has been continually re-elected since. He made his first purchase of land in 1878, a small farm which he has profitably cultivated and to which he has gradually added until now he has 450 acres and a comfortable home. Mr. Turk was married in 1878 to Miss Isabella Telford, born in South Carolina Nov. 27, 1857, daughter of G. B. and Elizabeth (Wilson) Telford, native South Carolinians, who moved to Georgia in 1872. Mr. Wilson was a cousin of ex-Gov. Brown, and during the late war served in the home guard. Of the children which blessed this union, four are living: William, Joseph. Minnie, and George. The mother, an esteemed member of the Presby terian church, died Oct. 21, 1893, and Jan. 17, 1895, Mr. Turk married Miss Aiice Burns, born in Banks county, May 13, 1859, a"d daughter of John M. and Harriet (Long) Burns. Her father, son of David M. and Sarah (Hay) Burns, was born in Jackson county, Ga., where he still lives and served with the Con federate army during the late war. Her grandfather Burns erected the first flour mill built in Jackson count}', and was a general of militia when it was con sidered a great local distinction and much coveted. Mr. and Mrs. Turk are members of the Presbyterian church.

I OHX T. WHITE, farmer, Banks (postoffice, Maysville, Jackson) county, Ga., son of Robert and Sarah (Miller) White, was born in Clarke county, Ga., in
1847. His paternal grandparents, John and Lavinia (Gray) White, were born in what is now Clarke county. He was a school teacher and a quite large farmer, and was a soldier during the war of 1812. Mr. White's father was born in Clarke county, served in the Confederate army for a considerable time, doing faithful service. His mother was a daughter of Joram and Lavinia (Ross) Miller. He was a native of South Carolina, but moved to Georgia when a young man, where he married and raised a family. He was a farmer, and finally moved to Forsyth county, Ga., where he died.
Mr. White enlisted in Company D, Capt. Dorsey, Young's battalion, and par ticipated in many important arguments--in the defense of Atlanta, and generally in front of the Union army when "Marching Through Georgia." At the close of the war his only capital was industrious habits, energy and a determination to succeed. He has now a fine 3OO-acre farm under good cultivation, and operates a ginnery; is content with his gains and the good will of his friends and neighbors.

BARTOW COUNTY SKETCHES.

285

Mr. White was married, in 1866, to Miss Elizabeth--born in Jackson county, Ga., in 1846--daughter of William and Mary A. (Baugh) Savtlle, native Georgians, Of the children born to them, eight are living: Robert, Tresne, Sallie, Morgan, Louisiana, Minnie, Pauline and Paul. Mr. and Mrs. White are members of the Baptist church.

JAMES O. WOOD, farmer, Phidelta, Banks Co., Ga.. son of Josh and Stacy (Wheeler) Wood, was born in Jackson county, Ga., in 1833. His paternal
grandfather, John Wood, was a native South Carolinian, and a farmer, and a soldier in the last war with Great Britain. Mr. Wood's father was born in South Carolina, and was raised a farmer. He came to Georgia in 1826, and settled in Jackson county, but some years later moved to what is now Banks county. He was a member of the Baptist church. His maternal grandfather, James Wheeler, was
a native of Virginia, and a farmer. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and after the war migrated to Georgia and settled in Jackson county, which at that time was very sparsely peopled.
Mr. Wood was raised on the farm, received a very limited education', and when reaching maturity engaged in farming. In 1863 he enlisted in a company commanded by Capt. Whitehead, which was a part of Maj. S. J. Winn's cavalry
battalion. He was in a number of battles, and in that at Limestone was severely wounded and sent to the hospital, and after remaining there four weeks was sent
home. He started in life poor, but by hard work, economy and good management he has made money and secured a competency. He bought his first land during the war, and paid for it in Confederate money, and now has a good farm of 450 acres, with a good home on it. His farm is under splendid cultivation, and he is con
sidered one of the best farmers in the county. He has wisely invested a portion of his farm profits in the Harmony Grove mills, whereby he has consumers of his surplus farm product right at his door Himself and wife own twenty-six shares of stock in the Georgia railway, and he owns twelve shares in the North Eastern and four in the Gainesville Southern. Wise farmers will encourage the establish ment of manufactories near them.
Mr. Wood was married, in 1859, to Miss Louise--born in Franklin county in 1827--daughter of Joel and Elizabeth (Mays) Thomas. He was born in Elbert
county, Ga., but when about two years old his father moved to Franklin (now Banks) county. He was a farmer and was a soldier in the war of 1812. Of the children which blessed this union, four survive: James M.. W. E., physician,
Dalton, Ga.; Arthur W., and Belle. He is a Master Mason, and Mrs. Wood is a devout member of the Presbyterian church.

BARTOW COUNTY.
JAMES T. M'D. ADDINGTON, farmer, Adairsville, Bartow Co., Ga.. son of John and Rachel (Miller) Addington, was born in Union district, S. C,
March. 7,1836. His grandfather, Henry Addington, was a native of England, emi grated to this country before the revolutionary war, and settled in Virginia. He served as a soldier in the patriot army during the war, under Gen. Kelsey. After

286

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

the war he moved to North Carolina, and thence to Union district, South Carolina, where he remained until he died. The children he raised were: Henry, died in Indianapolis, Ind.; James, went to Missouri; William, died near Xew Orleans, La., residence, Indiana; Rachel, married a Mr. McElreath; John, in Georgia; Carrie, married James Brown, Pickens district, S. C, deceased, Mr. Addington's father
was born in South Carolina in 1791, but when eight years old went to live with his uncle, a Mr. Garrett, in Indiana--where he was raised. When he attained to man hood he returned to South Carolina.and settled in Union district, where he remained until the fall of 1836, when he migrated to Gilmer county, Ga., and engaged in fanning. In 1851 he moved to Cass (now Bartow) county, purchased and settled on 320 acres of land on Pine Log creek. He remained on this place until 1883. when he bought the Dr. Layton property, near Adairsville, containing 150acres, on which he lived until he died--in his Qist year. He was originally an ""old-line whig" in politics, and later in life a republican. .For many years he was a justice of the inferior court of Gilmer county, a man of fixed principles and purposes, and quite influential. He was a life-long, devoted member of the Baptist church. To him the following children were born: Margaret, widow of Jarrett Gordon: Susan, widow of Addington Huckelberry; Frances, widow of James Armstrong: James T. McD.. the subject of this sketch; Henry, in Texas: William C. D., killed at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va.; Rachel, wife of James Harbin, Texas. Mr. Addington was raised in Gilmer and Cass counties and was educated in private schools. Having finished his own education, he taught in the counties of Cass, Bartow and Cherokee. He made his first home in 1860, near and east of Adairsville, where he lived until 1885. when he bought and settled on eighty acres of land half a mile southeast of Adairsville. where he now lives. He has served eight years as a justice of the peace: has served, also, as chairman of the t>oard of education of Bartow county. He was a United States storekeeper and gauger for seven years. Mr. Addington was married, Dec. 20, 1860, to a Miss Margaret T. Houk, of Bartow (then Cass) county, who has borne him five children: Emma, wife of Wesley Cagle: Mary J.. wife of Benjamin Schooler; Cora, wife of Thomas Landers, Atlanta: Lena D.. and Lulu P. Mr. Addington has been a republican all his life, but in 1894 he united himself with the populist party, with which he is now aligned.

A MOS T. AKERMAX, deceased, ex-United States attorney-general, son of Benjamin and Olive (Meloon) Akerman, was born in Portsmouth, X. H., Feb.
23. 1821. The Akermans were of English origin, and his immediate progenitors and nearest relatives were natives of Portsmouth. His paternal grandfather was Joseph Akerman, and his grandfather on his mother's side was a soldier in the revolutionary army. Mr. Akerman's father was a surveyor by profession, and stood in high repute. Mr. Akerman's early life was spent in Portsmouth, where he attended the high school. He next attended Exeter academy, where he was prepared for college. He then entered Dartmouth college, from which, in due time, he was graduated. After his graduation, Mr. Akerman, in 1842, came to Xorth Carolina and commenced teaching and reading law. From there he went
to Peoria, 111., but did not remain there long. Returning to the south, he located at Bath. Richmond Co., Ga.. where he taught school. Subsequently he entered the family of Hon. J. McPherson Berrien, as a private tutor, under whom he
completed his law studies. Thus prepared, he went to Habersham county, Ga., where he was admitted to the bar: located at the county seat, Clarkesville, and commenced practice. Later he removed to Elberton, Elbert Co., Ga., and forming a partnership with Robert Hester, an eminent lawyer of that place,

BARTOW COUNTY SKETCHES.

287

remained there until 1871, when he located at Cartersville. His practice .was con fined to banking and railway suits, principally in the supreme court of Georgia and the United States courts in Atlanta and Savannah. In 1870 he was appointed United States district attorney for the northern district of Georgia, and later, the same year, was appointed attorney-general of the United States, and held that position until 1872. He served during the war in the quartermaster's department --with the rank of captain--on Gen. Toombs' staff, and filled the same position on Gov. Brown's staff at the siege of Atlanta. Politically, he was first an "old-line whig," but when the republican party was formed he joined that, became a promi nent and leading member of it in Georgia, and continued true to its principles until his death. He was an influential member of the constitutional convention of 1868, and revised the Bill of Rights and the portions of the constitution relating to the judiciary, and also the reconstruction acts. Mr. Akerman ranked with the foremost in the legal profession in Georgia, enjoyed a lucrative practice, and his opinions were much sought after, particularly in railway and United States court cases. In all the relations of private life he was held in the highest esteem--a life-long, exemplary member of the Presbyterian church.
Mr. Akerman married Miss Martha Rebecca, daughter of Rev. Samuel Galloway, a native of Bethlehem, Pa., but a resident of Georgia. Mr. Akerman died Dec. 21, 1880. His wife is still living, together with the following children: Benjamin, Elwood, Fla.; Walter, ex-postmaster, Cartersville; Alexander, lawyer, state of Washington; Joseph, tutor ancient languages, university of Georgia; Charles, Alfred and Clement.

TOHX S. BEAZLEY, physician and surgeon, Stilesboro, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Charles and Catharine (Stewart) Beazley, was born in Spottsylvania
county, Ya., Aug. 12, 1832. His grandfather, Charles Beazley, was born in Eng land, and emigrating to this country settled in Spottsylvania county, Ya. Dr. Beazley's father was born near Spottsylvania court-house, Aug. 12, 1790, and was raised a farmer. In 1854 he migrated to Georgia and settled near Cravvfordville, Taliaferro county, where he died Jan. 13, 1863. He was twice married. His first wife was Miss Catharine, daughter of John Stewart, near Spottsylvania court house, Va., and to them seven children were born: Frances, wife of W. A. Ovcrton, now deceased; John S., the subject of this sketch; Frederick A., died in 1875; Arthur G. of Crawfordville; Julia C, widow of Marcus Googer of Cravv fordville ; Isabella H., deceased, and Emma J., still living.
Dr. Beazley was educated by his grandfather Stewart, and then read medicine under Dr. Godfrey Hinkle, an eminent physician of the valley of Virginia, and afterward entered the university of Yirginia and attended lectures in the medical department of that school. After the family came to Georgia he attended lectures at the medical college of Georgia, Augusta, from which he graduated in 1856. Locating in Crawfordville he practiced his profession until the "war between the states" occurred, when he entered the Confederate service, but was discharged from two different military organizations for disability. He was then appointed by Taliaferro county on the county board of physicians, on which he was continued
during the war. In 1866 he located at Stilesboro; later moved to Floyd county, whence, in 1867, he returned and settled two miles west of Stilesboro. Here lie established a large and remunerative practice and remained until 1883, when he purchased his present home. In connection with his large practice he operates his 62O-acre plantation. He not only enjoys the reputation of being a skillful and successful physician, but also of being a successful farmer.
Dr. Beazley was married in 1858 to Miss Sarah, daughter of Richard Asbury,

288

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Warren county, Ga., a union blessed with three children: Reuben R., who mar ried Lydia, daughter of D. V. Stockley, by whom he has had two children: John S., who married Lucy, daughter of Stephen S. Soggus, and Edgar G. Dr. Beazley is a stanch democrat, royal arch Mason and a prominent and exem plary member of the Baptist church.

JOSHUA W. BOWDOIX, farmer, AdairsvSHe, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Joshua and Beersheba Bowdoin, was born in Monroe county, Ga., Nov. 2,
1832. Some years preceding the revolutionary war two brothers, James and John Bowdoin. emigrated from England to America. James settled in Massachusetts, where he acquired large wealth and founded the now celebrated seat of learning at Brunswick (then in Massachusetts, now in Maine), known as Bowdoin college. John Bowdoin, the other brother and the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch,-was a Presbyterian minister, and settled in Virginia. James, his son, was born in Virginia, and when only nine years old entered the patriot army and served under Gen. Washington and Grecne until peace was proclaimed and independence acknowledged. After the war he went to North Carolina, and subsequently emi grated to Hamburg, S. C. In 1806 he moved into Georgia, purchased considerable land in what is now Monroc county, on which he settled and lived the remainder of his days. He married Miss Ecjuilla Williams, and to them nine children--seven sons and two daughters--were born. Joshua, the father of the subject of this sketch, was the youngest child of James and Equilla Bowdoin, and was born in South Carolina in 1802, but was raised in what is now Monroe county. He was really a pioneer of Cass county, having settled on land now lying in Gordon county in 1833. He purchased 160 acres situated near Adairsville, now the home of his son. Joshua W. To this original purchase he afterward added until he owned 1.040 acres in one bod}-, and a number of smaller tracts. Of the main body he . cleared about 500 acres and was one of the largest and most prominent planters in the count}-. He was an active partisan and an unswerving democrat, and served many years as a justice of the inferior court. He was an ordained preacher of the Baptist church and preached in middle Georgia and east Tennessee. He was in strumental in establishing' many churches within the extensive boundaries of his work, among them Mt. Gilead. of which he was the faithful pastor forty years. He
was married in Hancock county to Miss Beersheba Fails, by whom he had eight children: Frances M., deceased: Emily F., deceased, wife of Elisha Crisman; John W.. physician, deceased: Elisha F., a member of the Sixty-fifth Georgia regiment, died of wounds received in the battle of Atlanta; Josephus D., deceased, was also a member of the Sixty-fifth Georgia regiment; Joshua W., the subject of
this sketch, and two daughters who died in infancy. The mother of these children died in 1852. and he afterward married Mrs. Martha Lane.
Joshua \V. Bowdoin. though born in Monroe count}', was raised in what is now Gordon county, on the homestead where he now lives. He was educated in the common schools of the county and learned the blacksmith's trade. In 1861 he enlisted in Company 1'.. First Georgia regiment, and soon afterward was detailed to manufacture firearms, and was located at Adairsville and Dawsonville. After the surrender he returned to the hemestead which he inherited and engaged in
farming. He owns about 300 acres of excellent land, and is a progressive, suc cessful and prominent farmer, respected and highly esteemed. Mr. Bowdoin married Miss Annie, daughter of John J. Dodds of Gordon county, who lias borne
him three children: Annie, deceased wife of Henry Johnson; Emma, and Mon tague. Mr. Bowdoin is an enthusiastic democrat and takes an active interest in the
success of his party.

BAJRTOW COUNTY SKETCHES.

289

BRANDON, deceased, progenitor of the now numerous and influential Bartow county family of that name, .was bom in Virginia; came to Georgia about the beginning of this century and settled on a plantation in what is now Gwinnett county, where he died. He raised the following named children: Lawson, moved to Cass (now Bartow) county; Nicey; Reed, died in Alabama; Thomas W.; Parthenia, married Penty Glower; William, died in Mississippi; Moses, died in Floyd county, Ga.; Jackson, died at Yorktown, Va., from exposure while in the army; Joseph P., died in Gwinnett county, Ga.; David (M. D.), died in Thomasville, Ga. Thomas W. Brandon, deceased, son of William, was born in 1803, raised in what is now Gwinnett county and received there what little school ing he enjoyed. In the winter of 1834-35 he moved to Cass (now Bartow) county and settled in the wilderness among the Indians. He bought 600 acres of land, on portions of which his sons, Jefferson R. and David P. now live, between Stilesboro and Euharlee. To this property he afterward added several hundred acres by purchase. He also bought an 8o-acre farm, which forms a part of the plantation on which his son William J. now lives. He was in reality one of the pioneer planters in this part of the state and a citizen of prominence, influence and useful ness. He was one of the early justices of the peace in the county and held the office for many years. In his early years he was an "old-line whig," but in the latter years of his life he was a democrat. He was a life-long, ardent and working Methodist, was one of the original members and organizers of the Brandon church which was established about 1836. He gave the land for the church and burial ground and helped to erect the first house of worship, which was built out of logs. This log-house has since been replaced by a nice and large frame build ing in Stilesboro. He was for many years the class leader of the church. He married Miss Louisa, daughter of William Green of Xorth Carolina, by whom he had ten children: Mary A., wife of W. J. Byers; Elizabeth, wife of J. S. Leak; William J.; Parthenia, wife of W. A. Templeton; Jefferson R.: David P.; Virginia: Florence, wife of W. E. Puckett; Avarilla, wife of H. H. Milam: Susan, wife of J. H. Walker. Mr. Brandon died in 1874 and himself and wife are buried on the old homestead. William J. Brandon, eldest son of Thomas W. and Louisa (Green) Brandon. was born in what is now Bartow county, at the old family homestead, Jan. 4, 1835: was raised on the farm and received a fair common-school education. In 1861 he enlisted in Company F., Eighteenth Georgia regiment, and as a member of that command participated an the battles of Games' Mills. Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Sharpsburg, Gettysburg and Knoxville. At the battle of Knoxville he was taken prisoner and sent to Rock Island, 111., where he was held until June, 1865. At the close of the war he returned to the homestead, where he remained until December, 1867, when he settled upon the plantation where he now lives, and began the improvements which have made it the desirable home it is. He was. one of the original members of Oak Grove Methodist church, which is the out growth of the old "Brandon church"--a name it is yet known by among the old settlers. He contributed liberally toward the erection of the new edifice and is one of the trustees. He worthily represents the enterprise and public spirit of the family whose name he perpetuates, the citizenship of Bartow county and the Methodism he professes. Mr. Brandon married Miss Martha, daughter of James Kirkham of Bartow county, who has borne him seven children: Annie, wife of Lee Jolly; Blanche, wife of C. A. Dodd; Walter D.; Jefferson A.; Maude S.; Frank and Eugene, deceased. Mr. Brandon is a democrat and an enterprising and
progressive citizen. Jefferson R. Brandon, son of Thomas W. and Louisa (Green) Brandon, was
M

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born on the family homestead in what is now Bartow county, May 9, 1839. In
1862 he enlisted in Company F, Eighteenth Georgia regiment, and was with his
regiment in even- engagement in which it bore a part. He was promoted to a
.first lieutenancy in 1863 and remained in the service until April 6, 1865, when he "was captured and sent to Johnson's island, and held until June 19, 1865. After
"the war he clerked in a store at Cuharlee and afterward in Nashville, Tenn. He Subsequently engaged in merchandising' with G. L. McDowell, Atlanta, and Asheville, N. C., until 1884, when he settled where he now resides. Mr. Brandon married Miss Kate, daughter of Samuel J. Sunmer, by whom he has had five chil
dren: Paul H., William D., Moses T., Claude S. and Hugh P. Mr. Brandon is a strong democrat and served as county commissioner in 1877-8-9.
David P. Brandon, son of Thomas W. and Louisa (Green) Brandon, was born
on the old homestead in what is now Bartow county, Oct. 13, 1842, and received a common-school education. In 1862 he enlisted in Company F, Eighteenth Georgia regiment, and with his command participated in the battles of Games'
Mills, Seven Pines, second Bull Run (second Manassas) and Sharpsburg. He was captured in a fight three days before Lee's surrender and sent to Baltimore,
where, after the surrender, he was paroled. He returned to the old homestead after the war, which has since been his home. He married Miss Betsy J. Hay,
a union which has been blessed with six children: Thomas W.; Mary A.; Joseph G.; John R.: Charles G., and David P. Mr. Brandon is a member of the Methodist
church.

\yiLLIAM BROWNE, stock-breeder, Cassville, Bartow county, Ga., son of
Isaac and Ruth (Nave) Browne, was born in Carter county, Tenn., Jan. 23.
1830. His grandfather, Jacob Browne, was of Scotch-Irish extraction--his
parents having emigrated from Ireland and settled in Northampton county, Pa., . where he was born. In the latter part of the last century he migrated to Tennessee, and settled in Washington county, where he was an extensive planter. He had
three children: Jacob, who died at Bowling Green, Ky.; Isaac, and Katie, who mar
ried Nathan Shipley, of Washington county, Tenn. Mr. Browne's father was born
on the old homestead in Tennessee, was educated in the common schools of the
county, and until 30 years of age followed the occupation of carpenter and cabinet
maker. After his marriage he settled, as a farmer, in Carter county, Tenn., where he now lives, in his eighty-fourth year. He has taken great interest in public affairs, filling many public offices of trust in'the county, and is also a very prominent member of the Baptist church. His family consists of five sons and one daughter, by his first marriage: Christian; William; Isaac, Jr.; Murray, lawyer in Cartersville from 1876 to 1884, now of Winchester, Ky.; Dr. Daniel, now practicing medicine,
and Margaret, wife of Joe A. Worley. By his second marriage, in 1855, Mr. Browne has two children, James C. and Mrs. Emma C. Renfroe.
Mr. Browne was raised on the farm and received a fair education at the country schools. In 1862 he enlisted in Company A, Fifty-Ninth Tennessee regi ment, with which he served until July 4, 1863, and participated in the battles at
Baker's creek and Vicksburg, Miss., where he was paroled and returned home. Subsequently he received his commission as captain in the quartermaster's depart
ment, Sixth North Carolina regiment, cavalry, and with this command was under
Gen. Johnson on the coast, in the engagements at Tarboro and New Berne and the capture of Fort Croatan. and others in North Carolina, until the close of the war, when he was discharged, in March, 1865. That year he went to Kansas City, Mo.,
and taught school and engaged in other occupations until the spring of 1866, when he crossed the plains--there were no railroads then--to Virginia city. There

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he engaged in trading in mining stocks and cattle for about three years, when he
returned east and settled at Mt Olivet, Ky., where he engaged in the drug business about seven years--until 1876--when he purchased and settled on a plantation in Bartow county, where he engaged in fanning and stock-raising until 1889. Early
in that year he sold out and went back to Kentucky, but in the fall returned to Bartow county, bought his present farm of 150 acres, and embarked in the business of breeding Jersey cattle, high-grade horses and other stock He is eminently progressive in all matters pertaining to every branch of agriculture, and takes great interest in them, and in regard to them is considered somewhat of an authority/
Capt Browne was married, in 1873, to Miss Maude, daughter of H. H.
Overby, of Nicholas county, Ky. Politically, he is a stanch, uncompromisingdemocrat He is an ardent, working and exemplary member of the Methodist church, of which he is a steward, and also superintendent of the Sunday school. He is a consistent Christian gentleman, a generous contributor to, and earnest worker in, all movements having for their object the intellectual and religious advancement of the community.

DURGE. Among the earliest settlers of Cass (now Bartow) county were the
Burges. Nathaniel Burge, deceased, son of Woody and Judy Burge, was
born in Virginia, Jan. 8,1790. Subsequently to his birth his father moved to North
Carolina and settled on Broad river, in Rutherford county. There he remained and farmed until he died--and there he raised his children, Alien, Nancy, David,
William, Priscilla, Elizabeth, Sarah, John, Judith, Nathaniel and Mary.
Nathaniel grew to manhood on the North Carolina plantation, and, Nov. 18, 1815, married Miss Nancy Green, daughter of Joseph Green. A few years later he
came to Gwinnett county, Ga., where he remained a year, alone, when he returned to North Carolina, and in 1824 moved, with his family, to Gwinnett count}- and
settled on Sweet Water creek. He remained there until 1837, when he removed to
Cass (now Bartow) county, and purchased 200 acres of land--on which his son,
J. R. M. Burge, now lives--which he afterward added to until his holding was 800 acres, situated in what is known as the "Horseshoe Bend" of Etowah river. Here
he lived out his days, and on this original purchase himself and wife are buried--in the "Burge burial ground." Mr. Burge was a consistent, devoted member of
the Baptist church, in which he was a deacon very many years. He gave the land on which Raccoon creek Baptist church was built and the burial ground located, and was one of the original members and organizers of the church. Practical, sagacious and public-spirited, he was prosperous. Politically he was an unswerv
ing democrat, and always took an active part in promoting the success of his party. His death occurred Dec. 15, 1849. To these pioneer settlers there were born eight
children: Joseph G., deceased; William T.; Adolphus G., deceased; Man' E., deceased, married Daniel Conyers; Elizabeth, deceased, married Russell H. Cannon; Jane A., wife of John Sproulls; Joseph P., first lieutenant, Company K,
Fourteenth Georgia regiment, died from exposure in the army in 1861; and
James R; M., of Bartow county. William T. Burge, son of Nathaniel and Nancy (Green) Burge, was born in
North Carolina, Jan. 20, 1820, and was raised mostly in Gwinnett and Cass (now
Bartow) counties, Ga., and was educated in the common schools of the time and locality. When twenty-one years old he engaged in the sawmill business, and in 1845 purchased tne farm now owned and operated by him. For some years he combined distilling with his farming. The year he became' of age he was the whig
candidate for sheriff of the county. During the late war he was appointed by the

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county to obtain food and supplies for the families of the soldiers, and in 1863 was quartermaster of the state troops. At this time, also--1862-65--he officiated as one of the justices of the inferior court At the close of the war he was the first man to take the oath of allegiance to the United States. In early life he was an old-time whig; afterward he united with the democratic party, and when the populist (or third) party was formed he took an active part in its organization, and was elected by that party to represent the county in the general assembly in 1891-92.
Mr. Burge was married, Feb. 3, 1845, to Miss Melissa, daughter of Samuel Smith, of what is now Bartow county, and to them ten children have been born: Xancy, wife of John Munford, Polk county, Ga.; Lexanna, wife of John T. Walker; Susan, wife of J. S. Davitt, Polk county; Dora, deceased, wife of A. S. McGregor; Ida, wife of Samuel S. E. Smith, Polk county; Willie, deceased; James W., Bartow county, and Fannie, Nathaniel and John, all deceased. Mr. Burge is an exemplary and influential member of the Methodist church, of which he was an
efficient steward for many years.

JAMES J. COXNOR, lawyer and planter, Cartersville, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Thomas B. and Sarah (Wall) Connor, was born in what is known as the
''Dead river settlement," Montgomery county, Ga., Xov. 26, 1847. His paternal grandfather, Wilson Connor, was born in South Carolina, and came to Georgia and settled in what is now Montgomery count}', in 1792. He was an extensive planter and prominent citizen. He was a devoted, influential member of the Baptist church, of which he was a pinoeer minister in that part of Georgia--a man of ability and great usefulness. He married Miss Mary Cook, a native of Pennsyl vania, and raised a family of four children: James G.; Harriett, who married a Mr.
Griffin; Lucy A., who married Joseph Ryals, and Thomas B. Mr. Connor's father, Thomas B., was born in Montgomery county, Oct 22,
1798, and died Jan. 6, 1886. He was a large and very prosperous planter, a
prominent citizen and politician, and an active and ardent member of the Baptist church. He was twice elected sheriff of Montgomery count}'. He married Miss
Sarah Wall, who was born Oct. 7, 1809, and died Sept. 4, 1885. To them seven children were born: Man- A., deceased, wife of Joseph Ryals; William W., deceased; Thomas B., member of Company E, Sixty-first Georgia regiment, killed in second battle of Bull Run (second Manassas); Wilson W., deceased; Sarah, wife of Thomas B. Calhoun, Montgomery county; Eliza L., wife of James W. McArthur. Montgomery county, and James J., the subject of this sketch.
Mr. Connor was reared on the family homestead and received as good a common school education as could be had during the troublous times of his boy hood and vonth. When twenty years of age he went to Dublin, Laurens Co., Ga., and commenced reading law under Col. Jonathan Rivers, and in 1871 was admitted to the bar, and entered at once upon the practice in Dublin. He was mayor of
Dublin two years, and solicitor-general of the circuit several years. In 1881 he located in Cartersville and formed a partnership with Judge J. M. Neal, which continued five years. He then settled on his splendid goo-acre plantation in the vicinitv of Cartersville, which he is conducting on the most improved and approved principles of modern husbandry, with labor-saving implements and machinery.
Mr. Connor was married, Xov. 9, 1879, to M'ss Lucy C, daughter of Dr. James G. Ryals, and to them six children have been born: Thomas B., student at Mercer university, Macon, Ga.; James R.; Mary E.; Robert E.; Lucy C., and
Anna B. Mr. Connor is a leading democrat, a member of the Stilesboro Agricultural
club, a Master Mason and a prominent and influential member of the Baptist

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293

church, of twenty years' standing. Pushing, progressive, popular, a bright future lies before him.

DELTON O. CRAWFORD, planter and stock-raiser, Cassville, Bartow Co., Ga., son of John and Martha (Clore) Crawford, was born in Laurens district,
S. C., Jan. 11, 1827, When a boy (in 1836) he came with his father and family to Cass (now Bartow) county, Ga. He was raised on the old homestead (now his home), was educated at the Cassville academy, and, two years, attended the school of Rev. J. H. George, an educator of very high repute at Condsena. He then read law under Judge A. R. Wright, Rome, Ga., and was admitted to the bar in 1851. He located at Calhoun, Gordon Co., Ga., and practiced his profession there until 1858. His health failing at this time he retired from the practice, and bought a farm adjoining his father's and when his father died he bought the old homestead where he now lives, devoting his attention to farming and stock-raising. In 1861 he was elected a justice of the inferior court, and held the office four years. In 1863 he was commissioned captain of Company E, Price's battalion, Georgia state troops. He is one of the most prominent and substantial citizens of his county and section, a wide awake, progressive planter, and a liberal supporter of educational and Christian movements. He was a trustee of the Cherokee Baptist college, and is now a trustee of Ryal's high school, Gordon county, Ga. The son of a pioneer citizen and Baptist, it is his pride and ambition to emulate his father's public and Christian work.
Mr. Crawford was married in 1852 to Miss Cordelia, daughter of S. J. and Frances Fullilove. She died in 1860, leaving two children: Sally, wife of J. C. McLier; and James, planter, Bartow county. He afterward married Miss Sarah Fullilove, a sister of his first wife, by whom also he has two children, a daughter, Johnnie, and a son, Michael. Mr. Crawford is one of the stanchest of democrats, and a hard worker for his party; and a member of the Baptist church, in which he
has been a deacon for twenty years.

REV. JOHN CRAWFORD, deceased, was a son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Roy) Crawford, and was born near Greenville, S. C., in 1793. His parents,
natives of Virginia, migrated to South Carolina soon after the revolutionary war, and settled on a plantation in Greenville district. Subsequently, when advanced
in years, Mr. Crawford's father lived in Laurens district. S. C. Mr. Crawford was one of a family of four sons and three daughters; was
raised on the plantation and received a fair education at the common country
schools. When twenty-eight years of age he was married to Miss Martha, daughter of Aaron and Susan Clore, of Laurens district, where he settled and lived until 1836. Between the date of his marriage and 1836 he was ordained a preacher
in the Baptist church. In 1836 he removed from South Carolina to Georgia with his family--himself, wife, six children and a number of slaves--and purchased and settled a plantation of 400 acres in Cass (now Bartow) county, where his son Belton now lives. He was a soldier under Gen. Jackson when that general was" fighting the Indians in 1814, and was present when Wetherford surrendered to Jackson. After taking up his residence in Georgia Mr. Crawford was actively
engaged in ministerial work in Cass, Cherokee, Floyd and Gordon counties, and was the founder of many of the Baptist churches within their borders, giving
liberally of his means for that purpose. He inaugurated the movement for establishing the Cherokee Baptist college at Cassville. Ga., and gave $4,000 toward building it, and was made president of the board of trustees. He was emphatically a progressionist in all matters affecting the welfare of the people,

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the friend of education, and an active, earnest advocate and worker in the vine yard of the Master. He was a strong advocate of the construction of the Western & Atlantic (state) railway. He was the owner of hundreds of acres of land, a large planter, and owned the first reaping machine brought to Georgia. Politically he was an ardent democrat. He lived to be eighty-two years of age, and his wife died in 1875 at the age of seventy-four years. To this worthy couple the foHowingchildren were born: Eliza, who married D. H. Hodges, both deceased; Harvey S., of Bartow county; John A., deceased, was a lawyer, a member of the general assembly before the war, was captain of Company K, Eighteenth Georgia regi ment, served from June, 1861, to December, 1864, and was wounded in the battles at Sharpsburg and Gettysburg; Belton O., Bartow county; Michael J., was a lawyer, first lieutenant Company E, Eighteenth Georgia regiment from 1861 until the battle of the Wilderness, where he was badly wounded. He was elected to the general assembly in 1868, but expelled because he had held public office before the war; Martha S., married to J. C. Farris, Bartow county.

MATTHEW M. CUXXIXGHAM, farmer, Adairsville, Bartow Co., Ga., son of James and Caroline (Watts) Cunningham, was born in Cass (now
Bartow) county, Aug. 10, 1845. His paternal grandfather, Matthew Cunningham, was a native of Laurens count}", S. C., and his paternal grandmother was a native of Ireland. In Laurens county they were married and there Mr. Cunningham's father was born Sept. 6, 1806, was raised on a farm, and learned the wagon-maker's trade. In 1839 he came to Georgia and settled in Cassville, the county-seat of what was then Cass county, and established himself in the wagonmaking business. In 1840 he entered into partnership with James Leak, and together conducted the business near Adairsville until 1846. At that time he bought a tract of 160 acres of land, to which he not long afterward added 140 acres more, and cleared and improved a farm which was his home until he died, in 1891, and where his son, the subject of this sketch, now lives. Originally he was an ''old-line whig" in politics, but in his later years was a democrat. In 1841 he connected himself with the Methodist church, was one of the organizers of the Oothcaloga church, and was its class leader until his death. He was broad-minded, liberal in his views, and yet more liberal with his means toward the building of a house of worship, and in support of the church. He married Miss Caroline, daughter of W. J. Watts, another pioneer, who owned part of the land on which Adairsville now stands. She died in 1878. Their children were: William C.. who was a member of the Twenty-second Georgia regiment, and died from exposure in the service; Matthew M., the subject of this sketch; Cornelius W.: James A.: Henry B. (deceased); Frances M. (deceased); Mary V., wife of M.
C. Fields: Martha A. W. (deceased); and Layton P., Florida. Mr. Cunningham grew to manhood on the farm, and was educated at the near-by country schools. In 1863 he joined the First regiment, state troops, and afterward enlisted in Capt. Cowan's company of mounted troops, with which he served until the surrender-- his sen-ice including what is known as the Atlanta campaign. After the war he returned to the homestead, where in addition to farming, he operated a cotton gin.
In 1889 he formed a partnership with W. T. Hall, and erected the buildings and put in the present machinery equipment. Mr. Cunningham married Miss Carrie, daughter of Edward Griffith, of Floyd Springs. Ga., a union which has been blessed with four children: Beulah E.. Ernest C., Alice E. and James E. He is a strong democrat, and a member of the Methodist church at Oothcaloga, of which he is a trustee, a steward and class leader--a useful, prominent and influential citizen.

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A RTHUR DAVIS (deceased), planter, Stilesboro, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Benjamin and Xelhe (Stokeley) Davis, was born in Cocke county, East Ten
nessee, in April, 1829. His grandfather was one of the early settlers of East Tennessee, and his father was born and raised a farmer in Cocke county, where he lived all his life. Mr. Davis was reared a farmer, and received only such education as was afforded by the neighboring country schools; and was one of a family of seven children--five boys and two girls. At the age of twenty-one he obtained employment with John E. Patton, contractor, who was engaged in railway con struction in Tennessee, Florida and South Carolina, with whom he remained thirteen years. During this period he was continuously promoted until from a salary of $12 per month he was paid $1,000 a year and all expenses of himself and family. Such was his business and executive ability, that he was placed in charge of Mr. Patton's entire force, and made his agent for purchasing slaves and mules, and all supplies for them, and for carrying on his work. In 1863 he was appointed and commissioned by Gov. Vance, of Xorth Carolina, as superintendent of the salt works operated by that state in Virginia. He continued in this position until the spring of 1865, when he rented land and farmed in Virginia until January, 1866. He then came to Bartow county and rented the Conyers farm on the Etowah river, which he cultivated three years. He then rented the Young farm on the same river, on which he lived the ensuing three years. In the fall of 1871, Mr. Davis bought the John S. Rowland farm, containing 500 acres, to which he afterward added by purchase until he owned 1,000 acres of as good land as any in Bartow county, all in one body, and many other tracts of undeveloped land He was a man of very practical trend of mind and methods, firm and determined in purpose, and possessed of unusual administrative ability; liberal in his views, and generous in his impulses. He was regarded as one of the most progressive, and certainly was one of the most prosperous of the farmers in the Stilesboro neighborhood. Mr. Davis was married Nov. 25, 1859, to Miss Martha A. F., daughter of Thomas Fowler, of Union district, S. C., by whom he has had three children: Ella, wife of Thomas Shockley, Marietta, Ga.; Susan A., wife of A. H. Small, Macon, Ga.; Anna E., wife of L. W. Reeves--a native of Tennessee--Bartow county, Ga.. Mr. Davis was a democrat, and an active and influential member of the Baptist church, of which he was a deacon. He died Sept. 10, 1889. Mrs. Davis is yet
living, and resides on the plantation.

p ETER HAMMONDS, farmer, Stilesboro, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Islam and Rebecca (Cheek) Hammonds, was born in Lanrens district, S. C., Oct.
3; 1821. His grandfather, Peter Hammonds, w?s a native of County Clare, Ire land, who, when he came to the United States settled in Laurens district, where he lived until he died in 1821. Mr. Hammonds' father was born on the South Carolina homestead, where he was raised a farmer and spent most of his life, but died in Spartansburg, S. C. He was twice married. His first wife was Miss Rebecca Cheek, who bore him four children: Cassandra, who married Andrew Massey; Bethany, who married John Lindsey; Luanda, who married --------
Murphy, and Peter, the subject of this sketch. His second wife was Miss Millie Barker, by whom he had five children: William, Xancy, Rebecca, Catharine and Amelia. Mr. Hammonds was raised a farmer, and was deprived of educational advantages as he was growing to manhood. In 1844 he came to Cass (now Bartow) county, and by a land grant took up forty acres of land, the lot Xo. 905, one-half mile northeast of Stilesboro depot. To this he added 300 acres by the purchase of other 4O-acre lots, making his tract 340 acres, and extending from the depot to his home place at the mouth of Raccoon creek. All is under improved cultivation,

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by himself and children to whom, as they married, he gave a portion of his land. During the war he served as a member of the Home guard. Since the surrender he has given his attention exclusively to his farm, and as a farmer and citizen ranks among the foremost, and as high as any citizen in Bartow county. Mr. Hammonds married Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Emsley Hilton, Laurens district, S. C. To this union nine children were born: Robert, deceased; JMary; William, Taylorsville, Ga.; Toliver, farmer, Stilesboro; John, merchant, Stilesboro; Henry,
deceased; James, farmer; Rebecca, wife of Joseph Forrester, Stilesboro, and Peter, merchant, Stilesboro. He is an ardent democrat and has always been an
active party man, and is a working and exemplary member of the Methodist church.

WILLIAM J. HILBURN, merchant, Adairsville, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Robert and Eliza (Bailey) Hilburn, was born at Old Castle, Cass (now
Bartow) county. Apri! 5, 1843. His grandparents were natives of Virginia, and arly in the present century migrated to Georgia and settled in what is now De Kalb county. There Mr. Hilburn's father was born, and after receiving such edu cation as the common country schools afforded learned the trade of a tailor. Subsequently he studied dentistry and settled at Old Castle and later at Adairsville, where he followed his profession until he died. His wife died in 1883. Mr. Hilburn was given a common-school education and then learned the carpenter's trade. In 1861 he enlisted in Co. K, Seventh Georgia regiment, which at once proceeded to join the forces in Virginia. With his command he was engaged in many important battles, among them Bull Run (first Manassas), Garnett's farm, seven days' fight around Richmond, Fredericksburg, second Bull Run (second Manassas), Antietam, Gettysburg, Wilderness, Spottsylvania court-house, North Anna, Petersburg, Weldon R. R.; went through the East Tennessee campaign and surrendered under Gen. Lee at Appomattox. During all this four-years arduous and faithful service he received but three slight wounds--one in his right foot at Gettysburg. In 1866 he began clerking for A. P. Johnson, Adairsville, and continued with him until 1868. He then moved to Cobb county, Ga., where he worked at his trade and farmed until 1871, when he returned to Adairsville and engaged in merchandising. At the end of a year he discontinued his business and went to Atlanta. After pursuing a mercantile life here awhile he returned to Adairsville and established himself permanently in a grocery and general merchan dise store. In this last enterprise he has been very successful. In 1892 he built the "New Midway house" and brick block, and is profitably conducting the new and popular hostelry in connection with his store. He is at present the mayor of Adairsville. Pushing in character and being an "up-to-date" man in business and politics, he will grow in popularity and influence.
Mr. Hilburn has been twice married. In 1867 he was married to Miss Nancy C. Gholston, who died in 1876, leaving a daughter, Willie O., wife of T. M.
Manning, Floyd county, Ga. He was again married Oct. 28, 1880, to Miss Annie Hunt, who has borne him four children: Pearl R.; Ralph, deceased; Rembert P., and Jennie B.
Mr. Hilburn is an ardent, active democrt, a member of the I. O. O. F., a Master Mason and a prominent and influential member of the Methodist church.

DEV. CHARLES WALLACE HOWARD, only son of Charles and Jane (Wallace) Howard, was born in Savannah, Ga., Oct. n, 1811. His father was
a prosperous merchant of Savannah and his mother a member of an old and dis tinguished family of that city. Mr. Howard attended the best schools of his day
and at the age of sixteen entered the university of Georgia. Graduating from this

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university he went through the course at the theological seminary at the university of Princeton, N. J. At twenty-one he was ordained in the Presbyterian church at Athens, Ga., and accepted a pastorate at Milledgeville, Ga. Here his powerful eloquence was interested in behalf of the Oglethorpe university, and through it large sums of money were raised for its building. When completed he filled the chair of belles-lettres.
April 25, 1835, he married Miss Susan Jett Thomas, the second daughter of Georgia's gallant soldier, Gen. Jett Thomas. In 1838 he was sent to England to collect the colonial documents of the state of Georgia, which arduous service he performed with conscientious fidelity and -thoroughness and to the satisfaction of the legislature of Georgia. At this time, differing with the presbytery on questions vital to the interests of the south, he left that body, resigned his pastorate and went to his farm in Bartow county (then Cass). From his farm he was soon called to Charleston, S. C, by the Huguenots, and with them he rebuilt the Huguenot (French Protestant) church and gathered together its people, who for a hundred years had been scattered among other congregations, translating their liturgy from the French and revising it. In 1849 ms health failing him, his attached congrega
tion sent him to Europe for a year, and on his return, still feeble, for two years they refused to accept his resignation. Finally they were compelled to allow him to return to his farm, where he devoted himself to agriculture, literature and scientific
research. One of the results of his research was the discover}- of the Howard hydraulic cement in Bartow county, the only cement of its color now known to the
world. He wrote and published his Manual of Grass and Forage Plants for the south, which is quoted as a standard work. He contributed innumerable agricul tural and scientific articles to magazines and other periodicals of unusual merit, and which were widely and profitably read. He was a life-long and active member of the Georgia State Agricultural association, and while not neglecting other branches, paid particular attention to the grasses and sheep husbandry. It is probable that after the organization of the association (of which he was one of the founders) he never missed attending an annual meeting. His very extensive general information, ripe scholarship and rare scientific attainments were recog nized by all, and respected accordingly. And his modesty was such, that mention of them in his presence was absolutely oppressive to him. Although opposed to secession, as an unwise means to settle our grievances, notwithstanding his feeble health, he took an active part in the Confederate struggle, serving as captain of company I of the Sixty-third Georgia regiment. He was severely wounded in the battle of July 22, 1864, between Decatur and Atlanta. His gallantry in the field was only equaled by the favor with which he successfully appealed to the public for funds for the wayside homes for the soldiers. After the war, confident that the south, with her manhood and honor unsubdued by the trying ordeal
through which she had passed, he returned to his farm, devoting himself to it and the welfare of his state in her new circumstances. He was frequently employed by capitalists to make investigations on certain lines as to Georgia's resources. In 1869, under the auspices of the Western & Atlantic railway, he prospected that portion of Georgia, between Chattanooga, Tenn., and Rome, Ga., including Look out and Pigeon mountains, and made an exhaustive report of its amazing mineral wealth, particularly in the variety, abundance and superior quality of its coal and iron ore. In 1872 he bought his farm, Ellerslee, on the east brow of Lookout mountain, where he loved to rest and commune with nature. And here he died, Dec. 25, 1876, in the sixty-sixth year of his life. At his death Gen. Joseph E. Johnston said: "His loss is a great one to Georgia. For his capacity, patriotism and virtue made him more truly useful since the war than any other Georgian."

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA,

I E\"I D. JOLLEY, farmer, Ford, Bartow count}*, Ga., son of Joseph and Zilla (Dickerson) Jolley, was born in Anderson district, S. C., July 5, 1827. His
great grandfather, Marcus Jolley, was a native of Ireland, where he grew to man hood and married. He came to America, with his family, before the revolutionary \var, settled in Virginia and was in the patriot army during that conflict He was a planter, and reared four children--one son and three daughters. The daughters mar ried and lived and died in Virginia.. Henry L., the son, and the grandfather of the subject of tins sketch, was born in Ireland, came with his parents to this country, and was reared in Virginia. \Vhen he grew to manhood he migrated to South Carolina and settled in Anderson district, and lived and died there. During one period of his life he officiated as a magistrate. He reared five children: Joseph, Henry, who lived and died in South Carolina; Millie, who married Jesse Hardin; Sarah, who also lived and died in South Carolina, and Elizabeth, who married ~z. Mr. Crenshaw, of Troup county, Ga. Mr. Jolley's father Joseph, was bom in South Carolina, in 1785, where he was raised on his father's farm, and married Miss Zilla, daughter of Robert Dickerson, who came from England to Virginia. In 1837 he moved to Georgia and settled in Cass (now Bartow) county, purchasing 160 acres of land, the same on which Peter Hammonds now lives. This property he improved, reared his family (in part) on it, and lived and died there. He was a strong and ardent democrat and a devout and liberal member of the Baptist church. He was an original member and one of the organizers of the Raccoon creek Baptist church of which he was a deacon from the time of its organization until he died. He reared ten children: Annie, deceased, wife of Elias Felton; Elizabeth, deceased, with of Joseph Kennedy, Bartow county; William, deceased; Henry, died from exposure while in the army, in Virginia; Rachel,
married Archie McDaniel, he dying, she married Elbert Shaw, of Troup county, Ga.; Levi, the subject of this sketch; James, Bartow county; Sarah, widow of Thomas Booker; Maria, deceased, wife of Elbert Shaw; Mary, the youngest, widow of Edmund Harling. The father died in November, 1861, and his wife in 1873. Mr. Jolley, the subject of this sketch, was reared a fanner, was educated in the common schools of the county, begun life for himself with no capital except "vim" and untiring energy. In 1870 he settled on the farm where he now lives, which contains 300 acres; and in addition to cultivating his farm, he has for twenty-four years operated a cotton gin, and later has added a corn and saw mill. Mr. Jolley was married in 1851 to Miss Hannah, daughter of Thomas Carpenter, a South Carolinian, who settled upon the land now owned by Dr. Beazley. Nine children blessed this union, of whom eight reached maturity: Robert F., Bartow county; Joseph T., Bartow county; Elizabeth K., widow of Dr. I. X. Van Meter; James C., William A., Bartow county; Lee W., Taylorsville, Ga.; John H., teacher, and Hilliard J. Mr. Jolley is a democrat and an exemplary and influential member of the Methodist church. He was one of the original members of Oak Grove church, contributed 8400 toward the building of the "meeting house," and has been one of the stewards since the church was organized. Mr. Jolley had the misfortune to lose his wife by death, Dec. 18, 1887, and is now living a life of usefulness, calmly awaiting the summons to an unending reunion. He prides himself on inheriting from his ancestry a God-fearing spirit. None of them avoided the payment of a just debt, and that the name is the synonym of strict honesty.

D OBERT H. JOXES, carriage manufacturer, Cartersville, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Samuel and Ann E. (Edwards) Jones, was born in Elbert county, Ga.,
Sept. 21,1828. His parents were natives of North Carolina, but the family moved soon after his birth to Alabama, where he was reared. There, until after his

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marriage, he was engaged with his father in a tannery and a general merchandise store. In 1851 he embarked in the carriage business at Oak Bower, Hart Co.,
Ga., where he remained until 1853, when he moved and located at Cartersville and established an extensive carriage manufacturing business, which he continued until 1861. That year, in response to the call for volunteers, he raised the "Fire side Defenders," which afterward became a company of the Twenty-second Geor
gia regiment, of which he was elected colonel, and with which he remained until 1863. His command was engaged in the battle of Seven Pines, where he received a painful musket-shot wound in the hip, but did not leave the field. He was in the
seven days' fight around Richmond, and in the battle of Malvern Hill, where he was shattered and badly burned by the bursting of a shell in his face. As soon as he recovered he resumed the command of his regiment At Sharpsburg, while leading his brigade, he was evidently made a target of by the Federal
sharpshooters, having been shot through the hat, the ball grazing the top of his head; then, immediately afterward, he was hit in the stomach, the ball penetrating through his belt; and in a few seconds he was shot through the right lung, the
ball going completely through him. From this wound he never recovered, and was compelled to resign in 1863. After remaining several days without having his wounds dressed, he was carried by the men of his regiment to Winchester, where he received the needed medical treatment, and as soon as he could travel
came home. In 1866 he returned to Cartersville and reorganized his carriagebuilding business, which he has since conducted with his usual energy and fore sight, and with phenomenal success. It. is now conducted under the firm name of R. H. Jones & Son. Politically he is a democrat, but has never sought or
filled a public office.
Col. Jones was married in 1851 to Miss Cynthia E., daughter of W. G. Cotton, then a resident of Troup county, Ga. Six children have blessed this union: Emma C., wife of W. B. Soddle, Hart county, Ga.; Lulu B., wife of C. R. Bilbro; L. Glenn, Alabama; John W., Cartersville; Fannie B., wife of A. S. Quinlon, At lanta, and Howard E. F., Cartersville, Ga. Col. Jones is a member of Bartow Count}- Veterans' association, of which he is chaplain, a Knight of Honor, a member of the I. O. O. F., and a Master Mason. He is a member of long
standing of the Methodist church, has been a lay delegate to its conferences, and since 1859 has been a local preacher. Xo citizen in the county stands
higher than he in any respect.

JOHN J. JOHNSON, farmer, Adairsville, Bartow Co., Ga., son of William C. and Cassandra (Lindsey) Johnson, was born in South Carolina Oct. 14, 1826.
His paternal grandfather was Randolph Johnson, who was a native of England, and emigrated to the United States and settled in Virginia, whence he migrated to South Carolina and settled in Laurens district. He afterward moved to Duck river, Maun' Co., Tenn., where he died. Mr. Johnson's father was reared in
South Carolina, and in 1845 migrated to Georgia and settled at Poplar Springs, near Adairsville, in Cass (now Bartow) county, where he lived until 1863, when he retired and made his home with the subject of this sketch until he died in 1866. Thirteen children were born to him, of whom six grew to maturity: Hosea, Gordon county; Perry, Bartow county: Wiley, Arkansas: Arena Murphy; Melinda Bray and John J., the subject of this sketch. Mr. Johnson was reared in
South Carolina, where he lived until he was nineteen years of age, when he came with his father to Georgia, and they jointly bought the Poplar Springs prop erty. In 1854 he bought and settled on the land he now lives on--a tract of 362 acres. This he cleared and has improved, and it has been his home since. In

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
1862 he enlisted in Company I, First Regiment, Georgia State troops, and was with them in every engagement they participated in until the close of the war. Since then he has given his attention exclusively to his farming interests, satis fied with being regarded as one of the best farmers and among the most sub stantial of the county's citizens. Mr. Johnson married Miss Mary E., daughter of William T. Barton, Bartow county, by whom he has had twelve children: Martha J., wife of V. Alexander; Henry Wiley, Atlanta; Luella; Estella, wife of John Hunt; Inez; Birdie; Lowell; Robert E., deceased; Homer, deceased, and three who died in infancy.
r^ M. JONES, planter, manufacturer and mineral developer, Emerson, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Wyhe and Nancy (Lively) Jones, was born in what is now De
Kalb county, Ga., July 29, 1829. His grandfather, William Jones, was a native of Wales, England, who, when he emigrated to America, settled in Man-land, where he died. Mr. Jones* father left Maryland when a young man, came to Georgia and settled in Morgan county, where he married. Later he moved to what is now De Kalb county, where he engaged in farming and stock-raising, and died in 1830. His children were: Frances, wife of Jacob House, Cobb county, Ga.; William L., died in 1854 in Alabama; C. M., the subject of this sketch.
Mr. Jones was reared on the plantation, receiving a common country-school education; his father having died when he was quite young, he was deprived of some advantages in this respect he might otherwise have enjoyed. Attaining to man's estate he engaged in fanning as a life occupation. In 1861 he enlisted in company F, Thirty-sixth Georgia regiment, of which he was commissioned first lieutenant He served with this command until the battle of Perryville, Ky., where he was seriously injured, forcing a temporary retirement from the service. Six months afterward Mr. Jones raised the Second regiment, Georgia reserves, of which he was commissioned colonel, and at the time of the surrender was in command of the brigade. While in the service he participated in the following engagements: Fazewell, Cumberland Gap, Tenn., Richmond, Lexington, Covington, Ky., George town, Frankfort, Versailles, Perryville, Ky., near Charleston, S. C. At the close of the war he resumed his farming operations on the old homestead, where he remained until 1873. Perceiving the necessity of having land on which improved farming implements and machinery would be used to meet the changed conditions on the plantations resulting from the war, he prospected extensively through the south and west, and finally purchased 800 acres of his present property from Dr. H. J. Bates, paying $21,500 for it. By subsequent purchases he has increased his holding to 2,800 acres, i,oop acres of which are bottom lands extending along the Pumpkinvine creek three miles, than which there is no finer farming land in the state. The property is rich also in deposits of brown hematite, gray and other kinds of iron ore, manganese, black lead, lime, yellow ocher, flexible sandstone, red oxide iron, umber and gold--all of which have been mined and shipped. For many years he has had a woolen and grist mill, doing a large and profitable business, and putting in a saw-mill, engaged also in the manufacture of lumber. In 1874 he commenced mining and shipping ore, and, later, organized the BrowtiJones mining company, with which he is connected, which is opening and develop ing valuable iron deposits. He laid, at Emerson, the first malleable iron plant in the state, which is known as the Emerson Malleable Iron company, of which he is president A limestone quarry on the property, which had been partially worked before his purchase of it, he opened more extensively and has since operated. A deposit of black lead is the most extensive, and is regarded by Col. Jones as the most valuable on his property, to develop which he organized the Georgia Graphite

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SAM P. JOXES.

BARTOW COUNTY SKETCHES.

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company, and erected a large mill for preparing the product for market This plant is now operated by J. F. Allerson & Co., under lease and royalty. The kaolin clay deposits are operated by Anderson & Armstrong, of Marietta, Ga. At Emerson are the extensive ocher mills of J. C. Orme, established through Col. Jones' efforts, and in which he is interested. The town of Emerson was founded by, and is really a creation of Col. Jones--was named in compliment of ex-Gov. Joseph Emerson Brown, and is situated on the Western & Atlantic (state) railway, forty-three miles from Atlanta. From this place Col. Jones has built a broad-gauge railway to the various mines, quarries and mills scattered over his valuable prop erty. He is a far-seeing and true and wise developer, and is demonstrating on a limited scale, yet in none the less convincing manner, the vast possibilities of the development of Georgia's varied and exhaustless natural resources; and if one man, unaided, can accomplish what he has, what might be reasonably expected of organ ized companies, with millions of capital!
In his farming operations Col. Jones, as elsewhere, leads the van. He uses the latest improved labor-saving implements and machinery, and the most advanced methods. As an evidence of it it may be stated that he owned and operated the first self-binder brought to Georgia. While not neglecting any of the staple southern products adapted to his locality--cotton, corn, oats, wheat, etc., he, to a limited extent, pays some attention to fruits, having now about nine acres of the very choicest fruit in great variety. Were he a younger man these acres might be expected to multiply to hundreds at no remote date. In early manhood he was sheriff of De Kalb county four years, and in 1882 was elected to represent Bartow county in the general assembly. Subsequently he identified himself with the populist party, and in 1892 was a delegate to the national convention, held in Omaha, Neb. In the recent state election he was the candidate of the party for state treasurer.
Col. Jones was married in 1850 to Miss Sarah, daughter of Thomas Carroll, of Gwinnett county, Ga., a union which has been blessed with ten children: Louise J., wife of R. C. Tillie, Atlanta; Mary E., wife of J. E. Morris, Bartow county; William L., fanner, Floyd county; Charles W-, farmer, Bartow county; Thomas H., farmer, Cherokee county, Ga.; John P., broker, Augusta, Ga.; Sarah F., wife of J. E. McElroy, Norcross, Ga.; Milton H. V., attorney, Atlanta, Ga.; James M. Jones, farmer; Robert E. Lee, Bartow county, deceased, and Lena. Entertaining a profound sense of the necessity and value of education, he liberally educated his children, and lends his great influence to all educational movements. Col. Jones is a member of the Bartow County Veterans' association, and has been a Master Mason forty-three years. He is an exemplary and influential member of the Methodist church, has been honored as a delegate to .its general conference, and
takes great interest in its affairs. He ranks with the foremost in all the walks of life, and his energy, enterprise and public spirit are worthy of emulation.

DEV. SAMUEL P. JONES, Cartersville, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Capt. John J. and Mrs. Queeny (Porter) Jones, was born in Chambers county, Ala., Oct. 16,
1847. His paternal grandfather, Rev. Samuel G. Jones, was a Methodist preacher, who married a daughter of Rev. Robert L. Edwards, one of the pioneer Methodist preachers of Georgia. Four of the brothers of Mr. Jones' father are ministers of the Gospel; and for several generations the family on both sides have been
prominent church members and preachers of the Word. When only nine years old Mr. Jones had the misfortune to lose his mother.
Four years afterward his father married Miss Jennie Skinner, of Cartersville, to which place he moved his family in 1859. In 1861, his father entered the Con-

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

federate army, and by reason of his absence and the disordered state of society, he drifted into the company of the immoral and dissipated. Surrounded by and associating with this class, he found himself at the age of twenty-one, physically
and morally wrecked and ruined. Until his mother died he had been a scholar under Prof. W. F. Slaton, now the superintendent of the public schools of Atlanta. Here the groundwork of an education had been faithfully laid. During his father's absence he had neglected his studies; but soon after his return he entered the school of Hon. \V. H. Felton, and, later, attended the high school at Euharlee, of which Prof. Ronald Johnson was principal. Here his health broke down and prevented his taking the collegiate course his father intended for him. It was at this period he mistakenly sought relief in drinking; he also at this time com menced reading law, and, after due preparation was admitted to the bar. He, however, continued his life of dissipation until August, 1872, when, on his death bed, his father extorted from him a solemn promise to reform and meet him in heax-en. He kept his promise, and soon after his conversion, commenced to preach the Gospel. The first sermon he preached was the week after his conversion, at the old New Hope church two miles from Cartersville. He went there with his grandfather Jones, who was the pastor on the Bartow circuit; and the Rev. Sandford. who was to have preached, failing to keep his appointment, his grand
father prevailed upon him to preach in his place. He now began to preach, and under the direction of Rev. George R. Kramer, began to prepare himself for the ministry. Three months afterward he applied for admission and was accepted and received into the North Georgia annual conference, and entered upon the arduous self-sacrificing work of the itinerant Methodist preacher. His first appointment was on the Van Wert circuit, where he preached acceptably three years. His next ap pointment was on the DeSoto circuit, Floyd county, Ga., with seven churches, where he was unusually successful. From here he was sent to Newborn circuit,
Newton county, Ga., where he remained two years, and where he was blessed with greater success than ever before. His next appointment was on the Monticello cir cuit. Jasper county. Ga., where he also served two years. During these and the three
preceding years he had been instrumental, under God, in converting 2,000 people and adding them to the membership of his churches, besides doing a great deal of revival work in other circuits. In the first eight years of his ministry he was instru mental in converting not less than 5,000 people, and preached not less than 400 sernicns a year. His first revival work that gave him any notoriety was in 1879-
80. In January, 1881, he was appointed agent for the orphans' home of the North
Georgia conference, at Decatur, De Kalb Co., Ga., and doing revival work in Atlanta, Griffin, Macon, Columbus and Savannah. This work engaged him during 1881-82. His first revival work in Atlanta was at the First Methodist church, when Gen. Evans was pastor; this was followed by work at St. Luke's, Columbus; St John's, Augusta; Trinity and Monumental. Savannah; Mulberry Street, Macon, and at all the leading 'Methodist churches in Georgia. The first revival services which gave him newspaper notoriety were in Memphis, Tenn., in January, 1883. Since that time he has worked in more than twenty states, includ ing the cities of Brooklyn, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Chicago, Baltimore, Washington, D. C.; Indianapolis; St. Joseph, Mo.; Waco, Tex.; Mobile, Ala.: Nashville and KnoxviUe, Tenn., and in Toronto and other cities in Canada. In no place where he has preached have the buildings or tents been large enough to hold the people. He has preached to congregations numbering 10,000 people, and at Plattsburg, Mo., he had an audience of 20,000 people. At his revival in Chicago, the "InterOcean" and "Tribune;" the "Commercial-Gazette," and "Inquirer," Cincinnati, and the "Globe-Democrat," St. Louis--having an aggregate circulation of 300,000--

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303

printed his daily sermons. Through the columns of those widely-circulated journab he enjoyed the great privilege of preaching to a million and a half persons
every day. His first preaching, he says, was called "earnest exhortation"--which,
he claims, cannot be feigned--and he contends that that which did so much for him, will do as much for others. He has always had an inborn hatred for shams, and especially for religious shams; says that he would prefer to be an Ingersoll,
and a disbeliever in the Book, than to be a Methodist, professedly believing everything, and yet being just like Ingersoll. In the fourth year of his ministry
he began <o preach to his people just as he thought, convinced that the preacher who fits the most consciences will get the most hearers--just as the shoemaker who
makes the best fit will get the most customers. In preaching at the consciences he says there are three essential requisites--clearness, concentration and directness--
and thai when the conscience is aroused the alternative is left, of a better life or complete abandonment When he first began to preach he was brought face to
face with the fact, that to succeed as a preacher one must either be a great thinker or a great worker--and after prayerful consideration he chose the latter. During
the first eight years of his ministry he preached not less than 400 sermons
a year, week after week, preaching oftentimes four sermons a day. He has never
attempted to prove that there was a God--that Christ was divine--or that there was a heaven or hell. He made these things not an objective point--but a starting
point; his idea being that Christ meant what he said in the command--Preach the Gcspel, not defend it; preach the Word, not try to prove that the Word is true. He is a believer in progressive theology, in aggressive effort, in agitation, in
conflict, in conquest, and in the crowns which must follow this line of work. To the newspapers he concedes he owes much of his success, they having been very
kind to him in their reportorial columns. The main object of all his preaching has
been to make men fully realize that sin is hideous, and righteousness attractive;
to drive men from the former, and to attract them to the heights and beauties of
the latter. Mr. Jones was married in November, 1869, to Miss Laura, daughter of John
H. McElrain, Henry county, Ky., and of the seven children which have blessed this union six survive: Mary M., Annie C, S. Paul, Robert W., Laura Henry, and
Julia Baxter.

QHARLES LOWRY, a native of the north of Ireland, and his wife emigrated to America and settled on James river, in Virginia, before the revolutionary
war, in which he served as a soldier. From his son Charles have descended the Lowrys of Bartow county, Ga.
Charles Lowry, second, was born in Virginia, and served as a soldier in the patriot army during the latter part of the revolutionary war. He married a Miss Reese of that state and afterward migrated to South Carolina, where he remained until about 1812, when he moved to Georgia and bought and settled on a tract of land in Franklin county. In 1825 he moved from Franklin to Gwinnett county,
Ga., where he lived until 1833, when he came to Cass (now Bartow) county, and purchased and settled on land near Cassville. He died in 1847 or J 848 at the home of his son David. Of fifteen children born to this worthy couple five died
young and ten were raised to maturity: David, married first a Miss Bennett, of Gwinnett county; she dying, he married Mrs. Sheppard (nee Stegall); he was a soldier in the war of 1812 and died about 1879 in Smith county, Tex.; James, also a soldier in the war of 1812, married and died in De Kalb county, Ga.; Solomon Reese, whose sketch hereinafter appears; John, a soldier in the war of 1812, married and died in Mississippi; Thomas, served in the Indian war, mar-

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
ried and died in Rome, Ga.; Samuel, married and died in Mississippi; Elizabeth, married Joshua Gibson, a soldier in the war of 1812--both died in Texas; Sarah, deceased wife of Jacob Reed; Mary, deceased wife of Shadrach Lowry, Calhoun county, Ala.; Martha, deceased wife of Theophilus Little, Arkansas.
Solomon Reese Lowry, third son of Charles Lowry, second, was born in Spartanburg, S. C, Nov. 17,1800. He received a good common school education, and when a young man taught school in Gwinnett county. Later he settled in Forsyth county and engaged in farming until 1838, when he moved to Cass (now Bartow) count}-, and settled near Cassville, where he lived until 1861, when he purchased four i67-acre lots five miles north of Cartersville, where his son Joseph now lives. He lived here until his death, in June, 1889. Mr. Lowry married Miss Priscilla, daughter of Isaac Gilbert, of Gwinnett county, who died in 1892. In early life Mr. Lowry was a whig, but during the latter part of his life he was an ardent democrat He was a strong and consistent member of the Methodist church. Their children were: Russell J., Gwinnett county; Joseph G-, Bartow county, and a daughter who married M. H. Leak and died in Texas in 1865.
Joseph G. Lowry, second son of Solomon Reese Lowry, was born in Forsyth count}-, Dec. 7, 1836, but was raised in Cass (now Bartow) county, and educated at the Cherokee Baptist college in Cassville. In 1859-60 he engaged in merchan dising in Cassville, and in March, 1862, he enlisted in Company I, Fortieth Geor gia regiment After five months' service he was transferred to the purchasing department, under Maj. Cummings, and subsequently to the post quartermaster's department, under Capt George S- Seaton, where he remained until the close of the war. After the war he returned to the old homestead and commenced farming, which he has followed ever since. He has a choice tract of 305 acres of land, and ranks as one of Bartow county's most progressive and successful farmers. At one time he was actively engaged in developing and mining iron ore. In politics he is an active and prominent member of the populist (or third) party. He is a leading and influential member of the Methodist church.
ILLIAM H. LUCAS, deceased, son of John Lucas, was born in Sparta. Hancock Co., Ga.. Jan. 8, 1814. His family was a branch of the promi nent Lucas family of Richmond county. His early education was obtained in the private school of Rev. Dr. Beman, Mount Zion, Hancock Co., one of the most eminent educators in Georgia at that time. Subsequently he was graduated from the University of Virginia. He was associated for many years with Col. Bates in publishing the "Alabama Journal," at Montgomery, Ala., when a young man, and was very active and prominent in politics and public life. About this time and for many years he was a whig, but before he died he became a dem ocrat In 1859 he came to Cass (now Bartow) county and bought a 5oo-acre plantation--on which his widow now lives--where he spent his declining years as a planter, and died. Toward the close of the war he was a member of the "Silver Grays," a military body organized in Augusta, Ga., for home duty. He was a man of extensive reading and information, and of considerable force of character, prominent and popular in political and social circles. Mr. Lucas was twice married, first to Miss Champ Bradfute, granddaughter of the distinguished Col. William Bird, of Virginia. By this marriage he had two children: Alfred, Columbus, Ga., and Carrie L., wife of Laurent B. Hallaquint, Montgomery, Ala. Mr. Lucas' second marriage was to Frances L. Martin, daughter of the promi nent banker of Augusta. Mr. Lucas was a prominent member of the Masonic fra ternity. In early life he was a member of the Methodist church, but before he died he united himself with the Protestant Episcopal church.

WILLIAM H. LUCAS.

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305

UENRY J. M'CORMICK, civil engineer and farmer, Stilesboro, Bartow Co.,
Ga., son of Isaiah and Matilda (Sproulls)McCormick, was born in Abbevillc district, S. C., Feb. 10, 1838. His paternal grandfather, Hugh McCormick, was of that sturdy stock known as Scotch-Irish, and was a native of County Clare, Ireland. He belonged to that numerous body of Presbyterians who, in the last century, seceded from the national church establishment of Scotland. About 1784, in consequence of religious troubles in Ireland, he emigrated to this country and settled on Long Cane creek, Laurens district, S. C. Like many of his country men he was a weaver by trade, and followed it--operating the old hand-loom--
in connection with his large farming interests, when established in his new south ern home, until his death. After arriving in this country he married Miss Martha
Johnson, also a native of County Clare, Ireland, whose parents emigrated to America before the revolutionary war and settled in South Carolina. There were born to them three sons: Hugh, who died in South Carolina; Daniel, who died in Richmond county, Ga., in 1875; Isaiah, and one daughter, Jane, who
married James Wylie, and died in Tennessee. Isaiah, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Laurens district, S. C., in 1810. He was raised on the farm, and his educational advantages were quite limited. In 1853 he came to Georgia and settled in Cass (now Bartow) county on a plantation he bought, situated on Euharlee creek, near Stilesboro. In early life he was an "old-line whig," but afterward became a strong democrat. He was raised a member of
the seceding organization mentioned above, but subsequently united with the Presbyterian church, of which he was a devout and devoted member. His wife was a daughter of Charles Sproulls, a South Carolina family of English origin.
Nine children were born to him and grew to maturity: Henry J., the subject of this sketch; Frances, wife of S. T. McGinnis; Martha, wife of B. B. McGinnis; Elizabeth, wife of Samuel Turner; Susan, wife of T. S. Hawkins; Anna
H., Charles S., John, and Thomas, all of Bartow county. He died in 1873 an( l his wife in 1890. Capt McCormick was raised a farmer in Abbeville district, S. C., until he was sixteen years old, when he came with his parents to what is
now Bartow county, and finished his education at Stilesboro institute. March
12, 1861, he enlisted in Company E, First Georgia battalion, for twelve months. On the expiration of his term of enlistment he was commissioned second-lieutenant of a company in Phillips' Legion, was soon promoted to first lieutenancy, and then to the captaincy. On May 18, 1862, by the accidental discharge of a musket in the hands of one of his men, he was shot and lost his left leg. On his recovery he was detailed for post duty, and stationed at Cartersville, Ga., and afterward at Augusta, where he remained until the war closed. Returning from the war, he resumed farming, and in addition followed his profession of civil engineering and taught school. In 1873 he was elected surveyor of the county and held the office until 1881. He was again elected in 1886, and held the office until 1892. In 1894 he was the democratic candidate to represent Bartow county in the general assembly. He is president of the Bartow County Veterans' asso ciation, secretary of Phillips' Legion Survivors and president of Stilesboro Farm
ers' club, one of the leading organizations of the county. Capt. McCormick was married March 12,1863, to Miss Josephine, daughter of L. Hawkins, deceased,
of Bartow county, by whom he has had six children: Clara M., deceased wife
of Irwin W. Williams; Robert R., Atlanta; Charles S., Atlanta: Mary G.; John H., and Jessie J. Capt. McCormick is an active and influential member of the Baptist church, of which he has for many years been a deacon. He ranks among the foremost of Bartow county's progressive farmers and is a very popular citizen,
i :o

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

I OHX X. PEACE, farmer, Adairsville, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Major and Biddy (Gilleland) Peace, was born in Hancock county, Ga., June 25, 1818. His
great grandparents were natives of England, emigrated to America some years before the revolutionary war, and settled in Virginia. During the voyage Mr. Peace's grandfather, John Peace, was born, grew to manhood in Virginia, and was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. After the war he taught school many years, and married Miss Elizabeth Wade, a native of Wales, England. In the latter part of the last century he came to -Georgia, and took up his revolutionary soldier's claim of 250 acres of land in Hancock county, where he lived until he died. To him the following children were born: Major; John, died in Columbus, Ga.> Daniel, lost his life in a steamboat accident while on his way from Illinois to Georgia; Elizabeth--Mrs. Johnson; Nancy, married Lemuel Lovett; Jane, married Peter Bray: Martha, married Robert McCook; Temperance, married William Brewster. Major Peace, eldest son of the above, and father of the subject of this sketch, was born in North Carolina in 1791, but was raised on the farm in Hancock county, and died on it in 1854. He was a prominent democrat, and for many years was sheriff of Hancock county. He was a consistent and exemplary member of the Methodist church for a generation or more. He was twice married. His first wife was Miss Biddy Gilleland, who died in 1820, having borne him four children: Elizabeth, deceased; William, deceased; John N., the subject of this sketch: Susan, married Alien Dozier, who died, when she married Moses Pitman, who also died, and she is now living in Adairsville. His second wife was Miss Sarah Vincent, by whom he had six children: West, deceased; Daniel, deceased; Nathaniel, in Texas; Lovejoy, near Albany, Ga.; Annie, deceased; Sarah J., married Henry Dickens, both deceased. John N. Peace was raised on the old homestead in Hancock county, where he received a common-school education. On reaching manhood he followed overseeing for twenty-seven years in Georgia and Alabama. While a resident of Hancock county he held the office of justice of the peace for many years. During the late "unpleasantness" he was detailed by the officials of Barbour county, Ala., to run a farm to raise stock and grain for the Confederate army. In 1866 he purchased his present place, which then consisted of eighty acres. To this he has added until he has a splendid tract containing 421 acres, excellently well improved. Mr. Peace has been married twice, the first time to Miss Ann May Minton. of Hancock county, who died in Alabama in 1865, having borne him five children: William, who was a member of the First Alabama battalion sharpshooters, and died while a prisoner at Rock Island, 111.: Elizabeth H., wife of George W. Byrd; Nancy, wife of M. V. Shaw, Texas; Susan, wife of Laughlin Mcl^in, Arkansas; Martha E., at home. His second marriage was to Mrs. Adaline (nee Fry) Barnes, of Alabama, by whom he had five children: John; Robert L., deceased: George A., Floyd county, Ga.; Joseph B.; Louisa, wife of Henry Scott. Mr. Peace is a stanch democrat, has been a Methodist for fifty years, being now an exemplary member of Mt. Carmel church.

JAMES G. RYALS, D. D., deceased, formerly of Cartersville, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Joseph and Lucy Ann (Connor) Ryals, was born in Montgomery county,
Ga., April 24. 1824. His grandfather, William Ryals, was born in Xorth Carolina
in June, 1768. was raised a planter, came to Georgia the latter part of the last century and settled in Montgomery county, and died there, Nov. 29, 1827. He raised the following family: Winnie, who married Burrill Calhoun; Penelope, who
married J. G. Connor: Joseph, Matilda, who married a Mr. Partin: William, who married Eliza Connor, and John B., who married Maria Connor.
Dr. Ryals' father was born Nov. 20, 1796. and died in Montgomery county,

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2O7

Sept 8, 1859. He was a large planter, quite prominent in county politics, and represented the county in the general assembly. He was happily married to Miss Lucy Ann Connor--a union blessed with seven children: Harriet G., who married
Carson Culbreath; James G., the subject of this sketch; Elizabeth, who married John A. Morris; Annie E., who married Hiram Swain, who died, and she after ward married John Pierson; Mary C., who married Dr. John Raubs; Josephine,
who married George T. McLeod; Lucy, who married Maj. W. H. Mann, who was killed in the battle of Atlanta, July 32, 1864. She afterward married Joseph T. Lawson.
Dr. Ryals received his preparatory education in the best schools of the county, and then entered Mercer university, from which he was graduated in 1852. He read law under Judge Francis H. Cone, Greensborough, Ga., and was admitted to the bar the year he graduated. After teaching school a year in Columbus, Ga., he came to Cass (now Bartow) county in 1854, purchased the plantation on which
his son-in-law, J. J. Connor, now lives, and commenced the practice of his profes
sion in Cartersville, which he assiduously pursued with eminent success for seven years. About this date he was converted and joined the Baptist church. He was ordained the same year as a minister, and was at once called to the pastorate of the Baptist church at Cartersville. After officiating at this church a year he accepted calls from the Acworth and Raccoon creek churches, serving them about fifteen
years, when he was elected professor of theology at Mercer university, Macon, Ga. He usefully held this important professorship until his death--profoundly lamented--which occurred in 1892. Politically he was a democrat, and before
his connection with the church took an active interest in political affairs. Dr. Ryals was married Jan. 13, 1852, to Miss Mary E., daughter of A. James,
of Greene county, Ga., and this marriage was blessed with five children: Lucy C., who graduated with high honors from Wesleyan Female college, Macon, Ga., and afterward married James J. Connor, attorney, Cartersville, Ga.; James G., Jr., deceased, who graduated with first honor from Mercer university in 1877, and later from the university of Virginia, taking first honors in thirteen schools, and the degree of A. M. in post-graduate course. He was elected president of the state normal school of Alabama, which position he held at the time of his death; Walter M., deceased, who graduated from Mercer university in 1880, and died in 1886; Thomas E., who graduated from Mercer university in 1884, also from university
of Virginia, now a practicing lawyer in Macon, Ga., and Robert L., who graduated from Mercer university in 1886, was afterward professor of mathematics four years, and is now a rising member of the Macon, Ga., bar.

\A7ILLIAM W. TRIMBLE, farmei, Adairsville, Bartow Co., Ga., son of
Augustus C. and Louisa (Brogdon) Trimble, was born in Cass (now Bartow) county, May 8, 1843. His grandfather, William Trimble, a well-to-do farmer of
Scotch-Irish extraction, settled early in life in what is now Newton county, where
he died in 1821. He married Miss Margaret Wellborn, by whom he had three children, of whom one, Augustus C-, was the father of the subject of this sketch, who was born in what is now Newton county, in 1818. He was reared on the farm, a fanner, which was his life occupation. While yet a boy he went to Gwinnett
county, Ga., whence, about 1833, he came to Cass (now Bartow) county and'settled between two and three miles from Adairsville--one of the sturdy pioneers who settled among the Indians. He inherited from his mother 300 acres of land, and to this he added 800, which made him one of the largest land owners in the
county. Of this he opened and cultivated 600 acres. He served as clerk of the superior and inferior courts in 1848-49, and was prominent in the public affairs of

308

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

the county. He was a member of the state troops or home guard in 1864-65. He married Louisa, a daughter of Wiley Brogdon, a Cass county pioneer, who bore him three children: William W., the subject of this sketch; Josephine, wife of John Camp, Rome, Ga.: and Virginia, wife of W. L. Le Conte, Bartow county. The mother of these died in 1849, an^ for his second wife he married Miss Adeline Fain, by whom he had two children: Hattie, deceased wife of Eli Smith; and Helen, present wife of Eli Smith. She dying, Air. Trimble married Miss Mary Thompson, who survives him--he having died May 15, 1894. He was a strong,, active and influential member of the democratic party, and a Master Mason; he was also an ardent and working Methodist, and one of the founders of the church at Adairiville, of which he was a steward for fifty years. Mr. Trimble, the subject of this sketch, was raised a farmer on the homestead, where he now lives, and was educated in the common schools of the county. In 1861, he joined the First Georgia regiment, in which he served six months, and then enlisted in Company I, First Georgia cavalry, with which he served to the close of the war. He was, in the Kentucky and Tennessee campaigns, at the defense of Atlanta, and with the force that foiled the Stoneman raid. After the war he settled down to business on his farm, the successful cultivation of 450 acres of which fully occupied his. time and attention. Mr. Trimble married a daughter of Col. J. W. Gray, Adairs ville, a union which was blessed with eight children: Clara, Minnie, Ella, Lulu, William, Gussie, Layton and Richard. Mr. Trimble is an active democrat, and a member and steward of the Methodist church.

J M. VEACH, miller and farmer, Adairsville, Bartow Co., Ga., son of " Thomas and Lydia (Snyder) Veach, was born in Frederick county, valley of
Virginia, Aug. 14, 1823. His grandfather, Thomas Veach, settled originally in Delaware.
Mr. Veach was reared and educated in Virginia; but when nineteen years of age went to Adams county, 111., where he engaged in the mercantile business until
1847. u'hen he came to Marietta, Ga., where he was employed the same way. In 1848. h; came to Adairsville, Cass (now Bartow) county, where he continued his mercantile business, and also engaged in purchasing grain. During the war he was a purchasing agent for army supplies for the Confederate government In 1868. he erected a mill and engaged in the milling business, in which he was phenomenally successful--so much so, that in 1881 he erected his present mill, which is operated by the roller process, and has a capacity of 250 barrels
of flour per day, the actual daily output being 200 barrels, for which he has a steady market For many years Mr. Veach has also been engaged in farming, in addition to his other important business enterprises, at one time operating a farm of 500 acres, but now reduced to 275 acres. He was a promoter of. and an original stockholder in the Merchants' bank. Atlanta, also of the Underwriters, now Home insurance company, of Atlanta, and was one of the
original stockholders of the Piedmont Park association. Besides, he is connected with a number of important private and public enterprises in Chattanooga, Tenn. In 1892, he was elected to represent Bartow county in the general assembly--and such are his general ability and sound 'judgment, he could long before have been
honored with public office, if he would have accepted it. Far-seeing, enterprising, public-spirited, he occupies a front position among the farmers and business men of the county, and ranks as its richest individual citizen.
Mr. Veach married Miss Julia, daughter of Benjamin Ecliols, of Chattanooga, and to the union three children have been born: George, farmer and miller, Adairsville; Anna, wife of N. H. Grady, Chattanooga; and Henry M., cashier ami

BARTOW COUNTY SKETCHES.

309

bookkeeper of the mills, Adairsville. Mr. Veach is an uncompromising democrat, and a prominent master Mason, having been worshipful master of his lodge for
fifteen years. No citizen of Cherokee, Ga., is more widely or favorably known than Mr. Veach, none more financially solid or more highly esteemed.

AULSEY A. VINCENT, fanner, Pine Log, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Pleasant and Susan (Edwards) Vincent, was born in Madison county, Ga., in 1811.
His grandfather, Isaac Vincent, was born in North Carolina, and, about the beginning of this century, moved with his family to Georgia, and settled in Elbert county, where he died. Being left a widow Mr. Vincent's mother moved in 1835 to Cass (now Bartow) county, and bought and settled on 100 acres of land on Two Run creek, right amongst the Indians. Her family consisted of eight children: Elizabeth, who married S. H. Bowland, and died in Louisiana; Aulsey A., thtf subject of this sketch; Mary, who married C. Bostick; Richard (deceased), who married Miss Ballew;- Isaac (deceased), who also married Miss Ballew; John M. (deceased), who married Miss Edwards, of Alabama; James D., who married Miss Jenkins, and died on his way to California; and Margaret, now Mrs. Hicks, who resides on the old "home place." Mr. Vincent's mother died in 1877, aged eighty-four years.
Mr. Vincent came to Cass county with his mother and peddled goods in the surrounding country until 1836, when he engaged in merchandising two years in what is now Pickens county, selling principally to the Indians. In 1838, he pur-
chas8d 160 acres of land in Cass county on which he lived until 1846. That year he bought the land--160 acres--on which he now lives, to which he has since added by purchase until his tract contains considerably more than 500 acres. This land he cleared and improved and has tilled for nearly half a century. He has always taken an active interest in public affairs, but has held no office except one--
that of county commissioner, which he held six years. Mr. Vincent has been married three times. His first marriage was to Miss Martha Upshaw, by whom he had thirteen children: Mary, wife of W. F. Weems; William E. (deceased); Georgia Ann Matilda (deceased); Lucinda H., wife of G. W. Hughes; Martha Delia A., wife of Newton Campbell; James M., married Sallie Trippe, who died, and then he married Luella Styles; Chesley B., who married Ida Stephens; Malvina R., wife of William T. Bradford; Aulsey E., who married Agnes Adair; Lucius M., who married Sallie Mahan; Luawah G.; Bevnia, wife of A. J. Reynolds; Lorena G., wife of Dr. W. J. Daniel. By his second wife, Jane E. Bell, a widow, he had three children: Hart E.; Stella D., wife of John P. Adair; and a babe unnamed. His third marriage was to Margaret McEver, by whom he had one child, unnamed. Mr. Vincent was a whig before the war, but since has been a democrat He is one of the oldest living citizens of Bartow county, and is revered by his
neighbors and fellow-citizens.

JOHN H. WALKER, deceased, son of John and Elizabeth L. (Holcomb) Walker, was born in Laurens district, S. C, in 1816. His father was English-
born, and went to France, whence he emigrated to this country and settled in Vir
ginia, and afterward moved to South Carolina, where he lived until his death. Mr. Walker was raised in South Carolina, and when a young man--about 1835
--came to Georgia and settled near Kingston in Cass (now Bartow) county. Later he bought and fanned on land now a part of the Dr. W. H. Felton farm, until 1852. At that time he purchased a tract of 200 acres, to which he afterward added 100 more--on which he settled and fanned, and where his son. James P.. now lives. He made important and valuable improvements on this place, where he died May 26.

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
1886. Early in life he was a whig, but later became an ardent democrat. For a number of years he filled the office of justice of the peace. Although not regularly enlisted he served in South Carolina during the war as a guard of military prisoners. He was a Master Mason, and an influential member of the Methodist church. Mr. Walker was married in South Carolina to Miss Catharine Cleardy, and to them ten children were born: William, deceased; Letitia, deceased wife of Thomas A. Owens; Sally, deceased wife of Z. T. Wright; Charlie, died from exposure during the war while serving as a member of Company F, First Georgia cavalry; Mary, deceased wife of Thomas Bridges; John H. Farmer,_Bartow county; James P., Bartow county; Fanny, deceased; Randolph; and Lula, deceased. JOHN H. WALKER, JR. (son of John H. Walker, Sr.), was born on Pittard's
creek, four miles north of Cartersville, Ga., April 3, 1846. He was raised a farmer, educated at the common schools of the county, and was graduated from Emory college, Oxford, Ga. April 18,1864, he enlisted in Company F, First regi ment, Georgia state troops, with which he served to the close of the war. At the battle of Kennesaw mountain, May 18, 1864, he received a gunshot wound in the right shoulder, but he remained on the field. After the war he remained on and operated the old homestead place for fifteen years. He then farmed in different places until 1892, when he came to his present home, where he operates a farm of about 400 acres. In 1876 he was elected receiver of tax returns and served two years--one term--was United States census enumerator in 1880, and has several times been school enumerator in the county. In connection with his farming inter ests he deals in real estate. Mr. Walker was married March 3, 1881, to Miss Sue, daughter of Thomas Brandon, Bartow county, by whom he has had eight children: John H., Ethel, Kate E, Rena, Blanche, Mary,"deceased; Ruth, Thomas B. He is a Master Mason and a member of the Methodist church, of which he is a Sunday school teacher. JAMES P. WALKER, fourth son of John H. Walker, Sr., was born in Cass (now
Bartow) county, April 27, 1849. He was raised on the farm, and educated at the common schools of the count}-. He began life as a clerk, and later bought a farm. Subsequently he purchased the family homestead, where he has since, and now lives, successfully conducting a farm on improved and progressive principles, and is a confided in and leading citizen of the county. Mr. Walker was married in 1889 to Miss Emma, daughter of the Rev. John W. Stipe, of the North Georgia conference M. E. church south. He is an exemplary member of the Methodist church, a member of the board of stewards and a class leader. He is recognized as one of Bartow county's most substantial and influential citizens. RANDOLPH WALKER, fifth son of John H. Walker, Sr, was born on the
family homestead, in Cass (now Bartow) county, April 13,1855. After receiv ing the best education obtainable at the country schools when he was growing up, he went to Rome, Ga, as a clerk. In 1885 he purchased a farm of 150 acres and began farming--adopting improved implements and methods with success and profit. He was married in 1884 to Miss Mollie, daughter of Rev. John W. Stipe, of the North Georgia conference M. E. church south. Four children are the fruit of this union: Charles M.. John R, James P, and Wesley C. Mr. Walker is a democrat, a leading, influential member of the Methodist church, and a thorough going, prosperous farmer.

BAHTOW COUNTY SKETCHES.

>!!

QHARLES B. WALLACE, planter and ex-railway manager, Cartersville, Bartow Co., Ga., son of Campbell and Susan (Lyon) Wallace, was born in Knox-
ville, Tenn., Sept. 20, 1836. He received a liberal education, and after graduating at the East Tennessee university entered the office of his father, who at that time was president of the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia railway. He remained there until 1863, when the rolling stock of the road was transferred to Georgia, with headquarters at Augusta, and operated in carrying provisions to the Confed
erate army, and cotton to Wilmington, X. C. Previous to the evacuation of Knoxville, Mr. Wallace had filled the position of superintendent of the road, and he continued to fill it until the close of the war, when the headquarters were at Athens,
Ga. In 1866 he" was appointed by Gov. Charles J. Jenkins assistant to his father, Maj. Campbell Wallace, who was superintendent of the Western & Atlantic (state) railway, in rebuilding the road. In 1867 he was appointed superintendent of the
western division of the Memphis & Charleston railway, and served that year. In 1868 Col. Sam Tate was appointed receiver for the Selma & Meridian railway, when Mr. Wallace was engaged to rebuild and operate that road. When Col. Tate was removed Mr. Wallace retired with him, and was at once placed in charge of the Montgomery & Eufaula railway, and built the last forty miles of that link. But before its completion he was solicited by the owners of the Selma & Meridian rail way to return and take charge of that road as general superintendent, which he did,
and remained until 1872. After this he was associated with Gen. Tate in the construction of the North & South railway--Montgomery to Decatur, Ala. This accomplished 'he located in Atlanta and engaged in the construction of the Geor gia Western (now Georgia Pacific) and other railway enterprises. In 1880 he took charge of the Southern Railway & Steamship association business, which position he resigned in 1881 to accept the superintendency of the Alabama Great Southern-- 300 miles long--from Chattanooga, Tenn., to Meridian, Miss., a position which he held four years, operating the road with consummate ability. He retired about 1888 from railway business, and buying 300 acres of choice land near Cartersville, turned his attention to farming, making his home in his elegant residence in the city. He is a wide-awake, progressive farmer, and keeps fully abreast with the times, socially, commercially, and politically; and he is, as might be expected, a leading citizen of the city and county.
Mr. Wallace has been twice married. He was first married in 1869 to Miss Jennie, daughter of Dr. Richard Owen, of Mobile, Ala., who died in 1876, leaving four children: Susan L., wife of Xesbit Wingfield; Robert O.. Atlanta; Charles B., Atlanta, and Jennie. His second marriage was to Miss Ida T.. daughter of Dr. Thomas Jones, Washington, Ga., by whom he has had two children: Margaret and Campbell, the fourth. Mr. Wallace is an active democrat, and a prominent and exemplary member of the Presbyterian church. Of extensive and varied attainments, large wealth, and advanced ideas, lie exercises a wide influence li>r
good.

P EORGE HOUSTOUN WARING, hydraulic cement manufacturer. Cement.
Bartow Co., Ga., son of Dr. William" R. and Annie M. (Johnstone) Waring, was born in Savannah, Ga., Dec. 22, 1833, and is a great grandson of Sir George Houstoun. Mr. Waring's father, William R. Waring, was a descendant of Ben
jamin Waring, who settled in South Carolina in 1740. and married a daughter of Landgrave Smith. After receiving the necessary preparatory education in ni*
native state, South Carolina, Dr. Waring attended and graduated from South Caro lina Medical college in Charleston, from the university of Pennsylvania, afterward from the Dublin university, Dublin, Ireland, and lastly from the celebrated medical

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
college in Paris. France. Later he was appointed a surgeon in the United States .army, and while stationed in Savannah, Ga., married, resigned, and settled in that city, in which he became the most prominent physician of his time. He also became a leading citizen in public affairs, and was called to the. mayoralty by his fellow-citizens. He died in Savannah in 1843. ^r- Waring was given the best education afforded by the schools of Savannah and at the north, and then entered Vale college. Afterward lie entered the university of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, from which he graduated in 1855: Returning home he engaged in planting until 1861, when, in response to the call for volunteers, he enlisted in the Georgia hus sars, and afterward in the Chatham artillery of Savannah, Ga., Company F, Jefferson Davis legion; and subsequently was commissioned major of a cavalry- command, and served until the surrender. Mr. Waring also served on the staff of Gov. John B. Gordon and Gov. W. Northen. In 1867 he purchased the lime and cement works established by Rev. Charles Wallace Howard in 1845, on the line of the Western & Atlantic (state) railway, at what is now known as Cement, in Bartow count>'. He operated this plant until 1889, when the Howard Cement company was organized, of which he yvas made president, and its operations confined exclu sively to the manufacture of cement. The plant is provided throughout with the latest improved machinery--comprising Rand drills, air compressors, and 150horse-power engine, keeps in operation six kilns, employs fifty men, and has a capacity of 300 barrels of cement per day. So extensive is the deposit that the plant could be increased to meet any demand. Mr. Waring is a stanch democrat, l)Ut has never held, and never would hold an office. Mr. Waring \vas married in 1858 to Miss Ella S., daughter of Rev. Charles Wallace Howard, a union which has been blessed with five children.
BERRIEN COUNTY.
p HILEMOX W. ALEXANDER, D. D. S., who was born July 26, 1842, in Elbert county, Ga., is of Scottish lineage--his ancestor, George Alexander,
having come to this country from Scotland and died in 1703. The father of Philer.ion was a farmer, who, in 1849, thinking to better his condition, set out for the gold fields of California, only to die of cholera while on the way. The young man. having attended the common schools of Elbert county, Ga., and Greenfield, Mass., entered the dental college at Baltimore, but left in 1861 to join what was known as the Albany Guards, Company E, Fourth Georgia regiment On account of sickness he was discharged the following November; but in 1862 was assigned to duty with Jackson's ordnance train. In 1863 he was placed in command of the sharpshooters of the Thirty-eighth Georgia regiment. He was seriously wounded, and left on the field at Gettysburg, where he was captured by the Federal troops and imprisoned on David's island. He was paroled in September and returned to his command in October. He was elected adjutant of the Thirty-eighth Georgia regiment; but, being unfit for duty on account of his wounds, was transferred to the naval department and put on duty on the gunboat "Drewry/' The gunboat ran aground, having been abandoned by the troops, and a few moments later was blown to atoms by the explosion of a shell. The troops were then put on board the ironclad "Richmond." Soon after this Mr. Alexander entered the secret sen-ice department under Capt. Reed, in which

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313

service he remained until the close of the war. He was captured once, while in this service, but was rescued in a few hours. Altogether, Mr. Alexander's experience during the war included many stirring and romantic incidents. After the war he began the practice of his profession, dentistry, at Albany, Ga-, where he remained ten years; then, in 1875, he removed to Allapaha, where he still resides. Dr. Alexander is a member of blue lodge, A. F. & A. M., at Albany, and of the chapter and council at Allapaha; holding the office of secretary of the chapter and thrice illustrious master of the council. He has been twice married; first in October, 1868, to Miss Cornelia E., daughter of Francis Billingsly, of Taliaferro county, Ga., who died in 1878. His second marriage, in October, 1880, was to Miss Sal lie L. Baker, daughter of John Baker, of Bryan county, Ga. Dr. Alexander's children are four: Annabelle, born in 1870, married in 1891 to N. J. Cruger, of Albany, Ga.; Stephen P., born Dec. 9, 1881; Inez, bora July, 1883, and Gertrude, born May, 1886.
\yiLLIAM CORNELIUS ASHLEY, M. D., was born Sept 7, 1863, in Coffee county, Ga. His father, a fanner, Matt Ashley, represented his county in the
general assembly, and died in 1871. After some time in the common schools, William attended the Spring Hill academy for two years. He then began reading medicine under the instruction of Dr. J. H. Latimer, at the same time clerking- in Dr. Latimer's drug store. After these preparatory studies, he entered the Atlanta Medical college, from which he graduated in March, 1884. He soon aftenvard located in Irwinville, Irwin county, Ga., where he practiced until 1888, and then for six months in the town of Minnie, in the same county. After this he moved to Allapaha, Berrien Co., where he has already formed an extensive practice. Dr. Ashley is a member of Eureka lodge, No. 313, F. & A. M., of which he has been W. M., and is now deacon. He represented his lodge in the Grand Lodge at Macon in 1892. He is also a member of Allapaha chapter and Allapaha council, having taken nine degrees. The wife of Dr. Ashley was Miss Judie E. Paulk, whose father, Reason Paulk, is a farmer of Invin county, and whom he married in 1888. Their daughter, Gladys, was born Sept. 26, 1890, and their son, Marshall, was born July 3, 1892.

y^LLEN C. CLEMENTS, M. D., was born in Spring Hill, Ga., March 17, 1864, and is the son of a well-to-do planter, who held various offices in his county,
Montgomery, being state senator from his district when he died in 1879. Young
Alien attended Spring Hill academy, and in 1877 he entered the sophomore class in Emory college, Oxford, Ga.; here he spent two years, and in 1883 entered the
Medical college in Atlanta, to graduate in 1885 the valedictorian of his class. He took the gold medal for general average, and several special prizes, and, although so young, scarcely of age, his rank in scholarship was as high as any ever attained
by a student of this institution, which has graduated many brilliant and able men.
Young Clements located at Scotland. Telfair Co., but after four years he moved
to Adel, Berrien Co., where he enjoys the exclusive practice, which is very lucrative. He is also medical examiner for tha Xew York Life and several other large insurance companies. In college Dr. Clements belonged to the Delta Tan
Delta fraternity, and is both a Mason and an Odd Fellow. In these lodges he has held various offices, being now secretary of the Masonic lodge. He has always taken an active part in political affairs. While residing in Scotland, Ga., he was
mayor of that place, and now holds the same office in his present place of residence, Adel. Dr. Clements has some fame as a writer, and is regarded as one of the most fluent and eloquent speakers in South Georgia. He married Oct. 7,

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
1891, Miss Ophelia, daughter of Dr. J. C. Ryals, of Lumber City, and has one son, Alien C., jr. P) D. DORMIXY, a successful merchant of Berrien county, Ga., was born in Irwin
county, Ga., April 23,1846. His. father, John B. Dorminy, was a farmer, who represented his county in the general assembly a number of years, and who died in 1878. The son, D. D., availed himself, as far as possible, of the privileges of the common schools of his county, though denied those of the college. During die war, in 1864, he joined the Fourth Georgia cavalry. When the war was over he located on a farm in Berrien county, which he has managed with judgment and skill. He has also conducted with success a mercantile establishment in Allapaha, first as one of the firm of Roberts & Dorminy, selling out to Roberts at the end of a year; then, after two years, he entered again with M. B. Roberts, selling out once more after a year. For two years after this he was with Mr. Daniel Turner, whom, at the end of this time, he bought out, and the business has since been carried on by himself, his son and Fish Griner, under the firm name of Dorminy & Co. Mr. Dorminy married Betty, the daughter of Bryant Roberts, of Lowndes county, and they have seven sons and one daughter. His eldest son, John V., born Feb. 10, 1871. is a merchant of the firm of Dorminy & Co., and in 1890 married Blanche, daughter of Dan Turner. The other children are: Hugh, born Feb. 14, 1876; Edgar, born November, 1877; Budger H., born Feb. 5, 1879; William, born Sept 21, 1880; Claude, June 20, 1882; Mary Ida, October, 1885; Emory Speer, Dec. 15,1887. DEUBEX FUTCH, planter, Xashville, Berrien Co., Ga., son of Thomas
Futch, a planter, was born in Bulloch county, Ga., Oct. 12, 1819. Reuben enjoyed only the limited opportunities for education that the country schools then afforded. When he was but six years of age his father removed to what is now Berrien county, where the son has made his home ever since. Mr. Futch, during a part of the war, belonged to the Fourth Georgia cavalry. Since the war he has devoted himself to the interests of his large farm in Berrien county, though for one term he served as justice of the inferior court, to which office he was elected in 1870. He is a member of Duncan lodge, Xo. 234, F. & A. M., in which for over thirty years he has held the responsible office of treasurer. His wife is Sarah, daughter of John McCranix, of Berrien county, and they have three sons and six daughters living, all but one of whom are married. His eldest son. John, born Dec. u, 1845, has been tax receiver of Berrien county for one term. John Futch, a brother of the subject of this sketch, who had been a citizen of Berrien county many years, died in Xashville in 1894. JOHX C. GOODMAX, physician, Tifton, Berrien Co., Ga.. was born in Gates
county, X. C., May 17, 1834; his father, Barn.es Goodman, a farmer, served awhile with the state troops and died in 1862. After finishing his preparatory studies in the high schools of his native county, he entered the state university of Xorth Carolina in 1854, graduating in 1858 with the degree of A. B. In 1857 he began the study of medicine under th direction of Dr. Jones, and the next year entered the medical department of the university of Virginia. After a year spent there he completed his medical course in the university of Xew York, graduating about 1860, and located at Somerton, Ya. In 1861 he went into the army, joining a home company at first, but the next year was transferred to Maj. Cahoon's battalion as second sergeant. This battalion disbanded in 1862, and Sergt. Good man went into the contract service in a hospital. In the fall, however, he was

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commissioned assistant surgeon and assigned to duty in Johnston's division and was with it when it surrendered in 1865. Returning to Somerton he practiced medicine there until 1882, when he removed to Jacksonville, Telfair Co., Ga., and engaged in the manufacture of turpentine. Two years later he moved to Allapaha, where he carried on the manufacture of naval stores in connection with his office practice. In Tifton, to which place he came in 1891, he has carried on an extensive trade in drugs, together with his successful medical practice. Dr. Goodman is an honored member of the Methodist church. He is a member of the masonic ' fraternity, belonging both to the blue lodge and the chapter, also to the Knights cf Pythias. In each of these fraternities he has held various offices, and was \V. M. of Allapaha lodge for three years. On Christmas day, 1860. Dr. Goodman married Miss Henrietta A., daughter of Hutchings Goodman of North Carolina. They have six children. The eldest daughter, Mary E., is the wife of E. L. Vickers, in the naval stores business in Worth county, Ga. The eldest son, Charles H., is engaged in farming at Tifton. The second, John Hawkins, is with his father in the drug business. James H., Catharine and Harriet reside at home with their father.

D UFFIN T. KEXDRICK, M. D., was born in Twiggs county, Ga., Jan. 15, 1832, and is of Scottish ancestry. He attended the common schools of Hous
ton county, and afterward, in 1857, his father, William Kendrick, having removed
to Baker, now Dougherty county, of which he was one of the pioneer settlers, the son went there also and read medicine under the instruction of Dr. W. L. Davis at Albany. In 1854 young Kendrick entered the medical department of the uni versity of New York, graduating in 1855. Locating in Dougherty county he
practiced there six years, removing thence to Calhoun county, where he practiced seventeen years. In 1862 he entered the army as assistant surgeon of the Thirtysecond Georgia regiment, but in 1863, a substitute taking his place, he returned
home to Calhoun county, where he always gave his professional services to soldiers' families free of charge. After this he practiced for two years at Ty Ty, Worth Co., and then in 1879 he removed to Allapaha, Berrien Co., where he has since
remained. Dr. Kendrick, by his skill and experience, has won a high rank in his profession. In 1869 he became a member of the State Medical association, and has been chairman of the committee on surgery from his district for a number of years. In 1874, when the association met at Atlanta. Dr. Kendrick was orator
of the society and responded to speeches of welcome by Gen. Garlington and Dr. Alexander. The doctor's worth has been recognized among his neighbors in various ways. For four years (1875-79) he held the office of treasurer of Calhoun county. In the masonic fraternity he has held the highest offices in his lodge and chapter, Eureka Lodge No. 313, and W. T. Gould chapter. Moreover, for a num ber of years he held the office of second and third grand steward, and for eleven years that of first grand steward in the grand lodge of the state. Dr. Kendrick is a leading member of the Baptist church. Politically he is an uncompromising
democrat. He has a brother, John P. Kendrick, a prominent merchant of Gainesville, Tex. Dr. Kendrick has been twice married: the first time to Miss Eliza D. Helms, daughter of Chas. Helms, formerly of North Carolina, later of Baker
county, Ga. She died in August, 1882, and he afterward married Mrs. Fannie A. Fryer, widowed daughter of Col. John Turner of Berrien county. The doctor's
eldest son, Winburn A, born 1856, is a planter in Claiborne county, Tex., where he has lived since 1879. The second son, Charles W., born 1858, married Miss Mamie Ferguson of Savannah; is now chief clerk in the transportation office of the Brunswick & Western R. R. Dr. Kendrick's daughter, Electa B., born in 1867,

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is the wife of James T. Maund of Tifton. The s.jond daughter, Mattie D., born 1872, is the wife of E. R. Matthews of South Carolina.

LI ENRY H. KNIGHT is a man of mark in Berrien county, where he was born Xov. 17, 1840. His father, John Knight, 'jad held various county offices
during his lifetime and died in 1876. Henry's education was limited to that of the common schools of the county. He enlisted in the Twenty-ninth regiment, Com pany G, Georgia volunteers, and was twice wounded: once slightly at Pine Moun tain, and very seriously by the explosion of a shell at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. Since the war he has carried on the mercantile business at Ray's Mills with great success and has by no means neglected the interests of his plantation. Besides this Mr. Knight has been for three year? county commissioner and is now repre sentative to the general assembly. Here, his prudence and sagacity being recog nized, he was placed on the following important committees: Academy for the blind, county and county matters and special agriculture. It was his function to introduce the bill to incorporate Nashville, and one to protect fish, both of which were passed. Mr. Knight is a member of the masonic fraternity. His wife is Mary, the daughter of Thomas M. Ray of Ray's Mills, and they have three sons and two daughters living.

JOHX G. KNIGHT, planter, Ray's Mills, Berrien Co., Ga., son of Levy J. Knight. a planter of Berrien county, was born June 23, 1832. His father held several
county offices ; for a number of years he represented the county and for two terms was senator from his district in the general assembly. Mr. Knight, after receiving a good common school education, devoted himself assiduously to agriculture, his extensive farm highly prospering under his management He gave his service to his state during the war, enlisting in 1861 in the Twenty-ninth Georgia regiment Afterward, in 1862, he was transferred to the Twenty-sixth. The first wife of Mr. Knight was Eliza B., daughter of George Carter of Lowndes county, who died in 1863. He afterward married Mrs. Mary Knight, the widowed
daughter of James Davis of Lowndes county, and to them were born five sons and two daughters. Rufus, the eldest son, born in 1854, married a daughter of Jonathan Knight in 1874 and resides in Florida. Louis, born in 1859, married a daughter of James Sloan, and now resides near his father on a farm. Mr. Knight's brother, Jonathan D., was also quite prominent in the affairs of his section, having been representative two terms and senator two terms
in the general assembly and was also a member of the constitutional convention. He died in 1885.

HERSCHEL LOVE, banker and wholesale grocer, Tifton, Berrien Co., Ga., was born in Eden, Ga., Oct 23, 1856, and is a son of Henry and Susan (Dorsey) Love. He was given the usual common school edu cation, and at an early age displayed that business instinct 'which has been asso
ciated with his successful career. When a young lad he earned his first money as a newsboy on the B. & W. railroad, and finding that more money could be made out of the management if he owned it himself, he secured the exclusive right of selling on that road. He worked here until sixteen years old, when he learned telegraphy and worked for the old A. & G., now S. F. & W., at Blackshear, Ga., in 1875, until he was given the key at Pearson, Jan. i, 1876. His rise in tlie trust and confidence of this railroad has been a steady one, and he is now in the twentieth year of his connection with it, in different positions of trust, now being claim agent. He was elected clerk of the superior court for Coffee county in

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1878, and served for one term; afterward was county school commissioner for two terms, and in 1890 moved to Tifton. He was elected mayor of Tifton when
first incorporated in 1891, served two years, and in 1895 embarked in the whole sale grocery business. A few months later with Messrs. Julian Love and Buck he entered into a banking business and has full charge of the same. Mr. Love was married Dec. 5, 1878, to Absley Kirkland, a daughter of M. Kirkland, of Coffee county. They have three children: Henry M., Claud R, and Mary W. Mr. and Mrs. Love are both members of the Methodist Episcopal church. He is a Mason, holding the position of district deputy in the grand lodge of Georgia, and in politics is a strong democrat, being one of the state executive committee from the second congressional district Mr. Love's addition to the business circles of Tifton is justly appreciated by the people, who know that such qualifications of brains and push as he possesses are to be sought after by every community.

JWlALCOLM J. M'MILLAN is the son of John McMillan, a fanner of Berrien county, who during the Seminole Indian war was a scout, and who died
Nov. 15, 1888. Malcolm was born near Allapaha, Aug. 12, 1852. He had only limited educational advantages, such as are afforded by the common schools.
Having remained with his father until twenty-two years of age he secured a position with J. B. Dorminy & Co., who after four years sold out their business to Paulk, Henderson & Co. With this firm young McMillan remained until they in turn sold out to Paulk, Gaston & Co., when he left them and tried farming for a little over a year. But the commercial instinct was strong within him and he once more turned to trade, and after selling goods for W. S. Walker till 1885, went into business with W. K. Roberts under the firm name of Roberts & McMillan. At the end of three years, J. L. Paulk having bought out the interest of Roberts, the firm was McMillan & Paulk. In 1891 Mr. McMillan bought his partner's interest, and the entire business is now in his own hands. By prudence and industry and good management he has achieved well-deserved
prosperity, having a very good trade and carrying a stock of about $8,000. That he stands well in the estimation of his fellow-citizens is evidenced by the fact that he has been mayor of Allapaha for a number of years. He was one of the
first county commissioners, has been jury commissioner for about six years, was elected to represent his senatorial district in 1894, and is now chairman of the democratic executive committee. Dec. 7, 1877, Mr. McMillan married Miss Julia R. Griffin, daughter of J. H. Griffin, a fanner
of Allapaha, and they have one son and four daughters: Sarah L., born Sept. 28, 1878; Lelia, born Aug. 3, 1880; Fannie Belle, born Dec. 25, 1882; Clarence E., born Dec. 25, 1886; and Etta M., born Oct. 3, 1890.

JOHN MURROW, attorney, Tifton, Berrien Co., Ga., is a son of Dr. John A. Murrow, now a resident of Pembroke, Ga., and was born in Bryan county, Ga.,
Dec. 31, 1858. He was educated at Cone's academy, Bulloch county, and entered on the study of law at the state university, Athens, being a member of the last class graduated by the celebrated Prof. Wm. L. Mitchell. He located at Ty Ty, Worth Co., where he practiced law for twelve years, moving to Tifton, Ga., in 1894. His practice extends over a territory comprising several adjoining counties. As a counselor Col. Murrow holds the confidence of his people and the respect of his brother attorneys. He has for twelve years been local attorney for the Brunswick & Western railroad, which fact attests the value of his services. In 1882 Col. Murrow was joined in wedlock to Miss Estelle, a daughter of Dr. J. H. Picket, to whom have been born four children: Willie L., a lad of eleven

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years: Roy H., nine years; Clyde, a daughter of six years; and Irma, three years of age. A blue lodge and royal arch Mason, and a Knight Templar at Americus, and also a Knight of Pythias, Col. Murrow combines with his excel lent reputation as a lawyer social qualities which make him a pleasant and com panionable gentleman.

M. LEE PATTEN, M. D-, is the son of a farmer, James Patten, and was born in Milltown, Berrien Co., Nov. 9, 1865. After receiving a good
cor.imon school education, for one year he attended the agricultural college at Thomasville. During three years, 1883-1885, he taught school in Irwin, Berrien and Lowndes counties; for the two years following he was salesman in the general merchandise stores of J. W. Harroll & Son and H. C. Dukes of Valdosta. In the spring of 1887 he began to read medicine, entering the medical college of Atlanta the following fall, and graduating March i, 1889. The young physician located at Pensacola, Fla., where he practiced four ye"ars. When about to lea\v that city he was tendered a banquet by the physicians of the city, and in the speeches made many well-deserved compliments were paid their departing friend and associate. Dr. Patten then located in the town of his birth, Alilltown, where he has already acquired an excellent practice in the town and vicinity, besides carrying on a large trade in drugs. He is a member of Damon lodge, No. 13. K. of P., and of Columbia lodge, K. of H., both located in Pensacola, Fla. His wife, whom he married Jan. 15, 1891, formerly Miss Lizzie Dennis, is the daughter of Rev. W. B. Dennis, a Methodist minister of Pensacola. They have two little daughters, Lucille. born July 13, 1892, and Lizzie Lee, born Sept 17, 1893.

UENRY B. PEEPLES, Nashville, Ga., was born at Athens, Ga., Feb. 2, 1849; '* one of the leading lawyers of Berrien county, and is descended from a South
Carolina family--his grandfather having come thence to settle in Jackson county, Ga., about 1820. The family seems to have a decided predilection for the law, his father and two uncles being quite distinguished in the profession. One uncle, Cincinnatus, for about six years was judge of the superior court of Fulton county; the other, Judge R. A. Peeples, has held various county offices in Berrien and Lowndes counties. His father having devoted ten years in Athens and four in Atlanta to mercantile pursuits, removed to Berrien county and commenced the practice of law at Nashville ; was a member of the legislature from Berrien county. was ordinary four years, and at the time of his death, in December, 1893, was fudge of the county court. Henry B. Peeples, after a few months at a private school in Atlanta, was sent to the High school (academy) at Nashville. Having reached manhood's estate, he began fanning in Berrien county, near Nashville. To this calling he devoted several years, and was very successful; but in 1876 the natural bent of his mind decided him to begin the study of law, and in 1877, at the March term of the superior court, he was admitted to practice. By assiduous atten tion to his profession in the city of Nashville, his home, he has taken a high rank among his fellows. He represented the county in the legislature in 1886-87. In April, 1892--to fill the unexpired term of J. R. Slater, deceased--he was appointed by the governor solicitor-general of the southern circuit. The following October he was elected by the legislature to fill the same office for the full term. Mr. Peeples is a member of Duncan lodge, No. 234, F. & A. M., of which he is worshipful master. He is also high priest of Daisy chapter, Royal Arch, at Adel, Ga. At the age of twenty-one Mr. Peeples married Miss Ellen Byrd, daughter of N. W. Byrd. He has two sons and two daughters: Mattie, aged seventeen; Nathan W., aged fifteen; Taylor M.. aged twelve, and Fannie J., eight.

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QOLQUITT STRICKLAXD, born May 22, 1857, is the son of a farmer of Clinch count}-, Ga., who was also justice of the inferior court of his county, and
who died Nov. i,. 1883. The son obtained his education in the common country schools, working on a farm and attending school until twenty-one years of age, when he went into the mercantile business at Milltown, Berrien Co., where he has since resided. He is carrying on an extensive and profitable trade with a stock of
some $10,000, and in addition, since 1892, has been running a large farm. Here he makes a specialty of corn and hogs, selling every year thousands of pounds of meat of his own raising. The political principles of Mr. Strickland are democratic. He is a Mason, a member of Butler lodge, No. 211, of which he is senior warden.
His wife was Miss Mattie L. Roberts, of Valdosta, whose father, William Roberts, by diligence in the farming industry, has been able to retire from business with a competency. The family is highly esteemed in the community. Mr. Strickland has
two sons and one daughter: Charley G., born July 16,1884; Willie R., born March
10, 1888. The daughter, Luella, was born Feb. n, 1894.

JA.MES W. TALLEY, M. D., was born Feb. 22,1826, in Henry county, Ga., not far from Atlanta, and is of English ancestry. His grandfather, with two brothers,
came to this country, and the former, Caleb Talley, after serving during the
revolutionary war, settled in Virginia. He was the father of seven sons, five of whom were Methodist ministers. One. of these, Rev. Nathan Talley, of Greene county, Ga., was the father of James W. Talley. The latter received a good academic
education, and in 1850 began the study of medicine under Dr. William Blalock, of Fayetteville, Ga. In 1851 he entered the Medical college of Georgia, at Augusta, but took his degree from Savannah Medical college. He located in Milltown, Berrien Co., where he has built up one of the most successful and extensive country practices in the state. During the war Dr. Talley was exempted from
military duty on account of his profession. Politically he is a democrat. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, of lodge No. 211, has been grand master, and is now past master. One of Dr. Talley's brothers, H. M. Talley, is also a physician at Valdosta. Another, A. S. Talley, is a real estate agent in Atlanta. For his first wife, Dr. Talley married Miss Mary Little,.daughter of Zabot Little, of Henry
county. She died in 1867, and he afterward married Miss M. Holzendorf,
daughter of Alexander Holzendorf, of Cumberland island, one of the best known planters in the state. Dr. Talley's family consists of two sons and four daughters. His eldest son, Junius V., born May 8,1872, graduated from the Louisville Medical college in June, 1894; William T., born Aug. 30, 1875, at home, attending school. The eldest daughter, born in 1854, is the wife of Huffman Harroll, a merchant of
Valdosta; Mary L, born in 1864, married J. H. Bostwick, a manufacturer of naval stores, in Berrien county; Effie C., born Nov. 5,1870; Lelia H., born Sept. 6, 1873, is the wife of J. J. Knight, a merchant of Milltown.

UENRY H. TIFT, Tifton, Berrien Co., Ga., was born at Mystic, Conn., March 16,1841, his father, Amos C. Tift, having been a merchant of that city, where he
died in 1886. Henry enjoyed the educational advantages of the common and high schools of his native town, and also a year at East Greenwich seminary. He then served an apprenticeship of three years in the machine shops of Mystic and Hartford, after which he served as engineer for five years, between New York,
Apalachicola and Key West, and on the C. H. Mallory steamship line, plying between New York and Texas. Mr. Tift came to Albany, Ga., in 1870, taking charge of some manufacturing enterprises, N. & H. T. Tift & Co., but in 1872 he moved to Tifton and went into the lumbering business, in which he has since

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.been chiefly engaged. For some time he carried on a mercantile establishment in connection with his lumbering enterprise, but last year sold his interest in that to his brother, W. O. Tift. He ships lumber to western and Cuban points, but mainly coastwise to New York and New England, his average cut being some 40,000 feet per day. Mr. Tift owns, individually, 65,000 acres of land, and is using every effort to bring a desirable class of settlers to his town. He is building a railroad from Tifton to Helena, Telfair Co., Ga., for which a charter has been
secured, and a company will be organized. He is largely interested in the Tift & Snow company, which carries on a nursery and fruit farm of over 300 acres. H. H. and W. O. Tift also own a great fruit farm, 250 acres of pecans, pears and grapes--thirty-five acres being in grapes alone. Mr. Tift also owns a large interest in the Tifton Canning company, and in addition, has an extensive business in naval stores near Tifton. During the war he was engineer of a government transport, being in the fleet that transported Butler's troops up James river. Mr. Tift married Miss Bessie Willingham, daughter of Thomas Willingham, of Albany, Ga., and has
three sons, Henry, Thomas and Amos.

WILLIAM S. WALKER is the son of a farmer, Elisha S. Walker, who was at one time justice of the inferior court of Dougherty county, and who died May
25,1865. The son, William, was bora in Stewart county, Ga., June 18,1849, an^ at tended the common schools, chiefly in Rome, Ga. In 1871 he entered commercial life, going into business first at Tifton, but in 1873 ne transferred his business to Allapaha. In 1885 he exchanged trade for farming, which he carried on quite
extensively, and in connection with it a large livery business. Mr. Walker, who is politically a democrat, was elected to the general assembly in 1880, where he served one term, being contemporary with Gov. Northen. He^is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is worshipful master of Eureka lodge, No. 313. The family to which Mr. Walker belongs is well known and esteemed. His mother's father was a Baptist minister in Stewart county; his brother^ Eugene C, is a broker in Atlanta; another brother is a farmer in Berrien; a cousin, James M. Griggs, is judge of Pataula circuit Dec. 14, 1879, Mr. Walker married Mrs. L. W. Griffin, whose father, Robert Downs, of Camden county, Ga.. died of yellow fever in 1856.
Their one son, Griggs, was born Oct. 20,1883.

BIBB COUNTY.
QAPT. GEORGE D. ALLEN comes of "Old Dominion" stock. His father, Maj. W. A. Alien, was bom in Amelia county, Va., in 1815, and reared on a
plantation. He, with his father, Capt. Alexander Alien, removed to Bedford county, Tenn., in 1834, where he married Martha E. Davidson, daughter of George Davidson, who was a native North Carolinian. Maj. Alien, while a resi dent of Tennessee, was a man of distinction and influence, having served a term in the senate of that state. After the war he came south and located at Forsyth,. Ga., where he now resides, enjoying, by choice, the life of a quiet citizen, much loved and respected by the people of his community.
Capt. George D. Alien was bom in Shelbyville, Tenn., Dec. 30,1843, and passed

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his boyhood clays on the home plantation, and was being educated at the Shelbyville university when war became the cry. He at once enlisted in Company B, Forty-first Tennessee regiment of the C. S. A., and served through the entire four rears. His service, for the most part, was in the Army of the West, where he was in all the important battles. At the fall of Fort Donelson, in 1862, lie was captured and spent seven months in prison at Indianapolis. He was exchanged in time to take part in the siege of Vicksburg. From tin's time he served as aide-de camp to Gen. H. B. Davidson, and at the close of the war was on the right flank of
Lee's immortal band at Appomattox. Capt. Alien returned to his father's country home in June, 1865. The following
October he married Miss M. Eufaula Scandrett, an accomplished lady of Griffin, Ga. They are the parents of eight children, four of whom are living: Lawson D., George D., jr.; Harry S., and Stewart W., all of whom are now having the best edu cational advantages.
Capt. Alien came to Georgia in 1866, engaged in cotton planting two years, and in 1868 embarked in the mercantile business at Forsyth, Ga. He was chair man of board county commissioners and mayor of the city. It was during his administration and largely owing to his energy and influence that the Monroe Female college, the oldest female college in the south, was rebuilt.
The year 1884 marks the date of Capt. Alien's coming to Macon, since which he has been one of her most energetic and successful business men. He engaged in the wholesale grocery trade, and in 1890 organized the firm of Alien & Dumas Co., of which he was president and general manager. In December, 1894, he became
sole owner of the business, which includes the Juliette water mills, located at Juliette, Ga., twenty-two miles north of Macon, on the Southern railway, and one of the largest and best-equipped grist mills in the south..
Capt. Alien is, in religion, a Methodist, is a Knight Templar Mason, and a citizen of whom Macon may well feel proud for his enterprise and ability.

A UGUSTUS O. BACOX, United States senator-elect of Georgia, is a native of Bryan county, and was born there Oct. 20, 1839. ^'s parents were, however,
residents of Liberty county, and he was born when his mother was on a visit to Bryan county. His father was the Rev. Augustus O. Bacon, a Baptist minister, and on his mother's side he is a grand nephew of the late Judge William Law, of Savannah, one of Georgia's most distinguished men. By the death of his parents the boy was left an orphan at an early age, but under the care of a grandmother he spent his boyhood, and at the age of 16 he entered the University of Georgia, graduating in the collegiate course in 1859. and the law school in 1860. In October of that year he began the practice of .his profession in Atlanta, but in May, 1861, he joined the forces under the starry flag of the Confederacy, and enlisted as adjutant of the Xinth Georgia regiment.
In 1864 he was wedded to Miss Virginia Lamar, of Macon, and when hostilities were ended Maj. Bacon returned to Macon. and has since practiced his profession there. His success in .his profession was immediate, and he quickly assumed a ranking place in the Bibb county bar. In the summer of 1868, he made his debut in politics, being nominated by the democratic state convention as presidential elector for the then fourth congressional district. The compliment can be better appreciated when it is known it was made on the same day the great Bush Arbor mass-meeting, at Atlanta, was held, and was for the purpose of invoking the highest oratorical ability. The masterly way in which he handled the questions agitating the public, to the satisfaction of the party, marked him then as one of the coming men of Georgia. Two years later--1870--he was elected to the legislature
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of 1871-72. He was re-elected to the next legislature, and in January, 18/3, was
chosen its speaker. In the fall of 1876. he was again elected, and this time was unanimously elected speaker. . Under-the new constitution he was re-elected in December. 1877. for two years, and on the organization of the house, was again unanimously elected speaker. In 1880. he was again elected to the house from Bibb, and chosen speaker. Maj. Bacon's record, under the circumstances, could hardly be other than a brilliant one. His knowledge of law. fine executive ability and parliamentar\- experience and learning, and fine personality, made him a model speaker. In 1883 he was a candidate for governor, and in that famous convention he had a large plurality. After a three-days' deadlock a committee was named to suggest a candidate to the convention, and, by a majority of only one vote, they agreed upon Hon. Henry McDaniel over Mr. Bacon. Two years later lie was again a candidate for governor, being defeated by Hon. J. B. Gordon. The contest was a close one. and though Gen. Gordon won, there was only a difference of about i .500 in the popular vote, several of the counties being carried by shoe string pluralities. He was chosen United States senator in 1894. after an exciting campaign and a canvass on the part of Mr. Bacon, remarkable for its organization and execution.

)R. ROBERT B. BARROX. a leading physician of Macon, Ga., is the son of Dr. James Finney and Joannah E. (Shropshire) Barron. and was born in Ciin-
ron. Jones Co., Ga_. Dec. 26. 1859. Dr. James F. Barron was born in Jones county in 1825 and has always lived there. He was educated at Powelton, Hancock Co'.. and was graduated in medicine at the University Medical college of the city of New
York in 1849. He served in both branches of the general assembly before the war and was a member of the secession convention, being in favor of that movement. In 1853-4-5 he was justice of the inferior court of Jones county. He was exempt from active military sen-ice on account of physical disability, but was one of four men in his native county who, during the war. looked after the widows and orphans at home, and in y, doing spent all he had. He was married in 1853, his wife being a daughter of Capt. James H. Shropshire, an officer in the Scminole war, and a granddaughter of James Shropshire, a native of England. They had six children: James H. of Jasper county. Ga.: William W. of Jones county, ex-sheriff and clerk of the superior court; Dr. R. B.: Jackson Clay, Jones county, lawyer and judge of the county court, now serving his second term, having been elected first at the age of twenty-three: he was for two years at West Point academy; Abington L.. a teacher in Putnam county: Sallic E., unmarried. Dr. James F.
Barren's father was William Barron. also a native of what is now Jones county. Ga.. and was born in 1798. He was a farmer al! his life, was at one time sheriff of the county, and died in 1837. His father, Dr. Robert B. Baron's great-grand father, was Samuel Barron. who vas born in Virginia in 1772, and came with his father to Hancock county, Ga.. in 1783. He became an extensive planter, was one of the original settlors of J'.-nes county, and owned several hundred slaves. He had eleven children and at his death left to each of them between thirty-five and forty slaves. His father. Dr. Barron's great-great-grandfather, James Barron. was a native of Scotland. The great Commodore Barron, who fought a duel with Commodore Decatur, was a first cousin of James Barron. The name, James, has been giver, to the eldest son of the Barron family for six generation?. Dr. Robert B. Barron was brought up and primarily educated in Clinton. At the age of sev enteen he entered Mercer university at Macon, Ga., graduating with the degree of A. B. in i88r. Returning1 home he read medicine with his father one year, then went to BeHevue Hospital Medical college in Xtw York city and v/a^ graduated

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from that institution in 1883. He came back to Clinton, Ga., after his graduation and practiced with his father until 1889. From that time until August, 1891, he was employed as physician and surgeon by the Southern Lumber company and the Wadley & Mount Vernon Railway company at Wadley, Ga. He came from Wadley to Macon and has since practiced there. Dr. Barren is a member and president of the Jones County Medical society, and also of the Macon Medical society; is a member of the Georgia Medical association and of the American Medical asso ciation, to whose meeting in 1887 he was a delegate. He is past high priest of Constantine chapter No. 4, R. A. M., and master of Alabel lodge No. 255, F. & A. M., and senior of St. Omar commandery No. 2, Knights Templar, and a member of the A. T. O. (Greek society). In 1885 he received the degree of A. M. from Mercer university. He was married in the year last mentioned to Miss Willa, daughter of William Etheridge. In 1887 na rea(^ before the Georgia Medical association a paper on ''Uterine Disorders," which was published in the report of the society's transactions. He has read many other widely-noticed papers before the Jones county and Macon Medical societies and is orator of the Georgia Medical association for 1896. Dr. Barren is an honored member of the Baptist church, and his wife is a member of the Methodist church.

QHARLES LA FAYETTE BARTLETT, late judge of the superior court of the Macon circuit, is the son of Judge George T. and Virginia L. (.Saunders)
Bartlett, the latter a native of Georgia, whose ancestors were Virginians, her father and mother coming to Georgia from Southampton county, Va. George T. Bart lett was born in Jasper county, Ga.. in 1824, and in his early life gained political prominence. He served several terms in both branches of the state legislature. having been a member of the Georgia senate in 1861, when the ordinance of secession came up for consideration. He recorded his vote in favor of that measure. Previous to this date he had been solicitor-general of the Ocmulgee circuit, being first elected to that position in 1848. He entered the Confederate service in April, 1861, as captain of the Glover guards, a company he organized in Jasper county, and was sent to Norfolk, where his command was assigned to the Fourth Georgia regiment. He was captured in November, 1864, and was taken first to Hilton Head, then to Point Lookout and lastly to Fort Delaware, where he was held a prisoner until July. 1865. On his release he returned to
Jasper county and resumed the practice of law. In 1873 he was made judge of the Ocmulgee circuit and sat on the bench seven years, when he again took up active practice and in 1884 came to Macon, where he died a year later. Hon. Charles La Fayette Bartlett was born in Monticello. Jasper Co., Tan. 31, 1853, and received his rudimentary education in the academy in that city, the principal of which was Prof. W. R. Berner. At the age of fifteen he matriculated at the university of Georgia at Athens, and graduated from that institution m August, 1870. He then entered the university of Virginia and while there took up the study of law. Re turning home he entered his father's law office and was admitted to the bar in August, 1872, at the city of Monticello, in which he immediately thereafter began the practice of his profession in partnership with his father. This firm was, how ever, dissolved after it had existed about a year, his father being, as above men tioned, appointed in 1873 J u^ge of the Ocmulgee circuit. Mr. Bartlett, therefore, practiced alone until 1875, when he associated himself with the late Samuel Hall (afterward judge of the state supreme court) and W. A. Loftin, the style of the firm being Hall, Loftin & Bartlett. This partnership continued until January, 1877, when Mr. Bartlett was appointed solicitor-general of the Macon circuit for the term of four years. In 1881 his father removed to Macon and they went into

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partnership for the second rime, continuing together until the father's death in 1885, In May of that year Mr. Bartlett joined Hon. Washington Dessau and they practiced as a firm until Jan. i, 1893, when he was appointed judge of the superior court of the Macon circuit. Political as well as professional honors have been won by Mr. Bartlett. In 1882 he was elected from Bibb county to the lower house of the state legislature and re-elected in 1884. Four years later he was sent to the state senate from the twenty-second senatorial district, composed of the counties of Bibb, Monroe and Pike. He has likewise served frequently as a delegate to con gressional, gubernatorial and senatorial conventions. He is a member of the Macon lodge Xo. 5, F. & A. M.; of Constantine chapter Xo. 4; St. Omar commandery, Knights Templar; Franklin lodge, I. O. O. F.; M. R. Rogers lodge No. 59, Knights of Pythias and of Macon lodge Xo. 23, B. P. O. Elks. Dec. 3, 1873, Mr. Bartlett married Emma L., daughter of the late Dr. J. B. Carlton, Athens, Ga. In April. 1894, he resigned his scat on the bench and on the twenty-eighth day of that month the Macon bar met to take action or. his resignation. A committee which had been appointed at a previous meeting reported the following resolution, the preamble to which was eulogistic in the extreme:
"Resolved, first, that Judge Charles L. Bartlett so discharged the duties of the office of judge of the superior court of the Macon circuit as entitles him to the commendation of every citizen of the circuit. Second, that we exceedingly regret the necessity which has caused his resignation of that important office. Third, that he will carry with him in retiring from the bench the respect and affectionate r,egard of the members of this bar."
This report was signed by J. L. Anderson, W. H. Felton, A. L. Miller, B. M. D. and E. H. Winship. Many laudatory speeches were also made on the occasion --a fitting tribute to Mr. Bartlett's success on the bench.
. WILLIAM CAPERS BASS, president of the Wesleyan Female college, Macon, was born in Augusta, Ga., Jan. 13, 1831. His father, Rev. Henry Bass, was for
many years a successful pioneer Methodist preacher, and the son grew up in Soutli Carolina, owing to the division of the conference, which put the father, a few years after the son's birth, across the Savannah river. At Cokesbury young Bass pre pared for college, and there. Aug. 22, 1848, at the age of seventeen, he united with the Methodist Episcopal church south. In January, 1850, he entered the sopho more class--half advanced--at Emory college, and was graduated in 1852. He served as assistant to Rev. Crosby W. Smith, president of the Greensboroughacademy, until the latter was called to take charge of the Wesleyan, when he succeeded him. When in his twenty-first year he applied for a license to preach, and entered the ministry as a preacher at the old Walker church, made famous as the place where Bishop Pierce delivered his first sermon. At the close of his labors in Greensborough he went to Madison Female college. Then he entered upon his special work as a teacher of girls. After a year's service he was called to Wesleyan. but declined, remaining there five years longer. Again called to the Wesleyan. he accepted the professorship of natural science, October, 1859. 1 tms pioneer of female colleges he began what has proven his life work. In 1874 he was chosen to be president of the college, to succeed Dr. Bonnell. Eminently wise was the selection, for there were few who could have shown more important requisites than Dr. Bass. He was possessed of business tact and executive ability, and under such a combination the college took new life and has assumed a ranking position among the colleges of the country. To few, if any, is the Methodist church of Georgia more indebted than to William C. Bass. Hundreds of women, whose cliaracter he was greatly instrumental in molding and developing, have been scat-

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tered, not only over Georgia, but over the south, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande.
Dr. Bass was married in July, 1854, to Octavia Nicholson, of Greensborough, and much must be set down to the credit of the helpmate who has aided him in life. In the management of the Wesleyan college Rev. Bass has been distinguished for his liberality, and in thirty-five years diplomas have been given free to more than 700 young women. One-half of these were daughters of itinerant Methodist min isters, and the same number have probably been educated totally at Rev. Bass' expense. As an educator, the daughters of Georgia have never had a more earnest advocate than Dr. Bass. In his baccalaureate for twenty years, in his sermons in churches and at camp meetings, and in his addresses before the annual district and quarterly conference, his eloquent appeals for female education have been heard. The Red Cross Knight, in the palmiest days of chivalry, was never a truer champion of the woman of his vows. All the daughters of Georgia have a bold defender in Capers Bass, and never was fealty to an espoused cause more faithfully kept.
JOHN SPRINGS BAXTER, one of Macon's most distinguished citizens, was born in that city, Dec. 3,1832, and was taken to Athens when but a child in arms,
by his parents. In that city he grew to manhood, attending private instruction in Dr. Beman's famous school, and graduating from the University of Georgia in 1853, with the degree of A. B. He then went to Jefferson Medical college, at Phila delphia, and was graduated in 1856. He returned to Macon and there began prac tice. In August, 1861, he enlisted in the Macon volunteers, an old military company, organized about 1825, which was assigned to the Second Georgia battalion, and known as Company B. He served as a private till April, 1862, when he was made surgeon of the battalion, and acted as such about two months. He then went to Richmond, where he was made assistant surgeon to the Third Georgia hospital. Two months afterward he was appointed surgeon of the Forty-sixth Georgia regiment, in the field, which regiment was then stationed at Charleston, S. C. He accompanied the regiment, in May, 1863, to the relief of Vicksburg, and remained with the army until the surrender of Gen. Johnston, at Greensborough, N. C. He officiated as surgeon in the battles of Jackson, Miss., and on the retreat from Chat tanooga to Atlanta. After the war he resumed his practice in Macon, for about a year, and then went into the general merchandise business with George S. Jones, tinder the firm name of Jones & Baxter. He retired from business the latter part of 1873, ad in 1876 was made a director of the Southwestern railroad, running from Macon to Eufaula, Ala. and Columbus, Ga., the length of the road being 333 miles. In May, 1891, he was made president of the Southwestern, and served as such until February, 1894, and at the election of that year was made vice-president, an office which he now holds. In 1876, in connection with the late W. B. Johnston, he organized the first artificial ice company established at Macon, and carried it on until 1884 ,and then sold out. He was one of the original incorporators of the Macon Brewing company, and was one of its directors, and when the company went into the hands of a receiver, in 1891, he and R. H. Plant reorganized the com pany as the Acme Brewing company, of which he is now a director. He was one of the men who agitated and secured the building of the Macon water works, and was a director up to 1893. He is a director of the Central Georgia bank, the Macon Fire Insurance company, the Macon Building and Loan association, and the Ocmulgee Land company, all of Macon, and of the Southern Mutual Insurance company, of Athens, Ga. Dr. Baxter was married in November, 1858, to Caroline, daughter of the late Judge Edward D. Tracy, a resident of Macon, and has one child, Tracy Baxter, who is an attorney in Macon. His wife died in 1861, and Dr.

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Baxter has never remarried. He belongs to no church, though he affiliates with the Presbyterians, and belongs to na secret society. The only office he ever held was that of city physician, one year, 1857.
The father of Dr. Baxter was Thomas \V. Baxter, born in Greene county in 1786. He was a merchant in Macon and Milledgeville, Ga., for many years, and later had charge of the Athens manufacturing company. He died in Athens in ig/l/l Thomas W. Baxter was a brave soldier in the Seminole war, and in the civil war furnished six sons, including the subject of this sketch, to the Confederate army, viz: Andrew, Thomas W., Eli L., who died in service; Edwin G. Baxter, killed in the service in Texas, and Richard B., who was all through the service until the attack on Knoxville in 1864, where he was captured and held until the war was over. He was in the Third Georgia regiment, first, and was a private in the Fifteenth Georgia regiment when he was captured. The grandfather and grand mother of Dr. Baxter were natives of North Carolina, and the family is of Scotch-Irish descent.

A LECK BLOCK, president of the Acme Brewing company, of Macon, Ga., was born in New York city, Sept 21, 1856, and two years later came with his
parents to Americus, Ga., where they lived till 1865, then moving to Macon, Ga., where they have since resided.- The greater part of Mr. Block's education was received in Macon, but at the age of 14 he left school and entered the real estate and insurance office of Turpin & Ogden. For two years he acted as clerk, then book-keeper, and later became a full partner, continuing in this business till 1890, when he devoted himself to other interests. In 1884, in partnership with his brother, N. M. Block, he embarked in the beer business, establishing a warehouse, doing general bottling and shipping beer all over the state. A few years later they added the wholesaling of whisky to their trade. Still in company with his brother, Mr. Block, in 1886, organized a stock company and purchased the Central City ice plant, which had been established about a year, with a capital of 817,000. The new company increased the stock to $40,000, enlarged the plant and elected Mr. Block president, in which capacity he served till 1891, when he was made manager, a position which he still holds. Mr. Block and his brother own the controlling interest in this enterprise. In 1890 the Macon Brewing company built a brewen- costing $340,000; after running it two years, they were obliged to place it in the hands of a receiver. The receiver conducted it a year, when it was put up for sale, selling for $i 12,000. The company was reorganized, with a capital stock of $150,000, of which $142,000 was paid in. Mr. Block was made president March 10, 1893; H. Home, vice-president, and a dividend of 8 per cent declared the first year. The new brewing company is known as the Acme Brewing com pany, the officers are: President, A. Block; vice-president, H. Home; secretary, treasurer and superintendent, J. N. Hazlehurst. The last year this business was managed by the old company they sold 8,000 barrels of beer. The new company sold their first year 15,800 barrels. Mr. Block and his brother disposed of their other beer interests, but retain the wholesale whisky trade. Mr. Block is a director of the Academy of Music and stockholder in the following enterprises: American National bank, Progress Loan and Improvement company, and Bibb Loan association. He is a democrat, but not an active politician, and is a member of Central City lodge No. 3, Knights of Pythias. He was married in July, 1891, to Leonora Metzer. a native of Cincinnati. Mr. Block is one of the keenest and most successful business men in Macon; good fortune has smiled upon all his undertakings; he is an agreeable, whole-souled gentleman, making friends as readily as he does money. Mr. Block's father, Joseph Block, a native of Germany,

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served in the Confederate interests during the late war, as home guard. He lives in Macon, and is seventy-four years old.

A RTHUR E. BOARDMAN, president of the Macon Gas Light and Water

company, was born in Macon, Ga., March 20, 1850. He received his primary

education in his native city, and graduated, with the degree of civil engineer, at

Rensselaer Polytechnic institute in Troy, N. Y., in 1870. Immediately after grad

uating he returned to Georgia and engaged in surveying the extension of the

Southwestern and other railroads. In 1872, Mr. Boardman was elected city-

engineer of Macon, and a year later entered the service of the Macon Gas Light

company. He rebuilt the gas works, built the water works, and also built the gas

works at the state asylum at Milledgeville, Ga., and the water works at Americus,

Ga. In company with W. A. Jeter, Mr. Boardman, in 1886, formed the Jeter &

Boardman Gas and Water association. The history of this association will be'

found in the sketch of Mr. W. A. Jeter, published in this volume. Mr. Boardman,

in 1893, was president of the American Gas Light association, and presided at their

meeting in Chicago during the World's Fair. He is a director, and for several

years was vice-president of the Macon Savings bank, of which his father, J. M.

Boardman, was president almost to the time of his death in 1893.

While not an active politician, Mr. Boardman is a stanch democrat. He is not

a member of secret societies, and his affiliations are with the Episcopal church. Mr.

Boardman was married in 1875 to Rebecca W., daughter of Clinton C. Tallmanj

of Brooklyn, N. Y.

"

JOHN WILLIAM BURKE. No man in Macon is more widely or more favor ably known than the gentleman of whom this sketch is a brief mention. A life
full of service for the Master, as editor, preacher and business man, has carried him
into all parts of the state, and has diffused most widely an influence which has always been exerted for the uplifting of society. John W. Burke was born in Watkinsville, Ga., Oct. I, 1826, and there reared to the age of fifteen years. At
that age he entered upon an apprenticeship to the printers' trade in the office of
the "Athens Banner," and on which paper he continued to labor until February of 1849, when he removed to Cassville, Ga., and established the "Cassville Stand ard." After six years of successful management of this periodical, he began the work of the ministry, joining the Georgia conference of the Methodist church, his first circuit being that of Cassville. In 1856 he was transferred to the Lawrenceville circuit, where he continued until 1858. In the latter year, Rev. Burke, on account of his knowledge of the publishing business, was placed in charge of the Methodist Book repository, located at Macon, which he managed successfully until 1864. A private venture in the publishing business was then entered upon, J. W. Burke & Co., of which he has since been president, being established on the ruins left by Sherman. Under his careful management this soon became one of the institutions
of Macon, and for many years was the leading printing establishment in Georgia. In connection with his duties for this concern. Rev. Burke continued to labor with untiring zeal in the cause of Methodism, filling various important and useful positions in the Georgia conference. In 1878, he was the presiding elder for the Macon district, and in 1880, filled that difficult office for the Amcricus district. He was for twenty-five years the publisher and assistant editor of the Southern and
the Wesleyan Christian "Advocate," the length of his service evidencing the quality
of his services. Rev. Burke's nuptials were solemnized with Caroline White in 1848, and to them have been born the following children: Fannie. Mrs. Col. Xat. E. Harris, Macon; Mary, Mrs. B. H. Sasnett, Atlanta; Leila, Mrs. W. R. Holmes,

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Macon; E. \V., manager of The J. \V. Burke Company; Rev. W. B., a Methodist missionary in China for the past eight years, and J. W.. Jr., v.-ho was killed by lightning at Cumberland Island, Ga.. at the age of twenty-four. This family
was reared in the fear and admonition of the Lord, and the parents now con template them useful and prominent members of society.

THOMAS C. BURKE, dealer in paints and oils, was born in New York city, February 27, 1856. Four years later he came with his parents to Macon,
Ga., and was there brought up and received his early education. He finished his scholastic course with R. A. Slaughter. Upon leaving school he entered the office of his father, who was a contractor, and continued with him for one year. In 18/4 Mr. Burke and his father, with a capital of $600, established a paint
and oil store in Macon, under the firm name of C. Burke & Son. This partner ship existed until August, 1886, when the father died, and since then the business
has been earned on under the name of T. C. Burke. The first year of the co-partnership's existence it did a business of about $6,000, but it lias steadily increased the volume of its transactions until 1893 they amounted to $150,000. Mr. Burke is one of the five owners of the Academy of Music in Macon anil is vice-president of the Academy of Music company, president of the Progress Loan and Improvement company, director of the Union Savings bank and Trust company, was a member of the municipal bond commission, and is now lire commissioner in Macon. He owns stock in many commercial enterprises. He has never sought political preferment and has never held a political office. He is a firm democrat but not in any way an active politician. He is a member of the Roman Catholic church. He had one brother who was a priest and died
in New Orleans at the age of twenty-nine. His sister Maggie is now known as Sister Legouri, a sister of mercy in the Mount de Sales convent. Mr. Burke -attends to all the legal business for this convent. He was married in 1886 to Man- S., daughter of John \\~. Bessman, Augusta, Ga., and they have two children: Mary Henrietta and Martin L. Mr. Burke's father was Christopher Burke, a native of Dublin. Ireland, who came to America in 1837, at the age of twenty years, settled in New York, and remained there until 1860. when he came to Macon, where he died in 1886, as above mentioned. Christopher Burke served as commissioner of Bibb county and alderman from the third ward of Macon. During the war he had charge of the 'paint shop of the Macon & Western railroad at Macon. Thomas C. Burke is widely esteemed in social and business circles, his shrewd yet affable nature and ready wit making him a univer sal favorite.

THOMAS J. CARLING, capitalist of Macon, Ga., was born in New York city June 13. 1839. He was educated there and learned the plumbing trade, but
in 1873 removed to Macon and has since resided in that city. In 1874 he re-engaged in the plumber's business, conducting it until 1885, when in partnership
with H. R. Bryan he built the Macon & Suburban street railroad, four and onehalf miles long, Mr. Carling owning ninety per cent, of the stock. He sold the
street railway the same year it was built and then in partnership with Mr. Bryan bought and remodeled the Lanier house, of which he is still the principal owner.
In company with several others he built, in 1893, the Macon & Indiana Springs railroad, which is seven miles in length and chiefly owned by him. In March
of the latter year he purchased the "Telegraph." one of Macon's favorite news papers, and has sold a certain interest in it. his intention being to dispose of the remainder in a short time. Mr. Carling was elected to the city council in 1891;

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though he was only in the field t\vo weeks before election he defeated four other candidates who had made regular canvasses for the office. Two years later he was made chairman of the council for twelve months. Mr. Carling is a Mason, a Mystic Shriner, Royal Arch and Knight Templar. He is now master of Mabel lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M. He is also a member of Syracuse lodge, Xo. 36, Knights of Pythias. He has held every office in that lodge and in the grand lodge. He is now supreme representative of the state. He is also a member of the I. O. O. F., the Red Men, and is colonel of the uniformed Knights of Pythias. He was married in 1876 in Columbia, S. C, to Ella F., daughter of Rev. Robert Miller, now of Macon, Ga. Mr. Carting's father was John Carling, a native of New York.

\\fILLIAM R- COX, senior member of the large wholesale grocery firm of Cox & Chappell, Macon, Ga., is a native of the county in which he now
resides. He is a son of D. M. Cox, who soon after his birth, April 4, 1843, removed to Houston county. Here William R. came to years of maturity,
receiving such education as could be had in the ordinary- schools of that period. The war between the states was the first great event of his life, and though but a youth, he did battle bravely for the undying principles of the Confederacy. Mr. Cox enlisted in the First Georgia, in April of 1861. and passed the twelve months of that enlistment in Pensacola, Fla., and in Virginia. Returning to Macon when his enlistment had expired, the company of which he was a member a month later was mustered into the artillery service and joined Gen. Bragg, who was operating in the department of Tennessee. As a corporal of this com pany Mr. Cox followed it with varying fortune through a large number of
important campaigns and it is but just to add that they were looked upon as one of "the most efficient and skilled batteries in the western- army. Mr. Cox received a slight wound at Perryville, Ky., but otherwise returned from the war unharmed. Perry, Houston Co., was the point at which Mr. Cox made his
first business venture, but disposing of his interests there in 1868 he came to Macon, where he began at the bottom round, clerking for several years He afterward became junior member of the firm of Jacques, Johnson & Cox, whole sale dealers in liquors and cigars. He subsequently established in company with Mr. Corbin the firm of Cox & Corbin, and now handles groceries and provisions exclusively. The domestic life of Mr. Cox has been most felicitous, his home having been presided over since November of 1873 by Lizzie, the accomplished
daughter of Col. J. E. Jones, a former president of the Central Georgia bank, and for long years a leading spirit in the business circles of Macon. After his death Mr. Cox purchased the old Jones homestead, one of the most beautiful residence properties in the city, where he now resides. William R. Cox is a wide-awake business man, and is interested in various business enterprises. He is vice-president of the Central Georgia bank, and a director of the Southwestern railroad. In politics he votes the democratic ticket, is a Methodist in religion, and is an ex-alderman of the city of Macon, and president of the Alexander free
school board of that city.

\JMILLIAM A. DAVIS, one of the most prominent business men in Bibb county, was born on a farm eight miles east of Macon, Ga., April .4, 1847,
living there until he was thirty years of age. He studied at Jeffersonville, Twiggs Co., Ga., in the years 1861-2-3. In 1863, though but sixteen years old, he entered the Confederate service, enlisting in Company B, Second Georgia battalion

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

of cavalry, as a private, and later was made orderly sergeant, serving as such until the surrender. He fought in the battles of Chickamauga and Gnswoldville, participated in many skirmishes, and left the service with an enviable record.
After the cessation of hostilities he resumed his studies at the academy of Alientown, Twiggs Co.. of which James E. Croslin, an educator of reputation, was principal, and then returned to his home in Bibb county, being called there by the death of his father. He managed the homestead from 1866 to 1877, during which period he was elected to represent Twiggs county in the general assembly, and during- the session served with distinction on the committees on agriculture,
public institution? and other matters before the legislature. A majority of his fellow-members not favoring the permanent institution of the college at Dahlonega, a bill to that end was defeated, but Mr. Davis secured a reconsideration and succeeded in having the bill passed, to which fact the agricultural college
at that point now owes its existence, and for which service he received unstinted praise. Entering municipal as well as state politics Mr. Davis has been elected alderman from three different wards of the city of Macon--serving six years in all in the city council--and for four years of that time he acted as mayor pro tern. He has also been road commissioner from his district for several years. In 1880 he came to Macon and five years later, in company with M. C. Balcomb, engaged in the business of handling cotton, the style of the firm being Davis & Balcomb. This firm existed until 1890, when it was re-arranged under the title of W. A. Davis & Co., and now continues as such. For years Mr. Davis was a director of the Merchants7 National bank of Macon, which went into voluntary liquidation in 1803. He is now vice-president and director of the Guarantee company of Macon, and has interests in various other business enterprises. He is a thirty-second degree Mason and a Mystic Shriner. He has held all the principal offices irj the subordinate lodges, to-wit, past master of Macon lodge, Xo. 5, F. & A. M.; past high priest of Constantine chapter, Royal Arch Masons; past eminent commander of the St Omar commandery, Knights Templars, and he is at this time grand senior warden of the grand lodge of the state. He is also a member of the I. O. O. F. and the Encampment, having held all the chairs and being at present district deputy grand master. He is past noble grand of United Brother's lodge, I. O. O. F., and past chief patriarch of the Encamp ment. He is, as well, a Knight of Pythias. He affiliates with the Baptist church, and, while living on his farm, was for many years a deacon of the local church. In 1868 Mr. Davis married Mary R.. daughter of J. W. and Susan (Barlow) Summers: they have four children, Hattie B., Edwin, Mabel C., and Gussie M. Edwin is a graduate of Mercer university, Macon. Mr. Davis' father was Elisha Davis, a native of Burke county. Ga., who -vas several times elected to the general
assembly. He was a jurist and served on the bench of the inferior court of Bibb county for many years. He died in 1866 at the age of sixty-one. Two of his sons, in addition to William A., served in the late war. John X. was in the Bibb county cavalry and with the western army almost all the time that army was in the field. Gilbert M. enlisted in Hampton's brigade as a private, saw service during the entire war period, and was mustered out when in command of his company.
Elisha Davis' father was John Davis, a Virginian by birth and the son of John Davis, a Welshman, who emigrated from Wales to Virginia and was killed in the revolution at the battle of Brandywine. William A. Davis has won his way in life by force of individuality and honest determination to succeed, using his great natural abilities to the best advantage: and as a public-spirited citizen has won a host of friends in social, business and political circles.

BIBB COUNTY SKETCHES.
JOSEPH T. DERRY, professor of languages in the Wesleyan Female college, Macon, Ga., was born in Milledgeville, on Dec. 13, 1841. His early boyhood
was spent in Milledgeville and Eatonton. When he was nine years of age his parents moved to Charleston, S. C., where they resided for two years. They then moved to Augusta, Ga., which continued to be Mr. Derry's home for twenty-six years. His preparatory instruction for Emory college was obtained in the Augusta schools. In 1859 he entered the junior class at Emory college, Oxford, Ga., from which he was graduated in 1860, with distinction. In the spring of 1861, when the "war between the states" began, Mr. Deny enlisted in the Confederate service, and for four years followed the starry cross of the southern Confederacy. At the close of the war he returned to Augusta and took up the profession of teaching. He was first at the head of a select, classical and English school; next was principal of the Houghton institute, and then for nine years was head of the classical department of the academy of Richmond county. He was holding this last position when he accepted a call to the chair of ancient and modern languages in Wesleyan Female college, Macon, Ga. This position he holds now--1895. Mr. Derry is the author of a school history of the United States, published in 1874; a Guide to Georgia, which appeared in 1878, and a history of the United States for schools, published in 1880, and the Story of the Confederate States, which appeared in May, 1895, and in less than three months reached a second edition. He has also, at different times, contributed valuable articles to Frank Leslie's, The Century and other leading magazines. Prof. Derry was married, Aug. 5, 1862, to Miss Elizabeth D. Osborne, of Augusta. Her great-grandfather, Hon. Henry Osborne, of Camdencounty, was a delegate to the state convention which ratified the constitution of the United States, Jan. 2, 1788. Prof, and Mrs. Derry have had several children bonr to them, of whom three are living: Henry P., a leading young physician, Macon;. Susie, wife of T. C. Parker, a promising business man, Macon, and George Seney, a bright and promising lad, born in 1881.
WASHINGTON DESSAU, lawyer, Macon, was born in that city, July 24, 1852. His early education was obtained in the public schools, and in 1867 he entered,
the University of Georgia, at Athens. He was graduated in 1870, and from the law department in 1871. He then returned to Macon, and in October, 1871, entered the law office of Nesbits & Jackson, and was admitted to practice a few monthslater. He continued to practice in Macon, and in 1885 formed a partnership with C. L. Bartlett, which continued until Mr. Bartlett went on the bench in 1893, when Mr. Dessau formed a partnership with Robert Hodges. In 1884 Mr. Dessau waspresidential elector from the sixth congressional district, and in 1888 was a delegate from the state at large to the National democratic convention. In 1892 he was president of the Georgia Bar association, and has been a member of the state democratic executive committee for two terms.
Mr. Dessau was married, in 1880, to Fanny E., daughter of Edward H. Gilmer, of Montgomery, Ala., a nephew of George R. Gilmer, who was governor of Georgia.
CAMUEL S. DUNLAP is a leading spirit in the industrial life of Macon, Ga., to which city he came, a penniless youth, forty-six years ago. With but arr
ordinary education, he began his career, in November, 1849, as a clerk in a retail grocerj', at $96 per year, and board. For three years he remained in the same position, and even with that insignificant salary was able to save enough to start a very small business of his own. Success attended him from the very start; hisbusiness increased, and the war found him on the highway to wealth. Heeding.

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his country's call. Mr. Dunlap joined a cavalry company and served six months as first lieutenant. He then resigned and returned home, where he organized and led to the field, as captain, the Bibb cavalry. This company he uniformed and equipped at his own expense, selling a lot of cotton for the purpose. It is but fair to say that such disinterestedness was repaid by the individual members subse quently. He participated in many of the hard-fought battles of the war, notably: Second Manassas, Harper's Fern-. Sharpsburg and Gettysburg. In the latter he was seriously wounded in a personal encounter with a Federal officer, and spent several months in the hospital at Richmond. He returned from the war, sick and wounded in body, but not daunted in spirit. Like many others, he found himself without means. Renting a farm, he began its cultivation, and mother nature smiled on his efforts, notwithstanding the fact that only one hand could be vised on the plow, the other being carried in a sling. In 1867 Mr. Dunlap concluded to again try a mercantile life, and this time selected the hardware business. Again fortune ?miled on him, and he continued to increase his humble beginning, until he i? now at the head of one of the largest establishments of the kind in the south, the Dunlap Hardu are company being favorably known all over the state.
Mr. Dunlap has always been a man of great enterprise, and instead of allowing his means to accumulate and remain idle, he invested in various industrial and banking institutions. He is president and a leading stockholder in the Macon Agricultural works, president of the Macon Fire Insurance company, a director in each of the three leading financial institutions of Macon, the Exchange Union Savings and Central bank, and a large stockholder in the Southwestern railroad. He also cultivates a magnificently improved plantation of 400 acres, lying within two miles of the city. Mr. Dunlap has been a member of the Methodist church since he was twelve years old, and has always taken part in the active work of that organization. He was for many years superintendent of Mission Sunday school, and is now a member of the board of stewards. A word concerning his family: Samuel S. Uunlap was born in Jasper county. Ga., July 31, 1830. He was the son -of David and Hetty (\\~ingate) Dunlap, his father being a farmer of limited circum stances. He reared six sons to maturity: five of them did their duty bravely in the army, and two of them are now living. Rev. William C. Dunlap. of Covington, a Methodist preacher of note, being the other. In 1855, May 15, Mr. Dunlap cele brated his nuptials with Mary A., daughter of J. L. Eirgh, of Bibb county, to whom were born seven children. Six of these are now living, as follows: Nettie, Mrs. li. M. \Vortham, Macon: Florence, Mrs. Ashton Stark, Richmond, Va.; Clara. Mrs. Claude Badgely. Albany, N. Y.: Lillia, Mrs. Lewis A. Stevens, Atlanta, Ga.; Ilah. Mrs. Col. Lee A. Jordan. Macon; Samuel S., Jr., at home. In 1873 Mr. Dunlap erected one of the most beautiful homes in the city of Macon, where he lives, surrounded by family and friends, enjoying the means his industry has
"brought him.

\yiLLIAM HAMILTON FELTOX, JR., present solicitor-general of the Macon circuit, was born on a farm in Macon county, Ga., Sept. 19,1860, and
lived there fifteen years. He was educated at the schools of his native county and at Mercer university, at Macon. Ga., where he graduated with second honors and the degree of A. B. In October. 1878. he entered the law department of the University of Virginia, and took the degree of B. A. there, in July, 1880. He was admitted to the bar in Macon. Ga.. Dec. I, 1880, and immediately opened an office there. A year later he formed a partnership with Tracy Baxter, which continued until 1888. when Mr. Felton was elected solicitor-general. He was re-elected in 1892. for a term ending Jan. i, 1897. Mr. Felton is one of Georgia's leading

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democratic politicians, always ready and willing to work for the good of his party and his country. He was elected to the legislature in 1886, and served two years, being a member of the following committees: Judiciary, railroads and banks. Heis a Mystic Shriner Mason and a Knight of Pythias. He was married, Xov. 28,
1888, to Miss Mary E. Johnston, daughter of the late William U. Johnson. Mr. Felton's father was LeRoy Monroe Felton, a native of Jones county, Ga., a very large planter in Macon county all his life, who died in May, 1894, at the age of sixty-eight
years. Mr. Felton, Sr., served repeatedly in both branches of the state legislature. -Mr. Felton's grandfather, William Felton, was a North Carolinian, who came toGeorgia in his early manhood, about 1815. The Felton family are of English descent.

MATTHEW R. FREEMAN*, city recorder of Macon, Ga., was born there Oct. 10, 1837. Receiving his rudimentary and academic education in the schools
of that place he entered the Georgia Military institute at Marietta and studied there during the years 1853-4-5, but left on the completion of his junior course. Among his classmates were Gen. P. M. B. Young of north Georgia; Charles H. Olmstead and Charlton N. Way, both of Savannah; John Milledge, state librarian and others prominent in political, judicial and professional circles. On leaving the military institute in 1855 young Freeman returned to Macon and entered the
foundry and machine shop of Robert Findley in order that he might learn the machinist's trade. He remained there three and one-half years and at the end of that time commenced to study medicine with the late Dr. M. S. Thompson, after which he graduated at the Southern Medical and Botanical college, now extinct, at Macon. He began the practice of medicine in his native city and prosecuted it with success until in April, 1861, when he followed his company, the Macon guards, an old established division of militia, of which he was first lieutenant, into the field in the Confederate sen-ice and was assigned to the Eighth Georgia regiment. This company was afterward known as Company C. Mr. Freeman served as first lieutenant in that company and regiment until the autumn of 1863, when he was made assistant inspector-general on the staff of Col. John C. Fizer, and served in that capacity up to the date of Sherman's campaign through Georgia, when he was assigned to the reserve corps of that state with the rank of major. He joined Hardee's brigade and made the campaign of Georgia and the Carolinas. which was terminated by the surrender of Johnston at Greensborough. X. C. He fought in the following battles: First Manassas, dam Xo. i at Yorktown, Garnett's farm, Malvern Hill, Rappahnnnock Station, Thoroughfare Gap, Second Manassas. South Mountain, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg. Gettysburg, Knoxville, Tenn.. the Wilder ness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Fort Harrison and Appomattox. After the surrender of Lee Mr. Freeman returned to Macon and for eighteen months engaged in handling cotton and merchandising, which he carried on until
1880. In November of that year he was badly injured in a railroad accident on the Georgia Central, which laid him up in bed for six months and made him an invalid for four years, during which time he was unable to attend to any business. At the suggestion of friends he commenced the study of law and was admitted to the bar May 13, 1887, establishing himself in Macon and opening the practice lie now enjoys. In December, i8go, Mr. Freeman was elected recorder of Macon for a term of three years and in 181)3 was re-elected for another period of two years, the term of office having been made shorter by the new charter. A stanch demo crat, he has never taken any active part in politics, but his opinions have weight with the party managers. He is a Knight Templar Mason in the St. Omar coinmamlerv of Macon atid a member of the I. O. O. F., as well as of the uniform

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rank, Knights of Pythias. Mr. Freeman was married Feb. 15, 1859, to Fanny E., daughter of the late Dr. A. A. Cullen, Sandersville, Ga., and they have six living children, three sons and three daughters: Azel R.; Harriet G., wife of H. G. Griswold, Alacon, Ga.; Delia S., wife of \V. K. Voting, Macon, Gai; E. Walker, Fanny {unmarried) and Augustus C. His father was Azel Roe Freeman, born in New Jersey in 1791, who came to Georgia in 1825 and with his brother settled in Macon, where they built the first brick store-room and entered into business, which they carried on for a number of years. Azel Roe Freeman was for fifteen years clerk and treasurer of the city of Macoi? and to all intents and purposes the mayor. He was the first steward of Wesleyan Female college in 1839. At the close of the war he organized the Mechanics' Building and Loan association and the Ocmulgee Building and Loan association in Macon, sen-ing as secretary and treasurer of both these institutions from their inception until his death in 1872. Shortly after he had succeeded in establishing" the organizations above mentioned he formed the Home Building and Loan association, occupying the same dual position in it as he held in the two others. He was a devout member of the Mul berry street Methodist Episcopal church. He was a sergeant in the war of 1812, serving in Capt. David Todd's company, Kentucky mounted militia. Six of his sons fought in the late and other wars. Matthew R. Freeman's service on the field lias already been detailed. Thomas S. Freeman was killed at Goliad, Tex., in the war of Texas independence in 1836. He was second corporal in Capt. M. J. Bullock's company, Ward's battalion. Georgia volunteers. Henry C., who was a soldier in the Mexican war and lieutenant in a Georgia regiment in the civil war, was in 1864, while stationed at Fort Pulaski, captured near Savannah and sent to Fort Delaware; from there to Johnston's island and was held a prisoner until the war closed. He died in 1865. George C. was in the Confederate treasury de partment during the civil war. Benjamin P. and Milo S. held positions in the transportation department of the Confederacy during the same period. Matthew R. Freeman and his wife are members of the Mulberry street Methodist Episcopal church and highly esteemed in a large circle of acquaintances.

F)R. WILLIAM B. GILMER. was born in Alacon, Ga., in 1859; was there reared and educated, graduating at Mercer university in 1878, with the degree
of A. B. For two years after graduating he was engaged with his uncle, H. J. I,amar. in the wholesale drug business, and then entered the college of physicians and surgeons in Xew York city, where he graduated in 1884. The same year he passed a competitive examination for interne of Roosevelt hospital and remained there eighteen months. Then he took a second examination and entered the women's hospital and served as interne there for eight months. The following ten months he spent with Dr. Xathan Bozeman, the gynecologist, and with this extended preparation for the practice of his profession returned south and sought a location. Finding none that suited him he returned to Xew York and practiced there for two and a half years. Dr. Gilmer then came to Macon, remaining eight months, after which he went to Vienna, where he studied in the general hospital for a time and in Prof. Crabach's clinic took a course in obstetrics and gynecology. From Vienna Dr. Gilmer came to Macon, where he has since made a specialty of gynecology and obstetrics, with most remarkable success and everincreasing fame. Dr. Gilmer is a member of the Greek society, Kappa Alpha, and affiliates with the Baptist church. He was married in August, 1888, to Mary, daughter of E. H. Ryder of Xova Scotia. Dr. Gilmer's father, Edwin H. Gilmer, a nephew of the late Ex-Gov. Gilmer of Georgia, was a merchant and planter, who was born in Alabama and died in 1864. The emigrant ancestor cf the family

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was Dr. Gilmer, a native of Edinburgh, Scotland, who came to America in 1740, and settled in Virginia. Branches of the family afterward located in North Caro lina and Alabama. Dr. Gilmer is one of the best read and progressive young physicians in his native state.

Q USTAVUS RICHARD GLENN, state school commissioner, and resident of Macon, Ga., is a native of Jackson county, Ga., having been born away from
the noise and bustling activity of a city, in a quiet country home, on Dec. 5, 1848. He removed with his parents to Terrell county, Ga., at the age of six years, and in a small schoolhouse located in' the neighboring town of Chickasawhatchie, first
marshaled his young and immature faculties in the training of the intellect and to the subsequent fullness of his education. He remained here during the four turbulent years of civil strife, and when this was concluded he was sent under the tutorship of Rev. William Park, in Meriwether county, who conducted the Mt. Carmel school. This was a preparatory institution for entrance into the state uni versity, and young Glenn studied with this purpose in view. Having completed
the course he became a student at Athens, graduating in 1871, witli an A. B. degree, and after another year, devoting his time to post-graduate work, with an A M. degree--including the entire curriculum of the college. In the fall of 1872, with his diploma in his possession, he went to Columbus, Ga., and for the next three years taught school, establishing two years afterward the Columbus female college, which he managed with exceptional success until the buildings were destroyed by fire in
1884. Then he accepted the professorship of natural science in the Wesleyan
female college, located at Macon, Ga., and filled this chair with eminent ability until he resigned in 1892. In the fall of 1893, Mr. Glenn assumed the business man agership of the "Macon Telegraph," remaining until Dec. 14. 1894. He was then
appointed state school commissioner by Gov. W. Y. Atkinson. On July 22, 1875, he was united in marriage to Nellie, daughter of Henry W. Yerstille, formerly of Columbus, but now residing in Atlanta. She was a beautiful, talented lady with the
admirable characteristics that bless the home life, encourage the husband in his daily labors and comfort when anxieties and vexations fret the disposition. This union has been blessed with ten children, three boys and seven girls. Mr. Glenn affiliates with and is a steward in the Methodist church of Macon, having held this honorable position many years. Although the performance of his professional duties demands his presence in Atlanta, his home is in Macon, Bibb Co., Ga.

HON. DUPONT GUERRY was born at Americus, Sumter Co., on March 26, 1848. His father, Wm. B. Guerry. is a descendant of the
French Huguenots, who, many years ago, settled in the state of South Carolina. His mother, whose maiden name was Sarah A. Dixon, is a descendant of a
South Carolina family of English extraction. DuPont Guerry owes his entire education to two years' attendance at the com
mon schools of his native town, and to his father, who aided him materially in his studies. He, therefore, entered upon the duties of life without the advantages afforded by a regular course at college or university.
Before he had attained the age of fifteen years, he volunteered in the military service of the Confederate States, and presented himself ready for the privations of the camp and the perils of the field, as a private in the army of northern Virginia. Much to the regret of this boy-soldier and patriot, he was rejected by Gen. Pendleton, on account of extreme youth and smallness of stature. Thus disappointed in his effort to serve his country in the ranks of the noble army mentioned, he turned with manly resolution and hope, to the army then under the command of Gen.

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Joseph E. Johnston; but about this time the news reached him that the militia officers of Georgia were called to service, and he joined them, on their organization, at Atlanta. When the militia (proper) were called out, and their reorganization took place, he was elected a lieutenant, although at that period he was scarcely 16 years of age. This opportunity to serve his state was most gratifying to him, and he improved it to the utmost, being ready at all times to give his life for the cause he had espoused. He engaged in the battles, on the right, which were fought at the city of Atlanta, in July, 1864. and there was no soldier who evinced greater gallantry in that army of chivalric men. Those who were eye-witnesses of his valor are enthusiastic in its praise. He was also in the battle of Griswoldville, and more than sustained his reputation for bravery in that contest. When Macon was captured by Gen. Wilson he was in the city, and preferring to escape rather than to be paroled, be and his father and a few others retired from that place after night through the railroad bridge. and"succeeded in avoiding capture.
Determining to pursue the profession of law, in which his father was engaged,
he accordingly began the study of that science. Devoting himself closely and assiduously to his books, he was, in due time, after a most creditable examination, admitted to the bar, and commenced the practice of the law at Americus, in con junction with his father, in the year 1870. With the same earnestness, industry and resolution which distinguished him from childhood, and a mind, naturally judicial, u ell-stored with the eternal principles which constitute the legal science, he
entered upon the duties of counsellor and attorney. Although he commenced the practice in the presence of a bar of great ability, he sustained himself from the beginning, and very soon received the most complimentary recognition of his ability and promise from the chief justice and justices of the supreme court of
Georgia. His efforts before that tribunal very early marked him out as the peer of the first legal minds of this state, and as the years have passed, he has steadily developed his powers and extended his reputation as a lawyer.
In 1876. he was married to Miss Fannie Davenport, of Americus, a lady of rare beauty and accomplishments, who. having been his playmate in childhood and his friend in youth and early manhood, was a fit companion of his after life. This union has been blessed with four children, whose presence gives cumulative happiness to their home.
His election to the senate in 1880 was a merited compliment from one of the most wealthy and intelligent constituencies in the state. A more able, indefatigable or faithful representative of that district, or of the interests, rights and honor of the commonwealth, could not have been selected. He was a member of the stand ing committees of the senate on the judiciary, finance, banks, public buildings, railroads and internal improvements, being the chairman of the committee on finance during a great portion of the session of 1881, owing to the providential absence of its distinguished chairman. Hon. R. T. Fouche. He was, in addition, chairman of the joint standing committee on finance, and of the joint special committee, appointed to investigate and devise as to the acceptance of certain irregular United States bond*, which were tendered the state treasurer in payment of the balance due as purchase money for the Macon & Brunswick railroad. He
was likewise a member of the joint special committee, appointed to investigate the lease of the Western & Atlantic railroad. Few, if any, senators were placed in so many important positions requiring industry and intelligence, yet he was equal to the task injposed. and discharged every duty cheerfully, promptly, and with great ability. During the session of 1881 he was present at every roll call, and always ready to advocate such measures as he deemed beneficial to the state, or oppose those which he regarded bad in policy or wrong in principle. His opposition to the

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acceptance of the irregular bonds of the United States, was decided. After a full investigation, as chairman pf the committee, he presented the majority report, which was adverse to their acceptance, and sustained that report by a speech that has seldom been equaled in the senate of Georgia for clearness and force of argument He handled the subject like an intellectual giant, making the line of duty so plain
that scarcely a senator was left to oppose his views. But for this effort the bonds in question would, in all probability, have been accepted, and a large loss to the
people might have resulted. On the bill introduced by himself to compel the railroads of Georgia to adopt
and enforce joint rates, he made a masterly argument. Then, when the Cole charter
was before the senate on its final passage, his powers as debater were brought into exercise by the opposition which that measure encountered from the Hon. Henry D. McDaniel, who soon afterward became governor of Georgia. That gentleman desired to subject the bill to a material amendment, and the effort lie made to accomplish this purpose met successful resistance only in the argument of Mr. Guerry, which may be truly characterized as overwhelming.
Mr. Guerry was a delegate from Sumter to the state convention of 1883, and was the author of the resolution to appoint the conference committee of eighteen, and which resulted in the nomination of his friend, Mr. McDaniel, for the office of governor. He has attended a number of other state conventions, and was a delegate, for the state at large, to the national democratic convention, which met at Chicago in 1892. He was appointed by President Cleveland United States attorney for the southern district of Georgia in 1,886, and thereupon removed to Macon, where he now resides. He tendered his resignation to Mr. Cleveland, to take effect on March 4, 1889, but the same was not accepted until Mr. Harrison accepted it in April thereafter. Mr. Guerry has been quite active in politics,
though an aspirant on two occasions only for political office. He has made speeches throughout Georgia during several campaigns, and, in 1892, made a number of speeches in Alabama at the request of the democratic national com mittee. He is a member of the Methodist church.^ and also of the board of trustees of the Wesleyan Female college. He is a member of the legal firms of Gustin, Guerry & Hall, at Macon, and Guerry & Son, at Americus.

^y [LLIAM MILLER GORDON. This gentleman is one of Macon's prominent business men, being general manager of the Progress Loan and Improve
ment company, and also senior member of the insurance firm of Gordon & P>udd. Mr. Gordon lays claim to nativity in Macon county, his parents residing there at
the time of his birth. As a matter of fact, however, that old and famous hostelry at Oglethorpe, Ga., known for long years as "Old Travelers' Rest," was his real birth place, his parents being temporarily there when the event occurred. The parents. John and Catherine Gordon, removed to Perry, Houston Co., in 1858, where they still reside, at an advanced age. William M. Gordon was born April 19, 1851.
His early education contemplated the law as a profession, but heavy reverses suffered by his father during and immediately following the war (his property being
in slaves and in money loaned throughout the state) caused a change in their plans for the son. Instead of entering college, therefore, the youth, at seventeen, became acting deputy clerk of the court of Houston county. At nineteen he was enabled, by judicious economy, to enter in a small way the mercantile business at Perry. From time to time his success admitted an enlargement of the business, and it was not many years before he found himself at the head of a large and successful mercantile establishment. To his business he added that of farming, buying land in small lots as opportunity offered for profitable investment. In fact, it was the
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old story, too rarely realized, however, of honesty, persistence and the judicious use of money saved, that made Mr. Gordon one of the wealthy men of his com munity before middle age. In 1887 he decided to take up outside work, and removing to Macon, went into the general insurance business, and also became general manager of the Progress Loan and Improvement company. He still retains his interest in Houston county, where he owns some 7,000 acres of fine
farming and fruit lands, and an interest in the mercantile establishment conducted by a brother at Perry. Mr. Gordon's success as a financier caused his selection in 1881 as the proper person to represent Houston county in the general assembly. It will be remembered that the session of '81-2 was a most important one, because of the weighty financial legislation which came before it--notably the building of the present beautiful capitol. Mr. Gordon was promptly made a member of the finance committee, and took a leading part in all the discussions which came up, acquitting himself with much credit. In September, 1884, Mr. Gordon was united in marriage to Bessie, daughter of J. T. Budd, of Monticello, Fla., who became the mother of two children, Josiah Budd and Catherine.

J OHX LUMSDEN HARDEMAN, judge of the superior court of the Macon circuit, was born in Macon, Ga., Nov. 12, 1851. In that city he was reared,
receiving a rudimentary education, and in 1867 he entered the state university, graduating there in 1871, with the degree of A. B. He was a. brilliant scholar, winning the debaters' medal and the anniversary oratorship from his college society--the Demosthenean--early giving promise of the great oratorical gifts
which have made him famous at the bar, the forum and on the hustings. It falls to the lot of but few men to be so gifted with the peculiar power of
eloquence possessed by this distinguished son of Georgia. Peculiarly original, without the monotony of oft-repeated and hackneyed familiar quotations, his ornate addresses abound in gems from the classics and apt sayings from the sacred writings, which latter have a singular potency whenever properly applied. On
leaving college his first work was in the cause of education, teaching school one year in Jones county.
Under Hon. James H. Blount he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1873. Immediately thereafter he accepted an offer of partnership, becoming a
member of the law firm of Blount, Hardeman & Hardeman. He was twice elected to the office of solicitor-general of the Macon circuit, by the general assembly, holding that responsible trust from 1880 to 1888, and discharging its duties with
that zeal and ability that has ever characterized him. No official ever gave more general satisfaction than has Judge Hardeman in the various positions of honor and trust to which the confidence of his people have called him. There lives no man more faithful and fearless in the discharge of duty. To those who enjoy the honor of an acquaintance with his life's work, this will not sound as anything but merited praise. His every act in public and private life seems born of a sacred regard for duty.
His last law partnership was with W. D. Nottingham, extending from 1888 to September, 1892. Soon after this he was appointed judge of the superior court of the Macon circuit, by Gov. Northen, which office he now holds, enjoying the confidence and esteem of bar and people. In 1889 he was elected a member of the house .of representatives, from Bibb, and did valuable work in that body, serving on committees on general judiciary, railroads, banking and academy for the blind.
In 1878 he was made captain of the Floyd Rifles, one of the oldest and best military organizations in the state, being organized in 1841. For three years

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he was a member of the state military advisory board, of which he was secretary. In 1894 he was elected major of the Second regiment, infantry. This honor, as
well as a still higher one in military circles--that of lieutenant-colonel--was easily
within the reach of this gifted gentleman at another time in the past; but by reason of loyalty to his company, whose devotion to him caused them to pass a resolution
urging him not to accept, but to continue as their captain, this tempting honor was
put aside. This act of self-denial but simply accords with the unselfish nature of
the man. The final acceptance was due to the accumulation of judicial labor that
made it necessary to resign the captaincy and become major, with its less exacting
duties. Judge Hardeman was, prior to his present appointment, attorney for Bibb
county. Many and varied are the positions of trust and responsibility he has filled. He is a member of the F. & A. M. and of the Knights of Pythias, having held
in the latter the captaincy of the uniformed rank, resigning it in 1893. He is past chancellor, commander of Empire lodge, No. II, which, however, disbanded some
time ago. He is also a member of the Baptist church, and in 1875 was united in marriage with Miss Fannie K, daughter of John B. Ross, who was at the time of
his death a wealthy and leading merchant of Macon. In 1894 he was elected a trustee of the Georgia academy for the blind, an institution for which his honored and lamented father faithfully labored.
On April 27, 1894, within five minutes after receiving official information of
the resignation of Judge Charles L. Bartlett, Gov. Northen appointed Judge Hardeman to his present position. This prompt selection of the governor's from
among so able a bar as that of the Macon circuit stands as a well deserved tribute to the personal and professional character of the gentleman chosen, while the uni form correctness of his rulings and the respect and confidence he commands and
enjoys among the members of the bar will attest the wisdom displayed in his
selection. Still in the prime of life, of great mental and physical vigor, Judge Hardeman
has before him a brilliant career, and a devoted people only await his consent to bestow additional honors on him. Judge Hardeman resides in a palatial mansion on the heights in Vineville, a beautiful suburb of Macon. His home is graced by
a lovely wife, a lady of most elegant and entertaining manners. One child has
blessed their union--young Tom Hardeman, who is just budding into manhood, who bears the name of his distinguished grandfather, and is the pride of his
parents. Many are the distinguished guests who have enjoyed the hospitality of
this home. Verily the lines of this favored son of fortune seem to have fallen in pleasant
places. But those who have watched his career know best that his eminent success in life is largely due to his untiring energy, his high sense of honor, as well as
other noble traits of character. Generous, chivalrous, manly--a truly typical
southern gentleman is he--possessing qualities of head and heart that bind his friends to him as with hooks of steel. No wonder that he is successful in the varied
paths to which the versatility of his genius has borne him. Well versed in matters military, an able lawyer and jurist, learned in statesmanship, his life of success affords an example for the rising generation.
"Colonel Hardeman was always a generous antagonist, just, courteous, fair and honorable, scoring no underhanded advantage, and dealing nothing but legitimate blows. Such a man as this candid and lofty gentleman made politics honorable and elevated public agitations. The truth is that Tom Hardeman, as he is familiarly
called, is the type of truth, correctness and fidelity, and has been a true representa-

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

live of our best Georgia manhood; and he never made a poor or an uninteresting speech in his life." (Avery's History of Georgia).

'THOMAS HARDEMAX, JR.,.as he was popularly known (his real name being John Thomas), was born in Putnam county, Ga., Jan. 12, 1825, at what is
known as the Brooks place, a few miles from Eatonton. His Hardeman ancestors were Welsh and settled in Virginia. Three brothers spread from these. Thomas Hardeman followed Daniel Boone into Kentucky, Hardeman county, Tenn., being named for him. Isaac Hardeman went west, and was one of the defenders of the Alamo, Hardeman county, Tex., being named for him; the Confederate general, W. P. Hardeman, was a son of this one. The other brother, John, came to Georgia and settled in Jackson county, in the part which afterward became Oglethorpe. This John, the grandfather of the subject of our sketch, was one of the earliest clerks of the superior court of Oglethorpe county. He was the father of one daughter and five sons: Thomas; Jack, who moved to Mississippi; Robert V., a state senator in 1845 from Jones county and twice judge of the superior court of the Ocmulgee circuit; Benj. Franklin, state senator from Oglethorpe in 1851, and twice solicitor-general of the northern circuit; and Isaac, who died

in childhood.

Thomas Hardeman, Sr., was born in April, 1797, in Oglethorpe county. He

was married Oct. 16, 1821, to Sarah Blewett Sparks, they being the parents

of Thomas Hardeman, Jr., and also of Robert JJlla Hardeman, the present state

treasurer, who has held his position since 1884, having opposition in his own

party only once. Faithful and pure, Rqbt U. has more warm personal friends

than any man in the state- They lived for many years in Putnam, Thos. Harde

man, Sr., being several times sheriff of that county, a position he resigned rather

than execute a negro that had been sentenced to be hanged,, and afterward became

-clerk of the superior court. In 1832 they moved to Macon, soon settling in

Vineville.

.......

i

Thos. Hardeman, Jr., was graduated at Emory college in 1845. Beside lead

ing in his literary society he stood high in the class' of that year, which has long

been considered the banner class of the institution. He studied law at Clinton

under his uncle, Robert Y. Hardeman, and was there admitted to the bar April

20, 1847, Judge James A. Meriwether presiding. He was defeated for solicitor-

general of the Flint circuit in November, 1847, by R. W. McCune, who was

then the incumbent. This so discouraged him that he soon abandoned the pro

fession of law and turned his attention to the business of a commission merchant

which he followed almost uninterruptedly up to his death. In 1846 he had an

assistant's position in the clerical department of the house of representatives, to

which he was re-appointed in 1849 and 1851. In 1853 he first entered political life with the following announcement: "To the Citizens of Bibb County:--The time for selecting those who shall
represent you in the state legislature is rapidly approaching, and at the solicitation of many friends of both political parties, I offer myself as a candidate for your support. Questions involving the future interest of our city, and thereby of our county, will command the attention of our next general assembly, and with a view of advancing that interest, independent of party obligations and caucus requirements, I have been induced to offer myself a candidate to represent you, pledging myself, if elected, to represent your interests independent of such obliga

tions." He was a whig, and though the parties were evenly divided in Bibb county,
in the election he led all competitors by seventy-five votes over the leading

BIBB COUNTY SKETCHES.

341

democratic candidate, leaving his brother whig 125, Bibb being entitled to two representatives.
In those days each county was entitled to one senator; so in 1855 he was a whig candidate for senator, defeating Leroy Napier, the democratic candidate, and being again far in the lead among his own party candidates. In 1857 he was again elected to the house, still leading the ticket. He at once took a prominent stand upon first entering the legislature, devoting his energies to the advance ment of the people and to the upbuilding and fostering of all public institutions, especially the academy for the blind and the Georgia military institute, so much so that in 1859, when he was the whig (or American, as it was then called) candi date for congress, he was fought most bitterly for the interest thus displayed, but, nevertheless, he was elected to congress over Alexander M. Speer, a democrat, who afterward became judge of the supreme court of the state. He was the only Georgia whig, with the exception of Joshua Hill, elected to that congress, the other members of the delegation being all democrats, Robt. Toombs and Alfred Iverson being in the senate, Martin J. Crawford, Peter Love, Lucius J. Gartrell, John W. H. Underwood, James Jackson and John J. Jones being in the house. The Americans believing strongly in the south were nicknamed "South Ameri
cans." All of this delegation have passed away except John Jones of Burke;
Hill and Hardeman, the only whigs, dying within a few hours of each other on the night of March 7, 1891.
From Dec. 7, 1859, to Feb. i, 1860, there was no organization of the national house of representatives. The republicans coming into power all elements of the opposition fiercely fought them for the speakership.
On the first ballot Bocock, the democratic candidate, led with John Sherman, republican, a close second, Mr. Hardeman alone voting for his colleague, Mr. Hill. He then alone on the second ballot supported Mr. Boteler, of Virginia, whose vote afterward reached as high as forty-nine. On the twenty-eighth ballot
Mr. Boteler, Zeb Vance and Hardeman voted for \V. M. H. Smith, of North Carolina, and from these three he gradually grew until the forty-first ballot, the vote then being Pennington, republican, 115; Smith, 113; necessary to a choice, 117. Pennington on the forty-fourth ballot gained two votes and was elected.
Early in the session in a short speech Mr. Hardeman said: "It has been charged here by a portion of the members on my left, that the responsibility for
not organizing rests on the opposition members from the south. Now, I wish
to state distinctly that I am opposed to and shall oppose from now till Christmas next year the election of a republican candidate for speaker. At the same time I will not and cannot support a man who indorses the opinions of Judge Doug las, which opinions are, I think, subversive of southern interests and southern rights, to-wit, that the organic act confers on the people of a territory while in a territorial condition the power to exclude slavery by unfriendly legislation."
This was a stormy session of congress, the southern members all banding
together regardless of politics. On Jan. 19, 1861, when Georgia seceded front the Union he, although strongly
opposed to secession, with all of the Georgia delegation except Mr. Hill, with drew from congress, not resigning, but contending that the secession of Georgia vacated their seats, Mr. Hill holding a different view of his obligation of the state's position, formally resigned. Mr. Toombs was afterward expelled from the senate.
By this time the preparation for war had begun in earnest. Mr. Hardeman, being captain of the Floyd Rifles, a position he occupied since Jan. 5, 1856, at once ten dered the services of his company to Gov. Brown. In April that company, together with the Macon volunteers and City Light guards of Columbus, were ordered

342

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

to Norfolk and on April 22 arrived at Portsmouth navy yard, while it was still
burning, having been fired by United States officials on evacuating the place, they being the first troops from any state, except Virginia, to appear in the Old: Do minion in behalf of the Confederacy. They, together with the Spalding Grays of Griffin, which arrived a day or two later, were at cnce organized into the Second Georgia battalion by the election of CapL Hardeman as major. On March 15, 1862, he was promoted to the .colonelcy of the Forty-fifth Georgia regiment; at Frazier's farm on June 30. 1863, "while nobly encouraging his brave men, was severely wounded" (Gen. Anderson's official report), from which wound he never recovered, suffering seriously until the day of his death. Being discharged on ac count of physical disability, he returned to Macon and was elected a member of the house of representatives in October, 1863, and upon its organization was made speaker, defeating the Hon. B. H. Bingham by a vote of 86 to 58. He was ap pointed major to take charge of a conscript camp in 1863, which commission he returned, declining to accept the position. On July 10, 1864, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel and aide-de-camp to Gen. G. W. Smith, who commanded the state troops and was serving with him when the war closed.
In 1865, upon the assembling of the first legislature after the fall of the Con federacy, he was again elected to the legislature and upon the organization of the house was elected speaker, defeating Judge E. H. Pottle by a vote of 117 to 17. Upon taking his seat he delivered the following address:
"We are convened to-day under circumstances of no ordinary character. Our difficulties are many and threatening, yet, as the pillar of fire guided the children of Israel through the perils of the wilderness, so may the star of patriotic duty so shed its light upon our pathway as to conduct our people to the land of deliver ance and of hope.
"The political status of our state depends in a great measure upon our actions here. May I be permitted to hope, in view of the great interests at stake, we may so shape our legislative action as to secure for our people a restoration of civil law and insure for our state a position and representation in the council of the nation?
"It were useless to disguise the fact, gentlemen, that all the dreams of a southern Confederacy and a separate nationality have passed away, and 'having qualified ourselves for citizenship by swearing to support the constitution of the United States, it becomes us in good faith to comply with this obligation and so legislate as to convince even our enemies of the sincerity of our intention and the purity of our motives. This can be accomplished without servile submission or sycophantic protestations that belie the action of our people during the struggle through which they have so heroically passed, by a manly regard for principle, and a faithful observance of the constitution which we have sworn to support. Now that the carnage and strife of war are over; it were vain to spend our time in idle regrets for and crocodile tears over the events of the past Action, bold, enterprising action, is necessary for our success in the present and our hope for
the future; to enliven the home made desolate, to rebuild our mined cities, to re vive our drooping commerce, to vocalize our streams with the music of machinery, to fill our furnaces with the fruit of honest industry and our granaries with the rich harvest of our fertile fields.
"I know our prospects are as drear as a winter scene. A dark cloud obscures our political horizon and no bow spans its mantling glocm; but southern energy and southern enterprise will not bend before the storm that gathers in its bosom, but outliving its fury will be all-powerful in rebuilding the broken fortunes of our people and restoring our state to the proud position she occupied before war

BIBB COUNTY SKETCHES.

343

desolated her happy hearthstones or its results marred her hitherto untarnished

escutcheon.

"To facilitate these results, gentlemen, wise, prudent, economical legislation

will be required of this general assembly; protection to person and property

should be given to that unfortunate class who have been left homeless and unpro

tected in our midst; and protection should be secured against that spirit of lawless

ness and vice that mistaken notions of freedom have engendered in their bosom.

"Our agricultural pursuits, now languishing for want of a proper system of

labor, our mechanical interest so essential to the complete development of our

greatness, especially need our fostering care and support.

''Liberal arrangements should be made for the education of our poor children,

and above all we should provide for the maimed soldier and the orphaned little

ones of those gallant men who evinced their devotion to their cause by shedding

blood,

That BO holy was.

It would not stain the purest rill

That sparkles in the grove of bliss;

and who by their gallant deeds and heroic bearing have created in the hearts of their countrymen a monument as lasting as the foundation of their own granite hills.
"In the discharge of our duties let no jealous bickerings or party strife mar the harmony of our actions. Forgetting the animosities of the past, burying with our noble dead those old issues that have been effaced by their blood, let us with one accord renew our allegiance to the state and to the Union, and by our legisla tion here and actions elsewhere convince the world that Georgia, though pros trate, will rise again; though desolated, her fields will gladden once more with
waving harvest the hearts of her husbandmen; though stricken with poverty, her hills will enrich with their hidden treasure and her commerce whiten with her sails her ocean waters, and though her schools are deserted and her colleges sus pended, learning will decorate her brow with the wreaths of science and religion rekindle her fires upon the desecrated altars of her faith. Though joined to the rock of an irresistible destiny, she will sever the cords that bind her, and with stately step and graceful mien resume her onward and upward march to giory and
to greatness. "Invoking upon our deliberations the wisdom of divine agency, let us now pro
ceed to the duties confided to us by a generous constituency, humbly praying that our labors will redound to Georgia's interest and to the nation's glory."
And here he thus early sounded the signal for the fight that he ever afterward kept up. Public education, liberal provision for the Confederates and for the orphans of those who had been killed, justice to the negro, but supremacy for his own race.
The keynote to all of his future efforts was: "Georgia, though prostrate, will rise again."
In 1853 he rendered signal service to the academy of the blind by securing an appropriation to erect the building and was a great friend to the Georgia military institute at Marietta, and strove hard for the removal of the capital from Milledge-
ville to Macon. The bill for the removal was introduced by Wilde Cleveland of Crawford, but a substitute of Mr. Hardcman's was adopted, and on its final passage the vote was 51 to 51, when the speaker, John E. Ward, voted "aye." This bill provided for a submission of the question to a popular vote at the regular election of 1855, when it was defeated by a vote of 49,781 to 34,545. He also opposed the bill for the sale of the state road, as he did again in 1855 and 1857.

344

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

In 1855 a strong effort was made to require all free persons of color to leave
the state in a given time. Senator Hardeman was not noted for the fairness of his complexion, nor was a certain other senator who was serving with him. The house had passed this bill, and on its third reading a viva-voce vote had been taken in the senate, but before it was announced, Mr. Hardeman moved to amend the same, so that the bill should read "to require all free persons of color to leave
the state, except the senators from the counties of Kinchefonee and Bibb." Xot appreciating the joke, the other senator at once made his way to the senator
from Bibb, demanding explanations, much to the amusement of all the senate. Taking advantage of the opportunity, Mr. Hardeman at once moved to indefinitely
postpone the bill, which motion was carried. He secured from a special committee on the Georgia military institute a bill to
appropriate 815.000 for two years, which passed by a vote of 48 to 46, he being at that time one of the committee. In 1857 he succeeded in having passed a bill to erect a monument in Macon to Capt. Isaac Holmes, who commanded the Macon
Guards in the Mexican war. and who died while in that country. He strenuously
tried to obtain an appropriation of 83.000 to the military, which he failed to do. He again championed a bill to remove the capital to Macon or Atlanta and to submit it to the voters. In each of these three legislatures he had a prominent place on
the committees on banks, finance, internal improvements, etc., and at each session was on the committee that had charge of the inaugurals of Govs. Johnson and
Brown. In 1863 and 1864 he still performed military duties at all times, except when
the legislature was in session. The legislature meeting in Macon on Feb. 15, 1865, Mr. Hardeman urged upon the people, the citizens of Macon, to do all in their power to secure the location of the capital there, but leading men of the city did not
approve it. In the sessions of 1865 and 1866 he championed state aid to the Macon & Bnmswick railroad, and the woman's bills, of one of which he was the author. These were making wife-whipping or mal-treatment a misdemeanor, the wife to be a competent witness; and the other to allow a woman to own and inherit or buy
property in her own right, whether 'feme covert or feme sole. He was the last speaker of the Georgia house of representatives under the Con
federate government, and the first under the United States in the new regime. He earnestly favored the rehabiliment of Georgia as a state in the Union, and at
the same time lifted his voice in two-thirds of the counties for his race to stand to gether. He voted to accord to the negro his legal rights, but eloquently battled for the supremacy of the white race.
Having been in congress prior to the war, and being in the Confederate army, brought upon him disabilities. President Johnson granted him the following
pardon under the great seal of the United States:

"Andrew Johnson. President of the United States of America. "To All To Whom These Presents Shall Come, Greeting:
"Whereas. Thomas Hardeman. of Macon. Ga., by taking part in the late rebellion against the government of the United States, has made himself liable to heavy pains and penalties:
"And whereas the circumstances of the case render him a proper object of executive clemency:
"Xow. therefore, be it known that I, Andrew Johnson, president of the United States of America, in consideration of the premises, and divers other good and sufficient reasons to me thereunto moving, do hereby grant to the said Thomas Hardeinan a full pardon and amnesty for all offenses by him committed, arising

BIBB COUNTY SKETCHES.

345

from a participation, direct or implied, in said rebellion, conditioned as follows, to-

wit: This pardon is given to take effect from the date on which the said Thomas

Hardeman shall take the oath prescribed in the proclamation of the president, dated

May 29, 1865, and to be void and of no effect if the said Thomas Hardeman

shall hereafter, at any time, acquire any property whatever in slaves or make use of

slave labor, and that he first pay all costs which may have accrued in any proceed

ings hitherto instituted against his person or property up to the date of the

acceptance of this warrant;

"And upon the further consideration that the said Thomas Hardeman shall

notify the secretary of state in writing that he has received and accepted the fore

going pardon.

"In testimony whereof I have hereto signed my name and caused the seal of the

United States to be affixed.

(Seal.)

"ANDREW JOHNSON.

"By the President.

WM. H. SEWARD, Secretary of State.

"Done at the city of Washington this, the 28th day of August, A. D. 1865, and of

the independence of the United States ooth."

The United States congress fettered all of those of the south who had held any position of prominence by imposing pains and penalties from which congressional action alone could free them. Despite the fact that no political honors or prefer ment could be in store for him, Col. Hardeman kept \\p the fight for democracy, traveling over more counties and making more speeches in 1872 and 1874 and prior thereto than any man in Georgia.
He was put upon the state democratic executive committee in 1872, and served four years as chairman.
On April 3, 1874, by a special act, congress removed his political disabilities, he being one of the very last in the state to have this ban set aside: in three months thereafter he was nominated by the democrats of Bibb county to the legislature,
again leading the ticket, as he afterward did in the election. On the assembling of the legislature on Jan. 13, 1875, Col. Hardeman was
elected speaker over Hon. A. O. Bacon, the speaker of the last house, by two votes, Capt. Bacon being then elected speaker pro tern. Thomas J. Simmons, of
Bibb, was elected president of the senate. This house was rich in its membership. A. R. Lawton, O. Warner, H. G.
Turner, A. O. Bacon, J. L. Warren, W. D. Anderson, H. H. Carlton, Alien D. Candler, W. T. Wofford, L. F. Livingston, Patrick Walsh, A. M. Speer, W. M. Hammond, T. M. Furlow, J. C. C. Black, and a host of others, who, since that time, have made not only state, but national reputations.
In this legislature he took an active part in securing aid to the Marietta & North Georgia R. R., he prior thereto having stumped that section of the state to arouse the people to the importance of having this road.
In 1876 he was a candidate for the democratic nomination for governor, being
the chief opponent of Gen. Colquitt; there existing between them the warmest
personal friendship, the friends of one, were, as a rule, the friends of the other. The rule for the democratic nomination was the two-thirds rule. As soon as Colquitt delegates had been selected in enough of the counties to indicate a majority vote. Col. Hardeman, never having believed in the two-thirds rule, but in
the old whig doctrine of a majority, retired in Gen. Colquitfs favor, and in the cam paign devoted all of his energies to the election of the full democratic ticket.
In 1880, he was again a candidate for the nomination, Gov. Colquitt not receiv ing the two-thirds, but approaching it so near and harmony being the watchword

346

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

of Col. Hardeman, he ceased opposition to Colquitt, and advised all of his friends to
do the same, which advice only a few followed. In 1882, the state by the new apportionment being allowed another representa
tive in congress and there having been noredistricting, without being a candidate he was nominated by-an overwhelming vote by the democratic state convention for rep
resentative from the state at large, Hon. George T. Barnes, John I. Hall and H. H. Carlton being among those receiving high votes. In the election he received 81443 votes, against 24,930 for C. D. Forsythe, the republican nominee, this being 14,220 more than the combined votes of Hons. John C. Nichols, H. G. Turner, C. F. Crisp, Hugh Buchanan, X. J. Hammond, J. H. Blount, J. C. Clemments, Seaborn Reese and Alien D. Candler, the district democratic candidates, he running ahead of the ticket in even- district, thiss showing his popularity, not only within the party,
but among its opponents; and this, despite the fact that in 1870 and '72 and '74, of all the democratic campaigners in Georgia, he waged the most persistent warfare against independents and republicans, and had stumped those districts wherein was their stronghold more thoroughly than any one else.
In this congress he was chairman of the committee on expenditures in the department of state. He was in congress when the republicans elected their first
president, and there again when the democrats elected their first after their long absence from power. At the expiration of his term he was, by President Cleveland, appointed postmaster at Macon for four years.
In 1890 the democrats of Houston county petitioned that he become a candidate
for governor. Hon. W. J. Northen had been in the field for some time, and the farmers* alliance seemed to be flocking to him. Col. Hardeman consented to enter
the race, but after making two speeches his health completely failed him, owing
to heart disease, and his physicians peremptorily ordered him to give up the candidacy.
. In doing so he appeared his last in public life, although he was a member from
the state at large on the democratic state executive committee at the time of his death.
Having succeeded his father in the firm of Hardeman & Sparks, which at one
time had the largest cotton warehouse business in middle and upper Georgia, he was thrown most intimately with the farmers (southwest Georgia then being altogether tributary to Macon), so in 1876 it was no surprise that he was elected president of the Georgia State Agricultural society, and was re-elected annually
to 1883. v.-hen he declined further election. His addresses to that body, and on other agricultural occasions, together with his efforts in the legislature and in con gress in behalf of farmers, kept him in close touch with the agriculturists.
In 1876 he was grand commander of the grand commandery Knights Templar of the state of Georgia.
In 1874-5 and 1875-6 he was grand chancellor of the grand lodge Knights of
Pythias of Georgia. In 1870 Gov. Bullock appointed him a delegate to represent the state at the
southern commercial convention at Cincinnati. In 1872. upon the formal reorganization of the Floyd Rifles, he was again
elected captain, resigning in less than two years. In 1875 ne was appointed by President Grant Georgia's commissioner for the Centennial celebration at Phila delphia.
In 1883 President Arthur made him the state commissioner to the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial exposition at New Orleans.
It ii not necessary to speak of the condition of affairs in Georgia in 1865-6-7,

EIBB COUNTY SKETCHES.

347

and what is known as the reconstruction period. The dark clouds hung low, but he faltered not in endeavoring to lead his people.
In July, 1866, a call signed by A. W. Randall, J. R. Doolittle, Thomas A. Hendricks and others was issued for a national union convention of two from each district and four from the state at large, to assemble in Philadelphia on Aug. 16 (to be elected by the state electors) to sustain the administration in maintaining the union of the states under the constitution our forefathers established, and to take action for the rights, dignity and equality of the states; that there is no right to dissolve the union; that slavery is abolished; that each state shall have the right to establish the qualification of its own electors, and no international power can or ought to dictate; to maintain inviolate the rights of the state--and that all resistance to the general government being at an end, war measures should be abolished.
At this time there was no party organization, or head, in Georgia; so Col. Hardeman at once issued a call for the citizens of Bibb county to meet and act In that meeting, on July 12, presided over by Eugenius A. Nisbet (the author of the ordinance of secession), Col. Hardeman introduced the following resolutions:
"That we approve of the call for a national union convention at Philadelphia, Aug. 16. Resolved, That counties of this and other districts be, and they are hereby requested to meet at the earliest practical time, and appoint delegates to n convention of their respective districts, to be held for the purpose of electing delegates to the national union convention, in conformity with a call for that convention.
"Resolved, That in the event there should be no convention held, on account of the shortness of the time and absence of postal communication, then we request the governor of the state to appoint delegates for the state at large, and also for
such congressional districts as fail to appoint "Resolved, That the people of the counties of this district be requested to meet
and endorse this action calling for a convention of the fourth district on July 25,
at Macon." J. J. Gresham, Thomas Hardeman and W. S. Holt were appointed the county
delegates. This congressional district was the first to hold a meeting. They elected
Thomas Hardeman and P. W. Alexander as delegates to the national convention, and voted for A. H. Stephens, H. V. Johnson, D. A. Walker and A. H. Chappell as delegates from the state at large.
All of the districts soon held meetings and ratified the delegates from the state at large, electing the following as the district delegation: First, Judge W. B. Flemming and Gen. John B. Gordon; second. Gen. Eli Warren and Col. J. L. VVimberly; third, Judge Hiram Warner and Judge E. H. Worrill; fourth, Thomas Hardeman and P. W. Alexander; fifth, Linton Stephens and Gen. A. R. Wright; sixth, J. H. Christy and Robert McMillan; seventh, R. F. Lyon and James Milner. Much good resulted from that convention.
In 1867 a constitutional convention controlled and governed by the republicans had adopted a new constitution for the state, which was to be submitted to the people. Notes on the situation by Benjamin H. Hill had aroused the people. Great discussion was being carried on to keep the white voters from voting in the election to be held under the new constitution. New congressional bills had been passed affecting the status of Georgia, so a voluntary convention assembled in Macon on Dec. 5, 1867, composed of 253 delegates, representing sev enty counties. Mr. Hill was chosen president, and his address on taking the chair was not only characterized by great ability, but was calculated to arouse the people to opposition. A committee of two from each congressional district was

348

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

appointed to express the views of the convention. On this committee may be found George A. Mercer, C. H. C. Willingham, C. B. Richardson, Gen. Phillip Cook, T. M. Furlow, P. W. Alexander, D. E. Butler, Judge Bottle, L. J. Glenn and J. D. Stewart, while the committee from this district were Thomas Hardeman and Dan Hughes, the Hon. J. J. Gresham, of Bibb county being chairman of the committee. This committee shaped the action of that convention, which was expressed in the address of a special committee composed of Herschel V. Johnson, A. H. Chappell, B. H. Hill. Warren Aiken and T. L. Guerry. In their preamble and resolution may be found such expressions as these: "The season for honest discussion of principles, and for lawful opposition to existing abuses and their growth, is ever present and pressing.
"The southern people are true to constitutional liberty, and ready to acquiesce in any policy looking to the honor and good of the whole country, and securing the rights of all classes of people.
"We regard the effort of the present ruling power to change the fundamental institutions of the United States government as false in principle, impolitic in action, injurious in result, injurious to the south, and detrimental to the general government. Silence under wrong may be construed as endorsement. Be it, therefore,
"Resolved, First, that we recognize the duty to sustain law and order and to support truthfully all constitutional measures of the United States government, and maintain the rights of all classes under enlightened and liberal laws.
"Resolved. Second, that the people of Georgia accept in good faith the legitimate results of the late war, and renew their expression of allegiance to the union of the states, and reiterate their determination to maintain inviolate the constitution framed by our fathers."
The third resolution was to protest dispassionately, yet firmly, against what was known as the reconstruction acts of congress and against the vindictive, partisan administration of those acts as oppressive and ruinous to the states of the south as well as hurtful to the true welfare of every portion of the country.
The fourth resolution protested against the policy of the dominant party in congress to inflict upon the states of the south bad government as wrong, not only against all races of the south, but as to the people of all parts of the Union and as a crime against civilization, which was the duty of all right-minded men to discountenance and condemn.
On June 26. 1872. the state democratic convention assembled in Atlanta. A. H. Stephens was opposed to Horace Greeley. who was at that time an inde pendent republican candidate for president, and fought any action being taken that would commit the democratic party to his support, but the following delegates to Baltimore were elected from the state at large: Gen. Henry L. Benning. Col. Julian Hartridge. Gen. A. R. Wright. Col. Thomas Hardeman. Col. C. T. Goode and Col. I. \V. Avery. who attended the Baltimore convention and participated in the nomination of Greeley.
On July 24. 1872. the state democratic convention was called, over which Thomas Hardeman presided, which ratified the nomination of Greeley and Brown.
On Feb. 23. 1848. he was married in F_atonton to Jane S. Lumsden. by whom he had three children, one dying in infancy, and their only daughter, Jessie, dying in June. 1887.
In a few days after the death of the daughter (an affliction from which he never recovered") he wrote the following:

BIBB COUNTY SKETCHES.
Asleep in Jesus; cease to weep; Our children with the Savior sleep. Side by side, they safely rest, Sweetly sleeping on his breast.
Asleep In Jesus; years long gone, The Savior took our first-born home; Ere earthly sorrow racked his breast. Our angel boy was with the blest.
Asleep in Jesus; chastening love Has called another child above-- Our daughter dear, our pride, our Joy, Has gone to meet our baby boy.
Asleep in Jesus; life's troubles o'er, Eternal rest. Joys evermore; The conflict fought, the'battle won, The conqueror's shout, the victor's crown.
Asleep in Jesus; dearest Lord, Support us with thy precious word, For thou hast said, "in deep distress Your every sorrow I will bless."
Asleep in Jesus; oh, how sweet, The precious promise, "You may meet The much loved lost ones in that home Where death and parting never come."
Asleep in Jesus; make us feel Submissive to thy sovereign will; In every thought, and act, and word Say "Blessed be thy name, O Lord."
On Jan. 14, 1891, he was partially paralyzed and died in the only home he ever owned, in Vineville, on March 7, his wife following him to the grave in October, only one member of the family surviving, J. L. Hardeman, who is now judge of the superior court of the Macon circuit.
His wife, the daughter of John G. and Malinda (Sanford) Lumsden, was truly a helpmate in all things. His equal in intellect and culture, she was most am bitious for him.
On the night of March 4, 1861, she, with two female relations, made a Confed erate flag from a telegraphic description received from Montgomery as soon as the stars and bars were adopted, and presented it to the Floyd rifles before sunrise on the morning of the fifth, when a salute was fired to it by the company, it being the first military salute received by the flag of the young republic of Georgia. She was president of the Soldiers' Relief society during the war and of the Ladies' Memorial association for a time afterward.
As an orator Col. Hardeman had no superior in the state; the agricultural population flocked to him; the merchant and mechanic were charmed, while on literary- occasions his audience was held spell-bound, and on the stump he was almost matchless, but his great forte was as an extempore and social orator. He delivered literary addresses at numbers of colleges, male and female, in Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama, and the oration on laying the corner-stone of the academy for the blind. In fact there is no class of addresses of which he did not deliver a great number in Georgia.
Among the best of his orations were those delivered at the centennial of the

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battle of King's Mountain in North Carolina; presenting the Ross-Gettysburg medal to the Floyd Rifles; the commencement oration at Emory college in 1866 (in which he advocated industrial education in colleges, and for which he was condemed by some of the trustees, this being a new departure); his eulogy on the dead of Macon lodge; his eulogy on the death of President Garfield as a Knight
Templar, and his various memorial addresses. His was a cheerful, happy disposition; sunlight hovered around him where-
ever he went, and his hearty recognition of every person whom he ever met endeared him to the people. Firm in his opinion of right, he was never com bative to an opponent Generous to a fault, his endorsement of the fanners' papers in 1873 bankrupted him. He was a Bible scholar of much study, he was apt in his illustrations and quotations every time and never failed to touch the hearts of his hearers. Georgia was his idol, not only his home, but his heaven.
The traits of his character were perhaps better set forth by the Rev. Dr. E. W. Warren at his funeral than we could well do here:
"We have assembled here to-day to bury a friend; your friend and my friend, the friend of the good man and a friend of the bad man, a friend of the rich and a friend of the poor, the friend of those who were prosperous and of the needy, the large-hearted, philanthropic friend of all men, who, from his young manhood and through its bright days down to the present lived among you in the city of Macon as a prominent man, and in his business, political and social life, always enjoyed the deepest affection and the most implicit confidence of the people of this city, as well as of the state of Georgia.
"Whether he floated on the unruffled tide of prosperity, or whirlpool of ad versity and financial depression, no suspicion of his integrity ever rested upon the mind of a single man. Never unduly depressed by misforune or elated by success, his wonderfully balanced mind was one that could speak peace to the angry passions of man at all times, with a voice not clothed in tones of authority, but with the power to sooth, control and draw men toward him in the strongest
bonds of affection. This friend of ours had ambition without jealousy and grand ambition, but never so strong as to induce him to rob a man of his rights. If success was to be gained by a loss of his integrity or by any method that demanded a compromise of his high sense of honor or his God-given manhood, he cast it from him as an unholy trifle not worthy of his possession. His character can be judged from the fact that for the greater part of his life he occupied high positions where the closest critics could examine into his life and almost into the inmost recesses of his heart, and with all this, who ever heard or saw a character more spotless or a life more full of all that makes life bright and fair? Whose hand ever tried to smirch that stainless reputation, and who among the men of Macon does not love the memory of this man?
"With the workingman he was always friendly, kind and cheering and for him he always had a warm and kindly greeting. In society he was ever welcome. Every door was open to the man whose spirit was so cheerful, whose manner so courteous and whose power to please and attract so remarkable. He was indeed a star that shone ever bright, beautiful and constant upon earth. In his home he was the same man as abroad, to the guest he extended the hand of welcome and among his friends gathered around him in that home his heart shed forth a happy influence.
"Nurtured by the most pious parents, rocked, as it were, in the cradle of re^ligion, he never made a public profession of the religion of Christ, but when stricken with disease a short time ago he expressed a wish to recognize the church and he lived to accomplish his desire."

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C AMUEL CARRINGTON HOGE is the efficient superintendent of the Main Stem division of the Central railway of Georgia, with headquarters at Macon,
Ga. His life has been spent in railroad service, having risen to his present important position from that of junior clerk in the agenfs office of the Georgia railroad at Macon, where he entered the service in 1874.
His father, James Hoge, was a native of Virginia, reared in Tennessee, but moved when only a young man to LaFayette, Walker Co., Ga., where he resided twenty-five years, moving from there to Atlanta in 1857, acting as agent for the
. Western & Atlantic railroad from 1857 until 1863, under appointment from Gov.
Joseph E. Brown. In 1873 he moved with his family to Macon, where he spent the remainder of his days, dying in March, 1884, after having been connected first with the Georgia railroad and subsequently with the Central railroad. His
mother was a native of Baltimore, a woman of marked amiability and deep piety; she died May 5, 1893, and her remains were interred beside those of her husband in Rose Hill cemetery, Macon.
The subject of this sketch was born Sept 8, 1853, in Walker county, Ga. He is the youngest of nine children, a brother of Mrs. M. E. Patton, Miss Mary and Miss Augusta Hoge, of Chickamauga, Ga.; of Mrs. Kate Gumming, of Tampa, Fla.; James M. Hoge, of Midway, Ky.; Joseph T. Hoge, of Macon, Ga.; and of the late Col. Edward F. Hoge, who was a prominent attorney of Atlanta and who for a number of terms represented Fulton county in the state legislature, and was the founder of the Atlanta "Journal."
Mr. Hoge's boyhood was passed in Atlanta, where he had the advantage of excellent schools. When but a young man he entered the service of the Georgia railroad and continued with it in various capacities until 1878, when he accepted
a position with the Central railroad. In 1883 he was made trainmaster of the southwestern division of the Central railroad, which position he held until 1888,
resigning to accept the positon of superintendent of transportation of the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad, then in its infancy. He was afterward made superin tendent of the same road, and later went to the Macon & Northern as superintend ent, where he remained for a little more than a year, returning to the Central to accept his present positon of superintendent of the Main Stem division.
April 2, 1884, he married Miss Clara Wells, daughter of the late Joseph E. Wells of Macon. They have been blessed with two children, Edward Foster and Joseph Wells. Mr. Hoge is a Presbyterian in religious belief, being an elder in the
First Presbyterian church of Macon. He is a member of the democratic party and takes pleasure in doing his part in the spreading of its principles. His standing in railroad circles is of the best, his wide knowledge of the business being equaled by but few; he is a popular and efficient official, a gentleman of elegant address
and refined tastes.

f)R. WILLIAM FLEWELLEN HOLT, one of Macon's leading and most successful physicians, was born in Bibb county Aug. 25, 1835. His early
years were passed in Macon, Ga., and there he received his primary education. In 1852 he entered the university of Georgia at Athens and graduated two years
later. He immediately commenced a course of study at the Jefferson medical college at Philadelphia, taking his degree there in March, 1857. Returning to Macon he began the practice of his profession and in the spring of 1863 was
appointed state surgeon by Gov. Joseph E. Brown. Soon after he was made assistant medical director of the state of Georgia with headquarters in Macon and Atlanta. He served in this capacity until the close of the war, which found him in Macon, Ga., where he has since remaine'd. Dr. Holt was under fire during

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his army sen-ice at Xe\v Hope church and at Atlanta July 22, 1864. He is a member of the American Medical association, the Georgia Medical association, and the Macon Medical society, and has been president of the two latter bodies. He was a delegate to the meeting of the international medical congress in Wash ington, D. C, in 1884, and ' '891 in Berlin. He was married in 1858 to Mattie C, daughter of Skelton Xapier. of Macon, Ga. She died in 1884. They had two children, Ida L. and William Flewellen, Jr. Dr. Holt's father was Dr. Abner F. Holt, who was born in Bibb county, Ga.,in 1811. He was a graduate of the Charles ton, S. C., medical college, and practiced in Georgia until his death in 1848. Like his son, Dr. Holt, senior, was prominent in Masonic circles. He was also a leader
in the Methodist Episcopal church Dr. Abner F. Holt married Eliza Addison, of Edgefield district. S. C.. and they had seven children, of whom four grew to maturity and two now survive, Dr. William Flewellen, and Abner T., of Macon,
Ga. The latter was a private in the Second Georgia battalion, serving until the battle of Gettysburg, when he was so badly wounded as to necessitate his dis charge. Dr. Holt has led a useful and busy life and is greatly esteemed by his patients and friends.

J-JEXRY HORXE. present mayor of Macon, Ga., and one of its most promi nent and energetic business men, was born in that city in December, 1856.
His father. Henry Home, a native of France, was for years a merchant in Macon and died there in 1868 at the age of thirty-eight. His mother's maiden name was Adelaide Yalentina. Mr. Home received his early education in Macon and his later instruction at Manhattan college in Xew York city, where he studied from 1865 to 1872. Leaving college in his junior year he returned to Macon and
established himself in the real estate and insurance business, which he still so
successfully conducts. On account of his great executive ability Mr. Home has been called upon to serve in many public and private positions. He is director and manager of the Planters' Real Estate company, director and manager
of the Academy of Music, director of the Ocmulgee Land company, of the public library, of the hospital association, of the X'ational Security and Abstract company, of the Progress Lsnd and Improvement company, of the savings bank, vice-president of the Macon Brewing company, president of the Macon Exposition company, and is interested in many other commercial and philanthropical enterprises. He was alderman from the fourth ward from 1884 to 1888, and in December, 1893, was elected mayor for the term of two years. Mr. Home
is not connected with any secret societies but is a leading member of the Catholic church. He was married Jan. 9, 1878, to Anna Turpin, daughter of George B. Turpin. vice-president of the Exchange bank of Macon, Ga. They have two daughters, Adelaide E. and Annie. Mr. Home has two brothers and one sister.

pOLOXEL WILLIAM ARXOLD HUFF, ex-mayor of the city of Macon, was born in liibb county, Ga., March i, 1833. His youth was passed on a
farm and his education limited to that which might be gained in the country schools of that period. At the age of twenty-one he came to Macon, Ga., and attended the boys" academy for two months, serving in a clerical position for the same length of time, and then secured the post of passenger conductor on the Macon & Western ("now the Central) railroad, which he retained for five years. He then engaged in the grocery and provision business in Macon until 1880, when
he retired to his farm three miles from the city and has since resided there. In 1870 Mr. Huff was elected mayor of Macon and was honored by re-election four times, serving in all ten years. During his administration the present public

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school system was inaugurated and several school buildings erected, two of which are particularly noticeable and handsome, viz.: the South Macon school building, costing $20,000, and the Pio Nonon, a large Catholic school,
the site of which was donated by the city, the church erecting the building. The Alexander school was also built about this time. Under his direction Central city park of 125 acres was laid out and made one of the most beautiful parks in the south. Col. Huff was largely instrumental in establish ing the Georgia state fair, which was first held in Macon in 1871 and again in 1873, he having the management of both these exhibitions. In 1886 he was ' elected to the legislature and has been twice re-elected. During his first session he was a member of, and during his last session chairman of, the committee on finance. He was also appointed to the committee specially organized to effect a settlement of the state's affairs in connection with the lease of the Western & Atlantic railroad. During his term as representative he advocated paying directly from the state treasury the expenses of the public schools, which heretofore had been dependent on such taxes as accrued from state road rents, whisky tax, etc. He voted in the affirmative for the bill which took $500,000 out of the state treasury for the schools, and was one of the men who established the technological school in Atlanta He has never associated himself with any secret societies. In the spring of 1862, Col. Huff volunteered in the Confederate service and was assigned to the commissary department stationed at Macon, Ga. He served there eighteen months and was then transferred to the commissary department of the state service, where he remained until just before the surrender. He was marrie.l in 1860 to Mattie E., daughter of Jonathan A. Virgin, a native of Concord, N. H., in which city her father was also born. They have seven children, five sons and two daughters. Mr. Huff's wife died in 1882. His father, Travis Huff, a Vir
ginian who came to Georgia and settled in Bibb county in his early manhood,
was a farmer all his life. Col. Huffs brother, Lorenzo D. Huff, served all througii the war as a private and was in many of the leading battles. He died in 1868. Col. Huff's ancestors are Virginians as far back as the family can be traced.

FJANIEL G. HUGHES, planter, Macon, Ga., was born in Twiggs county, Ga., April 5, 1828. He attended the private schools of his native county and
attained his junior year in Franklin college--now the university of Georgia-- Athens. Leaving college, he was married to Mary H., daughter of Alsa Moore, of Athens, sister of Dr. Richard D. Moore, and sister-in-law of Judge Charles
Dougherty, and settled in Twiggs county. He lived there until 1889, when he moved to Macon, which has since been his home. Mr. Hughes' wife died in 1880,
and he was again married October, 1883, to Anna M., daughter of Samuel Dalzell, Indianapolis, Ind. He has two children living--Dudley M., who owns and lives on one of the largest farms in Georgia, and Carrie H., wife of Charles D. Hill, solicitorgeneral of the Atlanta circuit. Mr. Hughes served two years in the late war, in which he was an efficient officer. After the war he returned to Twiggs county,
where he owned large landed and other interests, and lived there until his removal to Macon. He has always been actively employed in business; but, although born
and reared on a farm, and living on one the greater part of his life, Mr. Hughes has always been an active politician. He is a stanch democrat, and was elected to represent his county in the general assembly in 1865-6, and so efficiently did he serve his constituents that they wished him to serve them a second term; but he declined a re-election. He ran for congress in the sixth congressional district against Hon.
James H. Blpunt, and the race was a very close one. He is a director of the Macon, Dublin & Savannah railway, which extends from Macon to Dublin, fifty-
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four miles, which will shortly be built from Dublin to Savannah, no miles; and is also director in the Savannah & Western railway. Mr. Hughes is a member of the 13. P. O. Elks, and Royal Arch Mason, and a member of the Baptist church. Mr. Hughes was of Welsh extraction, and was a native of North Carolina, whence he migrated to Georgia in his youth. He became a very prominent planter, acquired a great acreage, large live-stock interests and many slaves. Mr. Hughes"
father, Hayden Hughes, was born in Jefferson county, Ga., in 1805, and died in 1880, leaving a large amount of property. Mr. Hughes is a highly-cultured and genial gentleman of splendid physique--seldom equaled--and is the oldest living
representative of the family.

VX/ILLIAM AUGUSTUS JETER was born in Houston county, Ga., Sept 15, 1850. His grandfather was a native of Virginia and descendant of prominent
French ancestry. His father was A. A. Jeter, who was born in Laurens county, Ga., in 1823. He was a planter all his life, was a captain of the militia before the war, and died in 1888. The career of William Augustus Jeter has been one of mag
nificent development and broad usefulness. He was endowed with uncommon faculties of courage and perception, and threw himself into the liberal and pro
gressive movements of the times with the genius of a man born for affairs. Until twenty years of age his sphere of work was confined to the farm where his eye first saw the light, but his ambitious spirit wished a broader field of action, and it soared out to find it He located at Hawkinsville, Ga., and faced the future confidently with all the heartiness of a sanguine nature. His masterful indi
viduality soon became conspicuously impressed upon the annals and events of the town. His life there was crowded with successful endeavors. For two years he conducted a large grist mill business, and then, with Thomas H. Henley, now, also, of Macon, organized the Hawkinsville Brick Manufacturing company, which they managed with great success for four years, -making over 12,000,000 brick during that time. -He next established a turpentine-barrel factory, employing over 100 men. He fared prosperously in this undertaking. Then he built and operated a cotton-seed oil mill, and, also, formed a company and constructed a cotton compress, one of the first cotton compresses built in the interior of the state. In 1884 he personally built a steamboat, named the "Mary Jeter," and bought another
of the same size, and, by the organization of this boat line between Hawkinsville and Abbeville, Ga., on the Ocmulgee river, the naval store business was established on the western side of the river, and the trade of Hawkinsville was largely increased, it becoming the main shipping point for all destinations as far south as Abbeville. He operated this line with remarkable success about three years, when
he sold it. No sooner was he done with one undertaking than his busy brain was engaged with another. In 1885, so closely identified had he become with the affairs of Hawkinsville. and in a hundred ways contributed to her prosperity, that the people elected him mayor, an honor they specially desired to show him in testimony of their high personal regard and as a tribute to his public spirit, pro-
gressiveness and exceptional success. During his term as mayor, he formed the Jcter-Boardman Gas and Water association, with headquarters at Macon. This company built the gas, water and electric works at Brunswick, Ga.: water works at Tampa, Fla.; Ocala, Fla.;Tuscaloosa and Florence, Ala.; Johnson City, Tenn., and Cartersville, Ga. All of said works are owned and operated now bv the JeterBoardman association, which also owns and operates the gas, electric and water
plants at Macon, Ga., which property alone is worth over $1.000,000. Prosperity smiled upon him in Hawkinsville, but his energies took a wider range than that locality could afford. He began studying the map of the country, and his keen

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perception told him that Brunswick, Ga., was at no distant day destined to become a great seaport, and expand in commerce, increase in population and enhance in values. In 1885 he moved from Hawkinsville to Brunswick and became a leader and important factor in the material development and substantial growth of the city by the sea. There, as elsewhere, he quickly demonstrated that he was full of resources, and was a tireless worker. He immediately commenced the construc tion of the water works there and from that time on has devoted himself to the building and management of the other works already mentioned. His operations
in this line have been so extensive and so successful that he is known over the south as "the water king." His investments in real estate and various business enterprises in Bnmswick' brought him rich returns. He profited greatly by the
material progress which he inspired and which aided immensely in sending Brunswick bounding forward on the road to prosperity and development. He found it an unpretentious town and helped to make it one of the most famous in
the state. So rapidly and extensively had the business of the Jeter-Boardman Gas and Water association grown that he was forced to remove from Brunswick to Macon, a still larger city, and the headquarters of the association. It will be observed that Captain Jeter never went backward. He was always moving on ward and upward. He took charge of the office of the association at Macon, and his fine executive ability here had full sway and a splendid opportunity was afforded for the display and exercise of that shrewd financial management for which he is noted. The results have been golden. Soon after Capt Jeter's re moval to Macon, the association purchased the gas, electric and water plants of
the Macon Gas Light and Water company, one of the most valuable pieces of
property of the kind in the south. In addition to his presidency of the JeterBoardman Gas and Water association, he was elected vice-president of the Macon Gas Light and Water company. He ably and successfully discharges the duties of the dual positions. In 1876 Mr. Jeter wedded the widow of John R. Love,
Esq., her maiden name being Susan Laidler, a native of Houston county. Ga. She is "a woman nobly planned, to warn, to comfort and command." Their married life has been full of sunshine and happiness. Four children have blessed their union: Willie Belle, Daisy Fay, Emma Evans, and W. A., Jr. Capt. Jeter and his interesting family five in a beautiful home on College street, the fashionable residence thoroughfare of the city. Here they are surrounded by all the comforts and pleasures that wealth can afford. Mr. Jeter is a man of
domestic temperament and simple habits. He finds his chief joy around the family fireside and in the peace and contentment of the home circle. He is a gentleman
of literary taste, broad culture and genial intelligence. He is generous and liberal; the door of hospitaity is always open. His nature is genial and his manners re
fined. He is a member of the Baptist church and has firm religious convictions. He is faithful to his friends and true to his obligations. His interest and influence
are always on the side of honesty and justice, hence, his success. By strong industry and enterprise he has thrived.

J-JENRY L. JEWETT, treasurer of the Georgia Southern railroad, and one ot the most active business men of Macon, Ga., for the past sixty years, is a New
Englander by birth, having been born in that historic old county of Hartford,
Conn., Aug. 29, 1821. He was given a liberal education. Under the able
tutelage of Revs. Wm. Cormvell and David Short, Episcopal ministers, he was at thirteen a well-educated lad. being versed in Greek and Latin, in addition to the
common branches. At that age George, a brother who had gone into business in Macon, prevailed upon his parents to permit Henry to come south and join him

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in the venture. In 1835, therefore, he joined his brother in a mercantile business in the city of Macon and there began a business life which has been most active and successful for six full decades, a record equaled by but very few men now liv ing in Macon, if any. To give anything like an extended account of the active business life of this gentleman would transcend the limits of this sketch. Suffice it to say that much of it has been of very great value to Macon and her citizens, and all of it has been clean and honest and of the highest degree of business in tegrity. The following brief outline will serve to show its various changes: After two years with his brother the firm failed. The creditors took the stock and then sold to Henry L. on his bare note, running four years. He was successful in paying off the notes and at the end of the time sold out to advantage. He then tried farming, buying a plantation ten miles north of Macon. But less than a year sufficed to show him that he was not cut out for a farmer, and selling his farm he returned to the city, entering the office as accountant of a large mercantile establishment He remained in the office ten years and then, in company with others, bought out his employers. Two years passed and again he sold to advan tage and again took charge of an office, where'he remained until the war. During the war, while not engaged in active field work, he carried on a commission busi ness. The first two years of the war he acted as paymaster for the local troopsIn 1864 he enlisted under Gen. C. V. Anderson, and being elected major of his regiment, served for a period of six months. He was then put in charge of the state hospital books and thus missed the battle of Griswoldville, while the major who took his place was killed. When the war closed Mr. Jewett went to New York city, where he was successful in making arrangements to buy cotton for one of the largest concerns doing business in the south. Returning to Macon he formed a partnership with a Mr. Snyder and together they did a most successful business, until his partner's failing health caused the dissolving of the firm. In 1878, the following year, Air. Jewett assisted in establishing the Capital National bank, and for the next fifteen years was the president of that flourishing institution. Except his connection with the Georgia Southern railroad as treasurer, and which he assisted in organizing and building, Mr. Jewett has for several years been prac tically out of business, enjoying the fruits of a successful business career. Such a life, and passed in a constantly growing city like Macon, necessarily carried with it much gratuitous labor. Mr. Jewett has performed his share of this labor from time to time in an uncomplaining and satisfactory manner, the institutions of his city, educational, religious and civil, being stronger and better because of his connection with them. While a member of the city council he introduced and had passed what is now called the "Jewett bill," which provided for refunding the outstanding1 debt of the city. The success of the measure stands a monument to Mr. Jewett's financial foresight. In educational circles he enjoys the distinction of being the oldest trustee of that justly celebrated school, the Wesleyan Female college, and he was one of the superintendents of construction of the Alexander free school building, and of which he is at present one of the trustees. A member of the Methodist church since 1837, Mr. Jewett has always taken a lively interest in the advancement of that great religious institution, serving as trustee, classleader. Sunday school superintendent, almost without intermission. The marriage of Mr. Jewett occurred March 2, 1841, to Martha, daughter of John Howard, a wealthy planter of Monroe county. Ga. This union has proved one of rare felicity. For fifty-six years Mrs. Jewett has been a true and devoted wife and mother, and still lives, blessing and blessed by her husband and children. She became the mother of eleven children, nearly all of whom, however, died in infancy. Those

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living are: John H., a planter of Bibb county: George P., merchant at Macon; and Mrs. Dr. Howard Williams.

J MARSHALL JOHNSTON, banker, Macon, was born in Loudon county, Tenn., May 21, 1837, on a farm, and lived there until he was fourteen years
of age. He then went to Rittenhouse academy in Kingston, Tenn., and then a year later went to Hiwassee college in Monroe county, Tenn. He also attended a. private school in Loudon county for a year, but finally quit school to study civil engineering, and from first carrying the rod he rose rapidly, and before he was twenty-one years old he was an assistant engineer and had charge of a division of the Cleveland & Chattanooga railroad, then a branch of the Eastern Tennessee railroad, now the main stem of the Eastern Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia railroad. He continued engineering for three years, and then opened a store in Loudon, Tenn., with R. T. Wilson, the firm being Wilson & Johnston, and was continued until the war. They also, in 1859, established a store in Louisville, which con tinued the same time. In the spring of 1861 he entered the Confederate service as assistant commissary of subsistence, with rank as captain, and served all through the war and surrendered in Mississippi. After the war closed Mr. Johnston went to New York and engaged in the commission and banking business, the firm being R. T. Wilson & Co., and the partnership is still known there. He remained in New York city until 1882, and then came to Macon, where he has since lived. In 1893 he was made president of the American National bank of Macon. He is one of the largest planters in the state and has large property interests in every section of Georgia. He is a director of the Southwestern railroad. He was married in 1871 to Martha, daughter of the late E. D. Huguonin, of Macon, and they have two children--Richard W. and Martha. Mr. Johnston is a democrat of the old school and a strong admirer of President Cleveland. Mr. Johnston's father was Ebenezer Johnston, who was born in South Carolina. He migrated with his parents to Tennessee when a boy, and died there in 1867, aged sixty-seven years. His grand father was Joseph Johnston, born in Ireland, and a courier in Gen. Washington's army during the revolution. Mr. Johnston affiliates with the Presbyterians. Mr. Johnston is considered one of the best business men in Macon. He is a man of the highest moral character and social standing, and his affable ways and pleasing disposition make him always an agreeable companion. He is very charitable and ever ready to help any cause which has for its end the material progress or improve ment of the city's welfare. Mr. Johnston owns in Sumter county, Ga., 8,000 acres of land, the cultivation of which furnishes employment to 500 or 600 negroes. He is a just and kind employer and takes good care of his employees.

WILLIAM B. JOHNSTON was born in Putnam Co., Ga., Nov. 19, 1809, and died in Macon, Ga., Oct. 20,1887. He was descended from English ancestry,
the father moving to Georgia from Virginia. Upon reaching his majority he moved to New York city, where he lived some years, whence he came to Macon, Ga., in 1839, where he spent the remainder of his life. For many years he was actively engaged in business, but retired in 1848, and thenceforward gave his atten tion to investments, for which he had accumulated ample means. In September, 1851, he married a daughter of Judge Edward Dorr Tracy, of Macon, leaving, upon his death, his widow and two daughters--Mrs. George W. Duncan and Mrs. W. H. Felton, Jr.--all living in Macon. He was prominent and active in the various enterprises gotten up for individual profit and the advancement of the interests of the city of Macon. He was one of the originators of the Macon cotton factory, a flourishing industry before the war, and was an incorporator and director in the

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City bank--for many years a leading financial factor in Macon. During the "war
between the states" he was in control of the depository of the Confederacy, established at Macon. At one time there were $1,500,000 in gold under his protec tion. This depository took the highest rank of any similar institution outside of Richmond, Va. The Macon depository counted in and took up $15,000,000 in seven days, during the funding of the first issue of Confederate notes. The trust was discharged ably, faithfully and patriotically. Immediately after the war, when the Central railroad was a physical and financial wreck, he was chosen president by the board of directors, as being eminently qualified from his financial ability and sagacity to place that valuable property on its feet, in which he fully succeeded, negotiating in New York a loan of $1,000,000 to rebuild the road from Macon to Savannah, which had been destroyed by the Federal army. Before this he had been a director, and after having accomplished the work assigned him he declined the presidency, but remained for years a leading and influential director in the road. He was well known in his immediate community and throughout the state for his financial ability, and Gov. Jenkins selected him as the agent for the state to negotiate a large amount of bonds, which was done successfully and advan tageously. Mr. Johnston, with a few friends, was the originator of the first ice
factory in the state of Georgia, which industry since that time has been greatly
extended, and ice, formerly having been a luxury, has become one of the necessaries of life, and at a price within the reach of all. He was one of the original lessees of the state road, and a director at his death. He was also a pioneer and active worker for the establishment of gas and water works for his city. In addition to the duties of an active life, he took time to interest himself in art He possessed superior judgment in architecture, and his wonderful taste in paintings and sculpture was
evidenced by his selections during his long sojourn in Europe, of paintings and sculpture, by which his splendid residence in Macon was adorned and beautified.
He was genial in his disposition, and fond of the society of the young, and was always a welcome companion among men of much younger years than himself.

\XfILLIAM M'EWEN JOHNSTON, one of Macon's wealthiest and most pop ular citizens, was born in Loudon county, Tenn., July 20, 1850, and lived
there until he was twenty years old. In 1866 he went to Washington college at Lexington; Va., of which Gen. Lee was president, and remained there four years. After leaving college he entered the banking and commission house of R. T. Wil son & Company in New York city, holding a clerical position until 1879, when he became a partner. He still holds his interest in this firm, but has retired from the active business life he led in New York from 1870 to 1891. In the latter year he began a three years' tour, in which he traveled all over the world. Returning he settled in Macon, Ga., where he has a beautiful home and intends to spend the remainder of his life. Mr. Johnston was married in Macon, Ga., in 1891 to Flewellyn, daughter of Anderson W. Reese of that city. While not an active poli tician. Mr. Johnston is an ardent democrat and always has been. He affiliates with the Presbyterian church, and is director of the American National bank of Macon, Ga. He is a man of refined tastes, with the means to gratify them. He makes his home, his life and the lives of those about him beautiful by the exercise of his gifts and his wealth.

QHARLES CARROLL KIBBEE, late judge of the superior court, was born in Macon, Ga., Aug. 25, 1837, received his primary education there and in 1857
went to Princeton college, entering the junior class and graduating in 1858.
Shortly aftenvard he went to Athens, Ga., and began the study of law under

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Hon. Thomas R. Cobb, being admitted to the bar at \Vatkinsville, in 1859. He began the active practice of his profession at Hawkinsville, Pulaski Co., Ga., and in 1861 enlisted in the Confederate service as orderly sergeant of Company G, Tenth Georgia infantry. A few months later he was made second lieutenant, and in the winter of that year was promoted to the rank of captain. In 1864, for
gallantry on the field, he was again promoted, being made lieutenant-colonel, in which capacity he served until the war closed, with the exception of eight months in the year last mentioned, when he was acting adjutant-general on Gen. Goode Bryan's staff. Prior to this he acted as inspector-general of this brigade. Col. Kibbee was in the following battles, during his term of service in the field: Williamsburg, Va.; Savage station; Malvern hill; the two battles at Cold Harbor; Chancellorsville; Fredericksburg; South Mountain: Harper's Ferry; Sharpsburg; the Wilderness; Chattanooga, Tenn.; Lookout mountain; Knoxville, Tenn.; Get
tysburg; Petersburg; Cedar run and many minor engagements. He was wounded at Savage station and his promotion for gallantry was won on the fields of Chan cellorsville and other famous battles. When Gen. Lee surrendered Col. Kibbee was at High Bridge, Va., and thought there was little for him to do but to return home, so he started for Macon on foot, reaching there in about three weeks. Desiring
to resume the practice of law, he located at Hawkinsville, Ga., but on account of his not having taken the oath required by the laws of reconstruction was not allowed to practice, whereon he entered into business as a cotton factor, which he prose cuted all the summer of 1865, and in the autumn was elected to the lower house of the state legislature which he served during the session of 1865-6. In the latter year he began again the practice of law, having taken the modified oath, and
remained in Hawkinsville until 1889. I" 1870, he was elected to the state senate from the Fourteenth district, which comprised the counties of Pulaski, Dooly, Wilcox and Dodge, serving six years in that legislative body. While there he was chairman of the committee on finance and member of the committees on general judiciary, banks, corporations, public affairs and other matters before the senate. As chairman of the finance committee he acted as chairman of the joint financial committee, in 1875, which conducted the audit and examination of the state treasury. In the year last mentioned he was appointed special commis sioner by the governor of the state to adjust the accounts of the state and its northern financial agents. In 1884 he was elected to the bench of the superior court for the Oconee circuit, which then embraced the counties of Pulaski, Dooly, Wilcox, Twiggs, Irwin, Telfair, Montgomery, Laurens and Dodge, retaining that judicial position for four years. During the year after the expiration of his term he removed to Macon and has been a resident of that city ever since. In 1872, Judge Kibbee was elected a delegate to the Baltimore con vention, but was unable to attend that meeting by reason of business engage ments. He has many times been a delegate to state conventions. He is a member of Mt. Hope lodge, F. & A. M., of Hawkinsville, and of the St. Omar commanden-, Knights Templars, at Macon. He is also a member of the chapter at Hawkins ville, in which, as in the blue lodge, he has held all the chairs. He was grand master in 1874-5 of tne I. O. O. F. of Georgia and representative in 1876-7 to the grand lodge of the United States, which met at Philadelphia and Baltimore. In 1877, Judge Kibbee married Louie \V., daughter of Clinton Taylor. She was born in Lafayette, Ind., though her father is a native of Louisiana, and has two daughters, Annie L. and Millie C. Judge Kibbee's father, John Morrison Kibbee, was born in Concord, N. H., and emigrated to Georgia in 1827, locating in Macon and engaging in mercantile business. He remained in Macon from 1827 to 1847, when he went to New York and embarked in another mercantile enterprise which

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he conducted for twelve years. Two years later he returned to Hawkinsville and lived there until his death in 1877. His wife was Martha M. Graves, a native of
Sunderland, Conn., and they had three sons and two daughters: Judge Charles
C.; Amelia, wife of Samuel W. Bridges, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Henry M., New York city, who was sergeant of the Tenth Georgia regiment, was captured just before
the battle of Harper's Ferry and confined at Fort Delaware until the war was over; Dickson E., Milledgeville, Ga_, who was also a soldier in the late war, serving two years in Goode's cavalry; and Clara, wife of Edwin M. Graves, Chi
cago, III. Mrs. Martha M. Graves died in 1866. Judge Kibbee's grandfather was born in Scotland and came to America at an early day, his sturdy character
and national thriftiness having descended to his posterity in a very marked degree.
Judge Kibbee and his wife are members of the Episcopal church, of which he is a vestryman, and both are prominent in social circles.

I UCIUS Q. C. LAMAR was born Sept. i, 1825, and died in February, 1893. He was a statesman and jurist, and at the time of his death was associate justice
of the supreme court of the United States. He was the son of L. Q. C. Lamar, Sr.,
who was born in 1794. The father of this latter gentleman was John Lamar, who was born in Crawford county, Ga., about 1766. He wras a planter all his life, and married his cousin Rebecca Lamar. His children were as follows: Lola, Gen. Mirabeau B. Lamar, who was at one time president of Texas; Jefferson Lamar, a patriot of the war with Texas, and L. Q. C. Lamar, Sr. Jefferson Lamar had a son, Lucius Lamar, who was a colonel of the Nineteenth Georgia infantry in the late war, and died a few years ago as United States marshal for the southern district of Texas; and he had a daughter, Evaline, who is the wife of William Polk, of Alexandria, La.
L. Q. C. Lamar, Sr., had the following children: L. Q. C. Lamar, whose
memoir here appears; Thompson D. Lamar, killed at Petersburg, as colonel of the Fifth Florida infantry, who was a physician; Jefferson M. Lamar, colonel of Hobb's
legion in the late war and fell at Hampton gap; Susan, wife of Lemuel Wiggins,
of Georgia, both of whom died without issue; Mary Ann, wife of James Longstreet, who died in Calhoun, Ga., as solicitor-general of that district, who afterward married Col. J. B. Ross, of Mecklin, Ga.; Dr. Thomas R. Lamar, whose son, L. L.
Lamar (deceased), was sheriff of Hancock county for several years, and also served in the Confederate army; Mrs. Louisa McGeehee; Mrs. Mary Ann Moreland; Airs. Amelia Randall; and Lorella Lamar, who married Absalom Chappell. a
distinguished lawyer, and a member of congress from Georgia in 1843. The latter's son, Thomas Chappell, is a prominent lawyer of Columbus, Ga., and
author of text books. Another son, Harris Chappell, is a prominent educator of
Georgia. Lamar Chappell is a merchant in Memphis, Tenn., and Lucius Chappell
is a merchant in Columbus, Ga. At the time of the death of L. Q. C. Lamar, Sr., he was a superior court judge, and resided at Milledgeville, Ga. He died just
about the time he had reached his full powers, though he had already won dis tinction at the bar and was highly honored in the judicial office. Judge L. Q. C. Lamar, Jr., was truly worthy of the honors won in life and deserves the eulogies so
richly bestowed on his name since his recent death. He was only a small boy when his lamented father died, which was about 1834 or 1835. His mother was a highly endowed woman, physically and mentally, fitted to be the mother of an
eminent son. She lived to a great age and became the wife of Mr. Trantman, who also lived to be very old.
Lucius Q. C. Lamar. the lately deceased jurist and statesman, grew to be a man of fine physical presence, having a symmetrical form indicative of an almost

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perfect manhood. He entered Emory college, Ga., at an early period and gradu ated in 1845, when he was twenty years of age, in a class containing several men who have achieved prominence. In college he was famous in debates, and was the acknowledged authority among the boys on political matters. His bent was from the first that way--to statesmanship. He was a professor for a time in the Mississippi university, filling an adjunct professorship--the famous Albert T.
Bledsoe being the chief, professor. After this Mr. Lamar became a lawyer and formed a co-partnership with his famous uncle, Absalom H. Chappell, of Macon, Ga. He was engaged for a few years in law practice when he again moved to Mississippi, and served again as professor. In 1853 ne was elected to the legis lature and in 1854 settled on his plantation in Lafayette, Miss. He was elected to congress as a democrat, serving from 1857 to 1860, when he resigned and entered the secession convention of his state. In the war he served first as lieuten
ant-colonel and then as colonel of the Nineteenth Mississippi infantry, but after severe service in northeast Virginia was forced to retire on account of ill health. He was then sent to Russia as commissioner by the Confederate government. Returning to Mississippi he was elected professor of political economy and social science in the university of Mississippi, in 1866, and in 1867 was transferred to the chair of law. In 1872, he was again elected to congress, and re-elected in 1874.
He was then elected.to the United States senate. He possessed great independence of thought and action, as was shown by his refusal at one time to vote against his convictions on the currency question, even though so instructed to do by the legis lature of his state. He appealed to the people and by them was sustained. He was secretary of the interior in the cabinet of President Cleveland during his first term, and in 1887 was appointed by the same president as associate justice of the supreme court of the United States.
Judge Lamar was married July 20,1846, to Miss Virginia Longstreet, daughter of the famous Augustus B. Longstreet, president of Mississippi university, and noted for very versatile talents as lawyer, judge, writer and professor. By his first marriage, Judge Lamar had four children as follows. Fannie, who married
Hon. D. Edward Mayes, president of the University of Mississippi; L. Q. C. Lamar, Jr., planter of Mississippi, who married Kate Lester; Augusta, wife of Hugh Heiskell, of Memphis, Tenn., and Virginia, wife of William H. Lamar. Late in life Judge Lamar married Mrs. Holt, of Macon, who was formerly a Miss Dean. Judge Lamar was pre-eminently fitted for debate, having a thoroughly dis
ciplined and well-stored mind, and possessing a courage that never quailed in the face of a foe. His voice was commanding and well-controlled, he was self-pos sessed though very vehement in delivery. A man of learning and reading he was
in demand on literary occasions, and always achieved distinction in this sphere.

J-IENRY J. LAMAR, president of the Exchange bank of Macon, Ga., was born on the plantation owned by his father, Benjamin B. Lamar, in Bibb county,
Ga., within nine miles of Macon, March 21, 1825, and lived on the farm until he was ten years of age, when his parents moved to Macon. His primary education was obtained in the schools of that city--his chief teachers being M. M. Mason and Gen. James W. Armstrong, the latter a graduate of West Point. Both instruct ors were famous in their day as teachers. Prepared thus for college, in 1841 he entered the university of Georgia at Athens, where he remained until his senior year, when he was compelled to leave without graduating on account of ill health. He had as schoolmates several companions who became distinguished and even eminent. Foremost among these were the late Senator Benjamin H. Hill, Rev. Dr. J. L. M. Curry, Hon. Joel A. Billups and others. On leaving

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the university" Mr. Lamar began fanning, and pursued this business until the close of the civil war. After this he engaged in various pursuits, but principally the
drug business. Beginning by merchandising in Macon in 1865, he extended this trade by founding drug stores in Atlanta in 1873, an(* Albany, Ga., 1880, and he now owns six drug stores in Macon and is president of the Lamar-Rankin Drug company, of Atlanta, Ga. This heavy business has been conducted suc cessfully, indicating great ability in Mr. Lamar as a man of affairs. Wealth has been accumulated, yet there is no abatement of his energy nor failure in his capacity, although now in his seventieth year. Able to retire and live in luxury and ease, he is still devoted to business. Mr. Lamar is an extensive landowner, and conducts large planting interests in Bibb and other counties. He was made presi dent of the Exchange bank of Macon in 1880, which is a large and successful institution. Since 1890 he has been president of the Union Savings bank of Macon, a very popular and successful bank. Filling such places continuously for many years furnishes strong proof of Mr. Lamar's capabilities as a financier and of the high estimate in which he is held by business men and the public. Having been so successful in his private affairs, he is easily and fully trusted in tli* management of the interests of others. The value of such a man of judgment, integrity and enterprise can hardly be estimated in any community. In addition to the interests above mentioned Mr. Lamar is president and chief owner of the Bradfield Regulator company of Atlanta, and he is president and chief stock
holder of the Swift Specific company of Atlanta; this company manufactures and sells on a large scale the famous "S. S. S." remedy, known all over the world.
Mr. Lamar belongs to no secret societies or any church. He was married in 1850 to Miss Valeria B. Jones, daughter of Wiley E. Jones, deceased, who once resided in Columbus, Ga., but died near Macon. Mrs. Lamar had three uncles in the ministry of the Methodist church, men of mark and merit. She is a , woman of fine intellect and excellent traits of character. They live in the beautiful village of Vineville, Ga. (a suburb of Macon), and reside in a beautiful home. Seven children have been born to this family, viz: Henry J. Lamar, Jr., of Macon, Ga.; Valeria, wife of Edwin McLaren, of Columbus, Ga.; John T. Lamar, of Butts count}-, Ga.: Fannie L.. wife of J. W. Rankin, deceased, of Atlanta; Wilena, wife
of Eli S. Shorter, of Eufaula. Ala., and Walter D. Lamar, of Macon. Alberta Lamar married W. H. Washington, of Nashville, Tenn., and died in 1887, leaving a son, Henry L. Washington, grandson of Henry J. Lamar. Mr. Lamar's father was a native of Jones county, Ga. He was a Baptist minister and a large planter, and died in 1835, leaving five children, the second being H. J. Lamar, who alone survives. Mr. Lamar belongs to a large family of that name, many of whom have been prominent, but as most notable we mention L. Q. C. Lamar, of the United States supreme court, and his father, L. Q. C.- Lamar, an eminent lawyer and judge. Gen. Mirabeau B. Lamar, a hero of the Texan revolution and after ward president of the young republic, was a kinsman. Mr. Lamar may be char acterized as a gentleman of good and mild manners, of such style as does not repel approach, being easy of access to all grades in society. There is no appear ance of vanity or pride proceeding from his success in life. He is intelligent and discreet and of capacity for a higher position before the public. There seems to be no aspiration for political honors, no effort to win fame or even notoriety. Moving smoothly on his ways of business he makes no loud report of what he is doing. Any day nearly he may be seen on horseback riding to and from liis business, looking more like a farmer than a merchant prince and banker. A quiet man, without ostentation or pretense arguing wealth and self-importance,

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lie has reached old age without reproach and with great credit to himself and
family. Able to live well, he does so in a charming home presided over by a wife, intelligent and discreet, affectionate and religious.

ALEXANDER LAWTON MILLER, late judge of the Macon circuit, was born in Richmond county, Ga., Nov. 6, 1848. He was reared, however, in South
Carolina, obtained a good education and. graduated from the University of South Carolina at Columbia in 1869. He then removed to Houston county, Ga., where
. he taught school a year and a half and at the same time studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1871 and immediately thereafter located in Houston for the practice of his profession. He practiced there .continuously until 1890, when
he was appointed judge of the Macon circuit, serving until Jan. i, 1893, when he resigned and resumed his practice, forming a partnership with A. D. Bacon. Mr. Miller was elected to the legislature in 1876 and served in the lower house three terms--from 1876 to 1882. During his middle term he was continuously on the finance committee and chairman of the special committee which impeached the state treasurer. He also served as county judge of Houston county and was one of the five commissioners that directed the building of the present state capitol, which was erected at a cost of $1,000,000. He is a Mason, but has sought no higher rank in the order than that of a Master Mason. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and Oct. 26, 1876, married Catherine, daughter of George T.
Hurt. Mr. Miller's father was Jonathan M. Miller, a native of South Carolina, who was born in 1811. He was a planter all his active life, owning plantations in Georgia and South Carolina. He was an enthusiastic secessionist. He married Margaret Smith, a Georgian by birth, and they had twelve children, of whom ten,
six sons and four daughters, grew up, and seven, four sons and three daughters, are now living. Two of these sons fought"in the Confederate army in the last war; William W. went out in 1861 with the first regiment of South Carolina cavalrv
and served until November, 1864, when he was captured near Fredericksburg and held a prisoner at Point Lookout until the war closed; John M. served in an independent cavalry company from 1862 until the close of hostilities. His com pany was known as Walpole's company and was Hardee's escort during Gen. Johnston's last campaign, and surrendered in North Carolina.

UENRY ARCHER METTANER, physician, Macon, was born in Prince Ed
ward county, Va., Dec. 27, 1829, where he was brought up and received his primary education. He attended Hampden Sidney college (Va.), where he remained until his senior year, and then he entered the medical department of the Randolph-
Macon college, located in Prince Edward county. This department was presided over by Dr. John P. Mettaner, his father, a distinguished surgeon of that day, and
a surgeon in the war of 1812, who was a son of Dr. F. J. Mettaner, a surgeon of distinction in the army of Gen. La Fayette during the revolutionary war. Dr. Henry Mettaner was graduated at Randolph-Macon college in 1851, and a year
later located in Macon, where he has since remained. In the spring of 1861 he
enlisted as surgeon in A. H. Colquitt's brigade, and served as such until the war
closed.

J W. MYRICK, farmer, Holton, Bibb Co., Ga., son of James and Nancy (Flew-
ellen) Myrick, was born in Bibb county, where he now lives, Xov. 24, 1833. Mr. Myrick's father was a physician, and was born in South Hampton, Va. The family is of Welsh ancestry, several generations having lived in Virginia before the revolutionary war, and many of the name were soldiers in the patriot army. Dr.

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Myrick came to Georgia a single man along in the 'ad's and married in Baldwin county. For many years the Myrick and Flewellen families have resided in this locality. Although a physician, Dr. Myrick did but little practice on account of the precarious condition of his health. But he was very careful and thrifty and an excellent manager, and accumulated a handsome property, some 2,000 acres of land and sixty or seventy slaves. He was a devoted Christian and an ardent Methodist, a liberal giver, and a willing and enthusiastic helper and worker in the upbuilding of his church. Dr. and Mrs. Myrick had six children, three of whom died in infancy and three reached maturity: Frances, who married Thomas Norris, is now deceased; Susan, who married W. D. Williams, also deceased, and the subject of this sketch. Dr. Myrick died in 1865, and Mrs. Myrick in 1872. Mr. Myrick is unmarried, and has passed most of his life on the farm. Until the war he stayed there to take care of his aged father and mother. After hostilities fairly began, in 1862, he enlisted as a private in the Floyd rifles. Macon, Ga., and was a participant in many of the bloodiest and most important battles. Since the war, in addition to looking after his landed and other interests, he has been largely interested in railway construction. In this direction he has had contracts with the Eastern Tennessee, Virginia &
Georgia, the Macon & Dublin, and the Georgia Southern & Florida. Although unmarried he takes an absorbing interest in all movements which promise to ameliorate the condition of the oppressed and distressed, and to promote general advancement and enlightenment--particularly all educational enterprises. In politics Mr. Myrick is a stanch democrat; fraternally he is a Master Mason, and religiously he is a thorough-going Methodist.

UOX. EUGEXIUS A. XISBET, LL. D. To none of the readers of this volume who are at all conversant with Georgia history will the name of Nisbet be
strange, for it can be found honorably mentioned in every work presented to the public which deserves recognition as a true history of the state. In presenting the life of the above distinguished member of the family the biographer will tell "a plain, unvarnished tale." well knowing that fullsomeness is not needed in hand ling a subject of true merit The deceased subject of this sketch was of the old Scotch Presbyterian stock, who suffered martyrdom and banishment at the hands of men rather than to risk the displeasure of God. Capt. John Nisbet, an officer of the Covenanters, was executed for loyalty to his religious principles in the streets of Edinburgh in the year 1668. In that same year his sons were expa triated, came to America, and settled in Xorth Carolina. About a century later James Xisbet came on the scene of action in Rowan county, N. C. Having graduated from the Philadelphia Medical college, he came to Georgia and settled in Green e county--one of the first graduates of medicine to locate in the state. Dr. Xisbet soon became known as a friend and promoter of advanced education
and held many offices of trust with honor to himself and the state. Eugenius A. Xisbet was the son of this Dr. James and Penelope (Cooper)
Xisbet. and was born in Greene county, received his preparatory course at Powelton, Hancock Co., Ga., entered Columbia college, S. C, where he remained one year, and finished in 1821, when he graduated with the highest honors of his class from Franklin college (university of Georgia), Athens. He began the study of law under Judge (ex-United States senator) A. S. Clayton, and completed it at Judge Gould's celebrated law school. Litchfield, Conn. Being under age, he was admitted to the bar by a special act of the general assembly. He entered upon the practice of his profession at Madison. Morgan Co., then included in Ocmulgce circuit, whose bar at that time was said to be the strongest in the state, having on its rolls such names as Early. Cobb. Shorter, Gordon, Longstreet and Lamar.

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It is certainly strong evidence of great industry and superior talent that he suc ceeded in obtaining a lucrative practice. He rose rapidly in his profession, be came one of the leading jurists of the state, and the Nisbet law firm of Macon one of the very strongest In 1830, while a member of the state senate, he stren uously advocatd the establishment of a supreme court--his speech on the bill being of such strength as to bring forth a request from his brother senators for its publication. The -bill was lost at that time, but when, finally, in 1845, tne court was established, he was elected one of the judges. He served eight years of his term with entire acceptability to the people and with distinguished ability. This is a fact worthy of note, as in those early days of the court precedents were established rather than followed. In regard to Judge Nisbet's written opinions Judge Richard Clark (himself an ex-judge of the court) of the Atlanta circuit, says: "As a judge his chief characteristic with me is that his written opinions are couched in better rhetoric than any judge who ever sat on the supreme bench, and he has the happy faculty of making clearer to others his own thought than any other judge. When one of his opinions is read to me I know it by the sound."' Among his fellow-members of the bar Judge Nisbet was highly respected, and especially beloved by the younger members, for whom he had great sympathy. Judge Nisbet's public life was varied and useful. It began quite early--the people having elected him to the lower house before he had attained his majority. In deed, he had to wait seven days after the general assembly was organized before he could take the oath. During his lifetime he served seven terms in the general assembly, four in the house and three in the senate. The journals of both houses show that, uninfluenced by party or local considerations, he was always ready to support any policy by which the best interests of Georgia would be promoted. Among his special efforts which were marked by great ability was his successful championship of the penitentiary system, which was savagely attacked in the legislature of 1828. As chairman of the committee to whom the subject was referred he made an elaborate report in favor of the continuance of the institution, which was adopted. Another report which still further added to his reputation he made as chairman of the committee on federal relations. A discussion had arisen between the general government and the state of Georgia concerning the Cherokee Indians. His report on the subject was a masterly effort and triumph antly established the state's position. His entrance into the senate in 1830 was signalized by a speech advocating an increase in the appropriation to his alma mater, Franklin college (university of Georgia), of which institution he was a trustee to the time of his death. It was at this time that he made his effort in behalf of the supreme court already mentioned. The services of Judge Nisbet at the bar in the legislative halls had given him, although a comparatively young
man, a state-wide reputation, and in 1836 he was one of the nominees on the whig ticket for congress. At that time, in Georgia, congressmen were elected by gen eral ticket, and to secure a nomination a wide and favorable reputation was essen tial. The whole ticket was defeated. In 1838 he was again placed on the ticket, and this time the entire ticket was elected. In the next ("Tippecanoe and Tyler too," 1840) campaign he was re-elected, but from private considerations resigned before the expiration of his term. He was in congress when Henry Clay organ ized the whig party, and was an ardent admirer and faithful follower of that great leader. As events progressed toward the movement which culminated in civil strife. Judge Nisbet's voice was lifted for the union, which he earnestly strove to preserve. But with the election of Lincoln his last hope for its preservation failed, and he bent his energies to the formation of the new government. Elected as one of the Bibb county delegates to the convention of 1861, he was made chairman

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i >f the most important committee--that which prepared the ordinance of secession --on which were such giants as Toombs, Hill, Stephens and Johnson, and the < irdinance as prepared by him was adopted by the convention. He was also among those who were selected by the convention to represent Georgia in the .Mont gomery convention. In that body, also, he took an active and leading part, as its proceedings show. He conceived the idea of making Alexander H. Stephens vice-president of the new government--a brilliant stroke of policy which rallied the conservative element to its support and added incalculably to its strength. Judge Xisbet was a broad-minded man, and while he was essentially a lawyer and profoundly versed in all that pertained to his profession, he found time to grat.fy his taste for literature and educational work. On this point we quote from a former biographer who was intimately acquainted with him: "Fond of literature, he is a writer of excellent taste and high cultivation. Although from early life a hard professional worker, he has found time to be an occasional contributor to one of our most popular magazines. He has been invited to deliver addresses on various literary occasions, and has devoted much time and thought to the common and free schools." In religious belief Judge Xisbet was a Pres byterian--following his Scotch ancestry. In his family circle he was kind and gentle, but firm, charitable to a fault, and a man of great personal dignity of character. His marriage occurred in Hancock county in 1825. The lady of his choice was Amanda M. F. Battle, a granddaughter of Capt. James Alexander, who distinguished himself as an officer in Gen. Clarke's brigade at King's mountain during the revolutionary war, and at the siege of Augusta. A large family was born to them, among whom may be mentioned the late Judge James T. Nisbet, who was a distinguished member of the Macon bar, and the surviving children: Col. R. B. Xisbet. Eatonton: Mrs. Judge W. A. Reid, Xew York City; Mrs. Laura Boykin. Xashville, Tenn.: Mrs. Dr. P. H. Wright, Macon, Ga.' Judge Nisbet died in :8/o at Macon and was buried in Rose Hill cemetery, attended by a large concourse of mourning friends. The bar adopted appropriate resolutions and the press united in graceful and feeling tributes to his memory.

DOBERT ALEXAXDER XISBET, clerk of the superior court of Macon, was born in Russell county, Ala.. March 20, 1848, and lived there till he was
fifteen years old. He attended the country schools and Oswichee academy at Oswichee. Russell Co.. Ala. In the winter of 1863 he entered the Confederate
sen-ice in the Xelson Rangers, organized in Columbus, Ga., which company did courier duty for Gen. S. D. Lee's corps, western army. Mr. Xisbet entered as a private and served until Gen. Johnston surrendered at High Point, N. C. After the surrender he returned to Alabama: coming from there to Macon, Ga., in 1866, where he studied law in the office of the Xisbets. a firm consisting of Engenius A., late judge of the Georgia supreme court; James A. and James T., son
of E. A. Xisbet. He was admitted to the bar in Macon in 1869 and practiced until 1881. when he retired to his farm near Macon. Mr. Nisbet remained on his farm until 1891. when he was elected clerk of Bibb superior court for two years.
and in 1893 re-elected for a second term and again in 1895. In 1878-79 he was a representative from Bibb county to the state legislature, serving on the finance and railroad committees. This was called the long parliament: during its session
the state treasurer was impeached and the finance committee had charge of the investigations into the matter. Mr. Xisbet helped to reorganize the Maeon volun teers after the war and was a member of that military organization for fifteen
years. He is a Royal Arch Mason, Knight Templar, and has been chancellor commander of the Central City Lodge Xo. 3, Knights of Pythias. Mr. Xisbet was

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married in 1871 to Florence, daughter of Thurston R. Bloom, and again in 1876 to Cora C., daughter of Henry Soloman, and widow of Samuel Hunter. He has
been since 1880 a member of the Bibb county board of public education and since 1886 its president, taking a very active interest in the progress and advance ment of the public schools. Air. Nisbet's father, Frank A. Xisbet, was born in
Greene county, Ga., was a graduate of the state university, and moved to Alabama after reaching maturity.' He represented Russell county in the Alabama state legislature several times, and was a member of the Alabama state constitutional
convention. He married Arabella Alexander, a native of Putnam county, Ga., and they had ten children, of whom three were girls. Four of the sons were in
the Confederate service: William L., sergeant-major in the Thirty-fourth Alabama regiment, served all through the war, was wounded at Bentonville, A*. C., in 1865,
and is now living in Russell county, Ala.; Cooper C., also in the Thirty-fourth
Alabama regiment, died in the service, having served from the beginning of the war; James W. entered the same regiment with his brothers in 1863 and sur rendered with Gen. Johnston in North Carolina, died in 1881, and Robert Alex ander. The other brother, Frank L., is living in Russell county, Ala., and has been state legislator three terms. Mr. Nisbet's father and mother both died in Alabama.

("\\PT. ROBERT E. PARK, one of Macon's representative citizens, was born in
La Grange, Ga., Jan. 13, 1844. His father was Maj. John Park, a native of
what is now Clarke county, Ga., born January, 1800. He was the son of William Park, of Spartanburg district, S. C., who was a soldier in the patriot army under
Gen. Sumter. Capt Park's great-grandfather was John Park, a native of
Chester county, Pa., who was killed at the battle of Cowpens, S. C., during the
revolution. The founder of the Park family in America was Arthur Park, of
County Donegal, Ireland, who came to West Chester, Pa., in 1720, and was of
Scotch-Irish descent. Capt. Park's mother was Sarah Truly Robertson, a native of Clarke county, Ga., born .March 5, 1805. Her father was John S. Robertson, of
Xottoway county, Ya. He was the son of Beverly Robertson, who was a soldier in the colonial army, held the rank of lieutenant in a Virginia regiment, and was
present at the surrender of Cornwallis at the siege of Yorktown. When Capt. Park was a babe his parents moved from La Grange to Greeneville, Ga., where he was brought up and received his primary education. He also attended Brownwood
institute, La Grange, Ga., taught by Prof. William Johns, and was prepared for his entrance into Emory college at Oxford, Ga., in 1860. He remained there a year,
and then went to the Agricultural and Mechanical college at Auburn, Ala. He left there June 12, 1861, to go to Tuskegee, Ala., where he enlisted in Company F, Twelfth Alabama regiment of infantry. The company's first captain was R. F. Ligon, afterward lieutenant-governor of Alabama. After serving as a private
for a year his company was reorganized, and Mr. Park was unanimously elected second lieutenant of Company F. At the battle of Seven Pines he was made first lieutenant. After the battle of Winchester, V&., he was made captain, though he had
commanded his company for nearly eighteen months, owing to the disability from wounds of Capt. J. W. McNeely. He acted as captain until Sept. 19. 1864, when
he was captured at the battle of Winchester, where he was badly wounded in the leg and left on the field of battle. Thirteen pieces of bout- were taken from his leg,
and he couldn't be moved for a month. He was then sent to West's prison hospi tal at Baltimore, then to Point Lookout prison, Md., then to Old Capitol prison at Washington, D. C., and lastly to Fort Delaware, where he was kept till June 14, 1865, when he was released. Capt. Park participated in the following battles:

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Yorktown, Williamsburg, Seven Pines, seven days' fight around Richmond, Fredericksburg, V'a., Frederick, Hagerstown, South Mountain, Md., where he was captured and held prisoner nineteen days and exchanged. Then he retreated to
Richmond with his command and was in the battle at Hanover courthouse, was with Gen. R. E. Lee in his invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and was in the battle df Gettysburg, where he was wounded and sent back to Richmond. After thirty days in the hospital he was given a furlough, which he only used for twentyfive days, and then rejoined his command, and for several days commanded the regiment, all the senior officers being killed or wounded and absent. His next battles were at Spottsylvania courthouse, and then came the battle of Monocacy. He then went to Gen. Early to threaten Washington, D. C. Then came the battles of Bunker Hill. Kernstown, Newton, Martinsburg, Winchester, where, as stated, he was wounded and captured. When Gen. Lee surrendered, Capt. Park refused to take the oath of allegiance, though he was a prisoner in Fort Delaware at the time. After the war Capt Park returned to his home in Greeneville, Ga., where his mother was then living, his father having died when he was a child. He com menced to stud\" law, and in 1866 accepted the position of teacher in the Tuskegee,
Ala., high school, remaining there a year, then went to Mt Meigs, Ala., where lie taught as principal in the Henry Lucas institute. He remained there two years, and then spent two years as principal of the La Grange, Ga., high school. He then
came to Macon and accepted the position of general agent for the southern states for Ivison. Blakeman & Co., school and college text-books, and represented them in that capacity until 1800, when the company was united with the American Book company, which company he represented five years in the same capacity. Capt. Park is vice-president of the Equitable Building & Loan association, vice-president of the Macon Fire Insurance company, and director of the Exchange bank, and the Union Savings Bank & Trust company, first vice-president of the National Security Loan & Abstract company, and is president of the Macon board of trade,
and has been since 1892 president of the Riverside cemetery company. He was elected manager of it for life, and has been president since its organization in 1887. He is president of the Cumberland Island company, of the Macon Hospital asso ciation, and of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and vicepresident of the Georgia Quincy Granite company. In 1878 Capt. Park bought 743 acres of land in Bibb county, eight miles north of Macon, at Holton, Ga., to
which he has added from time to time until now he has over 1,200 acres. Holton is an interesting suburb of Macon. and is a handsome and attractive village at the railway station that lies midway of Capt. Park's plantation. Here are commodious cottages, school buildings, a brick store, postoffice, summer houses and a brick church and beautiful park. There is a very large acreage on this farm devoted to grass and the grains, but the farm is cultivated chiefly that its grain may supply the
live stock, and this brings in the profit. The stock consists of registered Jersey cattle, Little Guinea cattle. Berkshire pigs, Poland China hogs, and Shetland ponies. Since 1880 Capt. Park has been a member of the executive committee of the State
Agricultural society, and is chairman of the board of trustees of the Mulberry Street M. E. church. He is a Royal Arch Mason and Odd Fellow, and belongs to the A. O. U. W.. Knights of Honor, the Royal Arcanum and Knights of Damon. Since 1886 he has been trustee of Emory college at Oxford, Ga., his alma mater,
and is a trustee also of Wesleyan Female coHege in Macon. Capt. Park was married in 1875 to Ella H., daughter of Gen. William S. Holt, deceased, and has two children--William Holt Park and Ella Holt Park. His wife died on March 8. 1890. and on April 27,1892. he was united to Mrs. Emily Hendree Stewart, daughter
of the late Dr. George Hendree, of Tuskegee, Ala. He was lieutenant-colonel on

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BIBE COUNTY SKETCHES.

369

the staff of Gov. \V. J. Northern during his first term, but declined a reappointment. He is an honorary member of the Macon volunteers and a great friend of the mili tary and of all public enterprises.

I C. PLANT was bora in the city of New Haven, Conn., Feb. 27, 1814. When J ' only thirteen years of age, he went to South Carolina and was educated in the Columbia college. He afterward removed to the state of Georgia, which became the home of his matured life. In his youth he manifested a preference for banking, and at nineteen years of age was in business for himself, and this profession became the occupation of his life.
In 1839 he was appointed agent of the Marine Bank of Georgia, located in Macon. Under his skillful management, the agency, prospered greatly, and the bank became one of the solid moneyed institutions of middle Georgia. He con tinued in this bank for over twenty years, until the war between the states closed such establishments. During this long period, many state banks failed, and several in the city of Macon. Mr. Plant sometimes referred with pardonable

pride to the fact that no bank which he controlled had ever experienced any

financial embarrassment. Being the soul of integrity and rectitude, he surrounded

himself with assistants of like character, and no shadow of suspicion attached to

any transaction of a long and honored banking career.

Mr. Plant was twice married. His first wife was Miss Charlotte Walker, of

Boston, Mass., who lived only a few months. His second wife was Miss Elizabeth

M. Hazlehursr, of Glynn Co., Ga. He left four children by this latter marriage, all

being born in Macon, Ga.

..

In 1865, Mr. Plant organized the First National bank of Macon, being elected

president, which office he held continuously until his -death, a period of nearly twenty-eight years. In 1865, he organized also, the banking house of I. C. Plant & Son, which has done a most prosperous business, the firm being con
tinued after his death. His son, Robert H. Plant, of the latter firm, was made president of the First National bank,'and his younger son, George H. Plant, vicepresident of the same, after Mr. Plant's death. It is a high distinction when a father and sons have originated and controlled successively a great banking house and maintained the unbroken confidence- of its patrons. -
A successful banking career of half a century, under systems of state banks and national banks, through several periods of monetary depression and vicissi
tudes of a great civil war, testify most emphatically to the conservatism, the integ rity, the energy and the sagacity of Mr. I. C. Plant.

Mr. Plant cherished a warm interest in everything which promoted the welfare of the city of Macon. Its library, its public buildings, its manufactories, and

improvements of all kinds had no more earnest and intelligent advocate. At the county and state fairs, held in the city, he made it a point to contribute something to the exhibition, either from his collection of minerals or from the products of his
{arm in the suburbs of the city. He had a fondness for natural history and it afforded a healthful recreation for his leisure hours. His office was the center to which came all the curious minerals, ores, shells, fossils, birds, etc., of the adjacent territory. He was full of anecdotes about these curios, many of which were unique and valuable. His collection contained quite a full series of the unionidae or fresh water mussels, whose shells he had been gathering for years for Mr. Lee, of Philadelphia, the great specialist in unios. His collection of Indian relics was also large. Some of his fossil ammonites were very fine.
He was genial and companionable. He had a kind word for even- one. He took a personal interest in the employes of the bank, and many owed their success in after life to his advice and influence.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

At an early age. Mr. Plant gave evidence of interest in religious matters, join ing the church at thirteen years of age, and for many years being a member of the First Presbyterian church of Macon and a regular attendant upon its services.
His contributions to the church and to private charities were liberal, and he is remembered by many for his thoughtful assistance in time of need. With regu lar habits and a vigorous constitution, he enjoyed almost uninterrupted health, and was able to discharge the duties of his office up to a short period before his death. He died Xov. 16, 1892, in his seventy-ninth year.

gYLVESTER B. PRICE, the present postmaster of Macon, Ga., was born in that city Sept. 22, 1846, was educated and has resided there nearly all his life. The
many public offices to which he has been elected attest the esteem in which lie is held in his native city. "In the fall of 1863, when but a seventeen-year-old boy. Mr. Price enlisted in the Confederate army, serving as a private in Massenburg's
battery for several months and then in Key's battery of Helena, Ark., till the close
of the war. He was in numerous battles, was badly wounded at Rocky Face and just before the close of hostilities was captured while doing courier duty near
Macon and detained as a prisoner three days, before he succeeded in making his escape. Immediately after the war he returned to Macon and held a mercantile
position for two years, going from there to Atlanta, where, with his uncle, George
W. Price, he engaged in the shoe business until 1872. At that time he returned to Macon and in partnership with his father and brother established a grocery which he conducted until 1886. In 1876. Mr. Price was elected alderman from the Fourth
ward of Macon, and in 1882 again elected to the same office in that ward. He has
served four terms as mayor, his first election to that honor being in 1884. March 14, 1894, he was appointed postmaster. While not an orator, Mr. Price is an inde
fatigable and successful political worker for his part}-. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, a Royal Arch Mason and affiliates with the Episcopal church.
He was married in 1872 to Mary Lee Perkins, daughter of A. L. Perkins, of Monroe county, Ga. Mr. Price's brother, Albert C., was a private in the Second Georgia battalion and was killed at Petersburg, Ya., in 1864. His brother, Willis
F.. who lives in Macon, served in Massenburg's battery all through the war and
was wounded at Spanish Fort. Mobile, Ala.

1 L'LIEX RAXSOXE, retired planter, Macon, was born in Hancock county, June /, 1835. Sparta, a small village, was his birthplace, and there he grew to
manhood, attending the school of Prof. Carlisle P. Beman, then one of the most
noted teachers of his day. In the summer of 1852 he entered Yale college, and left there on the termination of his junior year, to take an eclectic course for the'senior
year, though he did not graduate, leaving for the purpose of taking certain studies that the curriculum of Yale did not include. Xotwithstanding this apparent breach of law, the name of Mr. Ransone appears in the class of 1857. After leaving col lege he retired to his plantation, a magnificent estate, with about 200 slaves, located in Early county, and there led the life of an old typical planter, spending his winters
in the northern cities. When the war broke out, he was sick in bed, but as soon as able, he went to Richmond, and the Confederate government being in great need of artillery, he offered to procure some field guns at his own expense. His generous offer was refused and he then attempted to purchase some from the American foundries, but without success. Finally, in the fall of 1861, he ran the Federal blockade, personally visiting England, and secured six eighteen-pound Blakely guns at a cost of S6o.ooo to himself. These were delivered, four to Wilmmgton. X. C.. and four to Charleston. On his return, the steamer on which he

BIBB COUNTY SKETCHES.

was aboard ran aground at an island in Charleston harbor, and was under fire

of the Federal blockading fleet. In his attempt to reach shore he was captured

and carried to northern prisons, eventually reaching New York, where he secured

his release. He ran the blockade of the Potomac and reached Richmond just

before the battle of Fredericksburg. There he was commissioned by the Con

federate secretary of war as captain of light artillery, and his battery was composed

of four guns. He served through the war in this rank and was in the battles of

Olustee, Fla., and John's island, in Charleston (S. C.) harbor, and served fourteen

months on James island. He left Charleston on its evacuation and went with

Hardee, being in the engagement at Averasboro, N. C., where he was wounded.

After the war he returned to his plantation in Early county, where he remained

until 1879, when he moved to Macon, where he has since lived a quiet retired life.

He belongs to no church or secret society, but affiliates with the Episcopalian

church.

I

MAJOR WILLIAM H. ROSS, president of the Central City Loan and Trust association, of Macon, Ga., was born in that city and there received his pre
liminary education. In 1857 he entered the junior class at the military institute, leaving in his senior year and returning1 to Macon, where he engaged in handling cotton. In the spring of 1861, the Floyd rifles, a militia company organized in Macon in 1847 oi which Mr. Ross was first lieutenant, entered the Confederate service, was assigned to the Second Georgia battalion, and thereafter known as Company C. Six months later Lieut. Ross received a commission as lieutenantcolonel, and returning from Norfolk, Va., to Georgia organized Ross' battalion, of which he was lieutenant-colonel, commanding. This rank he held one year, the period for which the men in this battalion had enlisted. He was then assigned to the staff of Maj.-Gen. W. H. T. Walker, of the army of the Tennessee, with the rank of major. He remained on this staff until Maj. Walker was killed at Atlanta, July 22, 1864, and was then transferred to the staff of Lieut.-Gen. W. J. Hardee and acted as assistant inspector-general of Hardee's corps until the sur render, Maj. Ross surrendering at Greensborough, N. C. He fought in the follow ing- battles: Sewell's Point, Va.; Fort McCallister, Ga.; and going with the second battalion of Georgia sharpshooters under Gen. Johnston into Mississippi, partici pated in the engagements at Raymond, Jackson (two battles); then in Tennessee in the battles of Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca> Rocky Face, Cassville, New Hope church, Kennesaw Mountain, battles around Atlanta, Jonesboro; then at the fall of Savannah, in the engagements in the retreat from Savannah to Charleston; was in Charleston when that city was captured; then in the fight at Cheraw, S. C., Averasboro, N. C., Bentonville, N. C., and was only once wounded --at Jackson, Miss. For four years after the war Maj. Ross and his father, J. B. Ross, engaged in mercantile business in Macon, Ga., the firm being, J. B. Ross & Son. The following ten years he conducted a cotton business and then estab lished the real estate and banking enterprise which he now carries on. He is president of the Central City Loan and Trust association of Macon, Ga., organ ized in Macon, September, 1883, with a capital of $150,000, which was increased to $190,000 in 1894. He is a charter member of the Macon bond commission, which, when appointed, took charge of the city's 7 per cent, bonds--at that time quoted at 50 cents on the dollar--and refunded that issue at 6 per cent, the bonds being now, in 1894, salable at 112 1-2. Maj. Ross has served as alderman of the city of Macon four years and in 1877 represented Bibb county in the constitutional convention. For some years after the war he was lieutenant-colonel of the second battalion of the state militia and has frequently been a delegate to state and
congressional conventions. He was one of the directors of the Macon & Cov-

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

ington railroad, now known as the Macon & Xortliern, running' 106 miles
from Macon to Athens and served in that capacity until this road went into the hands of a receiver. He was married in 1861 to Miss Smith, of Mobile, Ala., a. daughter of H. B. Smith, a native of Georgia. Maj. Ross is well known in finan
cial, railway and political circles and enjoys the confidence, not only of his clients, but of the people of the state at large. His military record is unexcelled.

p)R. TAMES THWEATT ROSS, was born in Cuthbert, Randolph Co., Ga., July 18. 1861. and at the age of two years moved with his parents to Taylor
county. Ga.. and two years later from there to Houston county in the same state. At the latter place and in Fort Valley young Ross was reared and received his early education. In 1879 he entered Mercer university and graduated in 1882 with the degree of A. B. He then commenced the study of medicine with his
father. Dr. Benjamin L. Ross at Fort Valley, and in the fall of 1883 entered Jefferson medical college, graduating April 2 1885. Returning to Fort Valley he practiced his profession there until September, 1889, when he came to Macon, and formed a partnership with K. P. Moore, M. D. This partnership continued
until Aug. i. 1892. since which time Dr. Ross has practiced alone. He is a member of the Georgia state medical association and vice-president of the Macon medical society. He i? not a church member but affiliates with the Baptists. Dr. Ross was married Feb. 13. 1889. to Man- Belle, daughter of Fred Danish, a native of Germany, but a resident of South Carolina. Dr. Ross's father, Benjamin L. Ross, was bom near Irwinton. Ga.. in 1825. He is a licensed preacher of the Baptist church, and a graduate of the medical college of Charleston. South Carolina,
having also taken courses of medical lectures in Philadelphia, Pa. Benjamin L, Ross married Louisa F. Maugham, a Georgian. They had four children, two son? and t\vo daughters. John P. Ross, judge of the Macon city court, is a brother of Dr. J. T. Ross. Dr. Ross' grandfather. John Ross, was a native of Georgia, a noted Baptist minister of his day, who died in 1837, at the age of fiftytwo year?. Dr. Ross is well and favorably known in both professional and private circle? and is one of the most promising of Macon's young physicians.

A LOXZO D. SCHOFIELD. manufacturer, Macon, was born in that city Jan. 3. 1857. His father was John Shepley Schofield, founder of the Schofield
Iron works and an old resident of the city. The subject of this sketch received his primary education at the hands of his private tutors and in private schools, and in 1871. he entered the state university at Athens, Ga., from which he was graduated in 1874. with the degree of A. B.. at the age of seventeen. He then went to Pouj?hkc-ep-ie. X. V.. and took a commercial course in the Eastman business college, and returning to Macon entered the Exchange bank as bookkeeper. After two year;" service there he entered the business of his father, being made a
partner, the firm name of J. S. Schofield & Son continuing until the death of the father in 1891.
John Shepley Schofield. was born near Manchester, in Derbyshire, England, in 1820, and came to America with his younger brother Joshua R. in 1840. He located in Xew York, but shortly afterward came to Georgia and became con nected with the Central railroad, remaining in its service until he established the Schofield Iron works. He was a prominent democrat, though not given to aspiring to office, was a Mason and a meml>er of the Presbyterian church. He was ar unobtrusive- man. kind and generous, and enjoyed the esteem and re spect of everybody who knew him. He was married in 1845 to Miss Emma Mackey, z. native of South Carolina and they had eight children of whom but two

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373

survive--A. D. and Charles E. Schofield. The wife died and in 1866 Mr. Schofield was married to Anna Franklin, of Washington county, Ga., and by her he had three children--of whom two survive, as follows: J. S., Jr., and H. A. During the war the senior Schofield was engaged in making shells and other munitions of
war for the Confederacy. One of his sons, Joshua R., now deceased, was a private for two years in the Confederate service. After the death of the father in 1891, the iron works have been operated by his sons--A. D., Charles E. and John S., Jr., and the firm is now known as the Schofield Sons Company. Alonzo D. Schofield, president of the company, is prominently connected with a number of successful enterprises in his home city, and zealously watches the interests of his own factory, whose products have a reputation througout the whole state. He belongs to
the Episcopal church of Macon. He was married to Elizabeth, a daughter of the late I. C. Plant, and they have three children--Elizabeth, A. D., Jr., and Gladys.

gMORY SPEER, United States judge for the southern district of Georgia, was born in Monroe county, Ga., Sept. 3, 1848. At the age of fifteen he entered the
Confederate army as a private in company K, Fifth regiment, of Lewis' Kentucky brigade of mounted infantry. He took a part in several engagements in Georgia and South Carolina and surrendered with his command at Washington, Ga.. in April, 1865. In September of the next year he entered the university of Georgia and allied himself with the Eta chapter of Chi Phi. He was graduated in 1869,
after taking several college honors. He read law, and in the November following his graduation at the university of Georgia he was admitted to the bar. He was appointed solicitor-general of the state when twenty-three years of age by the first
democratic governor of Georgia elected after the war. In 1878 he was elected a member of the Forty-sixth congress from the Ninth district of Georgia as an inde pendent democrat by a majority of 225. Two years later he was re-elected by a
majority of 4,064. As a member of the elections committee in his first term he pursued an independent course--notably by voting for Hon. W. D. Washbum against Ignatius Donnelly in a celebrated election contest for Minnesota. During his second term he was made a member of the ways and means committee, and was one of the conferrers between the house and the senate on the disagreements on the tariff bill of 1883. Immediately on the expiration of this term he was appointed by President Arthur United States attorney for the northern district of Georgia. Here he speedily evinced to the country his great ability as a lawyer and advocate. His successful prosecution of the Banks county Ku-Klux, resulting in
the conviction of eight white men for assaulting negroes--a case which produced the greatest excitement--was his cause celebrc. Mr. Speer was afterward appointed special counsel for the government in the celebrated election trials at Columbia, S. C., in the fall of 1883. He was nominated by President Arthur to the position of district judge of the United States for the southern district of Georgia. His courts are held at Savannah, Macon, and Augusta, and he has presided in a number of cases of national importance. Judge Speer is the author of Speer on Removal of Causes, Little, Brown & Co.. Boston. His decisions are noted for a strong and lucid style. He was eight years trustee of the university of Georgia, and although a member of the Methodist church is the president of the taw school of Mercer
university, the principal Baptist college of Georgia.

JAMES D. STETSON, vice-president of the American National bank, was born in Milledgeville, Ga., May 31, 1846, and lived in that city until 1863. He was
educated at the private schools there, and later at Oglethorpe university, which he attended for two years, reaching the sophomore class. In the autumn of the year

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last mentioned he enlisted in the Georgia state troops, being mustered into the Mclntosh light infantry. He entered the Confederate service as a private, was afterward elected first lieutenant of his company, and served in that capacity all
through the war. He spent the most of the war period in Macon, attached to the quartermaster's department, but was captured in November, 1864, by a troop of Sherman's soldiers. He effected his escape the evening of the day on which he was taken prisoner, reaching his quarters little the worse for the unpleasant experi
ence. At the close of hostilities he located at Milledgeville and there engaged in mercantile business until 1867, when he removed to Baltimore, Md., staying there one year, and at the expiration of that term he journeyed to Savannah, where he
took a position with J. W. Lathrop & Co., cotton factors. He remained with them
until 1873 and tnen went to Hawkinsville, Ga., where he organized the Hawkinsville Bank & Trust company, with a capital stock of $50,000. He was elected
cashier of this company and served as such until 1891, in which year he came to Macon, to become the vice-president of the American National bank, which was opened April 2. 1891, with a capital of 8250,000. In that year he was chosen
vice-president of the Hawkinsville Bank & Trust company, and on the death of C. T. Lathrop, in September, 1893, was made president of that institution. In addi
tion to holding these important offices Mr. Stetson is a director of the National Security, Loan & Abstract company of Macon, and of the Georgia & Alabama rail
way company. He also served several years as commissioner of Pulaski county. He is a stanch democrat, but takes no active part in politics, and is also prominent in church affairs, being a deacon of the Tatnall Square Baptist church, Macon. He is also a trustee of Mercer university, and chairman of the prudential committee
of the board of trustees of Mercer university. Mr. Stetson was married in 1872 to Eugenia, daughter of Maj. John H. Pate, a Georgian by birth, who served as major of the Forty-ninth regiment of Georgia troops in the last war. Mr. Stetson and his
wife have four children--three sons and one daughter. His father was Daniel B. Stetson, who was bom in Cohasset, Mass., in 1810, and in his boyhood was appren
ticed to a brick mason, but ran away to sea. Landing at Portsmouth, Va., at a
subsequent date, he went to work as a contractor, one of the buildings he erected
at that point being the old Seaboard & Roanoke freight depot, which was burned when Norfolk was evacuated by the Confederate troops in 1861. While a resident of Portsmouth he married Edith Wyatt, daughter of Maj. Wyatt, an officer of the
revolutionary var. Daniel B. Stetson came to Georgia about the year 1842 and located in Milledgeville, where he was a merchant up to the breaking out of the
war. He then retired from active business, but remained in Milledgeville, dying
there in 1865. He was for some time judge of the inferior court of Baldwin county, Ga. Hi; wife survived him many years and died in 1884. One of their sons, William 5., was a lieutenant in the Fifty-seventh Georgia regiment, and fought all through the war. He was captured at'the fall of Vicksburg, but paroled shortly
afterward. He was severely wounded in the leg during the battle of Kenncsaw mountain. July. 1864, and was again wounded by a piece of shell at the battle- of Bentonville. N. C., the last battle of the war. He now resides in Florida. The
Stetson family is of English origin, the emigrant ancestor reaching America in the Mayflower. James D. Stetson is highly esteemed in financial circles, his judgment and advice in monetary matters being eagerly sought and greatly valued.

M R. W. P. STEYEXS was born in Baldwin county, Ga., March 31, 1859. ^ English parentage, and the youngest of three brothers. His parents were
Henry and Matilda Stevens (for whose sketch see that of Henry Stevens, Baldwin county,'. After receiving a thorough education, he crossed the water and visited

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his father's old home, and spent quite a while prospecting among the clay indus tries of Great Britain. On his return he accepted a position as superintendent for Stevens Bros. Co., Stevens Pottery, Ga., which position he held with credit until his father's death, at which time he launched out on his own account, in the saw and planing mill business and merchandising, in which he was successful and made money. After cutting all the timber contiguous to his mills he disposed of his interests in this line, formed a company, consisting of himself and two broth ers, W. C. and J. H. Stevens, of Stevens Bros. Co., and built a sewer pipe plant at Macon, Ga., and commenced the manufacture of sewer pipe, fire brick-, flue goods, etc., under the name of Henry Stevens Sons Co., the subject of this sketch being elected general manager and treasurer.
By never-failing courage and tenacity, and not knowing what "fail" means, Mr. Stevens soon built and equipped a modern plant, furnished with the best machinery, and by his shrewdness and foresight, the plant has been a success since its inception, and has not shut down since it was started, except for repairs.
Mr. Stevens married Miss Emma G. Stephens, a daughter of John \V. Steph ens and C. A. Stephens. Her father belonged to a well-known Mississippi family, and died in Nashville, Tenn., while in the Confederate service. To them three bright and beautiful children have been born: Estelle, born Sept. 2, 1885; Fannie, born Aug. 27, 1888; and William Park. Jr., born June 25, 1892. Mr. Stevens claims that to his wife is due a great deal of the credit for his successful business career. He is charitable and courteous, but stern and positive in business trans actions; says "No" without changing, and is what all practical business men, with whom he has dealings, term a shrewd and conservative business man. Mrs. Stev ens is a prominent member of the Methodist church.

IJ C. TINDALL, president of the Macon Hardware company, and a man of fine * business ability, is a son of Henry \V. Tindall and Judith Me Key. His father
was a native of Georgia, having been born near Augusta, in 1811. He was there reared to manhood, and in his early years removed to McDonough, Ga.. where he embarked in the mercantile business and where he married, as above, the daughter of T. W. McKey. In 1846, he established himself in Macon, where he passed the remainder of his days, a leading spirit in the commercial life of the city. He was a man of exalted piety, and lived a life devoted in its religious bearing to the Methodist church. H. C. Tindall received his literary education in the schools of Macon and began his business career at fourteen years of age, in the wholesale establishment of Seymour, Tinsley & Co. Remaining with them five years, he concluded to invest his savings in that which always brings the best returns--an education. Having neither time nor inclination for a classical education, he con cluded to take the course at Eastman college, roughkeepsie. X. Y. He spent the summer of 1873 in that beautiful city, and graduated in the business course with honor. After he had been awarded his diploma, he was offered a good situation, through the college, with a large house in Xew York, but being thoroughly southern in his tastes, and having many ties at home that he could not sever, he refused the offer. Immediately upon his return to Macon, in September, he was given a place as bookkeeper with the wholesale house of Campbell & English, where he remained twelve years. He afterward became partner in the firm of wholesale tobacconists, Campbell, Tindall & Co.. winch he left only to become part ner in the larger business of the wholesale firm of Campbell, Van Syckel & Co. By the death of Mr. Campbell the firm was changed to Xussbaum, Van Syckel & Tindall. This firm eventually merged into a stock company under style of Macon Hardware company, and Mr. Tindall is now its president. He was for two years

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

secretary and treasurer of the Macon agricultural works and is now a director in that institution. He is also secretary and treasurer and director in the Excelsior
Hook & Back Band company, whose trade covers the entire south. Mr. Tindall is a man who finds time from his secular duties to serve his church and even here his business ability is called into requisition, being trustee and treasurer of
the Orphan house of the M. E. Church, South Georgia conference, and steward and trustee of Mulberry Street Methodist church of Macon. He was elected to the office of alderman in 1889, without even presenting his name for nomination, and received more votes than any candidate on the municipal ticket. He served one term (two years) in that capacity with so much gratification to the people that citizens of every class, color and station, urged him to accept the nomination for mayor, but being of a home-loving disposition and preferring business to politics
he declined further honors in that field and is now happy and contented in follow ing his.chosen pursuit and in training his bright boys for the same vocation. Mr. Tindall lost his first wife. Mis? Mamie L. Bass, of Covington, Ga., who died in 1887. the mother of five interesting children, for whom he subsequently found a mother in Miss Julia A. Cushman. of Columbus, Ga.. a lady of the truest type.

BROOKS COUNTY.
T X. ARRIXGTOX (deceased) was one of the pioneer settlers of Brooks county, " who had by intelligent, faithful and painstaking labor made that piney-woods
part of Georgia "blossom as the rose." In doing this none labored more earnestly or deserved more credit than Mr. Arlington. Systematic and progressive, the "fruits of his careful management remain in the widely-known beautiful Arrington plantation at Hickory Head. The Arrington family came from Scotland to Virginia, removed thence to Xorth Carolina, and later to Twiggs county, Ga. T. X. Arrington, son of Thomas and Martha Arrington, was born in Twiggs county March 13,1825. Here he married his first wife. Lucinda Melton, who bore him four children: William, Martha, Louisa and Henry. After her death he mar ried a widow Averett, who, in 1857, accompanied him to southern Georgia. He settled in the Hickory Head neighborhood, where a few years later his wife died, leaving no children. May 26. 1867, he married Frances Reissier, daughter of T. I. and Amanda (Groover) Denmark, of Brooks county. Six children blessed this union: Ann (Mrs. B. \\~. Stone), Thomasville; Briggs; Harriet (Mrs. James McMullen), and Clifford. Julia, and Thomas X., Jr., all young and at home. Mr. Arrington was esteemed as one of the most charitable of men, always ready and quick to respond to the calls of the needy. He took a deep interest in public affairs, and at the time of his death, Dec. u, 1881, was a member of the general assembly of Georgia. This sad event devolved on his bereaved widow the care and responsibility of training and preparing for the duties of life their family of interesting children. Fortunately for them she has proven fully equal to the great emergency, the task is being successfully accomplished, and they all promise to become worthy and useful members of society.
P. BURKE, whose plantation home is at Hickory Head, Brooks Co., Ga., is perhaps better known as the inventor and patentee of "The Burke Auto matic Steam Washer." one of the latest and most sensible inventions in that line

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377

ever placed on the market. While it would be a great impropriety to impair the dignity of this sketch to make it an advertising medium by describing the inven tion, it is but simple justice to the inventor to say that by giving it to the world he takes rank as a public benefactor: for any invention that is labor-saving, more particularly that lightens the labor of the care-worn housewife, entitles the inventor to that honorable distinction. Mr. Burke comes from the distinguished Irish fam ily which sheds honor on the Irish name. Michael Burke, his grandfather, came from Ireland to Savannah, Ga., with an uncle who was a Catholic bishop on some ecclesiastical business. He had been educated for the priesthood, but abandoning that idea, he studied medicine and became quite prominent as a practitioner in both Savannah and Charleston. After many years of useful and remunerative practice he retired and removed to Richmond county, Ga., where he died. Mr. Burke's father, R. B. E. Burke, was an only child and was born in Richmond count}-, Ga., where he married Eleanor McCullough. He was well educated at Richmond college, Augusta, Ga., arid followed the profession of a teacher in Ala bama and southwest Georgia. In middle life he removed to Stewart county, Ga., where he raised his children: M. F., Gadsden county, Fla.; B. E., Quitman; W. P., inventor, Brooks county; Catharine M. (Mrs. B. F. \Yorrell), Thomas county, and Elizabeth, deceased. Mrs. Burke died May 13, 1870, in Decatur county. Ga.,
and Mr. Burke died Sept. z, 1882, in Thomas county, Ga. W. P. Burke was born in Russell county, Ala., Jan. 25, 1845. When the "war between the states" was precipitated his youthful enthusiasm, conjoined with his impulsive blood, inspired him to quickly respond to the call for volunteers. He enlisted in one of the first companies that was organized and served with it in state service around Savannah, Ga., until the spring of 1862, when he returned home. The next year he entered the regular service as a member of Company F, Fourth Georgia cavalry. This command did sen-ice in Florida first and participated in the battle of Olustee; aftenvard it was transferred to Hood's army and was in the Atlanta campaign. After the fall of that city his company formed part of Gen. John T. Morgan's brigade through Tennessee and Alabama, and then under Gen. Wheeler pursued Sherman through Georgia and was in southeast Georgia at the time of the sur render. Mr. Burke returned to Brooks county after the war and was married Feb. 14, 1866, to Mary, daughter of James H. and Ellen Groover, a very old and highly respected family. To them have been born seven children: Ada I. (Mrs. W. j. Harrell), Quitman, Ga.; Pascal G., Ola E., Rufus E., Florrie E., and Linda O., young folks at home, and Walter J.. the youngest, deceased. Mrs. Burke died Oct. 17, 1881, and Aug. 10, 1882, Mr. Burke was married to Fannie G. Harris, of Cuthbert, Ga. He is a democrat, a missionary Baptist, and a Master Mason. He lives on a fine 8oo-acre plantation six miles south of Quitman, and is considered one of the solid men of his community. He is now traveling in the interest of his invention.

DOUNTREE. This is one of the solid, substantial families of Quitman, Ga., whose different members occupy highly honorable positions, socially and financially,
in this progressive little city. A. J. Rountree, the head of the family, has been a resident and leading merchant of Quitman for many years. By his sagacity and enterprise, strict attention to business, and unswerving integrity of character,
he has secured the confidence of the community, established an enviable reputation, and accumulated a handsome fortune. He is of South Carolina stock, his grand father and father having lived in Edgefield district. Richard Rountree, his grand father, was living there during the revolutionary war, and was a very wealthy planter. He joined the patriot army, serving as a captain, and on one occasion

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

while at home an incident occurred which showed his great nerve and courage. He was known as a man of wealth, and believed to be possessed of no small amount of money. This was a tempting bait to the tones, who, learning of his presence at home, surprised and captured him, and attempted to force him to divulge its hiding place. With determined courage he held out against them, although they went to the desperate extreme of tying and leaving him in the swamp.
After the tones left a faithful negro released him after he had been in the swamp two days and saved his life, and he lived to raise a large family. This remarkable man had a family of eighteen children. Three daughters re mained in South Carolina. One of these married Wiley Barry; another Samuel Stalnaker, and a third Thomas Goldsmith. Five of the daughters settled in Jasper county, Ga., one marrying Jefferson Smith, another Gary Cox, another Asa Cox, another Stevens and the fifth Willborn. James Rountree made York district, S. C, his home. Thomas went to reside near Huntsville, Ala., and William somewhere in Tennessee. The subject of this sketch is unable to mention the residence of the remaining six children. Daniel Rountree, son of Richard Rountree, was born in Edgefield district and was a man of some prominence, who for many years served as a magistrate and was a well-to-do planter. He married Fannie Xelson, same district, by whom he had eight children: Elvira, James, Martha. Parmela, Andrew J., W. D., Thomas J., and Myra, all of whom are dead except Andrew J. Mr. Daniel Rountree and his wife were Baptists, and lived and died in Edgefield district. Andrew J. Rountree was born in Edgefield district, S. C., Aug. 3, 1818. When seventeen years of age, becoming discontented with home, he left and worked his way to Alabama, where he remained a year as over seer on a plantation in Wilcox county. He spent the next year in Lowndes county, during which he became a volunteer member of a company which did service in the Creek Indian war, for which he now draws a pension. At the end of two years (1837) he returned home, and the next two years went to school and worked on the plantation. In 1839 he went to Marengo county, Ala., remain ing but a few months, and then pushing his way to Louisiana, he obtained a position as overseer in Claiborne parish. He remained here but two years, and then went to Katchitoches parish, where he remained five years. By this time he had accumulated some money, and concluded to return home and engage in merchandising, in which he has been unusually successful. He remained in Edgefield. S. C., until after the close of the war, when he made a prospecting tour in Southern Georgia, and being favorably impressed with the country about Quitman, he determined on making that place his home. So he removed and established himself and has built up a business and reputation as solid as any in that section of the state. Though still in robust health and quite active, he has partially retired from business, which is conducted by his sons. In 1847 Mr. Rountree was married in Edgefield district to Man,' Zimmerman, who died four months afterward. In August, 1852, he married Savilla, daughter of Samuel Stevens, formerly of Connecticut, who had settled in Edgefield. By this second marriage he had seven children: Fannie C. (Mrs. Dr. T. W. Hunter), Quitman; Samuel S., merchant, Qtiitman: Daniel W., lawyer, Atlanta; Bartow, merchant, Quitman: Matt. Eliza (Mrs. Taylor Dukes), Quitman; Walter, deceased, and Edward X., Quitman. Politically Mr. Rountree is a lifelong, uncompromising democrat, and religiously a Baptist: he is also a member of the Masonic fraternity.
THOMAS IRYIXG DENMARK. This gentleman is one of the oldest of the living representatives of the pioneer settlers of the vast piney-woods region of
southern Georgia, who wrested it from barbarism and blazed out the way for

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379

advancing civilization. Nearly a score of years ago he passed the allotted three
score years and ten. Blessed with a strong constitution, not addicted to any
debilitating excesses, careful not to abuse "God's temple," he has attained to remarkable longevity and retained wonderful physical vigor. Scrupulously abste
mious, he has never used tobacco nor liquor in any way except as a medicine. 1 lis colonist ancestors were of Scotch-Irish origin.
Mr. Denmark was born .Sept. 30, 1809, in Bulloch county, Ga. His paternal grandfather, William Denmark, was the son of an Irishman, who settled in the state of North Carolina, on the Great Pedee river, many years before the revolu tionary war. His maternal grandfather, William Wise, was a native of Scotland
and emigrated to this country when quite a young man before the revolutionary war and settled in Screven county, Ga. The grandfathers on both sides were
soldiers in the revolution. William Denmark, the paternal grandfather, removed to Georgia about the year 1770 and settled in Screven county. He subsequently moved to Bulloch county, and late in life to Warren county, where he died at the advanced age of 102 years. William Denmark had two wives--his second wife being Emma Moye, a sister of his first. Emma Move, second wife of William Denmark, is said to have lived to the age of 101 years. William Denmark had a
number of children by each of his wives. Mr. Thomas I. Denmark's father, Redden Denmark, the son of William by his
second wife, Emma, was born in Screven county, and was reared partly in Screven and partly in Bulloch. Redden married Lavinia, daughter of William Wise, a planter in Bulloch county, where he raised the following named children: Elizabeth (Mrs. James Groover), deceased; Clarissa, deceased; Sarah (Mrs. William Last-
inger), deceased; Thomas Irving, the subject of this sketch, and John, who died in 1894 in Perry, Florida. Redden Denmark, the father of Thomas Irving, died in 1814 in Bulloch county, Ga., at the age of forty-four. Lavinia, widow of Redden
Denmark, and mother of Thomas Irving, a short time after the death of her first husband, was married to Mr. McNeeley, by whom she had several children, and
lived to be about seventy years of age. Mr. Thomas Irving Denmark, the subject of this sketch, after the death of his
father and marriage of his mother, was taken and reared by his uncle, Malachi Denmark, on a plantation in Bulloch county, and had the advantage only of an "old field" school education. Dec. i, 1831, he married Amanda Groover, daugh ter of Charles Groover, a planter of Bulloch county, Georgia, and settled near his father's old home. In 1837 Mr. Denmark removed with his wife and the three
children, who had been born to them, to Thomas county, Ga., now a portion of
Brooks count}', and settled about four miles south of his present home in Brooks county, where he lived for eight years. In 1845 he moved from the place settled
by him in 1837 to his present home in the piney-woods of Brooks county, four
miles south of Quitman, where he has lived ever since. Mrs. Denmark, wife of Thomas Irving, was born May 12, 1816, and died Aug.
15, 1890. She was a woman of great piety and of considerable intellectual force.
Her mother was a native of Savannah, and both of her parents were descendants
of the Salzburgers, a religious sect who left Austria on account of religious perse cutions and settled at Ebenezer, in Emngham county, soon after the settlement of Savannah by Oglethorpe. The old Ebenezer church, built by the Salzburgers,
still stands near the banks of the Savannah river in Effmgham county. Mrs. Denmark ivas one of the organizers (about 1840) of Liberty Baptist church in the
old town of Grooverville in Thomas (now Brooks) county, Ga. The children of Thomas Irving and Amanda (Groover) Denmark are: Sarah
Elizabeth, wife of James Lee, Jr., of Bulloch county; Agnes Assenith, widow of

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

Aaron \Y. L. McFarlin, who now lives with her father; Redden Irving, a planter of Brooks county; Mary Jane, widow of Wade P. Hodges, of Decatur county; Clayton Rhay, a planter, died in Brooks count}", December, 1886, at the age of fortysix ; Frances Reiser, widow of Thomas X. Arlington, of Brooks county; Daniel Jones, died aged eleven; Ann Victoria, died aged sixteen; Brantley Astor, a lawyer of Savannah, Ga.; De Witt Qinton, who died at the age of twenty-one: Elisha Peck Smith, a lawyer of Valdosta, Ga.; Nora Judson, who died in infancy; Florence Virginia, wife of Joshua N. Saunders, of Leon county, Fla. Mr. Denmark has now living seventy-five descendants, to-wit: Eight children, forty-
two grandchildren and twenty-five great grandchildren. He has had in all ninetyfive descendants, to-wit: Thirteen children, fifty-five grandchildren, and twentyseven great grandchildren.
During the Seminole war in Florida Mr. Denmark enlisted as a soldier, but saw very little active sen-ice, being in only one skirmish with the Indians.
In 1864. during the war between the states, when a call was made by the Con federate states for an enlistment of men from 16 to 55, Mr. Denmark, though within seven weeks of fifty-five years of age, volunteered and went into the army, where he saw some pretty hard service around the city of Atlanta, and was there at the evacuation of that city by the Confederate army. His sons. Redden and Clayton,
enlisted in the Confederate army in the early part of the war, and both of them were in it at the close of hostilities.
Mr. Denmark's whole life lias been devoted to fanning. He has always taken a very active part in the cause of education and religion. He has been a deacon
in the Baptist church over fifty years, and all of his children are members of that church, except Mrs. Hodges, who is a Methodist. Three of his sons were educated at the university of Georgia. To all of his children he gave the best educational advantages that he could afford at the time. His sons and daughters are specimens "of true manhood and womanhood.
Mr. Denmark had always enjoyed the best of health and is still vigorous and
well-preserved in body and mind. He has always managed his own plantation. While a slave-holder he would never have an overseer. At the age of eighty-six
he is still quite active and manages his own farm, looking after all its details with as much care as if he were still a young man.
He has always viewed grief and trouble with a philosophic eye--looking back, after the first shock of death, upon the lives of his children that had gone before
him, with a pleasant memory. His sole great affliction, from which he has never rallied, and the one on which his thoughts constantly dwell, was the death of his wife on Aug. 15, 1890. with whom he had lived in loving and sweet companionship over fifty-eight years.
Mr. Denmark has always been a kind and generous neighbor. He is a type of what is correctly termed a "good citizen." He is punctilious, almost to a fault, in the keeping of his promises. He is a consistent, though not a puritanical. Christian. He has always been a democrat, but has never had anything to do with politics except to vote and to advocate the claims of those he thought worthy
of public trust.
He was a faithful husband, a stern but kind father. He believed that boys and girls should be early taught to take care of themselves, and that idleness was the parent of many vices. His children demonstrate the wisdom of the manner in which
he reared them.
Often around his table and on the wide piazzas of his country home may be seen gathered about him. in one group, children, grandchildren and great grand
children.

BROOKS COUNTY SKETCHES.
DEV. CHARLES SCRIVEN GAULDEN. As it is the province of these volumes to commemorate the lives and deeds of the men who have helped to
shape the destiny of this fair state, the name of the deceased subject of this sketch is presented. Born and reared on Georgia soil, under which his body now sleeps, he was one of her most devoted sons, and during a long and useful life did much to elevate her in the moral and intellectual scale. He was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, descended from families who had first settled in Virginia, but later migrated to South Carolina, where his father, Jonathan, was reared, and who brought the name to Georgia, settling in Liberty county in the latter part of the last century. Here he reared his family and here our subject was born May 5, 1812. His mother \vas a Miss Paisley, of Savannah, Ga., of Scotch-Irish stock and of remarkable intellectual powers. Mr. Gaulden was second in age of seven sons. His boyhood was spent in pursuits incident to the plantation life of those early days, and in acquiring the rudiments of an education, which was completed at the university of Georgia, which he left a few months before graduating. When he was about the age of twenty-one years his father moved with his family from Liberty county to Lowndes (now Brooks) county. Shortly after this he volunteered his services in behalf of his state, and as a gallant, fearless soldier, led the battle of Brushey creek in the war against the Seminole Indians, where he captured a number and put the others to flight, causing them finally to leave Georgia. Although so young he displayed those characteristics which followed him through life; coolness in time of danger, great executive ability, practical in all things, sound judgment, unyield ing will and perfect fearlessness.
In this battle he received a wound in his right cheek which came very near proving fatal. As the bullet could not be extracted, he carried it through life. Shortly after leaving college he chose law as a profession, and as friend and pupil of the famous Judge Law, of Savannah, Ga., he in due course of time was admitted to the bar. Selecting Lumpkin, Stewart county, as a suitable point, he began there his career as a lawyer, which for twenty years was one of uninterrupted success. His residence at Lumpkin was at a time when that town was one of the most flourishing in the state, and the local bar, of which he was admitted leader, was not surpassed by any. The points which gave iiim pre-eminence were an indom itable will, tireless energy, with lack of even the idea of fear, and perfect integrity in his business and private life. His reputation as a fearless advocate, combined with his high moral character, excellent judgment, and proficiency in his profes sion, made him one of the most successful lawyers of his time. The fact that from the practice of his profession he amassed a fortune of about $200,000 in about fifteen years being evidence per se.
Politically, he was a whig, and represented Stewart county one term in the legis lature, where he went for the special purpose of aiding in the establishment of the supreme court of the state, which was done largely by his influence and labor, as the entire southern portion of the state, or the wire grass section, followed his leadership. The supreme court; probably would not have been established when it was but for his personal efforts and active influence. When this court had been established he secured the pledge of a majority of the legislature to elect his distinguished preceptor, Judge .Law, of Savannah, to the position of chief justice, which he. however, refused, replying: "It would be the ambition of my life, but I am too poor a man to give up my practice of $25,000 per annum to accept so small a salary-.''
Political preferment, however, had no charm for Mr. Gaulden, and although liehad several times been offered the nomination for congress, which meant his election, he refused and never again stood for office, though he served as a dele-

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA,

gate from Brooks count}' in the secession convention of the state. He preferred that Georgia should remain in the Union, but went with the majority; as he never acted for mere effect, but to accomplish some good end. He afterward told a member of his family that he went with a majority of the convention, as refusal so to do would do no good. But it was one of the saddest days of his life; and he took himself to the solitude of the woods, where the tears of sorrow flowed fast as he poured out his heart in prayer to his God for his country, friends and family. Bur we have anticipated.
Having gained eminence at the bar, and made himself financially independent, a strange departure was made in his life--at least so it seemed to the world. But gold could not allure, or ambition tempt--in fact nothing could swerve him from the path of duty, as he conceived it. Literally renouncing what the world generally most prizes and covets, in 1859 he moved from Lumpkin to his plantation in then the new county of Brooks, and from that time to the day of his death gave his time and means to the propagation of the Gospel of Christ. His method was that of the true missionary. Being a regularly ordained minister of the Missionary Bap
tist church he would begin a series of meetings in a country community, and such was the power of his preaching and the influence of his Christian example, a baptism of the Holy Spirit would follow and conversions result, and a church would be built with means largely of his furnishing. When he went to Brooks county there was but one Missionary Baptist church in it--at Grooverville. He organized the one at Ouitman, and numbers of others in the three counties of Lowndes, Brooks and Thomas. His services were always gratuitous, using what ever was given him for the cause of missions. During the war he organized the Mercer Baptist association, and for many years was moderator. As a public speaker he \vas didactic in style; though when enthused could rise to flights of oratory which captivated his audience and convinced them of the truths he was uttering. A profound theologian, he expounded the truths of the Bible with no uncertain sound; and with his wealth, social position and useful life, did much
to advance the kingdom of his Master. He was married in 1844, in Lumpkin, to Charlotte L. Le Sueur, a lady of French Huguenot stock, who bore him seven children, viz.: Charlie M.. wife of John Tillman, hardware merchant now residing at Quitman, Ga.: John B.; James Albert; Cornelia L., who died in infancy; D. Lc Sueur, lawyer, Titusville, Fla.: William T., teacher in high school, Albany, Ga.: Samuel S., physician, Quitman, Ga. With the counsel and example of such a father, aided by the ministrations of a devoted wife, no comment need be made as to the position these children now occupy in their different spheres.
Rev. Gaulden died at Quitman, Ga., Oct. 8, 1894, of pneumonia, contracted while on a visit to one of his plantations on the Etowah river, a few weeks pre viously. Around his dying bed gathered his children and wife, who heard from his lips his last utterances, full of Christian hope and triumph over the last enemy-- Death. Thus did a great man live and die; caring nothing for worldly fame, or the plaudits of men: leaving the sweet incense of a Christian life as a precious memory and inspiration to his family and numerous friends. His wife, a woman noted for her gentleness and loveliness of person and character, and unbounded kindness and hospitality, survived him but a few years, departing this life on Aug. i, 1889.

C A. JELKS. M. D. There is perhaps no more popular person in Quitman * than the gentleman whose life supplies the material for this sketch. For
many years he has ushered numbers of its now bustling citizens across the threshold of life, administered to their bodily ills, and eased their exit into the

o
r.
L_

BROOKS COUNTY SKETCHES.
great beyond. Dr. Jelks was born in Hawkinsville, Ga., Oct. i, 1836, and was the son of Col. J. O. and Mary (Polhill) Jelks. The family on the father's side is of Welsh descent, and on the mother's of English. The three original members of the Jelks family who came to this country first settled in North Carolina, whence they emigrated south and westward. Dr. Jelks' father, Jas. O. Jelks, came to Georgia, and settled in Pulaski county, in the early part of this century, where he was a merchant and planter and raised his family, and where he died in 1885. He was quite prominent in his day, and represented the county in the legislature between 1830-40. His wife was a daughter of James Polhill, for many years judge of the southern circuit, and who died while in office. The children of this couple are: E. A., doctor; J. O., merchant, Hawkinsville; J. J., fertilizer company, Macon; Nathaniel P., doctor; Needham W. (deceased), Hawkinsville; W. A., mer chant, Hawkinsville; and Virgie P, (Mrs. W. S. Holliman, Macon, Ga.). Dr. Jelks was educated at Mercer university, Ga., but left the senior class to study medicine under Dr. L. A. Folsom, Bellville, Fla. He attended the lectures in Philadelphia, and was in a class of 640. Of these 400 were southerners, most of whom left and came south when hostilities seemed imminent He entered the medical college at Charleston, S. C., and graduating in 1860, settled in Quitman, Ga., and commenced the practice of his profession. He had hardly got well started when volunteers were called for and he enlisted in Company C, Twenty-sixth Geor- gia regiment, which was sent to Virginia, and became a part of "Stonewall" Jack son's famous corps. On the organization of the regiment in Brunswick, Dr. Jelks was made assistant surgeon and on its reorganization a year later, he was appointed surgeon. He was on the field during the, seven days' fight, was at Second Manassas, in the valley campaigns under Early, at Sharpsburg and Fredericksburg, and surrendered at Appomattox. After the war he resumed the practice of his profession at Quitman, in which he has been eminently successful, from which he is seeking to be relieved. He is largely interested in orange culture at Lake Jesup, Fla. In 1863, Dr. Jelks married Constance A. Atkinson, in Camden county, Ga., by whom he has had four children: Bessie (deceased); Josie, single; Edwin, drug clerk, Quitman; and Nellie (deceased). This wife died in 1890, and the doctor married Janie Sinclair, who has borne him no children. Dr. Jelks is a democrat, an elder in the Presbyterian church, and a Mason. His geniality of dis position and wholesouledness of character have won for him the admiration of hosts of friends in the community where his life has been so usefully spent.
JOHN G. M'CALL, son of Francis S. and Ann (Dopson) McCall, was born in Screven county, Ga., Jan. 18, 1836. This is a large and prominent family in
Brooks county, descended from two brothers, Daniel and William McCall, who came from Scotland to America among the earliest colonists. William McCall, grandfather of John G., settled in eastern Georgia, in Screven county, where he lived a useful and exemplary life as a Baptist minister. During the revolutionary war he served as colonel under Gen. Francis Marion, with conspicuous efficiency. In 1835 Francis S. McCall, father of John G., married Ann, daughter of Joseph Dopson, a very wealthy and influential planter of Beaufort district, S. C. Mr. McCall died Aug. 30, 1877, but his wicknv is still living at the advanced age of seventy-seven years. The newly-married couple lived in Screven county three years, and then removed to Telfair county, Ga., where they lived until 1845, when they removed to what is now Brooks county, and settled at a point eight miles below the present site of Quitman, the county seat. Here the family enjoys an influence deserved and wide. Mr. McCall was especially active during his life time in looking after the interests of the Baptist denomination in that section.

384

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

This -worthy couple raised to maturity a family of thirteen children, all of whom became useful and honored members of society. Those now living are: John G.. Dr. J. H.. president Merchants' and Farmers" bank, Qtiitman: Jane, wife of C. M. Quarterman. druggist, Ouitraan: \V. C., lawyer, Quitman; Marj% wife of J. B. Finch, merchant. Quitman: Elvira, widow of Elijah Ives, Orlando, Fla.; H. T-. lawyer. Madison. Fla., and Addie, wife of J. X. Stripling, lawyer, Jacksonville,
Fla. Capt. McCall was educated at Union university, Murfreesboro, Tenn., where he graduated with the degree of A. M. in 1858. He was immediately elected by the trustees of the university adjunct professor of mathematics and languages, and after sen-ing one term was elected to the chair of Greek and Hebrew. He held this position until the university suspended on account of the war, when he returned home. The following year he enlisted and was made first lieutenant of Company K. Fiftieth Georgia regiment. He retained this position until pro moted to the captaincy of the company after the battle of Gettysburg. Immediately after entering the service Capt. McCall's company was stationed three months at Savannah, and then was ordered to join Gen. Longstreet's corps in the army of Northern Virginia. While in this corps his command participated in a number of the most sanguinary battles of the war--notably Second Manassas, Fredericksburg. Antietam and Gettysburg. Immediately after this memorable engagement Capt. McCall's military life was suddenly terminated by a distressing wound. On the retreat of the army across the Potomac he was assigned to the command of several companies and a section of artillery with instructions to hold the bridge at all hazards. Just as Capt. McCall had completed the advantageous position of his men he was struck by a minie ball from the gun of a sharpshooter, which so shattered his lower jaw as to necessitate the amputation of a large portion of it. A remarkable fact connected with it was that the pain was slight, and it healed so rapidly that he was. able to be about in a few days. On his return home he was elected ordinary of the company, serving four years, and during which time he entered upon the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 1866 and commenced the practice as one of the firm of Hunter & McCall, a partnership which continued until 1871, since which time he has practiced alone. Capt. McCall has always taken an active interest in public affairs, particularly educational, both local and state. He has been chairman of the board of educa tion and is now chairman of the city school board. The very excellent system of graded schools at Quitman is largely due to his intelligent efforts, he having been mayor when it was inaugurated. His earnest and persistent work has done much toward securing1 the phenomenal success the schools have achieved. He :s & member of the board of visitors and advisers of the Southern Female college at La Grange. Ga.. and for many years has been connected with Mercer university as a trustee. Capt. McCall is a valued a"nd very prominent member of the Baptist church, and has enjoyed the rare distinction, not often bestowed on a member of his profession, of being elected moderator of the Mercer Haptist association. The- following exceedingly complimentary mention is made of Capt. McCall by one
of the state- dailies: "In fact Capt. McCall is a wonderfully well-rounded man. He is an able lawyer, a profound theologian, an eminent scholar, a successful financier z.rA ore of the best Sunday school superintendents that ever managed a school.'' Capt. McCall wa= married in Quitman. Jan. 31, 1867, to Rosa, daughter of Dr. Yirfri] Jiobo. His wife is of French descent, a niece of the distinguished Edward J. lilaok. many years ago a member of congress from Georgia, and is a cousin of Congressman G. K. 1'iack. To them five children have been born: Rosa (Mrs. J. (). L'.-wi*'. Quitman: Rachel Bla'.-k, Xonnie Hobo, Fdna Floride, and a son, John Fram-i*. fr.. who is. a stii'ient at Mercer imiversitv--all of whom are mem-

BUTTS COUNTY SKETCHES.

385

bers of the Baptist church, a fact of which the parents are especially and justly proud. After Capt. McCall's admission to the bar in 1866 he rose rapidly in the estimation of the bar and the public and built up a large and lucrative practice and an excellent reputation as a constitutional lawyer, no higher evidence of which could be given than the fact that he has lost but one case before the supreme court in all these years. His activity in educational and religious life has gained for him a state-wide reputation as an exponent of advanced thought along these
lines. In June, 1894, the degree of LL. D. was conferred on Capt McCall by Mercer
university, Macon, Ga. He is also vice-president of the Merchants' and Fanners' bank of Quitman, Ga., which institution is now in successful operation.

BUTTS COUNTY.
THOMAS JACKSON DEMPSEY, a prominent real estate broker of Jackson, Butts Co., Ga., is a native of Cobb county, Ga., and was born in December of
1852. When he became of age, he left the farm and went to work on the railroad, being contractor for the N. O. & N. W. trunk line for a period of nine years. In 1883, b-e moved to Jackson and entered the mercantile business which he carried on successfully for several years, when he sold out and went into the present real estate business. Since his location in Jackson, Mr. Dempsey has labored faithfully for the welfare of the city and has been honored by public office a number of times. He served one term as mayor of Jackson, having been elected to that office in 1889. Prior to that time he had served several times as a member of the city council. The success of the Jackson institute is due largely to the efforts of Mr. Dempsey, he being a member of the board, and one of the few men who built and who help to maintain it Having so faithfully labored in municipal affairs the people of the county recognized his true worth and ability by electing him to represent them in the general assembly. He served in the sessions of 1892 and '93, and as a member of the committee on corporations, education and finance, and as chairman of the committee on journal, acquitted himself in his usual cred itable manner. In 1877 Mr. Dempsey was married to Miss Narcissus Smith, a daughter of John D. and Irene (Nix) Smith. Mr. Smith was one of the most substantial farmers in Cobb county. His death occurred in February. 1891. Mr. and Mrs. Dempsey became the parents of four children: Elam Franklin, now eighteen, will take a course in Oxford college, and then enter one of the professions: Irene Emma; Ernestine May; and Thomas J., Jr. Mr. Dempsey is the son Of Alvin G. and Emeline (Waters) Dempsey, the "father being a native of Cobb county, born in 1833. A veteran of the civil war, he did gallant service as lieutenant of his company. After the war closed he entered the ministry, and also took some interest in politics. The mother is a native of Coweta county, and is at present living among her children in Cobb county. The Dempsey and Waters families are of Scotch-Irish descent, emigrating from the north of Ireland and settling in Virginia.
Mr. and Mrs. Dempsey are members of the Methodist church, in which organization Mr. Dempsey holds the office of steward and trustee. A free and
1-25

386

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

accepted Mason, he holds the office of senior warden in his lodge. The foregoing is only a short outline of the life of one who, starting in life with only health and strength as his capital, has by industry and integrity surmounted every difficulty
and risen to his rightful place among the foremost people of Butts county.

ALFRED CUTHBERT MILLEX, merchant, Flovilla, Butts Co., Ga., was
born in Jasper county, Ga., Feb. 14, 1850. At the age of twenty-four, having acquired but an academic education, he went to Smith's Mills, Jasper county, and
entered the mercantile business as a clerk for W. B. Dozier. He remained in this
position for one vear, when he became a member of the firm, the business being removed to Flovilla. where it was sucessfully carried on until 1890. In that yeai he went into business for himself, the success of his former venture still attending him. Elected to the office of alderman of Flovilla in 1883, he is still serving in that
capacity, being treasurer of the board. He was married in January, 1883, to Miss Roxie. daughter of Charles and Lou (Watkins) Thornton, and they are the parents
of the following children: Bessie, deceased; Myrtle and Olive. Mr. Millen is the
son of George D. and May (Sauls) Millen. The family are of German descent and were formerly from Xew Jersey. Coming to Georgia they settled in Chatham
county, where the father followed the profession of law, and also taught success
fully in several different counties. He was a veteran _pf the war of 1812, and also did service in the Indian war of 1836. He was a most successful planter and
owned one of the largest plantations in the state. His death occurred in 1861,
and that of his wife in 1884. Mr. Millen and his wife are members of the Methodist
church of which he is a steward, and he is also a master Mason. He is one of
the self-made men of Georgia. He began life without a dollar of his own, but
the school of adversity, in which his early life was invigorated, proved an ex
perience which in after years enabled him to overcome discouraging obstacles, and wring success from that which to many a man of less firm purpose would have proved defeat All of his business transactions are dictated by a shrewd common sense and a correct judgment that seems to be inborn and intuitive, and he impresses those with whom he comes in contact as a man of more than ordinary intelligence and sagacity.

CLI EZEK.IEL POUND, mayor of Jackson, Butts Co., Ga., was born in Ptttnam
county. Ga., May 9, 1839. After receiving a common school education at home, he entered Emory college, Oxford, Ga., and taking the three years' course, was graduated in 1858. He taught school until the war, at Stanfordville, Putnam
Co., Ga., and Macon. He enlisted in the Ninth Georgia regiment, commanded by Rev. P. H. Mell, chancellor of the university of Georgia, but was subsequently transferred to the second brigade of Georgia militia, which participated at the
battle of Griswoldville, November, 1864. He passed the remaining days of the war in Savannah. Again taking up the ferule, he served several years as principal
of the school at the famous health resort of Indian Springs, Butts Co. He then entered upon mercantile life, which he followed with success until 1860, wjien
he removed to Jackson, where he now resides. While a resident of Indian Springs he served frequently on the 1>oard of aldermen, and several terms as mayor; and
he has been for many years the efficient county school commissioner of Butts county. He is now serving his second term as mayor of Jackson. In October, 1859, Mr. Pound \\as married to Miss Sallie Leverett, daughter of William Leverett, of Machen. whose- sketch will be found under the head of Jasj>er county. To this union were born the following children: Florence V.. deceased; Augusta E., wife
of J.T. Harris. Olivia. Ga.: Osceola A.. Grand Rapids, Midi.; Lamar, traveling

BUTTS COUNTY SKETCHES.

387

agent for R. G. Dun; Elia E., teacher at Harmony Grove, Ga.; Myrtle and

Eloise--young ladies at home. Mrs. Pound is a lady of refinement and education,

and a graduate of the female college at Covington. The parents of Mr. Pound

were John B. and Amelia (Gay) Pound. The former was born in 1799, and was

one of the most successful planters in the county. The latter was a native of

Jones county, Ga., and died in 1841. They were among the most prominent

families of Putnam county. ' Mr. Eli E. Pound is a Baptist in religious belief and

has held the office of clerk in his local organization for several years. He is a very

enthusiastic member established the lodge

of at

the masonic fraternity, and an untiring worker. He Indian Springs and was its worshipful master for twenty-

five years. He thrice illustrious

is high priest of the chapter of royal arch Masons at master of the council of royal select masters, and is grand

Jackson; master of

the second interest in

veil of grand royal arch chapter of Georgia. Col. Pound takes politics; is chairman of the democratic executive committee

a lively for the

sixth congressional district, and was an alternate elector on the Cleveland ticket

in 1884. The foregoing is a sketch of one of the most prominent citizens of Butts

county, and is evidence that in church, masonry, education and politics, Mr. Pound

is regarded as one of the highest ability and of the purest character.

VOUNG ALEXANDER WRIGHT is the name of the young man who, at the

age schools, a

of eighteen, was made position he filled in

head schoolmaster of the Jackson, Butts Co., Ga., a satisfactory manner for five consecutive years.

While teaching Mr. Wright found rime and inclination to take up Blackstone, and

in 1878 was admitted to the bar. He has since built a lucrative practice. He has

served in various public offices and occupies a warm place in the hearts of the

people of Jackson and of Butts county. Elected to the office of mayor of Jackson

in in

1877, and the lower

held it for eight years in succession. While house of the state legislature, to which office

representing his county he was elected in 1885,

he introduced thirteen bills, nine of which became laws without change, a record

unequaled by but few legislators in the history of the state. Mr. Wright is a

native of Stewart county, Ga., and was born Jan. 28, 1855, being one of a large

family of children, some of whom are: William A., a resident of Kentucky, is the

inventor of the terracing machine which has revolutionized the system of planting

in the south; Texas, wife of E. M. McCutcheon; Claudia A., Mrs. W. N. Chambliss;

Amelia, wife of L. C. Chambliss; Jacob; Annie G., Mrs. James A. Gates; Ada,

Mrs. H. McLendon; Minnie and Birdie, at home. The father of these children,

Young Frederick Wright, was born in Meriwether county in 1829, his parents

having been early settlers from North Carolina. In 1861 he enlisted in the Con

federate service, but was subsequently detailed to take charge of the salt works at

Saltville village, Va. He is now one of the successful planters of Meriwether

county. Mrs. Wright is a native of Randolph county, Ga., and was born in 1838.

Her parents came from South Carolina, and are living in Stewart county, Ga. In

December, 1882, Young Alexander Wright was married to Miss Ida W. Ellis. a

native of Butts county, daughter of Dr. James F. and Elizabeth J. (Amos) Ellis.

wHMoerr.kiWsera.rigKhHnteibgehisltoanogfpsPatsyotthmsieaavssetreoarfloEifmmhpipsoirrMteaanlsotodnsgeiecc,rleoAtdtsgloaenc,itaeant,ideasni,sdinnoiswwghkriecinahgt hsoeafcithsheeamnchiaancpttihevires.

lodge of Noble Red Men. At the state convocation of this order in 1893 ne. was

elected great representative of the state. He is also past dictator in the Knights

of Honor. Coming to Jackson in January of 1876. Mr. Wright has by his own

388

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

efforts won his way to the top and is one of the most promising lawyers in the state. He is the senior member of the law firm of Wright & Beck.

CALHOUN COUNTY.
JEDEMIAH JOHX BECK, lawyer, Morgan, Calhoun Co., Ga., was born in La Fayette, Chambers Co., Ala., Feb. 19, 1841. His father, Rev. J. J. Beck,
was a Baptist minister, and died two years after the son was born. His mother removed first to Troup county, Ga., and then to Stewart county, Ga., where the subject of this sketch was reared, and received a common school education. While yet a youth of fifteen he commenced teaching, and was a private tutor in South Carolina. At this time, and before the war, he began reading law. When the war began he enlisted in the Twenty-third South Carolina regiment, of which he was made ordnance sergeant, and, subsequently, was made brigade ordnance sergeant. At the close of the war he located in Morgan, taught school and read law, and was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1866, Judge John T. Clark presiding, since which time he has continued in the practice and secured an excellent clientage. He has also held the office of ordinary of the county, been judge of the county court, and served as school commissioner of the county. In 1884 he was elected to represent Calhoun county in the general assembly. Mr. Beck has been twice married. His first marriage was to Miss Sarah C., daughter of Rev. S. Parker, a leading Baptist minister of Randolph county, Ga. This lady died in 1871. His second marriage was to Mrs. Jennie Powell, a widow, of Terrell county, Ga. By his first marriage he had four children: Floy, who married John N. Rogers, teacher, Burke county. Ga.; Walter, aged 13; Jeddie, 10, and Clio, 5. Mr. Beck is a Royal Arch Mason, was worshipful master of Concord lodge, now defunct, and has presided as high priest of his chapter.
(""APT. P. E. BOYD, one of the largest and most successful merchants in Cal houn county, is tiie son of John and Eliza (Lofton) Boyd, both natives of
South Carolina and now deceased. Capt. Boyd was born March 9, 1840, on one of his father's farms in South Carolina. When he was two years old his father moved to Columbia county, Ga., where he remained until he was fourteen years of age. He then went to Webster county and worked on a farm for several years. He started in the mercantile business at Leary in 1873, having been in the same busi ness four years previously in a country store. In connection with his merchandise business Capt. Boyd works some 200 people and runs 100 plows on his plantations. He owns 10,000 acres of land, a large part of which is under cultivation, and raises 800 bales of cotton and 15,000 bushels of corn annually. Capt. Boyd has several stores in Leary, and is one of the largest merchants and planters in Calhoun county. He carries a stock of goods valued at $20,000 in his main store, and works nearly a dozen men there. He is a Mason, having taken the chapter degrees, and is unmarried. Few men have a more creditable war history than Capt. Boyd.
JEFFERSON* LAMAR BOYXTOX, lawyer and planter, Dickey, Calhoun Co., Ga.. son of Willard Boynton, was born in Lumpkin, Stewart Co., Ga., April
4, 1846. His great grandfather, Xeedham Bryan, was an officer in the revolution-

CAL.HOUN COUNTY SKETCHES.

389

ary war. His father was a large planter, a citizen of prominence and influence, who represented Stewart county many times in the general assembly, and died in
1865. Mr. Boynton is a cousin to Gen. Clement A. Evans, the distinguished Confederate general and Methodist preacher. The Boyntons are of English
origin, and the branch of the family of which the subject of this sketch is a member --numbering 3,000 or more--has representative reunions annually. Ex-Gov.
James S. Boynton, Griffin, Ga., and Gens. H. V. and W. S. Boynton, distinguished
Federal commanders, are members of the family. Before the war Mr. Boynton had enjoyed1 some academic advantages, but his studies were interrupted by the
civil war. At the age of fifteen he volunteered and entered the Confederate army, and was in the command of Gen. Joseph Wheeler. He was captured three times: First, at New Haven, Ky., and was carried to Louisville, and after three months' imprisonment he was exchanged. Second, he was captured at the battle
of Bradyville, Tenn., and was again sent to Louisville. It was an interesting coin cidence that he occupied the same quarters and bunk as before. During his first imprisonment he made a pencil memorandum on the wall, of his regiment, com pany, etc., and when he returned he found that some Federal had written under it:
"A d----d rebel." On being exchanged he rejoined his command. Third, he was captured near Marietta, Ga., and carried to Gen. McPherson's headquarters. He
escaped the same night and made his way back to the Confederate lines. After the war he settled in Calhoun county and engaged in farming. In the meantime he
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1882, and has since continued to prac tice, not neglecting, however, his farming interest. He has been judge of the county
court, and is now serving his third term as representative in the general assembly,
is chairman of the committee on finance, and, in addition, is a member of the committee on judiciary and rules. Mr. Boynton was married in 1867 to Miss Ger trude, daughter of R. R. Davis, a planter of South Carolina. But one child has blessed this union: Eula, born in 1869, who is the wife of William E. Harvin,
planter, Calhoun county. Mr. Boynton sustains a fine reputation in his profession, is establishing a fine practice, is popular and held in high esteem by his fellow-
citizens, who seem willing to gratify any political ambition he may have at heart. He is regarded as one of the most conservative and one of the ablest members of
the present general assembly.

THOMAS J. DUXN, lawyer and planter, Morgan, Calhoun Co., Ga., was born in Twiggs county, Feb. n, 1821. His father, Jacob Dunn, was a large
planter, and died in 1857. The family is of English ancestry--this branch coming from Virginia to Georgia. His mother belongs to the family of Baldwin, dis tinguished in Georgia history. Mr. Dunn had the advantage of a good English education, and started in life as a teacher, but at the end of a year abandoned teaching. He studied law under Judge Isaac Bower, father of Judge B. B. Bower, now judge of the Albany circuit, and was admitted to the bar Dec. 16, 1844, Judge Lott Warren presiding. (Mr. Dunn was born the same year that Hon. Richard H. Clark was, and admitted to the bar at the same time. Mr. Clark is now judge of the Atlanta circuit.) Mr. Dunn was examined by Phil. Sligh, G. W. B. Toombs (afterward governor), David Cadoo, George Dudley, and Solicitor-General Rease, all distinguished men. Reporting the examination to the court, Gov. Toombs said: "Mr. Dunn comes forward with the most brilliant prospects of any young man I have known in the state of Georgia." He located in Cuthbert, Randolph Co., Ga., where he remained eighteen years, and then removed to Newton, Baker Co., Ga. After a six months' residence in Xewton he returned to Cuthbert, where he resided and practiced twelve years, when he removed to Morgan, in 1874, which he

39

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

has since made his home. At the end of forty years of practice he retired in 1884. In 1872 he was elected to represent Calhoun county in the general assembly. Mr. Dunn was married in 1871 to Catharine N-., daughter of William G. Pierce, a pioneer citizen of Calhoun county, ex-clerk of the superior court, and ex-repre
sentative to the general assembly. This union has been blessed with three children: Thomas J., Jr., born Xov. 16, 1872; Cora Emma, born in 1873, married to George
\V. Colley, planter, Morgan; and Frank, born Jan. g, 1874. Mr. Dunn is now
living in the enjoyment of the fine estate he has created, and the respect of his fellow-citizens. He is a master Mason.

J H. FUTCH, of Leary, Calhoun Co., manager of the branch business of CapL P. " E. Boyd, is the son of Stephen R. and Mary Jackson Futch, natives of Georgia,
and was born Sept 14,1866, in Calhoun county. His parents are still living. Mr. Futch obtained his education in the common schools and at the age of sixteen engaged as clerk for P. E. Boyd, general merchandise store, Leary, and continued in that capacity for six years. At the expiration of that time he was employed at farming for four years, with great success. He then re-entered the employ of
P. E. Boyd, as manager of a branch house, which business he has managed for three years. Mr. Futch was united in marriage to Miss Willie Taylor, one of the esteemed daughters of Col. Tom Taylor, a leading planter of Calhoun county. To
this union have been born three children--Stephen R., Rufus M. and Mary W. Mr. and Mrs. Futch were married Feb. 5, 1888. Mrs. Futch is a member of the First Baptist church.

JOHN B. GEORGE, physician and surgeon, Leary, Calhoun Co., Ga., son of James George, was born in Baker county, Ga., Aug. 12, 1862. His father
was a prosperous farmer and a prominent citizen; represented the county one term in the general assembly and died Jan. 16, 1882, leaving five children, of whom
John B. was the second. Dr. George received a good common school education, attended one course of lectures at the Georgia eclectic college, at Atlanta, in 1883,
and the second course at the university of Florida, at Tallahassee, where he graduated. He located at Leary, where he has gained an excellent practice, which is growing. He is the resident surgeon of the Southwestern railway; is a member of the National medical association and of the National railroad surgeons' association. He has been chairman of the democratic executive committee of the county four years, and was a member of the convention which nominated Gov.
Northen. In addition to his practice Dr. George has extensive farming interests. Dr. George was married OcL 26, 1886, to Miss Estelle, daughter of John Colley, of Calhoun county. They have one child, Lila, born Sept 19, 1887. The doctor is a royal arch Mason, a member of the Albany, Ga., chapter, and is worshipful master of the local master Masons' lodge. He is a member of the Baptist church.

T R. HAMMOND is one of Leary's progressive business men, and he is the " youngest merchant of the place. He was born in Baker county, May
5, 1869, and is the son of T. W. and Fannie C. (Poindexter) Hammond, both of whom are still living. He was educated in the common schools of the county, was engaged in the employ of Capt. Boyd for a while, and then farmed for himself. He finally opened a nice general store in Leary and is doing a fine business. He was married to Neva Brooking, a daughter of F. R. Brooking, and lives in a pretty home in Lean'. Mr. and Mrs. Hammond are both members of the Methodist Episcopal church south, and Mr. Hammond is a strong democrat in politics. He

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has a nice farm of 250 acres near Leary, and carries a stock of about $4,000 in his store. Mr. Hammond though young enjoys a fine reputation for business ability.

' ILLIAM J. HORSLEY, agent of the Central railway, Arlington, Calhoun Co., Ga., was born in Upson county, Ga., Oct. 27, 1848. His father, James B.
Horsley, was a highly-esteemed well-to-do farmer, who died in 1884. He received a good common school education, began life as a member of Company B, Fifth Georgia battalion, and served in the war. After the war he taught school in Ran dolph and Calhoun counties, Ga., and carried on farming. Since 1877, he has been connected with the Central railway, and is now its agent at Arlington, on what is known as the Blakely extension. Mr. Horsley has been married twice, first to Miss Laura M., daughter of Judge Colley, of Calhoun county, in 1870. She died in 1877, leaving one child, Ida, born Dec. 26, 1876. He afterward mar ried Miss Mattie Taylor, of Upson county. Mr. Horsley is a capable and reliable business man and is popular with the people and confided in by the railway authorities. He is a master Mason.

THOMAS K. LEONARD, physician and surgeon, Arlington, Calhoun Co., Ga., was born in Brunswick county, N. C., Sept. 22, 1820. His father, Jacob W.
Leonard, was a colonel in the war of 1812, and was colonel-commanding at Fort Johnston during that war. He represented Brunswick district in the North Caro lina senate for a number of years, and died in 1824. After receiving the best education to be had when he was a youth, Dr. Leonard entered the medical department of the state university of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1845. He lo cated in Leon county, Fla., and soon secured a remunerative practice. Before the war he represented Leon county in the Florida legislature. He had been lieutenant-colonel of the First Florida cavalry (under command of Col. George T. Ward) for several years. Col. Ward fell at Richmond. Continuing the practice after the war in Leon county, Dr. Leonard relinquished it in 1867, joined the Florida conference of the Methodist Episcopal church south, and entered the itinerant ministry. He traveled five years in Florida and was then transferred to Trinity conference, Texas. After being there one year he was transferred to the South Georgia conference, with which he has remained ever since. Few men in southern Methodism have given more freely of their wealth to the church than has Dr. Leonard, he having spent a snug fortune for the extension of Christ's kingdom upon earth. He is now upon the superannuated list, and has found a sweet refuge after his years of spiritual battles in a comfortable home in Arlington. With the aid of his invalid's rolling chair he is enabled to go to and from his drug store, and still does a considerable amount of office practice. He is assisted by his daughter, who is a practical pharmacist Dr. Leonard was married in Kingston, N. C., in 1858, to Miss Mary A. Ferryman, by whom he has had one daughter, Florence I., who is with her parents. Dr. Leonard is a royal arch Mason; in 1867 he was elected grand king of the grand royal arch chapter of Florida. A fervent, faithful and devoted Christian, he is patiently awaiting the
final summons--"Come up higher."

LORENZO D. MONROE, lawyer, Morgan, Calhoun Co., Ga., was born in Muscogee (now Chattahoochee) county, Ga., Sept. 30,1837. His father (same
name) was sheriff of the county at one time. He moved with his family to Calhoun county in 1855 and died in 1886, leaving eight children. Mr. Monroe had the advantage of a fairly good education, principally under the preceptorship of James Hoof, an eminent educator. When the family removed to Calhoun county he

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returned to Muscogee to attend school and to read law. In 1858 he was ad mitted to the bar, Judge Kiddo presiding. Returning to Calhoun county, he located in Morgan, where his home has been ever since. He was a member of
Company D, Forty-sixth Georgia regiment, of which he was a lieutenant, but was transferred to Colquitt's (the Forty-seventh Georgia) regiment when it was
organized. In May, 1862, in a skirmish at Jackson, he was seriously wounded-- his right leg was broken--and he. was made a prisoner. He was paroled in a few days and never saw any more service on account of his wound. On his return
home he was elected justice of the inferior court and was continued in the office until the day of reconstruction. Since the war he has practiced law and attended to his farming interests. He is now judge of the county court. Judge Monroe was married March 3, 1870, to Miss Sallie, daughter of Simon Wootten, of Ran dolph count}-, and a sister of Col. B. Wootten, of Albany, Dougherty Co., Ga. To this union were born two children: James J., born June 5, 1872, farming with his father, and Simon Lorenzo, born Feb. 22, 1874. His wife died in 1880 and he never married again. Judge Monroe is living a quiet, home life, enjoying the esteem of his fellow-countrymen.

QHARLES A. ROBERTS, M. D., Morgan, Calhoun Co., Ga., was born in Dawson. Terrell Co., Ga., Feb. 12, 1870. His father, Joseph W. Roberts, is
a very prominent and influential citizen of Terrell county, having represented the
county during the war in the general assembly, and being now ordinary of the county, an office he has held for six years. Dr. Roberts was educated at Dawson college, after which he entered the Louisville (Ky.) medical college in 1890, from
which he graduated in 1892. He located in Morgan, where he is enjoying a lucrative practice. In October, 1892, he was married to Miss Hattie L., daughter of Dr. W. D. Cheney, of Morgan. To them one child has been born: Lucille, born Sept. 13,1893. Dr. Roberts has been very successful, has a growing practice, and has a bright future before him.

INSLOW D. CHEXEY, physician and surgeon, Morgan, Calhoun Co., Ga.,
son of Dr. F. W. Cheney, an eminent physician, was born in Greene county. Ga., June 8. 1838. After receiving his preparatory education Dr. Cheney entered Mercer university, then at Penfield, Ga., and later attended the state university at Athens. He afterward entered Jefferson medical college at Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1860. He located at Adairsville, but the war coming on, he went
to the army and did hospital service in Tennessee and Georgia. After the war he located in Morgan, where he built up a lucrative practice, and continued until
1889. He also has large farming interests which he still conducts. In 1860 he was married to Miss Cornelia, daughter of Thomas Dyson, planter, Thomasville, Ga. Dr. Cheney has five children living: Charles N., merchant, Shellman, Ran
dolph Co., Ga.; Thomas E., farmer, Calhoun county: Hattie, wife of a promising young physician; Dr. C. A. Roberts, Morgan, Ga.; Clifford W. and Frank. Dr. Cheney was very successful as a practitioner, was popular, and accumulated a fine property. He is a non-affiliating master Alason.

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CAMDEN COUNTY.
JOHN RUDOLPH BACHLOTT, merchant, St. Mary's, Camden Co., Ga., son of Richard H. and Emily (Rudolph) Bachlott, was born in St. Mary's,
Feb. 12, 1860. His paternal grandfather, John Bachlott, was a large slaveholder and planter, and also operated a large tannery. Mr. Bachlott's father was a car penter and steamboat captain before the war, during which he served as a soldier in the Confederate army. His maternal grandfather was also a large slaveholder, a lessor and contractor, and a large real-estate agent and holder. Mr. Bachlott was educated in the city schools and then attended and was graduated from the Commercial college, Atlanta. In 1882 he went into business with A. C. Wright, under the firm name of Wright & Bachlott, which continued until 1885, when he went into business on his own account. He has an extensive and profitable trade and conducts the leading general merchandise store in the county. He has fine business capacity and financial ability and is one of the solidest and most substantial of Camden county's citizens. He was a member of the city council six years and is at this time treasurer of the county. Mr. Bachlott was married April 2,1886, to Miss Mollie Frances, daughter of Thomas D. and Mary F. (Bach lott) Hawkins, of St. Mary's, by whom he has had four children, of whom one only, a son, survives. He is a member of the Methodist church, of which he is a steward.
J OHN RICHARDSON, steamboat man, St. Mary's, Camden Co., Ga., son of John Sligh and Elizabeth Susanna (Houston) Richardson, was born in Duval
county, Fla., Feb. 27, 1848. His grandfather, Capt. Edmund Richardson, was a native of Reading, Mass., who came south and located at St Mary's, where he made his home--lived, died and is buried. The Slighs were a wealthy English family. Capt Richardson's maternal grandfather, John Houston, was a large slave-owner and planter on Talbot island, Duval Co., Fla., which he held under a grant from the Spanish crown. Capt Richardson's father was born and raised in St Mary's, was trained by his father in his calling and commanded coasting craft until he became an invalid from exposure. He was well posted on all public affairs, very popular and very successful. Capt. Richardson was raised on the plantation and received a good education at the schools in Duval county. When not quite fifteen years old--during the war--he was captured and carried a prisoner from his father's plantation, where he was working with nothing but a shirt on, he being suspected of being a spy. He was first taken to Fernandina and put to work for the United States government on a pilot boat, but after a while was transferred to a pilot boat on St. John's bar, with a garrison of 'soldiers, where he remained until the surrender. Returning from the war, he fanned a year or two with his brotherin-law, after which he worked about two years at the carpenter's trade. He next engaged in steamboating, which he has followed ever since, and made a splendid success of. He first engaged with Fox & Burns, who ran boats on the St. Mary's river, and in process of time became a captain. He next went with the St Mary's river company, and then on the St John's passenger business with Capt Jacob Brock, the pioneer steamboat-man of the St John's. This was followed with a position with Capt. G. R. Kelsey for a year, and then returned to Fox & Burns, with whom he continued until within a year of their closing out. At that time

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he embarked in steaniboating on his own account, with encouragement and patron age from his old employers. His steamers ply between Fernandina and the head of navigation on the St. Mary's river, and by inland or land-locked waterways between Jacksonville, Fla., and Brunswick, Ga. For fourteen years he has carried the mails between Fernandina and the headwaters of the St. Mary's, and during all that time has not made a failure, a .very creditable record, and one seldom paral leled. Such energy and enterprise, and such fidelity and punctuality, merit the liberal patronage and abundant success Capt. Richardson enjoys. He began with two steamers, the "Lex," of which he was sole owner, and the "Martha," of which he owned two-thirds. But within twelve months he had himself built two new steamers to take the place of the old boats, one of which is named "Oriel" and the other has been christened "Harry Lee" by millionaire Andrew Carnegie's wife, Mrs. Lucy Carnegie, who owns "Dungeness," where rest the remains of "Light Horse Harry," of ever-glorious memory. He has dealt somewhat in real estate, has been a contractor for railroad ties and construction; has been a road commissioner, and a member of the county board, is one of the trustees of Camden county academy, and has been an alderman, and is now mayor of St Mary's. So far as business is concerned he now devotes his entire time and attention to steamboating and his extensive planting interests at the old Talbot island homestead in Florida. Capt. Richardson was married to Miss Belle Manley, daughter of John and Maria Bessent, who died Oct. 27, 1885, leaving an only daughter. Maria Elizabeth, who is at home. Jan. 25, 1888, he was married to Miss Amelia, a sister of his first wife. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, of which he is a deacon, and superintendent of the Sunday school.

J OHX JOSEPH RUDULPH, postmaster, etc., St. Mary's, Camden county, Ga., son of Francis Rudulph and Mary Catharine (Bachlott), was born in St. Mary's,
Jan. 28, 1831. His paternal grandfather, Thomas Rudulph, was a native of Ger many, and emigrated to this country and settled in Maryland. Later he came to Georgia, lived awhile in Liberty county, and finally settled in Camden county. Mr. Rudulph's father was a slaveholder and planter in Camden county, and an uncle, Capt Chavalier Rudulph, was a prominent naval officer. His maternal grand father emigrated to this country and settled in Virginia in 1798, then came to Flor ida, where his mother was born in 1806, and afterward came to Camden county, Ga. Mr. Rudulph was educated in the common schools of the city, and at the age of twenty-three commenced merchandising. Soon after hostilities began he enlisted in the Twenty-sixth Georgia regiment, from which he was transferred to the Fourth Georgia cavalry, of which he was made a lieutenant, and served through the war. He participated in the battle of Olustee, Fla., and in a number of engagements in upper Georgia, and was at the evacuation of Atlanta. After the surrender he resumed merchandising, which he continued until 1881. In 1877 he was elected ordinary of the county, and on the expiration of his term was elected treasurer, and has been re-elected for seven or eight terms consecutively. He served ten years as deputy clerk of the superior court, and was then elected clerk, which office he now holds, besides which he is postmaster of the city. Mr. Rudulph was married April 19. 1869, to Miss Eleanor C., daughter of John and Maria O. (Howell) Bes sent. by whom he has had three sons. He is an ardent democrat, a master Mason, and a prominent member of the Presbyterian church.

CLIPHALET A. M'WHORTER, collector of customs, St. Mary's, Camden Co., Ga.. son of Alexander Burnett and Ellen (Youngblood) McWhorter, was
born in Edgefield, S. C., July 22, 1830. His paternal grandfather, George Gray

CAMDEN COUNTY SKETCHES.
McWhorter, was a Presbyterian clergyman of note, on pastoral duty forty years; was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and fought under Gen. Gates at Camden, S. C., August, 1780. His maternal grandfather was a Youngblood, descended from Hollanders, and married a Miss Simpkins. His grandfather Youngblood, also his great-grandfather and his grandfather Simpkins were soldiers in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. His granduncle, Col. Eldred Simpkins, was a member of congress. Mr. McWhorter's father was a physician, and migrated from Edgefield, S. C., to Montgomery, Ala., early in 1831, where he rose to eminence in his profession, which he practiced for many years, and became a very prominent member of the community. In politics he was an ardent democrat, and was an exemplary and influential member of the Baptist church, of which he was a deacon. Mr. McWhorter received his primary and preparatory education at the best schools in Montgomery--he was about six months old when his father located in the city--and then entered the university of Alabama, from which he was graduated in the summer of 1851. After his gradua tion he taught school in Montgomery, and as superintendent inaugurated the public school system of that city. When the call for volunteers was made by the Confed erate government he enlisted as a private in the Montgomery mounted rifles. When the First Alabama cavalry regiment was organized he was made commissary, with the rank of captain; and was afterward commissioned as a major in the Sixth Alabama cavalry, and served through the war. In Rousseau's raid through Ala bama he was taken prisoner, but was released on parole. He was again captured early in the spring of 1865 by Gen. Steele, and was sent to Ship island prison, where he remained until after the surrender, when he was sent to Meridian, Miss., and paroled. He saw tmich and arduous service, was in some hard-fought battles, and is seriously afflicted physically, resulting from army exposure. He was in the battle of Shiloh, where he was slightly wounded after capturing a flag, in those around Corinth, and others. At Tuscttmbia, Ala., he was detached from his regi ment, assigned to duty on Gen. Pope Walker's staff as commissary, and fed Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston's army as it passed through that city. After the war he remained in Alabama and fanned until 1869, when he moved to his present home in St. Mary's. Since his residence here he has led a busy public life--few citizens have been called upon to fill so many offices, city, county, state and Federal--requir ing capacity and varied qualifications. He has served the people as justice of the peace, clerk of the superior court, alderman of the city, and notary public, ordinary of the county, deputy collector of customs for a dozen years, and for some years collector. Advanced in years as he is, he is so highly esteemed as a faithful public officer that the people do not wish to give him up. Mr. McWhorter was married July 27,1853, to Miss Anna Gore, daughter of Job and Abigail (Ellsworth) Shepard, of Athens, Pa. Three sons and one daughter, living, are the fruit of this union: Lyman Ellsworth, Memphis, Tenn; Henry Shepard, Satilla Bluff, Ga.; Alexander Burnett, Waycross, Ga.; Elizabeth Ellen, at home. His wife's father was a prominent farmer and business man in his community, while her mother was a descendant of the distinguished Ellsworth family of Connecticut. Mr. McWhor ter is a democrat of the most active sort, a member of the I. O- O. F., and has passed through the chairs; a royal arch Mason and past worshipful master of the blue lodge, and an exemplary and influential member of the Baptist church, of which he is a deacon, and moderator of the local association.
WILLIAM BURNET VAN VALKENBURG, lumber manufacturer, St. Mary's, Camden Co., Ga., son of James and Mary (Church) Van Valkenbtirg.
was born in New York city, June 6, 1835. His original American ancestor

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

emigrated from Netherlands (Holland) in 1614 to what is now New York city, and assisted in clearing- the forest and colonizing "New Netherlands" (see Doc. Hist of N. Y., compiled from original archives). His paternal grandfather was born in Lexington, N. Y., was a major in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and mentioned in J. Fenimore Cooper's works, was a participant in the battle of Saratoga, N. Y., and present at the surrender of Burgoyne to Gates, Oct J7> X777- His father was a man of wealth and great enterprise, a member of the Baptist church, in whose work he was prominent and influential; was in 1832 publisher in New York of the Youth's Companion and the Baptist Register, and, later, in 1836 to 1842 was a proprietor of valuable and profitable cement quarries and a large estate near Kingston, Ulster Co., N. Y. Mr. W. B. Van Valkenburg
received his primary and advanced education at the Hempstead seminary, Long Island, N. Y., and in the Macon, Ga., academy under Rev. J. S. Ingram, recently deceased in Atlanta. He embarked in the lumber business near Macon when about nineteen years of age, and, later, in Pike county, Ga. He subsequently returned to near Macon and built a mill which he was operating when the "war
between the states" was precipitated. He entered and served in the Confederate States artillery, but was afterward detailed as a machinist to duty in the Confederate States arsenal in Macon--where church bells were broken up to make cannon. He actively participated in many of the engagements around Atlanta and Macon, doing efficient service. Three brothers who were in the army were wounded, and one captured, Lieut.-Col. James D. Van Valkenburg, and who was paroled through the influence of Gen. Van Valkenburg, a relative of political prominence in Washington, who was afterward United States minister to Japan, and who was a recent justice of the supreme court of Florida. He, Lieut-Col. Jas. D. Van Valkenburg, Sixty-first regiment, Gordon's brigade, was later killed at Monocacy during Gen. Early's last march in Maryland. After the war, W. B. returned to the lumber business, first building a mill on the St. Mary's river for a company,
"which he successfully and profitably operated a number of years. He now
operates a mill of his own on North river at St. Mary's, doing a large and profitable business. He is a man of enterprise and public spirit, and takes a great interest in every measure promotive of the development and advancement of his county
and section. He has been a justice of the peace for.a dozen years or more, has served the county four years as ordinary, and also as an alderman of the city. Mr. Van Valkenburg was married Aug. 7, 1861, to Miss Julia McRee, daughter of Judge McRee, a wealthy and influential planter of Sumter county, Ga., by whom he has had four children, one son and three daughters: Hattie Lou (now Mrs. Thos. McLeod, and mother of Edward Laurence McLeod); Mary Lucia, Julia Isabel, and Frank. Mr. Van Valkenburg is an active and prominent member of the Methodist church.

CAMPBELL COUNTY.
DEUBEX CRAWFORD BEAVERS, ordinary, Fairbura, Campbell Co., Ga., one of the oldest and most respected citizens of the county, was born in
Jasper county-, Ga., in 1813, the son of Joseph and Sarah (Fluker) Beavers, the former born in Virginia in 1772, where he spent his boyhood days until 1797. when he was married to Miss Sarah Fluker of Greene county, Ga. There on a farm the young couple spent the first part of their married life, until 1809, when they removed to Jasper county, where they continued farming, up to the time

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397

of his death, in August, 1826. After her husband's death Mrs. Beavers, with the courage which is rarely seen in one left in such straits, determined to carry on the farm with the help of her sons. This she did with success until 1866, when she was called to that well deserved rest for which she had worked so hard. They were the parents of nine children, all of whom are deceased but Reuben C., the subject of this sketch: John F., Robert O., Rebecca, James L., Charles B., William A. J., Elizabeth F. and Sarah. They were members of the Baptist church, were very highly respected and much loved in their community, and held the con fidence and esteem of all who knew them. Mr. Beavers at the age of twelve years, came with his father and mother to what is now known as Campbell county, and spent the greater part of his boyhood and youth upon the farm, finding little time for study, but such as he did receive from the primary schools of his own and Jasper counties he put to good advantage, giving his teachers satisfaction on every side, showing the indomitable perseverance of his mother. When he reached manhood he left the farm and began merchandising. This he followed
successfully during the years 1836-37-38. In that year, realizing that there were other things to engage his attention, he entered the Indian war, and for three months served in the cavalry regiment of Capt James Word. Here he spent the
greater part of his time in fighting the Cherokee Indians, and then returned to hi home. July. 31, 1838, he married Miss Jane McClure, daughter of William and Elizabeth (McMillan) McClure, who came to Georgia in 1832 from Spartanburg, S. C. Mr. McClure was of Irish descent, died in 1849, and his widow survived
him until 1883, when she died at the advanced age of 90 years. After his marriage Mr. Beavers followed the occupation of farming for three years. By this time, however, he had gained the confidence and good will of all who knew him, and in 1841 was elected clerk of the court of ordinary. He held this position until 1852, and filled the place so well that he would have, doubtless, continued to
hold it had not the court been changed and Mr. Camp elected in his place. This latter gentleman held the position for four years, but at the end of that period Mr. . Beavers was elected to the office of ordinary, which he still holds, and has so gained the confidence and good will of all who know him, by his strict integrity and
uprightness, that it would be hard to find another who would hold such a place in the esteem of the people as Mr. Beavers. Mr. and Mrs. Beavers have no children of their own, but they adopted and reared a little girl, of whom they were very fond. She was very much attached to her foster parents, and was happily married to the Hon. M. P. Harvey, of Fairburn, Campbell Co., a sketch of whom appears elsewhere. Mr. Beavers belongs to the masonic fraternity, and he and his wife are members of the Baptist church, where they are loved and respected by all who know them.

D EV. EDMUND PENDLETON BIRCH. The name of the deceased subject of this sketch will be recognized by a large number of his friends and acquaint
ances during life, he having been a prominent member of the Georgia conference
of the Methodist church for twenty years prior to 1873, and the succeeding ten
years a member of the Alabama conference. During his long and useful ministry he was regarded as one of the foremost men of his conference, and also won for himself a high place in the literary world, both in poetry and in prose. We take pleasure in giving the following sketch: Rev. E. P. Birch was the son of Charles
C. and Martha (Dilworth) Birch, and was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga., Aug. 24,1824. The family of which he was an honored member was of English descent, having settled in Virginia in early colonial days. On the Birch side they were
closely connected with the family of the famous peace-maker, Henry Clay, and on

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that of the Dilworth's with the immortal "Don't give up the ship" Lawrence. His father, Charles C, was born in Petersburg, Va., and was given a thorough educa tion, being an architect by profession. His mother, who was also a resident of
Virginia, was a woman of superior intellectual endowments and fine education. After their marriage they came to Georgia, where they continued to reside during the remainder of their lives. There were six children in the family, only one of whom is now living--Mrs. Grubbs, an educator in Texas. Rev. Edmund Birch was given a collegiate education at Oxford college and Collingsworth institute, and for the first six years of his manhood gave his attention to teaching. His mind, however, was of a religious turn, and as early as 1843 ne began to preach the gospel. He connected himself \vith the itinerant ministry of his native state and first became a member of the Georgia conference in 1853. During his con nection with this body he served many important stations, among others La
Grange, West Point, Newnan and Macon, and at one time was president of the La Grange Female college. The high character of these appointments will indicate the estimation in which he was held by his brethren. In 1873 he was transferred to the Alabama conference and for ten successive years continued in the service of his Master. Loved, honored and respected, he closed up his earthly career amongst those to whom he had so often declared the counsels of God. The fol lowing is from the report of a committee read before the Alabama conference in its next session after the decease of our subject: "Brother Birch was a man of superior intellectual culture, extensive in knowledge of books, thorough in his investigation, profound in research, ornate in style and intensely poetical in taste; indeed, he was quite a poetical genius and wrote a number of pieces which won for him considerable reputation. As a preacher he was attractive in manner, clear in exposition, strong in argument, eloquent in expression, and at times presented the truth of the gospel of the living Christ with a power and beauty rarely excelled." " Another writer says: "In all his public functions he was instructive and entertain ing, evincing the high endowments of intellect and superior literary culture which made him so powerfully effective. And these, united with warm social attach ments, earnest piety, great faith and a holy, spiritual life, gave great vigor and effectiveness to his discourses. A great man was he, not in one sphere only, but in almost every one." Rev. E. P. Birch was a most versatile writer during his life time. His was one of those poetic natures which overflow in eloquent and chaste diction with little or no effort. It was as natural for him to write as to talk, and pulpit service was fully supplemented by his contributions to the current literature of the day. His efforts covered a large variety of subjects, and were always given precedence in both the religious and secular press. His most noted poems were prompted by events occurring during the late war, and were published in "The Southern Confederacy" and extensively copied all over the south, and even into the New York papers. They were alternately comic and serious in style, as will be seen by the titles given, and were received by the public with the greatest demon strations of favor. Some of the most noted were: "The Wreck of the Old Union," 'Tribute to the Memory of the Gallant Gen. Johnston," "The Devil's Visit to Old Abe," "Yankee Doodle's Ride to Richmond," "The Poetry of Woman's Life," and "What Will She Do with It; or, Woman's Treasures and How She Is to Use Them." In the last named the following most beautiful tribute to woman occurs:
"And thus, when Nature kindly sought to throw In one sweet form her crowning gifts below, She gathered all her treasures rich and rare, In one bright being so divinely fair, That she should rule all hearts, and proudly claim Love as her precious dower and woman as her name."

CAMPBELL COUNTY SKETCHES.

399

At the time of his death Rev. Birch had finished all but the last chapter of a work of fiction, which is said to have been his crowning effort, and which may at some future day be given to the public. In his home life Rev. Birch was most felicitous. Kind and gentle in manner, but full of life and buoyant in spirit, he was more the companion than the father, and his greatest pleasure was found around his own fireside, in communion with his own family. He was married in Pleasant Hill, Ga., on Jan. 10, 1844, to Miss Margaret, daughter of William and Catharine Douglass, who still survives him, residing at the beautiful home of her daughter, Mrs. Edwin Crissey, of Fairburn, Ga. To the marriage were born eight children: Mary F., wife of Wilbur J. Harwell, Stockton. Ga.; Mattie D. and Kittie D., twins, the first a single lady, the latter the wife of E. Crissey, retired officer of the United States navy, residing at Fairburn, Ga.; George
A., a broker and commission merchant of Montgomery, Ala.; Alexander P., owner and operator of a large quarry at Blount Springs, Ala.; Edwin N., deceased at twenty-seven years of age; Lizzie T., deceased at eighteen years, and Julia M., deceased at two months. The death of Rev. Birch occurred at Warrington, Fla., on Sunday, Sept 2, 1883. He had ended his ministry at that place the preceding year, and still continued his residence there with his son-in-law, Capt Crissey, who was then stationed at the Pensacola navy yard. In August an epidemic of yellow fever broke out, and before the family could get away the place was quarantined. Day after day they watched the dread monster draw nearer to their home, and at last fall upon its victims, one by one, till Mr. and Mrs. Birch, Mrs. Crissey and her two-year-old baby daughter were in its clutches. The latter was an especial pet of her grandfather, the love existing between the two being almost divine; and it may have been this fact that led the reaper to select the ripe fruit and the yet tender, unopened bud to present to the Father above. They passed away; the others live on, to recall with increasing tenderness the virtues of the deceased.

JHOMAS J. BULLARD, merchant and farmer, Palmetto, Campbell Co., Ga., is a son of Thomas and Susan A. Bullard. His father was a native of
Chatham county, N. C., where he was born in 1819. About the time he became of age he came to Georgia, where he married and settled in Campbell county, where he spent the remainder of his days. He became a prominent and
leading citizen, serving the county at intervals as sheriff and clerk of the court.
He also served a term in the state senate, about 1858. He died on the old home stead at Campbellton, Ga., in 1876. He was twice married, first to Miss Anna Beard, who died in 1844, the mother of three children: William, a planter of Putnam
county; Sally A., Mrs. McWright, of Campbell county, and J. M., also a planter
of Putnam county. Mr. Bullard subsequently married Miss Susan A. Miller, a daughter of John Miller, of Jones county, who bore him two children: Thomas J., the subject of this sketch, and Tallulah F., widow of Dr. Henly, of Douglas
county. The mother of these children was a woman of many endearing qualities,
a consistent Baptist, and passed to her reward in 1880, at the age of sixty years. Mr. Bullard was born April 4, 1848. He was too young to enter the army during the first years of the war, but later did his duty as a soldier in the Confederate reserves.
Returning from the war, he found everything in a chaotic condition, with stock and implements all gone. But with characteristic energy and patience he took up the tangled ends and soon was rewarded by seeing order come out of chaos, and his labors bringing a good financial return. After nine years of plantation life he
went into the mercantile business at Palmetto, where he has since been most successful. He is a man of fine public spirit, having served as mayor and as a

400

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

member of the county board of roads and revenues. His marriage was solemnized Jan. 3, 1867, when Miss Maggie C. Holleman became his wife. She is a lady of superior culture and refinement, and as an earnest and devoted Christian lady has done much to add to her husband's success. She is a daughter of Richard and Mary Holleman, the former deceased in 1862, the latter still living with her daughter. Mr. and Mrs. Bullard have five children, of whom Emma F. is the eldest, she being the wife of F. R. Smith, a merchant; Thomas P., M. D., at home; D. B., a student; Mary S., at home, and James F., also at home. Mr. and Mrs. Bullard are members of the Methodist church, and have for many years been most
active workers in the Sunday school.

JOHN L. CAMP, sheriff, Fairburn, Campbell Co., Ga., was born in Murray county, Ga., Aug. 2, 1838. At the age of four years he removed with his
parents to Campbell county, where he has since resided. He is the son of Langley B. and Christian (McClure)' Camp, both born in Spartanburg district, South
Carolina, the former in 1805 and the latter in 1814. They were married July 22, 1830, and reared the following children: Mary J.; Sarah J. and Caroline F. are deceased; Georgiana, wife of John F. Beavers, ordinary, Campbell Co.; Josephus, enlisted in the Twenty-first Georgia regiment, and was killed at Chancellorsville; Elizabeth (deceased); William A., also in the Twenty-first Georgia regiment, and killed at Chancellorsville; Margaret, wife of John J. Whitely, of Texas. The mother of the family died June 3, 1880, the father having passed away some years prior. John L. Camp passed his boyhood days on the farm. During the war he. was a member of Gen. Morrison's company of cavalry, and was taken prisoner in Virginia by Sheridan. Returning from the war he farmed until 1874, when he
was elected sheriff, in which office he served till 1882. After an interval of six years he was again elected to that office, and has been several times re-elected in the face of a determined opposition by the people's party. In the administration of his office Sheriff Camp is utterly fearless, and has taught law-breakers that Camp
bell county is not the place for them. His public service has been supplemented by a term in the legislature, having been in that body during the sessions of 1883-84. On Dec. 25, 1859, ne married Miss Elizabeth McClure, daughter of Charles and
Jane (McMillan) McClure of Spartanburg, S. C. Mr. and Mrs. Camp became theparents of these children Charles L., a planter in Campbell county; Josephus M., in Texas; Georgia May, wife of T. E. Morris; William R., physician, Fair-
burn; John W., planter, Campbell county; Jennie June, a young lady at home;
and David H.. a lad of fourteen years. The mother of this family died Sept. 17, 1881, and Mr. Camp was again married May 8, 1892, to Mrs. Sarah Zellers. This lady is a daughter of J. M. T. and Eliza (Gibson) Petty, old and respected residents of Campbell county for long years, both now deceased. To this second marriage has been born one child, Elizabeth R. Mr. and Mrs. Camp are influ
ential members of the Baptist church, of which organization lie has been clerk for the past seventeen years. He is also a Mason.

j^ OSES R. FOSTER, planter, Maud, Campbell Co., Ga. On the Atlanta road, fifteen miles from that city, and ten from Fairburn, Campbell county, lives
the above-named gentleman. His home is one of the most beautiful in the county. Being a mechanical genius, and having developed a love for the beauti
ful, which, by the way, is an index to the refinement shown by himself and family, he has succeeded in surrounding his home with all the conveniences and comforts of modern civilized life. The beauty and coziness of his home are such as to at once attract the passing stranger. As shown by his surroundings, Mr.

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Foster is a man of progress and of the highest standing in his community. The following is an outline of his family history: Moses R. Foster, the subject of this sketch, son of Moses and Margaret Foster, was born in Campbell county, near where he now lives, on May 8, 1843. The Fosttr family conies from Spartanburg district, South Carolina, from which the parents and grandparents of Mr. Foster migrated to Georgia in 1829, settling in the northeastern part of Campbell county. The grandparents died here, as also the father, who was killed by a falling tree Dec. 23, 1863. He had gone to the woods to cut down a tree, but having defective sight, got in the way of it as it fell. He was a member of the Missionary Baptist church, a thrifty man, and lived in great plenty. Later, some of the children moved to Arkansas, and the mother went to live with then;, where she died in 1888. There were born thirteen children, all living to maturity but one, Elizabeth, deceased in infancy: Thomas E., died at his home in Atlanta in 1848; Polly Missouri, married Robert McWilliams, of Campbell county, and died Sept. 10, 1893; Ephraim \V., Queen City, Tex.; Eliza J., widow of Pierce Childs,-Bright Star, Ark.; John O., member of Company E, Thirty-fifth Georgia regiment, died of disease in 1862; Abncr J., Bright Star, Ark.; Eleanor E., widow of Madison J. Childs, Bright Star, Ark.; Mildred N., married John \V. Smith, and died in 1893 in Texas; Moses R., the subject of this sketch; Polona, wife of Thomas J. Hurt, Bcvans, Tcx.: Amanda A., wife of Edward Greer, Texarkana, Tex.; Martha N., wife of Mr. Clark, Jefferson, Tex. Moses R. Foster has spent his life in Campbell county. In 1862 he enlisted in Company E, Thirty-fifth Georgia regiment. On the way to Virginia he was taken sick with measles, and this being followed by a more severe illness he was discharged and sent home. After several months spent at home, and on the complete recovery of his health, he joined Lee's battalion at Atlanta, which did police duty about that section, and served there till it was disbanded. He then joined Hood's army as one of a band of scouts whose business it was to gather information concerning the enemy's movements. After Sherman passed he accompanied Hood on his march to Tennessee, but was again taken sick at Blue Pond, Ala., and was not able when he recovered to join the army again on account of the country being infested with Union sympathizers. He soon relinquished the idea and made his way homeward. A few months later he again joined the army as sergeant in Glenn's battery in Atlanta, and did good service till 1865. Oct. 5, 1872, Miss Mary L., daughter of Samuel T. Vcnable, became the wife of Mr. Foster. She was born in Newton county June 12, 1850. Only one child blessed this union, Lula C., born in 1873. She married James Oliver, and at present resides with her parents. She is the mother of one child, Mary C., a bright, beautiful daughter of two years. The family are members of *hc Missionary Baptist church. Mr. Foster is a democrat and a member of ie county executive committee of his party. In 1802 he was one of the delegates from Campbell county to the senatorial conven tion at Newnan for the thirty-fifth senatorial district.

LION. M. P. HARVEY, merchant, Fairburn, Campbell Co., Ga., was born in Campbell county April 14, 1852, the son of Rev. Spencer and Miranda
(Stephens) Harvey. Rev. Spencer Harvey was a native of North Carolina, where lie was born in 1811. He came to Georgia about 1830, in the earlier part of his career being a teacher. Later he entered the ministry of the Baptist church, which he continued to serve for a long period of years with zeal and effectiveness. He now resides with a daughter, Mrs. W. F. Lester, at Fairburn. Mr. and Mrs. Harvey were the parents of the following children: Thomas, deceased in youth; Georgia, now Mrs. Braswell, a prominent teacher; Charles A., deceased in 1874, I-2C

JO2

MKM01RS OF GEORGIA.

a successful merchant of Fairhrn: William S.. Fairburn; Martha. Mrs. William A. MoCurry. Fairhurn: Letitia. deceased wife of Moses Westbrook, also deceased: Emma, deceased wife of John F. Goodman: Lola, wife of W. F. Lester. Fairburn; and M. P.. the gentleman named above. Mr. Harvey was educated at Fayetteville,
and r,: ;hc age of eighteen began his business career by clerking for Landruni l- Rro.. of Atlanta, Continuing there for a year and a half, he came to Fairburn, where he was engaged for four years in the store of his brother Cliarles. In i 75 he began business on his own account in Fairburn, starting with a capital of but $500. Ky careful management and attention to the wants of his customers l:e gradually b::il: up a tine trade, and is now one of the leading merchants of his town. Mr. Harvey's successful conduct of his private affairs has directed the atrcr.tion of the public to him. and has brought him many positions of trust,
lie served the Southern Express company for a number of years, and has also been or. the town council. In 1886 he became the candidate of his party for the legislature, and being elected, served in the two following sessions. While a member of that body he did good sen-ice on the committees of banking, blind .\s\lnn:. and. educr.tion. Mr. Harvey was most happily married in 1881 in Fair>.:n: to Miss Janie. daughter of John F. Beavers. Five children have come to .it!,'. li:V and light :o their hom-e. as follows: Chester. Harry. Corinne. Henry G., :ir.d Mr.thir.s P.. Jr. Mr. Harvey has been a prominent member of the masonic fraternity for years: o: :!ie Knights of Honor: the Golden Chain: and he and his wife are lending rneiv.lvrs of the I>apt:st church.

JATHAM. This is another of the old Virginia families which has been trans
planted iron: the Old Dominion. It is of English extraction, and settled in ""..yd county. Ya.. where Henry La:ha:i: roared a family of three sons. Thomas A., one of these -ons. vas berr. in ifiW. and was first apprenticed to the hatter's TMde. Evincing some literary ability he was given an education and, studying
j-\v. bigcr. the practice of his profession in hi? home county. In 1829 he came .. Gcvrcia. wh;re h.e settled at Campbelhon. the county-seat of Campbell county. Her; he ??s~ed hi~ life as a la-.vy>r ar.u planter. He soon commanded a good
practice arc ur.nl his death v.-a? regarded as one of the most profound lawyers in
the state. He was ar. advocate of great power and as a counsellor was looked upon .is E.Vs.v.tteIv ssfc. He was a :rar of great public spirit and as a democrat represer.tc-d hi? county in the legislature several terms. In 1831 his marriage with Caro'iine M. Smith \'.T.s so!en:r.:ze j. She was also a Virginian. Their family confi-=teJ .>: Her.r.- T.. who died s. cadet st West Point military school: Virginia A., married. Owen K. Cochr?/.:. and divd -hi 1883: Ella C.. deceased wife of W. J. G-rrett. V.""ir.r-. J_. Hanri? count}: Thomas W.. Atlanta: Mary A. (Mrs. Dr. _". T. Daver.o :r. . Fafrbiur: Joseph L.. Catnpbelhon. and George. Fairburn. Tlie father of th.r?-, children, died in iS'32 anr! th-e mother in 1875. Joseph L. Latham
is a pr.rr.-r.-:-.-: merch.ar.t and planter and live? at Campbellton. Campbell county, in tl-.e old Latham house, where h.e was bom Jr.ne 23, 1850. Like all boys of his s.sre. the V.J.T ir.terfertd \\ith. hi* education. Hi? father dying when he was but tv.-eive year? :'.:. av.-f. the ri^'^rr >: v..-ir being on the cotintry, he was compelled
t? buckle down to physical labor earlier than would have otherwise happened. He conducted the affair? >:: the pla".tat:oi: till 1874. when he went into the mer
cantile bu*:r.es* at Carr.pbellt >r.. ai:d v.-hici; he has continued with success to the present time. He is also interested in farming, he and his brother owning the old home -(.'lantatl :r. o: :.2~x> acr^s. He was niarried April 29. 1880, to Miss Eliza R.. daughter of M. H. C^1h"n~. and i? the father of seven children: Henry T., Molcy
B.. Joseph L. Jr.. Ciart C-. George. Smith and Man- Ellen. Mr. Latham takes an active interest in the politics ?f hi; state and county and is a tower of strength

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403

in his party. In 1892 the democratic leaders felt that they must pick the very strongest man in the county to head their ticket for the legislature, as the people's party had developed unexpected strength in Campbell county. The choice fell on Air. Latham, and so successfully was the campaign conducted a majority of 294 votes resulted in his favor, larger than had been witnessed since the war. He served his constituents faithfully during the following sessions and did important
work as a member of the committees on education, penitentiary and corpora tions. Again in 1894 he became the standard-bearer and again defeated his op ponent. He served in the session of last winter ami was a member of the following committees: Education, penitentiary, agriculture. Mr. Latham is a Mason, being treasurer of Campbellton lodge Xo. 76. As a citizen he is popular, and as a gentleman has a large number of friends.

REV. L. P. NEESE, the revered pastor of the Methodist church at Fairburn, Campbell Co., Ga., was born in Franklin county, Ga., July 26, 1838. Jacob
Neese, his father, born in North Carolina in 1811, came to Georgia while still a young man, where he married and settled on a plantation in Franklin county. After a residence there of some years he removed to Cobb county, where he died in 1860. He was an earnest and devoted Christian, a member of the Methodist church, in which he was an exhorter. His wife, Minerva, was a daughter of John and Elizabeth Sewell, both of Georgia birth ;ind English descent. To them were born eleven children: Rev. Levi P.; Andrew P., a physician in Texas; Jane E.; Mrs. Wm. Freeman, Franklin county; James P., died in Savannah during the war; John \V., also died in the army; William P., planter, Milton county. Ga.; Jacob P., merchant, Forsyth county; Mary (Mrs. F. Adair), Forsyth county; D. F., merchant and farmer, Polk county, Ga.; Joseph P., planter, and Martha, who is the wife of Mr. Lewis, near Dalton, Ga. The eldest of this family, Rev. Levi P. Neese, spent his boyhood on the farm, where he received an excellent moral training and his primary education. He was subsequently given the advantages of the Emanuel county high school, where he finished his literary education. In 1858 he entered on his chosen life-work, the ministry of the Methodist church,
joining the north Georgia conference, of which body he has since been a member. Of this ministry it is only proper to say that it has been attended, under the blessing of the Lord, with much success, bringing into the fold a large number of erring ones and helping to a stronger and brighter faith many already within the pale of the church. In the pulpit Rev. Neese is earnest and convincing, and is much beloved among his people for his social qualities. His married life dates from 1868, when he was happily wedded to Miss Sue McLeod. Mrs. Neese has been a helpmeet, indeed, and takes a great interest in her husband's work. She is a daughter of Dnncan and Amanda (Smith) McLeod. The former, born May 27, 1810, in Georgia, died in the same state Nov. 6, 1889: the latter was born Aug. 6, 1826, and is now living with her daughter, Mrs. Xeese. The children bom to Rev. and Mrs. Neese are as follows: The first child died at birth; James, born May 27, 1872, is a graduate of Oxford college, practicing law: Pearl E., born
Aug. 12, 1874, died Nov. 4, 1882; Marvin, born Feb. 17, 1877: Ruby H., born Aug. 5, 1879, cn'ed AU- 5' I ^ 1 ' Rcbie M. J., born Dec. 13, 1881: Mamie E. H.,
born July 27, 1884, and Lutie P., born Dec. -,, 1886.

JOSEPH J. NIXON, planter, Palmetto, Campbell Co., Ga., is the son of Francis and Anna (Ray) Nixon, and was born in Meriwether county, Ga.. Oct. 12, 1839.
The grandfather of this gentleman, Joseph Nixon, was a native of Ireland, and came to Georgia a young man in the latter part of the last century, settling in Ogle-

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
thorpe county, whore he married. He subsequently moved to \Valton county, thence to Coweta. where he lived till his death. \\ nich occurred in 1830. The father of Mr. Xixon was reared in Coweta county, but was married in Meriwether county, where he lived until 1853. when lie settled in the southern part of Campbell county, near where his son now lives. In 187.2 he moved to Heard county, where he died in 1881. In disposition he was a quiet, retired man, a member of the Baptist church, a planter by occupation. He was twice married. Of the six chil dren bom to the first marriage, rive are living: Joseph J.. the subject of this sketch; Martlia J.. widow of M. M. Smith. Campbell county: Rebecca, wife of J. M. \Vindom. Carol 1 county; George. Cas< county. Tex.: \Viley, Coweta county, and Thomas, who was a private in Company C. Nineteenth Georgia regiment, was killed at second M.inassas. The mother died in 185.1 and the father subsequently married Miss Ann Grantham of Meriwether county, who bore him eight children. Joseph J. Xixon \vas reared in the neighborhood where he now lives. At the opening of the war he was just of ago and ready to serve his country. He enlisted as a private in Company C. Xineteenth Georgia regiment, and served in the army of Virginia. He was engaged in the battles of Seven Pines, seven days' fight around Richmond. Fredericksbnrg. Chancellorsville. Kingston and Bentonville, X. C.. the last battle of the war. In the latter right he was slightly wounded, having gone through the entire war up to that time without a scratch. He was paroled at Salisbury. X. C.. after which he settled down to the peaceful pursuit of farming. \Yith nothing to invest except his own strength and perseverance, he rented land near the old homestead till 1873. when he bought 200 acres of the present loca tion, to which have been added about 400 acres more. This plantation is three mile* fron: Palmetto. a:iu was nearly all covered with a dense growth of oak, pine and hickory. Mr. Xixon has cleared this land nearly all himself, and now has about 300 acres under cultivation. He married Miss Louisa M.. daughter of Tohn B. and Temperance Smith. Sept. 3. 1860. and has become the lather of ten children, seven of whom are living: Moses, planter. Campbell county: Osey. John B.. Arena. Thomas J.. William ana Millie at home. Mr. Xixon enjoys the repu tation of beir.g; an excellent farmer an-i is a man whom the people revere for his many noble qualities of head and heart. As a. democrat he does his duty quietly at t:~t polls, not havir.c any taste for the excitement of political life. He and his family are members of the Baptist church.
IAMES X. KOBIXSOX. planter. Goodes. Campbell Co.. Ga.. is one of nature's noblemen, the son of Robert R. an J Susan (Byrane^ Robinson. He was
bom Xov. 1.2. iSju. in Coweia county, from whence he removed with his parents in 1840 to the neighborhood where he now resides. In 1856 he left home and worked a? an overseer till the war broke out. Being near Columbus. Ga.. he enlisted in company which was raised there--Company E. Twentieth Georgia regiment. He went out as second corporal, and by faithful sen-ice was advanced to first sergeant, in which position he served the major portion of the four years of the war. In order to indicate the amount of service done by Sergt. Robinson, it is only necessary to state to the student of history that he followed Longstreet. It is hardly necessary to recount here in full the story of bloody fights and weary inarches participated in by soldiers under this famous general. The list of battles engaged in personally by Mr. Robinson is as follows: Seven days' fight around Richmond, second Manassas. Sharpsburg. Fredericlfsburg. Suffolk siege, Gettys burg. Chickamauga. Knoxville. the \Yilderr.ess. Spottsylvania Court House, and in the trenches about Richmond. He was wounded by a. minie ball in the thigh while gallantly bearing the colors at Malvern Hill, in which battle his company

CAMPBELL COUNTY SKETCHES.

405

lost heavily. At Sharpsburg his regiment was highly complimented for their gallant defense of Burnside's bridge. At the battle of Gettysburg he was in the brigade which successfully charged Little Round Top on the second clay. On the day the lines were broken and Richmond was evacuated Sergt. Robinson was in charge of his company at the point where the break occurred, and had the honor of being personally complimented by Gen. Longstreet in ordering him to deploy his company for the coming'charge. But the race was run; and, evacuating the city, Lee's immortal band, aftor having exhibited a valor which will go down in history as the most wonderful of all time, laid down their arms at Appomattox, where Sergt. Robinson had the mournful honor of surrendering his company. Mr. Robinson had been home on a furlough during the preceding holiday week, and before returning to the army was married to Miss Martha C., daughter of David Murray, of Lincoln county, Ga., the event occurring on Jan. 10, 1865. Return ing home to his bride, Mr. Robinson has since been content in the peaceful avocation of agriculture, in which he is regarded as a master. His plantation contains 350 acres, and is one of the most productive in the county. There were four children born to the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Robinson: Robert A., Jack sonville, Fla.; John P.,-at home; Nannie J., Mrs. James A. Reeves, Campbell county, and William H., who died in infancy. Mr. Robinson is a stanch democrat and has served his party in many conventions, though he has never cared for office. For eight years prior to 1893 he served on the board of county commis sioners. As a citizen of Campbell county, "Jim" Robinson is looked upon by all as perfectly sound. The history of the Robinson family may be stated briefly as follows: Henry, grandfather of J. N. Robinson, was a native of Bellomeno, Ireland, made famous as the birthplace of the father of President Andrew Jackson, and Gen. Packenham, of New Orleans fame. As a lad he emigrated to Mecklenburg, North Carolina, where he married and reared his family. Robert Robinson was born in 1813, and accompanied the family, in 1831, to Coweta county, Ga., where he married in 1834. Three children were born to them: J. N.. Frances E., Mrs. Jesse Carooll, Battle, Texas, and Hannah P., widow of James Hogan, Hogan, Coweta Co. After the mother's death, in 1838, the father again married, the second wife being Miss Elizabeth Attawary. She died in 1857, leaving one son, William T., Campbell county. The father resides near the home of his son, James N., still hale and hearty at eighty-three years of age.

A BNER B. SMITH, planter, Fairburn, Campbell Co., Ga. Four miles southeast of Fairburn, on one of the best plantations in the county, lives Abner B. Smith,
one of the most respected and influential planters in the county of Campbell. He is a man of undoubted integrity and occupies a respected place in the social life of his community. He comes from one of the pioneer families, being the son of John B. and Temperance (Bailey) Smith, and was born in Campbell county, Dec. 4,1842. The grandfather, Abner Smith, was a native of Ireland, having emigrated to South Carolina before the revolutionary war. There he was twice married, both wives dying there. He was a soldier in the revolutionary war, during which he was wounded on Sullivan's island. Late in life he, with his children, removed to Coweta county, Ga., settling in the northern portion, on land obtained from the government, he being a pensioned soldier. However, he died within two weeks of his arrival in the county. The children grew to maturity, were married and were widely scattered. Soon after the Bailey family came to Georgia from South Caro lina. One of the daughters, Temperance, became the wife of John B. Smith. Eleven children were born to them, five of whom are living: Melvina, widow of Hubbard McWaters, Camp county, Texas: Abner B., the subject of this sketch;

406

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

William M.. Camp county, Texas: Thomas J., Campbell county; Louisa, wife of James Xixon. Campbell county. The deceased children are: Je^se F., member of a Texas regiment during the war, and died of disease at Little Rock, Ark.; John, Fannie, Elizabeth. Moses X. and James B.. The father was a justice of the peace from his twenty-second year up to the day of his death, which occurred in 1856. the mother dying recently at the age of seventy-six years. He was a man well read in matters of law. a good planter, and one who took a lively interest in public affairs. He took an active part in the Indian war of 1836, being a lieutenant of a company, ami was also colonel of a regiment of local militia for a period. Abncr B. Smith was reared in Campbell county, the war being the first great event in his quiet life. When but eighteen years of age, in June. 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company C. Nineteenth Georgia regiment. In 1863 he was made lieutenant of his company, in which capacity he served until he surrendered at Salem. North Carolina. He was mustered into service at Lynchburg, and was in the battles of Seven Pines and seven days' fight around Richmond, but was sick in the hospital during second Manassas. When he recovered he joined his command at Shepherdstown. Md.. and was in the battles of Fredericksburg, the Wilderness, and was at Richmond when the enemy made a raid on that city, while Lee was at Gettysburg. He was also at the siege of Charleston, the battle of Ocean Pond, Fla.: Dnirv's Bluff and Cold Harbor: then in the trenches at Petersburg during the winter, where he took part in a large number of skirmishes of that eventful period. During Mr. Smith's service he participated in some of the most hotly contested battles of the war. In the fight at Ocean Pond, Fla., his brigade did most of the fighting. At one time they were stationed near where the famous mine explosion occurred. He was at the fall of Fort Fisher and at the battle of Kingston, his last fight being with Sherman in the last battle of the war--Bentonville. Returning home from such exciting scenes, he settled down to the quiet life of a farmer, and has since followed that occupation. To the marriage of Mr. Smith to. Miss Mary H.. daughter of Willis Morgan, which occurred Feb. 8. 1866. nine children have been born: Albert Sydney. Bell county, Tex.: Jennie, wife of Dr. Camp. Fairbtirn: T. E.. Atlanta: Mittie. deceased in infancy: Neva A., wife of John Carthron. Campbell county. Ga.: Gertrude E.. Dora E.. Rosa Lee, and Christmas Belle, all at home. Mr. Smith is a deacon of the Baptist church, having been a member many years before the war. He votes in conformity with the principles of the democratic part}-, and fraternally is a Mason.

pRAXKLIX H. STEED, an influential citizen of Palmetto, Campbell Co., Ga., is the son of Sion P. and Partie Steed, and was born in 1843, m Coweta county.
He received a limited education and followed farming in the early part of his career. He. however, embarked later in the insurance business, and also in the handling of commercial fertilizers, and carried it on with a vigor and snap that soon placed him in easy circumstances. He is at present extensively engaged in farming and in the handling of live stock. When the war began Mr. Steed enlisted in a cavalry company, which served one year under Gen. Forrest, and during the latter part of the war with the famous Alabama general and present congressman, Joseph E. Wheeler. Mr. Steed was very light, physically, and had the distinction of weighing the least of any man in his regiment, being but ninety pounds in weight Miss Pattie Perkins became Mrs. Steed in 1871. She was a daughter of John and Martha (Parks'* Perkins, and became the mother of four children, as follows: Willie. died in childhood: Yedderand Calvin are young people, at home: Annie is deceased. Mr. Steed was one of a family of four brothers and sisters and six halfsisters. The father, who died Tan. 18. 1882, was in his time one of the most exten-

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407

sive planters of Coweta county. He was regarded by all as the best planter in the
count}', at one time receiving a silver pitcher in attestation of the fact. Five of his sons reached maturity. The eldest, T. X., went to Texas, where he died in 1887, leaving a wife and children and a large property ; \Y. H. is a planter in Coweta county; J. G. was the literary member of the family: he graduated at Bowdoin college and expected to enter one of the professions; he went to the war under Col. McDaniel, was elected adjutant of his regiment, but sickened and died in 1862. J. W. is a merchant at Scnoia, Ga.; and Franklin H. Mr. and Mrs. Steed are
Methodists in religious belief, as, indeed, have been nearly all the Steeds for genera
tions. They occupy a generous place in the esteem of a large circle of friends and acquaintances, and merit the respect which is cheerfully accorded them.

. J. E. STEED, planter, Fairburn, Campbell Co., Ga. The great grand father of this gentleman came from England to North Carolina before the revolutionary war. The grandfather. Clayton Steed, was a soldier in that great struggle, and lived and died in Xorth Carolina. Capt. Steed's father was reared in Randolph county, X. C, and married in Gilbert county. After a few years he
moved to Campbell county, Ga., settling on Cedar creek. This occurred in 1839. Later he moved to the central part of the county, where he lived to the time of his death, in 1874, and that of his wife, Jan. 2. 1893. To them were born a family
of ten children : Elvira, deceased : John E., the subject of this sketch ; Elizabeth C.j wife of S. S. Langston, Campbell county; Colyer A., a member of Company C,
Thirty-fifth Georgia regiment, killed on picket duty, the second clay of the Get
tysburg fight; Martha M., wife of E. M. Yates, Carroll county; Stephen A.,
Douglas county ; Mary E., wife of Henry X. Stipe, Carroll county ; W. G., Camp
bell county ; Annie E., wife of Thomas M. Orr, Xevacla county, Ark. ; Frances A., deceased. The father entered the ministry of the Methodist church at thirty years
of age, and was a local preacher of that denomination until his death. He was a good farmer, an influential citizen, and a consistent Christian gentleman. Capt.
J. E. Steed was born in Randolph county, X. C., July 25, 1838, but has spent the greater part of his life in Campbell county. In 1861 he enlisted in Company C, Thirty-fifth Georgia regiment, as a second sergeant. From Atlanta he went to
the army of Virginia. His first battle was at Seven Pines. Sickness kept him away from the seven days' fight around Richmond, where the captain of his company, together with several other officers, was killed. Capt. Steed was soon
made second lieutenant, after which he was in the fight at Cedar Run, the three
days' fight at Second Manassas, then at Shepherdstown, where he was wounded. Then followed Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and the battle of the Wilderness, during which latter engagement he was wounded in the shoulder
and right lung. The ball never having been extracted has caused much trouble since. As a consequence of his wound a furlough was given him, which lasted till September, when he again joined his company and remained with it till the
surrender. To his marriage Dec. 20, 1867, to Miss Katie, daughter of John W.
Beck, two sons have been born, Robert E. and Sion J., lads at home. The mother of these boys died Aug. 27, 1880. After two years, Jan. 19, 1882, the
second marriage took place, Margaret Caldwell, of East Point, Ga., becoming
his wife. She was born and reared in Fulton county, being the daughter of Joseph and Lois (Conolly) Caldwell. The following are the children by this marriage: Aline M., Joseph W., John G., and Annie K. Capt. Steed was county
surveyor from 1873 to 1878. He is a populist in politics. For thirty-seven years
a member of the Methodist church, of which he is a trustee and steward, no man

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has been a better or more faithful captain for either the church or the state, or stands higher in the regard of neighbors and friends, than Capt Steed.

F M. WESTBROOK, an enterprising and successful merchant of Fairburn, Campbell Co., is a son of \V. R. and Frances M. (Black) Westbrook, and was
born in the county Feb. i, 1859. He was given a common school education, and
remained at home till he was of legal age, when in company with Mr. W. F. I-ester and a brother, J. M. \Vestbrook, he began his business career at Fairburn. The firm of \Yestbrook, Lester & Co. changed to Westbrook & Co. after the first year, under which title it did business until 1887, when Mr. Westbrook bought i lie interest of his partner, and has since conducted the store alone. He carries a general stock of some 83,500, his yearly business amounting to about $10,000. Mr. Westbrook is a man of sterling business ability, and as such has been called upon to serve his town in the council hall quite frequently, having been a member of that body from 1888 to 1892. He was again elected in 1894, and is now a member of that body. He was happily married in the county Feb. 20. 1883. to Miss Annie, daughter of B. A. and Elizabeth Camp, a fine old family of Campbel; county, and lias four interesting children, Clifford R, Effie, Kate, and Joseph A. The family of which Mr. Westbrook is a member is of English descent, ftniiid in Virginia in early colonial days. They came subsequently to Xorth Carolina, and in 1826 Moses, the grandfather of L. M., who had married Edna Gainey, brought his family to Fayette county, Ga., where both parents died in 1834 during an epidemic of bilious fever, which also carried away three other members of the family. W. R. Westbrook now lives near Fairburn, and has followed planting all his life. He is a veteran of the Indian war of 1836, and during the last war served under Gov. Joseph E. Brown. He has been a member of the Methodist church for over fifty years, and enjoys the respect of a large circle of friends in his old age. Mr. Westbrook and Frances M. Black were mar ried Feb. 10. 1847, and are the parents of the following children: Aream. Mrs. Tames W. Edmonds. Titus county, Tex.: Edna. Mrs. Young H. Thornton, Camp bell county. Ga.: Susan A.. Mrs. H. H. Wood, Forsyth county; James M., deceased: Sarah F., Mrs. J. D. Smith. Campbell county: Samuel C., in Texas; Lycurgus M.. merchant, Fairburn: Wm. J. W.. Sipe Springs, Tex.; Cora J., Mrs. D. A. Carmichael. Campbell county; and Mary E., unmarried.

P)R. WILLIAM S. ZELLERS, retired physician of Palmetto, Campbell Co., Ga., was born Feb. 7, 1831, in Xewton county. Ga. The family is of German
descent, though his parents. Sullivan and Emily Zellers, were born and reared in Lowndes county. Ga. The father was bom in 1797. and died in 1863; the mother in 1801. Xine children were born of their marriage: John A., deceased; Simeon, merchant. Palmetto: William S., the subject of this sketch; Martha H., wife of H. Moss. Palmetto: Thomas E.. merchant. Granitesville, Ga.: Man- X., deceased: Solomon T.. deceased: Elizabeth R.. wife of E. M. Woodley; and Peter C.. who enlisted at sixteen in Company C, Xineteenth Georgia regiment, and was killed during the war. The parents of these children were pious and devout people, members of the Baptist church, and remembered for their great hospitality and generous charity. Dr. William S. Zellers received a common school education. He taught school several years, then attended what is now Yanclerbilt university. Xashville, Tenr... for a period, and later took a course of lectures in the Atlanta Medical college, from which he graduated, and commenced the practice of his profession in Palmetto, where he has since resided, though not engaged continuously in the practice. Dr. Zellers has been a man of great service

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409

to his community and the state, having been honored with many positions of public trust In 1872 he was appointed inspector of the port of Savannah, Ga., but resigned after a few months. He served in the state legislature in 1868-69, and again in 1880-81. His public service was marked by intelligent and con scientious performance of the duties devolving upon him, and he retired with the
encomiums of an appreciative constituency. Dr. Zellers was first married in 1858 to Miss Anne, daughter of Caborn and Ann Watts, of Campbell county. Her death occurred in 1863, having borne him two children: William A., educated at the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, and the New York Polyclimc school
as a physician, and died in September, 1890; and Kate, also deceased. The doctor's second marriage occurred in 1867, when he was joined to Miss Margaret K. Camp. This lady is a daughter of Col. Benjamin and Winifred Camp, both now deceased. Dr. and Mrs. Zellers have no children of their own, but have for years been accustomed to provide for the education of several in the public schools. They are useful and respected members of the community in which they reside, and hold the love of a host of friends.

CARROLL COUNTY.
7 T. ADAMS, farmer, Temple, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Absalom and Elizabeth (Reid) Adams, was born in Carroll county in 1845. His grandparents, Adams,
were Virginians, and moved thence to Tennessee, whence they subsequently came to Carroll county, where they died. Mr. Adams' father came from Ten nessee to Georgia and settled in Carroll county in 1829, where he cleared a farm. He was a soldier in the Indian war of 1838. His great-grandfather on his mother's side, Reid, was a soldier in the war of 1812, during which he was shot in the stomach, the ball passing through the body. A silk handkerchief was drawn through the orifice afterward and he recovered and lived many years. His maternal grandparents, Reid, were early settlers in this part of the state. Mr. Adams was reared on the farm and received a common country school education. Being too young to enter the Confederate service he enlisted, in 1863, in Company F (Capt. Long), Georgia regiment, state troops. Mr. Adams was married in 1864 to Miss Rebecca C. Coleman, daughter of W. A. and Sarah Ann (Barnes) Coleman, old settlers of this part of the state. When he was married he had nothing--was very poor. He has always been a plain farmer; has now a nice improved farm of nearly 200 acres with a comfortable house on it, within the corporate limits of Temple. Mr. and Mrs. Adams have had six children born to them: William M., born Nov. 14, 1865; Henry T., born Jan. 16, 1868, a teacher in Texas; David N., born July u, 1869; Gilbert E., born Oct. 30, 1872; Z. T., born Nov. 22, 1876; and Bessie, born Feb. 10, 1884. Himself and wife are devoted and exemplary members of the Missionary Baptist church.
f\ R. ADAMSON, merchant, Bowdon, Carroll Co., Ga., son of John W. and Mary Ann (McDaniel) Adamson, was born in Henry county, Ga., in 1842.
His paternal grandparents were William C. and Elizabeth (Crawley) Adamson. He was born in Wilkes county, Ga., and she was a native of Morgan, where they were married. Mr. Adamson's father was born in Morgan county in 1822, where

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
lie was roared and educated. About the time he reached his majority he went to Henry county, settled in the woods and cleared a farm. In 1852 he loaded his ox carts and moved to Carroll county, and again settled in the woods and cleared another farm. A few years after this he went over into Chambers county, Ala., settled in the woods and cleared a third farm. But he liked Georgia too well to be satisfied, so he returned to Carroll county, and for the fourth time settled in the woods and cleared a farm--the subject of this sketch helping him in all, particularly the last three. In 1860 he began the mercantile business in Bowdon. but the war coming on the business collapsed, and everything was lost. In 1862 his father enlisted in Capt. Este's company. Twenty-sixth Georgia battalion; served through the war--and was at Columbus about the time of the surrender, but escaped being captured. After the war he went into business again at Bowdon, and continued it until he died in 1888. In 1861 Mr. Adamson enlisted in Company B (Capt. Charles A. McDaniel). Cobb's legion, infantry. Capt. McDaniel was president of the college at Bowdon. and his company was mostly composed of his pupils, of whom Mr. Adamson was one. He was an active participant in many battles, among them --Dam Xo. i. Yorktown. Malveni hill, and South mountain, where he was severely wounded and captured, but was released. As a result of this wound he was disabled, but as soon as he recovered" he returned to the army, in Tennessee. Thence he went to Virginia and was at the battle of the Wilderness. While his command was on duty on James river he was released on account of his old wound and returned home. While at Bowdon he was captured a second time, but it happened to be after the surrender. The close of the war left him com paratively destitute. Thus father and son. by their bravery and long continued faithful sen-ice, made a record of which they rightly felt proud. After the war he engaged with his father in business: but when he married, he went to another point, where he remained until his father's death, in 1888. when he returned in 1889 to Bowdon. took charge of and continued his father's business, and is now a leading merchant there. Everything, immediate family connections, natural and by mar riage. war record, and splendid business capacity, contributed to this result. Mr. Adamson was married in 1868 to Miss Fannie M. Yarbrough--born in Floyd county. Ga.. in 1851 --daughter of Xathan and Margaret (Lampkint Yarbrough. Her father was born and reared in Franklin county. Ga.. and went to De Kalb county in 1830 and clerked in a store in Decatur. In 1835 he went to Floyd county, and was one of the pioneers, if not one of the founders, and wrote the first charter of the now flourishing city of Rome. Years afterward he migrated to Texas, and is now living--85 years of age--in Comanche county. To Mr. and Mrs. Adamson ten children have been born: Edith. John. Herbert, Ralph. Xornia (deadi. Claris. Mattie. Ethel. Robert and Xathan. Mr. Adamson is a master and royal arch Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Methodist I'rotestant church.
S T. BAXTER, fanner. Temple. Carroll Co.. Ga.. son of John and Elizabeth i Striplings Baxter, was born in Monroe county. Ga.. in 1828. His paternal grandparents were John and Xancy (.Dowdy'1 Baxter. His grandfather was born in England, and came to this country after the revolutionary war. He settled first in Virginia, afterward moved to Xorth Carolina, and finally came all the way from Xorth Carolina to Georgia in an ox cart, and settled in the woods in Monroe county--among its pioneers. He followed farming all his life. He was a soldier of the war of 1812. and during his service had a remarkable ex perience with a wound. The ball went entirely through his body, and a silk handkerchief was drawn through the orifice, vet he recovered and lived manv

CARROI-L COUNTY SKETCHES."
years in excellent health afterward. Mr. Baxter's father was born in 1807, and came to Georgia when a small boy with his father, who came to Carroll county in 1828: the subject of this sketch was an infant at the time, and the unconscious subject of a thrilling incident. The trip had been made in ox-carts, and when they reached the Chattahoochee river a negro nurse insisted on taking the baby in her arms. When the boat reached the opposite bank, the steers became scared and backed, and the negro jumped overboard with our subject in her arms. When she arose to the surface his father caught and drew them out. His father was a soldier in the Indian war of 1836; and, also, was a member of the. Methodist church. His maternal grandparents. John and Man- Stripling, were among the early settlers of Monroe county. Mr. Baxter was reared on the farm in Carroll county, and the very limited education he received was at the old time dirt floor log house, with its unsatisfactory accom paniments. In 1862 he enlisted in Company F. Cobb's legion, and went to the front. But he was soon taken sick and was sent to Richmond, where he remained many months, and when he had apparently recovered he returned to the army. It was not long before he was again prostrated, and, this time, came home on a furlough--he was at home at the time of the surrender. Like thousands of others, the war left him stripped of everything: but like them, he went bravely to work, impaired in health as he was, to build up. By dint of hard work and close management he has a fine, large farm, well improved, with nice dwelling and sub stantial out buildings, half a mile from Temple: and commands the respect of all who know him. Mr. Baxter was married in 1852 to Miss Sarah J., daughter of James and Elizabeth (BaskitO Stripling, early settlers, by whom he has had eight children: William A., N. N.. James D., Robert A., John M.. Geo. Ann Florence. Frances, and Martha. Mr. Baxter is a master Mason and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church.
J AME? H. L. BEXFORD. farmer, Victory. Carroll Co., Ga.. son of John and Martha (Anders) Benford, was born in Twiggs county, Ga.. in 1837. His
paternal grandparents. George and Elizabeth Benford, were Virginians, and he was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. His father was born in Virginia in 1818. came to Georgia when a young man and settled first in Bibb county: he afterward went to Twiggs county and settled in the woods and cleared a farm. He was a soldier in the Indian war of 1836, and was wounded in the arm. His maternal grandparents. Robin an'd Elizabeth Anders, were natives of Man-land, but migrated to Georgia, and were among the earliest settlers of Twiggs county. Mr. Benford was reared on the farm in Twiggs county and re mained on it until he was eighteen years old, when he removed to Carroll county and settled in the woods on the tract whereon he now lives. There was not a stick amiss on the land, and he cleared the land for his farm by himself. There were four families moved together in ox carts, and all of them occupied an eighteen by eighteen log cabin together, cooking, etc., until they could build. He went to school only one week, and was never taught anything but the alphabet. In 1861 he enlisted in Company B, Cleburne's regiment, known as the "Pattison Rangers." He participated in quite a number of battles--Gatling's farm, Peters burg. Columbia, etc., but was most of the time on scouting duty, and often on special courier sen-ice. For nearly a month, at one time, his command was chased by Gen. Kilpatrick, fighting nearly even- day. He was captured once in Virginia, and when commanded to surrender his gun he threw it down and broke it; and then put his foot on his saber and broke that, too; he then told his captors to take him if they wanted to. As they were taking him to their lines,

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

after dark, dangerous as the attempt seemed, he succeeded in eluding their vigilance and escaped. For a long time lie was a courier for Gen. Lee, whose pass he bore permitting him to go where and when he pleased at his discretion. At the time of the surrender he was scouting in the rear of the Union army. He came out of the war with nothing but his land, and when his father died had his family to care for, giving the children a fair education. He owns now 1,500 acres of good land, including a well-improved farm, and has the reputation among his neighbors of being one of the most progressive and one of the best farmers in Carroll county. He certainly ranks among the solidest and most substantial of the county's citizens. In 1865 Mr. Morris was married to Miss Fannie Morris, born in Meriwether county and daughter of William and Sarah (Avers) Morris. Fifteen children have blessed this union, of whom thirteen are living: Henry, Price. Alice, Lity, Warren, Terrell, Eugenia. Perdue. Anna. Sula. Edell. Attentions, and Pious. Mr. Benford is a master Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist church.

QEORGE A. BOXXER. fanner, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Zadoc am'. Lucy ^Ridgeway) Bonner, was born in Carroll county in 1844. His
great-grandfather was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. His grandparents. Zauoc and (Johnson 1) Bonner, were natives of Georgia, and his
grandfather \\as borr. during ihe revolutionary war. Mr. Bonner's father was born in Oarke county. Ga.. in 1804. and was reared there on a farm and removed to Carroll county In 18.20,. He was a man of great energy, progressive and ag gressive, and possessed unusual force of character. During the Indian war he raised a company, but the war closed before he could be mustered in. Although the county was always overwhelmingly democratic and he was a whig in politics, he was repeatedly elected a justice of the inferior court. When he moved to Carroll county he settled in the woods, lived to accumulate a very large estate and to become o:ie of the county's most influential and honored citizens. His maternal grandparent. Drury Ridgeway. was an old settler of Georgia, who subsequently wen: to Alabama. Mr. Bonner was reared on the farm and received his early education in the common schools of the county. He then en tered Bowdon college, where he was when the civil war began. In 1862 he enlisted in Company D. Capt. William Tumlin. First Georgia regiment, and served about eighteen months, during which time he participated in many hard-fought battles, among them Richmond. Ky.. Frankfort. Shelbyville. Camp Dick Robinson. Perryville. Crab Orchard. Murfreesboro. Stor.e Hill, Winchester, Tulhhonia. Munfordville. etc. Returning home he was engaged in gathering saltpeter and lead for the Confederate government until the surrender, and then he returned to the old farm where he now lives. His last service was the bearing of a dispatch from Jacksonville. Ala., to La Grange. Ga. When he reached his destination he found La Grange in the hands of the Union forces, but he was sharp enough to escape capture. He has been a jury commissioner for the last five years. Mr. Bonner was married in 1872 to Miss Mattie E., daughter of Green and Martha (Freeze'' McGuire. of Irish descent, but among the early set tlers: To Mr. and Mrs. Bonner eight children have been born: Zadoc M., Ola G.. George L.. Bessie B.. Flora I.. Lona Me.. Georgia and Ruth X. Mrs. Bonner. v.-ho was a devoted member of the Methodist church, died in 1893. Mr. Bonner has been 3. master Mason since he has become of "full age" and is one of Carroll's public spirited and progressive citizens. His family for generations have been among the most prominent and respected, but having been members of the minority party before the \var seldom held office. This family is related by blood to that so pnrr.ir.ent in Xew York.

CARROL.L. COUNTY SKETCHES.

413

g J. BROWN, ordinary of Carroll county, Carrollton, Ga., son of Samuel and Ruth T. (Brooks) Brown, was born in Newton county, Ga., in 1842. His
grandfather, Burrell Brown, came to Georgia late in the last century and settled in
the woods. .Mr. Brown's father was born in Burke county, Ga., in 1800. After receiving his education he taught school a number of years himself, finally settling on some lands in the woods in Newton county, living alone and working hard to
open a farm. In 1836 he married his wife, a daughter of Terrell Brooks, and reared a family of nine children. In 1854 he removed to Carroll county, where the future ordinary took his lessons in and enjoyed the beauties, and facilities of
pioneer life. Judge Brown was reared on the farm, and attended the common county schools. In 1861 he enlisted in Company B, Capt. Charles A. McDaniel, Cobb's legion, Gen. T. D. R. Cobb, and participated in many important battles; Dam No. i on the Peninsula, in April, 1862; the retreat toward Richmond; in the seven days' fight, Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862; Chancellorsville, May i, 1863, when he was wounded in making a charge on the enemy's breastworks, and returned home in June. Although disabled by the loss of the use of his arm, he determined to return to the army and to his company, and as he could do nothing else he carried water and waited on the sick and wounded, exhibiting a patriotic, self-sacrificing disposition very rare. After his return he participated in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Hanover Junction, Cold Harbor, Petersburg and several other battles, remaining in the field until July, 1864, when he was retired on account of disabilities. After the war he attended Bowdon college, remaining from 1867 until 1871, and then he taught school until 1875. In 1876 he was elected county school commissioner, and held the office eight years. From 1881 to 1884 he taught school again. In 1885 he was elected ordinary of the county, and has held the office continuously since. Judge Brown was married Jan. 10, 1871, to Miss Charlotte C, born in Lee county, Ala., a daughter of W. T. and Ann (Stringer) Colquitt, by whom he has had eight children: Ruth, Belle, Mary Lee, Helen, George C., Samuel D., Mattie and Lamar. Judge Brown is a Primitive, and his wife a Missionary Baptist. He has made an upright, faithful officer, is esteemed by everybody, and will probably hold the office as long as he wants it.

W F. BROWN, lawyer, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of James C. and
" Emily M. (Knight) Brown, was born in Carroll county in 1850. His grandfather, John Brown, was born in South Carolina, whence he came to Georgia
in ox-carts and settled in the woods on land now included in De Kalb county. They lived in tents until they cut the logs to build their cabin, and then cleared the land for cropping. In 1832, ten years after De Kalb county was laid off, he removed to Carroll county, organized a year or two before, and again settled in the woods,
practically repeating his experience in making the home he had left. Mr. Brown's father was born in what is now De Kalb county in 1815, and accompanied the family to its new home. His mother's parents, John C. and Emily (Hopkins)
Knight, were among CarroH's early settlers. Mr. Brown was reared in Carroll
county and received a good common school education. \Mien nineteen years of age he began teaching school and continued it seven years, and also began reading law. In 1876 he entered the literary department of the University of Georgia, and was graduated in 1878. He was admitted to the bar, and entered upon the practice of law in 1880, and has been eminently successful. He is recognized as being as
well read in law as the majority of the profession practicing in his. circuit, as one of its leading lawyers, and gains his share of the cases intrusted to his management. He has a good and growing clientage. No citizen stands higher or better in the estimation of the people than Mr. Brown. In 1884 he was elected to represent

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

Carroll countv in the general assembly and served the term. Mr. Brown was married in 1873 to Miss Emily, daughter of Archey and Malinda (George) Hagan. The father was one of the early settlers in Coweta county--the mother was born in
Jackson county, Ga. Of the eight children born to Mr. and Mrs. Brown these seven are living: Earl I., appointed to a cadetship at the West Point Military
academy, after passing a crucial competitive examination; Ralph S., Emily, Paul F., Willie G., Harry D., and Eveline. Mr. Brown is a member of the I. O. O. F., and in masonry a royal and select master. Himself and wife are working mem bers of the Methodist church--he being superintendent of the Sunday school. He
is also one of the trustees of the Hucheson Collegiate institute. He is now judge of Carroll City court under appointment of Ex-Gov. Xorthen. Altogether Mr. Brown is a thoroughgoing, progressive and most worthy citizen.

Q D. BUXT. farmer and merchant, Bowdon, Carroll Co., Ga.. son of John R. " and Frances J. (Morris) Bunt, was born in De Kalb county, Ga., in 1857.
His paternal grandfather. Thomas Bunt, was a native of South Carolina, and came to Georgia early in this century. He was a soldier during the revolutionary war. Mr. Bunt's father was born in South Carolina in 1825, and came to Georgia with his parents when a child. In 1861 he enlisted in Capt. Potts' company for two years, and in 1863 re-enlisted and served until the surrender. He had acquired a large property before the war. but lost it all; and when he returned from the army he had to make a new start. His maternal grandparents, Obadiah and Sarah (Binion^i Morris, were native Georgians. Mr. Bunt was reared on a farm, and as the war was raging, and school facilities were limited, during his boyhood he was favored with but limited schooling. But he had capacity, and with it ambition and pluck, and so he pressed forward in the race of life. Without money, but with the qualities mentioned, he is fairly on the road to wealth and position. He now owns a 35O-acre farm of fine land, and has supplemented his farm with a general mer chandise store, building up a good trade and largely increasing his income. Mr. Bunt was married in 1884 to Miss Xora P., daughter of L. J. and Ada J. (Hood) Aderhold. all born in Carroll county. Her father was a son of G. W. Aderhold, who was born in 1843. and served gallantly in the Confederate army under Gen. Bragg. and was a physician of some note. Three children have blessed this union: Ethel. Leola and Hettie. Mr. and Mrs. Bunt are members of the Methodist church, with cheering prospects of a prosperous and happy future.

J AMES W. BURXS. farmer. Bowdon, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Samuel and Jane ! Morris) Burns, was born in Florida, Dec. 19, 1838. His grandfather on his
father's side, James Burns, came from Ireland to the United States early in this century, settled in Xorth Carolina, and was a soldier in the war of 1812. He was a near relative of the poet, Robert Burns. In 1835 ne came to Georgia and settled and cleared a farm in Henry county. Some years subsequently he re moved to Carroll count}- and settled. Mr. Burns' father was born in Ireland, in 1804. came to this country with his father, and with the family from North Carolina to Georgia. His grandparents on his mother's side, William and Hannah Morris, were natives of Virginia, whence they came to Georgia and made their home in De Kalb count}', being among the county's pioneer settlers. Mr. Burns was reared on the farm, received only the limited education obtainable between "layingby" and "fodder-pulling" time at the old-time school house two and a half miles
away. In early manhood he taught school two years. In 1861 he enlisted in Company E (Capt James Blalock), First Georgia cavalry; for a while he was with Gen. Forrest, and afterward with Gen. Wheeler. To have been with either

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415

of those generals means that he saw as much continuous hard service and bore a
part in as much hard fighting as any one during the war. He was engaged
in the battles of Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and Franklin, and was with Johnston and Hood all the way to Atlanta; and under
Wheeler made the raid all the way to Nashville, and was with the forces that
harassed Sherman when "marching through Georgia;" while in the service he was sergeant of his company. After the war he returned to Georgia. Mr. Burns was married in 1865 to Miss Elizabeth F. Moore--born in Henry county--
daughter of Harrison Moore, a native of Georgia, who removed from Henry
to Carroll county, and who, though starting poor, lived to become rich. To the happiness of this household eleven children were added, nine of whom are living: Sarah ]., Lula, James M., Beulah, Benjamin L., Samuel H., Ed, Katie and Joseph. After his marriage he began life without a dollar, but by hard work, economy and good management he has accumulated a fine property, includ
ing 1,000 acres of excellent land, with an improved farm and a delightful home
in Bowdon. He is solid, substantial, popular. Mrs. Burns is a member of the Missionary Baptist church.

WILLIAM B. CANDLER, merchant, Villa Rica, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Samuel C.and Martha (Beall) Candler, was born in Carroll county in 1847.
An ancestor of the family, which is one among the most distinguished in Georgia at this time, was an officer in Cromwell's army. Mr. Candler's great-grandfather,
William C. Candler, came from Ireland to America before the revolutionary war and was an officer in the patriot army. His paternal grandparents, Daniel and Sarah (Slaughter) Candler, were native Georgians. Mr. Candler's father was born in Upson county, Ga., in 1809, and removed to Carroll count}- in 1832, where he began life by working in the gold mines at $6 a month. His life success affords another and striking illustration of the opportunities this country affords for acquiring fortunes and achieving distinction. He served as a justice of the inferior court of the county a number of years; he represented the county in the general assembly--once as senator and twice as representative--and was in Charleston in 1860 at the democratic presidential convention. He was one of
eleven children, all of whom are living but one; he was a "live" member of the masonic fraternity, and at the age of sixty joined the Methodist church. From a poorly-paid workingman he rose to wealth and honor and lived to a ripe old age. Mr. Candler's maternal grandparents, Noble and Justain (Hooper) Beall,
were of Scotch descent and early settlers in Georgia. Mr. Candler was reared on the farm within a mile of where he now lives, and- attended school at the
"regulation" log school house. But, as during his youthhood war raged the fiercest, and there was the direst necessity for field labor, his educational advan tages were seriously curtailed. After the war ended he taught school six months and after that (1868) embarked in the mercantile business, in which he has been exceptionally successful. In 1871 Mr. Candler was married to Miss Lizzie Slaugh ter--born in Carroll county--daughter of Dr. J. T. and Melvina (Freeman) Slaugh
ter. Dr. Slaughter was a leading and one of the most prominent physicians in the state. Four children blessed this happy union: Eugene, Florence, Lizzie and William B. Mr. Candler and two of the children are members of the Presbyterian
church, and Mrs. Candler and the other two children are members of the Methodist church. Mr. Candler rates high in the commercial world as a man of practical
business and financial ability, while in social life himself and family are outranked
by none.

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

VV A. COLEMAX. farmer and banker, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of
* Henry A. and Sarah Ann (Banics) Colcinan, was born in 1838. His paternal grandparent, George Coleman, was a native of South Carolina, and came from that state to Georgia early in this century. His father was born in Putnain
county. Gn., in 1814. was reared a fanner, and was a soldier in the Indian war of 1836. For many years he was bailiff, and also a major of militia in Cobb county. Ga.. when to be a major was something of a distinction locally. He was a prominent member of the Missionary Baptist church. His maternal grand parents. James and Sarali (McKcnzie) Barues. were among the early settlers of Lincoln county. Ga. Mr. Coleman was reared on a farm in De Kalb county, and what little education he received was at the old-time log school so many times described elsewhere in this volume, and in obtaining it had to go three or four miles barefooted. In October. 1861. he enlisted in Company E (.Capt. Sharpe"), First Georgia cavalry, and continued in the service until April 26. 1865. He was in many hard-fought battles, notably Chickamauga, Resaca, Kennesaw and Marietta all the way to Atlanta and Savannah. He was on the skirmish line when Stoneman surrendered, and although he \vas neither wounded nor captured during the war. he narrowly escaped both. A spirit of enterprise and adventure took him to Honduras. Central America, in 1868, when he carried with him the necessary machinery and implements to engage extensively in saw-milling, fruit growing and cane-culture. He sawed the first lumber ever sawed and baled the first cotton ever haled for shipment in that country. His extensive manufacturing, agriculture anil property interests in Honduras are now in charge of his son, William I-"., who resides there. From that source he derives a very large income, in addition to that from a large, well-improved farm in Carroll county, for, in addition to successfully managing enterprises so large and so remote, he prides himself on being one of the best fanners in his county. His success in every thing he has undertaken has been phenomenal. He changed his residence from his farm to Carrollton. where he has an elegant home, so as to educate his children. He is one of the directors of the Carrollton bank. Mr. Coleman was married in 1858 to Miss Cynthia Riggs bom in Butts county, Ga. daughter of John and Jane (Florence) Riggs. early settlers. Mr. Riggs was bom in South Carolina, ran away from home and came to Georgia when sixteen years oi age. and after ward became a Baptist minister of note. This wife died in 18/7, leaving one child. \Villiam F.. now in Honduras. In January. 18/9, Mr. Coleman married Miss Clara, daughter of Valentine and Eliza (Gant) Kolb, a family of wealth, and among the first settlers of Meriwether county, Ga. By this marriage two
children have been born to him Laura and James. Mrs. Coleman is a member of the Missionary Baptist church and Mr. Coleman is a master Mason.

UEXRY F. CRAWFORD, fanner. Temple, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Gallant and Katie Crawford. was born in what is now Spalding county, in 1846. His
paternal grandfather. William Crawford. was a native Virginian, came to Georgia in ox-carts in iSio. and settled in the woods. He was a soldier in the war of 1812.
Mr. Crawfords father was born in what is now Henry county, in 1816, and was reared a farmer, and followed farming all his life. He was a soldier in tlie Indian
war of 1836. His maternal grandparents were among the first settlers and wealthy
citizens of that part of the state. Mr. Crawford was reared on the farm and had to
work hard, and so had to be content with a very limited education. In 1864 he
enlisted in Company F (CapL Thomas). Phillips legion, and, although his service
was not lengthy, it was rough and arduous. He participated in the Bellfield creek raid three days* fighting the battle of Petersburg, and the stirring- events

CARROLL, COUNTY SKETCHES.
of the closing scenes of the war. He was in the engagement at Orangeburg, S. C., and Salisbury. N. C., and was at Charlotte, N. C, at the time of the surrender. After the war he came home and engaged in farming. In 1870, Mr. Crawford was married to Miss Nancy, daughter of John and Eliza (Weidner) Lee. Mr. Lee, her father, was born in Kentucky in 1818, and when seventeen years of age ran away from home and came to Georgia with some hog drivers, and never returned. Having fine business capacity, and being a shrewd trader he became very rich, but the war about ruined him. When Air. Crawford married he was very poor, but not discouraged, and his wife proved a helpmeet, indeed; she worked with him in the field during the day, and at night spun and wove the cloth and made the clothing for the family. Thus they worked together and struggled on as plain farmers, until now he has a good 2oo-acre farm and comfortable home where he lives, and, nearby a 25o-acre tract of choice land. To them six children have been born: Alice, wife of Cas Cantrell; Robert, Frank, William H., Rilla, and O. V. Mr. and Mrs. Crawford are members of the Missionary Baptist church, content with their success in life, and happy in the consciousness of having the confidence and esteem of their neighbors. CLISHA CREEL, farmer, Mandeville, Carroll Co., Ga., son of George and
Harriet (Belcher) Creel, was born in Fayette county, Ga., in 1847. His maternal grandfather, William Belcher, was a Clayton county, Ga., pioneer and was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Creel's father was bom in what is now Monroe county, in 1816; but while yet a young man he removed to Fayette county, among its earliest settlers, settled in the woods and cleared a farm. From this small beginning he has become by hard work and economy, and careful management, one of the wealthiest men in the county. Mr. Creel was reared on the farm and received but a limited education. In 1866, he married Mary Ann Miller--born in Campbell county--daughter of Jefferson and Eliza (Eidson) Miller, early settlers of Campbell county. Of thirteen children born to them these nine are living: George J., Joe, Wile}', Robert, Alice, Alvin, Hattie, Mary and Anna. Mr. Creel began life without a dollar and for some years had a very hard time. He moved to Carroll county in 1869 and in a few years began to prosper. He has now an excellent 75o-acre farm, well improved, is recognized as one of the best farmers in the county, and is getting rich. He is another and a convincing example of what can be done in farming in Georgia when the farmer works intelligently, and works hard and early and late, saves a surplus and judiciously invests it. He commands the confidence and respect of all who know him. Mrs. Creel is a member of the Baptist church. J OHN F. CULPEPPER, SR., Whitesburg, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Joel and
Elizabeth (Whitaker) Culpepper, was born in Coweta county, Ga., May 17, 1835. His paternal grandfather, Malachi Culpepper, was one of the early settlers of Morgan county, and was a soldier in the revolutionary war. His maternal grandparents, John and Polly Whitaker (nee Holliway), were among the early settlers of Coweta county. His father was born in Morgan county, April i, 1802, where he was reared, and lived until 1827, when he removed to Coweta county and settled in the woods. Mr. Culpepper was reared in Coweta county, and received a good common school education, earning the money himself that paid his school expenses one year. In 1855, he engaged as a clerk in a store in Carrollton, and after one year's experience "opened up" for himself, and continued in business until 1862, when he enlisted in Company B, Seventh regiment, Confederate cavalry (Capt. L. J. Smith). At the end of a year he hired a substitute, and entered 1-27

4lS

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

into a contract with the secretary of war to gather material for the manufacture of ammunition for the armies, which contract continued until the surrender. After
the war he entered mercantile life again in Xewnan, Ga., and in 1877 lost even-
thing, and went on the farm where he now lives. He made two starts in life, and failed to attain his end: but in his last undertaking, that of farming, he has suc ceeded beyond his most sanguine expectations, and rightly feels proud and
exultant over his success. Mr. Culpeppcr was married in 1857 to Miss Epsie Boon--born in Carroll county--daughter of Jesse and Xancy (Lester) Boon, old
settlers of the county. To them five children have been born--three living:
I.ucinda. wife of \V. C. Rranan: Anna, wife of T. E. Waken; and Vela. Mrs. C'ulpeppcr is a member of the Methodist church, and he is a royal arch Mason.
Mr. Culpcpper is a wide-awake, progressive fanner, and very much respected by all who know him.

P M. FIEDLER. retired fanner. Villa Rica. Carroll Co.. Ga., son of Terrell and Rebecca (Xolant Fiedler. was born in Morgan county, Ga., in 1823. His
great-grandparents. Jasper and Mary (Stewart) Fiedler, came from England to America before the revolutionary war. and settled in Virginia. Among the passengers aboard the same vessel was a Welsh family named Stewart--husband and wife and little daughter. The parents died during the voyage, and the little girl was reared by a family named Fiedler. She afterward became the wife of James Fiedler and lived to be nearly 100 years old. Mr. Fiedlers grandparents, James and Sally (Benga) Fiedler. migrated from Virginia to Georgia and settled in the woods in Grccne county, whence in a few years they removed to what is now Morgan county and cleared another farm, where they made a permanent home and remained until they died--he in 1813 and she in 1830, aged seventy years. Mr. Fiedler's father was bom in what is now Morgan county in 1797, and was a soldier in the war of iSiz. On reaching manhood he was ordained a minister of the Missionary Baptist church, and preached in Morgan and adjoining
counties. Having drawn some land in Meriwether county for his services in the war of 181.2. himself and his brother-in-law, Sam. Harris, removed to Meriwetlier county, in 1833. They settled in the dense unbroken forest, in which Indians and
wild animals roamed and prowled at will. His father organized a Baptist church --the first in that part of the state--in an old dilapidated log house, which had been built and used for a sheep pen. He afterward, in 1851, moved to Tallapoosa county. Ala., where he died in 1873. aged seventy-six years, peacefully closing a life faithfully spent in doing good and preaching the gospel. His maternal grand parents. George and Rebecca Xolan. were natives of South Carolina, who, coming to Georgia, settled near Madison. Morgan county. Mr. Fiedler was mostly
reared in Meriwether county, and had the benefit of but a few months' schooling, and that was obtained at the old sheep pen where his father organized the church, after a four-mile walk, barefooted. He began life with nothing. ind the first land he had he bought on credit, and before the war owned a 6oo-acre farm and ten slaves. Farming has been the pursuit of his life: and, although not wealthy, he has a fine farm, and a beautiful, comfortable home in Villa Rica. He served as notary public, ex-officio justice of the peace, two years. He was too old for regular service in the army, but served about six months in the Home guard. Mr. Fiedler was married in 1848 to Miss Martha Dobbs--born in South Carolina-- daughter of Silas and Xancy (Myerst Dobbs. natives of South Carolina, who settled in Carroll county, in 1852. To them four children have been born, two of
whom are living:: Rebecca, wife of Dr. G. W. Strickland: and Silas O.. who married Florence, daughter of William Candler. Mr. Fiedler joined the church

CAKROLL. COUNTY SKETCHES.

419

when seventeen years of age and has lived a consistent Christian life; and himself and his devoted companion are both members of the Missionary Baptist church.

W. FITTS, physician and surgeon, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Walker " and Ann P. (Christian) Fitts, was born in Elbert county, Ga., in 1830. His grandfather, Tandy Fitts, was born in Virginia, and was a soldier during the revolutionary war. His father was also born in Virginia, and came to Elbert county and settled in the woods in 1820. In 1829 he went to Monroe county, Ga., and again cleared a farm in the woods. His grandfather on his mother's side, William Christian, was born in Virginia, moved to Georgia, and was among Elbert's early settlers. Dr. Fitts was reared in Monroe county, aiid was edu cated in an old-time log schoolhouse with dirt floor, lighted through apertures cut in the logs, the seats being of slabs from the near-by sawmill, with holes bored in them in which to insert the legs. There he was instructed in the old blue-back Webster's speller, reading, writing, and in Smiley's arithmetic, by Prof. Newnan.
In after years he attended a good school, taught school himself and studied medicine. In 1856 he went to Atlanta, placed himself tinder the preceptorship of Drs. J. G. and W. F. Westmoreland, and entered Atlanta Medical college, where he graduated in 1860, and located in Calhoun county, Ala. In 1861 he
enlisted in Company K (Capt. Ridley), Forty-fourth Alabama regiment (Col. Dent). Before the command went to the army he was made surgeon. He remained in the service until 1863, when he resigned on account of sickness and returned home. Dr. Fitts was married in 1855 to Miss A. W. Brown--born in Newton county--daughter of Samuel and Ruth (Brooks) Brown, who has brrne him six children: Emma, wife of C. B. Simonton; William L., M. D., a graduate of the Atlanta medical college, and eleven years in practice; Robert H., druggist; Anna, wife of R. N. Moses, postmaster, Carrollton, Ga.; Eugenia, wife of Frank Weens, of Rome, Ga., and James W., merchant. Dr. Fitts moved to Carrollton in 1863, took the lead there at once in his profession, has established a large and remunerative practice, and enjoys the esteem and confidence of his fellow citizens. He has been a Mason since 1855, and is a member of the Council of Royal and Select Masters. He has filled all the offices below that of W: M.
in the blue lodge, and was a representative of the lodge many years. Himself and wife and family are members of the Baptist church.

JUDSON T. FULLER, farmer, Villa Rica, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Alfred and Aroanda (Evans) Fuller, was born in Meriwether county, Ga., in 1851. His
paternal grandparent, William Fuller, was a native of South Carolina, and came to Georgia in 1828 and settled in the woods in Meriwether county. He was one of the pioneers, started on labor and pluck, and became one of the county's leading and wealthy citizens. Mr. Fuller's father was born in South Carolina, came to Georgia with his father, and helped to clear and then work the farui. His maternal grandparents, Elijah and Mary (Reed) Evans, were also natives of South Carolina, who came to Georgia about the time Meriwether county was laid out, and were among the early settlers in its woods. He was a tanner by trade and became rich. Mr. Fuller was reared on the farm, and as he passed through youth during the war enjoyed quite limited educational advantages. In 1866 he came to Carroll county and began life by hiring out. By persistent, well-
directed effort, economy and good management he has acquired a fine property-- 1,400 acres of good land, including a large, well-improved farm within five miles of Villa Rica, and an elegant home in the little city, where he is living a con tented life, happier than if he were a millionaire. Such men are the nation's

420

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

reliance in extreme emergencies. Mr. Fuller was married in 1872 to Miss Mary E. Johnson--born in Walton count}-, Ga.--daughter of William and Elizabeth
(Malcom) Johnson. This marriage has been blessed with seven children: Beulah, Lela, Maggie, Hardy, Thomas, Maude and De \VitL Mrs. Fuller is a consistent
and devoted member of the Baptist church. It is almost needless to add that Mr. Fuller is one of the little city's most substantial and reliable citizens, and he
and his interesting family rank with the best

A LLEX M. GAY, farmer, Bowdon, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Gilbert and Sarah ^Stamps) Gay, was born in Coweta county in i83i.,His paternal grandparents,
Alien and Abigail (Castleberry) Gay, were Virginians by birth, and he was a
soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. Some years after that they migrated to Georgia and settled in Hancock county--bona fide pioneers.
Here Mr. Gay'i father was born in 1811. When he was thirteen years of age
he went to Wilkinson county, Ga., whence a few years afterward he moved to
Coweta county. In 1848 he removed to Heard county and settled on Jumping Creek, where he ended his days. Mr. Gay's mother was a daughter of Moses and Ann (Eason) Stamps, who came to Georgia and settled in the woods in Jackson county in 1795. He cleared a farm and also did work as a gun and blacksmith. Leaving Jackson, he went to Gwinnett, and after two years went to Clarke county, where he staid two years, and then went back to Jackson count}-. From Jackson
he went to Fayette. and lastly to Coweta county, where he died. June 29, 1894, Eson Stamps. Mr. Gay's uncle, his mother's brother, was one hundred years old, and he was given a birthday dinner--spread picnic style on the grass under the trees--at Mr. Gay's home. There were about 500 people there, of whom he fed 300. The Grandfather Stamps was a soldier during the war of 1812. in the wars with the Indians, and was captain of a company in the Indian war of 1836. Mr.
Gay was reared a farmer, and was given such education as the schools afforded during his boyhood--taught as they were in log houses, with dirt floor and slab or split log seats. In 1851 he was married to Miss Martha Stamps--born in Jack
son county in 1622--daughter of Eson and Polly (AVatts) Stamps, who has borne
him five children, of whom only one, Sarah F., wife of Jeff Butler, is now living. When he married himself and wife had but one change of clothing, but now he has a well-improved 35O-acre farm and is a well-to-do farmer. Himself and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist church and are much respected by all who know them.

JAMES P. GRIFFIN, merchant. Temple, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Charles W.
and Sarah '.Xew; Grimn. was born in De Kalb county in 1838. His paternal grandparent. Tames P. Griffin, was a native of South Carolina, came to Georgia
in 1818. and settled in what is now De Kalb county. At that time they had to tramp their wheat out on the floor. He was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Griffin's father was born in Abbeville district S. C. in 1811, came to Georgia with his parents when he was seven years old, and was reared on the farm originally
settled. He followed farming all his life, was a soldier in the Indian war in 1836, and was a member of the Methodist church. His maternal grandparent, Joel Xew, was a native of South Carolina and among the early settlers of De Kalb county.
Mr. Griffin was reared on a farm in Carroll county, where he went with the

plow thro'jgh briar patches ar.f his feet would get so badly torn he could hardly

CARROLL, COUNTY SKETCHES.

421

walk. After he became of age he "boarded himself" and went to scnool. In 1862 lie enlisted in Company E (Capt. Blalock), First Georgia cavalry, and during the war was in many hard-fought battles, among them Richmond, Ky., Wheeler's Gap, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Resaca, and thence to Atlanta and on to Macon. At the time of surrender he was at Greensborough, X. C. He was in numerous minor engagements, and during his service had several horses shot from under him, but was so fortunate as to escape being wounded or captured. A part of the time he acted as orderly-sergeant. After the war Mr. Griffin worked a farm at fifty cents a day and taught school. Struggling on, working hard, and saving
his money, he at last came into the ownership of a soo-acre farm of good land, and well improved. In 1881 he engaged in a general merchandising business at Temple, where he has built up a good and profitable trade and has made and is making money. For six years he served as justice of the peace. Intelligent,
industrious, and economical, in connection with energy and judicious enterprise,
it may be expected his achieved success will be far exceeded by that of the
future. Mr. Griffin was married in 1868 to Miss Sarah A. Adams--born and reared in Carroll county--daughter of Absalom and Elizabeth (Reid) Adams, by
whom he has had seven children: Joseph, Ryburn, M. E., Bettie M., Lewis, Ella and Claudie. Mr. Griffin is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and himself and wife and all the children except the baby are members of the MeLhodist church.

D L. GRIFFIN, farmer, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Charles W. and Sarah (New) Griffin, was born in De Kalb county, Ga., in 1848. His father
was born in what is now De Kalb county in 1812, where he was reared a farmer,
and moved to Carroll county in 1850. He settled on a farm about eight miles from Carrollton. His mother was the daughter of John and Mary New. Mr. Griffin was reared mostly in Carroll county, a plain farmer, and was educated at
the "old field" school, taught in a log cabin. After reaching manhood he taught school about ten years and then engaged in farming. In 1887 he was elected tax collector and served two terms (four years) and discharged the duties of that
office to the entire satisfaction of the people. In 1869 Mr. Griffin was married to Miss Georgia Holmes--born in Coweta county--daughter of Thomas and Mary Holmes, by whom he has had nine children: Charles M., Mattie, Thomas, Percy, Herbert, Mary, Lee, Ellen and Barron. Starting with nothing, Mr. Griffin has now
one of the best improved farms, containing 360 acres, in his localitv, and is well thought of as a wide-awake, progressive farmer. Himself and wife are members
of the Methodist church.

C E. GROW, lawyer, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Paschal P. and Elmyra * (Wollcott) Grow, was born in Carroll county in 1851. The family is of Eng
lish origin, and among the early settlers of Vermont, in the person of John Grow,
the great-great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch. His great-grandparents were Joseph and Tirszah (Sangor) Grow, and his grandparents were Samuel and
Jenishia (Stowell) Grow. His great-grandfather and his grandfather were soldiers in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. His parents were school teach ers, and migrated from Vermont to Georgia, and settled in the woods in Carroll county in 1836--bona fide "pioneers." In the early history of the county his father was one of its leading citizens. Three of his sons were in the Confederate army: Paschal P., who was in the battle of Manassas, died while in the service; Jacob C, now a Presbyterian minister in Llano, Tex., and Lewis K., who was
killed in the charge at Petersburg. Mr. Grow's father died in 1861. Mr. Grow was reared in the county and received a good common school education. He

422

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

began teaching in 1874, also read law and was admitted to the bar in Florida, May 10, 1875. Returning to Georgia, he was admitted to the bar in Carrollton,
June i, 1875, and has been in the practice in Carrollton ever since, holding his
own with his professional compeers. No one of the local bar outranks him, and he is held in the highest esteem professionally, politically and socially. A safe
counselor, and an able and impressive advocate, he has secured a valuable client age which is augmented every year. In 1882 he was mayor of Carrollton. He was chairman of the democratic fourth congressional committee in 1892, and for
four years was chairman of the democratic executive committee of his county and has been re-elected for another term. In 1893 he was appointed clerk to the committee on pensions in the fifty-third congress. He has been a delegate to several state conventions, but although he has always taken great interest in poli
tics, he has never sought or been a candidate for office. Mr. Grow was married
in 1877 to Miss Lenora, daughter of Col. Charles A. and Victoria A. (Hines) McDaniel. Her father was colonel of the Forty-first Georgia regiment, and was
killed at the battle at Perryville, Ky. When the civil war began he was president of the college at Bowdon, Carroll Co.--a college and town which he founded-- and very many of his pupils went with him into the army. To Mr. and Mrs.
Grow these children have been born: Samuel E., Dudley M., Victor D., Elmyra, Stepnen and Helen. Mrs. Grow was born in Bowdon. Mr. Grow is a member of the I. O. O. F., and is a member of the council and a select master, of which he has been thrice illustrious master. He has also been worshipful master of his
local lodge seven years. He is now district grand deputy. Himself and wife are members of the Presbyterian church. A record such as Mr. Crow's needs no comment--it speaks for itself with emphasis.

A RTHUR D. HARMAX, a farmer, and engaged in milling and cotton ginning business, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of William M. and
Nancy (Dillard) Harman, was born in Monroe county, Ga., Nov. 14, 1832.
His great-grandfather, Hezekiah Harman, emigrated from England to Vir ginia some years before the revolutionary war, and then moved to North Carolina. His grandparents, Merriman and Nellie (May) Harman, were born in North Carolina, migrated to Georgia in 1828, settled first in Monroe coun ty, and then went among the first settlers to Meriwether county. There they lived the first year on a dirt floor, and as there was no sawmill near, he split out
puncheon with which to lay a floor. Mr. Harman's father was born in Chatham county, X. C., in 1805, where he grew to manhood; then (1826) he came to Georgia and settled in the woods. In 1830 he was married to Nancy, daughter of Arthur and Mary (Abney) Dillard, who were born in South Carolina, and
moved thence to Georgia and settled in Jones county in 1826. Both families for generations were farmers. To this union five children were born: Eliza J., Emeline E., Nancy A., Martha F. and Arthur D., the subject of this sketch--
all of whom are now living except the eldest daughter. Mr. Harman was reared
in Meriwether county and was schooled in the log cabin of that day and locality, with dirt flocr, puncheon seats, a chimney made of clay and sticks and square
holes cut through the logs for windows. The only time he had for schooling
was between ' ;laying-by" and "fodder-pulling" time. Before the war he was cap tain of the militia, when the position had some local distinction, but in 1861 he enlisted as a private in Company A (Capt J. D. Frederick), Tenth Georgia battalion (Maj. Rylander). He was on some of the most hotly contested fields--the Wilder
ness, Petersburg. Davis Farm, Blow Up, Deep Bottom, Turkey Ridge, Hatcher's Run, Suffolk, etc. After Suffolk he was transferred to Gen. Ranse Wright's bri-

CARROLL COUNTY SKETCHES.

423

gade and remained with it until the surrender at Appomattox. For a considerable
time during the war he acted as commissary, and in this position was faithful
and prompt in the discharge of every duty. After the war he returned to his farm and has since engaged in farming. In .1892 he moved to Carrollton and
invested in milling and cotton-ginning. Mr. Harman was married in 1857 to
Miss Jane I. Fincher--born in Troup county--daughter of Isaac and Elizabeth (Brooks) Fincher, who were among the early settlers of Meriwether county. To them eight children have been born: William I., born March 26, 1859; Arthur D.,
born July II, 1861; John A., born July 13, 1864; Betsy B., born February 15,
1867; James R., born March 3, 1870; Luther M., born Jan. 26, 1872; Edgar S., born March 21, 1875, and Anna I., born Nov. 12, 1878. Mr. Harman is a royal arch Mason and himself and wife are members of the Baptist church. He is a
man in whom everybody has the utmost confidence and possesses no inconsid erable influence,, and he and family are highly esteemed.

SAMPSON W. HARRIS, judge of Coweta circuit, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Sampson W. and Paulina (Thomas) Harris, was born in Alabama, in
1838. His great-grandfather, Simpson Harris, was a native of Wales, and emi grated to Virginia before the revolutionary war. He came to Georgia in 1795 and settled in the woods. His grandparents were Stephen W. and Sarah (Watkins) Harris. His grandfather was one of the first graduates of the university of Georgia, Athens, Ga., was an eminent lawyer, and for many years a judge of the superior court. The father of the subject of this sketch was born in Elbert county, Ga., Feb. 23, 1809, graduating from the university of Georgia in 1828, and removed to Ala bama in 1837, where he practiced law and rose rapidly professionally and politic ally. He represented the Fourth congressional district of Alabama for ten years and died in Washington, while in congress, in April, 1857. Judge Harris was reared on the plantation, and received a good common school education. He entered the university of Georgia, in 1853, anc' graduated in 1857; studied law and was admitted to the bar in Oglethorpe county, Ga., and entered upon the practice. In 1861 he enlisted in Company K (Capt. John T. Lofton) Sixth Georgia regiment, which was assigned to Gen. A. H. Colquitt's command. He served through the war, and was in many hard fought battles. He was seriously wounded and was captured by Sherman's army just before the surrender, but was paroled. He entered the army as first lieutenant, and was gradually promoted until he reached a colonelcy just before the close of the war. After the war he planted a few years, in Chambers county, Ala., and then resumed his law practice. He moved into Georgia in the seventies, and was a member of the constitutional convention of 1877. That same year, also, he was appointed solicitor-general of the Coweta circuit, which office he held until 1880, when he was elected judge of the circuit--a position he still holds. In May, 1894, Gov. Northen tendered him the office of secretary of state to fill a vacancy, but he declined the appointment. In 1866 Judge Harris was married in Alabama to Miss Lucy, daughter of Henry and Emily (Watkins) Todd. This union lias been blessed with six children: H. F., physician, graduate of Atlanta medical college, and of Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, been in practice three years; Sampson; Stephen, graduate of Atlanta medical college; Isabella, Paulina, and Lucy. Judge Harris is a master Mason.
HAMILTON HOGAN, farmer, Whitesburg, Carroll Co., Ga., son of James and Elizabeth (Spraggins) Hogan, was born in Pendleton district, South
Carolina, March i, 1820. His paternal grandparents, William and Nancy (Dillard)

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Hogan, \verc Virginian born: and Mr. Hogan was a soldier in the revolutionary army. His maternal grandparent, Thomas Spraggins, was a native South Carolinian, and a soldier in the patriot army during the war for independence. In 1824. Mr. Hogan's father came from South Carolina to Georgia, settled in Habersham county, and rented a farm with a cabin on it preparatory to bringing his family. In 1825 lie went for some needed articles, and to bring them he cut two poles to serve as shafts, and fastening the box containing his articles on one end, hitched his horse between the poles at the other end. He then put little five-yearold Hamilton, the subject of this sketch, on his horse, and returned to Georgia, lie walking all the way. This shows one of the methods by which the "Empire State of the South" was peopled. In 1832 his father moved to Coweta county and cleared a farm on which he ended his days. Mr. Hogan attended school in the old-time schoolhouse, and after he ''graduated" he taught school himself five years, by which he earned his first money. He next engaged in farming, which has been his life pursuit, in which he has been successful, and acquired a compe tency. In 1862. he enlisted in Company H, third Georgia battalion (Col. Stovall) and served one year, when his health failed and he was discharged. As soon as he recovered his health he re-enlisted, this time in Company H, of which he was made orderly sergeant. Sixty-sixth Georgia regiment (Col. Xesbit). He was captured at Decatur, Ala., and after being held some time was paroled. While at home the conflict terminated, and he is now the proud possessor of two one-hundred-dollar bills paid him for his services. Although he was not wounded during his service in the army, the numerous perforations in his clothes show how narrowly he escaped not only wounds but death. He was in the battle of Missionary Ridge, and the charge on Peachtree creek, and many other engagements. In 1876 he was elected a representative from Carroll county to the general assembly, and was re-elected in 1878, but did not serve out the term. He is now serving his second year as county commissioner, and while sen-ing as such he was largely instru mental in having erected the really elegant new courthouse, as good as any in the state, and. all things considered, one of the cheapest Air. Hogan was mar ried in 1846 to Miss Jane Watson--born in Carroll county--daughter of Tyre and Clarissa (Sockwell) Watson--Georgia born--by whom he has had nine children: Helen, wife of J. T. Jones: Elizabeth, wife of L. J. Jones; Sarah J., wife of John A. Byers: Ellen M., wife of X. C. Morris: Fannie, James T. and Gus A., who are living; and Louisa J., wife of Henry G- Jennings; and Hepsie A., wife of John W. Duncan, deceased. Mr. Hogan is one of the most substantial and influential citi zens of Carroll county, and is held in the highest esteem by even-body. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is a useful and exemplar}- member of the Methodist church.

JOHX HOUSEWORTH, farmer, Whitesburg, Carroll Co., Ga., son of John J. and Catherine (Lyons) Houseworth, was born in Carroll county, in 1848. His
grandparents on his father's side were Philip and Katie (Hollensworth) Houseworth. His grandfathers parents came from Germany to America before the revolutionary war, and his father dying when he was quite a child he was reared by a charitable institution in South Carolina. After reaching manhood and mam-ing he came to Georgia and settled first in Xewton county, and aftenvard moved to De Kalb county. Here.Mr. Houseworth's father was reared and married his wife, daughter of George and Kate Lyons, of English descent. Of ten children reared three sons enlisted in the Confederate army: Robert and Abraham, in Company K (Capt. Bark), Seventh Georgia regiment, which was in Early's com mand. Robert was a lieutenant, and he with his brother were in all the engage-

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425

ments in which his company bore a part, and was wounded at Knoxville, Tenn. Philip was in the western army under Capt. Kendrick. Mr. Houseworth was reared on the farm cleared by his father, and is living in" the house in which he was born. He received a common school education, and started in life with a good constitution, good health, and a determined and willing spirit as his patri mony and capital. Mr. Houseworth was married in Carroll county in 1869 to Miss Harriet A. Holland--born in the county--daughter of Linsey and Elizabeth (Lassetter) Holland. Ten children are the offspring of this union: Delvous, Wyley, Walter, Delia, Frank and Lee (twins); Katie, Tiney, Anna, Gordon. Mr. Houseworth is a well-to-do prosperous farmer with more than 600 acres of pro
ductive land, doing well, and is highly respected.

ARTHUR HUTCHESON, deceased, for years the president of the Hutcheson Manufacturing company, Banning, Carroll Co., Ga., was the son of James and
Sophia (Montgomery) Hutcheson, and was a full-blooded Irishman, having been born in Ireland in 1818. His father died in 1827 and his mother in 1856. In
1836, when eighteen years of age, he left Ireland for America, on whose shores he landed after a journey of six weeks, and came to Campbell county, Ga., and
stopped with an u'ncle living there. This uncle, James Hutcheson, left Ireland for this country in 1818, and his first stop in Georgia was in Milledgeville. From there
he went to McDonough, Henry Co., and thence, in. 1827, he removed to Newnan, Coweta Co. From Newnan he went, in 1832, and settled in the woods and cleared
a farm, and here on this farm Arthur Hutcheson, without education or money, started in life. But he had good common sense, indulged in no bad habits, was
frugal, and invested his earnings with rare good judgment. What he amassed was not made by sharp, tricky trading nor semi-gambling speculation. No "blood
money" stained his purse. He did not accumulate rapidly, but he did it safely and
surely, nor was he a millionaire, nor could he ever be, but he left a comfortable fortune, though he provided generously for himself and those dependent upon or serving him. During the war he was in the commissary department under Maj. Shackelford, whose headquarters were in Atlanta. He had a cousin in the army who saved the Confederate general, Bates, from being captured on one occasion when posting his pickets. After the war he engaged in merchandising at County
Line, Carroll county, and in 1878 he bought an interest in what was then known as Amos' factory, to which he subsequently devoted almost his entire attention. At that time there was one mill, and that supplied with old-style, run-down ma chinery. The old fog\' shareholders were gradually bought out, and under Mr.
Hutcheson's able management improved modern machinery displaced the old. He next proceeded to organize a joint stock company with a capital of $93,000, of which he was elected president and general manager. Additions and improve ments were continued and now they have a 5,ooo-spindle (and preparation) cotton
factory, a paper mill, two pulp mills, and a grist and sawmill, all fully equipped with the best made, modern improved machinery, and all within a mile along the creek,
propelled by water retained by one dam. This company operates one of the three
mills in the United States that make striped paper. The company owns 1,300 acres of good land, employs 210 hands, and when all their machinery is running
full time, 240. Workers are furnished house room and a garden spot free, and the company has built a school house for the children and a church for them to worship in. Mr. Hutcheson looked after the physical comfort of his employes and gave attention to their moral training and conduct. He was kind and -con siderate, and treated them humanely, respecting them himself and stimulating them to cultivate self-respect for themselves. It is superfluous to add that Mr.

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
liutcheson was esteemed very highly by all who knew him in financial circles as well as in the humbler walks of life. His true worth as a man could not be better appreciated than by his employes and their families, in whose welfare he took so much interest, and to them his death fell with the heaviest hand. He was a master Mason and an exemplary member of the Methodist church. He died on the morning of April 5,1895.
D EV. W. W. KELLEY, Baptist minister, Whitesburg, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Andrew Wilson and Elizabeth J. (Pitts) Kelley, was born in Coweta county,
Ga., in 1847. His paternal grandparents, John and Mary (Hews) Kelley, were natives of Xorth Carolina, and came to Georgia about 1810. His grandfather was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Kelley's father was born in Xorth Carolina, came to Georgia with his father, and had a very fair education for his day. He was a member of the Baptist church and a man of considerable prominence in his day. His maternal grandparents, Archey and Charlotte (Burnett) Pitts, were South Carolinians. were Baptists, and early settlers of Georgia. Mr. Kelley was reared on a farm and received a good common-school education, and attended a theological school at Greenville, S. C, a part of one term in 1873. His father being a poor man, he earned the money himself to pay for his higher education. In 1863 he became his father's substitute in Company G, Second Georgia regiment, and served two months, when he was relieved. During this time he was sent to Gravville, Tenn., to engage in a battle, but it had been fought before he and his comrades reached the field. In 1864 he enlisted in Company I (Capt. J. Johnson), Bell's battalion, his company performing guard duty most of the time. He began life after the war very poor, but feels that he has been wonderfully sustained and blessed by Providence. He was ordained a Baptist minister in 1871, but the first pastorate to which he was called was that of Whitesburg in 1874. since which time he has been actively engaged in the Master's service. He is now pastor of the churches of Central Hatchee, Heard Co.; Corinth (at Banning), and Salem, Carroll Co., and Effices, in Douglas county, Ga. He aided in the organization of the three last named, and also in the organization of Friendship, in Heard county, and Friendship and Ebenezer, in Douglas county. He was pastor of Friendship for fifteen months. In addition to this arduous work he taught school in 1874-75-76 and a part of 1877. During his ministry he had baptized about i.ooo persons and made scores of couples happy by uniting them in marriage. Rev. Mr. Kelley was married to Miss Elizabeth T., daughter of Tames D. Moore, a pioneer settler, in 1877, who has borne him five children, of whom three, James A., William B. and Charles S., are living, and two, Carrie E. (Mrs. Van D. Sewell) and Thomas Mercer are dead. Rev. Mr. Kelley is a master Mason and Mrs. Kelley is a member of the Baptist church. He has a fine farm and comfortable residence in the edge of Whitesburg, is an exemplary Christian minister, and a useful and very highly esteemed citizen. To Andrew W. and Elizabeth Kelley ten children were born, eight sons and two daughters. Of these W. W.. Thomas A. and James M. were ordained Baptist ministers, and actively engaged in the ministry. Andrew W. died in infancy and Xewton Calvin at the age of eighteen. J. M. and Man,- K. were twins. The latter married Mr. Capes, and the other sister. Amanda T., is the wife of W. M. Hunter.
J R. LASSETTER. general superintendent of the Hutcheson Manufacturing company. Banning. Ga.. son of William and Parthenia (Brown) Lassetter,
was born in Carroll county. His grandfather, Benjamin Lassetter, came

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427

from Virginia to Georgia in 1828, and went to Milledgeville and bought the frac tions of land in Carroll county on which he settled and began clearing for a farm that year. He was a soldier in the last war with Great Britain. His father, a farmer, was born in Carroll county, and was a member of the cavalry company commanded by Capt Shuford three years during the late "unpleasantness." Mr. Lassetter received a good common-school education. His father died when he
was young, but being of the stuff that men are made of, he has persistently struggled toward the front, where, before many years, he will be. As soon as qualified he began teaching, and after following it a few years engaged in mer chandising. Having the misfortune to be burned out, he went back to the old farm, which he bought on credit, and after much privation and hard struggling he paid for and began to lay up money. In 1891 he went to work for the Hutcheson Manufacturing company, and in 1893 bought an interest in it. He has
since been made general superintendent--a well-earned and deserved compliment to his pluck and energy and his superior general capabilities. He is a thorough going young man, recognized as promising to become one of the most influential of his generation in the county. Little is known in Georgia of this Hutcheson Manufacturing company; on a small scale it is but a sample of many, in other localities in Georgia, of like topography and surroundings, and demonstrates the grand manufacturing possibilities of the state. Mr. Lassetter richly deserves the confidence he has secured, and the success he has attained. With the position he holds in the company, the natural manufacturing advantages of the mills' site, the possibilities of greater development and expansion, and the advantages of the experience and instruction of the company's president, Arthur Hutcheson, this rising young manufacturer has before him a brilliant future.

1 W. G. LASSETTER, farmer, Villa Rica, Carroll Co., Ga., son of William * and Mary Parthenie (Brown) Lassetter, was born in Carroll county in 1858.
His grandfather, Benjamin Lassetter, settled in Georgia early in the present cen tury. Mr. Lassetter's father was Georgia-born, was reared a farmer, and came to Carroll county and settled on Snake Creek when it was a wilderness, in 1841. He cleared a farm and made a home there and reared a family of fourteen children,
all of whom made good citizens. His maternal grandparents were also among the early settlers of upper Georgia. Mr. Lassetter was bred a farmer, received but little schooling, but enough to enable him to teach a short time. In 1883 he married Miss Mary Barnett, born in Georgia, daughter of Waddie H. and Nancy (Butler) Barnett, who were native South Carolinians, but came to Georgia many
years ago. Two children, Erie and William C, have blessed this union. The first died in his youth. Mr. Lsssetter began life with a horse and $200, has steadily
pursued farming as a business, and has succeeded admirably. He has a nice 250acre farm, a comfortable dwelling and substantial outbuildings, and is a pro gressive and prosperous farmer. Himself and wife are members of the Mission ary Baptist church, and are exemplary farmers, citizens and church members.

"VX7 D. LOWORN, farmer and miller, Bowdon, Carroll Co., Ga., son of James " and Bashaba (Traylor) Loworn, was born in Henry county, Ga., in 1831.
His great-grandfather, Elijah Loworn, came from Ireland to this country before the revolutionary war, and was a soldier in the patriot army, during which time he suffered many privations and great hardships. His grandparents, James and Hannah (Smith) Loworn, were born in Virginia, whence they moved to North Carolina, and afterward to Georgia, about 1800, and settled in what is now Morgan county. Subsequently they moved to St. Clair county, Ala. He was a soldier in

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

the war of 1812. Mr. Loworn's father was born in Morgan county in 1807 and went with his father to Alabama, where he died. His mother was a daughter of Mijman and Lidy (Lang) Traylor. Mr. Traylor was a soldier in the v'ar of 1812 and was captured and confined in Fort Pickens. He was fond of fun and jokes, and on one occasion when sweeping the floor an officer passed him, and on the impulse of the moment he gave him a playful swipe with the broom. The officer resented the apparent indignity, and the incident came near involving him in serious trouble. He also served through the Indian war of 1836. Mr. Loworn was reared on the farm, in Alabama, and was educated in the common country schools (walking three miles, sometimes barefooted in the winter), taught in a dirt floor log house with split log seats. After "graduating" he taught school himself a few years. He was a justice of the peace many years, and in 1872 was elected to represent Randolph county in the legislature of Alabama--the last republican elected from the county. In 1878 he removed from Alabama to Carroll county, Ga., and bought and settled the large farming property on which he now lives, and on which he has built and runs a large custom mill. Mr. Loworn was married in Alabama in 1851 to Miss Sarah D. Burden--born in Elbert county, Ga.--daughter of Henry and Sarah (White) Burden. Her parents were born in Virginia, migrated to Georgia, and settled in what is now Hart county, and afterward moved to Alabama, where he died. Ten children blessed this union: Thomas J., Marx-, Gaines W., William J., Sarah R., Robert M., Martha E., Cin-
ilonia and Henry O. Mr. Loworn and his wife are members of the Missionary Baptist church. He was one of the first county commissioners of the county, a man of large property and a most substantial and highly-respected citizen.

P\ R. MARTIN, farmer, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of John C. and Emily (Bates) Martin, was born in Coweta county, Ga., in 1846. His paternal
grandparents migrated from South Carolina to Coweta county in 1830. They came in the old-time block-wheel ox carts, and it took them three weeks to make the journey. His grandfather was born in South Carolina and was a farmer-- he, however, supplemented fanning with blacksmithing and wood-working. Like other early settlers, he had to clear the land on which he made his hone. His father was born in South Carolina in 1821, and his mother, daughter of David and Rhoda (Evans) Bates--old settlers--was born in Wilkes county, Ga., in 1824. Mr. Martin was reared in Coweta county, and, as were other boys at that time, was
educated in an old-time dirt floor log cabin and subjected to all the inconveniences incident to them. In May, 1863, he enlisted in Company K (Capt. George Short), First Georgia regiment (Col. Lester), for six months; when the time expired he
enlisted in the First Georgia cavalry (Capt. H. A. North, under Col. Crusr) and was in many battles. He was in front of Gen. Sherntan's army from Marietta to
Atlanta, and during the "March through Georgia." He was in North Carolina at the time of the surrender. Immediately after the event he returned to Carroll county penniless, but with a firm will and a stout heart went to work. In 1869 he bought a tract of land with not a stick amiss on it, and proceeded to make -a farm and lay the foundation for a fortune. He made a specialty of raising Irish potatoes and fruit, and his great success has demonstrated his sagacity and wis dom. In 1893 he bought the land on which he now lives, also virgin forest, which he has transferred into one of the best improved farms in this community, and has built on it one of the finest modern residences in the county. He is recog nized as one of the leading and most successful farmers in Carroll county; rich end getting richer. In 1869 Mr. Martin was married to Miss Mary Ann, daughter of E. B. and Ruth Ann (Curtis) Martin, both born in Gwinnett county, Ga., who

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429

were among the early settlers of Carroll county, by whom he had the following children: Henry C, Lou, Ida, Mary and Claude. The mother of these children died in 1887, and in 1888 Mr. Martin married Nannie, widow of Thomas Dixon, and daughter of Otha and Eliza (Curtis) Bell, born in Randolph county, Ga. To them two children--Laura and Susie--have been born. Mr. Martin is a Knight of Honor, and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church. In farm management Mr. Martin is acknowledged to have few equals--no superiors. Con tent with the superior management of his 24O-acre farm, its profitable returns and the esteem of his neighbors, he is unambitious of public honors. Whatever he has is the result of honest toil.

JAMES P. MOORE, capitalist, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of John and Levisa (Petty) Moore, was born in Spartanburg district, S. C., in 1839. His
paternal grandparents, Hugh and Elizabeth (Thomas) Moore, were natives of South Carolina. His grandfather was a soldier in the revolutionary war and his grandson--the subject of this sketch, is "a chip of the old block"--has the musket he "toted" all through that memorable struggle. His maternal grandfather, Charles Petty, was also a soldier in the patriot army. Mr. Moore was reared in
South Carolina and received a limited education, and when a mere child had to valk three miles daily to obtain it. April i, 1861, he enlisted in Company H (Capt Joe Walker), Fifth South Carolina regiment (Col. Jenkins), which was assigned to the command of Gen. Beauregard. He served in this company nearly a year, when another company was formed known as the First Palmetto Sharp shooters, which caused some changes, and in the reorganization of Company H Mr. Moore was made capta'ti. which he continued to be until the surrender. He
was present at the firing on Fort Sumter. When it fell he went to Virginia, and beginning with First Manassas, participated in many of the bloodiest and most fiercely contested battles during the entire war--including every battle in which Jenkins' brigade was engaged. That he was in the foremost on every battlefield it is needless to say, for with a double strain of revolutionary blood in his veins, and South Carolina blood at that, nothing else could be expected. It has been stated above that he had in his possession the musket which his Grandfather Moore carried during the war for independence. The following incident will show why he should be doubly proud of it--first, its family and historic interest; second, the circumstances attending its retention. After the war, in pursuance of a mili
tary order, the union soldiers proceeded to gather up all the arms in private hands in the south. When this old musket was demanded Mr. Moore refused to give it up, and when the soldiers attempted to take it by force he foiled them and made his escape with it. It is asserted that many a Federal soldier "bit the dust" in after attempts to capture him, and on roll call was reported "missing." Although he escaped capture, the continual danger he was in determined him to
leave the state; so, in 1873, he came to Georgia and settled in Carroll county. He was a brick-mason, and worked at his trade, but he has done so well and managed and invested his gains so judiciously that he now ranks as one of the moneyed men of the county. In 1867 Mr. Moore was married to Miss Hono.u Elkin, daughter of Elbert and Mary.Elkin. Mr. Moore stands well in Carroll county and is very much esteemed by all privileged with his intimate friendship.

JAMES D. MOORE, farmer, Whitesburg, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Abraham and Ann (Dismukes) Moore, was born near Raleigh, N. C., in 1814. His paternal
grandfather was Abraham Moore, v;ho was a soldier in the revolutionary army. His maternal grandparents, George and Elizabeth (Thompson) Dismukes, were North Carolinians, and his grandfather Dismukes served through the revolutionary

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
war as a major in the patriot army. Mr. Moore's father was born and reared in North Carolina, but his father and mother died, and he was left an orphan when a very small child and was reared in Pittsboro, N. C., in the home of his grandfather Dismukes. He learned but little from his books, but was taught to work, and thanks to his inborn will-power and energy has made a success. In 1834, when twenty years of age. he came to Georgia and settled in Carroll county. The following fall he located where he now lives, where for many miles around the clearings were few and far between. He came to Georgia with a horse and a pair of saddle-bags: now he has 1,800 acres of good land lying on the Chattahoochee river, on which he has one of the most productive and best improved farms in all that section, and ranks as one of the most substantial and reliable citizens, as well as one of the best farmers in Carroll county. During the war a small battle was fought on his farm, during which shot and shell flew thick and fast all about. All the windows in his house were shattered, and there remains a hole in the wall of his house where one shell, coming into a window, passed out on the opposite side. Fortunately no one about the premises was hurt. Mr. Moore has owned a ferry across the Chattahoochee river at this place from the time lie first settled there. On one occasion he was getting some parties across the river who were fleeing before the Federal army, among them Mr. William Amos, when the skirmish began. Before the boat reached the opposite shore the troops reached the river and fired upon the passengers. Mr. Amos fell by his side, but he stood by them and the boat, and at the risk of his own life saved them In 1837 Mr. Moore was married to Mrs. Caroline (nee Martin) Malone, daughter of Benjamin Martin, of Jones county, granddaughter of Mr. Lester, of the same county. Mr. and Mrs. Moore were the parents of seven children, five of whom are living: Mrs. \V. A. Parks; Mrs. Robert Early: Mrs. W. \V. Kelly: George \V., deceased: James D.. Jr.: Dr. John F., deceased, and Benjamin F. The two surviving sons, J. D. and B. F. Moore, are hardware merchants of the Moore & Handlev Hardware companv, Birmingham, Ala.
Q C. MORRIS, farmer, Bowdon, Carroll Co., Ga., son of J. L. and Elizabeth (.Almond) Morris, was born in Carroll county in 1856. His paternal grand
parents. William and Hannah (Biggars) Morris, were natives of South Carolina, came to Georgia early in this centun', and settled in what is now De Kalb county. He was a farmer, and. also, a Missionary Baptist minister and preached in the old log churches. He was a soldier in the revolutionary army. Mr. Morris' father was born in De Kalb county in 1826, and was a farmer. He enlisted in 1861, was a lieutenant in his company and remained in the army through the conflict His maternal grandparents, Asbern and Jane (Biggars) Almond, were early settlers, and the grandfather was a revolutionary soldier. Mr. Morris was reared on a farm in Carroll county, and received a fair common school education. Adopting farming as a pursuit, but without means, he acquired a good farm, and is among those at the head of the list as progressive farmers, manages well, is much esteemed and is prosperous. He has a tract of more than 200 acres of choice land, productive, with good improvements. In 1882 Mr. Morris married Miss Rebecca Lovvorn, daugh ter of W. D. Lovvorn. an old and influential settler, who has borne him six children: Eva. Mattie. Joseph and Otto, living: and Lillian and Anna, deceased. Himself and wife are members of the Baptist church.
U L. MORROW, farmer and miller. Whitesburg, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Wil" liam H. and Xancy (Elliott) Morrow, was born in Newton county, Ga.,
March 15,1823. His grandparents on his father's side, Robert and Xancy (Herly)

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Morrow, were Virginians, and came to Georgia in 1795. His grandfather was a soldier in the revolutionary- war. His grandparents on his mother's side, George and Mary (Cloud) Elliott, were natives of Virginia, and the grandfather was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. Mrs. Morrow's granduncle, Zeke Cloud, joined the patriot army when but fourteen years of age, and remained with it until independence was achieved. Mr. Morrow's father was born May 12, 1788, in what is now Morgan county, Ga., and his mother was born
Dec. 12, 1790, in what is now Jasper county, Ga. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, in which he served as quartermaster. He also served as sheriff of Newton county for many years. Mr. Morrow was reared in Newton county until he was
twelve years old, when the family moved to Henry county. His father died when he was only seventeen months old, and from that time until he became of age he had a hard time of it. When he first went to school it was under an old tent, then in the old-time dirt floor log school house, with puncheon seats and stick and mud chimney, etc. But such was the necessity for work to help his widowed mother that he received very little schooling--he couldn't be spared from the field. In
1863, he enlisted in Company E (Capt. Mann), Seventh Georgia regiment, was at one time acting lieutenant, and most of the time was on guard duty in and around Atlanta. Mr. Morrow was married Dec. 17, 1844, to Miss Mary A. Gilbert--born in Henry county, Ga., Nov. 15, 1826--daughter of Matthew and Tabitha (Mathews) Gilbert, North Carolinians, who came to Georgia, and settled in the woods in Henry county in 1820. Eleven children have blessed this union, of whom eight are now living: James R., born Sept. 12, 1845; Jane T., Jan. 19, 1847; Zachary T., Feb. 19, 1849; Nancy T., Dec. 3, 1850; Polly Ann, Feb. 4, 1853; William D., Jan. 30,1855; Millard F., Dec. 25, 1856; Mary J., Dec. 24, 1859; Lizzie
O., Sept. 12, 1862; Roberta L., June 7, 1865; Joe J., July 30, 1870. When he was married he had nothing but good health and habits, a robust constitution and sturdy manhood trained to labor and self-reliance. The first year after his mar riage he rented land, afterward bought some land and settled on it. In 1848 he
commenced milling in a small way, and as he prospered added more and improved machinery. It is, however, what is known as a "custom mill," grinding for toll, and makes meal and flour as good as the best. Mr. Morrow has a splendid mill property on a well-improved and productive 8oo-acre plantation, besides a pleasant
residence and ''home place" in Whitesburg. His success is a striking and instructive illustration of what is possible in Georgia, with industry, economy and integrity, when coupled with a determined will. Though not a millionaire in the popular sense he is wealthy, as are many thousands just like him, beyond compu tation. No citizen of Carroll county is more highly esteemed. Fifty years a master
Mason he has exemplified its teachings in his life. Himself and wife are members of the United Congregational church.

JV/I E. MURPHEY, farmer, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of William and
Martha (Murphey) Murphey, was born in Talbot county, Ga., in 1827. His father was born in South Carolina, in 1798, came to Georgia when a young man on pack horses,-and settled in the woods in Wilkes county, where he cleared a farm. A few years afterward he removed to Talbot county, and thence to Sumter county, in 1836. He was a soldier in the Indian war of that date, and lived to be seventy-six years of age. Mr. Murphey's mother was a Murphey, who first mar
ried James Willis, who died, and then she married Mr. Murphey. M. E. Murphey was reared in Sumter county and educated in the historic dirt floor log school house, split log seats and mud and dirt chimney, etc., and walked three miles,, generally barefooted, to school. In 1861, he enlisted in what was known as the "Nelson Rangers," under Capt. Nelson, who was killed at Tupelo, Miss., and was sue-

432

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ceeded by Capt Ragland. He experienced some very- hard and trying service, and was engaged in many very hot skirmishes, but although he kept in the field until the war ended, he escaped both wounds and capture. When he came out of the war all he had, he says, "was a spell of chills and fever and a horse." He first went to Coweta county and went to work on a farm with a vim, and remained there until 1883, when he moved into Carroll county, where he now owns a 600acre well-improved farm, a beautiful home in Carrollton, and "cash in advance." Mr. Murphey was married in 1860 to Miss Sarah Kampson--born in South Carolina--daughter of Peter and Mary (Long) Kampson, natives of South Caro lina who came to Georgia from that state in 1844. This union has been blessed with six children: Peter, Beulah, Jeffy, Katie, William J. and Lizzie. Mrs. Mur phey, who was a member of the Lutheran church, died in 1892.

D J. M'CAIN, merchant, Temple, Carroll Co., Ga., son of William B. and Mar garet N. (McCain) McCain, was born in Troup county in 1843. His grand
parent, Hugh McCain, was a native of North Carolina and was a soldier in the revolutionary war. His parents were born in North Carolina, came to Georgia and settled in Troup county in 1840, where his father cleared a farm and built for himself two mills, merchant and saw mill. His maternal grandparents, Joe and Margaret (Moore) McCain, were also born in North Carolina. Mr. McCain was reared on the farm and his early education was obtained at a country school. In 1863 he enlisted in Company F (Capt B. F. Long), cavalry, with which he served six months. He then enlisted in Company F (Capt George Austin), Georgia State troops, with which he remained until the close of the war, and of which he was a corporal. He was in two battles, both fought at Coosahatchie, and at the surrender he stacked arms at Albany, Ga. After the war he returned to the farm, but in 1868 he attended school in Carrollton. The next year he worked on the farm, and the one following he attended a private school four months. In 1871 he finished his preparatory commercial education by attending Moore's business university at Atlanta. In August, 1872, he engaged as a clerk with J. C. Carter, with whom he remained four years. After that he entered into partnership with Gus Smythe, but at the end of fifteen months he sold out to his partner and formed a new partnership with L. P. Barnes. Twelve months after he retired from this business, and with George and John McGahee and I. Y. Sawtell organ ized the Atlanta Wild Land company. He remained in this company ten months, and then, in the fall of 1878, located in Simsville, Ga., and engaged in a general merchandise business in which he was satisfactorily successful. In 1882 he closed out in Simsville and permanently settled in Temple, where he is now, and where he has built a large and profitable trade, and is a leading business man and citizen of that part of the county. In 1875 ^r- McCain was married to Miss Tallulah V., daughter of Maj. D. A. and Nancy W. (Collier) Cook, of Atlanta, by whom he has one child surviving, Ida Tallulah. They have an adopted son, William B. Mr. McCain is a master Mason and he and his family are members of the Methodist church. He exerts a well-earned influence in the community and county.

f~^ A. M'DANIEL, farmer and miller, Victory, Carroll Co., Ga., son of John and " Sarah I. (Terry) McDaniel, was born in Elbert county, Ga., in 1820. His
grandparents, Henry and Mary (Rucker) McDaniel, were natives of Virginia, whence they migrated to South Carolina. They afterward came to Georgia, but in a few years returned to South Carolina, where they died. Mr. McDaniel's father was born in Virginia in 1781, came to Georgia in 1810, and settled in Elbert

G. A. McDAMKL.

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county, where he remained until 1822, when he moved to Henry (now De Kalb)
county. The only property he had was a horse, that ran away, and he had to make his crop with a grubbing hoe. He walked to South Carolina to get another
horse. He lived in a tent until he could build a log cabin (dirt floor), had to go twenty miles to mill, and lived principally on corn pone and wild game. His mother was the daughter of Henry and Mary (Baldwin) Terry, native South Carolinians. Her father was a Methodist Episcopal minister and devoted his life to church work. Mr. McDaniel was reared in De Kalb county, and educated at schools taught in the old-time dirt-floor log house. About 1847 ne went to Atlanta, but staid there but a short time. He then went to Spalding county, where he remained until 1854, when he removed to Bowdon, where he farmed until the war began, then he engaged in merchandising, and continued it for twenty years. He then moved to the farm where he now lives, on which he had years "before built a mill. Beginning without anything, he now owns 2,000 acres of excellent land, including one of the best improved farms in the county and a mill site, and is one of the richest men in Carroll. Mr. McDaniel was married Dec. 25, 1850, in Spalding county, to Miss Martha J. Lavender--born in Henry county--daughter of James and Malinda (Ansley) Lavender, native Georgians. This union has been blessed with ten children: Sarah A., Mary M.,
deceased; Eliza A., Ella J., John L., Martha J., Ida B., T. Henry, Lula B. and Emma B. Mr. and Mrs. McDaniel are members of the Methodist Protestant church and he is regarded as one of Carroll's very best and worthiest citizens.

J OHN C. M'GARITY, farmer, Victory, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Jones and Mary (Embry) McGarity, was born near Atlanta in 1848. His paternal grandfather
was a native of Ireland and came to America before the revolutionary war and was a soldier in the army. His grandfather, Abner McGarity, was a native of South Carolina and came to Georgia in an ox cart and settled in the woods in Elbert county in 1795 and cleared a farm. Here Mr. McGarity's father was born and reared on a farm. Starting out in life for him
self, he came to De Kalb county, where he lived until 1848, when he removed to Carroll county, settled in the woods, and cleared a farm, where Mr. McGarity now lives. Mr. McGarity's mother was a daughter of John Embry, and his mother was a distant relative of Thomas Jefferson. Mr. McGarity was reared on the farm and was educated at the common county school. When the war began he was too young to enter the army, but he served a short time before the war closed. He supplemented his farm work by teaching school, and taught from 1871 to 1892. In the meantime he was elected justice of the peace, and served eight years. In 1892 he was elected to represent the county in the general assembly. Mr. McGarity was married in 1875 to Miss Martha J. Darden --born and reared in Coweta count}'--daughter of Elzie and Susan (Upshaw) Darden. Her father was a soldier in the Confederate army. This union has been blessed with six children: Pearl, Ruth, David, John, Joseph and Katie. Mr.
and Mrs. McGarity are members of the Baptist church. Mr. McGarity is an acknowledged leader in Carroll county and no citizen commands more respect.

NIXON, farmer, Mandeville, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Joe and Martha (Ward) Nixon, was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga., Sept. 15, 1816. His father was born in what is now Wilkes county, Ga., about 1775.
(This territory was acquired from the Indians in 1773 and Wilkes county was laid out in 1777.) He was bound out when a boy and learned the car penter's trade; when older engaged in farming also, and was a soldier in the war 1-28

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
of 181.2. He moved to Coweta county in 1830, settled In the woods and lived in a dirt floor log cabin. Mr. Nixon's maternal grandparents. Sam and Eda (Hud son) Ward, were among the early settlers of that part of Georgia. Air. Nixon grew to manhood on the farm and attended school at the historic log schoolhouse. The first house he lived in the boards were fastened on with wooden pins. He came to Coweta county with his father and lived in that county until 1874, when he moved and settled on a partly-cleared farm in Carroll county, afterward clearing what he wanted. He began life very poor, has worked hard on the farm all his life, and although not rich he has a competency and is rich in the possession of sincere friends, and the consciousness of a well-spent life. He owns 600 acres of good land, a farm well-improved and a good home in which to spend his declining years. Mr. Nixon was married to Miss Elizabeth Fullenlove (born in Coweta county\ daughter of Lud and Alsa (Freeman) Fnllenlove. To them nine children have been born: Weldin I.. J. Page. Fannie. Rebecca. Meda. Ludwell. Nanna. William and Ada. Mr. Xixon has been a member of the masonic fraternity more than forty years, and is regarded as one of the most substantial, and is among the most respected of the county's citizens.
T. OGLETREE. farmer. Carrollton. Carroll Co.. Ga.. son of Absalom and Matilda (Steward Ogletree. was born in Monroe county. Ga.. in 1834. His paternal grandparents were William and Martha (Bird) Ogletree. His grandfather was born in Virginia in 1764, and came to Georgia and settled in Wilkes county about 1784. and was married in 1785. When he came to the county it \vas a wooded wilderness, and he suffered all the trials, hardships and privations incident to pioneer life. He was the Daniel Boone of Wilkes county. Mr.- Ogletree's father was lx>rn in Wilkes county in 1811. where he was reared on a farm, but at the age of twenty he entered the ministry and continued in it through life. His mother was born in Oglethorpe county. Ga.. and was the daughter of Thomas and Nancy (Russell^ Stewart. early settlers of the county. Her father was a farmer and lived to a good old age. Mr. Ogletree's mother. eighty years old. is still living. Mr. Ogletree was reared on the farm in Oglethorpe county and received a good common-school education in Monroe county. Ga. After receiving his education he taught school awhile. In 1861 he en listed in Company F. i^Capt. D. J. Bailey, afterward Capt. Andrews. Capt. Bailey having been elected coloneP. Thirtieth Georgia regiment, which was assigned to Gen. Mercer's command. He participated in some of the most hotly-contested battles of the conflict. Among them: Jackson. Miss., and Chickamauga. where his brigade opened the fight: Lookout Mountain. Missionary Ridge. Resaca. New Hope church and in nearly even- engagement from Resaca to Atlanta. He was wounded at Peachtree creek. Atlanta, which compelled him to retire for two months. On his recovery he hastened to rejoin his command, with which lie remained until Dec. 1 6. 1864, when he was captured at Nashville and sent to Johnson's island and held until the close of the war. On his release he came to Spalding county. Ga.. where he remained until 1881. when he removed to Carroll county and settled where he now lives. He had to begin anew after the war. and in the battle of life has been as courageous and true as he was on the tented field, and has done well. Mr. Ogletree was married in 1859 to Miss Cordelia Colbert (bom in Spalding countyX daughter of Albert G. Colbert. descendant from the early emigrants from Ireland to this country. One child only. Wilbur S., has blessed this v.nion. Mr. Ogletree is a member of the Christian church. and his wife is a member of the Methodist church. While living in Spalding county before the war he served as a justice of the peace. Mr. Ogletree is one

\V. H MALOXK.

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<

of Carroll's most substantial, as well as one of its most highly esteemed citizens,

to whom his neighbors are attached because of his kindly nature.

LI EXRY G. PARKER, farmer, Mandeville, Carroll Co., Ga.. son of John and Margaret (Byrum) Parker, was born in Pike county, Ga., in 1841. His
paternal grandfather, Enoch Parker, came from North Carolina to Georgia in 1795, and settled in the woods in Lincoln county, where his father was born in 1800. His maternal grandfather, Beverly Byrum, was a native of North Carolina, came from there to Georgia in an ox-cart early in this century, and cleared himself a farm and a home in the virgin forest Mr. Parker was reared in Pike county, worked on the farm, and went to school only four days. In 1862, he enlisted in Company H (Capt Redman), Forty-fourth Georgia regiment, and remained in the service until May, 1863. He was in two hard fought battles--Gainesville and Sharpsburg, in which last his company had twenty-six killed. He lost his right leg, and being thereby disabled for further service, came home. He went to Coweta
county and lived there and farmed until 1875, when he removed to Carroll county and bought a nice 3OO-acre farm, which he has paid for and so improved as to make him a comfortable home. He came out of the war a very poor and a disabled man, yet has secured a good home by his own industry and economy, and reared a not small family of children. Mr. Parker was married in 1868 to Miss Sarah Cannon--born in Pike county--daughter of George and Mary (Elliott) Cannon, who were among the early settlers of Pike county. This union has been blessed with eight children: Jennie, Mary, Henry S., George, Lizzie, Ella, Harriet and Leila. Mrs. Parker is a member of the Protestant Methodist church, and Mr. Parker is worthily, held in esteem by the community in which he lives.

ILLIAM H. MALONE, merchant, Villa Rica, Carroll Co., Ga., son of J. D. and Mary (Hale) Malone, was born in Atlanta, Ga., in 1858. His paternal grandparents were Jones and Lucy (Dumas) Malone, his grandmother Dumas being a Huguenot refugee. Mr. Malone's father was born in Union district, S. C, in 1811. He was educated at the Presbyterian college at Marysville, Tenn., and came to Georgia and settled in Atlanta in 1852. He engaged in merchandizing and continued in business until Gen. Sherman entered the city in 1864. He was then sent a prisoner to Cambridge City, Ind., where he remained until after the Surrender, when he came back to a farm he had in Cobb county, Ga. Soon after that he re-entered business in Atlanta, but in 1869 he had the misfortune to be burned out, and returned to his farm. Subsequently he went to Villa Rica, where he died in 1887. He was a local preacher in the Methodist church, an active worker and a liberal contributor to all movements having in view the advancement of the church and the progress and upbuilding of the city. It was a genuine pleasure to him to be helpful to others, especially the poor, and many are the deeds, agree ments and wills on record in Fulton county written by him. A true man and a
sincere Christian, he lived beloved and died regretted. On his mother's side Mr. W. H. Malone traces his ancestry far back and
through prominent family lines. The great-great-grandfather, George Hale, came from England to America with Lord Baltimore. George, a descendant of his, was a soldier during the revolutionary war, and married a Miss Nancy Grant, who was a Scotch refugee. Alexander Hale, their son and Mrs. Malone's grand father, was born in Baltimore. Md., in 1768, and some time not long afterward his parents migrated direct to territory since erected into the state of Tennessee, and settled in what is now Blount county. John B. Hale, Mrs. Malone's father, son of Alexander and Sarah (Billingslea) Hale, was born in Washington county,

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Tenn., and married Miss Jane McClung, daughter of William and Euphemia (Cunningham) McClung. The families of her parents were early settlers, and prominent in Savannah, Ga., in social and commercial circles. Early in the his
tory of Tennessee her parents moved to that state, and the house they lived in is still standing. Hon. J. C. Hale, Mrs. Malone's brother, is an ex-state senator of Tennessee, and now holds a very important position under the government
at Washington. Mr. Malone was reared in Atlanta, where he received a good education, and afterward took an eclectic course at the university of Georgia. At the age of eighteen he began teaching, and taught as many as six different
schools in different places. A part of the time he taught in Forsyth county, where he road law and was admitted to the bar and practiced four years. He taught school in Villa Rica three years. When his father died. 1887, ne abandoned all other pursuits and assumed control of his estate, in the management of which he
has been pre-eminently successful, and has become the leading merchant and citi zen of that part of the county. He took great interest in the establishment of a high grade school in Villa Rica and was instrumental in the accomplishment of
the object. He was elected president of the board of directors, and occupies that position to-day. Every movement inaugurated for advancing the interests of Villa
Rica has had his support and substantial aid, and he contributes liberally to all church and moral enterprises. In 1894 he reluctantly consented to become a can didate for the general assembly, and received 9/5 out of about 1,200 votes, although
for competitors he had two of the best citizens of the county. As he lives in an extreme corner of the county the result is a very significant compliment Mr. Malone was married in 1884 to Miss Mary A. Knox, born and reared in Forsyth county. Ga.. daughter of Dr. J. R. and Martha (McAfee) Knox. Her parents on both.
sides are among the best known and most influential families in Cherokee county, Ga. To this happy union three children have been born: Robert K., William H.. and Ralph G. Mr. and Mrs. Malone are active and prominent members of the
Methodist church, and Mr. Malone is a member of the masonic fraternity. In vie\v of his age and what he has already attained to in general popularity, in his standing in the commercial world and in the political field, it is safe to predict for him wealth, influence and political honors--prosperity and usefulness.

C F. PRITCHETT, merchant. Villa Rica. Carroll Co.. Ga.. son of Robert and " Anna Eliza (Alexander) Pritchett, was born in Virginia in 1849. His grand
father. Joshua Pritchett. was of French descent, born in Virginia, and of con
siderable local influence. His father was a native of Virginia and a manufacturer of tobacco, a business which he followed with success and profit until 1856, when he came to Georgia and settled on a farm, where he remained until he died. His
maternal grandparents, Frank and Xancy (Bell) Alexander, were natives of Xewton. 5, C.. whence they went to Mobile. There he engaged in business, and was also agent for the bay boats many years. Subsequently he was appointed to a
position in the custom house which he held until he was seventy-five years old, when he retired and located on the bay, finishing his days there. He lived in Mobile and on the bay about fifty years, and bought his land from the French.
Mr. Pritchett was reared mostly in Georgia, and received but a limited education. He was too young to enter the army during the war, but he served in what \vas
known as the home guard. He went into business in Villa Rica and soon, by assiduous attention and energy, established a large and profitable trade. In 1882 he built one of the largest and best business houses in the little city, and in 1888 formed a partnership with W. H. and G. B. Malone. and has established the best paying business of any person or firm in that part of the state. Mr. Pritchett is a .

CARROLU COUNTY SKETCHES.

437

thoroughbred, thorough-going business man of the strictest integrity, possessing the unusual confidence of the people: while Mr. Malone is a young man of irre proachable character and remarkable business and financial ability. Mr. Pritchett was married in 1881 to Miss Lucy J. Malone, born and reared in Carroll county, daughter of Jerry D. and Mary (Hale) Malone, by whom he has had four children: Karl. Robert H., Florence, and Mary E. Mr. and Mrs. Pritchett are active mem bers of the Presbyterian church.

W. REID, farmer, Mandeville, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Robert and Lucinda (Chandler) Reid, was born in Carroll county in 1841. His paternal grandfather, Henry Reid, was a native of South Carolina, and migrated to Georgia about 1820. His father was born in South Carolina in 1806, and came with his parents to Georgia. They settled in Gwinnett county, and he remained with them until he was eighteen years of age, when he went to Franklin county, Ga. Sub sequently he removed to Carrcll county, settled in the woods and made his log cabin home where the subject of this sketch now lives. He was a soldier in the Florida Indian war. Mr. Reid's maternal grandparents, Wyatt and Mary B. (Liner) Chandler, were natives of North Carolina. Mr. Chandler was a soldier in the war of 1812, removed to Georgia and settled in the woods in Carroll county early in its his tory, his nearest neighbors being seven,miles away. Mr. Reid was reared on the farm where he now lives, and was educated at the common schools of the county. In 1862 he enlisted in Company H (Capt. Parrish), Fifty-sixth Georgia regiment, but he remained only a short time--as his father was taken seriously sick, and he, being the only child, came home and remained with him until his recovery--send ing a substitute to take his place in the army. .In 1863 he enlisted in a state battalion, in which he served six months, and then re-entered the regular service, enlisting in Company E, Capt. Shuford, First Georgia cavalry, and served until the surrender. He joined the army at Resaca, under Gen. Johnston, and saw much very hard service between there and Atlanta. On one occasion a comrade near him was shot through the head and some of the blood and brains flew on him, leaving stains which remained until the clothing was worn out. A wife and two children and an old cavalry horse were the sum total of his possessions at the close of the war. But with a light heart and a strong will he went to work to regain lost ground, and now he has a well-improved farm of 500 acres and a comforable home. Mr. Reid was married Dec. 20, 1860, to Miss Nancy C.-- born in Meriwether county, Ga.--daughter of James G. and Sisley (Hammock) Davenport Mr. and Mrs. Reid have had thirteen children born to them, of whom James R., Charles J., Henry M., Martha F., Sallie A., John T., Nancy I., George W., Amanda, Elijah, and Irene J. are living, and Lucinda and William R. are dead. Husband and wife are members of the Primitive Baptist church, and no citizens of the county are more highly esteemed than they.

A LBERT C. ROBINSON, merchant and farmer, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of John W. and Mary M. (Burrow) Robinson, was born in 185*6. His
grandfather, John Robinson, was a native of Virginia, whence he removed to North Carolina, and subsequently to Georgia and settled in the woods in Carroll county, near where the subject of this sketch now lives. Mr. Robinson's father was born in North Carolina in 1827 and came with his parents to Georgia when a small boy. His mother was a daughter of William and Eliza (Bradbury) Bur row, who were among the earliest settlers in that part of the state. His father enlisted in 1861 and remained in the service until the surrender. Mr. Robinson was reared on the farm and in consequence of the war, which was at its fiercest

435?

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

when he was of school age, his education was limited. But he was endowed with pluck and perseverance, and enterprise and energy, and was also possessed of a thorough-going disposition, which have told wonderfully on his prosperity. He first began business at Shiloh. but last year he removed his business to his farm near that place. When he was married he was not worth a dollar; now he has a fine, large farm, and is doing a large and increasing mercantile business. Mr. Robinson was married in 1879 to Miss Mary M. Arthur, daughter of Kabus and Ann ^Rames^ Arthur, who were among the earliest settlers of Marion county. Ga. Mr. Arthur lost his life during the late war. Seven children have blessed this union: Emory C.. William M.. Zella V.. Luther L.. Verdie E-, Lizzie M. and Minnie Pearl. Mr. and Mrs. Robinson are members of the M. E. church. He is one of the rising young men of Carroll county with a bright future.

1V1ARTIX ROOP. deceased, one of the earliest settlers, and when living, a very prominent citizen of Carroll county, was the son of John and Phoebe
^Pilcher'i Roop. native South Carolinians. and was born in South Carolina in iSio. He attended and received his education at the old field school. In 1845 he migrated from South Carolina to Georgia (nine days on the road by wagon) and settled in Jackson county. At the end of a year he bought a piece of cleared land, on which he lived four years, and then removed to Coweta county, and cleared a pan of the tract for a farm. When he made this change his wife rode nearly all the way on horseback. After remaining here four years he removed to Carroll county and settled where the flourishing town of Roopville, named in honor of his son. John K. Roop. now stands. There was not a stick amiss. To many it will sound odd to relate that when Mr. Roop settled in Carroll county, his
family made use of the now unknown (and almost forgotten^ pewter dishes, and that Mrs. Roop carded, spun and wove the cotton and wool into cloth, and then mace the clothing for the family. During the war all the time that could be spared frorr. household duties she employed in providing socks and clothing for the soldiers. Mr. Roop himself was exempt by law from going into the army. Mr. Roop was married in 1830 to Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Abraham and Lucy ^ Bradford"' King. South Carolinians. by whom he had ten children: John K.. William W_ Roben H.. Beniamin 1.. Thomas M.. Henry O.. James G., Sarah Elizabeth. Savannah and George W. Mr. Roop was made a master Mason dur ing the war and himself and wife were members of the Missionary Baptist church. The iarr.ily have been, and is yet. one of prominence and influence, and enjoy the confidence and esteem of the people.

JOHX K. ROOP. leading merchant Roopville. Carroll Co.. Ga., was born in Union district. South Carolina, Oct. 20. 1839. He was reared on a farm, and
\vhat schooling he had was obtained at the common country schools of that period. Y\~he~ grown he taught school some himself. In 1861. when the civil war reached the fighting point, he enlisted for six months in Company D (Cap:. J. R_ Tbomason'1. First Georgia regiment, and at the end of that time he enlisted ir. a cavalry company in Phillips" Legion, and remained in the service untf. the surrender. While in the sen-ice he did a great deal of scouting, not withstanding which he participated in many of the hardest-fought battles of the war. among them: Snarpsburg. Chancellorsville. Gettysburg. Culpeper court house. Mine Run. etc. He was also a considerable time with Gen. Wade Hamp ton. As was the case witfi many thousands he came out of the war without anything but its sad experience, and entered upon the work of reconstruction in CarroE county. Ir. 1880 he opened a store, building the first house on the spot;

CARHOLL COUNTY SKETCHES.

43)

established a mill in 1874 and has succeeded in securing a large and profitable trade. Population increased, and a post-office being wanted one was estab lished in 1881 and named "Roopville," for the founder of the embryo town. Ho
served as justice of the peace at Roopville for eight years, and when the board of county commissioners was organized in 1886 he was elected a member and continued in office six years, until 1892. He has been solicited to become a
candidate for the general assembly, but has always refused, as he craved no political honors. Mr. Roop was married in 1872 to Miss Eliza Moore (born in
Henry county), daughter of W. H. and Sarah (Barnes) Moore, natives of Georgia.
Her grandfather, Joshua Moore, was an early settler in Henry county. Mr. and Mrs. Roop have had born to them five children: Xora L., wife of Dr. B. J. Veal;
Henry A., Charles C, Bessie and Fannie. Mr. Roop was a prominent member of the Farmers' alliance and president of the Carroll county organization. He is
a master Mason, and has been worshipful master of his lodge many years. He and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist church. Beginning with nothing at the close of the war, he has become the leading merchant in his part of the county; has acquired some two thousand acres of fine land, and is recognized as one of the most influential citizens of Carroll county.

QEORGE W. ROOP, merchant, Roopville, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Martin and Elizabeth Roop, was born on a farm where Roopville now stands, Sept.
25,1858. He was educated at the common country schools, and after completing his education, he in 1880 engaged in a general merchandise business in Carrollton with profitable results. Two years later he went "down the river," where he remained two years, still prospering and then returned to his old home, Roop ville, where he is in business to-day. He started on $200 given him by his father, which he has used with such superior judgment as to place him on the high road to fortune. He has now a large store-house and stock, a large and profitable trade and a fine home, his store and dwelling, the result of his own supervision and contributed labor. He stands high as a business man of capacity and in tegrity, and takes a great interest in all movements promotive of the advancement
of his community, to which he gives liberal financial encouragement. Mr. Roop was married in 1880 to Miss Eliza Almon (born in Heard county, Ga.). daughter of Zachariah and Antoinette (Babb) Almon, by whom he has four children:
Major C., Quanah Parker, William and Addie. Mr. and Mrs. Roop are members of the Baptist church, and Mr. Roop is a master Mason.

IWIOSES R. RUSSELL, superintendent of county schools. Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Harris and Leah (Steed) Russell, was bonr in Coweta county,
Ga., in 1835. His grandparents, Gabriel and Patsey (Bell) Russell, planters, were
born and lived and died in North Carolina. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and died at the age of sixty-six years. His wife lived to be ninety-two years of age. Mr. Russell's parents were born in North Carolina, migrated to Georgia in a wagon in 1833, and settled in the woods in Coweta county: occupied a dirt
floor log cabin which a brother who had come to Georgia built for them a year or two before. Mr. Russell's mother was the daughter of Sarah (Harris) Steed, born in North Carolina, whose ancestors were among the pioneers of that state. Mr. Russell was reared on the plantation and was educated in a dirt floor log cabin school-house, with its big fire-place and dirt and stick chimney, and its square holes cut through the logs to let the light in. He rather gleefully relates the following incident of his boyhood days: When fourteen years old a brother
was married. Until then he had worn only the "regulation" copperas-colored

440

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

clothes. b::t his mother, wishing him to make as impressive an appearance as possible on so important an occasion, bought some blue cottonade goods costing a!vut seventy-five cents, and made him a suit which excited the admiration of the girls and the envy of his boy schoolmates. XVhen eighteen years of age he left hor.-.e and went to Alabama, where he remained for twelve years, then returned to Georgia a:id settled in Carroll county on the farm where he now lives. He laugh: school several years and then merchandised at Lineville. Ala., about tvo years. af:er which he engaged in fanning. In iS6j he enlisted in Company 1\ Cant Hester. Seventeenth Alabama regiment. Col. Johnson, and was stationed r:t Mob:'.e about eighteen months. Becoming disabled by sickness he returned ho:ne a-..;. ser.: a substitute. But in 1864 he enlisted in Company \\. De Armand's battai: v:. \* ith wiiich he remained and helped to lire the last cannon of the war at Sih -.-r ---.!:. Talladcga county. Ala., eight days after Gen. Lee's surrender, which killed thirteen Yankees. The Yankees afterward captured the gun and brought it to Georgia, and within a quarter of a. mile of where Mr. Russell now lives they l.v.de.i ::. then piled rails or. it. winch they set fire to. and when the cannon ex ploded it shot over the house in which he lives. He has been superintendent of cov.r.t s.v.ools ten years, a member of the board of education seventeen years, of w:::.-'.: he was president five years, and has been county commissioner eleven years hr has been on the executive committee of the State Agricultural society thirterr. y^ars. and or.e of the managers of the state fairs six years. In 1857 Mr. Russe". -.j.~ married to Miss Fannie Bell (born in Coweta county), daughter of Sylvar.-.-.: an f Betsey i Stripe^ Bell. Her parents were descendants of some of tbe firs: ? ~.>tch emigrant? to Xorth Carolina. Six children were the offspring of this .-r.: -.: Elizabeth. George B.. Josephine. Robert L., Man-in E. and Katie.
Thi.- . - :. ;r. who was a devout member of the Methodist church, died April 23, I 75 Mr. Russell celebrated his second marriage, with Miss Elizabeth L. Brown, OCT. ~. :>~x". Her parents. Franklin and Agnes ^Stripe) Brown, were natives of N '"-.'.: Carolina. b"t she \\-as born in Coweta county. By this marriage he had sr"rr. chiLiren born to him: Tames H.. Lnla. Annie. Buena Vista. Frank, Hug: I. sr.i Grover C. Mr. Russell is a member of the I. O. O. F. and in Maso:.- ar:>;.-a! and select master. Himself and wife are active and influential merr-brrr y. :he Methodist church. The many important and responsible county an*:! -:a:r a^rirJt-re ofnces Mr. Russell holds show in what estimation his fe!i.v.--.-:i:er.s hold him. while in local social standing himself and family rank anor.ji :hr hisrhest.

C i'lc.-.XK 5IKES. farmer. Villa Rica. Carroll Co., Ga., son of Darling and Sa--'r. Cochran' S:ke=. was boni in Baker county, Ga.. in 1853. His parents
verr o:rr. :r. Xorth Carolina, and migrated by wagon and on horseback to Ge^r^r.2. a-, i settled ir. the W..XJGS in Baker county in 1851. There he hail cleared I'ST: i~.i hai ;ust got wel! settled whe:i t!:e "unpleasantness" was precipitated. Ir 180: '.::: er.listed in Caot. Ktndrick*" company. Fifty-first Georgia regiment, and va= ir. th.e ser\-ice nearly four years, and mo?t of the time was "one of S-.onevai: Jacks.>r.V m<rn." ar.d was in the battle and under the command of that
distir.jr.-.Ii'.-.ci ?Sr.cer when he was killed. Mr. Sikes was a sharpshooter, and was l:ilie':. a: th.c battle of the Wilderness. He was always a farmer, and was a consistev.: ::;err:'^rr o: the Baptist church. His mother was a daughter of Eli and Mar;' 3-r-ifE.r. Cochra^.. also Carolinians. who came to Georgia and settled in Bake*" ::-ur.ty about th.e time Mr. Sikes' family caine. They, also, were members of the 3aoti:v chv.rch. Mr. Sikes was reared in Baker county, received but little e^ucav. jr. :a*v.e to Carrc-ll county when only sixteen years of age, and settled

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where he now lives. He had nothing but good health, pluck and self-reliance to start with, but was a live, wide-awake farmer, worked hard, and lived and managed closely, and now has a large enough farm, well improved, a two-story dwelling, and a good substantial barn and out-buildings. Mr. Sikes was married in 1875 to Miss Virginia Green--born and reared in Carroll county--daughter of Alexander and Eliza (Chappel) Green, by whom he has had three children:
Walter C, Anna B., and Lois G. Mr. and Mrs. Sikes are members of the Mis sionary Baptist church, and enjoy in the highest degree the respect and esteem of their friends and neighbors.

A. SIMONTON, miller and cotton gin operator, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Albert and Mary (Reed) Simonton, was born in Alabama in 1849. His paternal grandparents, Abner and Nancy (^Bailey) Simonton, were of Scotch-Irish ancestry and came to America before the revolutionary war. They first settled in Virginia, then moved to North Carolina, and finally, in 1805, came to Georgia in ox carts, and settled in the woods in Greene county-- encountering and suffering all the dangers incident to pioneer life. His maternal grandparents, James and Rebecca (Duke) Reed, were also early settlers. Mr. Reed was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Simonton's father was born in Greene county in 1809, and died in 1859. Mr. Simonton was partly educated in the "old field" log school house, common in that day, with its dirt floor, slab seats.
great fireplace in a chimney built of sticks and stiff mud, and square holes cut
through the sides to let in the light. He began life after the war without a dollar, but full of energy and enterprise, and went to work to make a living and a com
petency. In 1873 ne nad the courage to go heavily in debt for an outfit for a corn mill, cotton gin and saw mill. To the corn mill machinery were added mills
for making flour. His energy and determination were exemplified by his working in his mills, sawing lumber, grinding and ginning, oftentimes far into the night. His financially independent circumstances to-day amply attest his success. Besides
his beautiful home in the outskirts of Carrollton, surrounded by a fine tract of land, he has a large plantation on the river, with fine water power, where his mills are located. More than sixty years ago this power was utilized. In Sep tember, 1830, corn mill machinery was put in operation here, and ground corn for the Indians; and in 1848 machinery for grinding wheat was added. With the ravages of war these went down, but the energy and progressive spirit of Mr. Simonton have replaced them--the machinery improved and increased. In 1887 he had the misfortune to have his dwelling, tenement houses and out-houses --all except his mills, miller's house and smithy--destroyed by a cyclone, but
they have all been restored, and he now rejoices in being in better condition than ever before, and proudly contemplates and enjoys the reward of his enter prise and labor. Mr. Simonton was married in 1878 to Miss Margaret Johnston,
born in Catoosa county, Ga., in 1850, daughter of William H. and Susan (Adams)
Johnston, who came to Georgia from North Carolina. Five children have blessed this union: Cora M., Susan R., Albert A., Margaret E., and William J. Mr.
Johnston, Mrs. Simonton's father, came to Catoosa county in October, 1846,
as a pioneer Presbyterian minister, having consecrated himself to the Master's cause. Mr. Simonton is a master Mason and himself and wife are members
of the Presbyterian church.

D A. SHARP, cotton broker and guano dealer. Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., " son of Andrew and Martha (Elliott) Sharp, was born in Alabama in 1840.
His father, son of John Sharp, was born in the emerald isle, and came to the

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
United States in 1818. He stopped in South Carolina a short time, and then, when about fifteen years of age. came to Georgia in an old-fashioned block-wheel cart, in which he afterward made many trips to South Carolina and back. He came as a teacher and followed that calling for many years. Air. Sharp's mother, born in South Carolina, was a daughter of John Elliott, a soldier in the war of 1812. came from South Carolina to Georgia about 1835, lived in that state a few years, and then moved to Alabama, where her parents passed their lives. Mr. Sharp was reared on a farm in Alabama, and was educated in the historic log cabin school house. Thus equipped, he "opened school" himself, and was making a satisfactory record when the civil war broke out and he enlisted in 1861 in Company K (.Capt. E. B. SmithX Thirteenth Alabama regiment (Maj. Marks, Col. B. D. Fry), which was assigned to the command of Gen. Raines. Among other engagements, he participated in the following important battles: YVilliamsbnrg. Seven Pines, and Richmond, and others in northern Virginia, was at Appomattox at the surrender, and walked all the way from there to Washington, Ga. He now began life in earnest, without a dollar, farming on shares. He was industrious, saving, successful, and now has a choice 365-acre farm in the county, and an interest in forty acres close to--partly inside--the corporate limits of Carrollton. He is engaged also in buying cotton and selling guano. He served four year; satisfactorily as county commissioner. Mr. Sharp was married in Alabama in 1866 to Aphra A., daughter of Asa \V. and Eliza Roundtree. To them four children have been born: Emmett A.. Belle, Leila, and Bertram. Mr. Sharp is a member of the Farmers' alliance, a Knight of Honor, a member of the I. O. O. F.. and a Royal Arch Mason. Himself and wife are members of the Methodist church. Xo citizen is more esteemed than he for business capacity and integrity, and no family enjoys a more enviable social position than his.
CDWIX R. SHARPE. editor and proprietor of the "Free Press/' Carrollton, Carroll Co.. Ga.. son of William O. and Susannah (Harrell) Sharpe, was born
in Chambers county. Ala., in 1841. His great-grandfather on his father's side, Rev. Thomas Reese. was a noted Presbyterian clergyman, and one of the signers o: the Mecklenburg declaration. His paternal grandparents. Elam and Elizabeth i Miller 1 Sharpe. were natives of Xorth Carolina, but moved to Pendleton, S. C., at an early age. where they lived and died. His father was born in South Carolina in 1819. and lived, in boyhood, in the same town with the great South Carolina statesman. Calhoun. When about seventeen years of age he left his South Car olina home and went to West Point. Ga.. in Troup county, where he engaged as a clerk in a store, and later went into business with Dr. J. A. Cherry, in which he remained several years. After his marriage, his wife's father having given him a fine tract. 600 acres, of land in "Miller's Bend," he engaged in farming- He was an enthusiastic and active politician, but would never accept an office. His great-grandfather on his mother's side, Miller, was born in Wales, was exiled on account of some publication in London, and came to South Carolina and published the first newspaper issued in the state, the "Pen dleton Messenger." Mr. Sharpe's maternal grandparents were Samuel and Susannah Heath* Harrell. he being a native Xorth Carolinian. Mr. Sharpe \vas reared in Chambers county. Ala., and received his early education in the common schools of the day. He then went to a college in Tennessee, to prepare f-JT entering the state university of Virginia, but in about a year the war began, and he quit college and joined the state troops. Soon after he enlisted in the Fourth Georgia regiment. Gen. Dole's brigade, and served through the war,

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443

a long time as sergeant. He was in many hotly contested, fiercely fought battles, and was severely wounded in the battle of the Wilderness on the skirmish line at Charlestown, W. Va., each time in the leg, the last time receiving three separate wounds, and was temporarily disabled for active service. After the war he went to
West Point, Ga., where he taught school three years, when he and Judge Longley began the publication of the West Point "Shield," and continued it until 1871. Mr. Sharpe then came to Carrollton, where he established the "Carroll County Times," and published it until 1882, when he sold it. He then went to Texas, but soon .returned, and in 1883 established the "Free Press," which he has continued to publish with financial success. In addition to the paper he has profitably con ducted a fanning interest. In 1888 he was elected to represent his senatorial district in the general-assembly, and in 1890 he was elected to represent the county
in the same body. That he served his constituency faithfully and well is evidenced by his election in 1894 to represent his senatorial district again. In 1868 Mr. Sharpe was married to Miss Annie E., daughter of H. H. and Eliza Greene, an old Georgia family of Greene county, said to be related to Gen. Nathaniel Greene. To them eight children have been born: Edwin, Annie, Robert L., Hamilton H., Lucy E., William O., Elam H., and Marcus L. He is a master Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Presbyterian church, in which he has been an elder since he was twenty-six years of age. He is progressive, "a man of affairs," and deservedly popular and influential.

WILLIAM M. SPENCE, farmer, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Hiram and Angeline (Cheney) Spence, was born in Morgan county, Ga., in 1845.
His paternal grandparents, George and Mary (Knight) Spence, were born in
Maryland, came to Georgia in ox-carts in 1798 and settled in the woods in what is now Morgan county. He was a delegate to the secession convention, served many years as a justice of the peace and lived to be a very old man. Mr. Spence's parents were born in Morgan county, his father in 1821, and removed to Carroll county in 1847, settling in the woods and clearing for a farm the place where Mr. Spence now lives. He was a justice of the peace many years. Dur ing the war he served in the state militia and participated in the defense of Atlanta. Both parents were members of the Primitive Baptist church and were much esteemed by their neighbors. The parents of his mother, Thomas and Lucy Cheney, were born in Maryland and came to Georgia in 1798. They ranked among the best people in every respect. Mr. Spence was reared on the farm where he now lives, and taught by his mother, he learned his A B C's out of the old family bible. Then he attended school in a log cabin in the woods, with dirt floor, seats made of slabs and the chimney of sticks and mud. with square holes
cut through the sides for windows. In March, 1864, he enlisted in Company K, Second Georgia regiment, known as state line troops, and after the Confed erate army entered Georgia, served under Gens. Johnston and Hood. After the war he resumed farming, at which he has prospered and placed himself in com fortable circumstances. Mr. Spence was married in 1868 to Miss Delphta McPhearson (born in Carroll county), daughter of Elijah and Sarah McPhearson, who migrated from Tennessee to Georgia and were among the early settlers
of the county. To him nine children have been born: Leon, Ella, Ida, Cora, William, Newton, Albert, Man' and Ivey. Mr. Spence is regarded as one of the county's most substantial and reliable citizens, and is highly respected by all who know him. Mrs. Spence is a member of the Primitive Baptist church.

444

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

UENRY H. STRICKLAND, farmer, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., so;i of John M. and Sarah (Knight) Strickland, was born in Coweta county in 1842. His
father was born in Butts county-, Ga., in 1811, and his mother was a daughter of John Knight. Mr. Strickland was reared on the farm and received a good common-school education. In 1861 he enlisted in Company B (Capt., after ward Col. Ector) Thirteenth Georgia regiment, and was first in Gen. Lawton's brigade, then in Gen. J. B. Gordon's and lastly in Gen. Clement A. Evans'. He was with Gen. Evans when the following incident occurred: Gen. Evans received an order from Gen. Lee to assault and capture a certain position, but afterward, believing it too hazardous, Gen. Lee countermanded the order. When Gen. Evans received the first order he made the assault and received the counter order in the captured position. Mr. Strickland was in the Battles at Cotton hill, Marrinsburg. Winchester. Cedar run, the seven days' fight, Spottsylvania court house. Sharpsburg and second Manassas, and in innumerable skirmishes in the valley, at one thirty days of almost continuous fighting. He was wounded three r'rces--at Sharpsburg, Cedar run and second Manassas--one wound disabling him for nearly three months, but he escaped capture. After the war he attended Bowdon college two years and a half, afterward taught school three years and then engaged in farming, at which he has prospered, owns a fine landed estate, including a farm and property in Bowdon. Mr. Strickland \vas married in 1871 to Miss Mary E. Camp, born in Coweta county, daughter of G. W. and Mary A. ^Colbert} Camp, and to them ten children have been born: Maud, George, Henry, John. Sallie. Lillian. Colbert, Lee, Warner and Katie. Mr. and Mrs. Strickland and a!] of their children save Sallie, are members of the Methodist Episcopal church south, and Mr. Strickland is a Master Mason. He has honestly obtained the high estimation in which he is held.

JAMES R. THOMASOX, physician and surgeon, Mabry, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Bartlett and Man- (Thomason) Thomason, was born in Newton county, Ga.,
in 1826. His great-grandfather, William Thomason, was born in Ireland and came to America before the revolutionary war and was a soldier in the patriot army. His grandfather, William Thomason, was born in Virginia, whence he migrated to South Carolina. His grandfather was a soldier in the war of 1812. His parents were bcrn in Abbeville district. South Carolina, and came to Georgia and settled in the wood; of what is now Walton county, in 1816. They came in r. borrowed ox-cart, and when they reached their destination their "goods and chattels" were disposed under a large tree and their friend took his departure. He and his wife then cleared an "opening" and began to farm, their principal food being corn and wild game. After enjoying this luxurious life a few years they moved into what is now Newton county, where his father bought his first land and cleared a farm. In addition to farming he practiced as a botanic doctor in the neighborhood for a number of years. He also "exercised" as a Methodist exhorter, and on many occasions in his early life he went to his "ap pointments'" on foot and barefooted, and barefooted stood and delivered his message. When he was married it was in a home-spun and wove home-made stilt of white cotton cloth: it knew no dye pot Dr. Thomason's grandfather on his mother's side, John Thomason. was a native of South Carolina and settled in what is now Newton count}-, early in the century. Dr. Thomason was reared on his father's farm and received his education in the primitive, oft described dirt floor log school-house, with its puncheon seats and mud and stick chimney. In 1844 he determined to be a doctor and began to study, he at the time being a clerk in a store wherc^ a doctor had an office, who gave him the privilege of using

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44-

his books. . In 1848 he went to his brother's in Coweta county, who became his
preceptor. In 1849-50 he attended the medical college of Georgia at Augusta, and in 1850 located in Carroll county^ remaining there three years; then removed to where he now lives. In 1860 he attended the Atlanta Medical college, and graduating just as the war begun, tendered his services to the Confederate army, which were rejected. He next made up a company and went to the army, but was sent home, not participating in a single battle. He managed, however, to serve awhile at one time during the war as captain of a militia company. After
the war he resumed his practice, which he has continued since. In 1870 he was elected to represent his county in the general assembly and was re-elected in 1872, serving two terms. Dr. Thomason was married May 2, 1852, to Miss Maria L., born in Hancock county, Ga., in 1832, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Harris) Colbert, who moved to Coweta county in 1838. Her father was a Methodist preacher, born in Georgia in 1796, and was a son of John and Elizabeth Colbert. Mrs. Thomason's mother, born in South Carolina in 1806, was a daughter of Thomas and Martha Hams. To Dr. and Mrs. Thomason six children have been born: James H., Francis G., Walter C, Ben jamin B., John M. and Joseph R. Dr. Thomason is a member of the I. O. O. F. and has been a Master Mason since 1850. Himself and wife are members of the Methodist church, and he has been an ordained preacher since 1854. He is a popular and useful citizen and is very much liked by the community in which he
lives.

T) N. TILLMAN, farmer, Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Asa and Marinda * (Sparks) Tillman, was born in Fayette county, Ga., in 1835. His father was
born in South Carolina, and while yet a youth ran away from home. He went into the army during the war of 1812 as a substitute for a man named Felix Simonton and served through the war. In after life he drew a pension for this service. Mr. Tillman's maternal grandparents, John and Elizabeth (Small) Sparks, were natives of Ireland, who came to Georgia early in this century and were among the pioneer settlers of Newton county. Mr. Tillman was reared
on a farm in Carroll county and went to school in all his life only six days. In 1861 he enlisted in Company F (Capt. Curtis), Nineteenth Georgia regiment, which was first assigned to Gen. Hampton's command, aftenvard to that of Gen. J. J. Archer and finally to Gen. Colquitt's brigade, in which he remained until
the surrender. He participated in quite a number of battles, some of them the most important fought during the war. He was at Seven Pines, May 30 and June
I, 1862, and in the seven days' fight around Richmond, commencing June 26, 1862, and was wounded in the right breast by a ball near Games' Mill. June 27, 1862. He was at Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862; at Mecklenburg, Dec. 13, 1862,
where he was wounded in the left hand; Chancellorsville, May i, 1863; Kings
ton, N. C.; siege of Charleston, Morris Island; Olustee. Fla., Feb. 20, 1864. where he was wounded across right arm; Bentonville, N."C., and the siege of Petersburg, June 18, 1864, where he was wounded in the right leg by a piece of
shell. He was in every battle in which his command was engaged except when temporarily disabled by wounds. He rendered good and faithful service in the
ranks throughout the war. The war being over he returned to Carroll county and engaged in farming, and although he had to start on nothing but good health, a strong will and a determined spirit, he has a good, well-improved farm and comfortable home. Except serving eight years as justice of the peace, he
has devoted all his time and energies to his farm, which he manages on the progressive principles of the day. Mr. Tillman was married in 1665 to Miss

446

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Mary A. McPherson, born and reared in Carroll county, daughter of Elijah and Sarah McPherson, early settlers of Carroll county, coming in 1829. To them five children were born: Amanda, Charles N., Henry, Dora and Daniel. Mrs. Tillman, who was a member of the Primitive Baptist church, died in 1885. Oct. 20, 1885, Mr. Tillman contracted a second marriage with Miss Nancy J. Adams, born in Carroll county, daughter of Robert and Martha A. (Jones) Adams, early set tlers of Coweta county. This marriage has been blessed with three children: Samuel, Robert W. and John. Mr. and Mrs. Tillman are members of the Primit.ve Baptist church, and their unostentatious worth commands the general respect ami esteem of all who know them.

J THOMAS TOLBERT, farmer and retired stock-trader, Villa Rica, Carroll Co.. Ga,, son of Roland A. and Elizabeth (Tolbert) Tolbert, was born in Villa
Rica in 1836. His paternal great-grandparents, Thomas and Judia (Reeves) Tolbert, were natives of Ireland, came! to America in the last half of the last century and settled in Xorth Carolina. He cleared and cultivated a farm, and also engaged in gold-digging. He was a consistent member of the Methodist church. Mr. Tolbert's father was born in Xorth Carolina, July 3, 1799, and is now alive and in good health at the home of the subject of this sketch. His educational advantages
were meager, as he had to work hard and long and late on the farm. He came to Georgia and settled in Madison county in 1827; but in 1832 came to Villa Rica to work the gold mines. He continued this until 1853, when he engaged in
farming and followed it until 1872, when he went to live with his son. When he came to Carroll the country and the mines were rough, whisky was freely drank and free fights of the fists and skull, rough-and-tumble sort, were common. Mr. Tolbert was usually "at home'? for all comers, though he sought no conflict He was a member of the military force which escorted the Indians to their new homes, and draws a pension now for that service. He was the eldest of eight children, and is the only one now living. He is a devout and exemplary member of the Methodist church. Mr. Tolbert's maternal grandparents were Josiah and Bersheba (Cranford'l Tolbert. He was born in Xorth Carolina, and she was of English parentage; was born in 1795 and died in March 25, 1872. She was a strict member of the Methodist church from childhood, and was the mother of six children, who all grew to maturity, and two of whom are now living--a daughter and the subject of this sketch. J. Thomas Tolbert was reared on the farm, and work was such an imperative necessity that he attended school but little. In 1862, he enlisted in Company A. Xinth Georgia battalion artillery, Maj. Austin Leyden, with which he served until July. 1863. when he was transferred to Company E, First Georgia cavalry. On one occasion he and five others were out on a scout and suddenly came upon a company of guerrillas, who chased them five miles, shooting at them all the time: but they finally escaped. He was in many hard fights, but never
wounded. At the siege of Knoxville--1864--he was captured by the same men, an interesting coincidence, who chased him when scouting. He was held until after the surrender--sometimes, he alleges, on starvation rations. After his release he went to Cincinnati, where he remained about seventeen months, and then returned to his old home in Carroll county. Mr. Tolbert was married Dec. 19, 1866. to Miss Elizabeth \V.. daughter of Valentine Me. and Elizabeth (Rice) Hodgson. of English descent. Six children have blessed their marriage--Thomas
\V.. Elizabeth H.. wife of Lyman Stutts: Minnie R.. and Elba, living, and Abby Estelle and Montra May. deceased. After marriage Mr. Tolbert went to fanning, supplementing it with trading in stock, prospering beyond his most sanguine

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447

expectations He is now one of the most substantial and ranks among the best citizens in Carroll county. Mr. Tolbgrt's success illustrates the great possibilities of life in Georgia when pluck and perseverance are coupled with energy and fair business judgment. Financially and socially himself and family occupy first-class positions. Himself and wife are members of the Presbyterian church.

UENRY M. WILLIAMS, physician and surgeon, Bowdon, Carroll Co., Ga., son of John B. and Mary (Strother) Williams, was born in Meriwether
county, Ga., Aug. 5, 1834. His great-grandfather was a native of Ireland and came to America about the middle of the last century and settled in Virginia. His grandparents, Samuel and Susan Williams, were born in Virginia, migrated thence to South Carolina, and from there they removed, in 1805, to Georgia and settled in Jones county--moving, as was the fashion and the necessity in those days, in ox-carts. Dr. Williams' father was born in 1800 in Edgefield district, S. C., and came with the family to Georgia in 1805. When growing up he only received six months' schooling, but learned a great deal at home by studying by the light of a pine-knot firelight at night. His lifetime .pursuit was that of a farmer, and from choice and necessity he was his own blacksmith, wood-worker, and shoemaker. He removed to and settled in Meri
wether county in 1825, where he made himself a good farm and a comfortable home. He was a Primitive Baptist in religion, and in forty years' preaching gained an enviable local reputation. It was his custom on preaching day to carry his shoes with him to the field, where he would work until the last minute, then take his shoes in his hand and go bare-footed until he crossed the last branch, when he would wash his feet, put on his shoes, and go to the church and preach. Returning, he would remove his shoes and walk home bare-footed. Dr. Williams' maternal grandfather, John Strother, was a native Georgian. Dr. Williams was reared and attended school at Rocky Mount, in Meriwether county. The school was of the "regulation" order of architecture of the period--log house, dirt floor, split-log seats, stick and mud chimney, and square apertures cut through the sides for windows. In 1858 he began the study of medicine, Dr. M. H. Westbrook being his preceptor, and in 1859 he entered the medical college at Nashville, Tenn., attended one course, and commenced the practice. In 1861 he enlisted in Company F (CapL I. Curtis), Nineteenth Georgia regiment (Col. W. W. Boyd), Colquitt's brigade. He was in many battles, notably Seven Pines and the seven days' fight around Richmond. At the last-named fight he was wounded on the first day and was off duty for ninety days, but immediately on his recovery he returned to his command and participated in the battles at Bunker Hill and Chancellorsville and was afterward with Gen. Colquirt in Florida in the battle of Olustee, where he was again wounded, this time in the left leg, and disabled for active service. He, however, entered the state militia, with which he remained until the surrender. After that he went to Alabama, where he remained a year, and then came to Bowdon and located and established himself in his profession-- under a license. In 1874 he attended a course of lectures at the Georgia Medical college, Augusta, and in 1875 ne was graduated from Atlanta Medical college. He has continued in the practice at Bowdon, where he has established a fine reputation and secured a large and remunerative practice. He is the leading physician and the highest medical authority in that locality. Dr. Williams was
happily married in 1869 to Miss Cora Hight--born and reared in Carroll county-- daughter of William B. and Man- (Tolbert) Hight. Mr. Hight was a pioneer, a farmer, and a leading merchant. This union has been blessed with eight children: Anna, Xora, Paul, Ernest, Ida, Jonnie, Willie and Manzie. Dr.

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
Williams is a royal arch Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Baptist church. Anna, Xora and Ernest are members of the Baptist church.
JASPER J. WILLIAMSOX, a wealthy and prominent citizen of Cairollton, Carroll Co., Ga., son of Robert and Matilda (Goggens) Williamson, was
born in South Carolina in 1838. His grandfather, John Williamson, was born in South Carolina in 1791 and was a soldier in the war of 1812-14. His maternal grandfather, Tames Goggens, was also a South Carolinian. His father came from South Carolina to Georgia in 1850, bringing all he had in a four-horse wagon and a one-horse cart, laid his claim and settled in Coweta county. In 1854 he removed to Carroll count}- and settled four miles west of Carrollton. Mr. Williamson was twelve years old when his father came to Georgia, and received such an education as could be imparted by a plain teacher in a dirtfloor log cabin, with openings cut in the logs to let the light in and furnished with puncheon seats. He walked three miles to school and attended only in the intervals between working the crops. After his graduation he taught school himself a while. In 1861 he enlisted in Company K (CapL J. J). Calhonn), Eighteenth Alabama regiment (Col. Bullock), and was assigned to Gen. Gladden's command. He was in several hard-fought battles, among them Shiloh and Chickamauga, where he was wounded. He was captured at Marietta, Ga., and sent to Camp Douglas, 111., and held a prisoner until after the surrender. After the war he returned to Alabama, where he lived and farmed for three years, when he moved to Carroll county and conducted his plantation until 1886; then he removed to Carrollton to enjoy his ample income and the social advantages of town life. He has a fine plantation and two large brick business houses in Carrollton. In 1866 Mr. Williamson was married to Miss Julia A., daughter of Louis and Xancy (Brown) Walker, by whom he has had one child--Nancy E. Mrs. Williamson is a member of the Methodist church. Mr. Williamson is a master Mason.
JOHX H. WORD, merchant, Bowdon, Carroll Co., Ga., son of John Bryson and Amelia (Sparks) Word, was born in Carroll county in 1836. His great-grand
father, Charles Word, was a revolutionary soldier and was killed in the battle of King's Mountain. His grandparents, William and Elizabeth (Bryson) Word were Xorth Carolinians. and he was a soldier in the revolutionarv army. His father was born in Surry county, X. C, Jan. I, 1796, and his mother in Franklin county, Ga.. June 15, 1803. He came to Georgia when a young man and settled in Franklin as a school-teacher and taught there for many years, many of the scholars coming as many as seven miles to school. Himself and wife were mar ried July 22, 1819. In 1836 he removed to Carroll county, where he soon rose to considerable prominence and was elected a justice of the inferior court, and for many years was a justice of the peace. On one occasion he married a couple and a short time afterward they called on him to "un-marry" them. For many years he was a deacon of the Baptist church. Mr. Word's mother was a daughter of Elijah and Amelia Sparks, early settlers in the country near Atlanta. Mr. Word was reared on the farm, which he made his home until he married. He received a good common-school education and taught school a short time. In 1861 he enlisted in Company B (Capt. Charles A. McDaniel), Cobb's legion, and partici pated in many hard-fought battles--among them Dam Xo. i, Yorktown, seven days' fight around Richmond, concluding with Malvern Hill, etc. He went to Man-land, but was too late for the Second Manassas. He was at the battle of South Mountain, Sept 14, 1862, where he lost his

CATOOSA COUNTY SKETCHES.
left leg and was taken prisoner. Only four of his company escaped death or wounds. A month elapsed before his leg was amputated: after it was done he took the smallpox, was stnick by lightning, and then he had to submit to a second amputation. In 1863 he was elected clerk of the superior court and served two years, and was made a notary public and filled the office six years at Bowdon. In the meantime he began a general merchandise business at Bowdon, and although he had but very small capital he has been eminently successful. He made his first start in business before the war closed, but some Federal troops passed that way,, took even-thing he had and broke him up. In 1884 he was elected to represent the county in the general assembly and served one term. In 1893 ne was elected county commissioner of Carroll county and took an active and prominent part in building the new court house. In 1866 Mr. Word was married to Miss Virginia, daughter of William and Ann (Stringer) Colquitt, South Carolinian born. Mr. Colquitt was a soldier in the Confederate army during the war, and a part of the time was a guard at the Andersonville prison. When he was married he and his wife began housekeeping with only a frying-pan and two old chairs, but they are better, and more comfortably, if not luxuriously, "fixed'' now. Himself and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist church. He is a liberal contributor to all worthy enterprises.
** CATOOSA COUNTY.
J \V. AXDERSOX, physician, Ringgold, was born in Catoosa county, March * 12,1863. His father is John R. Anderson, a native of Virginia, born Dec. 13,
1823, who settled at Crawfordville, Ga., in his youth with his parents and became a citizen of Catoosa county in 1848. In 1857 he married Hattie Samas, of Calhoun, formerly of Monroe count}-, a lady highly connected. Her grand-uncle was Hon. William H. Crawford. Her uncle was Hon. X. C. Barnett, for many years secretary of state, and one of the leading citizens of Georgia. By their marriage they had two children, J. W. and Carmetia, the wife of Dr. Thomas Hackett, of Catoosa county. Dr. Anderson was reared in Catoosa county and was educated at the Masonic Literary- institute in Ringgold. For several years he was in the service of the Western Atlantic Railway company as conductor. He resolved to prepare himself for the medical profession, and began the study o.f medicine at Ringgold with Dr. T. Hackett. Later he entered the college of physicians and surgeons at Baltimore, Md., and prosecuted his studies at this institution during 1883-84, completing his course at the Southern Medical college in Atlanta, where he was graduated in March. 1885. In 1889 he commenced the practice of his profession at Ringgold, where lie has attained excellent success and enjoys a large general practice in Catoosa county and in the state of Ten nessee. In his professional calling he has acquired the confidence of his patients and the public generally by reason of his skill as a physician, and his standing as a gentleman and a citizen. His standard of professional ethics is high, and he is popular among his professional brethren. On December 23, 1890, he was married to Miss Annie L. Jones, daughter of Capt. R. J. Jones, of Catoosa county, and at present clerk of the superior court. The mother of Dr. Anderson died in Catoosa county in 1886. His father is still living in this county. Dr. Anderson is a member of the masonic fraternity, Quitman lodge No. 106, at Ringgold. 1-29

450

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

WILLIAM JEROME BAZEMORE, M. D. Dr. Bazemore is an esteemed citizen of Ringgold and one of the leading physicians of Catoosa county.
He is a native of Crawford county, Ga., where he was born June 30, 1844. His
father was Washington Bazemore, a native of Alabama, who served in the Florida Indian war in 1836-37. Washington married Eliza Wright, born in Crawford
county. Ga.. daughter of Robert Wright, a native of Ireland and an early settler in Crawford county. By this marriage they have six children: Dr. G. M. Baze more. now an eminent physician of Cleveland, Tenn., and surgeon for the South
ern Railway company at that place; R. M., of Dalton, who served in the Sixth
Georgia regiment during the late war, and lost a leg at Gettysburg; Missouri E.. who married Dr. R. A. Wilson, of Aphison, Tenn.; William J.; Susan, de ceased, and Xannie J. Turrentine, of Richland, Fla. The father of Dr. Bazemore
died in 1855 and his mother in 1853. He was at an early age deprived of the care and council of his parents, and practically thrown upon his own resources. But he soon developed courage and energy in the battle of life. He attended the schools of Crawford county until the commencement of the war, and in July. 1861, at the age of seventeen, he enlisted in the Twenty-second Georgia state troops, commanded by Col. Barklew, his brigadier-commander being Wil
liam H. Harrison. For one year he saw service at Savannah and on the eastern coast, where he was engaged in erecting and perfecting coast defenses. His term of service having expired, he went to Virginia, where lie visited Richmond during- the seven days" fight, his object being to re-enlist in the Sixth Georgia. However he changed his mind and returned to Georgiaf*t>ringing with him to
Macon Col. T. J. Simmons. who is now one of the judges of the supreme court
of the state, and who had been severely wounded in the campaign around Richmond. On his return to Georgia he joined the Ocmulgee rangers, under
Col. Charles T. Goode. and was ordered to Chattanooga, where he participated
in the Tennessee campaign under Gen. Peghrum. He fought at Chickamauga and at Missionary Ridge in 1863. and in the campaign of 1864 he saw active service and constant fighting under Johnston from Dalton to Atlanta, being engaged at Resaca. Xew Hope church, Kennesaw mountain, Peachtree creek and in the siege of Atlanta. He was special escort for W. H. T. Walker when
killed at Decatur. He fought at Jonesboro and at Fairburn. He accompanied Wheeler's cavalry through east Tennessee to the Salt Works in Virginia and was engaged in the battle ot Aiken. S. C., and Bentonville, X. C. He was mustered out of sen-ice with the surrender of Johnston's army at Smithville, after under
going four years of hard and perilous sen-ice in defense of the Confederacy. He
proved himself a gallant soldier, was only absent thirty days from his command, and suffered the most painful hardships without a murmur. He returned to
Crawiord county without means or property, but with courage undaunted, and the experience of four years' trial in that kind of sen-ice, which is well adapted to test the patience and endurance of man. His education was still unfinished and his means inadequate to effect his advancement For two years he superintended *. cotton plantation for W. H. Ross, and in 1868 he moved to Fort Valley, Ga., and then completed his literary education. He was anxious to enter one of the learned professions, and in 1869 entered the Jefferson medical college at Philadel phia, where he engaged in the study of medicine and surgery during 1869-70, and
in. 1871-72 he continued his studies in the medical department of the university of Louisville. Ky.. where he graduated in the latter year with high honor and received a diploma for one of the best essays delivered. He settled in Catoosa
county and entered upon the practice of his profession, in which he continued for five years. He moved to Chattanooga in search of a larger field for his profes-

CATOOSA COUNTY SKETCHES.

451

sional labors, and forming an alliance with his brother, Dr. G. M. Bazemore,
he acquired a very large and lucrative practice. Owing to ill health in his family he was compelled to return from Chattanooga to Ringgold, where he has resided since 1891, still engaged in the duties of his profession. He is recognized as an
able, talented and experienced physician and surgeon. In 1873 Dr. Bazemore married Miss Amelia Gray, of Grayville, Ga., daughter of R. T. Gray, and a niece of Hon. John T. Gray. They had six children, five of whom survive: Mal-
comb G., Fannie E., Charles Washington, Jerome and Ruth E. Royden J. is the deceased child.

E. MANN. This well-known member of the Catoosa county bar is a resident of Ringgold. He was born in Gordon county in 1862. His father is Dr. Joel J. Mann, a prominent physician of Floyd county, and his paternal
grandfather is Edmund S. Mann, a native of Georgia, now living at an advanced age in Gordon county. Dr. Mann married Miss Sally Hunter and had eight children: Anna, wife of Preston B. Smith; William E.; Rev. A. J. Mann, a min ister of the Presbyterian church, now living at Everett Springs, in Floyd county;
Joel J., Jr.; Lula, deceased wife of Monroe Parrot; Robert Lee, at present en gaged in teaching in Whitfield county; Alice and Delia. The mother of Mr. Mann is still living. His father, Dr. Mann, entered the Confederate service and
served through the war. William E. was reared in Gordon and Floyd counties, his parents settling in the latter county in 1870. He attended the common schools and the high school at Subligna. In 1880 he entered the North Georgia agricul tural college at Dahlonega, where he pursued a classical course of study during
two years, and was graduated in 1882 with the degree of bachelor of arts. He had already formed a strong inclination for the legal profession and began the
study of law in the office of Dabney & Fouche at Rome, Ga. In 1883, at the fall term of the superior court of Floyd county, he was admitted to the bar by Hon. Joel Brannon, presiding judge. Immediately thereafter he settled in Ringgold and entered upon the active duties of his profession. He soon found him
self riding- on the wave of success and popularity. He received retainers in important railroad litigation pending in his county and rapidly acquired a repu tation for success in the management of corporate cases and a knowledge of the principles of this important branch of jurisprudence. Commensurate with his
growing reputation as an advocate and counselor, his practice increased in the Cherokee circuit, and he now ranks among the leading lawyers of that circuit, so long distinguished for its legal talent. His practice, which has been of a general character, together with his studious habits, has familiarized his mind with the various branches of jurisprudence and he is alike at his ease as an
advocate before a jury, or in discussing the technical niceties and distinctions of the rules of equity jurisprudence in a court of chancery. Mr. Mann has never taken an active interest in political affairs, but during his life he has ever clung to the teachings of Jefferson, and the cardinal doctrines of the democratic party. He served two terms as mayor of Ringgold to the satisfaction of its inhabitants
and has always taken an active interest in the progress of his town. He is in every sense a man of affairs, active and energetic, in whom the public have
implicit confidence, and for whom the future has much in store. On Sept 27,
1892, he married Miss Irene Gordon, of Ringgold, daughter of Judge Thomas M. Gordon. Mr. Mann is an active member of the Presbyterian church. He is also
a member of the masonic fraternity at Ringgold--Quitman lodge No. 106. On June 24, 1895, a son was born to Mr. and Mrs. Mann, whose name is William
Gordon Mann.

452

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

CHARLTON COUNTY.
JOHN' J. UPCHURCH, lumberman, Race Pond, Charlton Co., Ga., was born in Nassau count)-, Fla., March 18, 1861. He was the son of N. S. and Sarah
A. (Parker) Upchurch, and of a family that early settled in that state. He attend ed the common schools and completed his education by private instruction. Be fore reaching manhood he was embarked in business, at the same time displaying a liking for the excitement of politics. After a warm contest he was elected one of the representatives of Nassau county in the Florida legislature in 1887 and 1888, enjoying the distinction of being the first democrat to represent that constituency in the lower branch of the state legislature. In 1889 Mr. Upchurch moved to Race Pond, Ga., and engaged in business. He also entered into the councils of his party and took a prominent part in shaping its cam paigns. In 1894 he was elected to the Georgia senate from the fourth senatorial district, and served on several important committees of that body. Mr. Upchurch was married April 7, 1890, to Miss Susan Hawkins, a daughter of Dr. T. D. Hawkins, an eminent physician of King's Ferry, Fla. She was born March 28, 1867. Three boys--George, Frank and John--have blessed this union. Mr. Upchurch is a partner in the sawmill firm of Dyal & Upchurch and enjoys a high standing in a business as well as a social way.

CHATTAHOOCHEE COUNTY.
\\TILLIAM H. BAGLEY, sheriff, Cusseta, Chattahoochee Co., Ga., son of Samuel M. and Man- A. (Goody) Bagley, was born in Chattahoochee coun
ty, March 24. 1862. His father was a prominent planter and quite influential and popular politically, was a soldier in the Confederate army during the late "unpleasantness," and for some years was sheriff of the county. When Mr. Bagley was eight years old his father went to Louisiana, where he remained eighteen months, and then returned to Chattahoochee county, which has since been his home. When in Louisiana he attended school about six months, and had only limited schooling afterward. At the age of nineteen years he went on a farm by himself and commenced farming. He has been quite successful and is already one of the popular citizens of the county. After having acceptably served four years as bailiff he was in 1892 elected sheriff, an office he bids fair to be elected to for many succeeding terms. Mr. Bagley was married Dec. 2, 1881, to Miss Princess E.. daughter of George Willis, formerly a prosperous fanner, who was killed while serving in the army during the late war. To them five children have been born: Henry Amber, Bertie Lee, Mary Agnes, Flossie and Willis Frank. Mr. Bagley's public service has but just begun.

CHATTOOGA COUNTY SKETCHES.

453

CHATTOOGA COUNTY.
HON. ANDREW PERRY ALLGOOD. That portion of Georgia commonly denominated the mountain region has, since its earliest settlement, been chiefly
noted for its agricultural products. With every natural advantage for the main tenance of manufactures and the mechanical arts, with a water power unexcelled and fuel in abundance, rural customs, ideas and occupation predominate in the minds of its people. To this general rule, as applied to the industrial progress of this section, there are a few notable exceptions, as is evidenced occasionally by the sound of the hammer and the hum of business industry heard in the mountain fastnesses. The rich and blooming Chattooga valley, the Eden of north Georgia, is far in advance of other localities in the happy possession of this mark of industrial progress in the country. To the business thrift and enterprising spirit of the founder of the Trion Manufacturing company the public of Chattooga county are indebted for the benefits and the advantages accruing from the estab lishment in their midst of an institution destined in many ways to enhance the value of property and contribute to the wealth and material prosperity of the people. In the business circles of this state and beyond its boundaries the name of Andrew P. Allgood has long since been familiar. He was a native of South Carolina, having been born in Laurens district, Nov. 23, 1816. His father was De Forrest Allgood, also a native of Virginia, born in 1787, of French extraction, and a gentleman of the old school, who possessed a highly cultivated intellect and the polished manners of his time and associates--the planter class of South Caro lina in Calhoun's day. In 1837 he settled in Walker county, Ga., on a planta tion where he resided until 1842, when he moved to Mississippi, where he remained until the late war. Returning to Georgia, he spent his remaining years with his son, Andrew P., dying in Chattooga county, June 9, 1877. His wife survived him until March 17, 1883. The issue of their marriage was five children: Elvira, who married William T. Parks, of Pontotoc county, Miss.; Andrew P., Barnett Jefferson, William H. and Margaret B., who married Dr. Andrew Berry, of Walker county. All are now deceased. Andrew P. Allgood settled in Walker county in 1838 and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was among the first merchants of that county and one of its early pioneers. Possessing that skill, tact and judgment which, be they natural or acquired, are ever characteristic of the successful business man, he prospered, and in 1845 he settled on a large and valuable plantation in Chattooga county, which still remains in the possession of his family. His shrewd judgment and observing eye was quick to discern the facilities which the country afforded for the establishment of a plant adapted to the manufacture of the cotton product, and the value of such an institution to himself and others. Accordingly, in March, 1846, together with Spencer S. Marsh and William K. Briers the well-known establishment now bearing the corporate name of the Trion Manufacturing company, located in the heart of Chattooga valley, for the manufacture of cotton goods, commenced business. For upward iof forty years he was the head and one of the chief pillars of this institution, now ranking among the most successful and reliable of the kind in Georgia. From its early infancy he nursed its growth, expanded its powers and capacity, and by that energy and perseverance which ever accompanied him in hours of progress, and -that courage which never deserted him in hours of trial and in financial panics, he lived to build his own monument by the permanent estab-

454

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

lishment of an industry which has been fruitful of blessings past and to come to the people of Chattooga county and the adjacent territory. About 300 hands are now employed at the Trion factory and upward of 700 looms and 25,000 spindles are in operation. During the war Mr. Allgood received notice from the Federal authorities to suspend the operation of his plant or incur the penalty of its destruction by the torch of the brigand invaders. And in consequence for a period the company were thus compelled to discontinue business. He con tinued at the head of the company and largely conducted its affairs until 1882, when, after half a century of usefulness and remarkable business success, he died in the bosom of his family at his home in Chattooga valley, universally lamented by an extensive list of social friends and a large circle of business acquaintances. Georgia has produced men of greater distinction, but it may well be doubted whether any citizen of this state deserves more highly the gratitude of the mass
of the people, or with the opportunity at his disposal, contributed more generally by his acts and deeds to promote the public welfare. He had no taste for politics and neither sought nor desired political preferment But during his long life in Chattooga county he was active in promoting the public interest, and was
regarded as a leader and trusted counselor in the management of county affairs. For many years he served as justice of the inferior court. His friendships were strong and lasting and his benevolence unbounded. Ever ready to acknowledge
by act and example the spirit of righteousness and sound morality among men, he did not hesitate to condemn wrong, believing it to betray pusillanimity of char
acter whenever or wherever manifested. Mr. Allgood married in 1842 Miss Mary Marsh in Walker county. Her father was Spencer S. Marsh, a native of Chatham county-, X. C, born Nov. 24, 1800, and died at La Fayette, Ga., in 1875. His name has already been mentioned as the associate of Mr. Allgood in the founding of the Trion factory. He married Miss Ruth Brantly of North Carolina
and reared six children, viz.: Edwin W-, now a leading and prosperous business man of Atlanta; Mary, who married Mr. Allgood; Joseph, Emily, Addie and James. Of these Edwin, Addie and Mrs. Allgood survive. Joseph was for many
years a practicing physician. He entered the Confederate service and served
through the war in Longstreet corps as surgeon of the Eighteenth Georgia regiment. He was with his regiment during all the battles and campaigns in
which the army of Northern Virginia was engaged, and which made that army famous in military annals. He died in Walker county in 1888. By their mar riage Mr. and Mrs. Allgood had born to them six children: Addie, De Forrest,
Alice, Mary, Margaret and Maude. Of these Mary is deceased. De Forrest succeeded his father as president of the Trion Manufacturing company and died in 1890. Margaret married Alfred S. Hamilton, at present president of that com pany.

CRANK CORDLE, a practicing physician and surgeon residing at Trion, was born in Chattooga county in 1859. His father is Calvin Cordle, a planter
residing in that county, and a native of Virginia, where he was born in 1832. He settled in Chattooga county in pioneer days and married Miss Martha Green, of Floyd county. They reared three sons and two daughters: Edwin C., a me chanic and farmer at Birmingham, Ala.; James C., engaged in planting in Chat tooga county; Lizzie, wife of W. P. Wood; Fannie, wife of John Bennett, and Frank, all of Chattooga county. The mother of Dr. Cordle died in that county in 1872. Calvin Cordle entered the Confederate army and was attached to the hospital service. He served in that capacity through the war. Dr. Cordle was reared and educated under Capt. J. M. Jackson in Chattooga count}'. Before

CHATTOOGA COUNTY SKETCHES.

45-

attaining the age of twenty-one he was elected tax collector of his county, and discharged the duties of that office creditably during the term of two years. He resolved to enter the medical profession, and commenced the study of medicine and surgery in 1879 with Dr. J. W. Clements, of Subligna. In 1881 he entered the Atlanta medical college and pursued a course of study during 1881-82, and graduated in 1883. He commenced the practice of his profession with his former preceptor, Dr. Clements, at Subligna, where he continued with success until 1891, when he accepted an offer from the Trion Manufacturing company to act in the capacity of regular physician and surgeon for that institution. He located in Trion and has since that time continued to serve that company. His practice, which has been of a general character, has been very successful, and with the public and his professional brethren he ranks high as a physician and surgeon and as an active and energetic citizen. In 1883 he married Miss Claudie Murphy, of Floyd county. They have three children: Lollie Hix, Myrtis Cavender and Tom Howard. Dr. Cordle is a royal arch Mason, and with his wife is a mem ber of the Baptist church. His paternal grandfather was Absalom Cordle, a native of Virginia, born in 1794. He married in Virginia and reared a family. He was a soldier in the Mexican war and was a well-known and highly respected citizen of Chattooga county," where he died in 1886, at the advanced age of ninetytwo years. The maternal grandfather of Dr. Cordle was James P. Green, a native of this state, who early settled in Floyd county, where he died in 1876.

M M. RANSOM, educator, Menlo, Chattooga Co., Ga., was born in Walker county, Jan. 7, 1869. ^1S tether was Reuben Ransom, born in Mecklenburg county, N. C, in 1825. There he grew to manhood, and was edu cated first at Mecklenburg and later at Griffin college, Georgia, where he pur sued a classical course and was graduated with the degree of master of arts. He read law and was admitted to the bar, but owing to ill health was forced to abandon his profession and engage in farming, which pursuit he followed during the remainder of his life. He died in Walker county, April 22, 1872, where he had resided twenty-seven years. He had three brothers and one sister: Washington, John, Milton and Parmelia. The four brothers entered the Con federate service and Milton was killed in battle. The father of Prof. Ransom was a lieutenant in the Confederate army. He fought with the army of Northern Virginia, and was present and actively engaged in the memorable battle which made that army famous in the history of the war--the Wilderness--Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg, and the second battle of Manassas. He followed Longstreet to Chickamauga in September, 1863, and fought in that battle. He returned to his home at the close of the struggle and resided in Walker county until his death. He married Miss Caroline Owens, daughter of John and Har riet Owens. His wife was born in Spartanburg, S. C-, in 1828, and moved with the family to Walker county in 1845. By this union they reared four sons and three daughters: Parmelia, wife of John C. Wall; John M.; Ocea, wife of C. C. McConnell; George W., James B., William M., and Cora, wife of T. W. Hasleria. "All are residents of Walker county. In 1889 Prof. Ransom entered the junior class of Emory college, Oxford, Ga., and continued his studies in that institution until June, 1891, when he graduated with the degree of bachelor of arts. Since graduating he has been engaged in teaching in Chattooga county; since 1891 he has been principal of the Menlo high school in that county, which institution he established. He has devoted his entire time to building up this school in the heart of Chattooga county, where, by untiring zeal and at great personal sacrifice, he has succeeded in providing for the youth of that county

456

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and adjacent territory the advantages of a higher system of education. The average attendance at the school is 250 students. There are three departments of study, the literary, musical and elocutionary. The higher mathematics and the learned languages, Greek and Latin, are also taught In the attendance both the states of Tennessee and Alabama are represented, and in Georgia the attend ance is made up from the counties of Chattooga, Dade, Walker, Whitfield and Murray. From the start the school has been successful, and Prof. Ransom has given universal satisfaction. On Dec. 26, 1894, Prof. Ransom married Miss Hattie Belle Wyatt, daughter of R. Wyatt, of Chattooga county. Prof. Ransom is a member of the Methodist church, and Mrs. Ransom belongs to the Presby terian communion.

DOBERT YOUXG RUDICIL, a \vell-kno\vn physician and surgeon residing in Chattooga county, \vas born in Spartanburg district, S. C, on Aug. 8, 1832.
His father \vas Philip Charles Rttdicil, a native of Lincoln county, N. C., the son of George Rudicil, a native of Wurtemburg. Germany, who accompanied the celebrated Baron De Kalb to America during the revolutionary war and fought throughout that struggle for American independence. He joined the continental army at Trenton and was present and endured the sufferings at Valley Forge in the winter of i/J". Three of his brothers were in the continental service, and all four of the brothers were wounded. Dr. Rudicil's grandfather served under Greene and De Kalb in the Carolinas and was present when Count De Kalb was killed at the battle of Camden, where he was wounded and sent to. a German settlement in North Carolina. As soon as he recovered he rejoined the army and saw further sen-ice on the famous retreat of Greene, through the Carolinas. He was present at the siege of Yorktown. and witnessed the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. At the close of the war he settled near Lincoln Court House, N. C., on a fine plantation and resided there until his death about 1820. He married a Miss Johnston. of Virginia, and reared three daughters--Susan, who married George Hovis: Eva, wife of John Mostiller; Ann. wife of John Stroup--and four sons--John. Jacob, Michael and Philip Charles, who was born in 1804. Philip Charles settled in Spartanburg district. S. C., about 1826, and in 1828 married Miss Man- Ann MacMillan, whose mother was Jane McDowell, daughter of Robert McDowell. He was a planter and also engaged extensively in mechanical pursuits. They reared five children: Dr. R. Y.. Elizabeth ]., David Luther, Seleni C., wife of James A. Greene. and Man- A., who married Gabriel Greene. The father of Dr. R. died in 1861. and his mother died in Chattooga county in 1881. The family settled in Chattooga county in 1860. Dr. Rudicil was educated in Spartanburg district, and after completing his literary course in the schools of Spartanburg he resolved to embrace the medical profession. He accordingly entered the medical college of South Carolina and pursued a course of study in that institution in medicine and surgery. Graduating therefrom in March, 1855. he settled in Summcn-ille. Ga.. and commenced the practice of his profession, where he has resided ever since and has enjoyed a large and most successful practice. At the opening of the war he entered the service of the Confederacy as a surgeon, and with his command was in the famous march under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston from Winchester to Manassas. and remained at Piedmont on Sunday, reaching the battlefield on Monday morning, where he was at once assigned to duty. He continued in active duty until September. 1861, when he returned to his home, remaining until May. 1862. He was appointed assistant surgeon to Smith's legion and reported for duty at Xelson Springs, Gordon Co., Ga.. and accompanied that army to Tennessee and participated in the Kentucky and Ten-

CHATTOOGA COUNTY SKETCHES.

457

nessee campaign in 1862. He was present at the battle of Perryville, Richmond and at the last battle at Rock Castle river. In February, 1863, he was appointed by the secretary of war surgeon of the Sixth Georgia cavalry regiment. He con tinued in the service during the summer and accompanied his regiment to the battlefield of Chickamauga in September following. He was present during the
four days' fight, Sept 18, 19, 20 and 21, under Gen. John Pegram, and was with the general when he moved on Alexander bridge on the afternoon of Sept. 18, and when he crossed at Byrum ford, and was present at the opening of the fight at Jay's mill at sunrise on the morning of the igth. Later, after the vic tory at Chickamauga, his brigade led the charge on Minty's brigade of Thomas' corps at Mission Ridge, where Lieut.-Col. Fain, commander of the regiment, was severely wounded. After Mission Ridge his regiment followed Longstreet
to Knoxville, and was in the siege of Knoxville and the battle of Dandridge, and throughout the winter of 1863-64 was in active duty in the field, enduring the trying hardships of a severe campaign. On May 8, 1864, his regiment, then in Martin's division, joined Johnston at Resaca and was present at the battle fought there. He continued with his regiment during the celebrated campaign of that year and was at New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek and in the siege of Atlanta. Ho was present when Walker was killed near Cobb's mill, and later accompanied Wheeler into Tennessee, and was present at the battle of Murfreesboro. His command penetrated Tennessee as far as Nash ville and Franklin. At Campbellville Dr. Rudicil sustained a severe injury by a fall of the horse on which he was mounted. His command crossed the Ten nessee at Colben Shoals, swimming their horses in the night, and after constant service and hard riding finally joined Johnston at Macon. Later he was present at the battle of Aiken, S. C., and the last fight in the war, the battle of Bentonville, N. C, and was discharged, as appears from the parole, on May 3, 1865, after having given the best years of his life to the Confederacy in defense of the institutions and cause of the south. Returning to his home, he endeavored to resume his practice and at the same time engage in the pursuit of agriculture. The severe financial losses which he, among hundreds, sustained as a result of the war and the new order of things were finally overcome and prosperity restored.
His practice was very large and his experience in the service necessarily en hanced his value and service as a physician and surgeon. He took an active and prominent part in political affairs, designing thus to promote the public welfare of Georgia and its people. In 1873 he became the candidate of the democratic party for representative of Chattooga county in the general assembly and was elected. He served on several important committees and was chairman of the committee on the institute for deaf and dumb, and took an active part in the deliberations of that body both in committee work and on the floor of the house. Since his valuable legislative service he has continued his large prac tice in Chattooga county, among whose citizens he stands foremost as a gentleman of broad, liberal and conservative views, and in whose confidence and esteem he justly occupies a high place. He is a member of the Confederate Veterans' post at Summerville, a member of the Presbyterian church at that place, and a royal arch Mason. On April 19, 1857, Dr. Rudicil was married to Eliza Agnes Knox, daughter of Capt. Samuel Knox. They have two surviving children-- Madora A., wife of Judge W. M. Henry, of Rome, born July 25, 1860; C. C. L. Rudicil, born March u, 1866, now a practicing physician. Madora was edu cated at the Rome female college and was graduated from that institution. Dr. C. C. L. was educated and is a graduate of the university of Georgia, Athens. He entered the Atlanta Medical college, of which institution he is a graduate, and

458

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

later was graduated at the New York Polyclinic institution, and is now engaged in the practice at Chickamauga. He married Miss Lydia Rowland, a grand daughter of Maj. John S. Rowland, of Bartow county, a well-known Georgian; David Luther was born Nov. 26, 1867, and died Dec. 6, 1869; Leon D. was born June n, 1869, and resides at home with his parents, engaged in farming. Dr. C. C. L.'s wife graduated at Oxford, Miss.

HON. WESLEY SHROPSHIRE. The Shropshire family is of English origin and is among the oldest of the pioneer settlers of Chattooga county. Wesley
Shropshire was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga., April 3, 1801, and was one of a family of seven boys and two girls, children of Spencer Shropshire and his wife, whose maiden name was Pollard. Spencer Shropshire was a successful planter
in Oglethorpe county and was a soldier in the war of the revolution. The grand father of Wesley was a native of England, who was sent as a missionary to Virginia in the last century before the commencement of the revolution. He, too, was a soldier in that war, and fought in the continental army. Mr. Shrop
shire, from his youth, displayed original traits of character, at all times self-
reliant and confident of his powers and ability to discharge every duty and obligation he assumed. He was surrounded by few of the opportunities and advantages possessed by the youth of the present generation, but was quick to grasp at such as came in his way, and made the most of his early position in life. In his youth the school system of the present day was rather a Utopian vision than an accomplished fact. But despite these manifold disadvantages for intellectual improvement, he acquired in time a practical education. His mother
taught him to read, but he had passed his majority before he had acquired a practical and serviceable knowledge of the art of reading and writing intelligently.
At the age of twenty he purchased his time from his father, and was employed as an overseer of a plantation, and for several years he continued to serve in that capacity, and by practical economy saved some money. At the age of twentysix he married Miss Nancy Swanson, with whom he lived happily until her death, which occurred in April, 1852. The offspring of this marriage were five daugh ters, only two of whom--Mrs. J. A. Bale, Rome, Ga., and Mrs. Barksdale, of Chattooga county--are now living, and one son, Francis C. Shropshire, the father of the present Wesley Shropshire, representative in the general assembly from Chattooga county. He became a.successful planter in Oglethorpe county, and as early as 1826 was elected to the office of justice of the peace, the first of numerous public favors to be afterward conferred upon him. The opening of the Cherokee country in North Georgia afforded excellent opportunities for such aggressive and enterprising spirits as Mr. Shropshire, and he resolved to
embark for the new field then attracting the attention of all Georgians and settlers in adjoining states. He accordingly settled in Floyd county in 1835 with his family upon two lots of land, at present within the corporate limits of East Rome, where he resided for several years, became possessed of valuable property,
and rose to prominence as a public character. After one year's residence he was. in 1836, appointed deputy sheriff of Floyd county under W. R. Williamson, and at the ensuing election was elected sheriff. He held the office by re-election, and continued in the discharge of its duties until the summer of 1839, when he was elected to the legislature of Georgia as the candidate of the democratic party. He took a very active part in the legislation of that session among colleagues
whose lives have since become a part of the history of our common country. His enterprising spirit led him to take a prominent part in the passage of the act providing for the building of the state road to Chattanooga. In 1840 he

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was again a candidate for the legislature on an independent ticket, having encoun tered violent opposition in the democratic party in consequence of his support of the railroad enterprise, but he was again elected and served through the session which followed. In 1841 he settled in Dirt Town valley, Chattooga county, on what is now known as the Chancy mill property, where he built and established these mills and acquired a large and valuable landed estate. His services were still sought after by the public, and in 1846 he was again elected sheriff of Chat tooga county. In 1855 he became the candidate of his party for the state senate, and after a hard-fought contest was elected over the know-nothing candidate, and in 1857 was re-elected over an old-line whig. The very eve of the war found him in the public service of his state at a time when the eyes of the whole union were turned upon Georgia. At this momentous period of our history Mr. Shropshire was an ardent union man and pronounced advocate of the policy of Stephens and his school. He was opposed to secession and was elected in 1860 to the secession convention at Milledgeville, and was present and participated in the deliberations of that famous body in the winter of 1860-61, first at Milledge ville and later at Savannah. He took strong grounds against the policy of with drawing from the Federal union, but on the passage of the ordinance declaring that the state of Georgia had withdrawn from the union of states, he gave his support to his state and his approval to the acts of his colleagues. Through out the war he was known as a union man, but his son, Francis C. Shropshire, died in the Confederate service. He attended the first convention that nominated Hon. Joseph E. Brown for governor of Georgia. He was appointed on the select committee from the Cherokee country to determine on the choice of a candidate for governor, and the action of that committee resulted in the choice of Joseph E. Brown. Judge A. R. Wright was also a member of that convention, and in the course of the contest he was offered the nomination, but declined, having been chosen a member of the convention in the interest of another can didate. At the close of the war Mr. Shropshire recommended the wisdom of the policy providing for the return of Georgia to the union. In 1868 he was elected to the constitutional convention from the forty-second senatorial district. His years of experience in public life made him an important factor in the deliberations and labors of the convention. This was his last public service, although he continued to live and enjoy comparative good health for twentysix years thereafter, dying in Chattooga county, Dec. 31, 1894, at the great age of ninety-four years. In his long and remarkable career changes and counterchanges had occurred in the social and political condition of men and empires. ''He had seen nations born and die." His life extended through the administration of twenty-one presidents of the United States, having been born in the second month of Mr. Jefferson's first administration. His first vote was cast for Jackson in 1824. Francis C. Shropshire, the son, was born in Oglethorpe county in 1829. He was educated at Mercer university, Penfield, and was married early in life to Miss Mary Wright, daughter of Judge A. R. Wright, of Rome, Ga. He prepared himself for the practice of law and was admitted to the bar. He was elected clerk of the house of representatives in the Georgia legislature in 1859 and served through the session. At the commencement of the late war he entered the Confederate service and was rewarded with a commission. He con tinued in active service until 1862, when he died of disease at Cumberland Gap. By his marriage he had five children: Beulah, wife of A. B. S. Mosley, of Rome; Lizzie, deceased; Octavia, wife of N. E. Adamson; A. W., and Hon. Wesley Shropshire, the present representative of Chattooga county, and a well-known member of the Chattooga bar. Mr. Shropshire was educated in the schools of

460

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Chattooga county and in 1883 commenced the study of law with Hon. F. A. Kirby, of Summerville. After pursuing a course of study he was admitted to the bar, and immediately thereafter commenced the practice of his profession in Chattooga county, where he has continued to reside and enjoy the emoluments of his profession. In 1892 and 1893 he was elected and served as mayor of Summerville, receiving in both elections every vote cast. In 1894 he became the candidate of the democratic party for representative in the general assembly, and after a vigorous contest was elected over F. G- Little, populist candidate, by a large majority. During his legislative service he served on the committees on judiciary, railroads, deaf and dumb institute, and on enrollments. His legislative service was marked by considerate and conservative action in dealing with public questions and measures, and both in committee and on the floor of the house he became prominent among the young legislators who participated in the labors of the session. He represents an element rapidly gaining vantage ground and recognition in Georgia affairs, and in the social and political life of this state, and the future opens before him replete with opportunites of advancement and useful ness. He married in 1884 Miss Hattie Marshall of Shelbyville, Tenn., daughter of Moses Marshall. They have one child, Beulah. Both Mr. and Mrs. Wesley Shropshire are members of the Methodist church.

CHEROKEE COUNTY.
"THOMAS BELL is an old resident of Cherokee county and resides near Fort Buffington. He was born in that county in 1851 and has always resided there,
and is engaged in farming. His father is Thomas Reuben Bell, born in Henry county, this state, in 1815. and still lives in Cherokee county, where he is engaged in agricultural pursuits, in which he has been remarkably successful. He was a soldier in the late war and saw active sen-ice in the state troops. In 1834 he was married to Miss Surena Messer, daughter of David Messer, of Henry county, where she was born in 1819. His wife is still living. On Aug. 22, 1872, Thomas Bell was married to Miss Kimness Chanlee, daughter of Judge Tilman Chanlee, of Cherokee county. Eleven children--eight boys and three girls--were born to them, all of whom survive: James L., born Aug. 3, 1873; John K., born April 3, 1875: Suviler, born Nov. 26. 1876; Andrew B., born Xov. 18, 1878; Cherokee D.. born Feb. i> 1881; Samuel W., born Jan. 9, 1883; Oscar W., born March 23, 1885: Thomas Tilman, born April 17. 1887; Fred, born Ja.n. 22, 1890; Cleopatra, born Dec. 28, 1891, and William F.. born March 29, 1894. Mr. Bell belongs to a family of fourteen children, nine of whom are still living. His sister Roda is the wife of G. \V. Tippens: Martha is unmarried; Jefferson; Mary is the wife of W. F. Chanlee. and Luvenia is married to W. H. Robertson: Franklin; Reuben G.: Xancy Jane, wife of R. B. Clark. His brother John, who served in the Twenty-third Georgia regiment during the war. was killed in battle under Stone wall Jackson in Virginia. Alfred died in 1853: William, Bethaney and two more children died early in life. The survivors all reside in Cherokee county. Mr. Bell takes an active interest in politics and was nominated by the populists for the legislature in 1892 and again in 1894. but was defeated both times--and unjustly, so manv of his adherents think.

CHEROKEE COUNTY SKETCHES.

46!

QEORGE WASHINGTON BROOKE, farmer, Canton, was born May 8, 1829, in Hall county, Ga., and was the son of John Prescott and Esther
<Bennett) Brooke. His father, a large planter, was an influential citizen of Hall county and was sheriff and several times member of the legislature. Mr. Brooke was the tenth of thirteen children. He was educated in the common schools, the facilities for higher learning that we now enjoy not then existing. When he was about twenty-one years old he accepted a situation as clerk in a mercantile estab lishment at Marietta, Ga., where he was employed for several years. His health failing, he left the store to begin a farm life in Cherokee county, which he has since followed, only being interrupted by the civil war. He married Mary E., daughter of Joseph L. and Aratenta Dial. Mr. Dial was a large planter living in Cherokee county and one of the earlier settlers of this region. There were but few families living in the county when he took up his abode there, the Indians having full possession of the country. Mrs. Brooke's ancestors came from South Carolina. There have been born to Mr. and Airs. Brooke seven children, six of whom are living: Malissa T. married Mr. N. K. Scott and they have five children. Jefferson Prescott Brooke married Miss Maud Howell, and they are the parents of four children. Elizabeth Hastings married Joseph E. Johnston, and they have two children. George Washington, Mary Myrtle, and Trelly John are the other children. Ida E. is the deceased child. Mr. Brooke enlisted in Company G, Third Georgia regiment, cavalry, and was in the western army. He was in the battles of Chickamauga and Lookout Mountain and was captured at Dalton, Ga., being held prisoner until after the surrender of Gen. Lee. Mr. Brooke is a member and deacon of the Missionary Baptist church, having united with this denomination when a young man. He has been successful as a farmer and has accumulated considerable property. He owns an elegant home in the beautiful city of Canton.
I EVI F. BURTZ, farmer, Modesto, Cherokee Co., was born April 15, 1832, in Pendleton district, S. C., and is the son of Levi and Sallie Burtz. His
parents were of German descent and were Quakers in religious training and belief. The father was a farmer and school teacher, and when Levi was about four years old brought his family to Georgia. Levi Burtz was the youngest of eight children and was given the benefit of the educational facilities offered by the common schools of Georgia. When he reached manhood he started in business for himself as a tanner and pursued the same with success until the civil war broke out He was among the first to respond to the call of the South for volunteers, and, leaving family and business, he enlisted in 1861 in the Confederate service and served until the war closed. He was in the western army and in a number of notable battles. Chickamauga was probably the hardest fight for him.
He was at Murfreesboro, Tcnn., and Missionary Ridge, and was taken prisoner in Kentucky. After a few months' imprisonment he was exchanged and joined his regiment at Vicksburg. When the war closed Mr. Burtz returned to Cherokee county, his home, and resumed his business. In a few years he became interested in farming, which he has since continued. In January, 1893, Mr. Burtz was elected county treasurer and filled that office for two years. He has been a member of the Methodist church for forty-five years--since he was eighteen vears of age--and holds a license as a local minister, issued in 1867. Mr. Burtz was married Aug. 28, 1851, to Hester Ann Dobbs, of Cherokee county. There were born to them five children--four living and one dead--Joseph M., Cicero M., George Alien, Sallie Marguerite, Franklin Pierce (deceased). AH the children are married and all belong to the Methodist Episcopal church, as does Mrs. Burtz.

462

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

JZSSE MILLER BURTZ, one of Cherokee countys prominent citizens, was born Jan. 22, 1825, in Pickens district, S. C. His ancestry on both sides were
German-Dutch, and both of his grandfathers were in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, his mothers father serving under Gen. Greene in the battles of Guilford C. H., and Camden. Air. Burtz father moved to Georgia and located in Cherokee county in 1839, and died there March 13, 1875, aged eighty-
two years. His mother died in 1840 in her forty-fifth year. Mr. Burtz was a boy only fourteen years old when he came with his parents to his new home in Georgia. He received a common-school education and learned the tanners trade, and when of age entered into this business for himself. This he followed until the civil war broke out, at which time Mr. Burtz had made about $24,000. His
devotion to the cause of the Confederacy was shown in his equipment of 156 men, whom he enlisted in the ranks and sent to the \var. Of these there were not over twenty-five that returned from the conflict Mr. Burtz was captain of Company F, Twenty-eighth Georgia regiment, and was first under Gen. Fetherston, later under Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt. He was in all the battles around Richmond, at the second battle of Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredricksburg and at Ocean Pond, Fla. His health failing, he went into the cavalry service, and also conducted a tannerj- for the Confederate government After the war Mr. Burtz spent fourteen years in Mitchell county, Ga. He was mayor of Camilla and representative of that county one term in the legislature. He was United States commissioner eight years and filled other offices of responsibility. He married Miss Eliza L. Mothershed, daughter of Isaac T. and Emma Mothershed. Mrs. Burtz came with her parents to Georgia in 1846 and was married Dec. 30, 1847. They have three living children: Charles, Franklin Pierce and Susan, wife of Mr. Stewart. Mr. Burtz is a Mason. After a long and busy life Mr. Burtz is pleasantly spend ing his declining days with his family onhis fine farm near Canton.

ALFRED BURTON COGGINS, retired merchant, Canton, was born Oct 22, 1838, in Gilmer county, Ga., and is the son of John Lilly and Elizabeth
(King) Coggins. His father was born in Tennessee and his mother in North Carolina. They took up a home in Gilmer county before the Indians were re moved to their reservation, and were among the first settlers of the county. The} were devout members of the Missionary. Baptist Church and brought their chil dren tip in the teachings of a Christian character. The mother died at the age of sixty-five years, but the father lived to be seventy-three, dying in May, 1891. Alfred Coggins was the third of nine children. He was sent to school in the neighborhood of his home, and at the age of twenty-one began life for himself as a farmer. A year later he was wedded to Miss Louisa Smith, daughter of Balus and Matilda Smith. This marriage has been blessed with nine children, all living, viz.: John Judson, Georgia, Kansas, Augustus Lee, Charles Cicero, Thomas Raleigh, Lillie, Maggie and Burton Franklin. Mr. Coggins was in the mercantile business twenty-six years, first in Gilmer county, afterward in Pickens county, and sixteen years in Canton. In 1894 he retired from active business life, though he has interests in the Coggins gold mines, which have been operated with a yield of $100 per ton. In May, 1862, Mr. Coggins enlisted in the Sixth Georgia regiment, (cavalry), Company D. under Gen. Wheeler. He was in a fight at Philadelphia, Tenn.,at the siege of Knoxville, and in a number of other engagements, serving until the end of the war in 1865. Mr. Coggins is a member of the Missionary Baptist church of Canton, and belongs to the fraternal order of Knights of Honor. Mrs. Coggins is a member of the Methodist church. Mr. Coggins is a thorough business man, with an experience in life and knowledge of men that makes him

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463

invaluable in counsel. He has never taken an active part in politics, preferring to leave that to others. He is well acquainted in his section of the state and enjoys the esteem of all.

JOHN W. FIELD, M. D., is a practicing physician of Cherokee Mills. He
was born in Cherokee county on March'22, 1872, was educated in the common schools, and finished his studies at Reinhardt Normal college. In 1890, having resolved to enter the medical profession, he commenced the study of that science under the guidance of his brother, Dr. Charles H. Field, of Kennesaw, Ga. Later,
in 1891, he entered the Atlanta college of eclectic medicine and surgery, pursuing a full course of study in that well-known institution, and graduating therefrom on March 2, 1894, standing high in his class. Immediately thereafter he com
menced the practice of medicine at Cherokee Mills, where he has already acquired a good and growing general practice, and is rapidly rising to merited prominence
and acquiring an excellent reputation as a physician. The father of Dr. Field is Logan Field, of Cherokee Mills. He was born in Greenville district, S. C., on March 24, 1834. Nine years later he moved with his parents to Georgia, settling
iri Habersham county. At the age of eighteen he visited the west, traveling through the states of Texas, Arkansas and Kansas. Returning to Georgia, he
settled permanently in Cherokee county. In 1862 he enlisted in Company B, Forty-third Georgia regiment, and participated in the battles of Bridgeport, Chat
tanooga and Tazewell, Tenn., Cumberland Gap, Richmond and Lexington, Ky. He fought at Murfreesboro, Chickasaw Bayou, near Vicksburg, Big Black River and throughout the entire siege of Vicksburg. After the capture of that city he was paroled, and later, having been exchanged, he was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek and throughout the siege of Atlanta. He then returned with Hood by way of Flor ence, Ala., and was engaged in the destructive battles of Franklin and Nashville. On the return from Nashville he was taken prisoner and confined at Camp Chase, Ohio, until June, 1865, when he was released. His military record is a remarkable one. He was a soldier who never shirked duty nor wanted courage. His family was ruined by the war. Three of his brothers died in the service of the Confed eracy; one was killed in the battle of Chancellorsville, another wounded during the seven days' fight at Richmond, and died in the hospital, while the third died in the
service. In 1859 ^r- Field was married to Miss Jane C. Rippie, daughter of Rev. A. J. Rippie, of Cherokee county. Two children were born of this marriage: Mary Lewella, wife of Dr. J. W. Loringood, of Cherokee county; his other child, together with his wife, died during the war. In 1868 Mr. Field was again married to Miss Minerva Kennett, daughter of George Kennett, of Cherokee county, and by this marriage they have four children: Dr. Charles H. Field, of Kennesaw, Ga., the subject of this sketch; Mattie E. and Sally L. The father of Mr. Field was Gen. <J. R. Field, a native of Giffcrd county, N. C. He was a prominent citizen of Habersham county, where he died at the hands of an assassin, in Clarksville, in 1846. The mother of Mr. Field was Polly Perkins, daughter of William Perkins, of Lincoln county, N. C. She died in Cherokee county in 1889. By their marriage J. R. and Polly Field had nine children: Catherine, wife of Presley Payne; Mary Jane, wife of P. Iry; Eliza, wife of W. H. Ferguson; Nancy, wife of R. M. Fortner; Susan, wife of A. B. Iry; William, who died in the service of the Confederacy at the commencement of the war; Joseph W., wounded in the seven days' fight at Richmond, and died in the hospital; John W., killed at
the battle of Chancellorsville, and Logan Field. The family of Mr. Field on his mother's side is of Scotch-Irish descent, and on the side of his father is of English
descent

464

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

JAMES GORDON KINCAID, of Cherokee county, is a native of Arkansas, where he was born in 1870. In 1876 he settled with his parents near Hickory
Flat, in Cherokee county, where he was reared and educated, and where he now resides. He has acquired a practical knowledge of mechanics, and is engaged in manufacturing and agriculture, conducts an excellent farm and a saw-mill, of which he has made a success in the manufacture of lumber. In 1891 Mr. Kincaid was married to Miss Bana Barrett, daughter of B. and Lerina Barrett, of Cherokee county. They have had two children: Mattie Ozella, born March 13, 1892, who died Sept. i, 1893, and Benjamin Jefferson, born April 18, 1894. The father of Mr. Kincaid is William J. Kincaid, a native of Georgia. In 1868 he settled in Arkansas and removed to Georgia in 1876. He now resides in Cherokee county. Early in 1861 he enlisted in the Confederate service, in the Second Georgia regi ment. He served through the war and participated in the first and second battles of Manassas, in the seven days' fight in defense of Richmond, and in most of the engagements of the army of northern Virginia. The mother of Mr. Kincaid was Mary A. Ragsdall, who was born in Cherokee county, Ga., and is still living. Mr. Kincaid belongs to a family of five children: Mattie, Mrs. C. W. Miller, Tennessee; Odella, Oscar, Oda and James. Mr. Kincaid is a young man of engaging presence and agreeable manners, and bids fair to succeed in life.

A DONIRAM SYLVESTER KING, farmer, Canton, was born March 22, 1837, in that part of Buncombe county, N. C., which is now Henderson county. He
was the son of Benjamin Franklin and Alary Ann King. The father was a native of North Carolina, and his father and grandfather were Virginians. Mr. King is of Irish-English ancestry. His great-grandfather was of Scotch-Irish and English parentage, and his great-grandmother on his father's side was Irish. His paternal great-grandfather was a soldier in the revolutionary war. Benjamin King was a
Baptist minister and large planter. With his wife he came to Georgia in 1845, an<i
located in Whitfield county. He enlisted in the Confederate army and was made captain of Company F, Thirty-third Georgia regiment. Mr. Adoniram King was a member of Company F, Second Georgia regiment, and after twelve months' service he re-enlisted in Company B, Forty-third regiment. The first year he was in the army of Virginia, and later in the western army. He was in the first and
second battles of Manassas, Upson heights, Evansville, and a number of lesser engagements, when in the Virginia army. He was in the battles of Chickamauga, Tenn.; Bridgeport, and near Knoxville, and was through Kentucky, engaging in the fights at Crab Apple. Perryville, Henderson, and thence to Tennessee, partici pating in the battles of Franklin and Murfreesboro. He was at Vicksburg, Miss., and in a battle at Bull's Run, near Vicksburg, where he was struck by two balls, one fracturing his hip and lodging in his back-bone, and one striking his leg below the left knee, fracturing the bone. He was left on the field for dead, and remained there for a day and night. When found he was put in charge of the enemy and was sent to Enterprise. Miss., to the hospital. When his father returned from the Virginia army he brought the son home, where he remained until the battle of Chickamauga. He entered this memorable fight on one crutch and a stick. When Mr. King was transferred from the army of Virginia to the western army he was major of the drill. He was at Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge, and in the campaign from there to Atlanta- He was in all the engagements around Atlanta, and was captured there, July 31, 1864, and sent to Johnson's island. Mr. King was married, May 19, 1859, to Miss Martha Matilda Evans, daughter of John and Elizabeth Evans, of Cherokee county, Ga. There were born to them one
son and three daughters: Jackson Sylvester, born June 21, 1861; Martha Theo-

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^65

dosia, born April 19, 1864; Mary Elizabeth, Jan. 7, 1867; Talulah Christina, April 20,1869. After the war Mr. King removed his family to Arkansas and resumed his farmer's life. While living there, in 1871, the wife died, and Mr. King immedi ately returned to Georgia, locating on a farm near Atlanta, where he remained three years. From there he moved to Men wether county, where, July 18, 1875, he wedded Miss Nancy Reader Folds. This union was favored by the birth of six children: Thomas Envin, born April 28, 1876, died in infancv; Olin Carlton, born May 14,1877, died in infancy; Benjamin Adoniram, July 9, 1878; William Theophilus, July 9, 1881, died in childhood: Marion W., Sept. n, 1883, and Luther Franklin, born July 5, 1887. Mr. King returned to Cherokee county in the early part of 1886. He has been engaged in farming all his life. He has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal church nearly a quarter of a century, and his wife is of the same religious faith. Mr. King has been a class-leader, superintendent of the Sunday school and steward of the church for years. He is a man of strict probity, and by his energy and industry and fair dealing with his fellow-man has
prospered.

DATTERSON HAMPTON LYOX, mayor of Ball Ground, Cherokee Co., was born March 14,1836, in Rutherford county, X. C, and is the son of Asher John
and Xancy Lyon. Mr. Lyon's grandfather was John Lyon, and was a native of Xorth Carolina, in which state his ancestors for the past century have lived. Mr.
Lyon's father and grandfather on his father's side moved to Cherokee county in 1847, and took up a home at a place one and a half miles from where Mr. Lyon
now lives. His father was a school teacher, and taught in Xorth Carolina and Georgia, and while following this vocation in Missouri died in 1875, in his sixtythird year. There were born to Asher and Xancy Lyon thirteen children: Patterson
H., John Benjamin, Peter Calvin, Stephen, Elizabeth D., David Benedict, Merrit
Rickman, Amanda, Virginia, Abram Asher, Millison, Emily, and Joseph Emerson Brown. Mrs. Xancy Lyon died in 1859 at the age of forty-two. Mr. Lyon's grand father on his father's side died in 1873 m his eighty-first year, and his grandmother died in 1875 at the age of eighty-three. Mr. Lyon was eleven years old when his father came to Cherokee county, and in his boyhood attended the schools of the neighborhood and received private instruction at the hands of his father. When he reached his twenty-first year he began farming for himself. When the war
broke out Mr. Lyon enlisted for six months in the state militia, and in May, 1862, he joined Company A, Forty-third Georgia regiment, under Col. Harris. He was in the battle of Chattanooga in 1862, at Tazewell, Cumberland Gap, Tenn., Covington, Ky., Lancaster, and Richmond, Ky. He participated in an engagement near Vicksburg, Miss., and at Baker's creek, where he had part of his ear shot
off. He was in the forty-seven days' siege of Yicksburg, and was wounded in the leg on the Kennesaw line July 1,1864. In 1863, Mr. Lyon was made lieutenant of his company, and in September, 1864, was promoted to captain. The entire company was captured at Jonesborough, Ga. Capt. Lyon was home on a fur
lough at the time, but before his leave expired he made up another company and
led it into service. He was at Kingston, Ga., when Gen. Lee surrendered. Follow ing the war Mr. Lyon engaged in the mercantile business at Marietta. He was deputy marshal and then marshal of that city for four years. In 1877 he moved to Ball Ground, to improve his property in that vicinity, and engaged in sawmilling. He owned several hundred acres of land where the town is now located when the railroad was built. He has since continued to look after his property and officiate as mayor, having been elected to this office five times. Capt. Lyon drew the
charter for the town, and was the first mayor. He is an active member of the 1-30

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I. O. O. F. Capt. Lyon was married to Miss Xancy A. Carpenter, daughter of Jacob D. and Sarah E. Carpenter, of Cherokee county. There were born to them twelve children: Alfred Cicero, Sarah Elizabeth, James Buchanan, Annie, Laura, Robert Lee, Lottie Belle, Cora Ophelia, Leila (deceased), Winnie Davis (deceased), Merrit Clifton, and Mamie. Eight are married, the last two named being single.

UOWARD WALKER NEWMAN, lawyer, Canton, Cherokee Co., was born in
Knoxville, Tenn., July 16, 1840. His parents were Jacob and Caroline H. (Austin) Xewman, natives of the valley of Virginia, the father being born in Shenandoah county and the mother in Albemarle county. Jacob Xewman was a prosperous contractor. On both sides are found ancestors who served their country on the battlefields of the revolutionary war. Mr. Xewman's grand father, on his mother's side, was a near neighbor and intimate friend of Thomas Jefferson, and of the same politics of the great leader. His mother was a Baptist, and her husband, Jacob, was a free thinker. There were born to them seven children, of whom Col. Howard Newman was the youngest. His early education was had in the schools of Knoxville, and he completed his studies at Emory and Henry colleges in 1857. He further pursued studies at the East Tennessee uni versity in 1858. He enlisted in the First Tennessee regiment (Peter Turney's regiment), Company C, and was made captain. He was in all the engagements that embraced the army of Virginia, and was with Gen. Lee at the surrender. He received several wounds while in service. After the war he read law under Gov. Peter Turney in Winchester, Tenn., and was admitted to the bar in 1866. He remained in Winchester, where he practiced his profession, until 1876, when he moved to Canton, Ga. Here he has since followed his profession with satisfactory results. In 1888, Col. Newman was a democratic presidential elector for the ninth Georgia congressional district. He was married Jan. 17, 1867, to Maggie, daughter of Judge Joseph Donaldson, of Cherokee county. Four children have blessed the union, only one of whom has been spared the parents--Howard Roy. Mr. Newman is an Odd Fellow, and has always taken much interest in the order. He has investments in farming lands, and devotes some attention to agricultural pursuits. Col. Newman is one of the leading lawyers of the Cherokee bar, and commands a large practice in county, district and the supreme court.

DEV. JOHX WESLEY PAYXE, of Cherokee county, was born in Rutherford county, X. C., on June 5, 1820. In 1828 he moved with his parents to Haber-
sham county, this state. In 1835 he settled in Lumpkin county. His occupation has been that of a farmer. At the commencement of the civil war, Mr. Payne was a strong Union man, having been schooled in the democracy of Jackson's day. During the war he rendered efficient service to the Federal government. During 1864 he was engaged as a scout and guide, and in January, 1865, he formally enlisted in the service of the United States, engaging in military duty, and acting as chaplain of his regiment during the remainder of the war. On Aug. 21, 1840, he married Miss Nancy Potts, daughter of Samuel Potts, of Habersham county. By this marriage they had nineteen children, seven of whom survive: Charles C., of Arkansas; William J., of Cherokee county; John C., of Pickens county; David A., of Bartow county; Susan, wife of J. B. Lively; Melinda, wife of Marion Anderson, and Louisa, wife of Adplphus Smith. The father of Mr. Payne was Charles C. Payne, a native of Rockingham county, Va., who married Sally Crowder, of North Carolina. He died in 1867, in Habersham county. The mother of Mr. Payne died in that county in 1841. His grandfather was Thomas Payne, also born in Rockingham county, Va. He commanded a company under Gen. Washington

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467

in the war of the revolution, and served throughout that struggle. He was a soldier of high character, and a citizen of worth and reputation. During his service as a scout in the late war, Mr. Payne was taken prisoner near Pine Log church, in Bar-
tow county, by Wheeler's cavalry. He was first taken to Augusta, where an attempt was made to execute him as a spy. His life having been spared, he
was sent to Augusta for trial, and on his way to that city he escaped from his guard by leaping through the car window. After enduring severe hardship, he
finally made his way to his home in Cherokee county, traveling on foot, and experiencing the pangs of hunger and fatigue. His wife died on Feb. 19,1891, and in May following he married Miss Sarah McCreary, of Pickens county, daughter
of William and Catherine McCreary. Mrs. McCreary died in 1863. Mrs. Payne has two brothers and five sisters living: William, a resident of Indian Territory; John, of Kansas City, Mo.; Eliza, wife of Mr. Reagan; Martha, wife of Dr.
David Wade, of Macon, Ga.; Nancy, wife of Mr. Hales; Hulda, wife of James Ledford, of Clay county, N. C., and Emily, wife of G. W. Little, of Pickens county. She had two brothers in the late war, one in the Confederate and the other in the Federal service. Mrs. Payne is a native of Lumpkin county, Ga., where she
was born in 1843. Mr. Payne is an elder of the Church of Christ in Pickens county, and for thirty-seven years has been a minister of that church. Mrs. Payne is also a member of the Church of Christ.

gENJAMIN FRANKLIN PERRY, a well-known newspaper man and insur ance agent, and a prominent citizen of Canton, Cherokee Co., was born at
Marietta, Ga., July 27, 1859, where he was raised and educated in the common "schools of Cobb county, where he received a limited education. In 1876 he grad uated at Moore's business college in Atlanta, where he attained an excellent record
for efficiency in the course of study which he pursued at that well-known institu
tion. After finishing his course he followed the occupation of clerk and book
keeper, and in that capacity his services were engaged by different prominent business houses in Marietta. In 1877-78 he was in the service of the Marietta
Paper Manufacturing company, where he acquired a practical knowledge of the art of making paper. In 1871-72-73 he was in the employ of the Marietta "Journal"
and there acquired a knowledge of printing. In May, 1879, he located at Canton, and became business manager of the Georgia "Advocate," an organ of the Meth odist church south, until that paper was moved to Atlanta. In January, 1880, he established the Cherokee "Advance" at Canton. The paper succeeded fairly
well, but as the rent paid for the material was exorbitant, he gave it up at the end of the year, and kept books for Capt. J. M. McAfee until January, 1884, when he
bought, on credit, the materials, "good will" and books of the "Advance" and
devoted himself to the building up of that newspaper. The paper had changed
proprietors several times in the interval between 1881 and 1884, and had proved a business failure. By persistent work and close attention to business, Mr. Perry
succeeded in paying for the outfit and has since put in new type, presses and a
steam engine. The "Advance" is now on a firm basis and has over 1,400 sub
scribers. Mr. Perry's aim has properly been to make it a live, progressive, clean and pure newspaper, and he has made it the instrument for developing and adver
tising his section. In times of election and other important happenings, couriers
on horse and the telegraph are employed to gather the fullest and most authentic information for earliest publication. Two instances deserve mention: The day after the cyclone of 1885, the "Advance" contained four columns of the most reliable account of it, the facts being obtained by Mr. Perry in a nighfs visit and
stay in the devastated portions of Cherokee county. The morning after the

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meeting of the Georgia Press association at Canton in 1888 the "Advance" con tained a full report of the meeting, including a synopsis of all the speeches deliv ered at the banquet only a few hours before. The Georgia Weekly Press associa
tion has honored Mr. Perry with its presidency, and the Georgia Press association with its vice-presidency. He is now secretary of the Georgia Press association. Mr. Pern' is in his thirty-seventh year--he is the type of physical manhood and mental austerity. He is a gentleman of affable and agreeable presence, of polished
manners and diffident bearing. He has doubtless a bright and promising future, and bids fair to reach the front rank in journalism, to the pursuit of which he
is devotedly attached, and toward which he successfully directs a well-preserved
energy, supported by a sense of high honor and business integrity. Mr. Pern,' has never sought nor desired political preferment, although frequently solicited to become a candidate for such honors. He was, however, a member of the town coun
cil of Canton from the time of its organization until a very recent period. In 1891 he was elected mayor of Canton without solicitation or desire on his part. In 1892 he was strongly solicited to become the democratic candidate for the office of senator in the thirty-ninth senatorial district of Georgia, comprising the counties of Cherokee, Milton and Forsyth, but a dislike for political advancement and a sense of duty to his profession as a journalist induced him to decline the proffered
honor, although the nomination was equivalent to an election. Mr. Perry is an active member of the Methodist Episcopal church south, and is superintendent of the Sunday school in that church at Canton. He has been president and secre tary of the County Sunday School association, of which association he is now
vice-president. He is also superintendent of the Sunday school association of the twenty-first district of Georgia, comprising the counties of Cobb, Cherokee, Milton and Pickens, which position he also held in 1892. He is a member of the masonic fraternity, and is secretary of Royal Arch lodge, No. 71, and holds the same office
in Masonic lodge, Xo. 77. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of which lodge he has also been secretary, vice grand, etc. He has always taken an active part in temperance work, and organized a lodge of Good Templars at Canton in 1880. Mr. Perry is ever ready to advance the temporal and industrial interests of his town and section, and was instrumental in establishing the bank of Canton. He is a member of the board of directors of this bank and is
secretary of the board. On March 27, 1893, he was appointed postmaster at Canton, and was the first postmaster of the fourth class appointed in the state of Georgia under the Cleveland administration of 1893-97. At the death of James L. Jordan, clerk of the superior court of Cherokee county, in the fall of 1892, Mr..
Pern- was appointed to fill out the unexpired term, which appointment he accepted, but he declined to become a candidate at the general election in January, 1893, although urged to do so as the democratic nominee. In January, 1894, he was
elected a member of the beard of education of Canton public schools for the term of six years. On June 24, 1880, Mr. Perry was united in marriage to Miss Addie
Blanche Vpshaw, daughter of John R. Upshaw of Alabama. Seven children were born of this marriage: Mabel Blanche, born Feb. 17, 1882; Benjamin Franklin,
bom June 14, 1883: Clarence Atkins, born March 23, 1885: Charles Roe, born Dec. 13, 1886; Mattie Estill, born Xov. 26, 1888; Ella Grady, born Nov. 5, 1890; and Julia Thene, born May 5, 1893. The father of Mr. Pern- was Anselum Roe
Pern-, a native of South Carolina, where he was born March 30, 1826. He settled in Georgia early in the fifties. His occupation was that of a paper maker and book
binder. On Oct. 18, 1855, he married the mother of the subject of this sketch at
Marietta, Ga. Her maiden name was Parthenia Adeline Gault She was the

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469

daughter of Joseph Gault, a prominent lawyer of Marietta. She is still living with her son in Canton. Anselum Roe Perry died at Marietta March 4, 1872.

\yiLLIAM T. SATERFIELD, educator and farmer, Ball Ground, Cherokee county, was born April 15, 1836, in Pickens county, S. C., and was the son
of Thornton D. and Mary Ann (Powell) Saterfielcl. His immediate ancestry were natives of South Carolina and his grandfather Saterfield was a brave soldier in the revolutionary war. Mr. Saterfield's father came to Georgia in 1841, and located
in Habersham county, now embraced in White county, eleven miles west of Clarkesville. Mr. Saterfield was only six years old at this time. He was educated at Zion high school, under the principalship of Prof. W. X. Swift. He left school when seventeen years of age to engage in teaching in White county, and from
that time has labored in this profession. He has been interested at times in mer cantile pursuits and in farming, but he has never relinquished his hold on the ferule. Mr. Saterfield enlisted in the first company that left Lumpkin count}', which was rejected, after which he volunteered in Young's battalion and was
honorably discharged after an active service of two years. Mr. Saterfield was married to Miss Susan C. Huff, daughter of John and Susan Huff, on Xov. 17, 1868. They have two children, one son and one daughter. Martha, a daughter,
married Marcus L. Thatcher of Cherokee county. They have three children. William, May, and Ernest. Joseph M. Saterfield married Miss Josie Rudicil, of Cherokee county. They have two children, Joseph and Azzie. Mr. Saterfield has been a member of the Missionary Baptist church for fifteen years, and has
served as clerk of the congregation with which he is connected. He is an Odd Fellow and a royal arch Mason, having been a member for thirty years of the masonic lodge and sixteen of the I. O. O. F. He has filled all the chairs in both fraternities. Mr. Saterfield has been a citizen of Ball Ground for three years, and by his honorable character has won the esteem and high regard of the people of this thriving town.

r^OL. JOHX J. A. SHARP, a well-known citizen of Cherokee county, residing at Walesca, was born in Pickens district, S. C., in 1828, where he was raised
and educated. In December, 1853, he settled in Cherokee county, where he now resides. He taught school for two years and then engaged in mercantile busi ness at Walesca until the commencement of the war. In 1857 he was com missioned colonel of militia. In August, 1861, he raised a company for the Confederate service, of which he was made captain. His company was attached to the Twenty-third Georgia regiment, commanded by Col. Thomas Hutchinson of Cherokee county. This regiment was ordered to Virginia and there was an nexed to Colquitt's brigade. He participated in the siege of Yorktown and in the
fight at Williamsburg and in May, 1862, his command was engaged in the battle of Seven Pines. His company suffered severely in this battle. His command was actively engaged in the seven days' fight in defense of Richmond and from there moved to Manassas by way of Orange court house, arriving on the field at
Manassas too late to take part in the battle. He was next engaged at Sharpsburg, or Antietam, retreating to Winchester, destroying railroads and burning bridges on the route. At Winchester Col. Sharp, having previously received a major's
commission, was placed in temporary command of his regiment and acted in that capacity until the battle of Chancellorsville. He was with his command in the battle of Fredericksburg, and in May, 1863, participated in the celebrated
battle of Chancellorsville, where, after severe fighting, he was captured, together with loo of his men. He was taken to the old capital prison at Washington, D.

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C, where he remained about twenty days a pris-oner of war, yet kindly treated. Having been exchanged, he rejoined his regiment at Kingston, N. C. His com mand was next ordered to Richmond, Wilmington and James island, doing active duty at Morris island. After a stay of six months in the vicinity of Charleston he went with his command to Florida, where he met the enemy at Lake City and fought at the battle of Ocean pond, when the Federals fell back to Jacksonville. He encountered Butler at Drury's bluff and his regiment finally joined the army of northern Virginia at Second Cold Harbor. The fight at Cold Harbor was one of the severest battles of the war. After a siege lasting fifteen days the army returned to Petersburg and was engaged throughout the prolonged siege of that city, being constantly under fire for the ensuing three months. His division was next engaged at Fort Harrison and at Fort Fisher. After the fall of Fort Fisher,, his command fell back to Wilmington, Kingston and Bentonville, where Col. Sharp was engaged for the last time in the defense of the Confederacy and the honor of the south. While leading his regiment in a charge on the enemy's breast work on Sunday evening, March 18, 1865, he was severely wounded, having been shot down in the assault He had given his best efforts to uphold the Confederate cause and now, at the dose of the long contest, his blood was finally shed in its" defense. He was carried from the field and removed to a hospital, and later was conveyed in the president's ambulance to Salsbury. His record throughout the war is the story of a career as active as it was chivalrous and patriotic, having been engaged in most of the historic battles fought by the army of northern Virginia.
He was promoted first from a captaincy to be major of his regiment and later to be lieutenant-colonel, and frequently was its commanding officer. At the close of the war he returned to his home penniless, was elected to the lower house of the legislature and served one term. He was again elected to the legislature in 1873. He engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits at Walesca, in which he was successful. He has taken an active interest in promoting the mental wel fare of his community and took a leading part in the establishment of Reinhardt Normal college at Walesca, of which he is an able supporter. Col. Sharp was first married in 1859 to Miss Martha Moss, daughter of David Moss of Cherokee county. She died during the war. On Nov. 18, 1868, he was again mar ried to Miss Mary J. Reinhardt, daughter of Lewis W. and Jane Rein hardt They have six children: Ramsey Colquitt, born Nov. 9, 1870; Homer Franklin, born Feb. 24, 1873; Hettie Marvin, born April 5, 1875; May Hampton, born April u, 1877; Rubie Augusta, bom Feb. 14, 1880, and Garnett White, born May 15, 1883. The father of Col. Sharp was John Sharp, a native of North Carolina, where he was born in 1805. He died in Pickens district, S. C., in 1880. The mother of Col. Sharp was Catharine White, daughter of Alexander and Agnes White. She was born in South Carolina about 1805. His paternal grand father was John Sharp, a native of Germany, who migrated to North Carolina in his youth after the close of the revolutionary war. Alexander White, the maternal grandfather of Col. Sharp, was born and raised in Abbeville district, S. C., about the close of the revolution: he died in Pickens district, S. C., in 1852.

CLARKE COUNTY SKETCHES.

47!

CLARKE COUNTY.
)ANIEL M. AAROX, merchant, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., son of John R. and Melissa F. (Mathews) Aaron, was born in 1845. Mr. Aaron's grandfather
was born in the old dominion, but when a youth ran away from home and came to Georgia, where he settled and married, and where Mr. Aaron's father was born in 1815. The reason why his grandfather ran away from home was this: His father died when he was quite young and his mother married again. This last husband was cruel to his mother and one day when he was whipping her Mr. Aaron's grandfather seized an ax and threw it at his step-father, which hit and felled him to the ground. Without waiting to see the effect of his act he ran away from home and came to Georgia. Although Mr. Aaron's great-grandfather left a very good property when he died, his grandfather was afraid not only to return to his native state, but to make inquiry about any share he might have in the patrimony. Farming was the principal occupation of Mr. Aaron's father, but during the late civil war he worked in a cotton mill, making cloth and clothing for the soldiers. Mr. Aaron had the misfortune to lose his arm when he was nine years old while working in a cotton factory, but received a very good common-school education. He taught school awhile when a young man and then worked in a cotton mill ten or twelve years, at the same time conducting a farm. About six years ago he came to Athens and engaged in merchandising and is doing a very good business. Attentive and accommodating and prompt in meeting his obligations, monetary, religious and social, he enjoys the confidence of his fellow-citizens. Mr. Aaron was married in 1871 to Miss Melinda, born in Franklin county, Ga., daughter of John and Sallie Bennett, who has borne him nine children. Those living are Sarah M., Melissa J., Man- E., Xancy C., William R., Walter J., Upson and Henry. He is a member of the I. O. F. F. and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church.
REV. SAMUEL BENEDICT, deceased, doctor of divinity, was born of Congregational ancestry in Litchfield, Conn., Sept. 16, 1824. He first became inter
ested in the Episcopal church through the friendship of the Rev. Dr. Payne, rector of the parish at Litchfield, but he was not confirmed until his freshman year in college. He was graduated from Trinity college, Hartford, Conn., in 1847, at tne head of his class. After leaving college he was for a time head master of the Episcopal academy at Cheshire, Conn. He then studied theology at the Berkley Divinity school, finishing his course there in 1850. On Xov. 20, of that year he was ordained deacon by Bishop Brownell. Shortly afterward he was appointed tutor and then adjunct professor of ancient languages in Trinity college. He was ordained priest in 1853. His first charge in the ministry was St. James parish, West Hartford, for four years, from 1852 to 1856. He was aftenvard assistant minister to the famous Dr. Croswell, in Trinity parish, Xew Haven, for two years, from 1856 to 1858. He was next rector of St. James" church, Marietta, Ga., for nine years, from 1858 to 1867, with the exception of eighteen months during the war, when he was curate of St. Andrew's church, Gumsby, Canada; then rector of St John's church, Savannah, Ga., for ten years, 1867 to 1877, and finally rector of St. Paul's church, Cincinnati, Ohio, for fourteen years, from Oct. 23,1877 to Oct. 6, 1891, when he died, aged sixty-seven years. His honors and services were many and marked. The honorary degree of doctor of divinity was conferred upon him

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

by William and Mary college, Virginia, in 1870. For several years he was a member of the standing committee of the diocese of Georgia; was chairman of the standing committee in southern Ohio from 1880 to 1889, and for twenty-one con secutive years was deputy to the general convention. There he was long distin guished as one of the committee on amendments to the constitution: and more recently as a member, also, of the committee on the revision of the Hymnal. In 1888 he was nominated for assistant bishop of the diocese of southern Ohio; and in all the diocesan conventions bore a prominent and influential part.
C AMUEL CALDWELL BENEDICT, physician and surgeon, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., son of Samuel (D. D.) and Julia 'Bush (Hicks) Benedict, grandson of
Andrew Benedict, was born at Hartford, Conn.. Sept. 20, 1855. His early school days were passed in Savannah and Marietta, Ga.. and he received the degree ot" bachelor of arts in 1876 from the university of Georgia. He taught school and raised the money necessary for his collegiate and medical education; he also spent three years at hard work on a farm, which gave him a fine physique and stamina. He attended one year's lectures at the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, and two courses at the Miami Medical college, Cincinnati, Ohio, receiving from the latter the degree of M. D. in 1879. He was resident physician to Cincinnati hospital in 1879-80: and was acting assistant surgeon, United States army, 1880-81, chiefly in the field, and in charge of field hospital at Fort Cummings, Xew Mexico, in the war against the Apaches, under Yictorio, and first settled in civil practice at Athens, Ga.. in 1882, which has since been his home. He has been professor of medical jurisprudence in the university of Georgia law school since 1883; and was appointed by Gov. John B. Gordon delegate from Georgia to the quarantine con ference, Montgomery, Ala., in 1889. By appointment of Gov. Xorthen he was a delegate from Georgia to the Pan-American Medical congress in 1893, and was made honorary chairman of section on railway surgery. He is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia, American Medical association, National Asso ciation of Railway Surgeons, of which he was vice-president in 1892: of the com mittee on medical legislation for Georgia: surgeon for the Clarke Rifles, and for several railway companies, and medical examiner for several life insurance com panies. He is also a member of the association of Acting Assistant Surgeons, United States army. In 1894 he was orator of the Georgia Medical association-- his subject being-; Suggestion and Its Therapeutic Value. Among Dr. Bene dict's more important papers are: Aseptic vs. Antiseptic Surgery, Transactions Medical Association of the State of Georgia, 1886; The Value of Blood Clot for Dead Spaces, Transactions National Association of Railway Surgeons, 1892; Pathology and Pathological Anatomy of Injuries to Spinal Cord Without Fracture of Vertebrae, idem, 1893. Dr. Benedict's most important surgical operation was reported in the "Medical Record," March 5, 1892--An Enormous Congenital Umbilical Hernia Without Cutaneous Covering; Operation and Recovery; the first successful operation of the kind on record, and the child is now living. This opera tion excited much interest among the profession. Dr. Benedict is particularly inter ested in surgery and in diseases of children. He is a Knight of Pythias, of which he is past chancellor commander and past deputy grand chancellor of Georgia. Dr. Benedict was married July 27, 1882. to Miss Annie Rodgers Bloomfield, of Athens, Ga., and to them three children have been born: Ravaud, Nancy and Julia Benedict.
Y\fILLIAM ELLISON BOGGS, D. D., LL. D., chancellor of the university of Georgia, Athens, was born in. Ahmednuggur, presidency of Bombay, India,
May 12, 1838. The family is of Scotch-Irish descent, and Dr. Boggs' ancestors

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473

emigrated to this country in 1704, and settled in Maryland, their descendants migrating southward to Virginia and the Carolinas. His grandfather, Joseph Boggs, was a native of South Carolina, served under Gen. Sumter during the revolutionary war, and was a famous scout and rifle shot. Dr. Boggs' father, Rev. George W. Boggs, was born in Pickens district, South Carolina, was a Presbyterian minister, and for seven years was a missionary in India, a work to which he was devoted, but was compelled to relinquish on account of the complete failure of his wife's health. It was during Dr. Boggs' early childhood that his parents returned by way of Liverpool, England, to Charleston, S. C. He received his preparatory education at Winnsborough, in that state, and then entered the South Carolina college, Columbia, from which he was graduated in 1859. Of his classmates but few survive the disastrous "war between the states." After his graduation he entered the Theological seminary, at Columbia, with a view to entering the Presbyterian ministry, where he remained until the spring of 1861, when he served as a private in the Sixth South Carolina regiment. At the end of active operations for the year he resumed his studies, was ordained, and in the spring of 1863 returned to his regiment as its chaplain, sen'ing as such until with his command he surrendered at Appomattox. After that event he returned to his home in South Carolina and preached a year in Winnsborough. when he was* called to the pastorate of the Presbyterian church at Columbia, S. C. In 1871 he accepted a call from the Second Presbyterian church in Memphis, Tenn., where he remained through the fearfully fatal yellow fever epidemics of 1873, 1878-79. In December, 1879, he accepted a call to the pastorate of the Central Presbyterian church in Atlanta. After three years' acceptable service there he resigned--in the fall of 1882--to fill the chair of church history and government in the Presbyterian Theological seminary at Columbia, S. C. He retained that chair until the case of Dr. James Woodrow came up, when Dr. Boggs, finding it impossible to condemn his colleague because of his scientific opinions, resigned his professorship, and returned to Memphis to resume the charge of the church, of which he had been pastor formerly. At this post he remained until the spring of 1889, when he was elected to and accepted the chancellorship of the university of Georgia. Dr. Boggs has been the recipient of the following collegiate degrees: In 1859 he received the degree of A. B. from the South Carolina college: later, the degree of D. D. was conferred on him by the Southwestern Presbyterian university, at Clarkesville, Tenn., and the degree of LL. D. by the Central university of Ken tucky, at Richmond. As an educator, and as an educational administrative official Dr. Boggs ranks with the foremost in the Union, and is placing Georgia's uni versity on a high plane as a scholastic institution. Dr. Boggs was married in 1870 to Miss Marion A., daughter of the late Adam L. Alexander, Esq., of Washington, Ga., and to them there have been born six children, of whom five survive--four sons and one daughter.

$AMUEL DOWSE BRADWELL, the ex-state school commissioner of Georgia, was born in Liberty county, Ga.? Jan. 5, 1840, on his father's farm
near the little village of Hinesville, the county seat. His father was an educational ist and gave his son his primary education up to the age of thirteen, when the father died. The son then attended the private schools in Liberty county for the next three years, and at the age of seventeen went to Oglethorpe university near Milledgeville. This was a Presbyterian institution, from which Mr. Bradwell, with the Rev. Dr. Samuel Knox Talmage, uncle of the famous Brooklyn divine, graduated in July, 1859, with the degree of A. B. The late poet, Sidney Lanier, was also one of his classmates. On leaving Oglethorpe university, Mr. Bradwell

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came to Tattnall county and taught school there until 1861, when he returned to Liberty county and took charge, as principal, of the academy in which his father had taught for many years, and which was afterward known as Bradwell institute. He remained there from January to August, 1861, when he organized a company known as the Liberty Volunteers, of which at the age of twenty-one he was elected captain. The company was assigned to the Twenty-fifth Georgia infantry and
known as Company H. Capt. Bradwell served as such officer until July 22, 1864, when he was incapacitated from further service by wounds received at the battle of Atlanta, which obliged him to go on crutches for four years thereafter. Capt. Bradwell was in the following battles: Secessionville, S. C, Jackson, Miss., Chickamauga, Resaca. Rocky Face, Powder Springs (where he was slightly wounded in the left hand), Atlanta (where he was wounded by the fragment of a shell which kept him in bed for seven months and on crutches for four years!. For three months he lay in bed and taught school, slowly recovering from his terrible wound in his right leg. About a dozen of his old scholars came to his room. Neither they nor their parents had anything to pay him, but whenever they could get a chicken, duck, turkey, or anything that a man in his condition could relish they would bring it to him. While Capt. Bradwell was thus lying on a sick-bed, the Federal general, Kilpatrick, and his command camped near by, and, of course, swept the country clean of everything required by a man in Capt. Bradwell's state of convalescence. While he needed delicacies he was, in fact, deprived of everything except the very coarsest food, several times having nothing but dried peas. Some of the Federal soldiers, however, were good to him, bringing him occasionally a fowl or some delicacy they had secured by foraging. After his recovery he returned to Tattnall county, and there taught for one and a half years. Then he returned home, took charge of the old academy, and within a year, on a capital of $150, started the Hinesville "Gazette," a weekly newspaper, conducting the dual enterprise for twenty years. He taught himself to set type, and though the paper at first was not much larger than a sheet of foolscap, he built it up until it had a circulation of 1,500 weekly and was of good size. For four or five years Capt. Bradwell lived five miles from a railroad and was compelled to cam- his edition that distance to the depot. To his school came scholars from fifteen counties in Georgia. He was noted as a successful teacher, and was beloved by his scholars. Twenty-six children are named after him by his old-time pupils. Capt. Bradwell retired from active educational life in 1890, having been appointed in December of that year, state school commissioner, the duties of which he assumed Jan. i, 1891. While compelled to seek the aid of crutches Capt. Bradwell studied law, and in 1867 was admitted to the bar in Liberty county under Judge W. B. Fleming of the superior court for the eastern circuit. Notwithstanding, Capt. Bradwell has never devoted himself to the legal profession, but has been somewhat prominent in politics. He was an elector for Hancock and English, and in 1886 was an unsuccessful candidate for a congressional nomination. In 1888-89 he represented the second senatorial district (Liberty, Tattnall and Mclntosh counties) in the state senate, and was made chairman of the committee on common schools. In 1893 he traveled ten thousand miles in Georgia and made one hundred addresses on the educational question. He has some original ideas on this subject with relation to the negro as well as the white race, and will prob ably hereafter embody his views in book form, for which his newspaper experi ences eminently qualify him. Capt. Bradwell was married Jan. 2, 1868, to Eliza beth, daughter of Col. William Clifton, his wife being a pupil of his when she was fourteen and he nineteen years old. She fell in love with him after the war when he was on crutches, it being another case of Othello and Desdemona, she

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loving him for the dangers he had passed. They had three children, one son and two daughters. Capt. Bradwell's father was James S. Bradwell, who was born in Liberty county, Ga, in 1796 and died in 1853. He was a lawyer, doctor and educator, but spent the best of his energies in teaching. Capt. Bradwell's grand father was Thomas Bradwell, who was born in North Carolina, but came to Georgia, settling in Liberty county when he was a young man, and there he was married. He was a major in the war of 1812. Capt. Bradwell's great-grandfather was Nathaniel Bradwell, a native of North Carolina, and a colonel in the revolts tionary war. He is supposed to have been the family's emigrant ancestor from England. Capt. Bradwell's maternal grandfather was Simon Eraser, a native of Scotland. Capt. Bradwell never tasted a drop of intoxicating liquor in his life, and his whole experience has flitted him well for the proud position he so creditably
and honorably filled.

BAXTER BURNETT, lawyer, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga, son of Rev. Jackson S. and Mary E. (Alexander) Burnett, was born at French Broad,
N. C, July 9, 1852. His father was a native of Tennessee and a Methodist preacher ; during the latter part of the war he was in the Confederate service, and died in 1894, aged seventy-three years. His mother was a daughter of Mitchell Alexander, a very prominent citizen of Asheville, N. C. His parents raised three children to maturity : Alice F, deceased in 1868, wife of W. C. Kirkland; Wiley B, the
subject of this sketch; and Wilbtir E., cashier of the National bank of Spartanburg, Spartanburg, S. C. Mr. Burnett's parents refugeed soon after the beginning of
the civil war to Spartanburg, S. C., where he was schooled at Wofford college and remained until 1869, when he went to Boston and engaged as traveling sales man in the south for a wholesale shoe firm. He remained with the firm until
1879, when he came to Athens and in partnership with C. W. Baldwin established
the shoe firm of Baldwin & Burnett. He continued in this business until 1884, when he sold out, commenced the study of law, and in 1885 was admitted to the bar, securing at once a good practice and an influential clientage. In 1888 the
law firm of Lumpkin & Burnett was founded, special mention of which will be found in the sketch of Edwin K. Lumpkin in these Memoirs, indicating an influ
ential clientage of large volume and value. During President Cleveland's first
administration he was postmaster at Athens. Mr. Burnett was married in Decem ber, 1872, to Miss Annie R., daughter of the late Maj. Abram Jones, of Trenton,
S. C., the fruit of which union are five children: Mary L., wife of Howell Cobb, Jr., Athens; Jackson Wilbur, Annie R., Fannie L., and Wiley B. He is a member
of the I. O. O. F. and is a royal arch Mason.

JOHN R. CRAWFORD, merchant-farmer, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga, son of
Ebenezer S. and Mary E. (Richards) Crawford, was born in Madison county, Ga., in 1849. His paternal grandparents were John M. and Mary E. (Maddox) Crawford. His grandfather was a native of North Carolina, came to Georgia
on horseback about 1800 when a young man, and settled in what is now Jackson
county. He was a miller, and later in life bought land, cleared a farm and engaged in farming. He was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Crawford's father was born
in Jackson county in 1831, was educated in the old field school taught in the dirt floor log house, and later at an advanced school at Woodstock. He enlisted under Capt. Dabney Gholston in the Thirty-seventh Georgia regiment, and though
sick a great part of the time was in many hard-fought battles. He followed farming and saw-milling all his life, and was twice married. He was first married in 1848,
and by this marriage had three children, of whom the subject of this sketch is-

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the only survivor. He also had three children--Thomas B., Ebenezer S., and Mary E.--by his second wife. He died in 1866, and himself and wife were members of the Missionary Baptist church. Mr. Crawford's maternal grandparents, Royal and Rebecca (Towns) Richards, were raised in Madison county, and Mr. Richards conducted a farm and taught school. Mrs. Richards was a devout, working mem ber of the Methodist church. Mr. Crawford was reared on the farm and received a very limited education. He began life on a farm without a dollar, lived econom ically, and worked hard six years without making anything. He then came to Athens and went into the mercantile business and opened a wagon yard. lie has established a good and profitable trade, and an excellent reputation for correct business methods and integrity, and is a progressive and rising man. Mr. Crawford was married in 1866 to Miss Louisa J., daughter of John Y. and Sarah A. (Strickland) Williams. His wife's great-grandfather was John Williams, and her grandparents were Elijah and Amelia Williams. He was born in North Carolina in 1/85, and came to Georgia in 1/92 with the family, who settled in the woods. Mr. Crawford's wife died in 1870, leaving three children: Thurston C, Viola A., and Thomas R. In 1875 ^r- Crawford married Mary E., sister of his first wife, who has borne him three children: Elmer J., John A., and Man- J. Mr. Craw ford and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist church.

S. ERWIX, lawyer, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., son of Alexander and Catharine (Wales) Erwin, was born in Clarkesville, Habersham Co., Ga., July 19, 1843. His father was a native of North Carolina, came to Georgia in 1828, and engaged in merchandising in Clarkesville, where he died in 1876. His mother was a native of Connecticut. They were the parents of four children, three
of whom were boys: William S., now deceased, was a prominent lawyer, a captain in the Eleventh Georgia cavalry regiment, and who subsequently represented Habersham county and the senatorial district in the general assembly ; Joseph B., who was a quartermaster, and Alexander S., the subject of this sketch. Mr. Erwin was raised and educated in Clarkesville, where, in April, 1861, he enlisted as a second lieutenant of infantry in Phillips' legion, and after a year was made first lieutenant. In 1863 he was promoted to a captaincy, which rank he held at the time of the surrender. He was a gallant participant in Gen. Floyd's campaign in West Virginia, where he was engaged in few battles, but many skirmishes ; second Manassas, Freclericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga. Two days later,- near Chattanooga, he was severely wounded in the right arm, which was crippled for life, and also in the hip. While at home convalescing he served in the conscription department. In January, 1865, he rejoined his com mand, near Richmond, and two weeks before that city was evacuated he came back to Georgia on post duty, which he was discharging when the war closed. On his return home he began the study of law, and in October, 1865, was admitted to the bar in Hiawassee, Towns county. He located in Clarkesville, where he prac ticed two years, and was solicitor of the county court of Habersham a year. In 1868 he resigned the office and came to Athens, where he made his permanent home. He has established an excellent professional reputation, ranks high as counselor and advocate, and is popular with all classes. He has been a member of the city council of Athens ; in 1878 he was elected judge of the western circuit, and held the office four years--the circuit comprising eleven counties--and in 1885 was appointed a railroad commissioner by Gov. McDaniel, which he held six years. Judge Er\vin was married, in 1872, to Miss Mary A., daughter of ex-Gov. Howell Cobb, a union which has been blessed with nine children, seven of whom are boys. Judge Erwin is a member of the Presbyterian church, of which he is a deacon.

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477

JOHN* GERDIXE, physician, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., son of William L. and Lucy (Lumpkin) Gerdine, was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga., Feb. 28, 1840,
the eldest of sixteen children, of whom seven survive. His father was a prominent planter of Oglethorpe county, and his mother a daughter of ex-Chief Justice Joseph H. Lumpkin, the first chief justice of the supreme court of Georgia. When he was four years old his parents moved to Mississippi, where they lived ten years, and then came to Athens. Completing his preparatory education, he entered the university of Georgia, from which he graduated as Bachelor of Arts, in 1859. After studying medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. Joseph 13. Carlton, he attended a course of lectures at Jefferson Medical college, Philadelphia, then went to the medical department of the university of Louisiana, from which he graduated in 1861. The war between the states having begun, he enlisted, May 12 of that year, as a private in Blythe's Mississippi regiment, and after serving a year as such was made assistant surgeon of the Ninth Confederate regiment. At the end of twelve months he was transferred to hospital duty at Durant, Miss., where he remained a year, and then was assigned to duty with Gen. Peter B. Starke. During his arduous and useful army service he was in the following, among other, battles: Belmont, Shiloh, near Grenada, and West Point, Miss.: Fort Pillow, Frank lin, Spring Hill, Columbia, Johnsonville,Tenn., and Selma, Ala. Three of his broth ers were also in the Confederate army. After the surrender he rode from Gainesville. Ala., to his old home, near West Point, Miss., where he followed farming a year, and then commenced the practice of his profession, which he successfully prose cuted there until 1876, when he came to Athens, which has since been his home, and where he has held important and honorable civic and professional positions. From 1880 to 1885 he was lecturer on medical jurisprudence in the university of Georgia. He is an honored member of the State Medical society, of which he was vice-president in 1888, and was censor from 1882 to 1887. In 1892-93 he served as alderman on the city council of Athens. A gentleman of the highest literary culture and professional attainments, none outranks him in the public esteem. Dr. Gerdine was married in Mississippi, in 1871, to Miss Susan, daughter of the late Thomas W. Golding--a union which has been blessed with nine children: Thomas G., Susan G., John, Lucy, William, Mary E., Sarah H., Lynton and Marion C. The doctor is a member of the masonic fraternity and of the Presby terian church, of which he is an elder.

I H. GOSS, physician and surgeon, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., was born in Banks * county, Ga., April 28, 1853. When ten years of age he went with his family to
Fayette county, Ala., and after living there five years returned to Georgia, and was in the merchandise business for two years--during which time he studied medicine. He then attended the medical college at Louisville, Ky., from which he graduated in 1875. The ensuing year he took a post-graduate course at the same institution, after which he located in Madison county, Ga., where he successfully practiced his profession three years. He then went to New York, where he attended what is now the medical department of Columbia college. Returning home, he resumed his practice and continued it until 1889, when he took a course in the post-graduate school and hospital in New York, also a course in the New York Polyclinic, and attended the Loomis laboratory, in New York, from which he was graduated in 1889. He then came to Athens, where he located, in January, 1890, and commenced the practice of his profession. But in the winter of 1894 he returned to New York and took a special post-graduate course at Columbia college, and may now be considered as exceptionally well equipped and perma nently located. He is a member of the State Medical association and of the

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

American Medical association. He was a member of the ninth international medical congress, which met in Washington, D. C., in 1887, and also of the PanAmerican medical congress, which met in the same city in 1893. Comparatively a young man, unquestionably devoted to his profession, and ambitious of attaining the highest excellence, he certainly has before him a brilliant professional career. Dr. Goss was married, in 1878, to Miss Everleila, daughter of John M. Mont gomery, now deceased, of Madison county, Ga, by whom he has had three children: Ralph M., Agnes C. and Leila G. Dr. Goss is a Knight of Pythias, a member of the I. O. O. F. and a master Mason, and a prominent member of the Methodist church.

\\fILLIAM S. HOLM AX, president Athens Electric Railway company, son of Robert Holman, was born in Bowling Green, Ky., in 1844. The family is" of
English extraction, and when members of it emigrated to this country they settled in Virginia. Mr. Holman's father was born in the "old dominion," followed farming all his life, and died in 1860, aged sixty years. Mr. Holman was reared and educated in Bowling Green, and in June, 1862, he enlisted in Company L, Second Kentucky regiment, which was assigned to the command of Gen. John H. Morgan. He was in the battle of Lebanon, Ky., besides some minor engagements and numberless skirmishes, and was with Gen. Morgan in his famous raid into Indiana and Ohio. He was captured during this daring incursion and sent to Camp Chase, Ohio, and afterward to Camp Douglas, 111., and held from July, 1863, to January, 1865, when he was exchanged and joined the army of northern Virginia. He afterward started to join Gen. Johnston's army at Greensborough, X. C., but learning that that general had surrendered his command, went to Charlotte, X. C., where President Davis was. From here Mr. Holman, with nine others, went to Salisbury, X. C., and escorted Gen. John C. Breckinridge to Charlotte to meet the president From here President Davis and Gen. Breckin ridge started for the trans-Mississippi department, under the escort of 1,500 men, Mr. Holman bearing a very conspicuous part in the movement. The party was headed off at Woodstock, Oglethorpe Co., Ga., and the president and Gen. Breckin ridge having separated from the escort, the command surrendered. It will be ob served that Mr. Holman bore a very hazardous and important part in the closing scenes of the war; that his relations were quite confidential with its illustrious chiefs, and that he was among thevery last to surrender. During his service hewas wounded --but only slightly--by both shell and saber. In 1868 he went into the live stock business in Bowling Green, in which he was successful and prosperous. Two years iater he established branch headquarters in Athens, and in 1873, so satisfactory was his business, he moved to Athens to live--continuing his business at Bowling Green until 1877. He does a very large business, his sales amounting to more than 1,300 horses and mules annually. Besides transacting this business, he owns a dairy and stock farm near Athens; is president of the Athens Park and Improve
ment company, and of the Athens Electric Railway company. This is sufficient to show that he is a man of great energy and judicious enterprise, as well as unusual business capability. A brother of his--Leander--was in the Confederate service as a sergeant in the Xinth Kentucky regiment. He was captured, was a prisoner in Fort Delaware, and died in Philadelphia soon after his release, while f>n his way home. Mr. Holman was married, in 1877, 'n Danville, Ky., to Agnes, <'ar.j*hter of the late James Spears, who died in 1892, leaving five children: Annie, Mary, Lena, Maggie and Robert. Mr. Holman is an Ancient Odd Fellow, and worships at the Baptist church.

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479

QEORGE H. HULME, wholesale grocer, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., son of George W. Hulme, was born,in Elbert county, Ga., in June, 1859. His father
was a native of Elbert county, enlisted in the Confederate army when the civil war began and died at Richmond while in the service. When Mr. George H. Hulme was about nine years old he went with the family to Newton county, Miss., where he remained about eight years. Returning to Georgia he stopped in Frank lin county a few months and then went to Hartwell, Ga., where he went to school
two years and finished his education. He taught school one term in Hart county and about 1880 came to Athena and engaged as a clerk in a family grocery store. After clerking three years he commenced a retail grocery business on his own account, which he continued until September, 1894, when he changed his retail to an exclusively wholesale grocery business. Since he went into business for him self his trade increased rapidly and he has been exceptionally prosperous. He started on a capital of $2,000 and has done an annual business amounting to $200,ooo. He has already established a very large wholesale trade with a promise of its ultimately reaching immense proportions. Mr. Hulme was married in 1884 to Miss Willie, daughter of the late William Matthews of Athens, by whom he has had three children: George Harold, Jr., Kathleen and Marguerite. Mr. Hulme is a master Mason and a prominent member of the Baptist church.

JOHN A. HUNNICUTT, capitalist and banker (retired physician), was born in Covveta county, Ga., Sept. 16, 1838. He was reared and schooled in his
native county, among other schools attending Longstreet institute until 1858, when he went to Madison college, Madison county, Miss. In 1860 lie graduated from this institution and returned to Georgia, where in 1861 he enlisted as a private in the Seventh Georgia regiment and served through the war, surrendering at Appomattox. He participated in the "battles at Yorktown, Williamsburg, Wilderness (where he was slightly wounded), Petersburg and on the retreat to Appomattox. After the war he walked to Greensborough, N. C., and thence rode and walked via Salem, N. C., to Newnan, Ga. He taught school some months and read medicine, and then entered Atlanta Medical college, from which he grad uated in 1866. Locating in Newnan he practiced his profession with growing reputation and steadily increasing patronage until 1870, when he moved to Athens, and has since been chiefly engaged in banking and various important enterprises
requiring superior financial management. From 1883 to 1893 he was president of the Bank of the University, of which he is now one of the directors. Since his retirement from the presidency of that bank he has been president of the Athens Savings bank, and is also president of the Athens Gas company and the Athens Fertilizer company, and is on the board of directors of the Southern Mutual In surance company, a position he has held for twenty years. He has served several terms as a member of the city council of Athens and also as mayor of the city. He was one of the best and truest and most progressive officials the city ever had, and has ever been foremost in any and every movement looking to the interest and welfare of the people and the upbuilding of the city--gas, electric lights and its sanitary improvement. For the poor and distressed he has always had a soft heart
and an open purse. Dr. Hunnicutt was married Feb. 22, 1870, to Miss Mary L., daughter of the late Louis J. Deupree (of Huguenot lineage), by whom he has had
eight children: Martha A., Lucy E., Deupree, Mary H., Sarali E., Eleanor K., John A., Jr., and Nellie G. Dr. Hunnicutt is a prominent member of the Methodist
church, of which he is a steward and trustee.

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

FDWIX K. LUMPKIX, lawyer, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., son of Prof. W. W. Lumpkin (now of Atlanta), was born at the home of his ma
ternal grandfather in Marion, Ala., Jan. 2, 1854. His paternal grand father was Ex-Chief Justice Joseph Henry Lumpkin of the supreme court of Georgia. While yet very young his father returned with his family to Athens, where Edwin K. was reared and educated, graduating at the university of Georgia in 1872. Among his classmates were Judge John L. Hardeman of Macon, Ga., and Joel Hurt of Atlanta. After graduating as a civil engineer he followed that profession three years, when he engaged in farming and land surveying for three years. He then began the study of law under the preceptorship of ExSenator Pope Harrow, and in 1878 was admitted to the-bar at Oconee superior court. He immediately located in Athens, his present home, where he rose rap idly in his profession, in which he no\v occupies a high rank. In 1888 he formed a partnership with W. C. Burnett, which still exists. He makes a specialty of anticorporation practice, in which his firm has been connected with a very large num ber of the most important cases \\iiich have been litigated. Mr. Lnmpkin was the active moving power which forced the Southern Mutual Insurance company to distribute its immense accumulated surplus (about $1,000,000) in 1888. Mr. Lumpkin was married in 1878 to Miss Man,- B., daughter of John G. Thomas of Milledgeville. Ga.. and to them seven chilJren--four girls and three boys-- have been born. He is a member of the masonic fraternity and affiliates with the Presbyterian church.

DATRICK HUES MELL, D. D., LL. D., late chancellor of the university of Georgia. Athens, was the second of the children and the eldest son of Maj.
Penjamin and Cynthia (Sumner) Mell, and was born in Walthourville, Liberty Co.. Ga.. July 10. 1814. His father was a very wealthy planter, sympathetic and
generous to a fault. Unfortunately he endorsed' ruinously heavy for a friend, who. failing to meet his obligation Maj. Mell had to pav the debt, thereby wreck ing his fortune. Under this financial reversal his health gave way and within two years lie died, followed two or three years later by his widow. Thus Dr. Mell
at the early age of seventeen found himself burdened with the care of a ruined estate and of his brothers and sisters. Generously relinquishing his portion of the patrimony saved from the wreck he started to work out life's problem--obtain an education and regain if possible the property and social position lost by his lather's misfortune. Fortunately previous thorough training and good schooling had laid a foundation deep and strong on which to build. This was largely due to his excellent mother, and JL friend of the family writes that he was "a perfect reproduction of his mother in form, in features, in character and in mind," proving the old saying: "That men of mark are chiefly indebted to their mothers for their superiority.'' In the excellent English and classical school at Walthourville the opportunity was afforded of paying for his higher studies by teaching the pri
mary classes, of which he availed himself. He was soon offered a good position at an academy near Darrien, Ga., which was under the direction of Col. Bradwell, where, as a teacher he could pay his way as before. In a letter written to him by his mother just before she died and while he was at school, the longings of the mother's heart and her influence over her boy stood out glowingly and lovingly in the following passage: "Earnestly as I wish a son of mine to be a minister, yet
I tremble at the idea of educating and devoting a son to the sacred profession without previously satisfactory evidence that his own soul was right with God. My heart burns to see you in every sense of the word a true Christian. Other studies are very commendable and right, but let those which tend directly to re-

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481

ligious subjects have the first place in your thoughts and affections. Let these pages, my dear boy, be a testimony before God and keep them as a sign between you and me, that I am in earnest as to a subject where indifference would be sin." The devoted mother did not live to see the fruits of her work, but God answered her prayers by giving to the country a noble life, the influence of which was felt for more than fifty years through the length and breadth of this southern land. In 1832, a few years after the date of the letter quoted from, Dr. Mell was baptized at North Newport Baptist church in Liberty county. His struggles to obtain an education attracted the attention of a wealthy gentleman--Hon. George W. Walthour--who offered to .pay the expenses of a collegiate course. His offer was accepted and in 1833 ne entered Amherst college, Amherst, Mass. To reduce expenses he taught during vacations and six weeks into the new term, keeping up with the studies and standing an examination on resuming studies in college. Being high-spirited, with a keen sense of independence, he determined to call on his benefactor for as little money as possible. For reasons of a private nature he declined further assistance before his college term closed. Subsequent unjust treatment on the part of the faculty and individual professors determined him to leave the college. With only five dollars in his pocket he walked to Springfield, twenty miles, found a vacancy in West Springfield and was installed as a teacher. This was in 1835. There he spent a year; then yielding to earnest solicitations he became associate principal of the high school in East Hartford, Conn., where he remained twelve months. About this time Col. McAllister of Savannah, a wealthy gentleman and formerly a friend of Maj. Mell, met him and offered to pay his way through Yale college, but he refused the proffered aid. Declining eligible offers he returned to Georgia in 1837 and engaged in teaching and preaching. In 1856 he was appointed to the presidency of Cherokee college, Ga.; principal of the Columbus, Ga., male high school; principal of the Baptist Female college, Talladega, Ala.: pastor of the Talladega Baptist church and professor of ancient languages in the university of Georgia. He declined all except the last; was elected and in January, 1857, entered upon the discharge of his dudes. In accepting, however, he had stipulated that the duties of-his chair should not disturb his relations with the churches at Antioch and Bairdstown, and that Sunday and Saturday of each week should be allowed him. This arrange ment was maintained until he was elected chancellor of the university in 1878In 1856 Dr. Mell was elected president of the Georgia Baptist convention, and except when kept at home by sicknesss was continuously re-elected until his death in 1888. In 1858 Freeman university of South Carolina conferred on him the degree of doctor of divinity. Dr. Church resigned the presidency of Franklin college (now university of Georgia) in 1859. This left vacant the chair of ethics and metaphysics, to which Dr. Mell was elected in 1860, holding it until it was abol ished in 1872. He was a strong sympathizer with the south; so strong that when, in 1861, a company called the Mell riflemen was organized, he was tendered and accepted the captaincy and was duly commissioned by Gov. Brown. This com pany was assigned to Cobb's legion, and he was preparing to leave when, July 6, 1861, his wife died, leaving a large family of children--some quite young. He reluctantly resigned, but had he gone his family would have been left helpless and destitute. He contracted a second marriage Dec. 24, 1861, with Miss Eliza E. Cooper of Screven county, Ga., by whom he had six children, of whom five are living. In 1863 the people of Athens resolved to organize for the defense of north Georgia, and Dr. Mell was waited on by a committee of citizens and in vited to take command with rank of colonel. He accepted, and the chancellor and faculty and nearly all the students joined, and the command went into camp at
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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Rome, afterward at Savannah, served through the war and at its dose was mustered out On Jan. i, 1866, the exercises of the university were resumed. In 1868 permission was asked of Dr. Mell to present his name for the presidency of the university of Alabama. Having determined to devote his life to Georgia he refused. July 2, 1869, Howard college of Alabama, conferred on him the degree of LL. D. As a presiding officer and parliamentarian he was regarded as having no superior, and in all the gatherings of his denomination he was quickly given a front position. This statement is verified by the fact that he was clerk of the Georgia Baptist association six years, 1845-46-1851, and afterward its moderator thirty years; secretary of the Georgia Baptist convention ten years, 1845-46-1855, and then president of it twenty-six years, and for seventeen years, to the date of his death, was president of the southern Baptist convention. In response to a request by resolution Dr. Mell prepared a manual of parliamentary practice, which was adopted and published by the southern Baptist convention in 1868. During the entire time he presided over the several conventions he encountered
but one or two reversals. The Georgia Baptists had for a hundred years met on a certain day, but such was their esteem for him as a brother, and appreciation of him as a presiding officer, that in 1885 the day was changed to meet his con venience. Notwithstanding his arduous and multiplying engagements he found time to write and publish much. Some of his most highly prized publications are: On Baptism, History of Georgia Baptists, Predestination, Calvinism, God's Providential Government, Philosophy of Prayer, Keep the Sabbath, The Lord's Supper, Coming to Christ, College Government--the Dormitory System, Uni versity of Georgia--Defended. University of Georgia--Reply to Criticisms, The Fathers of Our Association (Georgia). Dec. 12, 1887, he preached his last ser mon, and died Jan. 12. 1888, his last utterance being: "I commit my soul to God in Christ Jesus, glory be to God."

THOMAS SUMXER MELL, lawyer, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., son of Patrick H. and Lurene (Howard) Mell, was bcrn in Athens Feb.. I, 1859. His father
was chancellor of the university of Georgia (see sketch of Patrick Hues Mell in
these memoirs). Mr. Mell was raised in Athens, where he enjoyed the very best educational advantages and graduated from the university of Georgia in 1878 with the degree of bachelor of arts, and in 1879 with the degree of master of arts and civil and mechanical engineer. He then engaged in the study of law and at the July term, 1880, of Oconee superior court was admitted to the bar. He stands high professionally, has a large practice and the confidence of the people and is very popu lar. In 1893 he was city attorney for Athens and in 1894 was elected to represent the county in the general assembly, and was appointed chairman of the committee on enrollment and member of committees on finance, general judiciary and rules. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, of the I. O. O. F. and of the Baptist church.

CYLVANUS MORRIS, professor of law, university of Georgia, Athens, son of Charles and Mary (Minor) Morris, was born in Goochland county, Va.,
Oct. 8, 1855. His father was a native of Virginia. In 1869 he came to Athens to accept the professorship of belles-lettres in the university of Georgia. Mr. Morris has lived since infancy in Georgia and was raised and educated in Athens.
He graduated from the university with the degree of master of arts in 1875, then taught school in Athens t'.vo years, in the meantime preparing for the legal pro fession under the preceptorship of Ex-United States Senator Pope Barrow, now of Savannah. Ga. In 1877 he was admitted to the bar, entered into partnership

CLARICE COUNTY SKETCHES.

483

with Hon. Emory Speer, now judge of the United States district court, southern district of Georgia, and located at Jefferson, Ga. This partnership was dissolved in 1878, when Judge Speer was elected to Congress and Mr. Morris moved to Athens, which has since been his home. He was appointed by Gov. Colquitt solicitor of the city court of Athens and held the office ten years, performing faithful and highly appreciated service, and for three years was connected with the law department of the Richmond & Danville railway. Prof. Morris was married in January, 1890, to Miss Annie L., daughter of Robert Walker Lewis of Rich mond, Va. Two children were born to them, but both died. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal church.

DUFUS LAFAYETTE MOSS, cotton commission merchant, Athens, Clarke

Co., Ga., son of John D. and Martha (Strong) Moss, was born in Oglethorpe

county, Ga., Jan. 13, 1825. His father was a native of Mecklenburg county, Va.;

came to Georgia and settled in Oglethorpe county in 1806, removed to Athens in

1854, where he died in 1863, aged seventy-one years. He was a soldier in the

last war with Great Britain, and, after retiring from military life, he devoted his

time and enegies to farming, owning plantations in Georgia and Alabama. In 1824

he married Miss Martha Strong, daughter of Charles Strong, of Hanover county,

Va. Mr. Strong enlisted in 1781 as soldier in the patriot army during the revo

lutionary war, was in the battle of Yorktown and present at the surrender of Corn-

wallis. Mr. Moss spent his boyhood days on his father's plantation in Oglethorpe

county, and was educated in the country schools of the time. He began business

when seventeen years of age, engaging as clerk with a general merchandise firm

in Athens, receiving for the first fifteen months a salary of $150 and boarding

himself. The next year he received $200, and the succeeding year $250. In 1846

he formed a partnership with Maj. Blanton Hill, and embarked in a general

merchandise business in Athens, with a stock of $7,500. Five years aftenvard the

partnership was dissolved, Mr. Moss that time $22,500. In 1851-52 he

selling his interest, the firm having cleared in had charge of the Athens Foundry and

Machine works, of which he was one of the original stockholders. His next venture

was in a general merchandise store in Athens, with a branch store in Lexington,

Oglethorpe Co., Ga. This business he successfully conducted for four years.

Later, in partnership with W. H. H. White, he went into the dry goods business in

Athens, under the firm name of Moss & White. In 1860 Mr. Moss bought his

partner's interest and continued the business until the beginning of the civil war.

In 1862 he enlisted under the command of Gen. Howell Cobb, and was assigned

to duty in Florida as assistant clerk in the commissary department. In November,

1864, he was transferred to Atlanta and placed in charge of the commissary

department there, retaining the position until the surrender. For eighteen months

after the surrender, his health having been greatly impaired, he was disabled by

sickness from engaging in business. On his recovery, he was placed in charge

of Princeton (cotton) factory, which position he held for two years. Following this

he went into the shoe business, and, later, took charge of the Pioneer Paper mill,

located four miles from Athens. Resigning this position at the end of two years, he

went into the cotton commission business, to the present time, his first partner being

which he has Maj. John J.

conducted Thomas.

successfully His present

partner is his son, John D. Moss. The uprightness, integrity and purity of the life

Mr. Moss has lived before the people of Athens and the business world, have given

to his financial standing the strength which has enabled him to stand firm in the

midst of panics and hard times. As city councilman, by personally endorsing the

notes of the town, he raised its credit from fifty cents on the dollar, to par value.

484

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

He was director of the State bank, at Athens, for ten years, and has been for twenty years director of the First National Bank of Athens. Mr. Moss was married in Athens in 1848 to Miss Mary Anthony, daughter of Rev. Samuel Anthony, one of the most influential and revered Methodist preachers of his time. This lady died a month after her marriage, while on their bridal tour, at Rome, N. Y. In 1856 he contracted a second marriage, wedding Miss Elizabeth Luckie, daughter of the late Dickinson Luckie, of Covington, Ga., a union which has been blessed with eight children, of whom six survive. Of these, Rufus Lafayette, jr., is an energetic young business man, rendering efficient service in the interest of the Central Railroad of Georgia; John D. Moss is the junior member of the firm of R. L. Moss & Co., and Wm. L. is a student of the state university. His daughters are, Mrs. Emmet J. Bondurant, Eliza B. and Sarah H. Moss. To say that Mr, Moss is a member of the Methodist church, and has been a steward therein for forty years, fails to give an idea of the beauty and benevolence of the straightforward,, simple, Christian life of this venerable southern gentleman, the motto of whose life seems, to one who knows him, to be, "Let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth."
15 PHINIZY. No two names in Georgia, particularly in Clarke county, are more widely and none anywhere more honorably known, than those of
Billups and Phinizy--the first in legislative and political circles, the last as progressive business men and financiers, and both in the very best social circles. The best blood of both mingles in Billups Phinizy, banker,. Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., who was born in Augusta, Ga., Feb. 27, 1861. When only two years old he was brought to Athens by his parents, where he was educated and grew to manhood. He took an engineering course at the university of Georgia, completing it and graduating in 1881. His first business venture- wasin the grocery business, which he carried on with profitable results for seven or eight years. He is now president of the Bank of the University and of the Athenaeum company. He is also a director of the Southern Mutual Insurance company, and of the Athens Manufacturing company; and, also, senior partner of the cotton firm of Phinizy & Griffin, positions which bear ample testimony that hi* fellow-citizens recognize in him the very highest business sagacity and qualifica tions and financial ability. Mr. Phinizy was married in 1886 to Miss Nellie, daughter of Boiling A. Stovall, and to them four children have been born: Anna B., Boiling S., Mattie S., and Nellie. He is a prominent member of the Presby terian church.
D EUBEN NICKERSON, president Athens Hardware company, Athens, Clarke Co., was born in Bucksport, Maine, in 1829. The family is of English-Scotch
extraction, Mr. Nickerson being the youngest of eight children, of whom twor beside himself, are now living: Sarissa B., widow of Capt Rufus Cole, and Isaac H., now of Athens. After receiving his primary education, he was ap prenticed to learn the machinist trade at Bangor, Maine. In 1851, on the com pletion of his term, he went to Renssalaer institute, Troy, N. Y., where he perfected himself in drafting. He went thence to Schenectady, N. Y., where he obtained employment for a year in the locomotive works. He came to Athens in 1853 and engaged with the Athens Foundry and Machine works, of which, at the end of three months, he was placed in charge, and retained the position for thirty years. His administration of its affairs proved to be in the highest successful and profitable. When he assumed the management the company was heavily in debt; he not only paid off the indebtedness, but largery increased the capacity of the works and improved them, and made it dividend-paying stock. In 1866 he embarked in the

CLARKE COUNTY SKETCHES.

485

"hardware business in Athens, with A. K. Childs, under the firm name of Childs &
Nickerson, which later was changed to Childs, Nickerson & Co. This firm was succeeded in 1889 by the Athens Hardware company, of which Mr. Nickerson was made president Its business has been large and profitable. He is also president of the Santee Mining Company of Georgia; a director of the Bank of the University, and in the Southern Mutual Insurance company. He has served two terms on the city council of Athens, and has also been a member of the county board of school commissioners. In 1859 ^e was largely instrumental in organizing the Athens fire
department, and was the first captain of Athens Fire Company No. i. Mr. Nicker son was married in Augusta in 1855 to Miss Maria E., daughter of the late John Cook, who was a native of New York--but he has had no children. He is a royal arch Mason, and an ardent working member of the Methodist church, of which he is a steward, and for thirty years has been a Sunday-school superintendent.

JOHN J. C. McMAHON, banker, Athens, Clarke Co., son of Alien and Rhoda (Stokely) McMahon, was born in Newport, Cocke Co., Tenn., Dec. 30, 1846.
His paternal grandfather was a native of North Carolina; and his father was born in Tennessee. His father was clerk of the superior court of Cocke county fifteen years; and was then elected judge of the inferior court, and held the office until his death in 1856. He raised six children: Elizabeth, wife of Stephen Huff, Oglethorpe county, Ga.; Eveline, deceased, wife of Jasper Hopkins, Crawford, Ga.; Royal A. McMahon, Oglethorpe county; Mary Ann Louisa, wife of J. P. Wilson, Athens; John J. C., and Martha E., wife of Henry M. Witcher, Athens. Mr. McMahon's maternal great-grandfather--Stokely--was an Englishman, and came to this country before the revolutionary war, during which he served in. the Con tinental army. His mother, who died in 1882, was a daughter of Royal Stokely. Mr. McMahon was raised and educated in Cocke county, Tenn., where, in August, 1864, he enlisted as a private in the Fifth Tennessee cavalry, and served until the end of the war. He was in the battles of Averasboro and Bentonville, N. C., and surrendered at Greensborough. After the war he came to Cobb county, Ga., hauled wood for the railroad about four months, and then returned to Tennessee. He made a crop there in 1866, then came back to Cobb county in February, 1867, and farmed a year. He went thence to Crawford, Oglethorpe Co., where, after clerking for his uncle five years, he opened a store and operated it six years. In 1878, under the firm name of Stokely & McMahon, his uncle and himself formed a partnership, and did business in Crawford. Retaining his interest in the store in Crawford, Mr. McMahon went to Augusta and engaged in the cotton busines; and, after remaining there four years, returned to Crawford and continued in business there until 1886, when he came to Athens and went into the clothing trade, in which he continued until 1895. In November, 1890, he was made president of the Exchange Bank of Athens, which responsible office he now holds. He is also a director in the Clarke County Building and Loan association. While living m Crawford he was postmaster two years, and was also elected a captain of militia. He is a man of superior business qualifications, energetic and enterprising, and has been unusually successful. Mr. McMahon was married in 1868 in Acworth, Cobb Co., to Miss Georgia, daughter of John M. Myers, and has five living children: Leila M., Robert I., Thomas C., James L., and Helen I. Mr. McMahon is an active and prominent member of the Baptist church.

J^E. POPE, physician and surgeon, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., son of Cadesman and Susan E. (Atkinson) Pope, was born in Pike county, Ga., June 18, 1848.
His father was a native Georgian whose life-pursuit was planting. He was born

486

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

in 1789, was a soldier in the early Creek wars, and died in 1885 at the advanced age of ninety-six years. His mother was a native of the "Old Dominion." Dr. Pope lived in his native county until 1864, when he enlisted in the Georgia state troops, with which he served until the close of the war. During his short service he participated in the battle of Griswoldville, and in the battles around Savannah, where he was wounded in the neck. After the war he entered Emory college, Oxford, Ga,, from which he was graduated in 1868, with the degree of arts bach elor. Three years later his alma mater conferred on him the degree of arts master. After his graduation he studied medicine in the office of Dr. J. C. Pope, in Eufaula, Ala., and in 1869 entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons (now medical department of Columbia college), New York, from which he was graduated in 1871. Returning to Georgia he located in Athens in 1872, where he fias since resided, practicing his profession with pecuniary success and professional distinc tion. Professionally and socially Dr. Pope enjoys an enviable position. Dr. Pope was married in 1873 m Washington, Ga., to Miss Mattie, daughter of the late Judge Nicholas L. Wylie, and to them children as follows have been born: Clara B., deceased; Edwin N., deceased; Wilbur B., Henry L., Miriam, Cadesman, and Walter. Dr. Pope is a devoted member of the Methodist church.

J H. RUCKER, cotton merchant, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., son of Tinsley W. Rucker, was bom in Elbert county, Ga., Nov. 2, 1846. When he was eight
years old his parents moved to Athens, where he was educated and grew to man hood. He was graduated from the university of Georgia "in 1868 with the degree
of A. B., in the same class with Henry W. Grady, W. W. Thomas, P. W. Meldrim,
and others. After his graduation he went to Savannah and entered the employ of Garrard & Holcombe, large cotton merchants, with whom he remained until 1874. That year he returned to Athens, where he established himself as a cotton merchant, and has continued the business since. He is very public-spirited, and progressive or nothing, appreciating which his fellow-citizens of Athens have called him to their service for two terms in the city council and three terms as
mayor. He was one of the members of the first school board of Athens, and a
member and chairman of the committee which built the new water works. It is a misfortune that a citizen possessing such estimable and valuable social and public-
spirited characteristics should have neglected to transmit them to coming gen erations--Mr. Rucker is unmarried. He is a prominent member of the Knights
of Pythias and of the Protestant Episcopal church.

JOHN J. STRICKLAND, lawyer, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., only child of Samuel G. and Catharine (Stapler) Strickland, was born in Madison county, Ga., Jan.
30, 1856. His paternal grandfather, Jacob Strickland, of Scotch lineage, was born in Virginia, whence early in life he migrated to Georgia. Mr. Strickland's
father was born in Madison county and was a prominent farmer. He volunteered and served as a private soldier in the "war between the states,*'-from 1861 to 1864, in the western army. His mother was also Georgia born. Mr. Strickland remained
on the farm and attended the nearby schools until he was seventeen years of age --1873--when he entered Martin institute, Jefferson, Jackson Co., Ga., and stayed there teaching and studying until 1877, when he entered the university of Georgia,
at Athens. He was graduated from this institution in 1879, receiving the degree
of A. B. and B. L. (law course), and the same year--August term, Jackson county superior court--was admitted to the bar. Locating at Danielsville, county seat of Madison county, he entered upon a fine practice, and remained there until 1888, when he came to Athens, where he has steadily gained in reputation and

CLARKE COUNTY SKKTCHES.

487

clientage. In 1894 he was a candidate for judge of the western circuit, but although he made a strong race was defeated. Possessing marked ability, pluck and energy, and young, he may confidently look fonvard to professional and political prefer ment. Mr. Strickland was married in Oconee county, Ga., Oct. 15, 1879, to Miss Lucy, daughter of the late Rev. Dr. J. G. McNorton, who has borne him four children: Nornia L., Roy, Samuel Guy, and John J., Jr. Mr. Strickland is a
member of the I. O. O. F. and of the masonic fraternity, and is an influential member of the Baptist church.

W. THOMAS.--Clarke county has been the birth-place or the home of many of the brave and grand men who made her history, whose
achievements on battle-fields, in the walks of science and literature, in legislative halls and in the forum have lent luster to its pages. Of these, for true bravery and
moral courage, morality and social purity, unsullied honor and unswerving integ
rity. none rank higher than that of Thomas, a name which one of the subdivisions of Georgia worthily bears. Of this noted family is William Winstead Thomas,
president of the Southern Mutual Insurance company, son of Stevens and Isabella Thomas, who was born in Athens in 1849. ^ r- Thomas' father was born in Athens
in 1814, and died there in 1891, aged seventy-seven years. He was a trustee of the university of Georgia for many years--1867-1881 --and for twenty-six years
--up to the time of his death--secretary of the Southern Mutual Insurance com pany. Receiving his preparatory education, Mr. Thomas entered the university of Georgia, from which he was graduated with the degree of arts bachelor in 1868, in the class with Henry W. Grady, Walter S. Gordon, Peter W. Meldrim and
others who have since attained distinction. In 1869 he received the degree of C. E., and later that of A. M. After his graduation Mr. Thomas followed the
profession of civil engineering in Georgia and South Carolina until 1875, when he entered the employ of the Southern Mutual Insurance company as adjuster.
He held this position until 1891, when he was elected secretary, and in 1894 was elected president. He was a trustee of the university of Georgia from 1881 to
1891, when he resigned. From 1883 to 1889 he was an efficient and valuable member of the state capitol commission which built the state capitol. This com mission was one of the very few, if not the only one, of the kind which erected a public building within the appropriation and returned a balance to the treasury.
He is also a director in the Georgia Railway and Banking company, and in the Augusta and Savannah Railway company. He worthily represents and sustains the fair fame of the honored name he bears. Mr. Thomas was married in 1878 to Miss Pamela J., daughter of the late William Spenser Brown, who was a son of Gen. Jacob Brown, commander-in-chief of the United States army from 1821 till 1828. Mrs. Thomas is also a niece of the wife of Hon. Charles J. Jenkins. who was the first elected governor of Georgia after the war, and ex-associate
justice of the supreme court. To Mr. and Mrs. Thomas two children have been born, Gertrude and Isabel. Mr. Thomas is a member of the Presbyterian church.

LI C. WHITE, professor of chemistry, university of Georgia, Athens, was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1850. His family is of English origin, and his father,
Levi S. White, born in Maryland, was in the Confederate service during the late
civil war. He was in the ordnance department, in which he attained to the rank
of lieutenant-colonel. After receiving an excellent preparatory education in the schools of Baltimore, Prof. White entered the university of Virginia, from which he graduated with the degree of B. S. in 1868, and received the degree of C. E.
in 1870. Soon after his graduation he was attached to the Peabody institute in

488

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Baltimore; subsequently he accepted the chair of chemistry at St John's college,

Annapolis, Md., which he occupied until 1872, when he came to Athens to fill

the chair he now holds. In 1880 he was appointed state chemist and held the

appointment ten years, when he was made vice-director of the state experiment

station and president of the state college (science department of the university),

r*hich position he still retains. He is a fellow of ihe Chemical society of Great

Britain, corresponding member of the British association, and a member of other

learned societies at home and abroad. He has been a very useful member of the

faculty, and in his specialties has been of very great service to the state as a whole,

and to such of its citizens as sought the benefit of his knowledge. He is the

author of several scientific works, a contributor to scientific journals, and author

of numerous published essays and addresses. He has served two terms in the

city council of Athens. Prof. White was married in 1872 to Miss Ella F. Roberts,

of Baltimore, Md. He is a membeerr^pud a; vestryman of the Protestant Episcopal

church.

w

I OHX R. WHITE, president, of The Georgia Manufacturing company, manu

facturer and planter of Whitehall, Clarke Co., Ga., son of John and Jeannett

Richards White, was born in Clarke county in 1847. His parents were natives of

Ireland, where they were married in 1836, and emigrating to the United States the

same year, settled in Clarke county. His father, being a practical manufacturer

with a knowledge of bookkeeping, secured the position of general manager of

the Georgia factory- situated on Oconee river, five miles below Athens, said fac

tory being built by Augustus Clayton and Thos. Moore in 1828. Being master

of his business, industrious and frugal, of superior executive and financial ability,

he saved money and when the opportunity offered bought stock, until he owned

the entire plant and was phenomenally successful and prosperous up to his death,

which occurred in i88r. He organized and started the national bank of Athens

in 1866, of which he was president when he died. His management of the bank

was very successful, paying large dividends to its stockholders besides laying aside

a large surplus fund, there only being thirteen national banks in the United States

having as large a surplus in proportion to its capital. He contributed largely to

the building of the Northeastern railroad of Georgia and to the upbuilding of

Athens. He was a man of extreme promptitude and punctuality, exact to a cent

in all money matters and the soul of honor and integrity. He reared four chil

dren: Rosena, wife of State Senator W. J. Morton; James, cashier of the National

bank of Athens; Maggie, wife of W. P. Welch, and John R., the subject of this

sketch, all of whom were born and reared in Clarke count}-. The parents in re

ligious faith were Unitarians. Mr. J. R. White received a good common-school

education and at the age of seventeen entered the Confederate army as private in

Toomb's regiment. Either directly or indirectly he has been connected with the

mill all his life. In 1892 the factor}- was burned, rebuilt in 1893 with larger

capacity and equipped with the latest improved machinery. In May, 1895, he

added a factory for the manufacture of pants, shirts and drawers with a capacity

of thirty dozen per day, which will soon be increased to meet the growing demand.

Mr. White inherits the sterling business characteristics of his father and is one of

Clarke county's most substantial and solid citizens. He is a justice of the peace

and mayor of Whitehall. Mr. White was married in 1882 to Miss Lillie Paine of

Newton count}-, daughter of James G. and Rebecca (Graves) Paine and grand

daughter of the late Bishop Paine of Mississippi. They have four children: John

R., Hugh W., Robert Paine and Sarah Frances.

CLAY COUNTY SKETCHES.

489

JAMES WHITE, banker, Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., son of John White, manu facturer and capitalist, was born near Athens, in Clarke county in 1839, and
received his early schooling at the near-by schools and in Athens. He attended the University of Georgia awhile, but did not graduate. During his youth he was practically trained to succeed his father in the "nanagement of iiis large manufac turing interests, about four miles south of Athens, and later in the management of his augmented capital. Originally the cotton manufacturing plant belonged ex
clusively to his father, but subsequently was incorporated as the Georgia Manufacturing company. In 1863 Mr. White enlisted in a company organized in Athens, of which he was commissioned captain and the company assigned to Adams' battalion. After six months' active service he engaged in manufacturing for the Confederate government, and continued in the business until after the
close of the war. After being engaged in manufacturing about fifteen years he entered the national bank, in which his father was a very large stockholder, as cashier--a position he still holds, and whose responsible duties he discharges with the utmost efficiency and exactitude. Mr. White was married in 1884 to
Miss Julia D., daughter of the late John D. Ashton of Wayncsboro, Burke Co., Ga., by whom he has had one child, Roscna A. He is not a member of any secret order, but affiliates with the Presbyterian church.

CLAY COUNTY.
TAMES N. BIGBIE, a prominent citizen and leading farmer of Clay county, post-office, Coleman, Randolph Co., Ga., is a native of South Carolina, but
was reared in Georgia. He was born Oct. 17, 1826, in Abbeville district, S. C., and was the son of Thomas Bigbie. The father was also born in the same district and during his lifetime was distinguished in the practice of medicine and in the pulpit He married Rebecca Robinson, a native of Anderson district, S. C., who died in Abbeville in 1835, and was the mother of nine children. Dr. Bigbie was the second time married to Miss Bumett of South Carolina. In 1838 they moved to Georgia and settled in Coweta county, later removing to Talbot, thence' to Harris and later to Randolph county. Dr. Bigbie finally located in Early county in 1850. In 1860 he moved to Alabama, dying there in 1870, aged seventy-five years. He was an old-line whig until after the war, when he became a democrat. He was for years a justice of the peace in South Carolina and later in Georgia. His wife died during the war. Both belonged to the Methodist church. By his second marriage four children were born (the first two were twins, both of whom were soldiers in the late war): Thomas died in Douglas prison and Benjamin F., taken prisoner at Gettysburg., is supposed to have died at Point Lookout from wounds received in battle; the third child, Llewellen W., lives in New Mexico; Margaret A., the fourth child, married M. Burch and lives in Geneva county, Ala. Of the children born by his first marriage but two of the nine are living: James N., the subject of this sketch, and Nancy Colton, the latter living in Florida. John Y. died in South Carolina, aged about twenty-one: A. E. died in Clay county in 1884; George died in South Carolina of yellow fever; Wm. S. married in Talbot county and moved to Mississippi, dying in Attala county; Annie married M. R. Ship and moved to Mississippi and later to Illinois; Rebecca married A. M.

490

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Brown and died in Illinois, and one died in infancy. Archibald JBigbie, grand father of James X. Bigbie, was a native of Virginia, and left an orphan at an early age. Later he went to South Carolina and there married Miss Madison, a native of Virginia and first cousin of President Madison. John Robinson, the mater' nal grandfather of James X. Bigbie, came from North to South Carolina, where he married Miss Carr for his second wife. She was in the fort on Brand river during the revolution and lived to an extreme old age. The subject of this sketch lived in South Carolina until about twelve years of age, attending the schools a few months each year, and mastering his education by the aid of the pine-knot at night. In 1843 ne located in La Fayette county, Miss., and from there went to the Mexican war in 1846, joining Company F of the First Mississippi volun teers, known as the Mississippi rifles, under command of Jefferson Davis. At the battle of Buena Vista he was wounded and lost his left arm, but remained until his term of sen-ice expired. He then came to Georgia and in 1847 located in Harris county, and was elected messenger of the legislature. He then returned from its capital to Harris county and engaged in merchandising. He was elected tax collector and justice of the peace, serving in such positions till the breaking out of the war, when he was elected captain of the First Volunteer company of Harris county, but not receiving orders did not take the field. He was married to Miss Jane Grant, a native of South Carolina, but raised in Georgia, and during the war he moved to Clay county, where he has since resided. Mr. Bigbie has been a member of the county board and served as one of the jury commissioners and for the past ten years has been one of the county commis sioners. Before the war he was a whig, now he is an ardent democrat, taking an active part in county, state and national politics. Mrs. Bigbie is a member of the Baptist church. To them have been bom six children: Franconia, the wife of John W. Rhodes of Grenada. Mi?s.: John E.. deceased; Mattie, who married J. A. Whaley of Randolph county: Mary J., wife cf W. H. Ingram, now deceased; William Deley, who lives on the home place, and James P., deceased. Mr. Bigbie is guardian of the two children of John E. Mr. and Mrs. Bigbie live in a pleasant home eleven miles east of Fort Gaines.

D. R. CRAWFORD, a prominent planter of Clay county, Ga., was born in " Xewton county in 1839, and is the son of Joel H. and Sarah A. (King)
Crawford, both of whom were natives of Grecne county, Ga. They were the descendants of the old Crawford family first identified with the state's history in the earliest settlements of Columbia county, and for generations distinguished in agricultural pursuits. Joe! Crawford was born in 1812, and was the son of David Crawford, who married Frances H. Crawford, the daughter of Joel Crawford and Frances Harris of Columbia county. In 1835 David Crawford and wife moved to Xewton county, and in 1853 to Decatur county, where they died some years
later full of years and respected and beloved by all who knew them. Joel H.
Crawford, the father of the subject of this sketch, was one of five children, and spent his boyhood days in Xewton county, receiving his education from the
common schools and those valuable instructors, experience and observation. In 1838 he was married to Miss Sarah A. King, who was born in Greene county in 1818, and was the daughter of William J. King, an old Virginia family, which located in Xewton county in 1826. Mr. and Mrs. Crawford remained in Newton county until 1859, when they removed to Decatur county, where they lived for five years, and then migrated to Gay county, where they continued to reside. He farmed all his life, and never took an active part in politics. He was a whig until after the war. since which time he is a democrat. Although not a member of

THOMAS R. IXWIS.

CLAY COUNTY SKETCHES.

491

any church, he was a Christian gentleman, highly revered by all who knew him.
Mrs. Crawford is still living, and resides with her son. She is a member of the
Methodist church, to which she has belonged for over half a century, and enjoys excellent health for one of her age. One son was born to this union, Wm. D. R., the subject of this sketch. He was married to Miss Martha R. Hayes, daughter
of Jonathan and Nancy Hayes. She was born in Talbot county and reared in Muscogee county. To this union were born: Minnie Laura, wife of John S.
Hastings of Clay county; and William J. H., who lives on the home place with his parents. Mrs. Crawford is a consistent member of the Methodist church.
They reside on a pleasant homestead three miles from Bluffton. In politics Mr.
Crawford is a democrat. During the war he served in the state militia in and around Atlanta, and was in front of Sherman on his march through the state,
belonging to Company D, Tenth Georgia regiment, under the command of Col. Davis, of Calhoun county.

THOMAS R. DAVIS, planter and tax receiver of Clay county, Bluffton, Ga., was born in North Carolina in 1831, and is the son of John and Sarah (Blue)
Davis, natives of that state. In 1834 the parents moved overland to Georgia and settled in Early county, in what v/as then known as the fourth district, on what is now called the Tennell place. Here he purchased a tract of land, for which he gave a horse in payment, and settled down to work the soil. After the Indian war of 1835-36 he moved farther south, and on Lime Branch in Early county built a water mill, the first in that part of the state. A few years later he erected a mill at Bluffton. In 1848 he purchased land on Spring- creek near which the son now lives. The father and a son, Duncan, served in the Indian war, and the former was bailiff of the county court. Agriculture and building occupied his attention almost exclusively. Although not a member of any church he was a respecter of religion, a liberal supporter of all the denominations, with a leaning toward the Presbyterians. He was twice married, the mother of the subject of
this sketch dying while they lived at Bluffton. She was a member of the Meth odist church and the mother of eight children, all of whom lived to be grown men and women. Duncan, the eldest son, was a member of the general assembly from Early county in 1857. The others were Nancy Cowart, John Davis, Eliza beth, Margaret Fulton, William, Daniel B., and Thomas R. The father married for his second wife Mrs. Rowe, who after his death in 1857 moved to Arkansas, where she died at the home of her daughter. Mr. Davis was prominently and favorably known throughout Clay and surrounding counties. He was a true gentleman whose world-wide charity endeared him to all. Thomas R. Davis was but a baby when his parents moved to Georgia. He grew to manhood on the farm and received his intellectual training in the common schools. At twenty-one years of age he started for himself in fanning, only to be interrupted by the war. He enlisted in Company F, Thirty-second Georgia regiment infantry, commanded by George P. Harrison, Jr., and did service along the coast from Ocean Pond, Fla., to Wilmington, N. C. In the bombardment of Fort Sumter he lost his left arm by a piece of flying shell. He was also injured in the hip by the same shell and so disabled that he was compelled to retire from the service. He was in the engagements of his regiment at Ocean Pond, Ft. Sumter, Battery Wagoner, and many minor skirmishes. Mr. Davis first married Miss Sophronia Todd, a native of Earl}' county, Ga., and daughter of Wilson Todd, who was killed near Macon, Ga., during the war. To them were born five children, T. Jefferson Davis, born January, 1862, alone living. Mrs. Davis died in 1865, and Mr. Davis was married to Miss Ann Eliza Fain, daughter of Reuben Fain, and granddaughter of Matthew

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

Fain, who settled in Georgia about 1836. His sons, Davis and Reuben, settled in Early county and reared large families. By this second marriage six children were born to Mr. Davis, three of whom are living: Ella Arkadelphia, wife of George T. Fair; Annie Elizabeth, and Amo Vincy. Mr. and Mrs. Davis are members of the Baptist church. In politics he is a democrat and was re-elected tax receiver for the third time, and is the nominee for the fourth term. He is popular with all who know him, irrespective of party, and is an efficient and painstaking officer. He lives in a pleasan home on the Dawson and Dover road, three miles from Bluffton.

JOSEPH B. GRIMSLEY, planter, Ft. Gaines, Clay Co., Ga., was born in Stewart county, Ga., in 1841. Joseph Grimsley, the head of the Grimsley family in
Georgia, was a native Carolinian, coming to Georgia when a young man, and settling in Baldwin county. Here he married and had a family of children: Priscilla, Richard, Mrs. Odom, and Walton. In the early part of the twenties he moved to Early county on what is no\v known as Herrod's creek. Here he built mills which he conducted up to the time of his death, Oct. 24, 1860, aged 80 years. In politics he was a whig, in religion he belonged to the Methodist church. He was a captain in the war of 1812, and served with distinction. He was possessed of a good education for the times, and was a lover of sport, taking much pleasure in the hunt and with the rod. A brother of Joseph, Richard Grimsley, located in Early county some years before him and settled the plantation now owned by Mr. Xaramore, and the first court ever held in Early county was held at Richard Grimsley's house. He afterward moved to Kalomokee creek, in Clay county, and built one of the first mills in that section of the state. He lived there up to the time of his death in 1840, when the property was turned over to the heirs of Joseph Grimsley, Richard having died without issue. Richard Grimsley, the eldest son of Joseph Grimsley, and the father of the subject of this sketch, was born
Feb. 14, 1807, and died July 2, 1885. His early life was spent in Early county, with a few years in Stewart county. He was married to Aliss Harriet Hawkins, and in 1851 he returned to the mill property of his uncle on Kalomokee creek. He afterward moved to a farm near there, where he lived until his death. During the Indian war he served as a soldier. In politics he was a whig until after the war, when he became an active democrat. Though not a member of any church he was a man of high moral character, honest and upright in all the walks of life, and respected by all who knew him. His wife, Harriet Hawkins, was a native of Xorth Carolina, and an excellent Christian lady, belonging to the Missionary Baptist church. She died Jan. 16, 1889, aged eighty years. To this union were born nine children: Sarah C, Man,- R., Harriet J., Richard S., Joseph B., William C ..Versey P., Jeremiah W., and Benjamin F. Joseph B. Grimsley came to what is now Clay county with his parents when a lad. Here he grew to maturity, receiving his education in Early county, where he lived with his grandfather and attended Glen Springs Academy. When the war broke out he entered the Con federate sen-ice in Capt. Fowlers company from Ft. Gaines, state troops, for six months. Returning home the company was reorganized as the Cotton Planters' guard under command of Capt. Bass, of Ft. Gaines, and became Company E, Fifty-ninth Georgia regiment, and was assigned to duty in the army of Virginia. He participated in the battles of Suffolk, Ya.. and Gettysburg, when at the latter place he was captured and imprisoned twenty-two months in Fort Delaware. He was also wounded in that engagement. Since the war Mr. Grimsley has been engaged in farming. His home, five miles south of Ft. Gaines, is one of the finest in the county, and the estate comprises 5.000 acres, more than one-half of which

\V. R. HARRISON.

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.493

is under a fine state of cultivation. All this is the result, altogether, of the energy
and push of Mr. Grimsley, who, for a few years after the war, was working for wages. He married Miss Sallie K, daughter of John P. Best, a planter of Clay county. She is a member of the Missionary Baptist church.

JERRY W. GRIMSLEY, merchant and planter, Fort Gaines, Clay Co., Ga., is a highly respected citizen of the county. He was the eighth child of Richard
and Harriet (Hawkins) Grimsley, and was born in Stewart county in 1850. He remained at home with his parents in Clay county until twenty-four years of age, receiving his education in a little log school-house of the primitive order, a few miles from his home, and helping in the milling and farming. He then leased a farm in Clay county, which he worked for three years. With his profits he com menced a merchandise business in Fort Gaines. After five years in this enterprise he moved to his present location, about eight miles southeast of Fort Gaines on the Bluffton road, where he is engaged in planting and general mer
chandising. He has 600 acres of choice land under a fine state of cultivation, besides many acres of woodland. Mr. Grimsley is one of the very progressive farmers of Clay county and operates grist and saw-mills in connection with his
farming. He married Mrs. Parmelia West (nee Foster), daughter of Alexander Foster of Fort Gaines. She was the wife of Edgar West, by whom she had two children: John B. and Erline. To Mr. and Mrs. Grimsley two children were
bom: Harriet Louise and Nellie Pearl. Mrs. Grimsley is a member of the Baptist church and he is a prominent member of the masonic fraternity. They enjoy a pleas ant home with their interesting family near his place of business.

\mLLIAM ROBERT HARRISON, tax collector and prominent planter of Clay county, post-office, Bluffton, Ga., is a native of Beaufort district, S. C,
and was born near the present county site of Hampton county. He was born in 1839 and was the son of Henry David, a native of the same district in South Carolina, who was born in 1805, and wa3 the son of Amos Harrison, a native of that state. The Harrison family, of Irish descent, came to America at an earlj' day, locating in South Carolina. Amos, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a boy during the revolutionary times and remembered those stirring times distinctly. He followed farming and' his sons were big rice planters in lower Beaufort. He afterward moved to the upper part of the district, where he died, aged eighty-six years. He was a democrat and a member of the Primitive Baptist church. He was married to Sarah Ann Hamilton Oct. 4, 1804; she lived to a good old age. To them six children were born: Henry, David, George, Hamilton, Mary, Elizabeth and Sarah, all deceased. Henry David, the father of William Robert, lived in South Carolina on a farm adjoining his father's until 1857, when he came to Georgia, settling in Clay county, having purchased the McElvy mills and farm, which place is now owned by J. W. Harrison. The first mill in this section of the state was erected here by Thomas King. For years the place was renowned throughout southwestern Georgia. When the county was formed the justice's court was held here and Mr. McEIvy's mills was the scene of the adjustment of legal difficulties for the people from all over the county. Mr. Harrison was prominent in politics, but would accept no office. He was success ful in his business affairs and died in 1864, lamented by all who knew him. His wife was Caroline Ulmer, a native of the old state of South Carolina. She was born in 1814 and died in 1890. They both belonged to the Primitive Baptist church. To this union were born twelve children: Mary E. married John A. Cordray in South Carolina, where she died before her people came to Georgia; Amos J.,

494

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

who came to Georgia with his family, but returned to South Carolina; William R.; Sarah H., who first married James H. Killingsworth and then James B. McCord, who now lives near Blr-ffton, Clay county; Amanda M., married Ebenezer Fain, lives in Spring Creek, Clay county; Ursula married Moses Fain; Martha Ann married John Killingsworth, now deceased; Henry Ulmer, who lives in Clay county; Caroline, deceased: Irene, who married E. S. Jones, deceased; Emily died in childhood: John \V., who lives in the old home place. William Robert Harrison was partly reared in South Carolina, where he attended the common schools. With his family he came through to Georgia, and he remembers very well the trip, which took over three weeks. He remained on the home place until enlisting in the Cotton Hill company with Capt. J. E. Pruden, a merchant of Cot ton Hill. The company did service at Savannah, Ga., as state troops for six months, when it was reorganized in the regular service. Mr. Harrison then be came a member of Company F, Thirty-second Georgia regiment of volunteers, under command of Col. George P. Harrison, doing service along the coast of Georgia and Florida, and around Charlotte, S. C., and was in the Ocean pond fight After leaving Charleston, S. C., they went to North Carolina and there joined Johnston's army and participated in the battles of Averasboro and Bentonville, N. C., fighting Shcrman. After the close of the war he returned to the home place and took hold of the plow again. In 1869 he married and settled where he now lives. The place had no improvements at that time, but Mr. Harrison had energy, and soon was the possessor of a grand farm well under cultivation. He opened a store on his place in 1878 and in 1880 moved his stock to Bluffton, where he continued the business until 1885, whtn he returned to his farm. He married Miss Victoria J. Tinsley, daughter of Judge Philip Tinsley. She was born and raised in Clay county. To this union five children were bom: Wesley H.; Eula, educated at the Bluffton high school and Andrew Female college; Henry, Claude and Wallace. Mr. Harrison is a democrat in politics and was elected tax col lector in 1889, 's now holding the office for the third term, and is a candidate for the fourth term. The family enjoy a pleasant home about one mile north of Bluffton.

JOHN W. HARRISON, a prominent planter and miller of Bluffton, Clay county, was born in July, 1855. He came with his parents to Clay county
when a young lad and received his education in the near-by country schools. When eighteen years of age he commenced doing business for his mother. In Novem ber, 1876; he married Miss Molly E. Jones, a native of Calhoun county, Ga., and daughter of B. J. Jones, a planter. Mrs. Harrison was reared and educated in Calhoun county. To this union were born seven children: Henry B.: John Calvin; Nettie Estelle; William Elijah; Luther Lloyd; Coy Winneford; Carrie Lizzie. Mr. Harrison is justice of the peace of the Fifth district, Gay county, and in politics is a stanch democrat. His home is on the old family place, and is what is so familiarly known as the "Harrison's Mills," two and one-half miles from Bluffton. Mr. Harrison is extensively engaged in farming and is one of the progressive planters of the state. He is a Mason in high standing. Possessing literary tastes, he takes an active part in the education of his children, who show a just appreciation of the opportunities given them by their studious habits.

1 OSHUA J. HAYES, a prominent planter of Bluffton, Clay Co., Ga., was born in Muscogee county, Ga., April 21, 1849, anc^ was tne sotl f Jonathan and
Nancy (Wilson) Haves. Jonathan Hayes was a native of South Carolina and lived there until he reached manhood when, with his brother Joshua, he came

CLAY COUNTY SKETCHES.

495

to Georgia, locating in Jasper county. There he met and wedded Nancy Wilson, the daughter of an esteemed citizen and old resident of die state. He soon after ward removed to Talbot county, later to Muscogee county, and in 1864 to Fort Gaines, Clay Co., where he died in 1871 at the advanced age of seventy-four years. He was a man honored and revered by the people of his county, who knew him as a model citizen, kind father, and conscientious Christian. He took an active and prominent part in church affairs, and was an officer in the Baptist church. He served in the Indian war of 1835-36, and was a strong advocate of secession, furnishing six sons to the Confederate army, five of whom gave up their life during the conflict. Mrs. Hayes died in 1880, aged seventy-four years, and was an active member of the same church as the husband. To this happy union were born thirteen children, four of whom are living: John, the eldest son, was killed during the war near Atlanta; Alary, who married John Hughs, deceased; Emily, married to E. Grant, of Talbot county, deceased; Nancy, married to Neal Grant, of Talbot county, deceased; George, died in the service during the war; Frances, married to Felix Davis, living in Texas; Mildred died in childhood; Henry J., living in Early county; James, who died from exposure in the army; William, died in a Federal prison; Mattie R., married to W. D. Crawford, living in Clay county, and Joshua J., the subject of this sketch. He was the thirteenth child and was reared in Muscogee county, where he attended the common schools until fifteen years of age. He continued his studies in Clay county after his parents moved there in 1864, and commenced his vocation as tiller of the soil in 1869, which he has since continued without any interruption. He was interested in milling from 1880 to 1890, and that year he added ginning to his other interests, both of which pursuits he continued until 1894. He moved to Bluffton, where he now lives, in 1880, and has seen it grow into a thrifty and enterprising city. The energy and progressive ideas exhibited in the development of the place are to be found in all of Mr. Hayes' business ventures. Mr. Hayes was first married to Mrs. Blocker, the widow of Dr. John E. Blocker, a practicing physician of Bluffton. Mrs. Blocker was a Miss Beckham of a prominent family of Calhoun county, Ga., just before the war. Siie died in 1885, and Mr. Hayes was married in 1890 to Miss Drucilla Reid, a native of Alabama, and to this union were born two children, one, Ella Ilene, alone surviving. Mr. and Mrs. Hayes belong to the Methodist church. In politics he is a democrat, taking an active part, but always refusing office. Their home is a beautiful place in Bluffton, where the hospitality characteristic of the true southern home is freely and cheerily dispensed.

JAMES C. NEVES, miller and planter, Fort Gaines, Clay Co., Ga., was born July 8, 1852, on Kalomokee Creek, and is of an old Virginia family which
settled in Georgia toward the close of the last century. In 1787 William Neves, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, came from Virginia and settled in what became Jones county--now known as Putnam county. He was one of the earliest settlers in that part of the state. With him came his wife, who with three children shared in the hardships of the long overland trip. He followed farming till in 1822, when he moved to what is now Clay county, settling on the Chattahoochee river below where Fort Gaines is now located. Here he engaged in farm ing and built a gin, one of the first erected in that section of the state, and con tinued to reside there until he retired from active work. He died suddenly while on a visit in Alabama in 1852, at the age of ninety-four years, and is buried near Columbia. He was a member of the Primitive Baptist church, taking a prominent part in all church affairs. He served seven years in the revolutionary war under Gen. Washington and was in the last war with Great Britain in 1812, and also

496

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

in the Indian wars in that section of the state. He was a brave and honored

man. One of his chief delights was hunting. Socially he was popular. In

politics always a consistent democrat, he was a leader in his community for years.

His wife was a Miss Ballard, a native of Virginia. She was a devoted wife and

loving mother. She died in 1850, aged eighty-four years. To this union were

born three sons and four daughters: Mary, married William Hardin, both de

ceased; William, died at Fort Gaines; Elizabeth, married Capt Jones, deceased;

John Alsey, Charlotte and Daniel. John Neves, the second son, and father of the

subject of this sketch, was born Oct. 31, 1802, in what is now Putnam county, Ga.,

and came to what is now Clay county at the age of twenty, where he married

his wife, Miss Garnett Smith, a native of Georgia, in 1827. She died in 1836,

leaving three children: Amanda, Sarah and Simeon, all deceased but Amanda,

who is now the wife of William Harris, of Florida. For his second wife Mr. Neves

married Miss Julia Smith in 1837. She was born in 1820 in Georgia and was the

daughter of David Smith, a distinguished Virginian, who settled at an early date

in Jones county, and later removed to Early (now Clay) county, where he died

at the age of seventy-two. She was educated in the common schools of Early

county, and died in 1874, aged fifty-four years. She was an active member of the

Primitive Baptist church. Her husband died in 1891 and is buried at the home

place of Mr. Bryant, his son-in-law. During the Indian wars he served on guard

duty at Fort Gaines. He was a member of the Baptist church and a democrat

in politics. To his second union were born six children: John, who died in 1862

at Savannah, Ga., in the Confederate service; Frances, who died in early youth;

Theodosia, married Cyrus Naramore, now living in Early county; J. G, the sub

ject of this sketch; Alice, wife of T. J. Bryant; Emma, died at the age of sixteen.

Mr. Neves was a man who had few enemies, and during the Indian wars the

braves used to visit his plantation almost daily. Thrown in contact with them,

he became friendly to them, and this friendship was of great benefit to the early

settlers. He was active in religious affairs and a deacon in the church for over

sixty years of his life. Mr. James C. Neves, the subject of this sketch, was edu

cated in the common schools. The war interrupted his educational advancement,

and in 1873 he began farming, continuing in this occupation ever since, at which

he has been very successful. In 1890 he purchased the Freeman mill property,

and is now engaged in milling and ginning in connection with his farming. Mr.

Neves married Miss Versia P. Grimsley, Jan. 22,1882, and to this union were born

three sons and one daughter: Bennie May, John Richard, Joseph Groves and

James Ennis. Mr. and Mrs. Neves are located seven miles southeast of Fort

Gaines, and one mile east of the Chattahoochee river, where their beautiful home

is situated.

i

MARK M. SHIVERS, physician and planter, Clay county, is a native of Han cock county, where he was born in 1821. He is the son of Barnaby and
Rachel (Cowan) Shivers, natives respectively of Warren county and Sparta, Han
cock Co. Barnaby Shivers was a planter and lived to be about seventy-five years old. He was a deacon and a prominent member of the Baptist church at Mt.
Zion, Hancock Co., near where he lived. He was a whig, and at one time was
elected justice of the inferior court His father and the paternal grandparent of Dr. Shivers was Jonas Shivers, a native of Virginia. He moved his family to Georgia,
and settled at what is now known as Mayfield, on the Ogeechee river, in Warren count>'. He was one of the pioneer settlers of the county, and for years followed
planting and milling. He was quite a prominent citizen in his day and built the
beautiful home of Mayfield. He took no active interest in politics, though voting

CLAY COUNTY SKETCHES.
the whig ticket, and gave his whole time to his extensive milling and farm interests. He died well up in yemrs. He was the father of five sons, all of whom are dead. The father of Dr. M. M. Shivers was the oldest The mother of Dr. Shivers was born three miles north of Sparta and was the daughter of Capt George Cowan, who was an officer in the revolutionary war, and was of Scotch ancestry. Mary, his wife, was a Miss Porter, and came to America with her family from Scotland, first locating near Salisbury, N. C. Later the family moved to Georgia, where she died Aug. 31, 1855, aged ninety-two years. She and her husband were faithful members of the Presbyterian church. The mother of Dr. Shivers was a Baptist, relinquishing her connection with the Presbyterians to gain the religious faith of her husband. She was a noble Christian woman, who was idolized by her chil dren. Mr. and Mrs. Barnaby Shivers were blessed by the birth of twelve children, of whom Dr. Shivers was the youngest. He is now the lone surviving child.
Dr. Mark M. Shivers was educated at Mt. Zion under the direction of the cele brated Dr. C. B. Beman, and his nephew, C. P. B. Martin, who was succeeded later by Ex-Gov. Northen. He commenced the study of medicine in Columbus, Ga., under Dr. R. T. Sankey, a leading physician of that city, and then took lectures at the university of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia. He began his professional career at Waverly Hall, Harris Co.; then, in January, 1862, he moved to Pumpkintown, Randolph Co., where he continued his practice until the fall of 1858. While there his practice was very large, and he accumulated considerable property. He came to the present place of Cotton Hill for the main purpose of educating his children at a big school kept by Norman F. Coolidge, one of the leading educators in southern Georgia at that time. His school attained considerable fame, and was continued until some years after the war. The doctor resumed his practice here, and had a large territory to cover in responding to the demand for his service. His happy domestic life was begun when he wedded Harriet Rebecca Harwell, Dec. 31,1843. She was the daughter of Samuel B. Harwell, of Alabama, and was born in Troup county, Ga., but reared in Chambers county, Ala., to which place her parents had removed. They aftenvard returned to Georgia and settled in Stewart county. This union has resulted in the birth of five sons and one daughter; the latter is Mary Oriska, wife of Dr. D. F. Gunn. The sons are: George Oscar, oi Covington, Ky., and in business in Cincinnati; Olinthur Clay, and Locke Olin, near the home place; Grigsby Orville, living in Arizona; Lucius Omar, of Albany, Ga. Dr. Shivers and wife have adopted the children of his son, O. C. Shivers. They are Ethel, Clyde, and William Mark Shivers. The Baptist faith is that of the Shivers, and the doctor, wife and four children belong to the church. He was superintendent of the Sunday school for many years. Cotton Hill enjoys the dis tinction of being one of the healthiest places in southwestern Georgia, and here the doctor and family live in a pleasant home. While he has a farm and is engaged in merchandising, the doctor gives his whole time to his profession, which always has been uppermost in his business life. He is a broad-minded man, sympathetic and gentle in disposition--such traits of character as place a man of his profession in the front rank. An uncle of Dr. Shivers--William--and Ex-Gov. Schley are credited with building the first cotton factory in Georgia, near Mayfield, on the Hancock side of the river. While Dr. Shivers lives at Cotton Hill, he gets his mail at Morris station.
D H. THOMPSON, physician and surgeon, Bluftton, Clay Co., Ga., was born at " Ft. Gaines, in what is now Clay county, Ga., in 1851. He was the son of Robert
Thompson, who was born in North Carolina, and came to Georgia with his parents, who settled near Ft. Gaines, where he married, followed the vocation of farming, 1-32

498

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and reared a family. The father of Dr. Thompson served as a soldier in the Indian wars of 1835 and 1836, and after peace was secured, returned to Fort Gaines and engaged in the construction of buildings until the time of his death in 1855.
His wife died in 1863, aged forty years. Both were exemplary Christians and members of the Methodist church. To this union were born four children, two of whom are living: Dr. P. H., the subject of this sketch, and O. F. Dr. Thompson
was reared in southwestern Georgia, received his primary education in the common schools, and in 1872 commenced the study of medicine under Dr. Webb Willis, at Milford, Baker Co. He then attended lectures at Mobile, Ala., and subsequently was graduated from the medical department of the university of Louisiana. He commenced the practice of his profession in Taylor county, Ga., afterward moved to Neshoba county, Miss., and finally permanently located at Bluffton, where he has built up a large and lucrative practice. In addition to this he profitably manages a fine 5OO-acre plantation. Dr. Thompson is a member of the State Medical society and of the American Medical association, and was a delegate to the ninth medical congress. He is considered one of the best physicians and surgeons in southwestern Georgia. He is very prominent in masonic affairs, and belongs to the blue lodge, chapter and council of this fraternity. Dr. Thompson was married to Miss Willie Tinsley, 1>orn Feb. 15,1858, daughter of Mr. Philip Tinsley, by whom he has had four children: Regina M., Patti H., Hugh and Bessie Olivia. He is a democrat in politics, and in connection with his practice conducts a drug store in Bluffton.

DHILIP TIXSLEY, lawyer, and prominent citizen of Bluffton, Clay Co., as well as one of its early settlers, was born in the third district of Lee county, Ga., in
1828, and was the son of Philip Tinsley, a native' of Columbia county, Ga., who was born in 1780. He was the son of James Tinsley, a native of Virginia. The great-grandfather of Philip Tinsley, the subject of this sketch, and the head of this family in America, came from England about the year 1700, when a young man. and settled in Virginia. While on his way to this country in a sailing vessel the crew were attacked by pirates and were about to be overpowered, when young Tinsley and others jumped overboard and swam ashore, landing on the shores bordering Virginia and Xorth Carolina. For a day and a night they were in the water, experiencing narrow escapes from death, and much suffering. This brave man was married in Virginia and had a. large family of sons and daughters. James Tinsley was the eldest of these children and was reared near the family home and served in the revolutionary war. He moved to Richmond, Va., between 1765 and 1770, where he located on a farm, which he continued to occupy up to the time of his death. He was twice married. His second wife was a Miss Crawford, a cousin of William H. Crawford, governor of Georgia. By the first marriage he had five sons and two daughters, and by the second two daughters and a son, all of whom are now deceased. The father of the subject of this sketch was by the first marriage and was born in Columbia county, where he was reared, receiving an excellent education for the advantages then offered. When a young man he went
to Morgan county. Ga.. where he married Miss M. A. Tarpley. They moved to Lee county in 1827. and located among the Indians: later he migrated to Randolph county, settling at Fort Gaines, now in Clay county, where he continued to reside until his death. He served in the war of 1812. was at Mobile while the famous battle of New Orleans was fought, and during the Indian wars was one of the officers in command of the fort at Fort Gaines. guarding the women and children while the Indians were passing through the country. He was a very successful farmer, and left a large estate. He died in 1850, a member of the Methodist church. He

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499

was a man of hearty and strong constitution, possessing great energy and an iron will. He was an uncompromising democrat His wife died in 1875, 'n ner eightyfourth year. To this union were born six children. Two sons and one daughter are now living, as follows: Thomas, living at Blakely, Early county; Ameta, married James Jackson, now living in Alabama; and Philip, the subject of this sketch. Mr. Tinsley was the youngest child, and when eight years old moved with his parents from Lee to Randolph county, where he was educated. When grown he commenced farming for himself and first settled on a farm near Ft Gaines. In 1854 he moved to a farm near Cuthbert, Randolph Co., where he lived until 1866, when he moved back to Clay county. While living near Ft. Gaines he was twice married. The first wife was Miss Emily Jackson, daughter of John Jackson, a prominent planter of Randolph county, by whom he had two daughters: E. V., married to F. Belcher, and living in Alabama, and V. J., married to W. R. Harrison. His second wife was Miss Mary A. Singleton, of Randolph (now Clay) county, daughter of William N. Singleton, a prosperous planter. To this union one daugh ter was born, W. M., the wife of Dr. P. H. Thompson, of Bluffton. Mr. and Mrs. Tinsley are consistent members of the Methodist church. In politics he is a demo crat, having voted the ticket for forty-five years, and taking a prominent part in the councils of his party. During the latter part of the war he entered the Georgia militia, and was elected captain of Company C, Tenth Georgia regiment. He participated in all the campaigns and battles from Atlanta to Savannah, being wounded at the former place, and at Griswoldville he had ten of his men killed in a place not more than fifteen feet square. The company was in all the battles around Atlanta for about forty days, and in the fighting of July 22 and 28, 1864, when the troops lost 6,000 men. After the surrender Mr. Tinsley returned to his farming interests. He now lives in Bluffton, but has a plantation on Spring creek, Clay Co., a region noted for its fine farms.

CLINCH COUNTY.
ILEY BOOTH, merchant, Dupont, Clinch Co., Ga., son of William Booth, was born in Marion county, Ga., Nov. i, 1846. His father was a well-to-do, prosperous farmer, and bestowed upon him such education as the country schools afforded. Soon after the war between the states began he enlisted in Company B, Thirty-second Georgia regiment, and was slightly wounded in an engagement on Johnson's island, S. C. At the end of twelve months his mother had him dis charged on a writ of habeas corpus, on account of his being under age. He then worked in the government oil cloth works, at Columbus, Ga., and joined the provost guard in that city. As soon as he arrived at conscript age. in 1863, he enlisted in the Twenty-eighth Georgia battalion (Maj. Bonard), Olustee, Fla., and remained with the command until the close of the war. After his return from the army he engaged for several years in farming and saw-milling in Washington county, Fla. He then came to Clinch county and accepted a position as section foreman for the Savannah, Florida & Western railway, in which he continued for eight years. He then embarked in a general merchandise business at Dupont, which he has conducted with unusual success, and continuously increasing patron age. He is among the most progressive and substantial of Clinch county's citizens.

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

Mr. Booth married Mrs. Elizabeth Weaver (widow), of Early county, Ga., by whom he has had six children--four sons and two daughters--all of whom are living. He is a member of the masonic fraternity.

f> OWAN B. JOHNSON, planter, Dupont, Clinch Co., Ga., was born in Lowndes county, Nov. 29, 1830. Three years afterward his father moved to Ware, now
Clinch county-. He was raised on the plantation, and has devoted himself to agriculture all his life. His education was limited to such as could be obtained at the common schools of the county. When only sixteen years of age he was elected captain of the militia--District 1280--at a time when it was regarded as a local distinction; and in 1850 was elected a justice of the peace. In 1862 he enlisted in Company B, Second Georgia battalion, and was made first lieutenant In 1863 he joined the Sixth Georgia regiment, Western division, was commissioned captain of Company I, and served through the war. Returning from the war he resumed farming, and was soon aftenvard elected a justice of the inferior court, and served a term of four years. In 1892 he was again chosen to represent Clinch county in the general assembly and as a democrat defeated his populist opponent by an over whelming majority--more than doubled him. In 1884 he was nominated to repre sent Clinch county in the general assembly and defeated his opponent by a large majority. Two years later he was again a candidate, and was defeated by a small majority; but in 1869 he was elected to fill the unexpired term of Hon. James P. Mattox (deceased), showing that the people appreciate his ability and services, and have confidence in him as a faithful custodian of their interests. While in the general assembly he was a member of the committees on agriculture, counties and count}- matters, military affairs and penitentiary. These frequent political suc cesses testify to the strong hold he has on the confidence and esteem of his fellowcitizens. Mr. Johnson has been married three times. His first wife was Miss Aleph, daughter of John Tomlinson, who died in 1862. For his second wife he married Miss Amanda, daughter of Jason Floyd, who died in February, 1870. He next married Mrs. Emeline (nee Dame), widow of William H. Clifton, and daugh ter of George Dame. He is a master Mason, and a prominent member of the Primitive Baptist church.

I UCIUS CORNELIUS MATTOX, physician and planter, Homerville, Clinch Co., Ga., son of Col. Elijah Mattox, was born in Tattnall county, Ga., May 5,
1829. His father was a native of Colleton district, S. C., came to Georgia and set tled in Tattnall county when young, and was aide-de-camp to Gov. Charles J. McDonald. His maternal grandfather held an office in the colony of Georgia under King George III. Dr. Mattox received as good an education as the common schools of the time and locality afforded, and, part of the time, was under the private instruction of a tutor. After preliminary preparation he entered the Eclectic Medical college, at Macon, Ga., in 1849, from which he was graduated in 1851. He located in Madison count}-, Fla., and after practicing there two years he came back to Clinch county, where he has practiced since. In 1862, he enlisted m the Fifth Georgia cavalry, which was assigned to duty with the army of the west. During a part of the time he served as a surgeon. He was wounded, but not seriously, at Saltville, Ya. After the war he returned to the practice of his pro fession, ranks the foremost practitioner of it in the county, and enjoys a very large and very remunerative practice. In addition he conducts very extensive planting interests, takes great pride in agricultural matters, cultivates scientifically, and by his neighbors is considered a model farmer. In 1890 he was elected a member of the general assembly from Clinch count}-, and served on the committee on

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501

agriculture, insane asylum, temperance, and deaf and dumb asylum. He was nominated for congress by the people's party, in opposition to Congressman Henry G. Turner, and was defeated. Dr. Mattox was married April 6, 1854, to Miss Sarah A., daughter of Thomas J. Shinholser, of Macon, Ga., by whom he has had six children. She died January 2, 1882; and he afterward married Miss Eliza L., daughter of Rev. Robert F. Lanier, Jasper, Fla. He is a member of the masonic fraternity: in religious belief is a Second Adventist, and is a regularly ordained minister of that faith.

F^AVID J. SIRMANS, farmer, Dupont, Clinch Co., Ga., son of Benjamin Sirmans, was born in Emanuel county, Ga., March i, 1819. After his birth his
father moved first to Appling, and afterward to Lowndes (now Clinch) county. Mr. Sirmans was raised on the farm, and educated at the common schools of the county; and when he reached manhood entered upon farming and stock-raising, which he has followed all his life, with satisfactory- success. He served during the Seminole war as a volunteer soldier under Capt. John J. Johnson, Col. Brown's regiment. In 1845, ne w'as elected tax receiver and collector of the county, and served one term. In 1859, he was elected to represent his senatorial district in the
general assembly, and has served as tax assessor in both Echols and Clinch counties. Mr. Sirmans has been married twice: First, in 1840. to Miss Eliza, daughter of John Wilkinson, of South Carolina, who died in 1886. His second marriage was to Miss Lucinda, daughter of William Roberts, of Echols county, Ga. He has two sons living: Ezekiel, farmer, Clinch county; and Benjamin, farmer, near Waycross, Ware Co., Ga, Mr. Sirmans is a quiet man, devoted to
home and its associations, and is highly esteemed by his fellow citizens.

CRAXKLIX B. SIRMAXS, farmer, Dupont, Clinch Co., Ga., son of Ezekiel J. Sirmans, was born in Clinch county, Sept. 22, 1853. His grandfather, Benja
min Sirmans, came from Emanuel to Lowndes (now Clinch) county, and was among the first settlers of the county. Mr. Sirmans was raised on the homestead, and was educated at the common schools of the county. On attaining to manhood he engaged in farming and stock-raising, which he supplemented with a general
merchandise business. Such has been his foresight, and so wisely and energetically has he managed that he has been extremely successful in all his enterprises. In 1886 lie was elected to represent the Fifth senatorial district in the general assembly, defeating by a large majority one of the most popular men in the district--a gen tleman who had served ten terms in the general assembly and had been a delegate to one constitutional convention. In 1892, he was again elected, defeating the people's part}' candidate by over 2,000 plurality. During his last term he was chairman of the auditing committee, and a member of the following standing com mittees: Banks, finance, agriculture, penitentiary, journalism and education. Young, enterprising, progressive and public-spirited, he has a bright prospect for the future, presenting to him a field for great usefulness. Mr. Sirmans was mar ried Feb. 28, 1878, to Miss Amanda, daughter of Charles Strickland, of Clinch county (sister of L. and B. Strickland, at Valdosta, Ga.). Two children are the fruit of this union: A son. Chandler, born Aug. 29, 1880, and a daughter, Edna, born Oct. 16, 1892. He is a. member of the masonic fraternity, and very prominent
in the local lodge.

MOSES TOMLIXSOX, farmer, Stockton, Clinch Co., Ga., son of John Tomlinson, was born in Clinch county, Dec. 29, 1840. His father was a well-to-do
farmer, and was reared on the farm and given such education as was obtain-

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

able at the common country schools. He enlisted in Company H, Twenty-ninth Georgia regiment, Aug. 31,1861, which command was assigned to Gen. W. H. T. Walker's division. He was made second sergeant of the company, and served until disabled by the loss of his arm--Aug. 31, 1864, the third anniversary of his enlistment--in an engagement near Jonesboro, Ga. In 1873 he was elected ordi nary and held the office two terms--eight years--and afterward was elected tax collector, to which office he has been continuously re-elected since. He still fol lows fanning, and is a good farmer, enjoying the respect and esteem of his fel low-citizens. Mr. Tomlinson married Miss Elizabeth, daughter of H. P. Matthis, who has borne him nine children--five sons and four daughters--all of whom are living. They are as follows: Orin L., Lawton H., Horace C., John B. G., Wayne P., Laura E., Hattie P., Jessie E. and Alice M., all of whom reside in Clinch county.

COBB COUNTY.
("JEORGE H. CAMP, Marietta, Cobb Co., Ga., a retired cotton manufacturer and capitalist, son of George and Elizabeth Camp, was born in the city of Utica,
N. Y., in 1818. His grandfather, Talcott Camp, was a native of Connecticut, but moved to Utica and was in its early history the first mayor of that city. Mr. Camp's father was born in Connecticut, and was related to the first and most conspicuous member of the Hale family, the descendants of whom have marked their way by deeds of patriotism and valor. He commenced business life as a publisher and editor in Utica. Upon removal to Sackefs Harbor, N. Y., he established the "Gazette" in 1815, which he edited some years. Subsequently he became connected with the Sacket's Harbor bank, as president, which position he held until the removal of the bank to Buffalo, N. Y. Remaining in Sacket's Harbor, he engaged in the drug business, in which occupation he continued until his death. Mr. Camp's mother, who was a daughter of E. Hitchcock, was born in Connecticut, and was descended from prominent social and revolutionary families, Admiral Foote, Commodore Hitchcock and Commodore Howell of the United States navy being among her relatives. Mr. G. H. Camp was raised in Sacket's Harbor and was principally educated in the excellent high school of Jefferson county. In 1842 he came to Georgia and settled in Roswell, Cobb Co., where he identified himself with the Roswell Manufacturing company, just then started by Mr. Barrington King. In that business he continued until 1864, at which time he retired from the presidency of the factories--they having been burned by the Federal armies that year. Since that time he has not been actively engaged in any business. Mr. Camp was married in 1850 to Miss Jane M. Atwood, who was bom in Mclntosh county, Ga., in the year 1830. She was the daughter of Henry and Ann (Mclntosh) Atwood. Mr. Ativood was a native of Connecticut and a lawyer by profession. He came to Georgia quite early in life and settled in Darien, where he practiced his profession several years. After his marriage he became a planter of Sea Island cotton, and owning a large number of negroes who were endangered on the coast during the war, he purchased the cotton mill at Curtright, Greene Co., Ga., to which place he removed his negroes for employment in the mill. Mr. and Mrs. Camp have five children living:

COBB COUNTY SKETCHES.
George K., who was educated at the Virginia Military institute at Lexington, ami after graduating he went to Albany, X. Y., where in the celebrated law school in that city he graduated, to engage in his chosen profession; Walter A., was edu cated at the Washington-Lee college in Virginia, then spent several years in France and Germany perfecting his knowledge of medicine and surgery, and after concluding his full course he adopted the eye, ear and throat specialty, in which he has had eminent success in Springfield, Mo.; Annie W., was educated at Miss Baldwin's Female institute in Staunton, Va., and is now the wife of Judge Richard H. Field, in Kansas City, Mo., and Misses Sallie A. and Hattie H. were educated at Miss Baldwin's Female institute in Virginia, and are at home, having lately returned from a European trip. Mr. and Mrs. Camp arc members of the Pres byterian church, to which faith they are loyal.
What magnetism there is in that name! How the blood bounds at its mention. No matter by whom borne, or whenever, wherever or under what ever circumstances it is written or spoken, it involuntarily and invariably creates an exultant thrill, as it brings to mind the chivalrous and patriotic "Harry of the West" Cobb county contributes to these Memoirs one bearing this talismanic name--one of the coming men of the "Empire State of the South." Alexander S. Clay, lawyer, Marietta, Cobb Co., Ga., son of W. J. and Ann (Peck) Clay, was born in Cobb county, in 1853. On his father's side he is of Scotch descent, his great-grandfather having emigrated from Scotland to this country about the middle of the last century, and settled in Virginia, where he lived and died. His paternal grandparents were W. M. and Margaret (Rose) Clay. He was born in Virginia in 1764, migrated to Georgia and settled in Washington county toward the close of the last century. He accumulated quite a large estate--owning 3,000 acres of land in one body--became one of the largest planters, and was one of the wealthiest citizens of the county at the time of his death, which occurred in 1853, in the ninetieth year of his age. Mr. Clay's father was born in Washington county in 1828, was reared on the plantation and has continued farming as his life occupation. He moved to Cobb county in 1846, which has since been his home. He served three years during the war between the states, and is a member of the Methodist church, of which he is a steward. Mr. Clay's mother is a daughter of James and Mary (Turner) Peck. Her father was a native of what is now Taliaferro county, Ga., was an ordained minister of the Baptist church, and preached until his death in 1890, aged eighty years. He moved to Cobb county in 1859. and for many years was county school commissioner. Mr. Clay was reared on the farm and (hiring boyhood schooled at the near-by country schools. Later he went to Palmetto, Ga., where he received his preparatory education and then entered Hiwassce col lege, Monroe county, Tenn., from which he was graduated in 1876. Returning home he immediately began the study of law under the preceptorship of Hon. David Irwin, and in 1877 was admitted to the bar. He located in Marietta, where he at once was accorded an advanced professional position, and has steadily risen until now he is acknowledged to be one of the best lawyers in the state, as well as a potential political factor. In 1881 he was elected a member of Marietta's city council, and was re-elected the succeeding year, but resigned and did not serve. In 1884 he was elected to represent Cobb county in the general assembly and served on the committees on railroads, finance and privileges and elections. In 1886 he was re-elected, was chosen speaker pro tern., appointed chairman of the committee on manufacturing, and made a member of the committees on finance, corporation and railroads. He was again elected in i88R and unanimously elected speaker of the house. His labors and services during- this term were unusually

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

arduous, of inestimable value to the state, and placed him high on the roll of Georgia's coming statesmen. In 1890 he was elected to represent his senatorial district CCobb, Fulton and Clayton counties) in the general assembly and was unanimously elected president of the body--presiding with his usual ability, to his own credit and tlie advantage of the state. In 1894, he was made chairman of the state democratic executive committee and conducted the Akinson-Hines guberna torial election. His political career may be said to have just begun, as he is only on the threshold of matured manhood, and the prospects and probabilities--aye, almost certainties--are, that he will attain successively to the highest positions within the gift of the people of Georgia. He is closer to the hearts of the people, and nearer to the front in the race for preferment than any man in the state. His name lias already been mentioned in connection with the governorship. Mr. Clay was married in 1880 to Miss Fannie--born in what is now Douglas county, in 1863 --daughter of A. J. and Margaret (Butner) White. He is a native of Campbell county, Ga.. and a large farmer. He volunteered in the Confederate service dur ing1 the civil war, was captured and confined in Camp Morton, where he died. Of the children born to Mr. and Mrs. Clay four are living: Eugenia H., Alexander S., Jr., Frank [>.. and Ryburn G. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and of the masonic fraternity, and himself and wife are valued members of the Methodist church.

I R. HUMPHRIES, physician and surgeon, Acworth, Cobb Co., Ga., son of G. * \V. and Zula (Mclntyre) Humphries, was born in Franklin county, Ga., in 1833. His paternal grandfather, Richard Humphries, of English extraction, was a native of Chester district, S. C, and followed farming. Leaving South Carolina he came to Georgia and settled in Franklin county, where he continued farming and stockraising until he died. He served as a major in the war of 1812. Dr. Humphries' father was born in South Carolina, came to Georgia when a young man and lived awhile in Franklin county, moved from there to Morgan county, thence to De Kalb county, and finally moved to Calhoun county. Ala., where he lived until he died in 1890. He was a very ardent and prominent member of the Methodist church. Dr. Humphries' mother was a daughter of John Gunter Mclntyre, who was a native of Scotland. Emigrating to this country he came to Georgia and settled in Franklin county. He was a farmer, a trader and miller, and became very rich. He lived all'his life in Franklin county. Dr. Humphries was reared on a farm, receiv ing his primary education at the nearby country schools, and a higher education at the Decatur high school. In 1852. he began the study of medicine under Dr. James F. Alexander, one of the most eminent physicians of Atlanta, and now (1895) president of the board of health of that city. He then attended lectures at th medical college of Georgia. Augusta--from which he was graduated in 1854, Sub sequently he took a post-graduate course at the Xew Orleans college. Locating in De Kalb county he was establishing a fine reputation when the war between the states began. He entered the army and served as assistant surgeon for some time, but in 1863 permanently settled in Acworth. where he has since practiced his pro fession, his patronage extending for miles around and into adjoining counties. Professionally his attainments are extensive and his ability superior; while his intel ligence and winning social qualities have gained him great popularity. Dr. Humphries was married in 1859 to Miss Sarah--born in De Kalb county, in 1842--daughter of Robert Joyce. He was a native of Xorth Carolina, came to Georgia when a young man and settled in De Kalb county. He was a good and successful farmer, and spent his days in that county. This lady died in 1861, and Dr. Humphries subsequently married Miss O. H.--born in Forsyth county, Ga.-- daughter of Hardy Strickland. Mr. Strickland was born in Jefferson county, Ga.,

COBB COUNTY SKETCHES.

505

but early in life moved to Forsyth county, where he successfully engaged in farming and mining, and became a large slave owner. He was a man of unusual natural ability and force of character, attained to great prominence and influence politically, and represented Forsyth county in the general assembly fifteen years. Later in life he moved to Cobb county where he died. Dr. Humphries has one child living-- John R. Mrs. Humphries is an active member of the Baptist church, and the
doctor is a master Mason.

JAMES L. LEMON, banker, Acworth, Cobb Co., son of James and Mary B. (Telford) Lemon, was born in Decatur, De Kalb Co., Ga., in 1835. His paternal
grandfather, Robert Lemon, of Irish lineage, was a native of South Carolina, was
a prosperous farmer, and was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolu
tionary war. He came to Georgia in 1822 and settled in De Kalb county, within six miles of where Atlanta now stands, where he died in 1848. Mr. Lemon's father was born in Anderson district, S. C, moved to Georgia, settled in what is now De Kalb county in 1821, built the first frame house on the ground now
occupied by Decatur, and commenced merchandising in connection with farming. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, represented De Kalb county in the general
assembly a number of terms, was a working member of the Presbyterian church
--of which he was an elder--and assisted in organizing the first Sunday school in Decatur. In 1843 ne moved to Marietta, then near Acworth, where he died
in 1849. Mr. Lemon's maternal grandfather, William Telford, was a native of Scotland. When quite young he came to this country and settled in what is now Pickens district, S. C., and served as a soldier in the continental army. He afterward engaged in farming and died in Pickens district in 1841. Mr. Lemon was reared on the farm, and received only the limited education obtainable in
the schools of the time and locality. In June, 1861, he enlisted in Company A
(Capt. O'Neil), Eighteenth Georgia regiment, and went to the front. He, with
his command, participated in the battles at Epling's Landing, Seven Pines, seven
days' fight around Richmond, Games' Mill--famous for the desperate and formida
ble charge of the Black Horse cavalry on the position of the Eighteenth Georgia,
by whose stubborn and deadly resistance they lost nearly every officer and heavily of the troopers--and Sharpsburg. About this time he was detailed for hospital
duty and served three months. He then returned to the field and served as
captain during the battles of Fredericksburg, Gettysburg and Knoxville. At this last battle he was shot and badly wounded and made prisoner, was in the hospital for the sick three months, and then left in prison until after the surrender. Before
jthe war he started in life as a fanner, but in 1853 engaged with his brother, Smith Lemon, in merchandising at Acworth. The business was continued until 1885, when his brother went into the banking business, remaining in it until he
died, in 1889. Mr. Lemon has been exceptionally prosperous and has acquired
much property. He is now largely interested in fanning, has extensive milling interests and conducts a banking business. He possesses unusually fine business capability and excellent judgment; hence his continuous success. Mr. Lemon
was married in 1856 to Miss Eliza--born in Cobb county in 1837--daughter of
Thomas and Clara (Pierce) Davenport. He was born in South Carolina and early in life came to Georgia and settled in Cobb county, where he has prospered
as a farmer and where he now lives. Mr. and Mrs. Lemon have ten children living and have three sons in business in Acworth. Mr. Lemon and wife are
devout and active members of the Presbvterian church.

506

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

^BANDER NEWTON TRAMMELL, chairman of the railroad commission of Georgia, son of Jehu and Elizabeth (Fain) Trammell, was born in Habersham
county, Ga., June 5, 1830. His paternal grandfather, William Trammell, who was of Scotch-Irish descent, was born in South Carolina, and married a Miss
Lynch. He enlisted and served three years in the continental army during the revolutionary war under Capt Daniel Duff and Col. Brandon, and participated in the siege of Savannah, December, 1778; battle of King's Mountain, S. C., Oct.
7,1780, where he lost an arm, and battle of Cowpens, S. C., Jan. 17, 1781. He died in Macon county, N. C., December, 1843. Col. Trammell's father was born in Union district, S. C., and came to Georgia and settled in Habersham county in 1818, where he soon attained to great popularity and influence, and was twice elected to represent the senatorial district in the general assembly. His maternal grandfather, Ebenezer Fain, was of French extraction, a nephew of Baron Fain, a gallant member of Bonaparte's staff. Members of the family emigrated from France to this country before the revolutionary war and settled in Pennsylvania. Mr. Fain was born in Chester county, in that state, Aug. 27, 1762. While in Washington county, Va., in June, 1776, and not fourteen years of age, he enlisted for three months in the patriot army and was stationed at Black Fort and Mont gomery Station, during which he was engaged in two battles with Indians--in one of which sixteen were killed. While in Washington county, N. C. (now Ten nessee), he served three months, from June, 1780, as light horseman, under Capt. Trimble, Col. Robertson's command, joined with other troops at Gilberttown, and all marched to Pacolet river, S. C, where they had a fight, taking a number of prisoners. At Buffalo Creek, on Broad river, while on duty in the night as a sentinel, he shot John Fenlon, a spy, on whom was found an express note from Lord Cornwallis to a tory, Capt Moore, urging him to defend his fort until troops could reach him. The Americans captured the fort, with Capt. Moore and loo men, and the British reinforcements were intercepted at Musgrove's mills and dispersed. At Wofford iron works the patriots were suddenly attacked at night, and after a desperate struggle were compelled to fall back, but rallying, renewed the fight and defeated the enemy. He was subsequently transferred to Capt Cunningham's company, which was attached to Col. Elijah Clarke's Georgia regiment Col. Clarke started for Augusta, Ga., but finding the British occupy
ing that place and Georgia and South Carolina, he returned to Rutledge's Ford, on the Saluda river, S. C., where the command was discharged. In September, 1780, he re-enlisted for two months as mounted horseman, and as a substitute under Capt Taylor and Col. Sevier in pursuit of Col. Ferguson, who was over taken at King's Mountain, S. C., where, Oct. 7, 1780, a battle was fought, Col. Ferguson killed and 900 prisoners taken. In this battle Mr. Fain was wounded in one of his legs. From November, 1780, he served with Capt. Gibson and Col. Sevier against the Indians, who were badly defeated and their towns destroyed. He continued in the service until April, 1781. In 1783 he moved to South Caro lina and settled in territory known as "Ninety-six," which comprised what is now
Pickens and Pendleton and Anderson counties. Thence, in 1792. he moved to Buncombe county, N. C, and finally, in 1818, to Georgia, and settled in Habersham county. He was married in Jonesboro. Washington Co. (then North Carolina), now Tennessee, in June, 1781, to Miss Mary Black. She died in Gilmer county, Ga., Feb. 11, 1846. Col. Trammell was reared and worked on the farm during his boyhood and youth, alternating between farm and school as the necessities of the crop demanded. At the age of nineteen he entered a boarding school at Bart's Creek (now Hhvassee college), Tenn., where he remained fifteen months. After leaving there he taught school a while, and then read law under Simpson

L. N. TRAMMKLL.

COBB COUNTY SKETCHES.

507

Reid, at Blairsville, Ga., and in 1856 attended the law school at Lebanon, Tenn. Having been admitted to the bar, he located at Ringgold, Catoosa Co., Ga., and entered upon the practice of law as the junior member of the firm of McConnell & Trammell. In 1861 he was elected to represent Catoosa county in the general assembly, and in 1863 was re-elected without opposition. In March, 1862, he entered the Confederate service as quartermaster, with the rank of captain, the
duties of which he performed in all its details with that promptness and exactitude which is characteristic of him in everything he does. His fidelity and patriotism elicited from the auditor in the quartermaster-general's department a letter com
plimenting him upon the evidence shown in his reports for his vigilance and honesty in the discharge of his duties, saying that this was the only letter of the kind he had had the pleasure of writing. In 1866 he resumed the practice of law in Calhoun, Gordon Co. He was elected a member of the constitutional convention of 1867-68, in which he did his most valuable work for the state. He was the recognized leader of the little band of fourteen dauntless patriots in that con
vention known as the "Hancock democracy," whose unflagging courage and un-
relaxing labor saved and secured to Georgia the supremacy of the white race-- a service which endeared him to the people, and will never be forgotten. At the election next succeeding he was unanimously tendered the nomination to the
state senate, but declined the honor. In 1870 he was elected to represent the senatorial district in the general assembly, and was elected president of the senate. Gov. Bullock having resigned, Mr. Trammell became, by right, governor pro-tern, of the state, but the former president of the senate, Mr. Benjamin Conley, claimed the right and assumed the duties of the office, which came near precipitat ing serious consequences. Fortunately the blended blood of Scotch-Irish con servatism and French chivalric magnanimity, as represented by Mr. Trammell, interposed and prevented it. He was strongly urged by leading democrats throughout the state, and by the general assembly, to assert his rights, but fore seeing the certain disorder and confusion, and the possible injury to the highest
and best interests of the state that such a contention would provoke and prolong, he wisely and patriotically declined to do so. As president of the senate he was distinguished for his fairness, impartiality and parliamentary ability, and in 1873 was re-elected without opposition, and closed his four years' incumbency without
having an appeal taken from a decision he had made. He was a Tilden elector in 1876, a member of the constitutional convention in 1877, in which he served on the committee on revision. He was president of the state democratic conven
tion in 1881, and chairman of the democratic executive committee in 1882 and 1883. Speaking of him as president of the memorable state convention of i88r to nominate a governor, Col. Isaac W. Avery, in his history of Georgia, has this to say: "The Hon. L. X. Trammell was elected unanimously president of the convention. There has never been in the history of public conventions a finer piece of parliamentary presiding than Mr. Trammell's government of this fiery convention. It must be held in mind that he was a warm Colquitt supporter, and he had to steer between the expectations of his friends, for that decided leaning to his own side that an experienced chairman can so helpfully give, and the proclivity of the opposition to suspect his fairness and censure his rulings. It was the highest possible tribute to Mr. Trammell that both sides were satisfied and deemed his action fair. Xot only this, but the clash of parliamentary strategy --and, in the turbulence of heated debate, there were repeatedly two dangerous contingencies constantly threatening, namely--inextricable confusion in the order of business, and an ungovernable turmoil. Mr. Trammell met both these perils with a most masterly skill and fairness. His solution of parliamentary puzzles was

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
instantaneous and decisive. No man with a less available and thorough knowl edge of the law of deliberative bodies could have been equal to the trying occasion. His intuitions were like lightning, and as resolute as the edict of an autocrat. Both sides stood in eager, reckless antagonism and fought for every advantage. Both sides were determined and combative, and their spirits drove toward an explosion. Mr. Trammell held the unruly elements with a strong hand and car ried the stormy proceedings for eight long days to an orderly conclusion. It was a splendid triumph of a presiding genius. It was an extraordinary and unequaled piece of tact, intelligence, firmness and leadership." Prior to his chairmanship of the executive committee in 1883 the two-thirds rule governed the gubernatorial nominating conventions. Through his wholesome influence this rule was changed, and since that time nominations have been made by a majority vote, and the change has proved his wisdom. In October, 1881, Mr. Trammell was appointed railroad commissioner by Gov. Colquitt, reappointed in 1887 by Gov. Gordon, and again in 1893 by Gov. Xorthen; in 1890 he was made chairman of the commis sion. Endowed with unusual mental capacity, keen and strong, a courage of con viction unappalled by the most powerful antagonisms, an integrity of character and sincerity of purpose absolutely unassailable, a deep insight into motives, and common sense and executive ability of a high order, he naturally became an almost unerring judge of public sentiment, and a wise and successful leader of men, and enabled to exercise a strong and salutary influence on the legislation of Georgia. Well-informed, patient, diligent and conscientiously just he has, in his present honorable and responsible position, been incalculably serviceable, because he has won and enjoys the entire unreserved confidence of the railway authorities on the one hand and of the people on the other. The interests of the people and the development and advancement of Georgia are near his heart, for them in the prime of his life he has worked in the past, and to them his energies and labors are devoted to-day. Affable, courteous, open-handed, big-hearted and public-spirited, it excites no wonder that his political preferment arouses no jealousy and that even-body is his friend. Mr. Trammell was married in 1856 to Miss Zenobia J., daughter of Elihu S. Barclay, a union which has been blessed with an interesting family of eight children: Mary M., wife of Samuel B. Scott, Atlanta, Ga.; Paul B., Atlanta, Ga.; Elizabeth V., wife of George L. Morris, Birmingham, Ala.; William J., Marietta, Ga.; Alice N., wife of Walter L. Sessions, Marietta, Ga.: Fleta, wife of Frank E. Boston, Atlanta; Margaret Z., and Leander N., Jr. He is a member of the masonic fraternity and a prominent member of the Methodist church.
COFFEE COUNTY.
QEORGE R. BRIGGS. lawyer. Douglas, Coffee Co., Ga., was born in Stafford county, Va.. Dec. 29, 1846. His father, Rev. W. S. Briggs, was a prominent
Baptist minister who died in Richmond, March 5, 1892. George R. Briggs was educated in the excellent schools of Virginia, and then entered Richmond college where he remained three years. In 1861, he enlisted in the First Virginia cavalry, and served with the regiment until the close of the war. After the surrender he returned to Virginia and taught school until 1870, when he came to Georgia, teach ing in Macon and Taylor counties. Elected president of Houston female college, he

COFFEE COUNTY SKETCHES.

509

remained there for four years, when he was elected president of Spalding seminary, near Montezuma, Macon Co., a position he held three years, and then removed
to Hawkinsville, Pulaski Co., to take charge of the institute at that place. Dur ing this time he was reading law, and in 1884 was admitted to the bar before Judge A. C. Pate. Returning to Montezuma, he entered upon the practice of his pro
fession, and a portion of the time conducted a farm until 1889. That year he was elected principal of the Carrollton high school in Alabama. He held this position but a year. Resigning he went to Birmingham, Ala., where he opened a law office.
In June, 1893, he went to Douglas, where he engaged in the practice of law. Mr. Briggs was married in Houston county, Ga., in January, 1873, to Augusta E., daughter of John S. Taylor, of that county. Six children have been born to him: Maude and Bessie, at school at Richmond, and the other four, May, Lucille, Hor-
tense and Seals (a son), are at home. Mr. Briggs is a Baptist, a Mason and a member of the I. O. O. F.

EDWARD A. BUCK, merchant and naval stores manufacturer, Douglas, Coffee Co., Ga., is of North Carolina stock, a son of Edward Buck, a farmer and naval
stores manufacturer, and was born in Pitt county, N. C., Nov. 17, 1848. Like many
thousands of others whose school age covered the same period of time, Mr. Buck
was deprived of the advantage of an education. He has, however, managed to hold his own in his life struggle. In 1875 he came to Georgia and engaged in the manufacture of naval stores in Charlton county. He remained there only a year; then he removed to Wayne county, where he lived eight years. At the end of this time he went to Brunswick, where he engaged in the commission business,
but retired after a year's experience. Leaving Brunswick he went to Clinch county
where he resumed the manufacture of naval stores, continuing it eight years. From there he came to Douglas, where he is now operating a farm and manufacturing naval stores; and in connection with these conducting a store in town. Mr. Buckmarried Lillie Lipsey in Clinch county, in 1887, by whom he has had one child, a daughter, Mary Ethel, born Sept. 28,1889. Mr. Buck is a man of energy and enter prise, and fine business and executive ability, and is reputed to be one of the
wealthiest men in the wire grass belt.

C WILLIS DART, judge of the county court of Coffee county, Douglas, Ga., is " a son of F. M. and Mary (Hall) Dart, and was born in Brunswick, Ga., in
1869. He received his primary education in the public schools, and was graduated from the law department of Georgia university, class of '93. In 1893 ne practiced law for a short time at Brunswick, Ga., and in 1894 located in Douglas. In March, 1895, he was appointed judge of the Coffee county court, to fill the unexpired term of Judge C. A Ward, who had resigned. Judge Dart is one of the youngest county judges in the state, and enjoys the distinction of reaching the bench in a little less than two years from the time he was admitted to practice. He took the honors at school, and though young in years, possesses the legal acumen not often found in older heads. He is a close student and a fine orator, and had already secured a gratifying success in his profession when appointed county judge. Judge Dart is a member of the Delta Tail Delta college fraternity, and possessing a most amiable disposition and irreproachable character, is deservedly popular, and
has a bright future before him.

IWTINTOSH M. HALL, M. D. (deceased), Douglas, Coffee Co., Ga., brother of m Dr. J. F. Hall, Statenville, Echols Co., Ga., was born in Montgomery county, Ga., in January, 1853. Receiving a very good common school education during boy

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and youthhood, he entered the medical department of Washington university, Baltimore, Md., in 1871, from which he graduated in February, 1874. Soon after
ward he located in Coffee county, where he has since resided with the exception of one year, 1883, in Appling county. He located in Douglas, county seat for Coffee county, where he established an enviable professional reputation, and an excellent practice, and kept a drug store until he died, Jan. 15, 1895. In 1875, he married Rebecca B., daughter of Hon. John M. Lott, an influential and popular dtizen, who has represented Coffee count}' in the general assembly two terms. Dr. and Mrs. Hall had three children born to them: John M., born December, 1876, who attended the lectures at and graduated from the Southern Medical college, Atlanta, in 1895, and has succeeded to his father's practice and business; J. Frank,
born in March, 1879; an<^ Minnie May, born in April, 1886. Dr. Hall was a master Mason, and a member of Broxton lodge No. 247.

WILLIAM A. MOORE, M. D., Willacoochee, Coffee Co., Ga., son of Arthur Moore, farmer, Coffee county, was born in Berrien county, Ga., July 8, 1869.
Dr. Moore, having had the advantage of a good common school education, began studying medicine in 1890 under Dr. Jeff Wilson, entered the Southern Medical college at Atlanta the ensuing fall, and graduated from the same in May, 1892. He went to Broxton at first to locate, but after a stay of a few months, decided to move to Willacoochee, where he has already secured a good practice, with a very bright prospective future. Dr. Moore married Georgia, daughter of William Shaw, Ber rien county, June 15, 1893, wn has borne him one child--a boy, Aubray--born May 10, 1894. The doctor is a master Mason, and a member of Willacoochee lodge No. 197, F. and A. M.
\\fILLIAM F. SIBBETT, M. D., Douglas, Coffee Co., Ga., was born in Colum bus county, N. C, June 12, 1853. His father, of English descent, is still
living. Dr. Sibbett, while a boy, received a fairly good common-school education. In 1877, while yet a youth, he came to Georgia and worked three years in Dodge and Appling counties in the turpentine business. Sober, industrious and eco nomical, he saved money and engaged in the drug business in Hazlehurst, Ga., with Dr. Latimer, under the firm name of J. H. Latimer & Co. During this period he read medicine under Dr. Latimer, and, in 1886, entered the Atlanta Medical college, whence he graduated in March, 1888. Returning to Hazlehurst, he remained only a few months, when he sold out and went to Broxton, Coffee Co. After remaining in that place two and one-half years he removed to Doug las, county seat of Coffee county, where he has established himself in an excellent paying practice as a physician, and in connection with this is doing a good drug business. He was elected coroner in January, 1895, being one of two democrats elected to county offices. Dr. Sibbett was married in December, 1884, to Amanda R-. daughter of James Graham, of Appling county, by whom he has had two children: Willie, eight, and Annie, six years old. He is a member of the Georgia Medical association and of the Pharmaceutical association. He is a member and worshipful master of Douglas lodge No. 386, F. and A. M., and a royal arch Mason. He is also worthy patron of Douglas chapter of the Order of the East ern Star.

QALVIN A. WARD, JR., lawyer and county judge, Douglas, Coffee Co., Ga.,

was born in Coffee county, Dec. 20,1857. He is of a North Carolina family,

his father being a son of John Ward of that state. C. A. Ward, Sr.. is a farmer

and stock-raiser, and at one time was justice of the inferior court. Calvin A.

Ward, Jr., was given the best education obtainable in that part of the state during



i

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COLUMBIA COUNTY SKETCHES.
the troublous time of his boyhood. He then attended the university law school at Athens, from which he graduated in 1886, and soon afterward established him self in Douglas, where he has built up a very handsome practice. On reaching his majority he was elected clerk of the superior court, and held the office six years. His faithfulness and efficiency in this office commended for higher honors, so his fellow-citizens elected him county judge, an office he has held for three years. He is also editor of the county paper, "The Douglas Breeze," and conducts a farm. Judge Ward was married Jan. 24, 1883, to Emma, daughter of J. T. and Elizabeth Smith, Coffee county. He is a member of the State Bar association.
J EFFERSON WILCOX, M. D., Willacoochee, Coffee Co., Ga., was born in Coffee county, March 20, 1860. His father, Mark Wilcox, who died in 1892,
was a farmer and at one time was sheriff of the county. Dr. Wilcox, fortun ately, was favored with a good common-school education preparatory to his entrance into the Southern Medical college at Atlanta, in 1881, from which institution he graduated in 1883. He located first at Broxton, Coffee county, but left there after a while and settled in Willacoochee, where he is now and where he has a choice remunerative practice not excelled in all that section. In addition to his practice he has a drug store, which is doing a profitable business. Dr. Wilcox has been mayor of Willacoochee, and now represents the county in the general assembly, and is a member of the following committees: Agriculture, hygiene and sanitation, pensions, lunatic asylum and penitentiary. Dr. Wilcox was married May 6, 1883,. to Mary A., daughter of James Hinson, Coffee county, who has borne him two children: Ira E., born May 20, 1884, and Mark, born May 21, 1890. He is a master Mason and a member and treasurer of Willa coochee lodge No. 197, F. and A. M. Dr. Wilcox stands high in his locality as an able and successful physician.
COLUMBIA COUNTY.
r)R. R. B. BAILEY, the most prominent physician in Columbia county (postoffice, Appling) was born in that county in 1828. He was a son of Nathaniel
and Ann E. (Wilborn) Bailey. Nathaniel Bailey was a native of Maryland and moved to Wilkes county, Ga., with his parents when he was a small boy. He was a successful man and accumulated large tracts of land and owned many negroes. He moved from Wilkes to Columbia county, was a leading citizen, and served as judge of the inferior court several years. Ann E. (Wilborn) Bailey, Dr. Bailey's mother, was a daughter of Elias and Mary (Marshall) Wilborn. Elias Wilborn was a native of North Carolina, but moved to South Carolina and thence to Georgia. He was a soldier in the revolutionary war, was engaged in many battles and was one of the wealthiest citizens in Columbia county. He was a leader in church and state. Dr. Bailey's maternal great-grandfather was Daniel Marshall, a noted Baptist minister, who sojourned in many places in Vir ginia and North Carolina, and in 1771 moved to Georgia and settled on the largest of the Kiokee creeks, and organized the church of Kiokee, which is the oldest church in Georgia. It is about eighteen miles from Augusta, in Columbia county, in the neighborhood of the two Kiokee creeks, which empty into the Savannah

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

river. Dr. Bailey was reared on the farm. He received his collegiate education at Emory college and graduated there in 1849. He began the study of medicine under Dr. William S. Jones, afterward under Dr. H. R. Casey, and attended the sessions of the Augusta Medical college, where he graduated in 1851. He located in Appling, where he has practiced ever since. He has a large practice, is a highly cultivated, honorable gentleman, and is greatly respected and loved by the people of Columbia county.

M J. BRANCH, farmer and legislator, Berzelia, Columbia Co., Ga., and one of " the most prominent men in the state, was born in Petersburg, Va.-, in 1847,
the son of Thomas and Sarah P. (Reed) Branch. He received a liberal education and graduated at college. When the civil war began he was a cadet in the Virginia Military academy, and went into active service with the cadets. He moved to Augusta, Ga., in 1868, and engaged in merchandising until 1879. In 1880 Mr. Branch married Miss Sue Steiner, who was born in Tiffin, Ohio, in 1852, and was an adopted daughter of Dr. R. Steiner. They have three living children: Hal S., Melvin C. and Steiner. In 1876 he moved to Columbia county, where he has been engaged in farming ever since, and has taken an active part in public affairs. He was a delegate! to the national convention of the people's party at Omaha in 1892 and was chairman of the committee on platform. The same year he was elected a member of the Georgia legislature, and was re-elected in 1894. He is a leading member of the house, is on several important committees, and was the nominee of his party for speaker of the house, but was defeated by W. H. Fleming, the democratic nominee. Mr. Branch's father was a native of Virginia, was prominent in business and public affairs, and a leading member of the Methodist church. He was a delegate to the state convention when Vir ginia seceded from the union, was a wealthy man, and in 1871 established the Merchants' National bank of Richmond, of which he became president Dr. Steiner, Mrs. Branch's adopted father, was a very prominent man. He served in the Mexican war with Gen. Scott, was a surgeon in the Confederate army, and after the war settled in Augusta, where he was a leading physician until he died in 1892.

MISS SARAH JAXE CRAWFORD, a very prominent and wealthy lady of Appling, Columbia Co., was born in that county in 1813. She is a daughter
of Dr. Xathan and Alary (Marshall) Crawford. Her father, Dr. Crawford, was born in Virginia and moved to Georgia in 1799. He read medicine under Dr. Smelt, a prominent physician of Augusta, and after completing his course went to the upper part of Columbia county and settled on the Kiokee creek and practiced his profession. The first tax he ever paid was $5, but he afterward accumulated a large fortune and was the wealthiest man in Columbia county. His practice was very large, extending over a wide territory, in all the adjoining counties, and over into South Carolina. He was the first physician to perform the difficult operation of placing a silver plate on a broken skull. He was prominent in public affairs and served as a member of the legislature, and as judge of the inferior court. His father. Charles Crawford, was a native of Virginia, and came to Georgia a boy at the beginning of the revolutionary war, in which he served in the patriot army as captain, participating at the siege of Savannah and Augusta, being taken prisoner at the latter place. He graduated at the medical college presided over by Dr. Rush, . in Philadelphia, in 1799. and returning to Georgia settled on the Kiokee creek, at the residence of Rev. Abraham Marshall, where he practiced his profession. He was a very prominent man, and lived in Columbia count}' until his death. Mrs.

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513

Mary (Marshall) Crawford, the mother of Miss Sarah J. Crawford, was a daughter of Levi and Sarah (Wyme) Marshall. Levi Marshall was the fourth son of Daniel Marshall; was a wealthy merchant and farmer, and lived in Columbia county all his life. His father, Daniel Marshall was born in Windsor, Conn., in 1706. At the early age of twenty he became a convert to religion and entered upon the work of the ministry with great energy and zeal. He sold his home, and as his
biographer says: "Gave up his commodious buildings for a miserable hut; his beautiful fields and orchards for barren deserts, the luxuries of a well-furnished table for coarse, scanty fare, and numerous civil friends for rude savages." He moved to Winchester, Va., thence to Hughwarry, N. C, and then to Abbott's Creek, N. C, where he organized a church and located as its pastor. Subsequently he traveled in Virginia, organized a number of churches, and afterward moved from North Carolina to South Carolina, thence to Georgia, where he established the first Baptist church in the state in 1772, on the Kiokee creek. This church is still .standing, about two miles from Appling. Mr. Marshall was once seized while preaching and whipped, a man named Sam Cartledge using the lash, and Cartledge was afterward converted and became a preacher. Miss Sarah J. Crawford, the sub ject of this sketch, is one.of the foremost ladies of the county. Her ancestors were distinguished, and her family connections are prominent and well known. She is first cousin of ex-Gov. George Crawford, second cousin of W. H. Crawford, and Gov. Culberson, of Texas, is her nepliew. Liberal, public spirited, and having a strong intellect, she is highly respected and honored in the community where she lives.
IAMES A. LAMKIN, a prosperous farmer, Kiokee, Columbia Co., was born in Columbia county, in 1850. His father, Augustus Lamkin, was also a native of
Columbia county, was a farmer and race-horse man, and traveled over the state, taking part in all the leading races. He was successful in business, was highly respected and lived in his native county until he died in 1869. His parents were James and Katie (Smith) Lamkin. James Lamkin was a native of Virginia, but
came to Georgia and settled in Columbia county, when a young man, and was one of the early settlers of that county. When he came to Georgia he was a very poor man, but was successful and accumulated a large fortune. Mr. James A. Lamkin's mother was a daughter of James Alexander, who was a native of Columbia county, and lived there many years, but subsequently moved to Augusta, where he died. He fought in the battle of New Orleans as a major. Mr. James A. Lamkin, the subject of this sketch, was reared on the farm and received a limited education. In 1882 he married Miss Ella Waltori, daughter of Jesse and Palatil (Jones) Walton. Mr. Walton was born in Columbia county; was a successful farmer, and lived and died in the county of his birth. Mr. and Mrs. Lamkin had six sons: Walton, James A., Clanton, Griffith, Jacob P. and Frank E. He started in life with very little, but by hard work and diligent application to business was successful, and now owns 3,000 acres of choice land, a gin mill, saw mill, and other property. He was
deputy sheriff of his county six years and is a highly respected member of the masonic fraternity. His wife was born in Columbia county, in 1852. She is an active and useful member of the Methodist Episcopal church.

MARION M'DANIEL, farmer, Cluese, Columbia Co., Ga., son of Zero and Cath erine (Thompson) McDaniel, was born in Henry county, Va., in 1829. His
father was a native of Virginia, a farmer by occupation, and lived all his life in his native state. His mother was a daughter of Mitchell Thompson, a native of Amherst county, Va., who moved to Grayson county, Va., where he served as 1-33

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
clerk of the county court several years. He was a man of extraordinary physical vigor, and lived to be ninety-five years of age. Mr. McDaniel was reared on a farm until sixteen years old. In his seventeenth year he discovered a principle by which in tempering steel the proper temper could be ascertained. He traveled ten years in Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia, giving practical instruction in the art of welding and tempering steel, in horseshoeing, etc. In the early fifties he began training young men who had no experience, and soon found that a bright, sprightly man, white or black, could be taught in eight or ten days to do the simpler kinds of plantation work. He also found that while the negro was almost entirely destitute of the inventive faculty, his imitative power was so great that he was a quick learner. He regards the ten years he thus spent in training mechanics as the most important part of his life. After finishing his work in this line he settled down to quiet farm life in Columbia county, in which he is now contentedly and profitably engaged. Mr. McDaniel has been married three times. He was first married in 1851 to Miss Sallie--born in 1831--daughter of E. D. and Nancy Hamilton Alfriend. She died in 1858, and of the children she bore him but one, Ann H., is living. His second marriage was in 1863 to Miss Ida E.--born in Columbia county in 1847--daughter of Uriah and Sarah (Cartledge) Blanchard. This wife died in 1873; and of the children she bore him three survive: Owenton, Minnie, and Alexander H. For his third wife he married, in 1864, Miss Rosa A., born in Warren county, in 1858-- daughter of James A. and Sarah (Lane) Bradshaw. Mr. McDaniel is a master Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church.
Ylf H. JONES, one of the most successful farmers of Columbia county, postoffice, * Evans, was born in Augusta, Ga., in 1840, but was reared on a farm and edu
cated at Georgetown college. In 1862, he enlisted in the Confederate service, Twelfth Georgia battalion, under J. B. V. Alien, and was engaged in many battles in Virginia, and also in the battles of Resaca, Lost mountain, Kennesaw mountain, Atlanta, and Jonesboro. He was with the army until the close of the war. In 1866, Mr. Jones was married to Mrs. Sophie Ball Mala, widow of William Mala, and daughter of Moses and Harriet (Bassey) Greene. Mr. Greene was a great-nephew of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, of revolutionary fame. Mrs. Jones is also a great-grand daughter of Col. Joseph Taylor of the revolutionary army, known in history as "Fighting" Joe Taylor. They have five children living: Arthur, Jessie, Walter, William H., and Mary E. He and his wife are members of the. Baptist church, and are highly respected by all who know them. Mr. Jones' father, William Jones, was a native of Wales, but came to this country in 1812, and settled first in Charles ton, afterward moving to Columbia, S. C., and when the Indian war began he enlisted and served through the same. After the same closed he lived in Fort Valley a short time, then moved back to Columbia, S. C., and afterward to Augusta, Ga., where he engaged in the manufacture of gin machinery. In 1841, he moved to Columbia county, Ga., and was engaged in farming until his death. He was a leading citizen, was highly respected and very wealthy. . He lost eighty slaves and $100,000 in bank stock by the war. Mr. Jones' mother was a daughter of Mar shall Keith, who was born in Virginia, was wealthy and owned land in that state, North Carolina, South Carolina and Alabama. He read law under Henry Clay, but never engaged in the practice. His father was a native of Scotland, but was driven from there on account of his religious belief, during the reign of Charles I. He was a grandson of Lord Keith, and first settled in Virginia, subsequently removing to Georgia. Mr. Jones lives on a large plantation left him by his father.

COLUMBIA COUNTY SKETCHES.

SIS

J-J A. MERRY, a merchant and farmer at Berzelia, Columbia Co., was born in Washington, Wilkes Co., Ga., in 1831, a son of Bradford and Ann (Bruckner)
Merry. He received a fair education and began life as a clerk in the store of Beers & Roberts, and afterward with Cress & Hickman. In 1853 ne began busi ness for himself at Berzelia. In 1861 he moved to Augusta and engaged in the
dry-goods business until 1862, when he sold out and enlisted in the Confederate army. He served on detail duty as a manufacturer of shoe lasts, bunks and boxes until the last year of the war, when he went into active service and was engaged in the battles around Savannah. After the close of the war he returned to Ber
zelia and did business two years, then went to Dalton and lived two years, thence to Augusta and engaged in the produce and commission business, when he returned to Berzelia, where he has been doing business ever since. In 1857 Mr.
Merry married Miss A. V. Holmes, daughter of James and Lucinda (Gibson) Holmes. They have nine living children. He and his wife are members of the Methodist church; he is a Mason, and is a highly respected citizen, and holds the honorable position of president of the county board of education. His father, Bradford Merry, was born in New Bedford, Mass., in 1799, moved to Georgia in 1820, and settled in Wilkes county as a saddle and harness maker. He also engaged in farming and owned slaves. Mr. Merry's mother was a daughter of Daniel Bruckner, who was born in Switzerland, ran away from home when a boy, and went to England, where he served in the navy. He afterward came to America and first settled in Charleston, S. C., but subsequently moved to Wilkes county, Ga., and went to farming. He served as clerk of the court several years.

WILLIAM T. WALTON, farmer, Kiokee, Columbia Co., Ga., son of Jesse
S. and Palatiah (Jones) Walton, was born in Columbia county in 1836. His paternal great-grandfather was a native of England and emigrated to this country and settled in Virginia about the middle of the last century. His grandparents
were William and Sallie (Grinnage) Walton, natives of Virginia. They migrated to Georgia in 1790 and settled in Columbia county, where he prosperously planted all his life. He was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and for his services drew some land in Kentucky. To pay the taxes on this he was accustomed to go there every year on horseback. He was surveyor of Co lumbia county and held the office many years. Mr. Walton's father was born in Columbia county, was raised a planter and made it a life pursuit with marked success. His maternal great-grandfather, Jones, was a native of Wales, England, and emigrated to this country before the revolutionary war. His mother was a daughter of Ellis, son of the above, and Mary (Pinson) Jones. He was born in Columbia county, near where Harlem now stands, was a large planter, and grew to be what was considered wealthy in his day, and became a leading, influential citizen. Mr. Walton was raised on the plantation and received a collegiate educa tion, graduating in 1856. In 1864 he enlisted in Terrell's artillery company, but in a short time left the service on account of ill health and returned home. He has since devoted himself to planting, and has been content with its pleasures and profits. He is the proprietor of a large estate and is a leading citizen of the county, in which he is held in high esteem. Mr. Walton was married in 1860 to Miss Mary--born in Columbia county in 1841--daughter of Benjamin Berry, a native of Maryland. His father was a native of England, and emigrated to this country and settled in that state. Of the children born to Mr. and Mrs. Walton seven survive: Emma, wife of Thomas B. Dozier; Benjamin B., William T., Pollie E., Francis J., Eloise M. and Ruth. Himself and wife are active mem bers of the Methodist church.

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
COLQU1TT COUNTY.
CDWARD H. BRYAN, Moultrie, Ga., is a son of Rev. J. H. Bryan, a Meth-- odist minister, and a member of the South Georgia and Florida conference, and was born in Lowndes county, Ga., April 21, 1840. Mr. Bryan was educated mainly at the Masonic seminary, Madison, Fla. In 1861 he enlisted in the First Florida regiment, but was subsequently transferred to the First Florida battalion. Having been wounded at Shiloh, he was granted a six months' furlough, on the expiration of which he rejoined the army. He was again wounded at the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., in a charge made under Breckinridge. After his recov ery Mr. Bryan served in the quartermaster's department until the end of the year, when he joined the Second Florida cavalry, Col. Smith commanding, and was in the battle of Ocean Pond, under Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt During his service he filled acceptably the offices of second sergeant and sergeant major. When, at last, the end came, Mr. Bryan engaged in farming in Mitchell county for three years; then for several years taught school in the counties of Worth and ColquittIn 1877 he entered the office of the ordinary of Colquitt county as deputy, and at the same time held the office of commissioner of education. After serving as county treasurer two years Mr. Bryan served as clerk of the superior court eight years. He now holds the office of freight and ticket agent of the Boston & Albany railway. In 1864 Mr. Bryan was married to Emily, daughter of Alien C. Sellers, of Mitchell county. He has four children living--two sons and two daughters. The oldest daughter married J. E. Hornsby, Moultrie; the other children, John, born in 1872; Mattie, born in 1876, and Edward R, born in 1890, are with their parents. In 1877 Mr. Bryan was ordained at Hopewell church, Moultrie, Ga., a minister of the Baptist church, in which sacred relation he is rendering faithful service. For seventeen years or more he has been zealously identified with Sunday school work.
WILLIAM B. DUKES, merchant, Moultrie, Colquitt Co., Ga., was born in what is now Brooks county, Ga., Jan. 13, 1856. His father, Edward C.
Dukes, who was a farmer, died in the year he was born. He was reared and worked on the farm, and at intervals attended the near-by common schools of the county until 1874, when, at the age of eighteen years, he went to Thomas county, Ga., to engage in the saw-milling business. A few years later, having saved some money, he borrowed a small additional sum from a Thomasville firm and with limited capital embarked in a general merchandising business on a small scale at Chastain, in Thomas county, in a little 16x25 tenement. He at tended closely to his business, worked hard and "kept store" all alone. He suc ceeded beyond his most sanguine expectations and had to enlarge the store, and a little later he had to enlarge it still more. But his business kept on increasing, until to meet all its demands he determined to establish a business in Moultrie. Accordingly in 1894 he opened a general merchandise store, and well-stocked furniture store, and in connection with these a drug store, conducted under the firm name of Dukes & Smith. Receiving a partner at Chastain, the business was continued there under the name of W. M. Adams & Co. In addition to these he has a store in another part of the county. He has large and well-assorted stocks at all his places of business and gives employment to a large number

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of clerks. Beginning with very limited capital--part borrowed at that--he has
been remarkably successful and prosperous, and ranks among the most substan tial men in South Georgia. Comparatively young, energetic and enterprising, and of tried integrity, the success which has so far attended him gives promise of a most brilliant business future and great wealth. Mr. Dukes was married in
1880 to Miss Ella I., daughter of Ellison Dekle, of Thomas county, by whom he has had four children: Bpyd, born in 1882; Effie Lee, born in 1884; Hallie, bora in 1886, and a son, born in September, 1894.

VIN B. PETERS, M. D., was born in Lowndes county, Ga., July 27, 1866, and is the son of W. L. Peters, a prosperous farmer now living in Berrien county. The only educational advantages enjoyed by Dr. Peters were those of the common schools of the county. Thus meagerly equipped he entered the medical department of Vanderbilt university at Nashville, Tenn., in 1887, whence
he graduated in 1889, and located at Cecil, Berrien Co. He remained in Cecil about four years, building up a fine practice, and then removed to Moultrie, Ga., where he has gained a remunerative patronage, and in connection with his practice established a good drug business under the firm name of Peters & Belote. In February, 1891, Dr. Peters married Miss Sallie Mathis, Cecil, Ga. One son, Hoke Smith, is the result of this union. Dr. Peters is a man of energy and enterprise, a democrat in politics, has been mayor of Cecil, and is a master Mason, being a popular working member of Ahia lodge, No. 346, in which he has officiated as junior deacon.

\yiLLIAM R. SMITH, M. D., was born in Brooks county, Ga., Jan. 24, 1863.
His father, Dr. Albert D. Smith, a retired physician, resides now in Thomas county. William R. was educated at the academy at Quitman, Ga., and in 1882
began the study of medicine under his father. He attended a course of lectures at Atlanta Medical college in the winter of 1883-84, and afterward attended the Memphis Hospital Medical college, graduating in 1885. Dr. Smith located at Chastain, Thomas Co., whence after six years of successful practice he removed to Moultrie, Colquitt Co. Here, in addition to his extensive professional service, he has, in connection with his partner, W. B. Dukes, established a prosperous and growing drug business. In 1888 he was united in marriage with Miss Anna Hagan, orphan daughter of James Hagan, late of Thomas county. Two daugh ters, Winona, four, and Fannie, two years old, have blessed this union. Dr. Smith is closely related to State Senator W. S. Humphries, Quitman, Ga.; also to State Representative J. W. Hopson, Brooks county, who is one of its wealthiest and most
popular citizens. Dr. Smith is a prominent and much esteemed member of the Baptist church, with a bright and useful future before him.

COWETA COUNTY.
\\fESLEY W. ADDY, a well-known and esteemed citizen of Coweta county, is the grandson of Simeon Addy and son of Jacob and Mary CRawl) Addy, both
natives of South Carolina, in which state Wesley was born in the year 1827. In 1844 the family left South Carolina and moved to Georgia, when Wesley was

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
seventeen years of age. He made as good use as possible of the limited educa tional opportunities of those early days and fitted himself to teach school, which calling he pursued for nearly two years. In 1851 he married Margaret Bernhard, daughter of Jacob and Esther (Lites) Bernhard, both natives of South Carolina, who were among the early settlers of Henry county, Ga., where their daughter, Mrs. Addy, was born and reared. In 1862 Mr. Addy enlisted in the Ninth Georgia regi ment, under Capt Brooks, Col. Neeley's command. He was in several very hardfought battles, as in those of Atlanta and Griswoldville, and in numerous skirmishes. He served through the war and then returned to Georgia. His home stead consists of 225 acres of well-improved land, upon which he has made a competent living. He owned at one time 740 acres, but sold off the greater part. He started in the beginning with only about $700, but has been able to acquire considerable property, as well as the respect and good-will of his fellow-citizens. Mr. and Mrs. Addy are members of the Lutheran church. Their union has been blessed with twelve children: Thomas, Mary, Warren, Stockton, Henry, Jason, Oscar, Simeon, Rosa, Ella, Pearl and Robert.
T. JAMES W. ANDERSON, son of William U. and Mary Ann (Potts) Anderson. was born in Coweta county, Ga., in March, 1835. His father was born in Coweta county in 1808. He was reared on a farm, and had but little education. During his life he kept a record of the noted historical events which affected Coweta county, and in 1880 had them published in book form, which is interesting and very reliable as to dates. He was an uncompromising democrat and a great worker for the party, but would never accept office except once, when he was assistant warden of the penitentiary under Gov. Johnson. He was one of the thirteen original members of the Baptist church at Newnan. His father, the grandfather of Capt J. W. Anderson, was a soldier both in the revolutionary war and the war of 1812. Mrs. Anderson, the mother of J. W. Anderson, was a daugh ter of James Potts, who was a soldier in the revolutionary war, and was one of the pioneer settlers of Coweta county, Ga. James W. Anderson, the subject of this sketch, was reared in Coweta county, and received but a very limited education. In April, 1861, he enlisted in Company A, First Georgia regiment, and was present in the first battle in which his company was engaged, and was with it until the close of the war. He was with his company at the retreat of Laurel hill and Greenbrier river under Gen. Jackson. After the battle of Cheat mountain, their time being out, the entire company was discharged; but after being home one month Mr. Anderson enlisted in a company known as the Newnan guards, Twelfth Georgia battalion of artillery, with which he remained through the war. He was adjutant of the first company lie was in, and in 1863 was elected captain. He went out in the Twelfth Georgia battalion, though, as first lieutenant His company, after it reorganization, was ordered to go to Gen. Bragg with the artillery, and went through Kentucky, after which it was transferred to the infantry, but still drew pay as artillery. They then went through the country as far as Charleston, S. C., and served there during the whole siege. In 1864 he was wounded at Winchester, Va., being shot through the thighs, which rendered him unfit for further service. After the war he returned to Coweta county, and began at first as a contractor and builder, working at this several years. He finally saved up a sufficient amount ot money to purchase a farm, where he remained until he moved to Newnan. In 1875 he was elected sheriff of Coweta county, serving six years. In 1866 he was married to Miss Sarah, daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth (Rollen) Brown; this lady died in a very short time, and in 1879 he married Elizabeth Blaukenship, daughter of Francis and Sarah (Curtis) Blaukenship, the former of whom was a

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519

native of Tennessee and came to Georgia in 1847. ^rs- Anderson was born and reared in Georgia, and is a member of the M. E. church, while her husband is a member of the Presbyterian. Mr. Anderson is a member of the masonic fraternity and is one of the leading citizens of the town.

^f ILLIAM T. ARNALL, one of Senoia's prominent citizens, was born in Walton county, Ga., in 1839, hij parents, John and Nancy A. (Gibbs) Arnall, being also
natives of this state. The father, born in Butts county in 1811, was the son of William H. Arnall, a Virginian who came to Georgia, settling in Butts county before 1800, making the long journey thither on horseback. He was by trade a
wheelwright and blacksmith, at which he worked for many years. His son John
settled in Coweta county in 1843, and there the younger William grew to manhood, attending school in what was noted as a better schoolhouse than most of that time, in that the logs of which it was built were hewed, and the chimney, though of sticks and dirt, was the outlet of a fire-place extending almost across the entire end
of the building. The writing-desk, too, was a great improvement for those days, being made like the roof of a house, with a slope on each side so that it would
accommodate pupils on both sides. It was no unusual occurrence in those days for the pupils to turn the teacher out on Christmas and make him treat. Soon after the outbreak of the war, in July, 1861, young Arnall enlisted in Company A, Seventh Georgia regiment. In this company he remained until the second battle of Man-
assas, where he was wounded in the arm, on Aug. 30, and when he reached home on Sept 20 he weighed only eighty-four pounds. As soon as he was sufficiently
recovered he helped Capt. J. H. Graham recruit a cavalry company, and on Dec.
29, 1862, he returned to the front, at which time he weighed 172 pounds. In May,
1863, his wound broke out afresh, and the physician told him he must lose his arm or his life; he, however, refused to submit to amputation of the suffering member, and at last, to his great joy, it healed. He was in a number of verv hard-fought
battles: Yorktown, Va., the seven days' fight at Richmond, Thoroughfare Gap, Va., and that at Manassas. He was with Bragg in his retreat from Chattanooga; was wounded again, this time in the hand, at Chickamauga, by which he was laid up
about two months. But as soon as he was able he returned once more to his com pany, to remain with it to the end of the war. He was with Gen. Wheeler when he captured Stoneman, and shared in the sufferings of those perilous times. In
common with his comrades he returned home to Coweta county after the war was done, having nothing with which to begin life, but with courage and patience he engaged in fanning, in which he has prospered. In 1878 he removed to Senoia
and engaged in the cotton trade, dealing also in buggies, wagons, etc., and still
giving attention and care to the interests of his farm. His standing in the com munity is high, and he is liked and respected by all who know him. In December,
1858, Mr. Arnall was married to Miss Frances J. North, born in Coweta county,
January, 1840, the daughter of Abraham B. and Eliza (Holmes) North. To them
were born two sons, Robert E. and Lucius T. F. Mrs. Arnall, who was a faithful
member of the M. E. church, died in November, 1862. In 1865 he married Martha C.
Couch, daughter of Matthew and Jane (Eusley) Couch, and they had four children:
Jane E., wife of J. T. Glover; Idelia, wife of Dr. Green; Sallie Gibbs, and John C.
The mother, who was born in Coweta county in 1844, died in August, 1892. November 21,1893, Mr. Arnall married Mrs. Elizabeth J. Tegne, daughter of John
and Elvira (Carlton) Urquhart, who was born in Coweta county in 1855. Mr.
and Mrs. Arnall are both members of the Baptist church.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

J-IUGH M. ARXOLD, one of the leading citizens of Newnan, Coweta, Co., Ga., was born in November, 1842, his parents being James and Matilda (Ware)
Arnold. His father was born in Wilkes county, in 1802, and was reared on a farm. The paternal grandfather of Hugh M. Arnold was a native of South Carolina, who came to Georgia before 1800, settling in the woods, in which there had never been a stick cut Hugh M. Arnold was reared on a farm and attended school in an old log school-house with a stick chimney and a puncheon floor. For a short time he went to school in Xewnan, but in 1861, when only eighteen years of age, enlisted in Company B, under Capt. R. L. Y. Long, remaining one year, at the expiration of
which he re-enlisted, and after two years, returned home and engaged in farming, which occupation he still continues, Mr. Arnold was in the battles of Cotton Hills, Seven Pines and Loop Creek. In 1868 Mr. Arnold was united in marriage to Miss Mary Townsen, daughter of James and Sarah (Grantlin) Townsen. To this union three children have been born: Brad, Mollie and Sallie. Mrs. Arnold was born in Upson county, Ga., and died in 1872, a member of the M. E. church. Three years later, Mr. Arnold married Fannie Sims, daughter of John D. Sims, to whom six children have been born: Fannie L., Eva, John, Alma H. M. (de ceased), Jennie C, and an infant Mrs. Arnold was born and reared in Coweta county, and is a member of the Baptist, while Mr. Arnold is a member of the M. E. church. Mr. Arnold was formerly a member of the masonic order. He began life with very little, but has succeeded well, and besides owning a large farm, has one of the nicest residences in Xewnan, where he and his family are among the leading and most respected citizens.

S. ASKEW, a prominent citizen of Xewnan, was born in Coweta count}-, Ga., Jan. i, 1841. His father, James P. Askew, son of William -S. and Man- Askew, both natives of Xorth Carolina, came to Georgia with his parents when six years of age, settling in Hancock county, where he grew to manhood. He was a soldier in the war of 1836, and his father was a soldier in the revolu tionary war. William S. Askew, the subject of this sketch, attended school in an old log schoolhotisc after fodder-pulling time and his education was very limited. In 1861 he enlisted in Company A, Xewnan guards, the first company
to leave Coweta county. After one year, the company being reorganized, he was connected with the Fourth Georgia regiment. In July, 1861, he was cap tured at Laurel Hill, but made his escape; his health failed, however, and for about five weeks he was cut off from his men. In the fall of 1861 he enlisted in the company commanded by Capt. Pittman, serving until 1862, when his time expired, but at the same time he re-enlisted under Capt. J. D. Sims, and served until September, 1863, when he was again captured and taken to Camp Morton at Indianapolis, Ind., and then to Fort Delaware, where he was held a prisoner until March 10, 1865, when he was paroled, this ending his war life. He was in some very hard-fought battles, among which were: Laurel Hill, Huntsville, Rich mond, Kentucky and Jonesboro, and was captured at Blountville, Tenn. After the war he returned to Newnan and began farming, and was also engaged in the mercantile business until 1875, when he was elected sheriff of Coweta county, serving two years. In 1891 he and W. L. Cruce built a large-sized corn-mill and also handled all kinds of building material. On Sept 19, 1893, Mr. Askew bought his partner's interest and since then has been sole proprietor. On March 3, 1867, Mr. Askew was married to Miss Samantha Scroggans, daughter of Barton and Iiliza (Bird) Scroggans, to whom children have been born, three of whom are living: Olive May, Eugene and Anna E. Mrs. Askew was born and reared in

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521

Coweta county and both she and her husband are members of the M. E. church. Mr. Askew is a member of the I. O. O. F., and is well liked by all who know him.

QOV. W. Y. ATKINSOX. The career of Gov.1 William Yates Atkinson, the present chief executive, is one of the most remarkable in the annals of this state,
and one that is full of practical encouragement to the young men of Georgia. Reared in the school of adversity, he grew up with a full knowledge of the
hardships and privations that have served as the rigid, though not unkind disci
pline of many of the foremost men of this country. From a plain country lad, and without the aid of such artificial means of advancement as wealth and influ
ence, armed only with his native force of character and the laudable ambition to
leave his impress upon the times, he has risen by sheer force and determination, pluck and self-reliance, to the highest position of honor in the state, and taken his seat in the gubernatorial chair before reaching his fortieth year. The father of the young chief executive, John P. Atkinson, was a farmer and schoolteacher in Brunswick county, Va., and resided in that state during the greater part of his life. He was a man of irreproachable character and eminently respected by his neighbors. He drew their contracts and their wills, served as arbitrator in the
settlement of their disputes, and attended to their legal business when they had
any, as the school teachers in the mountain districts of Virginia and other southern states usually did. His mother, who still lives to rejoice in the honors of her son, is a native Georgian, born in Putnam county. She is also a woman of good
education, famous for her piety, and has exercised a decided influence over her sons. The family moved to Oakland, Meriwether Co., Ga., just before the gover
nor, the sixth of eight children, was born. His childhood was passed upon his father's plantation and the qualities of manhood which were to distinguish him in after life were there carefully nurtured. He received the rudiments of his educa
tion from his father and mother, but the former died while he was still a boy, and all the money the governor has ever expended he has earned for himself. He was prepared for college by his brother, Prof. T. E. Atkinson, who was then principal of the Senoia high school, and entered the university of Georgia, Athens, graduating therefrom in 1877. The following year he was admitted to
the bar and commenced the practice of law at Newnan, Ga., where he has since resided. No sooner had he begun the practice of law than he married Susie Cobb Milton, who had attended the Lucy Cobb institute for young ladies at Athens, while he was a student there at the university. She came from famous southern stock. Her great-grandfather was a member of the continental con gress and received two votes for president at the time Washington was elected; her grandfather was governor of Florida and her father for years has been a man of prominence in that state. Mrs. Atkinson is a very remarkable woman. There is no doubt of her gifts and political acumen, and a large part of the governor's phenomenal success is due to her counsel and assistance, which have been actively and untiringly given him throughout his career. In 1879 Gov. Colquitt, recog nizing the ability of the young practitioner, appointed him solicitor-general of the county court of Coweta county, and in this capacity he served with honor for three years. In 1886 Mr. Atkinson was the overwhelming choice of the voters of Coweta county as their representative in the general assembly. He was for four consecutive terms a representative of Coweta county in the legislature, and during his last term, beginning in 1892, was speaker of the house, making one of the best presiding officers that body has had. Gov. Atkinson, though a strong advo cate and supporter of the common school system, has always been a loyal friend of the state university, his alma mater, and in 1890 he was made a trustee of that

522

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

institution. Hon. H. \V. Hill, in speaking of the legislative career of Mr. Atklnsori, gives the following summary of matters specially worthy of attention: I. He was the author of the bill which took the appointment of the commissioner of agriculture from the governor and provided that he be elected by the people; thus enabling the farmers of the state--the class of our people most interested in it --to select the occupant for this important office. II. The bill which limits the pay of inspectors of oils to $1,500 per annum each, and requires them to pay the excess of fees into the state treasury. This saves the state annually from $10,000 to $12,000. III. The bill to place telegraph and express companies under the control of the railroad commission. IV. The substitute for the senate bill under which the claim of the Western & Atlantic railroad lessees against the state for $750,000 betterments was finally settled by the state's reimbursing the lessees the $99,999 paid to the state of Tennessee for taxes and paying nothing for better ments. V. The bill creating the Georgia Normal and Industrial college for girls at Milledgeville, whereby poor and dependent Georgia girls acquire such an education as will make them self-sustaining and independent For all time to come this will stand as an imperishable monument to his name, and the men and women of Georgia will rise up and call him blessed. The training of teachers in the normal department of this school has already proven of inesti mable value in supplying competent teachers for the common schools. He is now president of the board of trustees of this institution. In 1890, Mr. Atkinson was made the president of the state democratic convention and also chairman of the democratic state executive committee for the ensuing two years. He was re-elected to this office in 1892, and the magnificent victory of the democratic party in the fall of that \-ear--at which time, in its divided condition, it was in great
peril from the combination of third-partyism and republicanism which assailed it--was due mainly to his personal and untiring effort. Notwithstanding Gov. Atkinson's brilliant success as a lawyer and advocate and his greater political honors, his heart continually turns to the peaceful joys of rural home life. He lias always retained his agricultural interests, and whenever he has been able to find the time in his exceedingly busy life, he has turned to his farms for a few days of happiness. The campaign of 1894 was one of the warmest political fights that has ever occurred on the stump in Georgia. Mr. Atkinson's opponent was Gen. Clement A. Evans, a gallant ex-Confederate soldier and one of the purest men in the state. It was due to the brilliant dash and eloquence of Mr. Atkin son and his rare gifts as a political leader that he carried the day against the seemingly overwhelming odds that might have dismayed an ordinary man. Mr. Atkinson announced his candidacy late, at a time when Gen. Evans seemed almost to be the unanimous choice of the people of the state. Before the end of the contest Gen. Evans retired from the race, leaving the field to his young antagonist, who was nominated by the democratic party for governor without opposition. The inauguration of Gov. Atkinson drew to the state capitol one of the largest crowds that has ever assembled in that building. The presence of the pupils of the Georgia Normal and Industrial college added to the pictur esque impressiveness of the occasion. Few men at the age of forty have mounted
to such high official position, and with equal confidence it may be asserted that few men have worn their honors more deservingly. His popularity in the state, though very great before, has grown steadily and rapidly since his inauguration as governor. If the spirit of a bold and resolute ambition has dominated the energies of Gov. Atkinson he has never antagonized the interests of his state or his party, and he has always been ready to sacrifice his own personal ends to promote the good of the commonwealth.

COWETA COUNTY SKETCHES.

5-'3

\MILLIAM S. BARNETT represents another of Georgia's pioneer families, and is the grandson of a revolutionary soldier whose name he bears. That
William Barnett was a Virginian and gave five years of faithful service to his country in that heroic struggle. At the end of this strife as he and a friend were on their way home, being in need of food and without any means of obtaining it, having no money, when they could no longer endure their hunger they chanced to see a calf, which they seized and killed, and almost before it had ceased kicking they had skinned a portion of it and were beginning to make a meal of it. Shortly after the revolution Mr. Barnett brought his wife, Mary Hewey, to Georgia, and here in Greene county in 1784 his son John was born and grew to manhood. He served in the war of 1812 and received a land warrant, and in 1827 he left his boyhood's home in Greene county and moved his family to Heard county to settle upon the land conveyed to him by this warrant. The journey was long and toilsome, being made in a two-wheel ox-cart, much of the way through an un broken forest where they were obliged to cut their own way through the woods. Arriving at their destination they stretched a tent, in which they lived until their little cabin home could be erected, a small and humble abode with its dirt floor, but none the less the abiding place of domestic tranquillity. John Barnett's wife, Elizabeth Butrill, was the daughter of William and Martha Butrill, natives of Virginia, who moved first to North Carolina and after a short time to Georgia and made for themselves a home in the wilderness. William S. Barnett, the son of John and Elizabeth Barnett, was born in Heard county in 1832, and was reared in their humble home, bravely enduring the many privations and making the best of the few privileges that fell to his lot. In 1851 he married Miss Penelope Moreland, daughter of Isaac T. and Penelope (Ousley) Moreland; the father, a native of Virginia, born in 1784, came to Georgia at a very early day, where, in Jones county, in 1834, his daughter Penelope was born. Mr. and Mrs. Barnett are faith ful members of the Methodist church. Their only child, Ida, is the wife of Lee W. Bohannan. Late in the war, in 1864, Mr. Barnett joined the regiment known as Joe Brown's state troops, often referred to as "Joe Brown's pets." After the war he returned to his home in Coweta county, and has since remained upon the old farm. He began life in moderate circumstances, but has been greatly prospered, has been able to surround himself with an ample supply of the good things of life and to win the esteem of all who know him. He is a Mason, and one of the leading men of the county.
\^ B. BERRY, a capitalist of Newnan, is a man of eminence in Coweta county, * and a son of the distinguished Andrew J. Bern-, one of the pioneers of this
section, for many years a leader in its affairs, and a man who well deserves more than a passing mention in this connection. He was left an orphan at the early age of five years, and was placed in an orphan asylum at Charleston, S. C. Here he remained six years, when a good man, Maj. Carruth, took him to rear. With him the boy remained until he. reached manhood, and then, at twenty years of age, took a position as clerk in a store at Greenville, S. C. Later he was for some time clerk in the Mansion hotel at Greenville; but in 1827 he determined to try a pioneer life in Georgia, and came to Coweta county. He selected a spot about two miles east of Newnan, the county seat, and there in 1828 he built the first house in Newnan, which house still stands to mark this noted fact. For many years Mr. Berry was an honored and prosperous merchant in this place, acquiring consider able wealth and a widely-extended influence. Politically he was a whig, and in Clay's time was very active, representing his county in the legislature in 1843 an^ 1845. For eight years he was justice of the inferior courts and at three different

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

times was mayor of Newnan. He was a very ardent and devoted member of the masonic order, and organized the first lodge in Newnan. He was the father of four sons, of whom but one is now living, W. B. Berry, the subject of this sketch. The second son, Thomas J., a graduate of West Point, in 1857, entered the Confederate sen-ice in 1861, being commissioned lieutenant by Gov. Brown. In 1862, he was made lieutenant-colonel, and \vas engaged in many hard battles, and received eight wounds, but survived until 1865. W. B. Berry, who is a native of this county, passed his boyhood in Newnan, where he received an excellent education, and early engaged in the business of life. From 1850 to 1854 he had charge of the stage route between Che-haw and Atlanta, Peters, Beeman and Ellsworth, proprietors, which was discontinued upon the advent of the railroad, when Mr. Berry was made
passenger conductor, which position he held for six years. Upon the death of his father, Judge Berry, the young man took his place as one of the leading business men of Xewnan, snowing himself a worthy son of such a father. In 1871, he founded the First National bank of Xewnan, of which he was made president, with L. J. Hill as cashier, and was afterward president of the Gate City National bank. He carried the burdens of this onerous position from 1871 to 1893, when he with drew, feeling that he had fairly earned a rest. Although at leisure from the cares of business he has by no means laid aside his interest in the affairs of his native city. As in the past, so now all laudable enterprises find in him ready sympathy, and willing aid and encouragement. He has always been liberal in his contributions to churches
and schools, and no man stands higher in the estimation of his fellows than W. B. Bern.-. He has been a member of the masonic order since 1865, and is also an Odd Fellow. His wife, to whom he was married in 1861, was Miss Hibernia Dougherty, a native of Newnan, and a devoted member of the Methodist Episcopal church. They have four children.

M. BLANTOX, one of the pioneers of Covveta county, was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga., May 13,1818. His father, Rev. Benjamin Blanton, was born and reared in North Carolina. He was a minister of the M. E. church, preaching in Charleston, S. C. in 1796, coming thence soon after to Georgia, where he located on a farm, combining farming and merchandising. His wife, Susannah, was born in Dublin, Ireland, her father, John Davis, a Welshman by birth, and an officer in the British army. Mrs. Blanton died February 19, 1844, and her husband Sep. 5 of the next year. The son, William, spent his early years on the farm, obtaining as much of an education as the opportunities of those days
afforded. In May, 1836, he enlisted with Capt Hills for the Creek war, under the command of Col. Porter; two years later he joined the company of Capt Cook and served through the Cherokee war. He draws a pension for his service in these wars. After his return from the latter war he attended school for three years in Athens, Ga. Shortly after he served as justice of the peace for two years. During the late war he served in what is familiarly known as "Joe Brown's pets." In 1873 and 1874 he represented Spalding county in the state legislature. Although he started in life with but little pecuniary means, by persevering effort he has acquired a competency and, moreover, has given his children a good education, and a fair start in life. He has had eleven children, five of whom are now living: William P., L. P., Anna, Julia and Mary. His wife was Miss Julia Thompson, whom he married Nov. 10, 1840. She was born in Greene county, Ga., April 9, 1821, and is the daughter of Thomas and Lucy Hester Thompson, North Carolinians. who were among the early settlers of Georgia. Mr. and Mrs. Blanton are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and they and their family have the respect and good will of all who know them.

CO\VETA COUNTY SKETCHES.

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A. BRANNON, the foremost business man of Moreland is the grandson of John and Nancy (Parker) Brannon, North Carolinians, who were among the early settlers of Georgia and he is the son of Franklin M. T., and Hannah L. (Westwood) Brannon, the former was born in Newton county, Ga., in 1827, and served in the late war as an enrolling officer; in consequence of the active part he took during hostilities there was a strong feeling against him on the part of the Federalists; on account of this his property was burned after the sur render. He was keeping hotel in Hamilton, Harris county, when some Yankees came in for dinner, after eating which they set fire to the house and destroyed it. In 1875 he was admitted a member of the North Georgia conference, M. E. church south, served the Master faithfully until 1887, when, while on the Fairburn circuit,
he was summoned to lay down the cross and ascend to receive his crown. Mrs. Brannon was born in McMynn, Tenn., July 30, 1831, and was the daughter of John and Mary Ann (Elway) Westwood, natives of England, who came to America in 1817, and lived in Boston until 1833; they then came to Georgia, living for a time in Carroll county, later in Heard county, and finally settling in Harris county. Mr. Westwood was a minister of the North Georgia conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which church his wife was also a devoted member. Mr. Westwood was also ardently attached to the masonic fraternity, of which he was long a member. William A. Bannon was the fourth in a large family of children: John W., born Aug. 31,1851; Mary Ann Elway, born Jan. i, 1854; Nancy E., born May 12, 1855; William A., born Nov. 24, 1857; Catharine Magee, born Jan. 30, 1860; Louise Arvilla, born Dec. 7, 1861; Alvin N., born April 12, 1865; Robert F, born Sept. 7, 1866; James C, born Jan. 3, 1869; Paul E., born July 25, 1873. William A. Brannon was reared in Harris county, the place of his birth, and attended school in Hogansville in 1872 and at Grantville in 1873-74-75. In 1876 he came to Moreland and engaged in business with J. R. Cotton, he to take the stock of goods and have half of the profits from their sale. Although he had nothing absolutely at the beginning of this venture, in two years he had more than doubled the amount invested by Cotton. He then removed to Grantville and engaged in general trade for about three years, and then formed a new partnership with his friend Cotton. This lasted about two years, when he spent a few months traveling and prospecting in Texas, after which he once more went into business in Moreland, this time with G. E. Camp. After three years they divided the stock, Mr. Brannon continuing the business on his own account, until quite recently, his business now amounting to about $100,000. Early in 1895 he sold a half interest to J. R. Cotton, and the firm now is W. A. Brannon & Co. Thus has one who began life under many discouragements, by steady application to business gained a position of wealth and influence. His integrity and uprightness of character are well known throughout the county, as well as his generous public spirit, which brings him at once to the support of every laudable undertaking for the common welfare. He has been a member of the city council as alderman, is a stockholder in the Moreland Manufacturing company, of which he is one of the board of direct ors; he has just finished a large two-story brick business block, which is a material improvement to Moreland. He is also one of the largest fruit growers in this part of Georgia. Mr. Brannon was married in January, 1885, his wife being Mrs. Mary King, whose parents, William and Lizzie (Camp) Reynolds, were natives of this state. Mr. Reynolds, who served through the late war, was for many years in the hotel business, and built the Virginia house in Nevvnan. He and his wife were members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and Mr. and Mrs. Brannon are also devoted members of the same church. Mrs. Brannon was born and reared in Coweta county; her birth occurred in 1864. Five children have blessed these

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

parents of whom four are living: Gordon R., Ona Mav, Frank W., and William A, Jr.

T) H. BROWN, M. D., one of the prominent physicians of Sharpsburg, Ga., was born in Coweta county in 1847. His father, James Brown, was born in
Newberry district, S. C, in 1812, and in 1832 came to Georgia, settling in Coweta
county, where he cleared up a farm, suffering all the hardships known to pioneer life. Mrs. Lavina (Haines) Brown, the wife of James Brown and mother of Dr. D. H., was a daughter of Daniel and Rachel (Haines) Hanes. Dr. D. H. Brown was reared on a farm and received a good common-school education. In 1869 he began the study of medicine, and in 1870 read medicine under Dr. Calhoun, of Newnan, Ga., entering the medical college at Nashville, Tenn., in 1870. In 1872 he practiced medicine at Sharpsburg, entering in the same year the Jefferson
medical college at Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in 1873. He then returned to Sharpsburg and again practiced his chosen profession. In 1879 he was married to Miss Ella, daughter of Dr. Robert W. and Calista (Glass) North, to whom have been born five children, three of whom are living: Ralph, Rex, and D. H. Mrs. Brown was born and reared in Coweta county, and both she and her husband are members of the Baptist church. Dr. Brown is one of Coweta county's best citizens, and is well respected by all who know him.

A B. CALHOUN, M. D., son of Ezekiel and Frances (Hamilton) Calhoun, and " one of the oldest physicians in the state of Georgia, was born in the settlement
known as Calhoun settlement, in Abbeville district, S. C., March 17, 1809. His mother was a relative of Gov. Hamilton, of South Carolina. Dr. Calhoun's father was born in South Carolina, but died when the doctor was about eight or nine years of age. From that time on the latter had a hard time to get along, and it is amusing to him now to talk over the times when he was a small boy, and how he had to go barefooted nearly all winter, picking his way to school around the icicles in the woods. At the age of fifteen his mother sent him to Charleston, where he attended school two years, when he accepted a position as clerk in a drug store, remaining there two years. His mother then had him return to Abbeville, where he again entered school. In about two years he began the study of medicine Cambridge with his brother, who was a practicing physician at that place. In 181 he entered the medical college at Charleston .graduating in 1831, and came to Decatur, Ga., where he began the practice of his chosen profession, remaining there eighteen months. In the latter part of 1832 he located in Newnan, where he has since remained. When in Decatur his practice extended over a vast ternton-, and many is the time he has ridden through the woods when there was but one small cabin within miles of the present site of Atlanta, and one small store at "White Hall," near the city limits. He spent the greater portion of 1837 in the
hospitals of Paris, and the other portion in London hospitals. He was in London just before the coronation of Queen Victoria. The doctor attributes his great success in the practice of medicine to the knowledge that he gained while abroad. He returned to Newnan, remaining until the war, when he, in company with Dr. Pelzer and Dr. Howard, composed the surgeon conscript board. They occupied this position until the fall of 1864, when Dr. Calhoun refugeed his stock and negroes farther south, and was absent one year, but after the surrender in 1865 he returned. Dr. Calhoun never had any political aspirations, but in 1838 his friends persisted in sending him to the legislature, where he served one term. In 1861 he was made -i delegate to the secession convention of Georgia, and he now has the pen with
which he signed the ordinance of secession. In his earlier davs he was a member

DK. A. B. CALHOUN.

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527

of the masonic fraternity. Dr. Calhoun was married to Miss Susan S. Wellborn, a daughter of Abner and Martha (Render) Wellborn, both natives of North Carolina, where the Wellborn family was very prominent. To this union six children were
born, of whom two sons and two daughters are living: Dr. Abner \V., oculist in Atlanta; Andrew E., recorder in Atlanta; Anna E. (Mrs. Dr. W. R. Caldwell,
formerly of Charleston, now deceased), and Susan C. (Mrs. John M. Hill). Mrs. Calhoun was born in Richmond county, Ga., and died in 1860. She was a member of the Baptist church, while the doctor is a member of the Presbyterian. Dr. Calhoun stands very high as a citizen in Newnan, and is proud of the distinction of being a second cousin of Hon. John C. Calhoun. The doctor has a large amount of property, and since he gave up his practice, about twelve years ago, he has given his attention to cultivating his lands, being now one of the largest planters in this county.

P)R. G. E. CAMP, one of the chief citizens of Moreland, is a member of a family
well known among the early settlers of the state. His father. Rev. Hiram Camp, was a minister of the M. E. church, as were also all his brothers, and was a son of Abner and Jilizabeth (Ragsdalel-Camp. the former a Virginian, the latter born in North Carolina, who, about 1800, seined in Walton county, Ga., and cleared up a farm in the midst of the wilderness. Abner Camp's father, John Camp, also a native of Virginia, was a soldier in the war of the revolution. Rev. Hiram Camp was born in Walton county in 1806, and his wife, Penina Reynolds, was also a native of that county, to which her parents, John and Sallie (Cupp) Reynolds, came at an early day, and for many years kept a country inn. Dr. Camp was born in 1849, and spent his early years upon the farm, receiving such education as was obtainable in the country schools, and afterward completed his course at Newnan, Ga. At the age of twenty he began the study of medicine, and in 1884 he entered the medical college at Atlanta, Ga., from which he received the degree of M. D. in 1886. Dr. Camp began his practice in the town of Moreland, meeting with success,
but after six years devoted himself wholly to mercantile affairs. He opened the first store in Moreland, where at that time was nothing but a little railroad station, and has continued in this business fourteen years, building up a large trade, the town also growing and developing very rapidly, so that at the present time there is scarcely a town in the state of its size which is its equal in the amount of business carried on. Dr. Camp is also an enthusiast on the subject of fruit growing, in which he himself has had great success, as well as having aroused an interest in the subject on the part of others. He has on his farm fifteen acres of fine grapes, forty acres in peaches, five in plums and two in strawberries. His industry in the development of the resources of these rich lands is appreciated by the community, where he has the hearty respect and good will of all. In 1870 Dr. Camp married Miss Mattie Couch, daughter of James M. and Martha (Davis) Couch; she was born in Spalding county in 1852; she is a devoted member of the Methodist Episcopal church. The union of Dr. and Mrs. Camp has been blessed with three children: George A., Edward H., and Myrtice.

J7DMOND N. CAMP, a leading fruit grower of this region, is a grandson of
Abner and Mary (Reynolds) Camp, the former a soldier in the war of 1812,
who about 1825 brought his family from North Carolina to Coweta county, Ga., among them his three-year-old son, Abner, Jr. The latter was reared on the farm,
and in time married Miss Nancy Holland, whose parents, Abraham and Nancy
(Underwood) Holland were of South Carolinian birth, her father also having served in the war of 1812. Edmond N., the son of Abner and Nancy, was born in this

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
county in 1851, and received such education as was to be obtained in the country schools. In 1872 he married Miss Orlean Rollins, who was born in Heard county in 1851, and is the daughter of James and Elizabeth (Houston) Rollins. They have ten children: James, Andrew, Fred, Wayman, Hugh, Pauline, Lee, Frank, Victoria and Ralph. The parents are both members of the Methodist Episcopal church. When on reaching manhood Mr. Camp started in life for himself he worked for some years as a mechanic at the carpenter's trade, at wagon making, etc. But he seemed to have a natural fondness for horticulture, and in 1886 he devoted himself wholly to this, with an enthusiasm which could not fail of success. He is recognized throughout this region as the largest and most successful fruit grower in the state. He now has fifty acres of fine grapes and thirty of peaches, several devoted to pears and strawberries, has five acres of quinces and a number in apples. He may well regard with pride his achievements.
A RTHUR P. CAMP, one of the prosperous men of this section, a brother of Dr. G. E. Camp, was born and reared in Coweta county. His birth occurred in
1851, and his parents, Hiram and Penina (Reynolds) Camp, were among the ear liest and most esteemed residents of this county. Mr. Camp, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church, was at one time the proprietor of the greater part of the land in and about Moreland. He was foremost in every enterprise designed to benefit the community, whether of business, church or schools. He was gen erous-hearted and open-handed, an unfailing friend to the poor and needy. He was always ready to bestow of his bounty to the widow and the fatherless, and is said to have given away a small fortune. He was especially zealous in promoting the cause of education, aiding in the establishment of schools and encouraging their successful management. His son, Arthur P. Camp, spent his early years upon the farm, and in 1875 married Miss Martha J. Dunlap. This lady's grand parents, Joseph and Mary (Whitman) Dunlap, came to Georgia from Tennessee some time before 1800, and after a short residence in Elbert county came to Meri wether county to make their home. This family was one of the first three families in this county, and at the time of their settlement in the forest wilds.they were twelve miles from neighbors, except Indians and wild animals, which were verynumerous, especially the latter; their home was a little cabin of boards, and the wolves frequently came about their door at night and kept them awake by their frightful howls. Mrs. Camp's parents were Robert L. and Jane (McGruder) Dunlap, and her father was born in Elbert county in 1817. She herself was born in Meriwether county in March, 1851. Mr. Camp and his wife are both members of the AJethodist Episcopal church. They have had eight children, seven of whom are living: A. Haygood, Lillian P., Ida J., Mary L., Mattie and Mittie, twins, and Ethel. Air. Camp is also a member of the masonic order, which he joined in 1879. He and his family have the respect of the community, in which he is a leading citizen.
QOL. GEORGE H. CARMICAL, of Newnan, Ga., was born in 1842. He is a son of William and Margaret (Hunter) Carmical, both natives of South Caro
lina, and came to Georgia with them when he was ten years old. He received a common school education, and in Alay, 1861, enlisted in Company A, Seventh Georgia regiment. He entered as a lieutenant, in which position he served about seven months, when, the company being reorganized, he was chosen captain. In this position he only served a short time, when their major was killed at the Malvern Hill battle. Capt Carmical was then promoted to the rank of major, and served in that capacity until the death of Col. W. T. Wilson, who was killed.

COWETA COUNTY SKETCHED.
in the battle of Second Manassas. He Avas then promoted to the rank of lieuten ant-colonel, which place he filled until the resignation of Col. White, who had been severely wounded at Garnet farm, when he was promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment. His regiment was engaged in some very hard conflicts, such as the battle of Malvern Hill, both battles of Manassas, Antietam, Gettysburg and the battle at Knoxville, Tenn. Col. Carmical was wounded in each of the battles of Manassas, and at Knoxville, Tenn., he received four shot wounds. At Fussell's mill he was hit by a ball which went through his nose and out under the left "eye, leaving a very ugly scar, one of seven. After partial recovery from this wound he returned to his regiment, while camped near Richmond, Va., and sur rendered at Appomattox Court House. After the war he returned home and was the first man elected to the office of sheriff of Coweta county, which position he resigned and returned to farming until 1882, when he was again elected to the same office, which he has since held. In 1876 he was married to Miss Florence Robinson, daughter of John E. and Sarah (Ramey) Robinson, both natives of Georgia. Col. Carmical is a man of great courage and has but few equals. He won many laurels for a man of his age while in the war, as he was only nine teen when he entered the service. He is a member of the masonic order and is highly respected by all who know him.
W. CARMICAL, one of Coweta county's worthiest citizens, a native of " South Carolina, born in 1833, is the grandson of Arthur and Frances (Bell) Carmical, of South Carolina, and the son of Arthur and Elizabeth (Cox) Garmical, who came from their native state, South Carolina, and settled in Coweta county, Ga., in 1834. The toilsome journey was made in ox-carts, and on reaching their destination the family lived in tents while their cabins were being built, very small and without floors, for the first year or two. Mrs. Carmical was the daugh ter of Christopher and Sarah (Mosley) Cox, South Carolinians. The child, W. W. Carmical, who was but a year old when brought to Georgia, "grew up on the farm, making the most of his educational privileges, even though obtained at the price of much hardship to himself. Much of the time, even through the winter, he was obliged to go barefooted, but the courageous endurance of his boy hood fitted him for a sturdier manhood. In 1862 he entered the army, enlisting under Capt. Henry North, in the First Georgia cavalry, being appointed corporal. But he was severely wounded at Cassville, Ga., and compelled to return home, nor did he recover his health until some time after the close of the war. In this part of the country, upon which war had laid its devastating hand, the out look at the time of the cessation of hostilities was very discouraging. But Mr. Carmical entered bravely into the unequal contest and has been very successful, and although his beginning was made on rented land, he now owns 460 acres of fine land in excellent condition, and is regarded as one of the most enterprising and successful men of his section, and is generally respected. He belongs to the masonic fraternity, and he and his wife are members of the Baptist church. He was married in 1854 to Miss Elizabeth Robinson, born in Alabama in 1835, and reared in that state, to which her parents, Feudal and Margaret (Stracener) Robinson, had come in the early days when Indians were numerous, wild game also plenty, and white inhabitants but few. Mrs. Carmical, who was a member of the Baptist church, died in 1890, leaving her husband with ten children: John, Arthur, Maggie, Sallie, Harper, William, Ida, Robert, Walter Lee and James. In 1892 Mr. Carmical married Miss Henrietta Stephenson, a native of Pike county,
Ga., and the daughter of James and Sylvia Stephenson. 1-34

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

DATRICK CARMICHAEL, an old citizen of Coweta county, was born in Abbeville district, X. C, in March, 1819. His father, Arthur Carmichael, born in
South Carolina in 1774, was the son of Patrick and Elizabeth (Thompson) CarmichaeL Patrick Carmichael, the elder, was by birth an Irishman, who took an active part in the revolutionary struggle, in which he was wounded in the arm. He was a well-known Presbyterian, of which church all his family were worthy members. The wife of Arthur Carmichael was Frances Bell, whose parents, John and Sophia Bell, were of German ancestry. In 1831 Mr. Carmichael brought his family from .South Carolina to Coweta county, Ga., moving by means of oxteams. Here they settled in the midst of the woods, at that time full of game, which for many years helped to supply them with food. They cleared up a farm and reared a family of nine children: Elizabeth, Abraham, Sophia, Arthur, Mary Ann, Patrick, Robert, Nancy and W. W. Educational opportunities were of course but limited, but the young Patrick made the best of such as fell to his lot He married in 1839, March 28, his wife, Mary A. W. Speer, being the daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth (Riggan) Speer, who settled in Jasper county, Ga., in 1818. Mr. Speer had been a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. and Mrs. Car michael have been the parents of fourteen children, nine of whom are now living: Smith, Thomas, Jane, John, Ella, Abraham, Alberta, James E. and Louisa V. Three of the sons served in the late war, two of whom, Joseph W. and Robert, were killed. Mr. Carmichael himself was in the service of the state during the war, and during the last year of the Avar served as first lieutenant of Company H, Georgia regiment. Mr. and Mrs. Carmichael are worthy and esteemed members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and are among the leading citizens of Coweta county.
JUDGE BENJAMIN F. COCK is the descendant of Caleb Cock, who early in the last century came from England to North Carolina, where he accumulated
a considerable fortune. Here, in 1734, his son Zebulon was born, and afterward married to Miss Sarah Perry. In 1764 they emigrated to Burke county, Ga., and obtained by grant 200 acres of land, the title to which was received from King George the 111., who reserved all the gold and silver and one-tenth of the white pine. By one will and three deeds this land has descended to its present owner, Alien Jones. In the midst of this forest wilderness, on the Bark Camp creek, the young couple bravely settled, and here, Sept. 4, 1774,.was born a son, John, who was afterward the father of Judge Benjamin F. Cock. Zebulon Cock was a soldier of the revolution, serving throughout the war, and one of his sons, Caleb, also served in that war. In 1788 a Baptist church was formed in the locality of Mr. Cock's home, known as the Bark Camp church, which church is still standing. Of this church Zebulon Cock was a charter member and gave toward it four acres of land. John Cock, the son of this revolutionary hero, enlisted during the war of 1812, but had only been mustered in a short time when the war closed and he was discharged. His wife was Miss Lydia Davis, also a native of Burke county, born Mav 17. 1791. and a daughter of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Daniell) Davis. Her father was a Virginian by birth and a son of Rev. Elnathan Davis, who was a Baptist minister in the old colonial days, when to preach the doctrines of that sect rendered a preacher liable to imprisonment. Benjamin Davis was also a soldier of the revolution and he and his wife were both members of the Baptist church. John Cock served as justice of the peace for fourteen successive years. He and his wife were also both steadfast members of the Baptist church. Of this brave pioneer stock, with this noble revolutionary record--better than any patent of nobility--comes Benjamin F. Cock, the son of John and Lydia Cock,

COWETA COUNTY SKETCHES.

531

born in Burke county, Aug. 20,1812. He spent his youth upon the farm, attending school in the old log schoolhouse, with its dirt floor, dirt and stick chimney and puncheon seats. When he reached manhood he started out for himself with
nothing, but has gradually acquired a sufficiency of this world's goods, and the esteem of all who know him. This is shown by the various offices to which he has been called in various parts of the state. In Burke county he served
as justice of the peace for about six months. For about six years he was justice of the inferior court of Lee and Terrell counties, and was collector of the taxes
in Lee county during the years 1840, 1846 and 1847. ^n I ^4 he took the United
States census for Lee county, also in 1850 was assistant in taking the census for
Lee county, and in 1860 took the. census for Terrell county. For six years he acted as jury reviser in Coweta county. During the war Mr. Cock wa& judge of the inferior court of Terrell county, and when the war came on it was made
the duty of the five inferior judges to care for the women and children left at home by the soldiers in the field. After a year's experience in keeping bachelor hall, in 1841 Judge Cock married Miss Margaret Cameron, whose parents, Alex
ander and Nancy (McCarty) Cameron, were among the early settlers of Cumber land county, N. C. They were both natives of Scotland, and in faith stanch Presbyterians. Mr. Cameron was a soldier in the war of the revolution. In 1828
he brought his family to Georgia settling in Early county. The daughter, Mrs. Cock, was born in North Carolina, Aug. 16, 1819, and died on June 3, 1889. To
Judge and Mrs. Cock seven children were born, of whom six are now living. Of these Henrietta is the wife of M. H. Couch; La Vonia is the wife of J. H. Mc-
Knight; William J. resides in Atlanta, and married Sallie Heard; Alice married
J. A. McKnight; B. F. Cock, Jr., married Veta Hunter.

D OBERT DUKE COLE, SR., president and founder of one of the largest man ufacturing companies in Western Georgia, was born in Newton county, Ga.,
Dec. 21, 1820. He is a son of Robert Cole, who was born in Surrey county, N.
C., July 29, 1775, and was married to Elizabeth Famborough Oct. 6, 1796. Mrs. Cole, who was born Oct. 7, 1778, was well known as a good and pious lady. Mr. Cole was a man of a very limited education, but was a hard worker. During
the revolutionary war, while but a small boy, he suffered much from the hands of the British soldiers. He started in life without anything, settled in Newton
county, Ga., and in 1830 came to Coweta county, Ga. He, accumulated consid erable property in Newton county, Ga., but unfortunately lost all and was left largely in debt, but he found a ready helper in his son, R. D. Cole. Mr. Cole died March -20, 1852, and Mrs. Cole died Aug. 12, 1863. William Cole, grand
father of Robert D., was a soldier in the revolutionary war, but was captured
and thrown into prison at Georgetown, S. C, where he died- Robert D. Cole was reared mostly on the farm, and his education was limited, but at an early age he began teaching school in Campbell county, Ga., where he. had to study
hard at night to keep ahead of his pupils. He continued to teach for three years, but as he could not collect the tuition fees, he did not have money enough to pay his board and expensts, and he consequently ran in debt, for which he was sued. He was then under age and some of his friends advised him to take
advantage of his minority, but he would not do so, and little by little he liqui dated the whole amount, even plowing barefooted to pay a small balance. After this he began work at the carpenter's trade, saved some money and Sept 9, 1849, he married Martha Burrel Overby. They had one child, a boy, who died at the age of nineteen, in 1885. Dec. 27, 1849, Robert D. Cole settled on the lot where he now lives and continues to work at his trade. In 1854 he founded the firm

532

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

of Cole & Barnes, with Thomas Barnes as partner, and began business on a very small scale. In the same year they purchased a small engine, and about this time their friends came to them and advised them to give up the business or they would lose all they had. Mr. Barnes remained with the company only two years,
but Mr. Cole continued as sole proprietor until 1858, when Dr. W. T. Cole and his brother, Matthew Cole, became partners, the firm being then R. D. Cole & Co., which it remained until 1866, when W. T. Cole withdrew and it became K. D. Cole & Bro. Jan. i, 1854, they started up the steam in their little shop, and their business progressed so rapidly that in 1860 they enlarged their engine to a 3O-horse power. During the war they did work for the confederacy, but re
ceived nothing for what was furnished. But since the war their business has continued regularly to increase, until now the R. D. Cole Manufacturing company, which was organized under this name in 1872, manufactures engines, boilers, saw and grist mills, cotton presses and mill machinery, and also sash, doors and
blinds, and all kinds of dressed lumber. Immediately after the war they began to manufacture railroad cars for the Atlanta & West Point railroad, which they continued seventeen years, and it is a noted fact that the railroad company said that the R. D. Cole company did the best work they ever had received. Mr. Cole has accomplished more for Newnan, perhaps, than any man living. Beside being president of the R. D. Cole Manufacturing company he was also instru mental in organizing the cotton mill in 1888, and is the largest shareholder in that corporation, of which he is also president For this large mill of 6,300 spindles the R. D. Cole Manufacturing company built the boilers, made the
shafting, etc., and put in all the machinery. The capital stock paid in is $70,000.
Mr. Cole was also one of the prominent men in the organization of the Covveta Fertilizer company of Newnan, and is one of the directors. He is also largely
interested in a gin-mill at Grantville. Mr. and Mrs. Cole are earnest workers in and members of the Baptist church. In 1884 the society built a very fine church in Newnan, to which enterprise Mr. Cole donated $2,500. Mr. Cole has always taken a great interest in those in his employ, and for them he built a chapel known as the Mills chapel, at a cost of $1,500, where all those who desire can
go and worship. He is an open-hearted man, and although well along in years, he still enjoys a good joke, and likes to tell good yarns, with which he is well supplied. But to appreciate him one must meet him at his own beautiful
home. He became a Mason in 1847, but has not attended his lodge since the war closed.

JWIATTHEVV COLE, vice-president of the R. D. Cole Manufacturing company of Newnan, Ga., and a son of Robert and Elizabeth (Famborough) Cole, was
born in 1823 in Jasper county, Ga. His father was an early settler of Georgia,
and at that time Georgia was in a wild state, and near where he settled, in the
woods, there was a large amount of fox grapes, enough to make wine for the whole state if manufactured, and there was also an abundance of
chestnuts. Matthew Cole was reared on the farm and received but a limited
amount of schooling, learning more out of school than in. He began to work at the wagon-making trade when quite young, and many a time he has had to drive to Augusta, a distance of 200 miles, for provisions. He was in partnership
with his brother when they started their business in 1854, since which time their business has largely increased. He was married in 1847 to Emily Woods, by whom he had one child, which died in infancy, the mother following in 1849.
Mrs. Cole was a daughter of John Woods, who was the first settler in Newnan, and who sold 200 acres where Newnan now stands for $200. In 1851 Mr. Cole
married H. T. Nail, by whom were born six children: Amanda, R. D., Jr., M-

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533

F., E. M., F. B. and R. N. R. D., Jr., is now general manager of the R. D. Cole Manufacturing company. He attended school at the state university three terms, when he was taken sick and had to give up school. M. F. graduated at
the commercial college at Atlanta. He is now the secretary and treasurer of the R. D. Cole Manufacturing company. E. M. went to Cornell college, N. Y., but after being there one year his health failed and he had to give up his schooling. He is now superintendent of the machine shop. F. B. also attended
Cornell college one year. He is now the draftsman for the R. D. Cole Manu facturing company. R. N. attended the same school in New York. He is now bookkeeper for the same firm. R. D., Jr., and F. B. have both held official
city positions. Mrs. Cole, the mother of these children, was born and reared in Georgia and died a member of the Baptist church, of which Mr. Cole and all the children except one, F. B., are members. Matthew Cole was a member of
the "Joe Brown's pets" of Georgia during the late war. In this company, of which he was first sergeant, were seven attorneys and five physicians. He served
through a short part of the war, but there was a petition gotten up at home for someone to be detailed to return to look afer the women and children, and almost everyone signed the petition for Matthew Cole to be the man. He was a member of the masonic order for several years.

J R. COLE, one of the prominent men of Coweta county, and among the leading " men of business of Turin, is a native of this county, born in 1856, his parents,
John N. and Mary M. (Britton) Cole, being South Carolinians by birth. John N.,
who was the son of Richard and Susan O. (Vance) Cole, both of South Carolina, came to Georgia about 1834, and settled in Coweta county, where he cleared up for himself a farm in the woods. When the war broke out he early enlisted, joining a company of the Fifty-third regiment, under command of Capt Hance, but after serving nearly two years was taken sick with typhoid fever and died in 1862 at Rich mond, Va. As a soldier he was loyal and devoted, and as a man was universally liked and respected. He was a faithful and conscientious member of the Baptist church, in which he was an earnest worker. His wife was a daughter of John and Lucinda (Aikens) Britton, who came to Georgia from South Carolina, and after some years' residence in Oglethorpe county, about 1837, settled in Coweta county. After the death of her husband Mrs. Cole had a very hard time, and with very great difficulty provided for the needs of herself and her children. Her son, J. R., was but six years old at the time of his father's death, and the many privations the family must need undergo made a deep impression upon his mind. He saw his mother obliged to burn corn cobs in order to obtain the soda ash with which to lighten her bread. After the marriage of her daughter, the latter, with her husband, made her home with her mother, her husband taking the control of the family and its affairs.
For this brother-in-law the young lad, J. R., worked for several years, and thus early in life manifested his promptitude and energy of character, for he was the first to rise in the morning to call the hands, and the first to start his mule in the field. The privation he felt most keenly was his loss of schooling, and when at last, at eighteen years of age, he was able to attend one ycir, he appreciated the privilege at its true value, and used it accordingly. Upon reaching the age ol twenty years he left his brother-in-law and hired out to his grandfather, receiving for his own labor and that of a mule which his brother-in-law had given him, the sum of $10 per month. He remained here for thirteen months, during which time he only spent $20. In August, 1878, he and his brother-in-law bought out a small
business, but as they were not familiar with it, for some time they had considerable difficulty in getting along. After two years Mr. Cole bought out his partner, giving

534

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

his note for the amount His natural aptitude for business was now developed, and by strict attention to every detail, by care and prudence in its management, and by the most perfect integrity in his dealings, he has built up a large and lucrative business. He occupies a handsome brick block, the foundations of drilled rock, and carries a $io,ooo-stock of goods. His wife, to whom he was married in 1884, was Miss Lula Sasser, daughter of W. W. Sasser, and they have been blessed with three children, Thomas M., Frank S., and Marie. Mrs. Cole was born and reared in Coweta county, and she and her husband are true and devoted members of the M. K church. Mr. Cole served as postmaster for Turin from 1882 to 1890. His business ability is recognized throughout his section, where he and his family are well known and highly esteemed.

M N. COLLEY, a well-known farmer of Coweta county, is one of the old pioneer * stock of Georgia, to whose courage and hardihood the present generation is
so largely indebted. His grandfather, James Colley, a Virginian, having served during the war of the revolution, came to Georgia and settled in Oglethorpe county some years prior to 1798, when his son James was born. The latter, though but a youth, served with Gen. Jackson in the war of 1812. He married Miss Martha King, whose parents, Bennett and Mary (McCaun) King, were also among the early settlers of the state, and suffered all the hardships attendant upon a pioneer life. After their marriage they moved to Columbia county, where they began to clear up a farm, but Mr. Colley died very shortly afterward, leaving this work uncompleted. His little son, M. N. Colley, born in Wilkes county, Ga., Feb. 13, 1825, was little more than four years old at the death of his father. He necessarily was deprived of many educational opportunities, spending his boyhood upon this farm. He married in 1860 Miss Jane Garrett, daughter of James Garrett To them one son was born, James W- Mrs. Colley was born in Newton county, Ga., in 1838, and died in 1885. She was a faithful and honored member of the Baptist church. In 1863 Mr. Colley enlisted under Capt Bums, of Columbus, in Com pany I, Fifth Georgia regiment, and served to the close of the war. He was in several severe battles, Tannis ferry, Lookout mountain, Missionary ridge. In 1864 he was captured at Pocotalago, near Charleston. After the war was ended he returned to Georgia and began farming in Coweta county. He bought a part of the old farm, and by his diligence and prudence was able gradually to add to it, and now owns a fine farm of over a thousand acres of good land, and is thor oughly liked and esteemed by all who know him, being one of Coweta's best and oldest citizens.

M H. COUCH, one of the leading business men of Senoia, was born in Coweta
* county in 1837. His parents were Matthew and Jane (Ensley) Couch, both natives of South Carolina, making the long journey in a one-horse wagon. They brought with them their two children and settled in the dense woods that then covered this section, their nearest neighbor being ten miles away. Mr. Couch pur
chased fifty acres of land on two years' time, and the man of whom he bought it, a Mr. Shoats, is said to have remarked that "he never expected to get his pay for the land." He was agreeably surprised, therefore, at the expiration of the time to re ceive from his debtor the full amount of $300. It must be evident to the reader that this payment could only have been made by the most heroic effort and selfsacrifice on the part of Mr. Couch. He worked hard through the day clearing up the wood-land for his farm, then worked a part of the night splitting rails in the woods of a neighbor by which he could earn something toward the payment of his debt, and to furnish bread for his family. Wild game was plenty, which helped to

COWETA COUNTY SKETCHES.

535

supply them with food. A man of this stamp could not fail to succeed, and so by
the same pluck and industry with which he had paid for his farm Mr. Couch con quered fortune and is now one of the men of wealth and standing in Coweta county, where he has reared a family of eleven children. Three of these, Berry, Andrew
and John, were killed in the late war, and another son, Madison, lost his life from
illness caused by exposure while serving in the war. Mr. Couch was an uncom
promising democrat, but would never apply for any position. He was the son of
Enoch Couch, of German origin. Mrs. Couch is the daughter of James and Eliza
beth Ensley, of Irish descent, and her father was a soldier of the Mexican war, serving through the entire war. The son, M. H. Couch, spent his early years upon the farm, with few opportunities of school attendance, and these only amid the
unfavorable surroundings of the little log school-house, with its shabby and com fortless interior. But the lad was studiously inclined, and by his own persevering effort learned more out of school than in. At the outbreak of the war he enlisted in the Second Georgia battalion under Maj. Tom Hardeman, his captain being- L. T. Doyle. In 1862 he was elected sergeant and in this position served to the end
of the war. He was in the battle of Norfolk, both battles of Manassas, and through the Maryland campaigns, and accompanied his battalion through all the stirring scenes in which it was engaged. After the war he returned to Senoia and entered
into the mercantile business, in which he was very successful, having at the present time the largest store in Senoia. On March 2, 1872, he married Miss Henrietta Cock, daughter of Judge Benj. F. and Margaret Cock, a sketch of whom has been
given. She was born in Lee county in 1845 and like himself is a member of the Baptist church. They have four children: Pearl, Madge, Mabelle, and Frank D. Mr. Couch is a Mason of the royal arch degree, and thrice illustrious of the council and king in the chapter. He is one of the leading democrats of the county, but would never consent to be a candidate for any office. As a citizen Mr. Couch holds a prominent place in the community, where he is warmly liked and sincerely re spected by all who know him.

J J. FARMER, one of the early settlers of this region, was born in Oglethorpc * county May 19, 1825, his parents, John and Elizabeth (Hubbard) Farmer,
being Virginians. His grandfather, John Farmer of Virginia, was a soldier in the war of the revolution. About 1805 he moved to Greenville district, S. C., and iti
1817 he removed thence to Oglethorpe county, Ga., then a wilderness. Here he
cleared up a farm and spent the remainder of his life, his son John succeeding him
in charge of the homestead, where he also finished out his life. He was a deacon in the Baptist church, and his wife was the daughter of Thomas Hubbard, a soldier
of the revolution, and also a Baptist. In this home in Oglethorpe county young
Mr. Fanner spent his boyhood, with restricted privileges of obtaining an education, the old log school house being defective not only in comforts but in many respects
more essential, the teachers often receiving quite mde treatment at the hands of
the pupils. Mr. Farmer being desirous of further opportunities, when he readied the age of twenty-one, raised cotton with which he paid for his tuition and clothingHe himself wielded the rod of the pedagogue for three years. In 1855 he moved
to Coweta county, and in 1861 enlisted in Company H, Fourth regiment of Georgia cavalry, the company commanded by Capt J. H. Graham. Mr. Fanner served
through the entire war, but was captured in August, 1862, and held until the fol lowing February. He was in many hard battles and skirmishes: Murfreesboro,. Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Newhope church, Resaca, and the siege of Atlanta. His last fight was at Raleigh, N. C., and at the close of the war he was at
Danville, S. C. He was orderly sergeant throughout the war. Mr. Fanner now

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
began life anew, and amid the hardships consequent to the devastations of war, but with the determination of his character, has been able to win in the struggle. He is now the owner of a fine farm of over 200 acres, about forty acres being de voted to the culture of grapes, of which he makes a specialty. He is a member of the masonic fraternity and of the Baptist church, of which he has been deacon for ten years. He is thoroughly respected wherever he is known. Mr. Farmer was married in 1861 to Miss Elizabeth Arnall, whose parents, John G. and Nancy (Gibbs) Arnall, were natives of Putnam count}', Ga. Airs. Farmer was born in Morgan county, Ga., in 1835. She was a member of the Baptist church. To this union seven children were given: Thomas G., Luther M., Millard C., J. J., R. A., Alice, and Lizzie D. In 1878, Oct. 29, Mrs. Farmer died, and in 1880 Mr. Farmer married Mrs. Mary L. Farmer, daughter of William Brown, of Clarke county. Ga. Mrs. Farmer was born in Coweta county in 1843. She is also a Baptist To them three children have been born: Beatrice M., Grace Lee, and Harvey Hill.
LI L. FREEMAN, a well known citizen of Senoia, was born in Coweta county "" in 1851. His father, Henry Freeman, was born in South Carolina in 1795, and came with his parents to Georgia about 1820. They settled in the woods of Oglethorpe county and began the clearing and cultivation of a farm, to which occupation Mr. Freeman through life devoted himself. He was a stanch democrat, but would never consent to nin for any office. His wife was Miss Nancy Moody, daughter .>t John Moody, one of the early settlers of the state. Their son, H. L. lYeetnan, spent his boyhood on the farm, but owing to the early loss of his father, who died in 1858, and the breaking out of the war, he was denied many educational advantages, as he was early thrown upon his own resources. He had a common school education, being able to attend school for a short time after the war. In spite of his lack of many opportunities he has won the regard of the people among whom he dwells, who have honored him by selecting him to fill various important positions. In 1887 he was elected to fill the vacancy on the board of county commissioners, caused by the resignation of W. \V. Sasser. The following year he was elected for the full term of four years, received a re-election in 1892, being the present member from the first dis trict, where he is very popular. In January, 1874, Mr. Freeman married Miss E. J. Hardy, daughter of R. W. and Lucy (Bailey) Hardy, who was born and rcare.'l in Coweta county, the family being among the early settlers of the state. Six children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Freeman, of whom five are now living: Ennnett, Nancy L., Rebecca G., Henry, and Robert W. The mother is a faithful member of the Methodist Episcopal church.
JOXES C. FL'LLER, a retired merchant and one of the prominent citizens of tin's part of Georgia, was born in 1838. his parents being South Carolinians.
His father, Alssy Fuller, a soldier in the Indian war, was the son of Isham and Sarah Fuller, of Laurens district, S. C, and his mother, Emily R. Fuller, was the daughter of Joseph Quinn. His parents settled in Meriwether county, Ga., in 1836, and here, upon this backwoods farm amid many privations, the young man grew up. In July, 1861, he joined the army, enlisting in Company B of the Sec ond Georgia regiment known as the Jackson Blues, his captain being William R. Harris, who was slain at Gettysburg. Mr. Fuller passed through some very severe experiences during the war, engaging in many of the most important bat tles, and being wounded several times. He fought at Garnetfs farm, and at Malvern hill, where he was shot in the left ankle, from which wound he was laid aside for about a year: he rejoined his company at the Potomac river near Staunton, Va.,

COWETA COUNTY SKETCHES.

537

and later, in the battle of Gettysburg, was shot through the right cheek; at Chickamauga he was shot through the hips, and was sent to the hospital at Atlanta^ after seven months he was once more able to rejoin his company, then at Rich mond, Va., and in the battle of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864, was captured and held prisoner ten months at Point Lookout, Md., being released but a short time before the war closed. He was postmaster for his regiment from the time of his enlistment until he received his first wound, but during his long absence there after another was appointed to the place. Mr. Fuller returned home to Meriwether county at the close of the war, walking about 150 miles. He had but little with which to establish himself in the business, but by persistent application has been very successful. He married in December, 1865, and immediately after settled in Atlanta, where for twenty-five years he was one of the leading merchants, having built up a thriving business, which was very lucrative. About four years ago he returned to Coweta county and founded the town of St. Charles, where he now resides. Mrs. Fuller was Miss Margaret R. Evans, daughter of Pieman P. and Eleanor (Douglass) Evans, the father of Welsh and the mother of Irish origin. On the voyage to America from Wales one of the children died and was buried at sea. The union of Mr. and Mrs. Fuller has been blessed with five children, only two of whom are living: Nettie, wife of I. B. Eubanks, and Clara E. Mr. Fuller and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and he is also a member of the masonic fraternity, which he joined in 1865. Mr. Fuller is one of the live men of his section, active and progressive, and he and his family are deservedly valued as members of the community.

IOEL W. T. GIBSON, a son of Jacobus and Sarah (Freeman) Gibson, is a leading
cotton merchant at Newnan, Coweta Co., Ga., and was here born Feb. 20,1843. His father was a son of James H. Gibson, a pioneer settler of Georgia, was born in 1805 and endured all the privations attendant upon a pioneer life. He first settled about six miles from Newnan, to which place he removed in an old-fashioned ox cart. He lived to be sixty-nine years of age and was a devoted and earnest worker and member of the Baptist church. Joel Gibson was reared on the farm and at tended the country school. The first school-house in their neighborhood that had glass windows and a brick chimney was built in 1855. In 1859 ne attended school at Newnan and afterward attended school at Cave Spring and came back to Newnan, where he remained until May 7, 1861, when he enlisted in Company A, under Capt John B. Wilcoxon. He remained with the company until after the battle of Seven Pines, when he was transferred to the Macon light artillery, with which he remained until the close of the war. He was at the Appomattox surrender and was in all the battles in which his company was engaged. After the war he re turned to Newnan, farmed the first year, taught school the next and has been connected with business in a general way since. In 1867 he married Louisa Faver, daughter of Chas. Sanders and Carolina (Davis) Faver, who were of French descent, to -which union eight children have been born: Joel G., John S., Ada, Mary, Brenda, Sarah, Hattie and Carry. Mrs. Gibson was born and reared in Wilkes county, Ga., and both she and her husband are members of the Baptist church. Mr. Gibson began life after the war without anything, but is now a man well able to enjoy
the remainder of his life. He has always been a democrat, but would never allow his name to be used for office. He and his family are universally respected by all who know them.

^ APT. J. GRAHAM, one of the leading business men of Senoia, is the grandson of William Graham, of Irish nativity, who was brought to America when a child
of two years of age, and reared in North Carolina. He served in the war of 1812,

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
and in 1825 settled in Harris county, Ga. His son David was born in North Caro lina and married Miss Pheriba L. Collins, whose parents, James and Priscilla (Baker) Collins, came to Georgia early in the century and cleared up a farm among the forest wilds. J. Graham was the son of David and Pheriba L. Graham and was born in Harris county, Ga., in 1842. His early years were passed on the quiet farm with only the school privileges found in the backwoods; moreover, the outbreak of the war interrupted even these few opportunities for gaining an education. He enlisted in 1861, entering Company G, of the Thirty-first Georgia regiment, com manded by CapL Gus Reading and under Gen. Evans. On June 27, 1862, he fought in the battle of Seven Pines, having had nothing to eat except a little hard tack for five days. He took part in the battles of Malvern Hill, Fredericksburg, Winchester and Millroy, and all through the Wilderness, and at Win chester, on Sept 19, he was wounded in the nose by a minie ball. On the twenty-second of the same month he was captured, but held only twelve days. He then went home for a short time, but soon organized a cavalry company, with which he went back to the seat of war as captain and remained until peace was declared. In 1864 he was color-bearer and was noted through all these years of conflict for his ardor and daring; always in the front, always inciting his men to follow where he so gallantly led. After the war he returned to Georgia and en gaged in farming in Marion county, afterward removing to Coweta county. His sturdy devotion to principle has everywhere won for him the respect of all who knew him. He has been a constant and stanch advocate of prohibition, and was elected mayor of Senoia on this ticket, winning the close contest by fourteen votes, and during the two years he held the office entirely excluding whisky from the town. The grand success of prohibition in Coweta county is due more, perhaps, to Capt Graham than to any other. He is one of Senoia's best citizens, and liked by all who know him. He is a member of the masonic order. He is a faithful member of the Baptist church, as is also his wife, who was Miss Martha Simms, a native of Sumter county, and daughter of Hartwell Simms. CapL and Mrs. Graham are the parents of seven children: Ada, Lee, Berta, Delia, Ruby, Windsor and Marion.
LJOSEA GRAY is the grandson of William and Sarah Gray, the grandfather an Englishman by birth, having served as captain during the war of the revolution.
The parents of Hosea, Abraham and Jane (Wilson) Gray, were natives of South Carolina,, in which state he too was born Aug. 31, 1817. His mother was of Irish parentage. In 1832, when Hosea was but a lad, his father moved his family from South Carolina to Fayette county, Ga., making the journey with a four-horse team. At Barnesville they struck an Indian trail which led them to their place of settle ment After a year in Fayette county they moved to Coweta county, which has since been their home. Here they cleared up a farm, experiencing the many hardships incident to pioneer life. For some time their main dependence for food was wild game, and they ground their own corn in a hand-mill. Later a mill was started on Lime creek, to which they carried their corn to be ground. In those days it was customary for each man to assist his neighbor in rolling his logs in the early spring, previous to putting in his crops, and one season Hosea Gray assisted in this work for eighteen days. His school advantages were only such as the lim ited accommodations of those days afforded. In 1843 ne married Frances, the daughter of Henry Freeman, a native of Georgia, and a member of the M. E. church. To them were born four children, none of whom are living, and in October, 1851, the mother died. In 1856 Mr. Gray married Miss Susan E. Kempson, whose parents, Peter and Mary (Long) Kempson, in 1840 came from

COWETA COUNTY SKETCHES.

539

their native state, South Carolina, to Georgia, and settled in Merivvether county.
Mrs. Gray was born in 1830, in Newberry, S. C, and she and her husband are members of the Lutheran church. They have nine children now living: Rosina, Oscar, Leonidas, Mollie, Latimer, Hattie, Rebecca, Ida and Kate. Mr. Gray is a Mason of the royal arch degree. While he did not enlist in the late war he
nevertheless rendered considerable service to the Confederacy during that struggle. He is a man widely known and everywhere respected for his uprightness of char acter.

J. HARRIS is the son of Tyre Harris, who was born in Virginia in 1800, and was brought by his parents, natives of Virginia, to Georgia the same year. His father, William Harris, cleared up four acres of wood land the first year, and when he was doing his first plowing, which was done with raw-hide traces, his horse died, and he had to tend his little patch of ground as well as he could with no tools but a mallet He was a member of the Hickory Baptist church. His son Tyre, who was reared in this wilderness home, had but few educational privileges, but made the best of every opportunity. By his own industry and thrift he acquired his wealth, and although he began life with nothing he owned at one time 1,200 acres of land and about forty negroes. At his death his property was valued at some $40,000. He and his wife were members of the Missionary Baptist church, in which he was a leader and a liberal supporter. He also did all in his power to advance educational institutions, appreciating as he did their need. His wife, Miss Lucy Johnson, was born in Virginia. Their son, Caleb J. Harris, was born in Clarke county, Ga., in 1830. He passed his boyhood on the farm, with such limited privileges of schooling as those days afforded. Mr. Harris married in 1885, his wife being Miss Almeta Talbert, born in Coweta county, Ga., July 31, 1836. Her parents, John and Mary (Russell) Talbert, came from South Carolina to Georgia in 1835, her father's parents being of Irish nativity, who by chance came as children to America in the same vessel and were aftenvard married. Mrs. Harris died in March, 1877, leaving her husband with six children: William, Mary L., Julia, Myrtie, Jimmie and Robert Lee. Both Mr. and Mrs. Harris were members of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Harris has also been a member of the masonic fraternity; he is one of Coweta county's best citizens and is universally respected.
JOEL J. HERNDON, one of the early settlers of this section, is the grandson of a Virginian who came more than a century ago to Elbert county, Ga. Here
he founded a home, and here in 1793 his son Edward was born. The latter was a soldier in the war of 1812, in lieu of payment for which he drew a piece of land in Meriwether county, Ga. He married Miss Nancy Brown, like himself born and reared in Elbert county, where, Oct. 19, 1829, their son, Joel J., was also born. In 1834 Mr. Herndon went out to his newly-acquired property in Meriwether and built a log cabin, preparatory to removing his family thither, which move was accomplished the next year, and upon the farm which he there cleared and culti vated he reared his family of ten children. Here Joel grew up, attending school in the old log school-house. On May n, 1862, he enlisted in Company G, Fiftythird Georgia regiment, under Capt. Robert Taylor, Col. Doyle being in com mand of the regiment which was a part of the force commanded by Gen. Hall J. Simms. Mr. Herndon was in many of the hardest fought and most important battles of the war, among them Malvern Hill. Gettysburg, the battles of the Wilder ness and thence to Petersburg, an almost continuous conflict He was slightly wounded at Gettysburg, but was in every battle in which his regiment was engaged in 1864, and was at the general surrender at Appomattox. At the close of the war

540

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

lie made his way home on foot and returned to the peaceful pursuits of agriculture, to which he has since devoted himself. The war left him--as it did many others-- almost destitute, and with the necessity of making a new start in life. He had his land, an old wagon and two small mules, but also a debt of $1,000, for which he
offered his land in payment But he had the courage and resolution which over came all difficulties, and so he went to work with a will, paid his debts and con
tinued to add to his substance until to-day he is reckoned one of the most successful men and best esteemed citizens of his county. His wife, Elizabeth Kempson, to
whom he was married Dec. 9, 1852, is the daughter of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Long) Kempson, both natives of South Carolina, who came to Georgia about 1840 and settled in Meriwether county. Mrs. Herndon was born in Edgefield, S. C. ; she is a member of the Lutheran church, her husband being a Baptist Of the nine children which have blessed their marriage four are now living: Amanda F., wife of James Moody; Laura, Ella and William.

P. HODXETT, a leading citizen of this county, where he is particularly prominent in business circles, is a member of an old pioneer family of Georgia, his grandfather, who died in 1863, and who had served in both the revolutionary and Indian wars, having settled in Troup county early in the century. His wife was Carlisle (Findley) Hodnett, and their son was George Hodnett, born in Troup
county in 1826, and who died in the late war, in which he served in Company K of the Thirteenth Georgia regiment. He had married Mary Moore, a daughter of William and Catherine (Chambers) Moore, the former a soldier in the war of 1812. The younger George, the son of George and Mary (Moore) Hodnett, was born in Troup county in 1851, and here, on the farm, spent his first score of years, enjoy ing such restricted facilities for education as could then and there be obtained. In 1871 he removed to Coweta county, and began life for himself. For some time he \\orked for William Taylor at $12 per month, after which he began farming on his own account. That he \vas successful in this work is evident from the fact that he now owns a fine farm of some 600 acres; moreover, he did not let his excellent busi ness talent go to waste, but set up in the mercantile business in Haralson, in which enterprise he has also been very successful, owning a large general store and carrying on a thriving business. He is a member of the masonic fraternity and a man held in high esteem by all who know him. In 1874 Mr. Hodnett married Miss Ophelia Rawls, a native of Coweta county, born in 1853. She is the daughter of Jesse and Martha (Bellas) Rawls, the former a native of South Carolina, who came to Georgia in 1839, and was a soldier in the late war. Mr. and Mrs. Hodnett are both members of the Lutheran church. Their marriage has been blessed with seven children: Alonzo, Jessie, Clifford, Fay, Clarence, Albert and
Robbie.

DEXJAMIN HUTCHINSON, one of the pioneers of this section of Georgia, comes of revolutionary stock, both of his grandfathers having been soldiers in
that long contest His paternal grandfather came to Georgia at a very early date, and here, in 1787, in Tones county, his son John was born. This son married
Ferriba Hollon, also a Georgian by birth, whose father, John Hollon. had fought in the revolution. Benjamin Hutchinson. the son of John and Ferriba Hutchinson, was born in Pike county, Ga., Dec. 12, 1832. In his home on the farm in the midst of the wilderness the boy had no opportunities of obtaining an education, never attended school a day in his life, nor had even the privilege of learning to
read or write. On reaching manhood he began farming, which has always been his vocation. He had little money to start with, but by diligence and economy

COWETA COUNTY SKETCHES.

541

has been successful in accumulating a large property. Early in 1862 he enlisted in Company F, Fifty-fifth Georgia regiment. The company was commanded at that time by Capt Dr. Baker, whose death occurring shortly afterward the place was filled by Capt O'Rea. Col. Persons commanded the regiment, which was among the forces under Gen. Frazier. After Mr. Hutchinson had been out sixteen months he was captured at Cumberland Gap, Tenn., and for twenty-two months kept in
prison at Chicago, 111. After his release and return to Georgia Mr. Hutchinson had to make a new beginning, but patience and perseverance enabled him to succeed. He now owns 455 acres, one of the best improved farms in Coweta county, and is deservedly respected by all who know him. In 1859 he married Miss Camilla Ann Kelly, who was raised in Coweta county, her parents, John Wilbon and Mary (Fields) Kelly, being among the early settlers of the state. Mr. and Mrs. Hutchin son are worthy and devoted members of the Methodist Episcopal church. They are the parents of eleven children, nine of whom are living: J. Wilbon, Mrs. R. L. Hardy, Leroy, Arthur, Mrs. H. J. Hodnett, Andrew, Otto, James and Ector.

ClELDEN F. HUNTER belongs to a family noteworthy as having five of its
members to serve bravely in the war of the revolution. These were Joseph, James, George, William and Nathan Hunter, who had accompanied their father,
William Hunter, when lie emigrated from Ireland previous to the revolution. The younger William Hunter married Mary Abernathy, and their son John, born in
South Carolina, married Abigail, daughter of John and Rebecca (Pitts) Johnson,
Virginians who had long before settled in South Carolina. To John and Abigail Hunter Fielden F. was born in South Carolina in 1825. Eleven years later John
Johnson and his son-in-law, John Hunter, brought their families to Georgia to found a home. They made their journey in wagons, bringing with them their cows and dogs, and settled first near Turin, in Coweta county, hitching their horses to the
trees and making a bush hut while they could build their log cabins. Their settle ment was made in the midst of the dense forest where, save for a small clearing of about ten acres, not a tree had ever been touched by the hand of a white man. On this new farm was young Fielden reared, and enjoyed only the very limited
school privileges obtainable in this sparsely settled country. He married in 1844, Oct. 22, his wife being Miss Frances Bailey, born in Oglethorpe county in 1821. Her father, James Bailey, was born in Oglethorpe county in 1795. Mr. Bailey's
wife, Miss Nancy Dicks, was a native of Danville, Va. Mr. and Mrs. Hunter are members of the Baptist church, to which they have belonged forty-two years, hav ing united with it at the same time and also having been baptised on the same day.
They have five children living: Robert F., J. B., W. S., Frederick and Mary. Mr. Hunter is a member of the masonic fraternity. Although Mr. Hunter started out in life with nothing, in fact, being somewhat in debt, he worked with such vigor that he rapidly accumulated a fine property, owning 100 acres of land and a num
ber of negroes when the war laid waste his estate. He also lost his health, but with his natural determination of character he went to work at the shoemaker's trade, which he carried on for thirteen years. His honest integrity and selfrespectful independence have placed him high in the estimation of all who know
him.

JOSEPH HUTCHESON, farmer, Roscoe, Coweta Co., Ga., son of James and ^_ Sarah P. (Henry) Hutcheson, was born in Campbell county, Ga., in 1839. His father was born in Ireland in 1793, and came to America in 1818. He went to Orange county, N. Y., first, but was there only a short time when he decided to come to Georgia. After reaching here he taught school a while, and then engaged

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as clerk in Augusta. From Augusta he went to McDonough, Henry county, where he went into business for himself. He then went to Newnan, Coweta Co., where he conducted a general merchandise business a few years, when, finally, he perma nently settled in Campbell count}-, and in connection with a store he conducted a farm. When he came from Ireland he was nearly two months on the voyage, was poor and without relatives on this side; yet he was industrious and a good man ager, and accumulated quite a valuable estate. He was married in Newnan to a daughter of William and Sarah (Pickens) Henry, Coweta county pioneers. Mr. Hutcheson received a good common-school education, but before he could utilize it the war began and he enlisted in 1861 in Company C (Capt Kendrick) Third Georgia battalion. Capt Kendrick was killed at Pine Mountain when he was retir ing before Sherman between Dalton and Atlanta. Col. M. A. Stovall was his first commander, and he was in all the battles in which his company was engaged--the principal of which were Hoover's Gap, Chickamauga and Murfreesboro--and was wounded in each of the two battles last named. His command was in the front of Sherman from Dalton to Atlanta. At the last-named place he was captured Aug. 7, 1864, and was held a prisoner ten months at Johnson's Island. Mr. Hutcheson entered the service as a private, was made orderly sergeant, and was promoted to a lieutenancy, which he held when captured. His brother, William Hutcheson, who was at first a lieutenant, rose to be a captain, and was killed in the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. Mr. Hutcheson came out of the war with very little property.
But having good business qualities in connection with progressive ideas of farm
ing, he has been exceptionally prosperous--having a farm of 1,000 acres not sur passed in beauty of arrangement in the state. He raises all he needs: has exten sive fields of red clover, and fields of wheat and oats as well as corn and cotton, and has one of the most beautiful dwellings in his part of the country. Mr. Hutch eson was married in 1891 to Miss Mentis Harris--born and reared in Coweta county--daughter of C. J. Harris, whose family was among the first settlers, and now rank among the most prominent in the county. Two children have blessed this union, but only one, Louise, is living. Mr. Hutcheson ranks as a leading farmer in his county whether diversity of products, yield per acre, or progressive
and improved methods be considered; and stands very high as a citizen. Mrs. Hutcheson is an exemplary and esteemed member of the Presbyterian church.

J P. JONES belongs to one of Georgia's oldest families, his grandfather, John " Jones, born in Wilkes county in 1809, being the son of a Virginian who set
tled in the wilderness in that county about 1800 and cleared up a farm. John Jones married Elizabeth Strozier and settled in Meriwether county where, in 1831, their son, Willis A., was born, who in after years was a central figure in the stirring events of the time. During the early years of the war he had charge of the com missary department of Andersonville prison, and afterward, until the war was over, he was in charge at the hospital at Marietta. He had represented his county, Lee, in the legislature of 1860 and 1861, and had also been justice of the inferior court of Lee county; but after the war, although again and again solicited, would not consent to be a candidate for any political position. He was a man of the most estimable character, of a high sense of honor, one whose justice and integrity won universal regard. He was a member of the Baptist church, and also a Mason of the royal arch degree. His wife was Lucv A. Callaway. whose parents, Parker and Susie (Peteeh) Callaway, natives of South Carolina, were among the early settlers of Wilkes county, Ga. J. P. Jones, the son of Willis A. and Lucy A. Jones, was born in Wilkes countv in 1851, where he passed his boyhood among rural
scenes, and with a good education in the common schools, and had entered upon

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a course at Mercer college, when the school was broken up by the war, and the young man was for a while deprived of the extended education he sought He, however, graduated in the first class at Macon after Mercer was moved from Penfield. He was representative for Coweta county in 1888 and 1889, and is a useful
and honored citizen. He married in 1873, h*s w'^e being Miss Mary H. Wilcoxon,
who was born and reared in the old Wilcoxon homestead near Newnan, her father being the well known John B. Wilcoxon of that place. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are
both members of the Baptist church. Six children have blessed their marriage: Willis, Otis, Mary, Thomas, J. P., Jr., and Wilkes.

JOHN D. JOHNSON, a prosperous farmer of Coweta county, belongs to one of the brave pioneer families of this region, his grandparents, John and Eliza
beth (Pitts) Johnson, natives of Virginia, having emigrated thence, first to South Carolina, and finally, in 1827, to Georgia. During his residence in Virginia and South Carolina Mr. Johnson devoted himself chiefly to the culture of tobacco,
and it was his custom to pack his crops into a hogshead and roll it to the Charles ton market, a distance of many miles. When the family removed to Georgia the son, John, was a lad of eleven years, having been born in South Carolina March 3. 1816. While helping to clear up the farm for the new home in the Georgia wilderness he was deprived of much education. He married Miss Selah Haines, a daughter of Daniel and Rachel (Weaver) Haines, the father a native of Mary land, the mother of North Carolina. About 1800 they settled in Greene county, Ga., where the daughter was born Oct. i, 1807. Mr. Haines served during the war of 1812, and after his death his wife, having received a warrant for land in Coweta county, set out to make a home there. After a long and toilsome journey at one of their camping places, knowing herself to be near her destination, Mrs. Haines made inquiry, and found she was upon her own land. "Then," said she, "we will go no farther," and as soon as possible the cabin was erected on that spot. After ward when proper surveys were made it was discovered that the cabin had been located just within the corner of her claim. Amid these surroundings the daughter grew to womanhood, and at length became the wife of John Johnson and the mother of John D. Johnson (Sept. 17, 1843). The husband enlisted in 1862 in the company of Capt. Powell, but at the end of a year's service he was taken ill and returned home, only to die. The son had enlisted in 1861 under Capt. J. D. Hunter in Company D, Nineteenth Georgia regiment. He served through the entire war, always at his post, never shirking duty; or drawing back on account of danger, but received only one wound, and that a* slight one on the collar bone. Yet he went through many of the fiercest and most closely contested conflicts of the war, Williamsburg, Yorktown, Seven Pines, the seven days before Richmond, and others. He was a non-commissioned officer, at first in Gen. Stonewall Jack son's command, but at Wellington, N. C, was transferred to the forces under Gen. Johnston, with which he remained until the clos.e of the war, when he returned to Georgia. In 1870 he married Miss Margaret Carmichael, who was born in South Carolina in 1850, and was of Irish lineage, her great-grandparents, Patrick and Mary Ann Carmichael. having come to America from Ireland at an early clay, when the voyage took nine weeks. Mrs. Johnson's parents were South Carolinians, William and Margaret R. (Hunter) Carmichael, her father being a son of Abraham and Xancy (Hall) Carmichael. Her maternal grandparents were
George and Man- (Weatherton) Hunter, the former of Irish birth, who came to America with his parents. Nathan and Mary (Young) Hunter, both natives of Ireland, making the journey in company with the Carmichaels, and settling first in Newberrv district. S. C. The union of Mr. and Mrs. Johnson has been blessed

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with nine children: Egbert D., Ada E., William P., Anna May, Francis H. L.,
Lena E., J. E. D., R. H. and Robert Lee. The parents are faithful and devoted members of the Baptist church. Like most of the courageous pioneers of the state, Mr. Johnson had but a limited education, and, as was the case with his comrades, he, too, had to begin life empty-handed after the war, but in spite of these disadvantages he has climbed the ladder of success. The first fifteen months
after the war he only received ten dollars per month wages. After his marriage he settled on a farm; by hard work and by steady application to business he has reached his present prosperity. He now owns a large farm, well improved, a beautiful home, and is one of the leading men of the county.

A. LEACH, one of Coweta county's leading farmers, comes of brave and hardy pioneer stock. His grandfather, John Leach, brought his wife, Dor cas (Wyng) Leach, from their native state, South Carolina, to the Georgian forests very early in the century. They cleared up a farm and erected a house, and here, in Gwinnett county, in 1816, their son, E. W. Leach, was born. This man was a soldier in the Indian war, represented the county in the Georgia legislature in 1874-5, and married Miss Mary A. Jones, whose parents were among the early settlers of the state. Their son, W. A. Leach, was born in Fayette county in 1844, and spent his boyhood upon the farm, attending school in the old log school house, with slab seats and without windows, the cracks between the logs serving to admit light. The chimney was of rock, and the great fireplace occupied nearly the whole of one side of the house. In 1861 Mr. Leach enlisted in Company F of the Second Georgia regiment, Crew's old brigade. His company was in command of CapL Hardy Chapman. Mr. Leach went through the entire war without being either captured or wounded, passing unscathed through the following battles: Perryville, Ky., both conflicts at Murfreesbdro, Tenn., Chickamauga, Knoxville, and was with Gen. Johnston in his famous retreat After the war Mr. Leach returned to Fayette county and pursued the occupation of agriculture. In 1866 he mar ried Sarah E. Denham, daughter of Daniel D. and Nancy E. (Easton) Denhani. Mr. Denham was a North Carolinian by birth, having come with his parents from his native state to settle in Fayette county when but a small boy. He was elected to represent his county in the Georgia legislature four different times before the war, and twice to the senate. His daughter, now Mrs. Leach, was born in Fayette county, and there the home of the family had always been until 1891, when they moved to Coweta county for the sake of the educational privileges afforded to the children. These are five in number, Luella, Daniel R., William E., Nancy A., and Paul. Mr. and Mrs. Leach are devoted members of the Baptist church. Mr. Leach is a member of the council of Senoia, and is deservedly held in high esteem
wherever he is known.
f APT. THOS. LEIGH is the son of Anselm B. and Eleanor (Drane) Leigh, and was born in Wilkes county, Ga., on May 15, 1832. His father was a son
of Anselm Leigh, who came from Maryland to Georgia some time in 1700. Mrs. I^igh, a daughter of Col. Wm. and Cassandra (Magruder) Drane, was born in Columbia county, Ga. Mr. Leigh, the father of Thomas Leigh, was born in Georgia in 1794, and served in the war of 1812, slipping off with his brother Thomas, who was killed by the Indians and his head placed upon a pole, which the Indians placed in the ground as a warning to others. On Feb. 14, 1861, he married Mary Brewster, daughter of James and Jeannett (Ferguson) Brewster, both natives of South Carolina. To them six children were born, only three of whom are living: Walter, James, and Bessie. Mrs. Leigh was born and reared

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545

in Campbell county, Ga. March n, 1862, Mr. Leigh enlisted in Company D, Forty-first Georgia regiment, under Capt. ]. W. Powell, who upon resigning in
June was succeeded by Mr. Leigh. He was with Gen. joe Johnston at Bentonville and Kingston, in North Carolina, and on March 19 was shot through the right shoulder, fracturing the collar bone. He was engaged in some of the hard
est conflicts of the war: Perryville, Atlanta, Baker's creek, siege of Vicksburg, Missionary ridge, Resaca, Jonesboro, Palmetto, and Nashville. He was with and
in command of his company in all its engagements, and is known by all the old soldiers as being the captain who never said "Go, boys," but it was always "Come, boys." During the war he lost all he had except one horse and some land, with which he commenced again and is now quite well-to-do. He has been engaged several years in the saw-mill, shingle-making and cotton-gin business. Both Mr. and Mrs. Leigh are members of the M. E. church. His occupation now is farming.

QAPT. WILLIAM D. LINCH, one of the prominent men of Senoia, was born
in Coweta county, Feb. 19, 1840. He is the grandson of Rev. Elijah Linch, a noted Universalist preacher, well-known through South Carolina, and who had four brothers in the revolutionary war, and was of the same family as that Thomas
Lynch, Jr., who signed the Declaration of Independence. Rev. Linch was a native of South Carolina and his wife was a Miss Chapman. Their son David was born in Newberry on Feb. 14, 1805, and in December, 1832, married Miss Mary Beam,
a native of Fairfield, S. C, and the date of whose birth was the same as his own. After their marriage they set out to establish a home for themselves in Coweta county, Ga., making the long journey thither by team, much of the way through the
unbroken forest, with no path to guide them to their destined abode. "They
brought with them a negro girl and two negro boys, who helped them in the estab lishment of their home and the clearing up of their farm. The little log cabin still stands to mark the place where these brave pioneers made their first dwelling place. There were seven children born to them, four of whom are living: Elijah O. Linch, Mrs. M. E. Green, Mrs. Martha Perry of Carrollton and William D. They were both
members of the Universalist church, and closed their devoted and useful lives--the father in 1862, the mother in 1891, having attained the great age of eighty-six years. Their son, William D. Linch, spent his early years upon the farm, with" only such educational privileges as the old log school-house afforded. He had little more than attained his majority at the outbreak of the war, and in May, 1861, he en
listed in Company A of the Seventh Georgia regiment, under Capt. S. W. Lee,
serving out the first enlistment of twelve months. He at once re-enlisted in the same company, in which he was elected second lieutenant, and after serving about a year was promoted to the command of the company, serving as captain for the
remainder of the war. He took part in both battles of Manassas, the seven clays' fight at Richmond, the battles of Malvern Hill, Cold Harbor, Knoxville, Wilder ness, Fair Oaks, Sharpsburg, Gettysburg, and many smaller engagements, and was present at the surrender at Appomattox. He was thrice wounded: in the arm at Loudon, east Tennessee; in the shoulder at the Wilderness, and at Fort Harrl-
son was shot through the neck. For three years after his return to Coweta county at the close of the war he engaged in farming, and then spent four years in Newnan in the mercantile business, after which he came back to the farm, which he has carried on ever since. His father left him some money and land, but he has added greatly thereto, and at one time owned 3,500 acres. He moved into Senoia in 1891, and there carried on several branches of business, although his farm is not neg lected. He is a man of wealth and influence in the county, where he is widely known and respected. In 1870 Capt. Linch married Miss M. E. Tench, daughter 1-35

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

of John H. and Martha E. (Gray) Tench, who came to Georgia from Abbeville, S.
C., in 1836, and cleared up a farm in the midst of the forest Mrs. Linch was born in Coweta county. Five children were born to Capt. and Mrs. Linch, of whom four are still living: Tench, Martha G., Mary F. and J. Andrew. The family holds an enviable and well-deserved position in the regard of the community.

D L. Y. LOXG, M. D., one of the old and leading citizens of Newnan, Ga., and a son of John and Charlotte (May) Long, both natives of Tennessee, was born
in east Tennessee Aug. 20, 1822. His father, son of Robert Long, a native oi
Virginia, was a soldier in the revolutionary war with Gen. Sevier and Gen. Shelby, and in the Creek Indian war. John Long was the second clerk of Carroll county
superior court, and served thirty-two years. The mother of Dr. Long was the daughter of John May, who was a native of Virginia, but a pioneer settler of east
Tennessee. Dr. Long was reared at Carrollton, Ga., where he received his educa
tion by the fireside after his day's work. On Jan. 13, 1839, he began the study of medicine with Dr. A. B. Calhoun, and read with him one year. In 1839 he, in company with three other students, started to Charleston, S. C., to attend college,
graduated from the Transylvania university in 1841, and located the same year at Greenville, Ga., where he remained one year. Then he came to Xewnan, where he remained until 1844, when he went into the country and formed a partnership with Dr. Ira E. Smith ; after four years he went to Louisiana and practiced until 1848, when he returned to Xewnan, where he has since remained and has had a large and lucrative practice. June I, 1836, he enlisted in Capt. \V. S. Parr's com
pany in the Creek Indian war, and on Nov. 2, 1837, he went into the Seminole war in Florida as captain of the Carroll Rangers cavalry, and with one exception was the youngest of the company and was mustered out May 13, 1838, by Maj. Churchill of the United States army. In 1861 he enlisted in Company D, Phillips'
legion cavalry, as first lieutenant, but was chosen captain a short time after. Capt. Long was engaged in many very hard conflicts, some of which were: Spottsylvania court house, Gettysburg, Williamsburg, battle of the Wilderness andrnany others.
At Williamsburg he, with 250 men, captured 1,100 men under Col. Campbell, the
captain riding the same horse 125 miles in twenty-five hours. He served through out the entire war without receiving a wound or being captured. His company
was noted for bravery and was called upon for all particular and dangerous work. After the war he returned to Newnan, began the practice of medicine, and Oct.
23, 1849, Dr. Long was united in marriage with Martha Ann Powell, a daughter of James and Sarah A. (Summerlin) Powell. To this union five children have been
born: Edgar H., James J., Charles D., Helen A. and R. Y. Mrs. Long was born
and reared in this county, but her parents both died while she was yet a child and she had no way of gathering their history. Dr. Long has always been a stanch
democrat, but would never consent to have his name used for public office. He is a member of the masonic fraternity, having become a member at Newnan in 1845, and is one of the leading citizens of the county.

T ILLIAM S. M'DOXALD, a prosperous young fanner of this county, is of Scotch ancestry, his grandfather, Neil McDonald, having been born in Edin
burgh, Scotland, in 1/77. His father, Roderick McDonald, was concerned in the great religious dissensions which in those days disturbed Scotland. In 1803 Neil McDonald emigrated to Virginia, and after two years' residence there he moved to South Carolina, where he married Miss Sarah Cum-. In 1827 he moved to Newton county, Ga., which he made his permanent home, clearing up for himself a. farm in the midst of the woods. Here his son was born and reared with the few

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547

educational advantages incident to the period and that sparsely settled region. He enlisted under Capt. J. M. White in Company B, Thirty-fifth Georgia regiment, and after about eighteen months' service in this company was transferred to the Fifty-third regiment, in which he served to the end of the war. He was wounded five times, the little finger being shot from his left hand at Spottsylvania. He was in the great battles at Seven Pines, Mechanicsville, Cold Harbor, Malvern Hill and a number of less importance, and was at Appomattox at the general surrender. After the war Mr. McDonald returned to Georgia and in 1865 moved to Coweta county. His wife, whom he married in 1854, was Miss Melissa Curry, who was born in 1833 in Franklin county, Ga., where she was also reared. Mr. and Mrs. McDonald were the parents of seven children, of whom William S. is the eldest. He was born in Newton county, Dec. 8, 1854, and in 1881 married Miss Dora M. Arnold, daughter of James D. and Nancy (Owens) Arnold, and who was born in Coweta county in 1861. Mr. McDonald is a member of the M. E. church; his wife is a Baptist. Five children have been born to them : Alvin, Florence, Harley, Jesse and Watson. The second child of Young McDonald is Margaret Jane, wife of T. J. Young; they have five children: William A., Victoria, Joseph H., Ernest McD. and Paul. The third child is Thomas W., who in 1884 married Miss Sallie L., daughter of Leonard H. and Melissa (Bowers) Walthall ; she is a Presbyterian and he a Methodist, and they have two children living: Roy A. and William C. The fourth child is Bartow. The fifth John Y., who married Roxy, the daughter of David C. and Amanda (Carpenter) Neeley; both are members of the M. E. church. The two remaining children are Sallie E. and Robert E. Lee. William S. McDonald, although deprived of early advantages and compelled to begin life empty-handed, has shown himself the possessor of those qualities which win; he is now the owner of an excellent farm and is widely respected. He is a member of the masonic order.
E. E. MARTIN, a prominent young farmer of Coweta county, belongs to one of those hardy pioneer families from whom are descended many of Georgia's most valued citizens. He is the grandson of Elijah and Amanda F. (Amos) Martin, Virginians by birth, but among the early settlers of Oglethorpe county, Ga., and who in 1830 moved to Coweta county, where they brought into being a home in the forest wilderness. Mr. Martin was a soldier in the Florida war, and his son, William M. Martin, born in 1837, enlisted in 1861 in Company A, Seventh Georgia regiment He served through the war until about two months before the surrender, when he was killed in a skirmish at Maynesboro, Ga. At the time of his enlistment his little son, W. E. E., the subject of this sketch, was but about two years old, having been born in 1859. The mother, Carrie (Smith) Martin, was a daughter of George E. and Martha N. (Pinkard) Smith, Virginians, her grandfather, George Smith, who served as captain in the war of 1812, having brought his family and settled in Georgia about 1830. After Mr. Martin's death in 1865, Mrs. Martin continued to reside upon the farm where she and her husband had settled just after their marriage, and here the lad, W. E. E., grew to manhood. Although circumstances deprived him of more than a limited education, he made the best of such opportunities as he had, and has done well. He owns a good farm, well-improved, and stands well in the community. He is a member of the Metho dist Episcopal church.

. A. MITCHELL, clerk of the superior court of Coweta county, Ga., and
son of B. H. and Susan W. (Barnes) Mitchell, was born in November, 1839, His father, who was born in Virginia in 1800, went to North Carolina with his

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

parents when eight years of age, and at the age of twenty-one started out for him self. He walked from Xorth Carolina to Georgia, and in 1832 settled in Newnan, and, being a saddler by trade, opened a shop. In 1838 he was elected clerk of the superior court and served ten years; and in 1852 was elected ordinary, serving, sixteen years, when he retired on account of old age. He was a devout member of the Methodist Episcopal church and a council degree Mason. He was the father of eleven children, only two of whom are living, William and a sister, Mary, William A. Mitchell was reared in Xewnan and received a common school educa tion. In April, 1861, he enlisted in Company A, Twelfth batallion, Georgia vol unteers, in Gen. Evans' brigade, entering before the first gun was fired and remain ing until after the surrender. In 1862 he was made sergeant He was present at the battle of Cold Harbor, Laurel City, and retreated at Monocacy; was in the smaller conflicts in the Shenadoah valley in Virginia, and was present when Sheridan made his famous ride. He was with E. Kirby Smith in his raid in Kentuck}', serving in the artillery and living on roasted ears of corn and pumpkins. After the war he returned to Xevvnan and engaged in the hardware business until 1891, when he was elected clerk of the superior court of Coweta. county. In 1868he was united in marriage to Neah W. Brown, daughter of Joseph Brown, wha served one term as representative of Coweta county, sometime in the fifties. To this union three children were born, Brown, Bessie, and Lillie. Mrs. Mitchell. was born in Heard county, Ga., but came to Coweta county when a child, and here died in 1875. She was a member of the Methodist church. In 1876 Mr. Mitchell married Mrs. Susan M. Coleman, daughter of Henry K. Alien, a native of South Carolina, who came to Georgia in an early day, and engaged in mer chandising and cotton buying. He was a member of the M. E. church and also a member of the masonic order of the council degree. He was one of the leading citizens of the county, and his death was deeply mourned by the community. To the second marriage of Mr. Mitchell three children have been born, John, Mary E.,. and May Bell. Both Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell are members of the M. E. church south. He is a member of the masonic order, council degree, and is also a mem ber of the I. O. O. F.
IOHX P. MORGAN, a thriving farmer and son of John and Mary (McCullough> Morgan, was bom in Coweta county, where he now lives, in May, 1851. His-
father was born in South Carolina in 1812, and came when a young boy with his father to Coweta count}-, Ga.. which at that time was a wilderness. Mr. Morgan's grandparents, Daniel and Mary (Lankford) Morgan, were both natives of SouthCarolina, but removed to Coweta county, Ga., in the early part of the nineteenth century, and cleared up a farm about ninety miles from Macon, to which place their cotton had to be carried for sale. The mother of Mr. Morgan was a daugh ter of Lews and Ruth (Elmore) McCullough, both natives of South Carolina who had removed to Georgia, and cleared for themselves a farm. John P. Morgan was reared on the farm where he now lives and received a common school educa tion. In 1871 he married Elizabeth Elmore, daughter of Thomas A. and Matilda (Brooks) Elmore. Mr. and Mrs. Elmore were both natives of South Carolina, who in an early day came to Georgia. Mr. Elmore was a soldier in the late war and served in Company D, Nineteenth regiment, under Capt. James Hunter, and was killed in the battle of Manassas July 10, 1863. Five children, four of whom are living, have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Morgan: John T., Wilber E., Walter S., and Xellie F. Mr. and Mrs. Morgan are members of the M. E. church. Mr. Morgan is also a member of the masonic order, and was an alliance man duringthe lifetime of that order. He is a man that is well respected by all who know
him.

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549

TJ ON. CHARLES L. MOSES, congressman from the fourth district of Georgia, is of noble ancestry, for his great-grandsires on both sides took part in the
revolutionary conflict His grandfather, Neal Moses, the son of John Moses, the revolutionary hero, was born in North Carolina, took part in the war of 1812, and in 1820 nioved to Fayette county, Ga. His wife was Nancy Manning, and in 1829 his son Ansley was born. The latter was reared on the farm in Fayette county and married Miss Mary Leavell, whose parents Charles and Elizabeth (Hunter) Leavell, were natives of South Carolina, and were married in Newberry district in 1831, removing to Georgia in 1833. Cliarles Leavell was born in 1802, liis father being John Leavell, a Virginian, whose father, also John Leavell by name, emigrated from England before the revolution, and was with Francis Mar ion through all that struggle. Charles L. Moses was born in 1856 and reared <m the old farm in Coweta county, Ga., and received a good common school edu cation. In 1873 ne entered Mercer university and graduated in 1876. He began teaching in Newnan, having charge, for seven years, of the boy's department; the last year in this department there were 150 boys. Among Mr. Moses' college classmates were Thomas Watson, John Boifeuillet, Seaborn Wright of Rome, W. D. Jelks, and T. E. Murphy, who took first honors. Mr. Moses himself carried off the second honors. He is a young man of great promise and recognized abil ity, his election to congress in 1890 from the fourth district being in evidence of this. Throughout his district he is held in high esteem, and justly regarded as a most worthy citizen. His wife, to whom he was married in 1881, was Miss Blanche Hall, daughter of Rev. J. H. Hall of Newnan. They have seven children living: Coral, James H., Charles L., Jr., Ansley, Hugh A., Blanche, Amaziah. Mr. and Mrs. Moses are honored members of the Baptist church. Mr. Moses is a mem ber of the I. O. O. F.
f UTHER T. MOSES is one of the best known men of this section of the state, being chief deputy of internal revenue of Georgia. He is a grandson of a
soldier of the war of 1812, Neal Moses, who with his wife, Nancy (Manning) Moses, came from their native state, North Carolina, to Georgia in 1821, and after a short residence here went to Alabama, where Mr. Moses died. Their son, Ansley Moses, was born in Fayette county, Ga., in 1829. He was a man of great ability and very useful to his state. In 1860 he helped organize Company D, Fifty-third Georgia regiment, Longstreet's corps. With this he went out as captain, being sent on an expedition to the coast. The next year he went out as first lieutenant but after a few months was made captain of Company D, which rank he held until 1863. Longstreet was then transferred to the western army, and in April Capt. Moses was taken prisoner at Knoxville, Tenn., and imprisoned for eight months at Camp Chase, Ohio; it was while here that he contracted the chronic lung disease which eventually caused his death; from Camp Chase he \yas trans ferred to Fort Delaware, where he remained until the close of the war. Mr. Moses represented his county in the legislature in 1873 a"d 1874. He was deacon in the Baptist church, in which he had been a conscientious member and earnest worker from the age of twenty-one. His death occurred in 1886, and was greatly deplored. The wife of Capt. Moses was Miss Mary E. Leavell, daughter of Charles and Elizabeth W. (Hunter) Leavell, both natives of Virginia, but who passed their youth in South Carolina, coming to Georgia about 1832 and making their home in Coweta county. It was in this county that Luther T. Moses was reared, having been born in 1853. He received a good common school education and devoted some ten years to teaching. His interest in schools has always been very deep, and he has manifested this interest constantly and by every possible

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means, doing everything in his power to advance the educational interests of his native count}-, often at considerable sacrifice to himself. He was a member of the school board from 1880 to 1887, and again from 1889 to 1893, each time resigning to take an important government position. This was the office of deputy internal revenue collector, to which he was appointed by President Cleveland in January, 1887, holding it until the inauguration of the new president, being ap
pointed chief deputy in August, 1893, the position he still holds. Mr. Moses was married in 1884, his wife being Miss Etta North, born in 1860 and reared in Coweta county, the daughter of Thomas G. and Jane (Jones) North. They have four children: Tallmadge, Alice, L. T., and Mary. Both Mr. and Mrs. Moses are steadfast members of the Baptist church, and everywhere beloved and respected. Mr. Moses is a man of wide and growing influence and is sure to make his mark in his country and age.

I N. ORR, a prominent business man of Newnan, Coweta Co., Ga., who was born in November, 1840, is the son of Robert and ALmira (Simms) Orr. His father,
who was born in 1813, was a native of Wilkes county, Ga., and came to Coweta
county in 1829 with his parents, who, on their arrival, cut a road ten miles long from Newnan to the place in the woods wnere they cleared up for a plantation. The mother of I. N. Orr was a daughter of John Simms, who was born in Hancock county, Ga., and whose family was one of the pioneer families of that county. I. N. Orr was reared in Coweta county, where he received a good common school education. In April, 1861, he enlisted in Company A, First Georgia regiment,
under Capt. Hunley, and, strange to say, he had one finger only on his right hand; he served two years, when he was made enrolling officer for Coweta county. H<i had four brothers in the war, only one of whom was killed. After the war he
returned to Newnan, and in 1875 went into business in a small way, but, by close application and honest dealing, he has built up a large and lucrative business. He served as a member of the school board for five years, but on being elected to the city council in 1878, was obliged to give up his position on the school board. He was then elected mayor .of Newnan and was re-elected in 1893, the duties of which office he still fulfills. In 1868 he married Miss Dora Johnson, a daughter of Berry D. and Cynthia (Gibson) Johnson, whose father was a pioneer of Heard county, and who represented Heard county in the legislature two terms. He was a member of the first convention after the war. To Mr. and Mrs. Orr were born eight children, all boys, seven of whom are living: S. G., I. N., Ben jamin, Robert, Cleveland, Frank and Paul. Mrs. Orr was born and reared in
Heard county, Ga., and both she and her husband are members of the Baptist church, and Mr. Orr is an Odd Fellow. Mr. Orr and family are among the leading families of Newnan and are held in high esteem.

I? OBERT PERKINS, one of Coweta county's best citizens and the son of John C. and Ann (Parks) Perkins, was born in this county in 1841. His father was
born in Virginia in 1807 and while yet quite a small boy came to Georgia, his father having died. He first settled in Coweta county in 1835, coming thence from Oglethorpe county, Ga. His mother was a daughter of Bird and Martha (Smith) Parks, who were among the first settlers of this county. Robert Perkins was reared in Coweta county and attended school in one of the first old log schoolbouses ever built there. In 1861 he enlisted in Company A, Seventh Georgia regiment, under Capt S. W. Lee and served two years, then being transferred to Phil Logan cavalry. He was in every battle in which his company was engaged, and was wounded but once, and that was at Sharpsburg, Md. After the war he

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came to his old home and since that time has been engaged in fanning. In 1866 he was married to Miss Martha Elder, daughter of William and Elizabeth (Smith) Elder, to which union three children were born: Anna L., Fannie L. and Eula Bird. Mrs. Perkins was born and reared in Coweta county and is a member of the M. E. church. Mr. Perkins is a member of the masonic order and is respected by every one who knows him. He is an uncompromising democrat, but would never allow his name to be used for office. He now owns 1,800 acres where he lives, besides large landed interests in other localities.

A C. RUSSELL is the grandson of Andrew Russell, who entered -the revolu" tionary army at the age of eighteen, and whose father had come from Scotland
some years before. Jane Caldwell, a sister, who came over at the same time, paid the sum of nine guineas for her passage. Andrew Russell married Miss Mary Caldwell and settled in South Carolina, where his son Robert was born. Here the latter grew to manhood and was for some time captain in the state militia. He married Miss Mary Brown, whose parents, Robert and Xancy Brown, were native* of Scotland, both members of the Presbyterian church, who had come to this country previous to the revolution, in which war the father took part. Mr. Rus sell's father was a member and an elder of the Presbyterian church. In 1825, in Newberry district, S. C., Robert Russell's son, A. C., was born, and in 1832 the father took his family and such of his property as he could transport and set out for Georgia, making the long journey in mule wagons. With the train were a dog and a colt which belonged to the little lad, A. C., and in crossing the Savannah river both fell into the stream. To the great joy of their young owner, after con siderable effort, they were both rescued, but it is not surprising that the circum stance made a deep impression upon his childish mind. The settlement was made in Coweta county in the woods, where, while their cabins were building, they stretched a tent for shelter. Here the wolves were so numerous that they frightened the stock and even the dogs were driven under the tent for safety. During the first year, while clearing up his farm, Mr. Russell was obliged to go thirty miles for corn to feed his stock. Amid the varied scenes of this pioneer life, with only such opportunities of learning as were commonly found in the little log schoolhouses of that period, young Russell grew to manhood. In 1862 he enlisted with Capt. Gabbett, under Col. Stovall, but his company was chiefly engaged in the manufacture of saltpetre, and Mr. Russell, desiring to be engaged in more active service, proposed exchanging into a cavalry company; his captain, however, calling him a fool for wishing to go into the danger at the front, persuaded him to remain with his company, which he did until the close of the war. At one time when a raid of the Federal soldiers was expected, there being considerable of a panic among the troops, Mr. Russell was brevetted captain, but the Federals did not make their appearance. After the war he returned to his home in Coweta county, where his thoughtful wife had been busy during his absence and with the little she had been able to save from her own earnings, had made a new beginning; year by year he added to his wealth and has become one of the most influential and well-to-do citizens of the county. He at one time owned 500 acres of well-improved land, but in 1892 he retired from the farm and moved to Turin. In 1856 he married Miss Rebecca C. Parks, daughter of Joseph Parks, whose parents were natives of South Carolina, where she also was born in 1828, but they removed thence to Meriwether county, Ga., in 1832. They were members of the Presby terian church, as also their daughter, Mrs. Russell, and her husband. Mrs. Russell died in April. 1891, leaving four children: Ella C., wife of Loson Carmichael; Mary, wife of Payson Watley; Sarah A. and Walter C. Mr. Russell was for some time a member of the Sons of Temperance. In spite of early disadvantages he

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has carved out for himself a name and a place in the world. He and his family de servedly stand high in the community.

\^T W. SASSER, one of the leading men of Coweta county, is of the hardy pioneer stock, to which many of the state's most valuable citizens belong.
His grandfather, John Sasser, a native of England, came to America prior to the
revolution and took part in that heroic struggle for liberty. His son William was a soldier in the war of 1812. During this war, on one occasion he and a com rade quarreled and to punish them their officers compelled them to undress, smear themselves all over with grease and fight it out They then made friends and the episode was a lesson to them both. William Sasser married Elizabeth Beverly, like himself a native of Laurens district, S. C., and in 1818, with her and their two chil dren, set out for Georgia. Their vehicle was a dump-cart, and in this comfortless conveyance they made their toilsome way over rough roads and by-paths, and often through an almost trackless wilderness to their destination. For a short time they rented a small cabin while Mr. Sasser was building one for himself. He completed this and began to clear up his land that fall. With his brother-in-law, who had come wth him, he engaged in sawing lumber, using the old-fashioned whip-saw for a year. After that he was employed as an overseer. In 1825 he removed to Monroe county and with his savings bought a piece of land. On reaching his newly-purchased property he immediately began to saw the boards with which to make a shelter for his wife and five children, the land being covered with the heavy forest which at that time constituted the wealth of central Georgia. After six years on this site, during which time (Feb. 7, 1829) his son, W. W. Sasser, was born, Mr. Sasser moved to Merivvether county, Ga., where he again settled in the woods and in this place he dwelt until his death. He and his wife were consistent members of the Baptist church. In this home, amid such surroundings, W. W. Sasser was reared, attending school in the old log school-house which alone could be found in country districts at that time. The seats were of split slabs, the chimney of sticks and dirt, the fireplace six or seven feet wide, the roof tied on. William Sasser at his death turned all his property over into the hands of his son, W. W. Sasser, with the request that he rear and keep the family, and properly school them and otherwise care for them, and this he has faithfully done. During three years of the war he was running a mail route and did not do much fighting; during the last of the war he was one of Joe Brown's favorites. Mr. Sasser is a royal arch Mason. For seven years he was county commissioner for Coweta county, and then on account of ill health was compelled to resign. He is greatly liked and thoroughly respected by all who know him. On May 14, 1857, he married Keziah Boyd, daughter of Milton and Jane (Douglass) Boyd, both natives of South Carolina, who settled in Meriwether county, near Greeneville. about the year 1836. Mr. Boyd was a soldier in the war of 1812. The daughter, now Mrs. Sasser, was born in South Carolina and was but two years old at the time of the removal of her parents to Georgia. Mr. and Mrs. Sasser have been blessed with
a family of eight children, of whom seven are now living: Charles Fv Milton, J. A., Hugh, B. Edward, Lula and Eunice. John was the name of the son who died.
Mr. and Mrs. Sasser are faithful and devoted members of the Methodist Episcopal church and so, likewise, are all their children.

IJEXRY T. SHORES, a prosperous farmer and native of Coweta county, \va& born in 1842. his parents, Daniel and Elizabeth (Kilgore) Shores, being also
natives of the state of which his grandparents on both sides were among the pioneer settlers. His paternal grandparents, Planner and Nancy (Dorman) Shores,

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were natives of Maryland and settlers of Putnam county, Ga., while his mother's parents, John and Priscilla (Wood) Kilgore, were born in Pennsylvania. Daniel Shores settled in Covveta county after the death of his father, and here his son Henry was reared with but limited educational advantages, having attended school only four weeks in all. In July, 1861, he enlisted in Company D, Eighth Georgia regiment, under Capt Howard, upon whose death Capt. Malone was put in com mand. Mr. Shores took an active part in many of the fiercest engagements of
the war. He was in the second battle of Manassas; in that seven days of almost continuous conflict that culminated in the furious struggle of Malvern Hill, scenes
the like of which "had never before been enacted on the American continent;" he fought along the Rappahannock, and at Spottsylvania court-house; he was all through the Wilderness campaign, and in the fiercest and most bloody battles, or
series of battles, of the war, the fierce strife at Gettysburg, when more than 50,000 brave men were numbered among the killed, wounded or missing. Mr. Shores was wounded by a shell in the abdomen, from the results of which injury he has
been a sufferer all his life, and obliged to wear a truss. He was at Charleston for about four months, but as soon as sufficiently recovered returned to his regiment, then at Chattanooga, with which he remained until the close of the war. He was present at the surrender of Appomattox, and then set out for home, walking more
than half the way. On reaching home he began work, receiving $8 per month for the first five months; his second employer was Dr. Reese. In 1867 he had saved
enough to purchase a mule, by the aid of which he began farming for himself. Thus he continued by industry and close economy to gather wealth, and is now the owner of a fine farm of 800 acres in a good state of cultivation, and is one of Coweta county's most valued and beloved citizens. His wife, whom he married in February, 1868, was Miss Delia Latimore, born in Oglethorpe county in 1846; and the daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Jordan) Latimore. She is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. and Mrs. Shores have two daughters, Leila
and Lillie T. The former is the wife of Jack Croley, and they have two children,
Forest G., and an infant.

. JOHN D. SIMMS, one of the pioneers of Coweta county, was born in December, 1830. His parents, John and Comfort M. (Grace) Simms, were natives of North Carolina. His father was born in 1780, coming in 1788 to Han cock county with his parents, Robert and Sarah (Dickinson) Simms, both natives of North Carolina. The mother of John D. Simms was a daughter of Joshua Grace. The family came to Coweta county in 1828, settling in the midst of the forest and clearing up a farm, suffering meanwhile the many trials and hardships common to the lot of pioneers. His education was obtained under many disad vantages in the old log schoolhouse. On reaching manhood he showed himself worthy of the esteem in which he has constantly been held. He had been elected justice of the peace and his commission had just been received at the outbreak of the war, and at the same time he received a commission from Gov. Brown as captain of the militia, which would have kept him out of the service. But this
did not suit his ardent temperament, and in 1862 he enlisted in Company F, Six teenth Georgia battalion of cavalry. He himself organized this company and
went out as its captain, serving in this positon throughout the war. His first service was thirty days under Gen. John A. Morgan in Kentucky, and after this under Gen. Early, through Virginia to Washington City, in which service he per formed a great deal of detached duty. After the war Capt. Simms returned to Covveta county and engaged in farming, which he has carried on ever since. In 1877 he was elected to the legislature, it being the first legislature convened

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alter the constitutional convention, and served three years. He has served also as county commissioner four years. His wife, a native of Heard county, Ga., was Miss Louisa Hanson, daughter of Thomas K. and Gracie (Mosely) Hanson. Her father was the son of Thomas and Sarah (Boswell) Hanson, and was born in Morgan county, Ga., in 1799. The marriage of Captain and Mrs. Simms was solemnized in 1848, and the union has been blessed with three children: Ellen A., wife of Asbury H. Arnold; Fannie L., wife of H. M. Arnold, and John H. CapL Simms and wife are honored members of the Baptist church, and the family is among the best and most respected in the county of Coweta, where they have the regard of all who know them.
D EV. DR. JAMES STACY, LL. D., one of the prominent Presbyterian ministers of the state of Georgia, was born June 2, 1830. His father, John W. Stacy,
was a son of John Stacy, who was a native of Wales, and joined the Puritan colon}1 which came to Georgia from South Carolina, and was united in marriage to a Puritan girl. Rev. Dr. James Stacy was reared in Liberty county and received his first religious instructions at the old Midway church, which is supposed to be one of the oldest churches in Georgia. In this church John Stacy, Rev. Stacy's grandfather, was a deacon in 1809, and Ezra Stacy, an uncle, was deacon in 1838. This church has a great history. The first church was organized in 1754, but the building was destroyed by fire in 1778 by a body of men under Col. Prevost. At the close of the revolution it was rebuilt on the same site, and in 1785 was enlarged and so stood until 1792, when the present church was erected. Rev. Stacy had the preliminary advantage of a good common-school education, and at the age of seventeen entered Oglethorpe university, near Milledgeville, where he was graduated two years later. He then entered the Theological sem inary at Columbia, S. C, and graduated in three years, having had conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He immediately entered upon his work, devoting his entire time and energy to it, until now he is one of the leading ministers of the state, and, strange to say, he is the only one of the Stacy name to enter the ministry, although the whole family were devoted Christians. He has been stated clerk of the presbytery since 1866, and stated clerk of the synod of Georgia since 1876, succeeding the venerable John \V. Wilson, D. D. In 1877 a $200 prize, which was offered by William A. Moore, of Atlanta, for the best essay on the holy Sabbath, was gained by Rev. Stacy, although there were over 200 contestants. He has been married twice. His first wife lived only a few years, and in 1867 he married Mrs. Kendrick, widow of Maj. Kendrick. She is a daughter of Thomas M. Jones of Newnan. Rev. Stacy is reputed to be the best educated man in this part of Georgia, and is held in the highest regard by all who know him. He has now been in charge of the Xewnan church for thirty-seven years.

1OHX D. STAFFORD, a prosperous farmer of Coweta county, is also of the
pioneer stock of the state. His grandparents, Anderson and Henrietta (Wcatherly) Stafford, were natives of Virginia, who after some years' residence in South Carolina, settled in Pike county, Ga., in 1826, and cleared up a farm in the midst of the forest wilderness, which was their home for the remainder of their lives. Mr. Stafford had been a soldier in the war of 1812. He and his wife were among the early Methodists of this section. It is difficult to realize the many privations endured by these early settlers, or the numerous economies they were forced to practice. Shoes in those days were so costly and difficult to procure that it was customary to go barefooted the greater part of the time, and even on the Sabbath the shoes were carried in the hands until the church was nearly reached, when

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they were put on and worn through service, and until at a little distance from the church, when they were taken off and carried home again. Ellis Stafford, the son of Anderson, was born in North Carolina in 1809, and accompanied his parents through the vicissitudes of their pioneer life, and at length married Miss Anna Lovejoy, who was the daughter of Eleazar and Mary (Pennington) Lovejoy, natives of Virginia. Mr. Lovejoy was the son of Edward and Jemima (Mobley) Lovejoy, the former a native of Maryland. Eleazar was born in 1779, and about 1794 accompanied his parents to Georgia, where, after a few years' , residence among the woods of Jackson county, they moved to Jasper county. In 1803 he married in what is now Jackson county, and served his country in the war of 1812. He and his wife were members of the Methodist Episcopal church. John D. Stafford, the son of Ellis, was born in 1842, and, having received a good common school education, in 1861 entered the state troops under Capt. Milton Tucker. After six months in this service he enlisted under Capt. Tucker, in Company K, Fifty-fifth Georgia regiment. He was not engaged in any of the regular battles of the war, but was in many skirmishes; he served to the end of the war, for fifteen months as guard at Andersonville. The war being ended, he returned to Coweta county, and in November, 1865, married Miss Lizzie Head. This lady was born in Morgan county, Ga., and is the daughter of James and Nancy (Jackson) Head, both natives of Georgia. Mr. Head was born in 1796, and spent his boyhood on the farm, and fought in the war of 1812. His parents, James and Elizabeth J. (Powell) Head, Virginians, had settled in Elbert county, Ga., about 1793, *nc former having fought in the revolutionary war. Mr. and Mrs. Stafford are both faithful and consistent members of the Methodist Epis copal church. Their union has been blessed with eight children: Emma, Edwin <_>., Paul, Lamar, Fannie May, Louise, Anna L. and Claude. Mr. Stafford began life for himself empty-handed, but has made a success of his work, his farm being very valuable. He devotes some thirty acres to the culture of grapes, which he has made profitable. He is one of the best farmers and leading men of Coweta county.

WILLIAM T. STALLINGS, a prominent citizen of Coweta county, is the
grandson of Pelasiah and Mary (Edwards) Stallings, natives of Virginia, who settled in the Georgia wilderness at an early day, and reduced a part of it
to cultivation. They had brought with them a little son, Malachi, born in 1805, who afterward married Miss Martha Crawley, and became the father of William T. The latter was born in Morgan county, Ga., in 1833, and grew up on the farm, making the best of such educational opportunities as were afforded him, albeit
for some years only those to be found in a log school house, with dirt floor, mud and stick chimney and puncheon seats. After coming of age by hard work and close economy he saved enough money to pay his way at school four years. One year he attended school at Madison, Ga., one year in Fayetteville, Ga., and then
at Bovvdon college, Carroll county. After this he taught three years and a half, until the outbreak of the war, when, in 1861, he enlisted in Company D, Nine teenth Georgia regiment, under Capt J. D. Hunter. He went as orderly-sergeant, but was soon promoted to a lieutenancy, and before long was made first lieuten ant, from which time he really commanded the regiment most of the time, as the captain was sick at home. Lieut. Stallings was engaged in several very hard-
fought battles, among them Occoquon, fourteen miles from the city of Washing ton, the second battle of Manassas, and all the principal battles of the Virginia campaign. He was once wounded, being shot through the thigh on the Dec. tJ3, 1862, by which wound he was laid up some time. At the close of the war

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Mr. Stallings came to Coweta county, and having but fifty cents with which to start life, began the labor of accumulation which has made him at the present time one of the largest land-holders and wealthiest citizens of his section. His first occupation was teaching, which he pursued for two years in Coweta county and one year in Fayetteville. After this he turned to farming, to which calling he has ever since devoted himself, and by prudence and industry has become the pro prietor of a fine farm of 2,200 acres of good land, well improved, and with a pleasant home, a frame dwelling of two stories. Mr. Stallings was elected to the legislature in 1882, serving two years. In 1866 he married Miss Nancy S. Free man, whose parents, Henry and Xancy (Moody) Freeman, were among the early settlers of Coweta county, where the daughter was born and reared. Mrs. Stall ings is a member of the Baptist church. Eleven children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Stallings, one of whom is dead: W. L. is a graduate of the university of Georgia, Athens, and is now a practicing attorney in Xewnan. The next son is T. O. The daughters, Lillian and Mattie, the latter of whom is dead, were graduates of Wesleyan Female college at Macon. Another daughter, Inez, is now attending college at La Grange. The remaining children are Earnest L., Wade H., Pink, Charles R., Elgin and a babe unnamed. Mr. Stallings is one of the leading citizens of Coweta county, where he and his family are deservedly widely known and esteemed.
F)R- J. P. TAYLOR, a prominent physician of Coweta county, is a South Carolinian by birth, bom in Lexington county, July 26, 1826. His father, William
Taylor, also a South Carolinian. was a son of William and Catherine (Price) Taylor, the former a soldier cf the revolution who served under Col. Washington and was badly wounded in the battle of Eutaw Springs; he was a Virginian who moved to South Carolina and afterward went to Tennessee. Dr. Tavlor's mother, Rebecca (Corley) Taylor, was the daughter of Lawrence and Barbara (Derrick) Corley, natives of South Carolina, in which state she too was born. In 1839, William Taylor with his wife and family moved to Georgia and settled upon a
farm. His son, now Dr. Taylor, passed here his later boyhood, receiving a part of his education in the old leg cabin school house of the district, but afterward attended more advanced schools; having received a good general education, he applied himself to the study of medicine under Dr. Enlow. of Meriwether count}'; later he pursued his study of medicine in the Southern medical college, of Augusta, Ga., from which he received his degree in 1850. He at once located for the practice of his profession at Haralson, and has devoted himself to it with that assiduity that always brings success. His practice is very extensive and lucrative, as his fine education, long experience and his faithfulness and skill would naturally bring to pass: and he holds a high position in the regard of all who know him. He is a well-known member of the masonic fraternity. He married in 1853, his wife being Miss Rebecca Hodnett, born in Xewton county in 1831, and reared at White Sulphur Springs. Her parents, John and Elizabeth (Tignor) Hednett, were among the pioneers of Xewton county, and Mr. Hodnett was a soldier in the war of 1812. The union of Dr. Taylor and his wife was blessed with four children, the eldest, R. H., is following his father's honored example, and practicing the pro fession of medicine. The other members of this well-known and esteemed family are William H., Man- R., and Sarah P. Mrs. Taylor died in March 17, 1890.

AXf ILLIAM TAYLOR. one of Georgia's pioneers, was of German ancestry, his
two grandfathers. William Taylor and Jacob Price, being both natives of that countrv: the latter came to America in his bovhood. and settled in South

COWETA COUNTY SKETCHES.
Carolina, where he died in 1804; he was in many ways a remarkable man-- especially given to reading, and delighted in the study of the Scripture; his death was extremely sudden, and his last earthly action was the perusal of the sacred page--while reading which he suddenly fell forward upon the fire, and was so badly burned that death ensued. His' grandson, William Taylor, had in his possession the Bible which the aged man had been reading at the moment of his sudden demise, Mr. Taylor's parents were William and Catherine (Price) Taylor; the father, who served in the war of the revolution in which he was severely wounded in the thigh, was born in Virginia but settled in South Carolina, after ward removing to Tennessee. The youngest son, William, was bprn in South Carolina in 1801, and here spent the years of his youth and early manhood, with such privileges of education as the country schools of his day could afford. He was thirty-eight years of age when he removed to Georgia, where he remained during life, and lived to be one of the oldest and most respected citizens of Coweta county. He was a member of the masonic fraternity. In 1819, Mr. Taylor mar ried Rebecca Corley, a daughter of Lawrence and Barbara (Derrick) Corley, of South Carolina, where Mrs. Taylor was born in 1800. Ten children were the off spring of this union: Eliza (deceased); Louisa, Mrs. Sibley; Mary, Mrs. Hardison; Dr. J. P.; Julia, Mrs. Peary (deceased); Jane, Mrs. Hodnett (deceased); Dr. J. W.; Col. R. P., killed in the late war; Rebecca, Mrs. Franck; and W. L. Airs. Taylor also died in 1863, and in 1864 Mr. Taylor married Miss Mary Hodnett, who was born in Troupe county, Ga., in 1832, and was a daughter of William and Caroline (Findley) Hodnett, Virginians, who came to Georgia in the early days; Mr. Hodnett was a soldier in the war of 1812. This union was blessed with seven children: Thomas, George (deceased), Carrie, Benjamin, Henry, John and Louis. Air. and Mrs. Taylor are members of the Lutheran church, and the family is one widely known and esteemed. Win. Taylor died March 31, 1895, wanting one week of being ninety-four years of age. V H. THOMPSON, a leading citizen and prominent merchant of Nevvnan,
* Coweta county, is a native of Georgia, and was born September 13, 1833. He is the son of Thomas and Rebecca (Smith) Thompson, who were also natives of the state, and is grandson of Charles Thompson, a South Carolinian, who, during the revolutionary war was with Gen. Francis Marion, the intrepid hero known as the "Swamp Fox." At an early period, with the courage born of that heroic age, Charles Thompson came to the wilds of Georgia, and settled in the woods among the Indians and cleared up a farm. Here, in 1809, his son Thomas was born, who also endured all the hardships and privations attendant upon a pioneer life, from which he was removed by death at the early age of twenty-seven, at which time his son, Y. H. Thompson, was but three years old. When the boy was but thirteen his mother also died, and he was left to carve out for himself a name and a fortune. He had attended school but very little, and now entered the shop of a cabinet maker to learn the trade, working there about six years, attending school about six months of that time; but the fact is that by assiduous effort he learned more out of school than ever in school. In 1854 he came to Newnan and worked at his trade until the opening of the war, when he enlisted, in 1861, in Company A, First regiment, Georgia volunteers, his company being mustered into service March 18, 1861. This was the only regiment ever mustered out of the service of the southern Confederacy, being mustered out but a few days before the Conscript Act took effect. It, however, at once formed the Twelfth battalion, Georgia artillery, and in this arm of the service Mr. Thompson served with signal bravery until the sur render at Appomattox, being engaged in many hard-fought battles. In the battle

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of Monocacy, when Gen. Evans was shot, Y. H. Thompson, with his brother James and two others carried the wounded general across the Monocacy river. On enter ing the army, Mr. Thompson was chosen band-leader, but although he performed this duty witli enthusiasm all through the war he was always ready to fight when the time came. Mr. Thompson returned to Newnan at the close of the war, and began to work at his trade, but the country here as elsewhere was in such an unset tled condition that he and his brother James went twelve miles away to help build a mill, and were obliged to take their wages in something to eat. They received plenty of meat and cornmeal and so were more fortunate than many in those hard times. In 1866, the brothers engaged in a small way in the furniture business until now they have an extensive and profitable trade in furniture and undertakers' goods, of which they carry a large stock. They are regarded as among the best citizens, and are universally esteemed. Mr. Y. H. Thompson is a Mason of the council degree, now high priest, an Odd Fellow, having passed through the chairs, and also a member of the Red Men. He has served as an alderman of Newnan, where he is highly respected as a man of earnest purpose and strict integrity. He and his wife are faithful and beloved members of the Methodist Episcopal church. Mrs. Thompson was Miss Martha Edwards, daughter of Lemuel and Susan (Cole) Edwards, and is a native and life-long resident of Coweta county. They were married in 1859, and have one child, Thomas M. Thompson. James Thompson is a brother of Y. H. Thompson and his partner in die furniture business. He was born in Clarke county, Ga., in 1831, and owing to early orphanage was denied the privilege of more than a very limited education. His history to a great extent is identical with that of his brother. His apprentice ship in Decatur, Ga., began in 1845, a vear before that of his brother, and lasted seven years. He also enlisted in Company A of the First Georgia regiment, and served with his brother throughout the war. Since then their business interests have been united. Mr. Thompson is a royal arch Mason. For two years he served on the city board of aldermen, and for four years on the board of education, and is highly regarded as one of the most influential citizens of the county. His marriage occurred in 1852, his wife, Miss Lucinda Shumate, being the daughter of, Barryman and Thirza (Fairer) Shumate. They have six children: Barryman, Emma, Young, Effie, Jimmie L., and Birdie. Mr. Thompson and his family are all devoted and worthy members of the Methodist Episcopal church.
Q HESTER THOMPSON, JR., an honest and industrious young farmer of Coweta county, was born in Henry county, Ga., in 1851. His father, Chester
Thompson, was the son of a revolutionary soldier, and was born in Jasper county, Ga., and himself volunteered in the late war, but was rejected. This man married Miss Mary Ann Hudgens, daughter of William and Martha Hudgens, Virginians by birth, the father being a soldier of the revolution. The young Chester Thomp son was reared in Heard county, and had no school privileges, his parents need ing his care and support, and his life has been full of arduous toil. In 1880 he married Melissa Story, who was born and reared in Pike county, and whose parents, James and Martha Story, are also Georgians by birth. Mrs. Thompson is a faithful member of the Baptist church. To her and her husband three children have been given, of whom but two are living: Mattie Pearl and Jessie.

JAMES B. WALKER is the grandson of Solomon Walker, a North Carolinian, and the son of Samuel Walker, who was born in South Carolina, as was also
his wife, Mary Carmichael, whom he married in that state. In 1832 he, Samuel Walker, came on horseback to Coweta county to select a site for a home, and

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in 1835 he brought his family and settled in district No. 2. Here he opened up a farm and devoted himself to its cultivation. He had in the beginning but little substance save pluck and indomitable courage and persistence, but these were quite sufficient to conquer the difficulties of his lot and to render him a man of standing and considerable property. He was a worthy member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and attained the age of seventy-five years. His wife
was the daughter of Arthur and Fannie (Bell) Carmichael, both natives of South Carolina, and the granddaughter of William Carmichael, who came to this country from Ireland and served during the revolutionary war, in which he was wounded. James B. Walker was born in Coweta county in 1845 and reared upon the wood'land farm, with the limited educational facilities of that time and place. In 1861 he enlisted under Capt. Sanders Lee, in Company A, Seventh Georgia regiment. He had enlisted for a year, but when the time expired and his discharge was received he immediately re-enlisted, this time in Company K, of the First Georgia cavalry. He was in the battles of Yorktown, the seven days' fight at Richmond, Va., and he was wounded at the battle of Sunshine church, Ga., at the time his brigade captured Gen. Stoneman. This necessitated a stay of three months in the hospital. After having recovered he returned to his company and remained to the end of the war, holding the office of first sergeant, and at times com manding the company, which was among the forces under Gen. Johnston. Upon his return home he found his father so affected in mind by the loss of all his slaves as the result of the war, and the great depreciation of his property, that the young man was compelled to take charge of his estate. In his management of this, as of all affairs which came into his hands, his diligence in the discharge of duty, his faithfulness to every trust were constantly manifested. He has won for himself valuable property and an assured position in society. In 1866 he married Miss Almeta P. Shell, who was born and reared in Coweta county, and whose parents, William B. and Nancy (Nance) Shell, were natives of South Car olina, and about 1836 came to settle in Coweta county. Mr. Shell was a delegate to the secession convention, and has retained the pen with which he signed those declarations. Mr. and Mrs. Walker have been blessed with seven children: Agnes May, John R., Wilbur M., Kate M., Lizzie S., Roland B., and William C. The parents are faithful members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and hold an honorable position in the community.

OALOWAY M. WEBB, one of the prosperous farmers of this county, belongs to one of the pioneer families of the state, to which his grandparents, Burrell
J. and Lou J. (Spear) Webb, natives of Virginia, came before the opening of the century. Mr. Webb was a soldier in the war of 1812. His son and namesake, Burrell J. Webb, Jr., was born in Elbert county, Ga., in 1804. On reaching man hood he married his cousin, Miss Mary E. Webb, and set out with his possessions in a little ox-cart to found a home for himself. He settled near Newnan, Coweta Co., and cleared up a farm, living in a tent while he built his little log cabin home. Here, Nov. 12, 1835, the son Caloway M., was born, and here he passed his early years with such opportunities for education as he could obtain. His first teacher, in the little log hut with its bare interior which served as a schoolhouse, was William Porch, the second Mamie Barnes, and the third William Alien. In 1861 Mr. Webb enlisted, serving through the war, being engaged in various hard battles and many skirmishes, among the former being the battles of Chickamauga and the siege of Atlanta. On returning from the war he found himself penniless and with a family of young children dependent on him. Mr. Webb was not dismayed, however, but with courage and vigor has pushed his

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\\~ay, gaining year by year, adding not to his riches alone, but to his influence. He has a fine farm of 550 acres, and his children have all been, well educated. He has six of these: Fannie, Mary, Nancy, Sophronia L, Leander B. and Reuben.
His son Leander has taken the degree of M. D. and is now in successful practice at Corinth. Mr. Webb's wife, whom he married in 1854, was Miss Sophia Evans,
the daughter of William and Rachel (Cotton) Evans. She is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Webb is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is one of the best and most worthy citizens of Coweta county.

JOHN B. WILCOXON, son of Levi and Lena (Griggs) Wilcoxon, was.born in Hancock count}-, Ga., in 1823. His father was a native of South Carolina
and came to Georgia in 1819, settling in Hancock county. Here he remained until 1830, when he came to Newnan, where he followed farming in connection
with milling. He was elected judge of the inferior court of Coweta county eight or ten years. He and his wife were members of the Methodist Episcopal church.
John B. Wilcoxon came with his grandparents to Coweta county one year before
his parents' arrival. He attended school in a pine log schoolhouse with a dirt floor and a log cut out for a window and a large, old-fashioned fireplace, a stick chimney and puncheon seats. After he became a man he rode five miles every
day from his father's home to Newnan and attended school. Then for two years he assisted his father, at the end of which time he came to Xewnan and began the study of law with Charles McKinley, and in 1848 was admitted to the bar. He kept his office open at Newnan and did a good practice until the war came on,
when, in 1861, he made up a company known as the Coweta rangers, furnished horses for some of the men, and went to Camp McDonald. He was made captain of the company, which went from McDonald to Lynchburg. and from there to western Virginia. In 1861, before going into regular service, when the Phillips legion was formed, he was made a major of cavalry. He was taken sick after a short time in South Carolina, and was discharged in 1862 and came home, but after he regained his health he raised another regiment of ten com panies, which was called "Joe Brown's pets," and served one year, the term of
enlistment. He was a great help to the Confederacy during the war, after which his father-in-law helped him to start at farming; he was very prosperous from
the start and now owns 2,900 acres of good land in Coweta county, which are well Improved, with a brick dwelling within the corporate limits of Newnan. In 1852 he was elected as state senator of Coweta county and served one session. At the
time when Tom Hardeman was speaker of the house he served one session of two years as representative of Coweta county and since that time has given his
entire attention to farming. In 1850 he was married to Mary West, daughter of Rev. John Q. West, of. Wilkes county, Ga., to which union four children were horn, two of whom are living: John W. and Hattie (Mrs. J. P. Jones). Mrs. Wil coxon died in 1857, and in 1861 Mr. Wilcoxon married Mary H. Cleveland, daugh ter of Aaron Cleveland. To them two children have been born, one of whom
is still living: Cleveland Wilcoxon, a prominent lawyer of Atlanta. Mrs. Wil coxon is a member of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Wilcoxon is now one of Coweta county's best and wealthiest citizens.

A LBERT R. WOOD, the leading coal and wood merchant of Newnan, Coweta Co., Ga.; was born in 1843, his parents being William and Elizabeth (Brown)
Wood. His father, son of John and Elizabeth (Nail) Wood, was born in Laurens
district, S. C, removing to Georgia in the year 1833. He was a farmer and a harness-maker by trade. His father, the grandfather of A. R. Wood (son of Samuel

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Wood, a native of Ireland, who came to America at a very early date), was born in North Carolina. He lost his life while constructing a mill. He was carrying up one of the corners of it, when he lost his balance and fell. A. R. Wood was reared in Newnan from childhood, receiving a common school education. In 1861 he enlisted in Company A, First Georgia regiment, under Gen. Clement A. Evans, and was with this company, which has the honor of being the company which fired the first shot at Laurel Hill, in all its engagements. He was wounded in the thigh at Reams station, which caused him to be at the hospital for about two months, during which time Gen. Kilpatrick very nearly captured Richmond; and before he was well he went out on the breastworks, and, being sergeant, and no commissioned officer being present, he took charge of the men and repulsed -the attack. After serving out his first enlistment, he immediately re-enlisted in the Twelfth Georgia battalion, serving until the close of the war. He was at the surrender, but he and a friend, Sam Echols, succeeded in making their escape by taking possession of two horses, which were attached to an ambulance wagon and riding them down through South Carolina, avoiding the Yankees and finally reach ing home in safety. After the war he began farming, which he continued a few years. In 1867 he was elected marshal of Xewnan, serving one year. In 1869 he married Georgia Snelling, daughter of Robert J. and Mary (Canaday) Snelling, to whom were born nine children: Thomas, Willie R., Jennie L., Jessie, Andrew H., Nellie, Anna, Elizabeth, and Georgia C. Mrs. Wood was born and reared in Georgia, and both she and her husband are members of the M. E. church. After his marriage, Mr. Wood removed to Richmond, Ga., where he was engaged in mercantile business for three years, then he removed to Coweta county, where he continued in the same occupation one year. He then went back to his farm, where he remained until 1890, when he opened a large coal and wood yard. Mr. Wood is a member of the masonic fraternity.
DOBERT H. WOODS, one of Coweta countys leading citizens, is the grandson of Robert Woods, a native of Ireland, who came to America and became
one of the first settlers of Madison county, Ga., about the year 1800. His son, Francis A., married Phoebe Wood, like himself a native of Madison county, and to them on Christmas day, 1827, was born Robert H. The father was a soldier in the Indian war of 1836. Robert was born and reared in Pike county, and owing to the limited opportunities of those days and the early death of his father, when he was but nine years of age, received only such an education as could be obtained in the old log school house of that time, prior to his fathers death. After this event the brave lad worked not only to obtain his own living, but to aid in the support of the family. The courage displayed in boyhood continued to develop, and ere he reached manhoods estate, upon the declaration of war with Mexico, he was one of those who, with patriotic ardor, rushed to arms, enlisting on June 10, 1846, in the regiment commanded by Col. Henry R. Jackson, of Savannah, Ga. He was in the company of Capt. H. J. Sargent, who with himself are the only members of the company now living in Coweta county. These troops were among the forces landed by Gen. Scott on March 9, 1847, at Vera Cruz, and among the exploits of that famous investment this company not only bravely bore its own part but has the credit of doing more hard marching than any other. In recognition of his service to his country in those momentous days, Mr. Woods draws a pension from the United States government. In 1849, on Dec. 22, Mr. Woods was married to Miss Mary E. Brooks, a native of Pike county, the daughter of Hillary and Nancy (Anderson) Brooks, and they have two children: Hillary A. and John C. Upon the outbreak of the war, Mr. R. H. Woods enlisted as a private in 1-36

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Company I, of Col. Xeeley"s regiment, but was soon elected lieutenant. Having served in this position for six months he formed another company, of which he was made captain, and later a second company was organized through his efforts. He was engaged in several very hard battles as that before Richmond, and was in command of the company at the battle of Malvern Hill, during the terrible four days and nights of the Wilderness, at Sharpsburg, Gettysburg and Knoxville, and also in many skirmishes. He was with Gen. Lee when this great chieftain sur rendered at Appomattox, being then in command of the Fifty-third Georgia regi ment. Mr. Woods was also in command of the last line ever formed by Gen. Lee, being the Celand line, ordered to charge a Yankee battery on the morning of the surrender. On May 6, Capt. Woods paroled his men, seventy-five being left of his regiment, the others having been killed, wounded or captured. After the war he returned to Coweta county and began farming; although his means in the begin ning were but small, his prudence and diligence in the management of his affairs increased his business and now he is very well to do, one of the best and most respected of the citizens of Coweta county.
\jyiLLIAM J. WOOD is a son of Jordan Wood, whose father, a Baptist min ister, was by birth a South Carolinian. Early left an orphan he came to
Georgia in 1811. and cleared up a small farm in the woods. After a time he sold this and moved to Flat Rock, Ala., where he spent the remainder of his life. His son Jordan was born in Georgia. Monroe county, Xov. 7, 1821: he was reared upon the farm and received a good common school education, after which he taught three or four years. By his own energy and perseverance he made his way in the world and acquired quite a fortune. During the war he was in the state militia, and carried on a blacksmith shop, doing all work without charge. His wife, Miss Emily Gegg, was born in Coweta county, and is of an old pioneer fr.mily. Their son, William J. Wood, was born in Alabama, in 1854, and reared upon the farm with very limited educational privileges. When he reached man hood his father gave him $125, and with this he engaged in an evaporator; little by little he has accumulated until he is now worth a considerable property. He has one of the best farms in the county, is also engaged in mercantile business in Sharpsburg, and is a stockholder in the Sharpsburg ginnery. He is a member of the masonic fraternity and one of Coweta's most respected citizens. His wife bore the maiden name of Lovida F. Xeeley, is a daughter of D. C. and Amanda (Car penter) Xeeley, and was born in Carroll county, Ga., July 4, 1859. Mr. and Mrs. Wood are both members of the Methodist Episcopal church. Their union has been blessed with nine children: Ola B., born Aug. 13, 1877; Thomas H., born Jan. 21. 1879; Leonard E., born Sept. 27, 1881; Erma May, born March 26, 1883; Robert'A., born Dec. 23, 1884; Ina R., born Dec. 30, 1886; William J., Jr., born April 15, 1889: Hubert G., born Feb. 17,1892; Love, .born March i, 1894.
\\fILLIAM S. WOODS belongs to a family of the early settlers of the state, and is the grandson of a revolutionary soldier, Samuel Woods, who came to
Georgia in the latter part of the last century, and settled in what is now Morgan county, where he engaged in trade, and where, in 1817, his son William was born. In 1836, he came to Coweta county and after marriage, settled on the farm still owned by his son. who occupies the same log house. The wife of William Woods was a daughter of Stephen and Jane (Davis) Woods, who were pioneers of the county of Coweta. the father also having served in the war of 1812. William S. Woods was born on this farm in May. 1845. and here grew to manhood, with the scanr\- school privileges of that period. In 1862, he enlisted in Company C,

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563

Thirty-fourth Georgia regiment, under Capt. Rollings, and served throughout
the war; the young man was in many important battles: Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Chickamauga, New Hope, Resaca, and all the way with Gen. Johnston to Atlanta, in which fight he also took part. He returned to his farm in Coweta county at the close of the war, where he has ever since remained. He at first began farming on shares, having no means of his own, but he devoted himself to his work with a zeal that must needs win success, and he is now quite prosperous, owning some 600 acres of good land in excellent condition, and stands well in the estimation of all who know him. In 1871, Mr. Woods was married to Miss Eliza Pittman, daughter of Isaac H. and Mary (Waites) Pittman. By this union he had three children: Ola, William and Laudon. Their mother was born in Heard county, in December, 1844, and died in 1883. She was a faithful and conscientious member of the Baptist church. In 1884, Mr. Woods married Miss Martha J. Cleveland, who was born in Troup county, Ga,, in 1847. Of their three children two are living: Samuel and Nancy E. Mrs. Woods is a member of the M. E. church. Mr. Woods is a Baptist, he and his first wife being charter members of the first church in Corinth, Heard Co., Ga.
QBADIAH WYNN, a prominent citizen of Coweta county, was born June 29, 1842, and is a brother of Joseph H. Wynn, his grandfather being Maj. John
Wynn of revolutionary fame, and his father Judge Glen O. Wynn, for many years a central figure in the affairs of this region. Although his school privileges had been few, Judge Wynn was a great reader and kept fully abreast of the times on all of the leading questions of the day. He was a man who had the full confidence of the people for his unswerving integrity, it being said that his word was as good as his note. In 1858, when he was elected to the state senate, a large portion of the better element of the whig party supported him, although he was a stanch and uncompromising democrat, feeling that a man of his stabiliy of character might be safely trusted, and loving him for his generous friendship for the poor and needy. During the dark days of the war many soldiers' wives and others of the needy were supported by his generous hand and it is well known that no one ever applied in vain to Judge Wynn. His patriotism displayed itself in the gift of two of his sons to serve in the war. His wife's father, Samuel Lumpkin, was also a revolutionary soldier, and the family is widely known as one of the worthiest in the state. Obadiah Wynn received his education in Fayetteville seminary and Newnan college, and had prepared himself to enter the state university, but the war coming on put an end to his hopes. He enlisted May, 1861, in Company A, Seventh Georgia regiment, being appointed lieutenant, but after the first battle of Manassas was promoted to the captaincy. After serving two years he was forced to resign, owing to a wound received at the battle of Malvern Hill. Besides this he was engaged in several very fierce battles: Manassas, Yorktown, Seven Pines, Garnett's farm, and others of less note. After the war Mr. Wynn married Miss A. E. Ware, whose parents, George and Mildred (Sorrel) Ware, both natives of Virginia, were among the early settlers of Georgia. Mrs. Wynn's grandfather was in the revolutionary war and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis. Mrs. Wynn was born in Fayette county, Ga., and she and her husband are both mem bers of the Baptist church. Mr. Wynn is also a member of the masonic fraternity. At the close of the war Mr. Wynn, like most of the old soldiers, returned home to begin life anew, without a dollar to start with. He began farming, but also engaged in mercantile trade, and by his own efforts, with care and diligence, has accumu lated considerable wealth, and has given his children the best educational advan tages. He has one son, Glen B. Wynn, of whom any father might be proud. He

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is a young- man of great promise and marked ability as an amateur geologist, hasone of the finest collections of minerals in all that region, and is thoroughly familiar with the subject. It is a delight to examine his beautiful specimens, and to listen to his lucid and interesting description; and it seems to afford him equal pleasure to display his collection and to explain concerning them. Mr. Wynn has three daughters; Annie, Louise and Ruby, who are typical representatives of true southern ladies, in beaut}-, goodness and refinement The two elder are highly educated; the younger has not yet completed her studies. Mr. Wynn's beautiful home is elegantly fitted up and furnished, his farm is one of the best improved in the count}-, and he and his family deservedly stand high in the esteem of all who know them, and are leaders in the society of the county.

IOSEPH H. WYNN, a prominent citizen of Coweta county, residing in Kedron, was born in 1844. He is a son of Glen O. Wynn, born in Oglethorpe
county in 1817, whose father, John Wynn, was a revolutionary soldier, a native of Virginia. About the year 1800 the latter with his wife, Susannah (Owen) Wynn, also of Virginia, came from that state to make a home in Georgia. Their son, Glen O., had comparatively few school privileges, but by a diligent use of such as he had he acquired a quite extensive general knowledge and was a man of broad and thoughtful mind. His wife, Miss Sarah P. Lumpkin, was a daughter of Samuel and Mary (Arnold) Lumpkin, a niece of Joseph Henry Lumpkin, and an aunt of Samuel Lumpkin, now judge. Both Mr. and Mrs. Wynn were faithful and devoted members of the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1841 they came to settle in Coweta count}', cleared up a farm from the dense woods, patiently enduring the hardships of such a life. Mr. Wynn's value as a citizen was duly recognized by his neighbors and in 1856 he was elected state representative, serving two years; in 1858 he was elected to the state senate by the largest majority ever given a candidate in Coweta county. He was for some time justice of the inferior court, and was a well-known Mason. Throughout his life he was one of the most popular men in the county, universally beloved and respected. Joseph H. Wynn, having passed his boyhood on the farm, had received a common school education, and was prepared to enter college when the outbreak of the war disappointed his expectations. Having been a student in a military institute, in 1863 he joined a troop of recruits at Rome, Ga., and with them was ordered back to Kennesaw mountain, where they were put into regular service with proper drill and training. From this time he remained in active service until the close of the war, being with Gen. Johnston through all the famous and hardly-contested battles fought during the retreat to Atlanta before Sherman, and also in the siege of Atlanta. After the war young Wynn spent a year upon the farm, and then went to Newnan to try the mercantile business, but after a year at this he returned to the farm, where he has since remained. In 1870 he married Miss Sallie Arm Glass, whowas born in Coweta county in 1844, and is the daughter of Glove and Lydia (May) Glass, both natives of Georgia. Both Mr. Wynn and his wife are members of the Baptist church. Of their seven children all save one are living: R. L., Ernest G.r Joe H., Gordon, George and Robert E. Mr. Wynn is a member of the masonic fraternity and is widely known and esteemed.

'THOMAS E. ZELLARS, a prominent business man of Grantville. belongs to one of the valued pioneer families of the state, to which his grandfather came
more than a century ago. He, Jacob Zellars, the son of a German, served through the revolutionary war, and for many years the old gun and powder-horn he had carried through that struggle were carefully preserved in his family. In 1790

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Tie brought his wife, Barbara (Fudge) Zellars, like himself a native of Virginia, and settled in what is now Lincoln county, Ga., a pioneer in the midst of the dense woods. Though poor in the beginning, he was able, by his own industry and prudent management, to amass a considerable fortune, and became one of the richest men of that section of the state. In 1798 his son Solomon was born and was reared on his father's farm in Lincoln county, but after his marriage he went to Newton county for a few years, removing thence, in 1849, to Campbell county, where he died in 1862. Though starting in life with but very little, he was able to accumulate a considerable property; he was a successful farmer, and at one time owned about 700 acres of good land. He and his wife were members of the Baptist church. Mrs. Zellars was Miss Emily Tatum, whose parents, John and Rebecca (Stovall) Tatum, natives of North Carolina, came at an early day to Georgia, making what is now Lincoln county their permanent home. Thomas E. Zellars, the son of Solomon and Emily Zellars, was born in Newton county in
1834. He passed his early years upon the farm with such advantages as the poorly-equipped schools of that day could give him. To read, to write and to cipher, ''the three R's," were the extent of the curriculum of those backwoods schools in general, but these, being at the foundation of all knowledge, were sufficient to enable the studious young man to acquaint himself with all subjects of general interest, so that he is reckoned a man of broad mind and great intelli gence. In April, 1862, he enlisted in Company C, Nineteenth Georgia regiment, in command of Thomas C. Johnson, and was with his company in many of its engagements. He was in many battles, among them Ocean Pond (where he was wounded), Round House, Petersburg, Richmond, Fort Fisher and many Others. The war left him penniless and he returned to his home to make a new start in life. Having a natural aptitude for business, he entered into part nership with William J. Garrett, on a borrowed capital of $2,000, and has been greatly prospered. Their business has steadily increased.and they are now among the largest merchants in Coweta county, carrying a stock of some $10,000, doing a business of about $50,000 per annum, with an estimated working capital of $30,000, and owning land as a firm valued at $7,000 or $8,000. Mr. Zellars' individual property in Grantville is estimated at about $7,000. In 1869 Mr. Zellars married Miss Ella Moreland, daughter of Thomas C. and Emma (Barnett) Moreland. She was born in Heard county, Ga., in 1851, and was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, while Mr. Zellars belongs to the Baptist church, of which he is a very useful and influential member. Mrs. Zellars died in 1891, having been the mother of five children: Jessie A., Thomas M., Ellen G-, Emma, and Ella E. Mr. Zellars is one of the wealthiest citizens of the county, where he is universally liked and esteemed. He and his family deservedly hold a position
of influence in the community.

CRAWFORD COUNTY.
JOHN I. CHAMPION, farmer, Roberta, Crawford Co., Ga., son of Thomas G. and Mary (Sandford) Champion, was born in Crawford county in 1845. His
paternal grandfather was Joseph I. Champion, who was born and raised in Au gusta, Ga.. whence he moved to Alabama. A few years afterward he moved thence io Crawford county and subsequently returned to Alabama. He was a very

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

devoted, ardent Baptist, and a leading member of the denomination in the state, lie lost all his sons in different wars--Henry and James in the Indian war of 1836: Jefferson in the Mexican war. and Thomas G. in the late war. Mr. Champion's father was born in Alabama, whence he came to Georgia with his father when a boy. He. like his father, was a farmer by occupation. He enlisted in Company A, Benaud's battalion, and died near Savannah while in the service. Mr. Cham pion's mother was a daughter of John S. and Silvia (Spivcy) Sandeford. He was born in South Carolina, anil coming to Georgia, was one of the early settlers of Jefferson county. 1 le was a farmer and fruit distiller. Mr. Champion was raised on a farm and received a very limited education. In 1863 he enlisted in Company A (Capt. Joseph A. Cotton). His battalion was subsequently consolidated with the First Georgia regulars, in which he saw some pretty hard service. He was in the battles of Olustee. Cusahassee. James Island. Silver Hills and Bentonville. He was severely wounded at Olustee and disabled from service four months. His father died during the war. and the son came out of it poor. and. being the oldest child, had his mother and her family of children to provide for. For a number of years he rented land, but in 1873 he made his first purchase, to which lie has added, until now he has a 4OO-acre farm of good land, well improved, and a nice home. He cultivates well and is quite as prosperous and as much respected as any citizen of the county. Mr. Champion was married in 1866 to Miss Agnes L. Roberts--born in Crawford county in 1844--daughter of James ami Margaret ^Stiles) Roberts. He was born in Jones county, but early in life moved to Crawford county, which continued to be his home until he died. He was a soldier during the Indian war of 1837. Of the fruits of this marriage five children are now living: Robert !.. John H.. Mary A.. Beulah and Walter E. Mrs. Champion is a member of the Primitive Baptist church. In January. 1895. Mr. Champion was unanimously elected by the citizens of his county tax collector.

\yiLLIAM J. DENT- fanner. Knoxville. Crawford Co., Ga., son of John \V.
and Elizabeth (Hoy) Dent, was born in Bibb county, Ga.. in 1841. His paternal grandfather was William Dent. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, was born in South Carolina, and was a prosperous farmer. Mr. Dent's father was born in South Carolina, migrated thence to Tennessee, whence he came to Georgia in 1838 and settled in P.ibb county. Subsequently he removed to Crawford county, where he lived the remainder of his life. His life pursuit was fanning, but he
served the county as a justice of the inferior court and as a justice of the peace, and was a captain of the militia when it was a coveted local distinction. Mr. Dent's maternal great-grandfather. Ouinton Hoy, was boni in England, and came thence to Georgia in the first quarter of this century and settled in what is now Bibb county, where he made his permanent home. His maternal grand father. James Hoy. was a Bibb county pioneer, and owned land where the city of Macon now stands. He was a farmer and large land-owner and was a soldier in the Indian war of 1836. Mr. Dent was raised on the farm and received a country common school education. About the time he reached manhood the civil war was commenced. In iS6;> he enlisted in Company K (.Capt. Gibson. later Capt. William Rutherford). Forty-fifth Georgia regiment, and went to the front. He participated in many battles, notably the seven days' fight around
Richmond and second Manassas. After this last-named battle he was taken sick, and on his recoven- was transferred to the cavalry sen-ice and fought all through the Atlanta campaign. On the close of the war he returned to his farm. Start ing in life with little or nothing he has so judiciously managed and so invested as to acquire quite a large estate and attain to honorable prominence and wide

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567

influence. He was county commissioner eight years, anil was on the board of education nine years. Air. Dent was married in 1860 to Miss Jane Davis--born in
1839--daughter of G. L. and Mary (Chambliss) Davis. He was born in Bibb county, was a farmer all his life, served in the Indian war of 1836, and lived in the county of his birth until he died. To this marriage eight children were born: Walter li.. Ida, John \V.. Gardner L.. Mary P.. Safronia K... Sarah J., and Hoy. Mrs. Dent, who was an exemplary member of the Uaptist church, died in 1887. Mr. Dent in 1887 contracted a second marriage with Miss Anna Dixon--born in Crawford county in 1855--(laughter of Thomas and Mary J. (Hicks) Dixon. Mr. Dixon was born in liibb county, Ga.. and moved to Crawford county, where he inarried and raised his family. He was a mill-wright by trade, and after he enlisted during the war he was detailed to service in the machine shops. Mrs. Dent is a member of the Methodist church and he is a member of the masonic fraternity.

\yiLLIAM G. HARTLEY, farmer, Crawford county. Ga., (P. O.. Fort Valley, Ga.). son of James D. and Parmelia (Jackson) Hartley, was born in Houston
county in 1833. His great-grandfather. Daniel Hartley, was a native of South Carolina, was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and accompanied his son to Georgia in 1827. Mr. Hartley's grandparents. Michael and Polly (Harris) Hartley, were born in South Carolina, came to Georgia and settled in Crawford county in 1827. He was a farmer, raised his family in the county, in which he spent his days. He was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Hartley's father was born in South Carolina in 1810. and came to Georgia with his father when seventeen years old, and settled with the family in Crawford county. He was married in Crawford county, and farmed until he died. He was a justice of the peace for many years. Mr. Hartley's mother was a daughter of Ximrod and Elizabeth (Busby) Jackson, who was born in South Carolina, and migrated thence to Georgia. He was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Hartley was reared a farmer's boy, and received only the meager education which fell to the lot of such at the time. He was a soldier in the Confederate army, and returned from the war very poor, but by hard work he has placed himself in comfortable circumstances. He was a justice of the peace many years. Mr. Hartley was married in 1852 to Miss Sarah Avery, born in Crawford county in 1831, daughter of David and Eliza beth (Hood) Avery. He was born in Washington county, Ga.. moved thence to Crawford. and a few years afterward moved to and permanently settled in Houston county. He followed farming all his life. Of the children born to this union seven are living: Roxie. James C, Randolph, Trefinia, George D., Warren O.. and Willie. Having ho aspirations beyond being a good farmer and neighbor, and securing their good will, Mr. Hartley has been content with the success he has achieved. He is a member of the Primitive Baptist church and a master Mason.
- JOHXSOX. farmer. Culloden P. O.. Monroe Co.. Ga., son of Ephraim and Rebecca (Jackson) Johnson, was born in Crawford county in 1830. His paternal grandparents were Simon and Allte (Cotton) Johnson. He was born in North Carolina, was a farmer, migrated to Georgia and settled in Crawford county, \vhere he spent his life. Mr. Johnson's father was a native Xorth Carolinian, was reared a farmer and removed to Georgia in 1822. and settled in Crawford county, where he reared his family. He lived in the county until he died. He was a mem ber of the Primitive Baptist church. His maternal grandfather was a native of Virginia, and related to Gen. Andrew Jackson. He was a fanner, and moved from Virginia to Georgia in this century, and permanently settled in Wilkes county. Mr. Johnson was raised on a farm and received a good common-school education.

568

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

He began life for himself as an overseer, which calling he followed and was doing well until the war between the states was precipitated. In 1861 he enlisted in
Company C, Capt. Charles Dennis, Twenty-seventh Georgia regiment. In all he
was in twenty-seven regular battles while in the army; some of them the most hotly contested and sanguinary of any during the conflict, among them Williamsburg,
Seven Pines, Ocean Pond, Fort Sumter, the Wilderness, Fort Fisher, Sharpsburg, Petersburg, and Bentonville. He was wounded at Sharpsburg and sent home,
where he remained thirty days and then returned to his command. He continued in the service until the surrender, was in the last battle at Bentonville, entered the service as a lieutenant and came out as a captain, having been promoted at Peters
burg. After the war he directed his energies to farming, bought his first land in 1874, and entered upon a term of gratifying prosperity. His success has satisfied
his most ambitions desires. In 1876 he was elected sheriff of the county, and held the office one term. In 1888 he was elected to represent the county in the general
assembly, and was placed on the following committees: Agriculture, asylum for
the blind, asylum for the insane, emigration and coal mines. Mr. Johnson was
married in 1851 to Miss Frances Stripland, born in Crawford county in 1835,
daughter of Abner and Xancy (Xichols) Stripland. He was born in Mississippi and was a millwright by trade. Of the children which have blessed this union five are living: Roxie, Lizzie, A. J., Robert L., and Ula. Mr. Johnson is a recognized
democratic leader and an influential partisan. He is also a master Mason.

JAMES H. JOYNER, farmer and merchant, Pine Level, Crawford Co., Ga., son of James and Jane (Renfroe) Joyner, was born in Crawford county in 1839. His
paternal grandparents were Ebenezer and Rachel Joyner. He was born in South Carolina and settled in Crawford county in 1818. He was a shoemaker, and worked at his trade many years after he came to Crawford, where he ended his days. Mrs. Joyner was the daughter of Enoch and Mary Renfroe. He was born in South Carolina, came to Georgia and settled in Washington county, whence he afterward moved to Crawford county and reared his family. He was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Joyner was reared on the farm, and the meager schooling he received was obtained at the old-time log school house. In 1861 he enlisted in Company F, Capt Fowler, Fifty-seventh Georgia regiment. He participated in the battle of Baker's creek, and was captured at Vicksburg and paroled. He aftenvard returned to the army and remained in the service until the surrender--was in the last battle at Bentonville, N. C. Coming home from the war he started anew in life without a dollar in his pocket. In 1866 he bought 100 acres of land, to which he has added as he made money, until now he has a large farm and a comfortable home in which to spend the decline of life. He has been a justice of the peace ten years--a tribute to his impartiality and local popularity. Mr. Joyner's prosperity has been such that he has supplemented his farming interests with a general mer chandise store. In 1860 Mr. Joyner was married to Miss Elizabeth Aultman, born in Bibb county, Ga.? in 1839, daughter of William and Man' (Rowland) Aultman. He was born in South Carolina, moved to Georgia early in life, and settled in Bibb county, where he reared his family. Of the children which blessed this union seven are living: Randolph, Anna, William, Charles, Oscar, Lulu, and John. Himself and wife are members of the Congregational church.
JOHX LIXDSEY, farmer, Crawford Co.(P.O.,Culloden, Monroe Co.), Ga., son of William and Sallie (Brown) Lindsey, was born in Hancock county, Ga., in 1824.
His paternal grandparents were natives of Virginia, where they spent their lives. Mr. Lindsey's father was born in Virginia, came to Georgia in 1814, and settled in Hancock county, aftenvard removing to Monroe county, where he reared hisfamily.

CRAWPORD COUNTY SKETCHES.

569

His principal occupation was that of a mechanic, and he served as a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Lindsey's maternal grandparents, Lewis and Sallie Brown, were natives of Virginia, and migrated to Georgia and settled in Baldwin county early in this century. He was a farmer, and was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. Mr. Lindsey was reared on the farm and received a very limited education. In early life he worked considerably as a mechanic, but after ward followed farming as a life pursuit. He made his first land purchase in 1840, to which he has gradually added by purchase, until now he owns about 600 acres, mostly cleared and under good cultivation. Being exempt by age from regular service during the war, he was detailed as one of the home guard, and although he did faithful service, he made no exciting record. Mr. Lindsey was married in 1851 to Miss Mary J. Harbuck, born in Warren county, daughter of James and Sarah (Thurman) Harbuck. He was a farmer, and moved early in life to Crawford county, and lived there all his life. Of the children which blessed this union these five are living: Robert L.; Ella, wife of Louis Lindsey; Mack; Mattie, and Mamie. Mr. Lindsey is a member of the Methodist church, and himself and family enjoy the respect of all who know them.
J W. MARSHALL, farmer, Burketts, Crawford Co., Ga., son of Joe and Nancy * (Layfield) Marshall, was born in Bibb county in 1837. His paternal grand
father was John Marshall. He was a native of Virginia, moved from there to Georgia early in this century, and settled in Hancock county, where he died. He was a Primitive Baptist preacher, and was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Marshall's father was born in Hancock county; when a young man moved to Bibb county, where he reared his family, and then moved to Crawford, where he died. His occupation was that of a farmer, but the latter part of his life he became a great fox-hunter and hunted the county over. Mr. Marshall's mother was the daughter of Jack Layfield, who was born in Hancock county and was a farmer all his life, which was spent entirely in Hancock county. Mr. Marshall began life as a farmer's boy, and poor, received very little schooling, and has followed farming all his life. Although not rich, he has prospered, and now has a large farm of good land. In 1862 he enlisted in Company E, Capt. Cleveland, Sixth Georgia regiment, and was engaged in many hard-fought, bloody battles, among them: Seven Pines, Cold Harbor, Chancellorsville, James island, Ocean Pond, Weldon, Kurston, and Bentonville. He was severely wounded in the battle of Cold Harbor, was in the hospital two months, and then came home, where he remained three months. When he recovered he returned to the army, and was again wounded at Bentonville. When the war ended he resumed farming, and bought his first land, a small farm, in 1867, to which he has since added. In 1860 Mr. Marshall was married to Miss Sarah Walker, born in Crawford county, daughter of Joe and Sarah (Woods) Walker. He was an old settler in the county. To this union were born three children: Addie, Octavia, and Sallie. His wife died in 1873. Later in the same year he was married to Miss Nattie Thorp, born in Crawford county, daughter of Robert and Louisa (Colbert) Thorp. He was born in Bibb county and was a farmer all his life. Of the children born to this union six are living: Lila, Thomas, Bettie, Charlie, Lizzie, and William L. Respected by his neighbors, Mr. Marshall is quietly enjoying the fruits of his labor.

JOHN S. SANDEFORD, farmer, Roberta, Crawford Co., Ga., son of William R. and Sarah J. (Rowe) Sandeford, was born in Crawford county in 1851. His
paternal grandparents were John S. and Silvia (Spivey) Sandeford. He was a native of South Carolina, came to Georgia when a young- man and settled in Jefferson county, where he married. In 1819 he removed to Crawford county,

570

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

\vhere lie raised his family. He was a farmer and was a soldier in the Indian \varof 1836. Mr. Sandeford's father was born in Jefferson county in 1813. He followed fanning all his life and did some service in the late war. Mr. Sandeford's
mother was a daughter ot William and Polly Rowe. He was born in South Carolina, migrated to Georgia, and going to Crawford, was one of the first set tlers in the county. He was a Missionary Baptist preacher and was a soldier
in the Indian war of 1836. Mr. Sandeford was reared on the farm, and as his school and boyhood days were passed during the war period, he received but a. limited education. He began life with nothing, and besides being the eldest child,
had to work hard and oversee the farm. But he has prospered and he now owns a good 75O-acre farm, which he has under improved and productive cultivation.
Mr. Sandeford was married in 1876 to Miss Willie E. Stripland--born in Craw-
ford county in 1858--daughter of William R. and Amanda (Sandeford) Stripland.
Mr. Stripland was born in Crawford county and was a prosperous farmer. Mr. Sandeford ranks with the richest and most substantial of the citizens of the county and commands universal respect.

D B. SCHOFIELD, farmer, Taylor, Crawford Co., Ga., son of Philip and
Charity (Busby) Schofield, was born in Crawford county in 1833. His paternal grandfather was William Schofield, who was a native of South Carolina, a farmer, and lived all his life in that stale. Mr. Schofield's father was born in South Caro lina, migrated to Georgia when a young man. and settled in Crawford county, where he married, reared a family, and died. He was a farmer all his life, and in
religious faith a Primitive Baptist. Mr. Schofield's mother was a daughter of Reese and Mary (Winn) Busby. He was a native of South Carolina and a farmer, came to Georgia soon after reaching manhood and settled in Crawford county. Mr. Schofield's boyhood was spent on the farm, and the little schooling he had
was obtained at the old-time log school house. He farmed until 1861, when he enlisted in Company F (Capt. Fowler), Fifty-seventh Georgia regiment. Among
the battles in which he was engaged were Baker's Creek, Missionary Ridge, At lanta and Bentonville. He was made a prisoner at Yicksburg, and when ex changed rejoined the army; was wounded at Atlanta, and sent to the hospital,
where he remained three weeks. After the surrender he came home on foot, and on reaching home he had $i. Starting with this capital, and supplementing it with hard work, he has gotten himself comfortably fixed for the balance of his life. Mr. Schofield was married in 1853 to Miss Jane, daughter of Solomon and Lethia
(Barnes) Davis. early settlers of Crawford county, by whom he had four children: Wm. F:, John S., Lethia E. and Reese A. In 1868 he was married to Ellen Bryant --born in Houston county in 1836--daughter of Robert and Temperance (Rowell) Bryant. He was a native of Georgia and came to Crawford county early in life. Of the children born to this marriage there are living, Ella. James and Anna. Mrs. Schofield is a member of the Primitive Baptist church.

QHARLES H. WALKER, farmer. Roberta, Crawford Co., Ga., son of William
and Elizabeth (Bostic) Walker, was born in Jefferson county. Ga., in 1812.
Mr Walker's grandparents, Joel and Judith Walker, were born in Buckingham
county. Ya.. and migrated to Georgia and settled in Jefferson county about the beginning of the present century. Mr. Walker's father was born in Virginia
in 1763 and came to Georgia in early life and settled in Jefferson county. He was a soldier in the patriot army and served through the revolutionary war. He was
under the command of Gen. John Twiggs, and letters written to him by that officer, now in possession of the subject of this sketch, testify to his courage, faith-

DADE COUNTY SKETCHES.

571

fulness and fidelity. He was a farmer and lived in Jefferson county until he died in 1818. Air. Walker's mother was a daughter of Nathan and Martha Bostic. He was a native of what is now Jefferson county and was a farmer. His mother was born in 1770 and died in 1835. Mr. Walker was reared on the farm and received a common school education, and when grown to manhood he taught school one term. Although a plain farmer, Mr. Walker was popular and influen tial, and that he was and is held in high esteem is evidenced by his election to office. In 1840 he was elected a state senator and was re-elected for seven terms, and was elected again in 1880 when sixty-eight years of age. In 1864 he was a member of the Georgia militia, and served in defense of Atlanta. Mr. Walker was married in 1834 to Miss Caroline E. Jones--born in Putnam county in 1815--daughter of William and Retensia Jones. He was born in Putnam county and lived in the county all his life. To Mr. and Mrs. Walker ten children have been born, of whom five are living: T. H. was killed at the battle of Sharpsburg; Caroline E., wife of W. H. Ficklin; George E.; Joel A., William J., and Robert W. Mrs. Walker, who was an exemplar}' member of the Methodist church, died in 1880. Mr. Walker is an honored member of the Methodist church, and no better or stronger proof of the confidence of the people in his integrity and of the estimation in which they hold him could be given than the fact that when last elected to the general assembly--1880--he received every vote cast. Was enlisted in the Georgia militia in 1864 and served around Atlanta with that command.

DADE COUNTY.
BENJAMIN T. BROCK is a prominent member of the Dade county bar, and editor and proprietor of the "State of Dade News," and belongs to one of the
pioneer families of North Georgia. He was born in Dade county, March 21, 1866, and is the son of Dr. William Brock, an old and respected citizen of that county, and a well-known person in northwest Georgia. Dr. Brock is born in what is now Whitfield county in 1832, dnd was the son of Benjamin Brock, a native of Virginia, who settled in North Carolina early in this century, and migrated to North Georgia \vhen that territory was yet in possession of the Cherokees. The family settled in Dade county early in the fifties, and there Benjamin Brock sur vived to a great age, dying in 1886. Dr. Brock studied medicine, and for several years previous to the war engaged in the practice of that profession in Dade county. At the commencement of hostilities between the states he was a man of note and influence in North Georgia, and took an active part in the support of the Confederate movement. On the first call to arms he raised a company for the Confederate service. He was commissioned captain, but later was made surgeon of the Thirty-fourth Georgia, and in that capacity he served through the war. He accompanied his regiment in the Tennessee and Kentucky campaign in 1862, and was present at the siege of Vicksburg. On the capture of that city, in July, 1863, he was made prisoner of war, but was paroled and returned to his home. Having been exchanged after the battle of Chickamauga, he rejoined his regiment and was present at the battle of Missionary Ridge, in November, 1863. In May, 1864, Johnston withdrew from Dalton, to commence the cele brated Atlanta campaign. Dr. Brock accompanied his regiment and was present on the fields of Resaca, New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, Peachtree

572

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Creek, and in various battles around Atlanta. On the removal of Johnston from the command he followed the fortunes of that general and his army during the autumn and winter of 1864-65, and was present at his surrender in North Carolina in April of the latter year. Dr. Brock returned to his home and resumed the practice of his profession at Trenton, where he resided until his death in 1881. He was a citizen of high and unblemished character and of sterling integrity. Dr. Brock married Miss Nancy Taylor, daughter of R. L. Taylor, of Dade county,
a descendant of a New England family. They had issue eight children: James R-, at present a practicing physician at Rising Fawn; Benjamin T.; Ernest D., a planter in Dade county: Mollie, who married Elbert McMahon; Allie, wife of W. G. Morrison, of New England city; Nannie, who died in infancy, and William H. Benjamin T. Brock received his preliminary education in the schools of Dade county, at William and Emma Austin college, Stevenson, Ala., and at the Kirkwood Military academy. He resolved to adopt the legal profession, and entered
the law department of Washington and Lee college at Lexington, Va., in 1883,
where he pursued a course of study in the various branches of jurisprudence during one year. Returning to Trenton in 1884, he continued his studies, and in 1885 was admitted to the bar in the superior court of Dade county. He at once engaged actively in the practice of the law with T. J. Lumpkin, under the firm name of Lumpkin & Brock. Three years later the firm was mutually dissolved, and Mr. Brock has continued to practice his profession at Trenton. He is a lawyer of very considerable learning and is extensively read in the general principles and technical learning of the law, and has taken meritorious and worthy rank in the walks of his profession--a good advocate, and an able and conservative counselor. He possesses the confidence of the public and the friendship of his professional brethren. His early training and education gave him a taste for literature and literary occupation. In 1891 he became editor and proprietor of the "State of Dade Xews," a weekly paper published at Trenton, and the official organ of Dade
county. This newspaper has a good circulation in North Georgia, in North Ala
bama and in Tennessee. Mr. Brock is a member of the Georgia Weekly Press association. He is a prominent leader of the democratic party in his district, and lias been chairman of the democratic state central committee of Dade county. In 1886 he married Miss Sally F. Cureton, daughter of Hon. J. W. Cureton, a leading citizen of Dade county, at one time its representative in the legislature, nnd formerly senator from the Forty-fourth senatorial district. Hon. G. W. Cure-
ton, the present representative of Dade county, is a brother of Mrs. Brock. J. W. Cureton entered the Confederate service and was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the Thirty-ninth Georgia, which regiment he commanded during the latter part
of the war. By this marriage Mr. and Mrs. Brock had four children, three of whom survive: Bernice, Cureton M., and Guy Raymond; Walter, deceased.

JAMES DOXNELLY, physician, Trenton, is one of the rising members of the profession of Dade county. He was born in Louisville, Ky., the son of James
Donnelly, a native of Queenstown, Ireland, who immigrated to the United States
in 1846 and settled in New York city, where he married Teresa Fitzsimmons, a daughter of Patrick Fitzsimmons. By this union were born ten children, five of whom survived to attain maturity: Mary, deceased, who married Thomas E. Winnard, of Tennessee: James, Stephen, now of Florida; Teresa J., and Annie B. The father of Dr. Donnelly was a mechanic, and during many years resided in the metropolitan towns of the North and East. Previous to the war he settled with his family in Louisville, Ky., where he lived four years, moving to Nash ville, Tenn.. and later to Wilson count}-, in that state. He died in De Kalb county,

DADE COUNTY SKETCHES.

573

Tenn., Feb. 18, 1880. His widow still survives at Smithville. Dr. Donnelly was chiefly reared in Tennessee and received a good education in the schools of that i-tate and at Purse Fountain college at Smithville. He learned the trade of a
painter, which he followed for several years, but a laudable ambition led him to aspire to a place in the ranks of the medical profession, and he commenced the study of medicine and surgery under Dr. J. P. Wannock, and later under Dr.
J. J. Broyles of Chattanooga. In 1889 he entered the Chattanooga Medical college and pursued the regular course of study in that institution and graduated therefrom in 1894. On Jan. 9, 1895, he settled in Trenton, in Dade county, and has become fully identified with the progress and prosperity of Georgia. He engaged in the practice of his profession, and from the outset has been remarkably successful. He has acquired a good practice in Dade and surrounding counties. He is justly popular and is trusted and respected as a citizen. He leads in the circle
of young men now beginning to shape the social conduct and business progress of the present generation of Georgians, among whom he finds himself at home. On July 3, 1892, Dr. Donnelly was married to Miss Nannie Parker, daughter of the late Joseph Parker of Walker county, this state. They have two children, Lillian Beatrice and Stephen Milton.

JOHN P. JACOWAY. This able lawyer is a resident of Trenton, and was born in Dade county, in 1856. He was the son of John G. Jacoway, a native of Ken
tucky, born in 1818, who settled in Dade county about 1845, an^ fr many years previous to the war engaged in the practice of the law. After the war he became a minister of the Gospel and continued in the service until his death in Dade county in 1892. He married in Tennessee Miss Nancy Middleton of that state, and they had four sons and two daughters: William U., at present a practicing lawyer, at
Trenton; Thomas R., a trader at Fort Payne, Ala., and at present postmaster
at that place; Henry J., a very successful planter and stock dealer in northern Alabama; Susan G., wife of R. A. D. Dunlap, a member of the Alabama bar and master in chancery in that state; Lucy J., wife of T. H. B. Cole, at present clerk of the superior court of Dade county; and John P. The subject of this sketch was educated in the schools of Dade county. Early in life he manifested a desire to enter the ranks of the legal profession, and with that object in view, he began a
course of study at Gadsden, Ala., and in 1880 he was admitted to the bar in the courts of that state. He commenced the practice of his profession at Trenton, and his legal career has been very successful. On locating at Trenton he became attorney for the Alabama & Great Southern railroad company, and for six years had charge of the claim department of that road. He was thus early in the practice of his profession intrusted with responsibilities usually devolving upon older heads--responsibilities that called forth the fullest resources of his mind, and doubt less were active causes in developing his mental faculties and power, and ripening his judgment. The character of his duties made him familiar with the rules of practice in corporation cases, and equipped him with a knowledge of legal prece dents, not only a desideratum, but a necessity. He purchased a valuable library, and devoted every spare moment to the pleasing task of acquiring an intimate knowledge of legal principles and practice, exploring the misty labyrinths of the
law and the rich mines of equity jurisprudence, and storing his mind with the wisdom and thought of the great masters of his profession. He thus fortified his mind with a knowledge of the art of acute reasoning, and with the method of clear, concise and lucid statement. Accordingly his success was assured. He rose
rapidly to an honored place in the ranks of his profession; and it is no exaggera tion of his legal powers to say that he justly and meritoriously stands at the head

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of his profession in his circuit. His practice extends beyond his circuit, in the United States court, and before the bar of the supreme court of this state. Whether as an advocate, discussing questions of fact before a jury; or as a solicitor in chancery, unravelling the hidden mysteries and complex questions of equity practice, he is alike successful as he is self-confident, and commands the respect and assurance of both court and jury, as well as the esteem of his legal brethren and the public. Mr. Jacoway is not only an ardent and persevering student of these branches which strictly appertain to the duties of his profession, but also a close and exhaustive student of miscellaneous subjects, including history and political literature. His conversation is learned, rich and racy, and bears ample evidence of omnivorous reading in the broad field of general literature and science. His associations and relations with the public in his county, and elsewhere through the state, are most cordial and friendly. He has never sought political preferment,
and has given only such thoughts to politics and public questions as became his character as a citizen and a lawyer. He is at present chairman of the democratic executive committee of Dade county. He is the regular attorney for the Bade coal company; the Walker iron and coal company, the Phoenix iron and coal company, and the Alabama & Great Southern railroad company. Air. Jacoway was married in 1879 to Miss Carrie Pace, daughter of B. F. Pace, of Dade county. They have five children: Eula, Sidney, Price, Henry Grady and Albert Briggs. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church south, and belongs to the
masonic fraternity.

THOMAS JEFFERSON LUMPKIN, physician, New England city, is one of the distinguished family of that name in this state. He was born at Rome, Ga.,
Jan. 17, 1839. His father was William D. Lumpkin, a native of Spottsylvania
county, Virginia, where he was born in 1810, the son of George Lumpkin, also a native of Virginia, and an extensive tobacco planter. George married Mary Ann Smith, and reared a family of four sons and two daughters: George W., who migrated to Chattooga county, Ga., while that county was Cherokee territory; William D.. who settled with his father near Gainesville, and later in Floyd county, and died a resident of Walker county; Payton S., who settled in Mississippi; I'ushrod, who moved to Chattooga county in 1856, and later to Texas; Martha, wife of Akion Ross, a Methodist minister, and afterward a bishop in Texas; and Keron H., wife of William Fain, and mother of J. C. Fain, judge of the superior court. . Wm. D. Lumpkin married Esther Hudgins, of Hall county, daughter of Beverly Hudgins, and they had seven children: Wilson D.; Martha J., wife of B. D. McWorter; John H., Thomas J., Payton S., Charles F. and Hugh P. Hugh P. Lumpkin is at present a member of the Walker county bar, and is county judge of that county. Both Judge Lumpkin and his brother Charles saw active service in the late war. Charles died in the service at Knoxville. All are
now deceased save Judge and Dr. Lumpkin. Dr. Lumpkin was reared in Walker county, and educated at La Fayette. About 1858 he commenced the study of medi
cine in Texas, to which state he migrated late in the fifties. Returning to Georgia he attended the Xashville medical college, and in 1860, the Atlanta medical college. Early in 1861, he enlisted in the Alabama state service, and soon
afterward enlisted in the Confederate service in Company C, Seventh Alabama, and was ordered to Pensacola, where he saw service in the medical department of the army. He returned to Chattanooga and there, in connection with Dr. P. D. Ames, established the first hospital in that city. He was present at the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh. but was not engaged. His regiment having been dis banded he returned home, and enlisted in Company H, Forty-eighth Alabama,

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and was ordered to the valley of Virginia, where his regiment was attached to Stonewall Jackson's brigade. He fought in all the principal battles of the war in Virginia, including Cedar mountain, Second Manassas, Georgetown, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Suffolk, Gettysburg, Port Royal, Chickamauga, Darby Town, Lookout mountain, Campbell station, Knoxville, Wilder ness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, Fort Harrison, Wiiliamsburg. He was also engaged in the seven days' fight around Richmond, in defense of the Confederate capital, at Chancellorsville, Malvcrn Hill, Drury's Bluff and Peters burg, and was present at Appomattox when Lee surrendered his army on April 9, 1865. It is believed that the above record is unsurpassed by any soldier in the
late war. He was made second lieutenant on enlisting in the Forty-eighth Ala bama, and in Xovember, 1862, he was promoted to the rank of captain, and during the greater part of his service commanded his regiment. He ranked higli as a useful and courteous officer. At Sharpsburg he was severely wounded in the
shoulder, and was shot in the arm and thigh at Chickamauga, and again at Freder icksburg he was shot in the shoulder and side. He fought in every engagement in which his regiment participated from the time of its organization until April 9,
1865. Returning to his home he completed his medical studies at the university of Georgia, and graduated at that institution. He commenced the practice of his profession in Dade county, and so continued until 1871, when he became agent for the state of Georgia, in its relation with the Alabama & Great Southern rail road. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and since 1873 has practiced law in Dade county. He owns a valuable homestead in Lookout valley, near New Eng land city, on which he'resides. He has long been one of the active citizens of Dade county, and has filled various positions of tnist in that county. In 1884 he became the candidate of his party for the office of representative in the legislature, and was elected, serving creditably during the sessions of 1884-85. He served on the special judiciary committee, on mine and mining, on enrollment, printing and banks and banking. He rendered efficient service both on the floor and in com mittee and became known as a useful and industrious member. He is a member of the masonic fraternity, and since 1885 as been high priest of the Trenton chap ter. In 1867 he married Miss W. M. McKinney, daughter of William McKinney, of Wilkes county, Ga. They have three children: Carra, Thomas H. and Vir
ginia E.

T\ SPENCER MIDDLETON, a rising and successful physician, residing at Rising Fawn, was born in Sumner county, Miss. He is a son of Z. L. Mid
dleton, a planter in that state, who was born in Tuscaloosa county, Ala., in 1828. Z. L. Middleton has always resided in Mississippi and engaged in the pursuit of agriculture. At the commencement of the late war he entered the Confederate
service, enlisting in the Fifteenth Mississippi regiment, and served through the long contest which followed. He participated in some of the leading battles and campaigns, including the siege of Vicksburg. At the close of hostilities between the states he returned to his home, having performed without a murmur the thank less duties of a Confederate soldier. He married Miss Mary Savage of Mississippi, daughter of Benjamin Savage, and to them have been born ten children: Mar}' Jane, wife of Maranda Shumake; John C-, Albert B., Annie E., wife of T. F. Gordon; William J., Georgia E., wife of Joseph Parker; Dr. D. Spencer, Robert
Luther, Minnie A. and Lucy S., all residing in Mississippi save Dr. Middleton. Dr. Middleton was educated in Webster county, Miss., and completed his literary study at Bellefontaine high school. He began the study of medicine first under Dr. W. A. D. James, of Alva, Miss., and later desiring" to complete his medical

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education, he entered, in 1892, the Chattanooga Medical college, and there, under the care of Dr. G. Manning Ellis, a professor of that institution, pursued a course of study in medicine and surgical science until 1894, when he graduated. He commenced the practice of his profession at Rising Fawn and rapidly acquired a good practice. He has given particular study to diseases of the eye, ear and throat He is a well educated and reliable physician and has already won the confidence
of the public in Dade county. In his practice he is governed by the ethics of his profession. On Dec. 19, 1894, Dr. Middleton married Miss Dolly Virginia Chadwick, daughter of John Chadwick, of DC Kalb county, Ala. The paternal grand father of Dr. Middleton was Parks Middleton, of Alabama. The Middleton family came from South Carolina and are of English extraction. One of the name was Hon. Arthur Middleton of South Carolina, and formerly a member of congress from that state. Dr. Middleton is an active member of the Missionary Baptist
church.

QOL. JAMES COOPER NISBET belongs to one of the distinguished and wellknown families of Georgia. He was born in Macon, Sept. 26, 1839, and was
the son of Hon. James A. Nisbet, also a native of this state, born in Greene count}-. James A. Nisbet was educated at the university of Georgia, and was a graduate of that institution. He read law at the Litchfield law school in Con necticut, and was admitted to the bar about 1833. He commenced the practice of his profession at Macon, first under the firm name of Poe & Nisbet, and later Nisbet & Nisbet. After the war the firm was composed of Howell Cobb, Judge Jackson and Messrs. James A. and E. A. Nisbet, under the firm name of Nisbets, Cobb & Jackson, and long continued among the ablest law firms in the state. Mr. Nisbet early rose to prominence in Bibb county, and was elected mayor of Macon. For several terms he represented Bibb county in the legislature with distinguished ability, and when that body was composed of some of the greatest men whom Georgia has produced. In 1860 he supported the Douglas and John son presidential ticket. With Stephens and others he was a strong Union man, and when Georgia seceded he gave his support to the Confederate movement with all the vigor he possessed until the close of the war. He died in Macon in 1871, full of years and honors, after a long, brilliant and successful career as a lawyer and citizen. His father was Dr. James Nisbet, born in Iredell county, N. C, who settled in Georgia in 1791. He married a Miss Cooper, an aunt of Hon. Alark A. Cooper, the distinguished pioneer iron manufacturer of Georgia. To them were born eight children. Of these was Eugenius A., an eminent lawyer, statesman and a man of excellent literary attainments, who graduated at Franklin college in 1821 with the highest honors of his class. He read law at the Litchfield law school, New Haven, Conn, and was admitted to the bar. He served several terms in both upper and lower branches of the general assembly. In 1838 he was elected to congress, and in 1840 was re-elected, but resigned before the close of his term. In 1845 ne was elected associate justice of the supreme court at its formation, and was several times re-elected to that position, in which he served continuously until the commencement of the war, his decisions being still quoted as good authority in all the states. In 1861 he was elected to the Confederate congress and served in that body with distinction during four years. Another was Milas Nisbet, a wealthy planter in Morgan county, who died, leaving one son, who married Miss Trabue, of Kentucky, sister of a congressman from that state. Others were John T. Nisbet, a member of the Bibb county bar; Sarah, wife of Dr. William Le Conte, of Liberty county, a large rice planter, and Mary, who died without issue. The father of James C. Nisbet married Frances Rebecca,

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577

daughter of Dr. John Wingfield, of Morgan County.. Dr. Wingfield was the son of John Wingfield and Rebecca Nelson, of New Kent county, Va. The common ancestor of the Wingfields was Edmund M. Wingfield, first deputy governor of Virginia under Sir John Smith. By this marriage James A. Nisbet reared five children: Irene, wife of Col. George H. Hazelhurst, a distinguished civil engineer; John W., a graduate of Oglethorpe university, and the major of the Twenty-sixth Georgia infantry--he served in the army of Northern Virginia until 1863, and in the western army during the remainder of the war and died in Dade county in 1885; James Cooper, Anna, who married Marshall De Graffenread, a member of the Atlanta bar; Mary Amanda, deceased, and Frank, who died in infancy. Col. James Cooper Nisbet grew to manhood in Macon, and received a classical education at Oglethorpe university, where he graduated in 1858. He removed to Lookout Valley, in Dade county, in 1859, and settled on the Clover Dale stock farm. At the commencement of the war he raised a company in Dade county, and at his own expense uniformed and equipped it. This company he transported to Richmond, Va., and there it was attached to the Twenty-first Georgia, Trimbel's brigade, Ewell's division of Jackson's corps. He was commissioned captain of his company. He fought in all the battles in which Jackson's corps participated until after the fight at Fredericksburg, including the valley campaign, in which were fought the battles of Front Royal, Winchester, Strausburg, Cross Keys and Port Republic. He was also engaged in several of the seven days' fights around Richmond, including Cold Harbor, where he was wounded by a shell, but continued to command his regiment (Twenty-first Georgia), and fought at Savage Station, White Oak Swamp and Malvern Hill. During the seven days' fight he commanded his regiment as senior captain with signal ability and courage. He fought Pope at Cedar Run and was engaged in the second battle of Manassas, Chantilly, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, where he was slightly wounded, and Fred ericksburg, where he also commanded his regiment, and for gallantry displayed on the field under the eyes of Stonewall Jackson and Gen. D. H. Hill he was promoted to the rank of colonel. He next went to Richmond and held a personal interview with President Davis and the secretary of war, by whom he was orde'red to Macon with instructions to recruit a regiment. He mustered into service four teen companies, which were organized into the Sixty-sixth Georgia regiment and the Twenty-sixth Georgia battalion; of the latter his brother, John W. Nisbet, was made major, and the command of the regiment and battalion was given to Col. Nisbet. He proceeded with his command to Fort Cobb, in Florida, and later was ordered to Chickamauga, but did not reach the field until after the battle. He was placed in command of Walker's Georgia brigade and fought at the battle of Missionary Ridge, supporting the right wing under Cleburne. The army fell back to Dalton, and in May, 1864, began the celebrated Atlanta campaign. He fought at the battles of Resaca, New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, and on July 22, where he was made prisoner of war, near Atlanta. He was confined at Johnson's island, Lake Erie, until September, 1865. After undergoing four years of hard and self-sacrificing service in support of the Con federacy he returned to his home and again engaged in agricultural pursuits. He married Miss Mary E., daughter of Gen. John A. Young, of Charlotte, N. C. Miss Young was a relative of the historical families of Grahams, DavSdsons, Brerards and Ewings, and of Mrs. Stonewall Jackson. To them were born three daughters and one son, two of whom survive: Irene and Malvjne. His wife died and he was again married to Miss Louise Wingfield Bailey, daughter of Gen. Armstrong Bailey, of Columbus, Ga. They have two children, James Cooper and Frances Lloyd. His service was again called for by the public in 1868, when 1-37

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he was elected to the house of representatives in the legislature, and served in that body during the sessions of 1869-70 and 1871. In 1877 he was elected secretary of the constitutional convention. He has since filled various positions of trust in his county and is a fitting representative of the progress and push of
his age in Xorth Georgia. Mrs. Xisbet is a lineal descendant of a revolutionary officer, being a granddaughter of Maj. Edward Lloyd, of Savannah. Maj. Lloyd
entered the patriot army early in his youth, at the age of sixteen years. He was a lieutenant of artillery and lost an arm while in command of his company at the siege of Savannah in 1779, on the same day that the Count Pulaski was killed. He was afterward promoted to the rank of major. At the close of the war lie organized an artillery company known as the Chatham artillery. This famous
organization is still in existence, and was the first volunteer company organized in the United States after the war of the revolution. He married late in life, in 1810, at Athens, Ga., Mrs. Sarah Anderson Hatchett, a young, beautiful and bril
liant widow who was on a visit to Georgia from her native state of Virginia. They had one child, the late Mrs. Gen. Armstrong Bailey, of Columbus, Ga., the mother of Mrs. Xisbet. Maj. Lloyd died at his summer home in Lexington,
Oglethorpe Co., this state, in 1814. The Xisbet family, with their connections, justly rank among the most distinguished and illustrious in Georgia and the south, and for upward of three-quarters of a century have taken an active and prominent part in shaping the conduct of public affairs in this state. The family is particu
larly noted for high intellectual attainments, honorable motives, and has at all times possessed a high character for patriotism toward American institutions. Maj. Lloyd was an officer in the order of the Society of Cincinnatus, which society was organized by Washington, membership being confined to officers of the revolution and to the oldest male descendants, an honor which now descends by right of inheritance to Cooper Xisbet, the eldest son of Mr. and Mrs. J. Cooper
Nisbet

DAWSON COUNTY.
DEUBEN S. ANDERSON, farmer, McKee, Dawson Co., Ga., son of Jordan and Lusena (Stone) Anderson, was born in what is now Dawson county, in
1843. His parents were of English descent and born in South Carolina. After their marriage they came to Georgia and "entered" the land now owned and occupied by the subject of this sketch, under government authority, and the prop erty has remained in the family ever since. Mr. Andersen's mother died on the place in 1880 and his father Aug. 5, 1882. To them eight children were born: William, deceased; Robert, killed during the war in the army; Frances, wife of John Kelley; James P., in Alabama; Reuben S., the subject of this sketch; Emeline. wife of Andrew J. Hide: Jordan L., and Jackson R. Mr. Anderson was reared on the farm and received only the limited education obtainable in the common schools of the county. In 1863 he enlisted in the Union army, in Company A, Capt. Rogers, of Michigan, which was part of the First Georgia regi ment, union troops, organized in Tennessee. He remained with this command until the surrender at Appomattox. when he returned to the old homestead and engaged in fanning and stock raising, in which he has more than realized his most sanguine expectations. On his farm is a very fine water power, which he

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579

has made use of by building on it a fine corn and wheat mill. Besides he operates a cotton gin and a threshing machine. Upright and scrupulously honorable in
all his dealings, he enjoys the respect and confidence of his fellow-citizens. Mr. Anderson was married Aug. 31, 1865, to Miss Melinda, daughter of John and Mary (Hill) Green, who were born and married in South Carolina, and early in life moved to Georgia and settled in Lumpkin county (now Dawson). To them
nine children were born: Sarah; Carolina; Bishop, who died in the army; Jane; Monroe, who died in the army; Farlena; Melinda, wife of the subject of this sketch, and two who died in infancy. Of the children born to Mr. and Mrs. An
derson eight are living: John B., born June 5, 1866; Mary E., born Sept. 21, 1867, wife of Levi Pinyon; Sarah C., born Nov 21, 1871, wife of Doyle Burt; Samuel
A., born Nov. 28, 1873; Lydia C., born Aug. 15, 1875, wife of Jasper Henry; Laura E., born July ^3, 1878; Walter M., born Oct. 27, 1882, and Bishop N., born
Feb. 21, 1885. Mr. Anderson is a stanch republican, and himself and wife are active members of the Methodist Episcopal church.

W ILLIAM B- BURDINE, farmer, Yellow Creek, Dawson Co., Ga., son of James and Nancy (Bowen) Burdine, was born in Pickens district, S. C,
March 31, 1836. His parents were natives of South Carolina, and his father, of Irish descent, was a blacksmith by trade, and also conducted a farm. They both
died in South Carolina, having raised a family of six children: William B., the subject of this sketch; Jane, Martin, James, John, killed while in the army during the war, and Thomas, also killed while serving in the army. Mr. Burdine was reared on the farm and learned the trade of a blacksmith under his father. So necessary were his services on the farm and in the shop that he received but little educational advantages. When he became of age he worked at his trade, to which he added wagon-making. In 1870 he moved to Dawson county and located on his present farm, containing 800 acres, lying on the Etowah river, 150 acres of which are bottom land. This he has paid for and improved out of his surplus earnings. He has confined his energies and entire attention to the home
stead and his private affairs and is perfectly content with the results. Sur rounded by an affectionate family and possessing the confidence and esteem of alt who know him, he is spending the closing years of his life in quiet and comfort. Mr. Burdine was married in 1863 to Miss Lucinda Putnam, daughter of Abner and Hannah Putnam. To them the following children--all living--have been born: James A.; Hannah, wife of Lody Redd; Jane; William L.; Martin; Nancy, wife of John Roper; Isabella, wife of Wheeler Hill, sheriff of Dawson county; Martha, wife of Thomas Hubbard; William R., Thomas, Mary and Rebecca. He is a stanch democrat and a member of the I. O. O. F., and himself and wife are consistent and much appreciated members of the Baptist church.
Eleven of the children are also members of the Baptist church.

DALAAM HARBAN, county ordinary, Dawsonville, Dawson Co., Ga., son of Nathaniel and Barbara (Maldan) Harban, was born in South Carolina Feb. 25,
1828. His great-great-grandfather on his father's side emigrated from England to this country, and his grandfather, Samuel Harban, was a native of South Carolina.
Mr. Harban's father was also born in that state, came to Georgia in 1828 and settled among the Indians. While he made farming his chief reliance for a livelihood, he was an expert blacksmith, which trade he worked at and repaired guns for the Indians. His mother was born in South Carolina, and was descended from early Scotch settlers. They raised ten children to become heads of families. The chil
dren born to them were: Samuel; James; Susan, wife of A. J. Spriggs; John, died

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
with fever during the war; Tyra; Balaam, the subject of this sketch; Nathaniel W. z Benjamin; Jesse, and Lucinda E., wife of James P. Howard. His father died in February, 1865, and his mother in 1874. Mr. Harban was reared on the farm and educated at the near-by country schools. Ambitious of adventure, and to secure wealth, he left his home, January, 1852, for California. Going by way of Cuba--he spent eight days on the island--he landed in San Francisco forty days after leaving home. Leaving that city he went to Sacramento, and thence via Colona and Georgetown to Nevada, and stopped at Alpha, Nevada Co., where he remained about five years. During the greater part of this time he worked a mine of hisown, and the remainer of the time he worked at the carpenter's trade. In December,. 1860, he returned home and commenced farming, which he pursued until 1862,. when he enlisted in Capt Pierce's company, Sixty-fifth Georgia regiment The regiment first went to Cartersville, then to Chattanooga and Loudon, Tenn., whence it went into Kentucky, and back to Cumberland gap; skirmishing and fighting more or less throughout the campaign. He was taken sick at the "Gap" and wassent home. At the end of thirty days, however, he returned to his command, which was at Loudon, Tenn. He continued with the army, faithfully discharging hisduties as a soldier until the army went under Gen. Hood into Tennessee; was taken prisoner at Franklin and sent to Camp Chase, Ohio, where he was held until the surrender. Coming home he engaged in farming, and in addition has worked at blacksmithing and carpentering. His fellow-citizens expressed their appreciation of his integrity and capabilities by electing him ordinary of the county in 1892, the responsible duties of which he discharged acceptably and with conscientious fidelity. Mr. Harban was married March 10, 1861, to Miss Mary Anne, daughter of Joseph and Matilda Grogan, by whom he had the following children: Mary W., wife of William H. Bird; Samuel J.; Martha, deceased; Susan, wife of W. J. Turner, and Joseph N. The mother of these died in 1873, and the following year he married Mohala M., a sister of his first wife, who has borne him five children: Jesse B., Andrew C., Minnie M., Barbara M., and George W. In politics Mr. Harban isa democrat Himself and wife are devout members of the Baptist church.
*
LJENRY HOUSER, hotel man, Dawsonville, Dawson Co., Ga., son of David and Jane (Dickson) Houser, was born in Yorkville district, S. C., in 1820. His
paternal grandfather, Henry Houser, was a native of Germany, and emigrated to America before the revolutionary war. He lived a short time in Boston, Mass., and then went to Pittsburg, Pa. He was a furnace builder by trade, and built the first sixteen furnaces in that state. Subsequently, he moved to Yorkville, S. C., where he continued to work at his trade, and finally settled on King creek, where he died. Mr. Houser's father was born in Pennsylvania, and followed farm ing and gold-mining through life. His maternal grandfather, Dickson, was born in Dublin, Ireland, and came to this country when quite young with his parents, who settled in New Jersey. Here the mother of the subject of this sketch was born. Seven children were born to Mr. Houser's parents: Henry, the subject of this sketch; Sarah, deceased; David; Elizabeth; Robert, killed during the latewar; Johnson, killed at Seven Pines, and Thomas. Mr. Houser remained at home until he was seventeen years old, when he engaged to work with a millwright, to learn the trade. After that he entered upon a general trading life, in which he was phenomenally successful, and soon became the largest slave dealer in North Georgia. In 1861 he enlisted in Company K, Capt N. D. Tabor, Eleventh Georgia cavalry. He participated in every battle in which his regiment was engaged, per forming arduous and efficient service, and remained in the army until the sur render. In 1887 he built a fine, large hotel in Dawsonville, and to the management of that he has devoted his time and attention since that time. Mr. Houser was-

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married March 4,1864, to Sarah, daughter of Elijah and Jane (Fields) Castleberry. He is an uncompromising democrat, a master Mason and a consistent and influ ential member of the Baptist church. yiRGIL D. MONROE, fanner, Dixon, Dawson Co., Ga., son of Daniel P.
and Carey A. (Dodson) Monroe, was born in Haywood county, N. C., June 9, 1841. His father, of Irish descent, was born in South Carolina, and his mother, of Scotch descent, was born in North Carolina. In 1844 his father came to Georgia and settled in Habersham counfy, thence to Cherokee, and finally to Lumpkin county, settling on land now included in Dawson county. ' By profession he was a school teacher--but in connection with teaching, he managed a small farm, and engaged in wagon-making--and was conceded to be the best mechanic in that line in the county. He was recognized as a man of more than ordinary ability, and attained to considerable prominence. He was elected clerk of the superior court five terms successively, county judge one term, and in 1866 was elected to the state convention. The following children were born to him: Mary M., deceased; Van Buren H., deceased; Samuel L., de ceased; Martha C.; Daniel G.; Virgil D., the subject of this sketch; John W., de ceased; Louisa A., and Marion R. His wife died in 1879 and he in 1881. Mr. Virgil D. Monroe was reared a farmer, and making farming his life occupation, is regarded as one of the best, as he has certainly been one of the most successful in the county. In 1864 he enlisted in Company H, Capt. W. A. Twiggs, Fifth Tennessee Mounted infantry, Col. S. B. Boyd, Union army. He is one of the oldest settlers of Dawson county, and has been foremost and active in promoting every move ment to improve the town and develop the resources of the county. For several years he was a notary public, and ex-officio justice of the peace, and ordinary of the county four years. He is one of the county's solidest and most substantial citizens. In 1894 he moved from Dawsonville to the southeastern part of the county, where he owns a large and magnificent tract of land. Mr. Monroe was married in 1866 to Miss Susan--born Jan. 20, 1846--daughter of William and Rachel (Darnell) Kelly, who has borne him four children: Amanda L., wife of James H. Owens; Mary M.; Emma L., and an infant child, deceased. He is an uncompromising republican, a member of the I. O. O. F., and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church.
IOHN PALMOUR, farmer-capitalist, Dougherty, Dawson Co., Ga., son of John and Nancy (Boon) Palmour, was born in Hall county, Ga., June 10, 1829. His
parents were born in South Carolina, and while yet young, came to Georgia and settled in Hall county. Subsequently he moved to Lumpkin (now Dawson) county, and engaged in farming. When he settled on the place the Indians were nearly as numerous in northeast Georgia as the whites are now, and the country nearly an unbroken forest. The Indians, however, Mr. Palmour says, were very peaceable, and spent their time hunting--but would steal corn and other farm products. His father died in 1836. To him seven children were born: Ratcliffe; Silas, deceased; John, the subject of this sketch; Lucinda; Narcissus; Elizabeth and Sally. Mr. Palmour--a genuine pioneer--was raised on the farm. Soon after the late war began he enlisted in a company commanded by Capt. Russell, which was a part of Col. Findlay's regiment. He was made first lieutenant of the company, and with it did efficient service. Near the close of the war he was elected a justice of the inferior court, and came home. He has represented his county in the general assembly six! sessions, and ranks very high in political circles. He has a very large, excellently well-located farm, which is one of the bestequipped and best-arranged of any in that part of the state, on which he has built

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

and operated a large, first-class grist mill. While profitably managing these interests he has also been profitably interested in other important enterprises. He owns a large brick hotel in Gainesville, Hall Co., Ga., and scattered through out northeast Georgia, he owns various large bodies of valuable mineral lands. Of extensive information and great will power, he exercises a potent influence politically and otherwise. Mr. Palmour was married March 16, 1849, to Miss Caroline Couch--born March 16, 1834--daughter of Terry and Agnes Couch; a union which has been blessed with fifteen children, of whom the following survive: Benjamin, life insurance agent; Silas, farmer; William A., a leading phy sician of Gainesville, Ga.; Edgar, farmer, and Homer, dentist, Dougherty, Ga.; Oscar, student, North Georgia Agricultural college, Dahlonega, Ga.; John L., traveling in the west; Raymond, remaining at home; Sallie, wife of Richard Block; Amanda, wife of J. D. Whelchel, and Malinda, wife of R. A. Gober. Messrs. Block and Gober are merchants, and Mr. J. D. Whelchel is a farmer. Mr. Palmour is an unyielding democrat, and a master Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church.

A MOS ROPER, farmer, Yellow Creek, Dawson Co., Ga., son of Tyre and Melinda (Ednes) Roper, was born in Pickens district, S. C, Dec. 23, 1845. His
parents were natives of South Carolina, and his father was a prosperous farmer and Baptist minister of considerable prominence. They were the parents of nine children: Rachel, Jesse, Rebecca, Samuel, Eliza, Annie; Amos, the subject of this sketch; Man-, and Vashti. Mr. Roper was reared on the farm and educated at the common schools of the district. He enlisted in 1862 in Company H (Capt. Philpot), Second South Carolina regiment, and with his regiment participated in many important battles--among them, the Wilderness and Darbytown. At the last-named battle he was wounded, Oct. 7, 1864, and was taken to Jackson. After receiving his discharge he returned to South Carolina, and to farming. In 1875 he came to Georgia and bought the farm in Dawson county on which he now lives, which contains 2,140 acres. He came out of the war with only $16, and this large farm with its capacious and substantial improvements are the fruits of his hard work and extraordinary good management. In 1891 he was elected tax collector and senred one term. He is energetic and enterprising, and always on the alert--always ready--to lend a helping hand to measures calculated to benefit the county. Mr. Roper was married Dec. 31, 1868, to Mary E., daughter of Cor nelius and Harriet (Lynch) Keith, of old South Carolina families. Six children have blessed this union: John A., married Nancy Burdine; Annie, wife of William M. Gentry; Harriet, wife of Andrew Turner; Sarah, Cornelia, and Foster. He is a very strong and enthusiastic populist, and himself and wife are working and very prominent members of the Baptist church.

IOHN B. THOMAS, journalist, Dawsonville, Dawson Co., Ga., son of William H. and Mary (Stegall) Thomas, was born in Lumpkin county, Ga., March 28,
1847. He is of Scotch-Welsh descent, and his parents were natives, respectively, of North Carolina and Georgia. His father was a farmer and a pioneer settler of North Georgia, and died in 1868; and his mother died in 1884. To them eight children were born: Elizabeth (deceased); Sarah (deceased); William C; John B., the subject of this sketch; California (deceased); Martha J., wife of Joseph W. Woodward; and Henry H. Mr. Thomas learned the printer's art when a mere boy, and worked at the trade until just after the beginning of the war between the states. In 1862, when not quite sixteen years of age he enlisted in Company C (Capt R. R. Asbury), Fifty-second Georgia regiment, and went to the front.

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The regiment was ordered to Knoxville, accompanied Gen. Bragg in the Kentucky campaign, and participated in the battles of Tazewell, Tenn., and Frankfort, Ky. He was at the siege of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge. His regiment was with the army from Dalton toward Atlanta, and took an active part in the campaign. At Kennesaw mountain he was cap tured and sent to Camp Chase, Cincinnati, and was confined there until the close of the war. After his release he went to Kentucky where he stopped awhile, and then went to Mississippi, where he was foreman of a bridge gang about a year. Returning to his Lumpkin county home he engaged in the newspaper business in Dahlonega. Jn 1872 he went to Utah, and after engaging in mining four years returned to Dahlonega and resumed the newspaper business. In 1888 he sold out and embarked in mining in Lumpkin county, and followed it two years, when he came to Dawsonville and bought a printing office and material, and has devoted his time and attention since to the permanent establishment of the "Dawson County Advertiser." He is also agent for Dawson county for the Georgia immigration bureau. Mr. Thomas is energetic and progressive, well posted and public spirited, and all the time on the alert to advance the best interests of Dawson county. Mr. Thomas was married Oct. 8, 1871, to Miss Julia, daughter of Thomas H. Kilgore, by whom he had one child which died in infancy--and July 27, 1872, the mother died. In 1879 he contracted a second marriage, with Miss Martha J., daughter of Benjamin T. White, a union which has been blessed with five children: Mary T., born Jan. 9, 1880; William T., born Dec. 5, 1883; Anna J., born March 21, 1885; Maude, born in 1889; and Ruth, born Sept. 30, 1893. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and a master Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church.

DECATUR COUNTY. B B. BOWER. For fourteen years, by successive re-election, Byron B. Bower,
" Bainbridge, Decatur Co., Ga., has been the popular and honored presiding judge of the superior courts of Albany circuit, comprising Baker, Calhoun, Decatur, Dougherty, Mitchell and Worth counties. Judge Bower descends from the sturdy stock which settled Xew England, and his great-grandfather. John B. Bower, was a resident of Providence, R. I., during the revolutionary war, where Isaac Bower, the judge's grandfather was bom. When he was eighteen years of age, he came on a visit to relatives in Georgia, and was so favorably impressed that he determined to make his home here. He married a lady of Baldwin county and made his home in Milledgeville, where he lived all his life, except an interval of five years in Arkansas, raised a family, and died in 1863. The judge's father, Isaac B. Bower, studied law and was admitted to the bar in Talbotton, Talbot Co., Ga. He was married in Talbot county July 8, 1838, to Miss Adeline D. Breedlove, and the next year moved to Early county, where he purchased and conducted a plantation in connection with his law practice. After a short resi dence there near Fort Gaines he located in Cuthbert, Randolph Co., in 1854. where he remained until 1864, continuing the practice of his profession and the supervision of his farm. From 1864 to 1866 he lived in the adjoining county of Miller and became interested and very prominent in politics, and represented the county in the constitutional convention of 1865 and in the state senate. In

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1866 he moved to Bainbridge, which has since been his home, where his father died Oct 3, 1873, during a yellow fever epidemic. He was a man of sterling character and was specially honored in the Georgia reports by a biographical
sketch from the pen of Hon. Richard H. Clark, judge of Stone Mountain circuit --his life-long friend. He raised a family of seven children: Byron B., Marcene, killed at the Black and White station fight during the war; John, deceased; lamthus, merchant, Decatur county; Euzema, who moved to Los Angeles, Cal., after having been prominently identified with state politics many years, during which he served a term in the state senate; Richmond M., merchant, Decatur county; Ceneilla, wife of Rev. W. M. McAlexander, a Presbyterian divine, Mem phis, Tenn. Judge Bower's mother is still living and is a member of his family. Judge Bower was born in Talbotton Sept. 26, 1839, began the study of law at. the age of seventeen and a year later was admitted to the bar. After a few months' practice with his father he located in Newton, Baker Co., and although quite young took an active interest in politics. The year following he was elected justice of the peace; and six days before he attained his majority he was elected ordinary of the county, defeating a gentleman who was backed by the influence of the late Senator Colquitt This was in September, 1860, and when, the following winter, the war spirit developed he enlisted as a private in the Cuthbert Rifles,
one of the first companies at Ttiscaloosa. The next year he suffered a severe attack of pneumonia while on duty at Cumberland gap, and when convalescent returned home. But the need of his country was too pressing for him to remain
contented at home, and a few months later found him again in the field, this time a member of Company B, Eighth Georgia cavalry. At the taking of Plym
outh, X. C., he led the company as captain, having previously served as its orderly sergeant, and the regiment as adjutant. Soon after the company was ordered to join Gen. Lee's army, and he was thenceforth in conflict almost daily about Petersburg. He participated in the famous Hampton beef raid when that daring
and valorous general stampeded 3,000 beeves from a point immediately in the
rear and within one mile of Grant's headquarters. After the surrender Mr. Bower settled in Miller county, was elected county judge and served until 1868, when he removed to Bainbridge, which has since been his home. In 1882 he was one of the five candidates before the general assembly for judge of the Albany circuit, ancl after a spirited contest he was elected on the eighth ballot to fill an uticxpired term of two years. So satisfactorily and efficiently has he discharged the responsible duties of his office that he has been re-elected three times since without opposition. Judge Bower was married in Bainbridge in June, 1871, to Miss Ellen L. Dickenson, formerly of Virginia, a union which has been blessed with nine children, of whom six are living: Byron B., Jr., in senior class univer sity of Georgia, reputed to be one of the brightest members of the class; Evergiline Yestalgar, also a student at the university of Georgia; Gordon, Don Roland, Jack, and Lticien Conway. The very estimable mother of these died in March,
1885, and the following year her sister Annie was called upon to assume the duties of the head of the judge's household, to be called away by death a few
months later. It is almost superfluous to add that the judge is an unswerving democrat: he is also a member of the masonic fraternity, and of the Methodist cJuirch.

JOHX H. BOYETT, JR., son of John H. and Elizabeth (Trawick) Boyett, was born June 7. 1864, in the western part of Decatur county, Ga. John's parents
had four children: Isaac L., a planter; Elizabeth, single, with brother; Julia Ann (Mrs. Samuel Bninson, Decatur countyl and John. The Boyetts are of Irish

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origin and members of the family came to this country among its earliest settlers. Isaac Boyett, John's grandfather, was a soldier in the Indian wars. He came to Georgia and settled in the western part of Decatur county, being one of the three families there in 1836. He lived and died on a plantation then settled. The Trawicks are of Welsh descent, the branch in Georgia coming from North Caro lina. Mr. Boyett's grandfather Trawick served under Gen. Jackson, and while in this service helped to blaze the first road from the Carolinas into Georgia, after ward known as the "Three Notch Road," or Jackson's trail. John H. Boyett, his father, was born in North Carolina, and came to Georgia with the family. In 1853 he and Elizabeth Trawick were married, and to them were born four chil dren. Mr. Boyett's father enlisted as a member of Company A, Fifty-first Georgia
regiment in May, 1861, and served in Virginia. He was in many hard-fought battles, was wounded once and once captured and passed ninety days in prison. While doing picket duty in Shenandoah valley, just before day, Oct. 19, 1864, he was shot dead by a Federal picket and was buried where he fell. His devoted widow still cherishes his memory, making her home among her children awaiting her summons to join him. Mr. Boyett grew to manhood in his native country, enjoying but limited educational advantages, in fact the most of his education has been picked up, as it were, since he attained to man's estate. His first business venture was with a brother in 1889 at the home place, and known as Boyettville. As Boyett Brothers they conducted a general merchandise business until Aug. I, 1891, when he purchased a half interest in the general merchandise business of
S. D. Cherry at Donalsonville, the firm being Cherry & Boyett, with flattering promise of splendid success. He is a democrat and for four years was a member of the county democratic executive committee and a notary public. Mr. Boyett is held in high estimation as a citizen and business man.

C J. CHESNUT, M. D., son of R. G. and Mary (King) Chesnut, was born in
* Bainbridge, Ga., Nov. 16, 1862. The Chesnuts were of Irish and the Kings of Scotch descent. The lineage of the latter can be traced to the famous McDonald clan in Scotland. Of the Chesnut family three brothers came from Ireland--one settling in North Carolina, one in South Carolina and the other in the west. The brother which settled in South Carolina was the great-grandfather of Dr. Chesnut. David, his grandfather, moved to and settled in Newton county, Ga., where he reared his family. The doctor's father late in the forties went from Newton county to Attapulgus, Decatur Co., to take charge of the school there as principal--that then being a somewhat famous school center. There he married his first wife, a Miss Donalson (of a pioneer family), by whom he had three children: C. E., planter, Decatur county; W. A., fanner, De Kalb county, Ga., and Mrs. E. G. Wilson, Decatur county. This wife died in 1855, and Mr. Chesnut married his second wife (Mary King) in Americus, Ga., in 1860, who also bore him three children: R. G., railroader, Ocala, Fla.; S. J., physician, and
David K., who died in infancy. Mr. Chesnut was a graduate of Erskine college, a thoroughly educated man and a thorough educator himself. His life-work was
that of a teacher, and he was considered one of the very best in the south. He was a democrat in principle. Dr. Chesnut had the benefit of the scholarly instruc tion his father could impart and was trained under his wise guidance and disci pline at Attapulgus. In 1886 he attended a session of the Peabody Normal school at Atlanta. In 1884 he taught school at Whigham and subsequently at other places--two years at Attapulgus--until 1889. In the fall of that year he entered the medical department of the university of Maryland, where he remained three years, graduating in 1892. Returning home he was accepted as a partner by Dr.

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
L. H. Peacock, with whom he had passed his vacation, taking a high rank and establishing an enviable reputation in his profession. Nov. 13, 1893, Dr. Chesnut married Ella, daughter of C. L. Harrell. He is a democrat in politics and in religious faith a Methodist, although his family are Presbyterians. He is also a Knight of Pythias.
This is also one of the pioneer families of Decatur county, one whose numerous representatives have for many years imparted strength and solidity to the framework of its political and social life. Of Scotch Presbyterian stock, their austere religiosity and unyielding opposition to immorality in all its forms have always been most marked. The progenitor of this branch of the family in this country was Duncan Curry, who came from Argyleshire, Scotland, before the revolutionary war and settled in Xorth Carolina. During that memoiable con flict, while at home for a brief period, he was murdered by a band of guerrillas, led by one Cunningham. This sad event occurred a few months before the head of this family, Duncan Curry, was born. When only seven years of age his mother died and he was bound out to a family named McPherson, and by them apprenticed to a gunsmith. When eighteen years old, having served his appren ticeship, he came to Telfair county, Ga., where he married a Miss Sarah Smith, and where he lived until 1823, when with a family of six children he removed to Decatur county, Ga., and settled near the site of the present town of Climax. He resided here until his death, February, 1849. ^rs- Curry died in 1834. Mr. Curry was a man of excellent sense, an active, ardent whig and was frequently the chosen standard-bearer of the party and served both Telfair and Decatur counties in the general assembly. Nine children were born to this pioneer couple, all of whom are dead excepting Dr. Joshua Curry of Bainbridge. They were: Mary, who married David Holloman; Cassandra, Archibald, Duncan, Calvin, Martin L., Joshua C., Sarah J. (Mrs. Dr. Martin R. Martin) and Margaret, who married Edward Love. Of these we further mention Duncan and Calvin. Duncan Curry was born in Telfair count}-, Ga., March 6, 1818. Near Quincy, Fla., Oct. 23, 1845, ne married Mary Jane Love, of a North Carolina family which settled in Florida in 1824. His wife is still living. They were the happy parents of eleven children: Duncan, Sallie (deceased), Julia F., Marion H., Mary Ann (Mrs. Alex. Maxwell, Hico, Tex.), Joseph, Margaret (deceased), Janey (Mrs. Eugene B. Tovvnsend, Climax), Mary L. (Mrs. Manton Alford, Mar ion county, S. C.) and Daniel L. The head of this family died April 26, 1886. He was a quiet man, true to his convictions and highly esteemed, and with the ex ception of the time of the war, devoted the years of his life to agricultural pur suits. He was an excellent farmer and wise manager. During the late war he was importuned to accept the captaincy of a company, and yielding to the general desire, he led to the field Company F, Fiftieth Georgia regiment, and participated in the Second Manassas and Fredericksburg battles. Retiring on a certificate of disability, he returned home and was made captain of commissary work and did efficient service until the war ended. Calvin A. Curry was born in Telfair count}-, Ga., May 8, 1820, and Feb. 9, 1843, at Quincy, Fla., married Jane E. Gregory, by whom he had ten children, seven of whom are living: D. B., J. G.. H. C., A. R, C. H., A: D. and Amittie S. (Mrs. J. H. Martin, Hawkinsville. Ga.). Mr. Curry died of brain fever April 21, 1867, but his wife is still living. Mr. Curry was always greatly inter ested in public affairs and was an ardent whig partisan, but could not be induced to accept an office. The Currys, however, were best known in their religious life; they were the pioneers of Presbyterianism in Decatur county, and were

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noted for their devotion to its teachings. Calvin was especially active and con
cerned for the welfare of the church, and always insisted on having a good min ister in the community. Indeed, to enumerate the many virtues of this member among a family so noted for piety, would require more space than can be devoted
to this sketch. His was indeed a golden character, unbending in its integrity, re lentless in its justice, spotless in its purity. The Bible was the absolute law of its household, and family prayers always preceded the day's duties. Even his
slaves were held responsible for their "shorter catechism," he himself hearing them recite every Sunday morning. His children were raised in the most careful manner and are known as persons of the highest character.
Henry C. Curry, son of Calvin A. and Jane E. (Gregory) Curry, was born
Nov. 20, 1850, and received his education under the tutorship of Rev. H. F. Hoyl. He was married in Camilla, Ga., April 30, 1878, to Miss S. E. McElveen, by whom he has two sons: H. H. and C. A. Mr. Curry taught school success fully for several years and then conducted a general merchandise store in Bainbridge. In 1886 he was appointed agent for the Alabama Midland and the Savannah, Florida & Western railways at Bainbridge, a position he still holds to
the entire satisfaction of the corporations and the public. He is an active member
of the Presbyterian church, of which he is an elder, and is secretary of Orion lodge, F. & A. M.

C H. DICKENSON. It affords the biographer much pleasure to note in this
* sketch the essential points in the history of a man who, for nearly sixty years, was one of Decatur county's most respected citizens. Coming to the county in 1835, he was a potent factor in its development, and by untiring industry and good business judgment he succeeded in making himself comfortable in the world's goods, and in the declining years of his life enjoyed the hard, well-earned fruit of his toil. Mr. Dickenson was a scion of an old Virginia family, whose
home for many generations has been in Caroline county, in that state. Thomas, the father of S. H., was married, in that county, to Annie Parker, by whom he had nine children: Matilda, S. H., John P., William, Thomas, Lucy, George, Man' and Annie, of whom S. H. was the last to depart this life. Mr. Dickenson was born in Caroline county Sept. 15, 1815. At the age of twenty, in company with a younger brother, he came to Decatur county, having been induced to do so by an uncle, John I. Dickenson, who was greatly interested in the then new and allabsorbing silk craze. The idea was to introduce the Morus multicaulis--or manyleaved mulberry--extensively used for feeding silk-worms. The death of the uncle the next year caused the collapse of the scheme. Mr. Dickenson, however, con
cluded to remain in the south, and, so, after spending a year in Florida, he built a mill on the Flint river, now just across from Bainbridge. In consequence of the hard times which followed the panic of 1837, a failure of this venture was caused. Nothing daunted, Mr. D. moved his mill to Tallahassee, Fla., where he continued milling for ten years. In 1850 he bought a small tract of land on the Chattahoochee river, directly west of Bainbridge, erected his mill on it, and in connection with it established a general merchandise store. His success exceeded his most san guine anticipation. From time to time he added to his property, until he had some 5,000 acres of valuable land and a fine milling property. Since 1880 the cares of his business have been largely assumed by one of his sons--Mr. Dickenson gradually retiring from active control. In 1886 he purchased a beautiful site, and built an elegant house in the quaint old county-seat of Decatur, where he resided until his death, Dec. 27, 1894. The energy and independence of Mr. Dickenson are finely illustrated by the followine incident In the early seventies he became

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
greatly annoyed because of unjust discrimination and the negligence of the steam boat company controlling the river navigation. He determined to teach the company a lesson--and he did. Investing $10,000 in a boat, he started a com peting line, cut prices, and so reduced the company's profit that they were glad to buy him out at a high figure, and such was the impressiveness of the lesson that the freight-rates and service have been satisfactory from that day to this. Feb. 23, 1873, while living near Tallahassee, Mr. Dickenson was married to Julia A- Hail, who survives him. To them ten children have been born, four of whom only survive--E. T. C, merchant, Greenwood, Fla.; G. H., in charge of the old plantation; Lulu L., widow of Julian Fleming, deceased, formerly a lawyer of Augusta, Ga., who with her daughter, resides at the old home; and J. L., a merchant at Iron City, Decatur Co. Mr. Dickenson was a democrat, and a thoroughgoing Methodist of forty years' standing.
1 SAIAH GRIFFIN, a thrifty planter, and a much-respected citizen, is the son of Len and Louisa (George) Griffin, and was born in Decatur county, Ga., Nov.
7, 1837. His grandfather, James Griffin, and his family, lived, early in the cen tury, in Twiggs county, Ga. One morning, as he opened his door at daybreak, he was shot dead by some Indians, leaving a widow and five children, four boys-- James, Len, William, and Mitchell, and a girl, Linnie--all of whom are dead. In 1825, Mr. Griffin's father, Len, visited Decatur county and bought some land, and in 1826 the entire family removed to Decatur county. Mr. Len Griffin grew to manhood in the county, and married Louisa George, by whom he had three children: Isaac; Martha J., Mrs. B. F. Hines, widow, near Bainbridge, and I. M., Jr., a planter in Decatur count}-. Losing his first wife, Mr. Griffin married a Miss Catharine Hines, by whom he had six children. Isaiah Griffin has been married four times. In 1861 he was marrried to Rachael Lasseter, by whom he had one child--L. E.--now in Florida. His second wife was Lucy Hunnewell, who bore him no children. For his third wife he married Mrs. Dr. Skinner, by whom he had two children: Hunnewell and Mattaner, both at home. After the death of this wife, Mr. Griffin married Mrs. L. S. Wright, who has had no children. After the war, Mr. Griffin was elected tax collector and served two terms. He is a democrat, a member of the Methodist church, and a master Mason.
W. HARRELL enjoys the unique distinction of being the oldest native-born * citizen of Decatur county--having been born Oct. 17, 1822, at a point eleven miles southeast of Bainbridge, then a mere trading post known as Fort Hughes, so named in commemoration of the killing there, by the Indians, of a fifer named Hughes. The name of Harrell is indelibly written on every page of the annals of Decatur county. Energetic, enterprising, aggressive, the members of the family have so impressed their personality on the county that no history would be complete without honorable mention of the name. Business ability being the prominent characteristic of the family, solid facts, concisely and pointedly presented, will form the staple of this sketch. Jacob Harrell, grandfather of W. W. Harrell, came from North Carolina in the latter part of the last century and settled in Pulaski county, Ga., but in 1821, with his wife, moved to Decatur county and settled eleven miles southeast of Bainbridge. The original plantation is now in the possession of \V. W. Harrell. The parents of \V. W. Harrell, John and Sarah (Brock) Harrell, had been married just before the removal to Decatur county. Five children were born to them: W. W., the eldest; Mary, widow of James Bird: John; Martha, widow of James Thomas, and Jacob, all now living in Decatuicounty. The father of this family was a shrewd and industrious planter, who, though poor in his youth, accumulated before middle age one of the finest

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properties in the count}-. At the close of the late war he released 250 negroes. He died in 1876, when seventy-five years and some months old; his wife died some years before. Mr. Harrell grew to manhood in a pioneer country, subject to all the disadvantages and hardships of the time and locality. -Education was obtained almost on the "catch-as-catch-can" principle--that is, by attending school only two or three months in the year. He managed, however^ to attain to such proficiency in knowledge of the "three R's," as, supplemented by his inborn shrewd ness and business tact, has enabled him to successfully compete, in the struggle of life, with others whose early advantages were superior to his. Beginning as a planter near the old homestead, he, after an experience of eight years, bought the hotel property at Bainbridge, and served as "mine host" of the Decatur house for a number of years, operating in connection with it a livery business. Retiring from the hotel in 1859, he engaged in a number of enterprises--merchandising, running a stage line, keeping a livery stable, etc. In 1857 Mr. Harrell was elected sheriff of the county, serving in that capacity and as deputy until the war began, when he volunteered as a private in the First Georgia infantry, and served at Pensacola, Fla., and in West Virginia, until compelled to retire on a certificate of disability. His service, though brief, was none the less arduous and honorable. While absent he had been elected sheriff, in which office he served continuously until 1877, with the exception of a few months in 1872. A republican had been elected that year, but resigned, when Mr. Harrell was again elected. In 1877 ne was elected to the house of representatives--rendering efficient and valuable service, and after ward retiring to private life. Since the war he has bestowed much attention to planting and milling; and, although past three score and ten, is active and vigorous, and operates two mills and several plantations, aggregating 2,300 acres. Col. Harrell was married June 29, 1843, to Ann B. Bird. To them six children have been born: John D., merchant, Bainbridge; Martha Isabella; W. J., doctor; a little boy, not named (deceased); Charles L., merchant, in company with John D., and Clifford, Mrs. Dr. W. D. Wilson, Bainbridge. Mrs. Harrell died July 28, 1882. Col. Harrell ranks as one of the stanchest of democrats, is a thorough going Methodist, and as a Mason has been exalted to the royal arch degree. JOHN D. HARRELL, United States marshal, southern district of Georgia,
eldest child of W. W. Harrel, was born April 9, 1844. The common school education he was receiving was cut short by the civil war. In February, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Troop A, Fifth Georgia cavalry; soon after was made a corporal, and later was appointed second senior lieutenant, Company A, Twentyninth battalion, Georgia cavalry--his service being mostly guard duty on the Atlantic coast. He was on his way to Virginia at the time of the surrender, and was paroled at Augusta. Returning home he engaged as salesman until 1873, when, in company with his brother Charles, he embarked in a general mer chandise business, in which he has continued. He is best known, however, by his civil service, to which his capabilities and superior qualifications were adapted. He has been sheriff of Decatur county; he then served a two years' term a clerk of the superior court, and after that a term of treasurer. For twenty-five years he has been a much valued and serviceable member of the city council--two years of the time as mayor. In 1884 he was elected to represent Decatur county in the general assembly, and served by re-election until 1889. While in that body he was chairman of the committee on railways and finances. He was appointed on the governor's staff, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, by Gov. H. D. McDaniel, and was reappointed by Govs. J. B. Gordon and W. J. Northen. He has been an active member of the democratic executive committee, second con gressional district, and was appointed chief of special land service at Washington

590

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

by Secretary of the Interior Department Hoke Smith; an honor which the
demands of his business compelled him to decline. In 1894 he was appointed United States marshal for the southern district of Georgia by President Cleveland, and office whose duties he is discharging with his characteristic fidelity and efficiency. No commendatory remarks could add anything to such a well-rounded public career. Marshal Harrell was married in Burke county, Ga., Feb. 23, 1863, to Miss Annie E. Owens. Of their children, Annie R. is the widow of J. M. Terrell, who was a confidential traveling agent of the Western Union Telegraph company; Evelyn H. is the wife of R. A. McTyer, Bainbridge, and an infant, which died unnamed. He is a Knight of Pythias, a royal arch Mason, is grand senior deacon of the Grand lodge of master Masons, and is an active member of the Methodist church.

C* J. ML'XXERLYX. If one should go to Decatur county on a mission of inquiry pertaining to its public affairs--past, present or future--he would at
once be referred to Col. Munnerlyn, one of the best known characters of southwest Georgia, who for ten years has ibeen the popular and exceptionally efficient ordi
nary of the county, his tenure of which will probably only terminate by death or total disability. The Munnerlyns are of Welsh-Irish origin, and are of the old colonial stock which gave the Carolinas their strongly marked character for self-reliance and independent spirit. During the war for independence, Col. Munnerlyn's grandfather and six of his brothers were in some one or other of the patriot armies. His immediate branch of the family settled in Marion county, S. C. His parents, Chas. Munnerlyn and Hannah Shackleford, were married in Georgetown, S. C., and in 1833 removed to Gadsden county, Fla. In 1837 they came to Decatur county, Ga., where Col. Munnerlyn's father had been a successful planter, and had accumulated a large property at the time of his death in 1856. His mother died in 1865. Col. Munnerlyn was an only child, and was
born in Georgetown, S. G, Feb. 14, 1822. He was educated at Emory college, Oxford, Ga., and studied law under Judge A. B. Longstreet, its president, and was admitted to the bar. His taste, however, ran in another direction, and he never regularly entered the practice. Col. Munnerlyn's entrance upon public life was as a delegate to the secession convention, in which he cast an affirmative vote. While the convention was still in session the war-cloud burst, and he left and volunteered as a private in the First Georgia Volunteers, and served at Pensacola and in West Virginia. Failing health compelled him to return. Soon after his return he was elected to represent the second congressional district, and in Feb ruary, 1862, took his seat in the first permanent congress of the Confederate States. Seeking re-election he was defeated, as was the entire Georgia delegation, the prime cause of which was their votes in favor of the conscript act, a very unpopular measure. It is a matter of interest to state that every man then defeated entered the army. Col. Munnerlyn entered Scott's battalion of cavalry as a private, but was soon detailed by Gen. Anderson on special service. Reporting to Presi dent Davis, whom he had known while in congress, he was given a major's commission and ordered to Florida, where he was to organize a regiment of reserves south of the then military line. It was the duty of these reserves to keep open the lines, and in every possible way to facilitate the collection and forwarding of supplies to the army in Virginia. This duty, faithfully performed, secured his promotion to a lieutenant-colonelcy, which he held at the surrender. In view of the uncertain status of affairs, Gen. Jones advised him to remain quiet and hold himself in readiness to facilitate the escape of any of the officers of the late Confederacy who might desire to leave the country. It thus became his privilege,

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591

in connection with Capt. J. G. Leslie, to aid in the escape of Judah P. Benjamin, the brilliant secretary of war. The war over, Col. Munnelyn devoted himself to
farming until 1884, when he was elected ordinary of the county, to which he has.since been continuously re-elected. Col, Munnerlyn was married in Charles
ton, S. C., Feb. 20, 1845, to Eugenia, daughter of James and Harriet Shackleford, a union which has been blessed with nine children: Mary (Mrs. I. B. English,
Macon, Ga.); Harriet (widow of R. J. Binford), now living with her father; Eugenia, Mr. Dr. J. E. Ethridge, Macon, Ga.; Elma, Mrs. F. C. Ethridge, Macon,
Ga.; Florrie, Mrs. J. B. Bethea, Bainbridge, Ga.; Charles, Donaldsonville, Ga.; and Pane, Birmingham, Ala. (both railway officials); and Calhoun, Decatur
county. James, of Savannah, is deceased. Col. Munnerlyn is of course an old war horse of democracy. He is a member of the Methodist church and a royal arch Mason.

E. POWELL, a highly esteemed citizen and prosperous fanner living ten miles east of Bainbridge, Decatur Co., is a descendant of one of the very earliest of the pioneer families of southwest Georgia. His grandparents, William and Sarah (Turner) Powell, settled in Decatur county as early, possibly, as 1857, near where W. E. Powell now lives. The old frame cabin which made their rude but happy home is still standing in a well-preserved condition, almost
reverenced by the family, and an object of interest and curiosity to all. The children of these worthy pioneers were: Kedar, Jane (who married a Trulock),
Sarah (Mrs. Albert Cunningham), Margaret (Mrs. James McElven), Benj. F.,
William, and Louisa (Mrs. Dr. Bruce), all of whom are dead. William Powell, son of William and Sarah (Turner) Powell, was born in Decatur county Jan. i,
1830, and was married Nov. 22, 1853, to a daughter of William and Mary (Comp-
ton) Donalson. To them the following children were born: William E.; G. D., Tampa, Fla.; Eugene (deceased); and Frederick M., Roseland, Fla. Mrs. Powell
died July 20, 1884, and Mf- Powell married Mrs. Emma Knighton, by whom he had four children,- Wight, Luellen, Jeff. Davis, and Ruth. Mr. Powell died
May 20, 1892. He was a man of excellent traits of character, and a successful planter; He was a democrat and a consistent, member of the Methodist church. William E. Powell, son of William Powell by his first wife, was born in Decatur county, Ga., Aug. 3, 1854, and grew to man's estate on the plantation he now cultivates. Dec. 30, 1879, he was married to Georgia E. Gainey, who also was a native of the county. She has borne him five children: Maude E., Mattie Lou, Ethel, Eola, and Marvin Eugene. Mr. Powell belongs to the democratic party,
and is a member of the Methodist church.

f** H. THOMAS, one of Decatur county's leading citizens, is a prosperous
merchant at Woodland, on the Chattahoochee branch of the Savannah, Florida & Western railway. He also operates, nearby, a saw-mill on an 1,800-
acre tract of fine timber land. His grandfather, Hezekiah Thomas, came from
Maryland and settled in South Carolina, where he married Mary Brooker. In
1829, with a small family he moved to Decatur county and settled in the Fowlton neighborhood, where he died after a long and useful life, in 1861, at the age of eighty-three. His wife died in 1873, at the age of eighty-six. Mr. Thomas'
father was born in South Carolina, but grew to manhood in Georgia. He married in Baker county and settled in Fowlton, where at the age of sixty he died in 1871. His wife died when thirty-five years old, in 1864. They had six children: Melinda (deceased), C. H., J. M., J. C. (deceased), B. B., and E. M., all of whom
reside in Decatur county. C. H. Thomas, the subject of this sketch, was born

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

in Decatur county Aug. 16, 1847. When twenty-one he engaged in the mercantile business at Fowlton, which he continued with marked success there until 1892, when he removed to Woodland. Confiding his mercantile interests largely to . the management of his brother, Mr. Thomas gives his attention to his nulling business. Prior to the presidential campaign of 1892 Mr. Thomas had been an active and earnest democrat, but at that time with a large number of his fellowcitizens he became dissatisfied with the financial policy of the party, and became an equally ardent worker in the people's party ranks. In company with several others he became interested in "The Globe," published at Bainbridge, which voices the sentiments of the new party. He still owns a third interest in the enterprise. Jan. 18, 1882, Mr. Thomas married Beulah H., the accomplished daughter of Lucian Folsom, Centerville, Fla. The family of this lady is a branch of the noted Xew England Folsoms who came to this country from England in the seventeenth century and settled at Hingham, Mass. Mrs. Thomas has in her possession a genealogical tree showing the numerous branches of the family which she justly prizes very highly. The interesting fact may be stated here, with no breach of propriety, that the popular wife of our president, Mrs. Grover Cleveland, is a member of the same family. Mr. Thomas is a member of the Methodist church and a master Mason.

A NDREW J. TRULOCK, planter, is a member of one of the substantial early families of Decatur county. The family is of English origin, and first settled
in Maryland. The grandfather of Mr. Trulock, Sutton Hines Trulock, came from Maryland to Darlington district, S. C., where he afterward married. With a small family he moved to Pulaski county, Ga., where he died. Sutton Hines Trulock, son of the above, was born in Darlington district, S. C., Oct. 23, 1800; and, with his brother, J. H., both single, came to Decatur county in 1826, and settled, about twelve miles east of Bainbridge. Sept. 22, 1829, he married Jane
Powell, born June 7, 1812, who was a member of a pioneer family. The offspring of this union were: Delia (Mrs. Dr. Elbert Peacock, Cairo, Ga.); Missouri B. (Mrs. John T. Harrell, deceased); Gordon B., merchant, Whigham, Ga.; Zimmerman, Whigham, Ga.; Mary L. (Mrs. J. W. Maxwell, Cairo, Ga.); Sallie D., single: and Andrew J. With the exception of twelve years' residence in Early county,the family have been continuously citizens of Decatur county. Mr. Trulock was a thrifty planter, a strong democratic partisan before and after the war, but never aspired to office. He died Nov. 3, 1878, and his widow died in 1882. Andrew J. Truloek, son of Sutton Hines and Jane (Powell) Trulock, was born in Early county, Ga.. Oct. 13, 1846. When during the war a call was made for youths of sev enteen and eighteen years of age, he enlisted in Company I, Third Georgia reserves, and saw service at Coosawhatchie, S. C., and Columbus, Ga., and in the ditches at Macon. He was also engaged in guarding Federal prisoners at Andersonville for about six months. Since the war Mr. Trulock has given his attention exclus ively to planting, and is one of the most advanced and successful planters in the county'. Nov. 9, 1882, he was married to Sallie J., a daughter of Dr. Henry Martin, a native of the county, by whom he has had four children: Paul Hines, Alice Martin, James Andrew, and Charlie Martin. Mr. Trulock is a democrat, and a member of the Presbyterian church.

W. WRIGHT is a prominent and prosperous warehouseman, Bainbridge, " Ga., a citizen who has ever taken a lively interest and exerted an active
influence in behalf of every movement promotive of the advancement of the "city of oaks." He is now, and has been since 1870, with a possible interval of

DE KALB COUNTY SKETCHES.
a year or so, a member of the board of aldermen, and in 1885-6 was mayor. Mr. Wright is a son of John and Susan (Hoffman) Wright, of Henrico county, Va., for generations past the home of his ancestors. His parents had five chil dren: Gustavus, fanner, Old Church, Va.; John Henry; Charles (deceased); W. W., Bainbridge; and George, Old Church, Va. His father was a merchant in early life and later a planter, and died March 17, 1878. His mother died June 30, 1882. W. W. Wright was born Jan. 29, 1844, in Hanover county, Va., and was reared on a farm. In 1863 he enlisted as a private in Company A, Twentyfifth Virginia battalion. His service was mainly about the capital. At the battle of Sailor's creek, in April, 1865, he had the misfortune to be captured, and for three months was in the Federal prison at Newport News. Aug. 6, 1873, Mr. Wright was married to Miss Florence M. Maxwell, and to them have been born four children: Stella V., Florence (deceased), an infant (deceased), and William Wallace. Mr. Wright is a democrat, a Methodist, a Knight of Honor and a member of the Legion of Honor.
DE KALB COUNTY.
JOSEPH H. GREEN, physician and surgeon, Decatur, De Kalb Co., Ga., son of Dr. William and Rebecca F. (Sassnett) Green, was born in Sparta, Han
cock county, Jan. 9, 1859. Both parents were natives of Hancock county; his mother was a niece of Rev. W. J. Sassnett, D. D., at one time professor at Emory college and later president of Lagrange Female college. Dr. Green received a good common-school education and when eighteen years of age began the study of medicine under his father and later with Dr. R. C. Word. He then at tended lectures at the Southern Medical college, Atlanta, from which he graduated in March, 1881. He immediately located in Decatur, and in connection with his practice clerked in a drug store, but the following fall he went to Louisiana and settled in Morehouse parish, where he remained until 1883; his father having died in April, 1882, he returned to Decatur, which has been his home ever since. His recognized ability and skill and consequent success have enabled him to secure a liberal share of the patronage of De Kalb county and vicinity. Few practitioners of his age stand better with the profession or have attained to higher local reputation. Dr. Green married Miss Mollie, daughter of Alexander Little of Richmond, Va., who has borne him three children: Mar garet O., Rebecca F. and S. Ulrich. He is a member of the National Union and a Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Presbyterian church. He is a stanch democrat
WASHINGTON J. HOUSTON, retired railway official and farmer, Decatur, De Kalb Co., Ga., son of Oswald and Anna Louise (Shaw) Houston, was
born in Abbeville district, Oct. 10, 1831. His parents were of Scotch-Irish and Welsh descent and both were native South Carolinians. Early in life his father migrated from South Carolina to Tennessee, moved thence in 1845 to Savannah, whence in 1846 he moved to Atlanta and engaged, in merchandising on Deeatur street, on or near the site of Mr. John Silvey's eight-story building. He built up a large and profitable trade and was prominent in all movements looking to the growth and prosperity of Atlanta, and active in all church and Sunday-school I-W

594

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

v/ork. Soon after Atlanta was chartered as a city he was elected treasurer and xvas continued in the office a number of years, Mr. Houston began life as dray man and clerk for Mr. Jonathan Norcross soon after coming to Atlanta. His unusual business aptitude--his proficiency and efficiency--were flatteringly evidenced by his having been elected while yet a youth the cashier of the first bank started, and he enjoys the honor of receiving the first deposit ever made in a bank in Atlanta. He left the bank in 1851 and entered the employ of the Georgia railway as assistant agent, since which his active business life has been with railways. He next went to the Western & Atlantic (state) railway under Supt. Wadley and James F. Cooper and remained with it until the second year of Gov. Brown's administration, when he accepted the position of general
passenger and freight agent of the Atlanta & West Point railway. In 1876 he resigned and retired to private life on his farm in De Kalb county--finally, as he then thought But when Supt G. J. Foreacre assumed the management of the (then) Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line railway he called for Mr. Houston's services as assistant, with the official title of general passenger and ticket agent While acting in this capacity he was the first to reduce passenger fare from five to three cents per mile, which created no inconsiderable stir in railway circles. When the line became part of the Richmond & Danville system he declined the offer of general passenger agent because it would necessitate his removal to Richmond, but by special request he remained with the system as assistant general passenger agent at this end of the line for a year, and then permanently retired to his farm. Mr. Houston enjoys the distinguished honor of having suggested the organiza tion of the railroad commission of Georgia, the bill for which was drafted at his request and pressed forward to adoption by Representative W. R. Rankin of Gordon county. Though urgently pressed by admiring friends and the press of t!:e state to serve on the commission, he peremptorily declined. His action throughout was cordially endorsed by President Sibley of the Atlanta & Charlotte air line, his sanction being practically demonstrated by a large increase of salary. Appointed one of the commissioners to appraise the property of the Western & Atlantic railway before it was transferred to the present lessees, he rendered invaluablc assistance to the state's attorneys in defeat of the betterment claim made by the old lessees, as it was his especial duty to prepare the rebuttal
accounts, which were sustained by the commission. In November, 1893, he re ceived, unsolicited, the appointment of chairman of a commission to negotiate a treaty .with the Yuma Indians of southern California and Arizona. A treaty was submitted which was pronounced to be the most satisfactory of any made under tile present administration, was approved by the senate and became a law without alteration. More than one-half of the money appropriated for that special service was returned to the treasury. In 1894 he was elected by a hand some majority to represent De Kalb county in the general assembly. Here, as in every other position to which he has been called, he proved to be one of the most faithful-and hard-working of all members. Thoroughly posted, broadminded, public-spirited and progressive, fully abreast with t'ie advanced thought r.nd methods of the times and always at the post of assigned duty, it is not possible to exaggerate the value and efficiency of his services to his immediate constituents and the state. He was placed on the most important standing and special committees, where he measured fully up to the highest standard of legislative thought, action and duty. He was a charter member of Atlanta Fire company No. i, the first volunteer fire company organized in the city, and was secretary of it many years. As might be expected, Mr. Houston entertains the most liberal and advanced views in regard to public schools and advocates the most

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595

generous legislation and expenditure for their betterment and extension. He is also an ardent and unflaggingly active worker in the Sunday-school cause. It was he, in connection with Hon. Milton A. Candler and William G. Whidby, who issued the call for a state Sunday-school association, the present grandly beneficent and useful organization being the outcome of that call. He has devoted a quarter of a century of service to the County Sunday-school associa tion as chairman of its executive committee, and has been mainly instrumental in gaining for it the honor of being the banner association in the state. So longcontinued and unaffectedly self-sacrificing has been his devotion to this work that he is known to every man, woman and child who annually attend these great gatherings. "I would not exchange the smiles and greetings of these good people," he exclaims, "for all the honors the political field can bestow." In 1868 he bought the old homestead of Dr. Chapman Powell (his wife's father), where, since his retirement from railway business, he has devoted himself to farming and stock-raising. While his neighbors with more experience have criticised his methods, they have been compelled to give him credit for having very greatly improved the live stock in his locality. He prides himself on having a herd of the finest Ayrshire cattle in the United States. Mr. Houston was happily mar ried in 1854 to the second daughter of Dr. Chapman Powell, an old settler and widely-known physician of De Kalb county, who half a century ago represented the county in the general assembly and was a pioneer settler of Atlanta, then Marthasville. He is a member of the Scotch-Irish society of the United States, a member of the Pioneer Citizens society of Atlanta, a member of Atlanta lodge No. 59, F. & A. M-, and was the first person exalted to the royal arch degree in Atlanta after the chapter was removed from Decatur to Atlanta, and is a promi nent and influential member of the Presbyterian church, of which he was recently elected an elder, after having served forty years as a deacon.

A SBURY SMITH MAYSON, physician and surgeon, Decatur, De Kalb Co., Ga., son of James L. and Lucinda (Douglas) Mayson, was born in De Kalb
(now Fulton) county, May 21, 1836. His parents were natives of South Carolina and his father was a farmer and railway contractor. He died in 1881. Dr. Mayson received his primary education in the common schools of the county and was graduated from Emory college, Oxford, Ga. He began the study of medi cine under the preceptorship of Dr. James F. Alexander, one of the most eminent physicians of Atlanta, then entered the Atlanta Medical college, from which he was graduated in 1857. Subsequently he took a course at Bellevue hospital at New York. He located at Powder Springs, Cobb Co., Ga.; afterward moved to Acworth, same county, whence, a year later, he moved to Decatur, where he located permanently, establishing an excellent reputation as a practitioner and a large and remunerative practice. He entered the Confederate service in May, 1861; was at the burning of Harper's Ferry, participated in the first battle of Manassas and was afterward made hospital steward. He was soon promoted and made assistant surgeon, and in May, 1862, was commissioned as hospital surgeon. He was present at the battle of Chickamauga, and those between there and Kennesaw Mountain. He was aftenvard at Andersonville. and was at Atlanta at the time of the surrender. He is a member of the Georgia Medical association, of which he was one of the organizers. Dr. Mayson was married March 9, 1858, to Miss Rebecca, daughter of Dr. L. K. Catlen of Powder Springs, who has borne him four children, one of whom only is now living: Lena R., wife of Dr. W. P. Smith, druggist, Atlanta, Ga. Dr. Mayson and his wife are exem plary members of the Methodist church of long standing.

596

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

WILLIAM MASON RAGSDALE, county ordinary, Decatur, De Kalb Co., son
of Elijah N. and Caroline (Born) Ragsdale, was born in De Kalb county,
Nov. 30, 1855. His parents were born in what is now De Kalb county, and are aged, respectively, seventy-nine and seventy-seven years. He received a good pre
paratory education, and, after leaving college, attended lectures in the law depart ment of the university of Georgia, at Athens, from which he graduated in 1879.
Among the members of his class were John J. Strickland, S. Morris, and Hooper
Alexander. After he graduated, he settled in Atlanta, but remained there only two years. He then located at Stone Mountain, where he practiced with encour
aging success until January, 1889, when he was elected ordinary of the county,
and has been continuously re-elected since. He was the editor and publisher
of the first newspaper published in Decatur, "The De Kalb News," which he sold after running it a year. He is well posted, genial, affable, and popular with his fellow-citizens. Air. Ragsdale was married Jan. 27, 1882, to Miss Bartie C,
daughter of Benjamin F. Veal, a popular and prosperous merchant of Stone Mountain, by whom he has had three children: Louise, Benjamin E., and William M., Jr. He is a member of the Royal Arcanum, and himself and wife are members
of the Methodist church.

QEORGE A. RAMSPECK, fertilizer manufacturer, Decatur, De Kalb Co., Ga.,
son of George P. and Charlotte R (Lewis) Ramspeck, was born near Peters burg, Va., March i, 1841. His father was a native of Frankfort-on-the-Main, and emigrated to the United States and settled in Virginia when a young man. He
owned and conducted a farm near Petersburg, in which city he was engaged in merchandising. He was highly educated, and could write and speak three other
languages besides his own. In 1853 he left Virginia and came to South Carolina
with the intention of settling in Charleston, but took the yellow fever, and died
in Savannah that year. Mr. Ramspeck's mother was born in Prince George county, Va., and was a daughter of Joseph Lewis of revolutionary fame. Mr. Ramspeck's education was limited--he received none after he was eleven years old. When twelve years of age he was apprenticed to A. J. Burke, a book and job printer in
Charleston, until he reached maturity. But in December, 1860, he entered the state service as a member of the Chichester Zouaves, which became a part of First regiment, South Carolina Rifles. He later was a member of the battery of Capt.
Stevens, who fired the first gun of the war, Jan. g, 1861, on the occasion of firing on the "Star of the West," in its attempt to land supplies at Fort Sumter. He was engaged in the coast-defense service on Sullivan's and Moms' islands, etc., for some time. Falling from the ramparts of Castle Pinckney, Charleston harbor,
while mounting a gun, he was permanently disabled and discharged from the service In response to a telegram from J. J. Toon, of the Franklin Publishing
company, he came to Atlanta July i, 1862, and accepted a place at $15 a week.
At the close of the war he found himself the possessor of $50,000 in Confederate money. Immediately after hearing of Gen. Lee's surrender he went to Griffin, where he exchanged it for goods which he brought in a one-horse wagon to Atlanta, realizing about $200 on them. In company with J. C. Rogers and M. T.
Castleberry he constructed the first building erected--near the corner of Whitehall and Mitchell streets, and nearly opposite what is known as "Dodd's Corner," where they sold the first goods brought over the Georgia railway, and sold in
Atlanta after the war. This enterprise proved very successful and profitable. Later
he withdrew from the firm and settled permanently in Decatur, where he believed he could handle his capital to better advantage, but principally on account of his
wife's health. He engaged at once in general merchandising, which he con-

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597

tinued until 1890 with exceptional success and prosperity. Since retiring from mercantile life he has devoted himself to farming and the manufacture of fertilizers.
He has established for himself an enviable reputation for business sagacity and enterprise, and financial ability, and accumulated a large property. He has been elected and served two terms as mayor of Decatur; is a stockholder in the Donald
Frazier school for boys; one of the trustees of the Decatur Male and Female academy, and a member of the board of county commissioners. Mr. Ramspeck was married Aug. 25,1863, to Miss Eliza Florida, daughter of Capt Robert Anderson,- of Charleston, S. C., who died Dec. 28, 1865, leaving one child--Eliza
Florida. He contracted a second marriage Dec. 31, 1868, with Miss Margaret,
daughter of Joseph and Jane Morgan, Decatur, a descendant of the Kirkpatricks-- De Kalb county pioneers. Five children have blessed this union: George, Mary, Joseph Lewis, Helen, and Jean. He is a member of the Royal Arcanum. Himself
and family are devoted members of the Presbyterian church.

DODGE COUNTY.
W. ASHBURN, a native of North Carolina, was born Nov. 26, 1838, and -:*. reared on the old family plantation in Surry county, that state. His educa tion was limited, though he obtained a fair business training and was sufficiently equipped for life's battle to discharge creditably a clerical position he was holding in a mercantile firm, when the war broke out. He then enlisted in the Twentyfirst North Carolina regiment, in which he served for about two years, when he was promoted to Gen. Early's staff as courier and scout, and in this capacity he served until the close of the war. He participated in the following battles: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Winchester, Cedartown, Gettysburg, Plymouth, N. C., and was in a number of skirmishes during Jackson's and Early's raids in the valley of Virginia. He was wounded in the battle of Plymouth, N. C, and was near the immortal Lee on the day of his surrender at Appomattox. He returned to his old home about the middle of April, 1865, and on May 16, was married to Miss Anna P. Atkinson, the daughter of Johnson Atkinson, of Caswell county, N. C, Mr. Ashburn and Miss Atkinson having been engaged for the last two or three years of the war. Mr. Ashburn was then without resources, save a small tract of unimproved land in Surry county, N. C. He at once set to work im proving this land, and there laid the foundation of a very successful business life. In 1868 he engaged in buying and selling tobacco and stock in South Carolina and Georgia, and in this way he found the "piney woods" or, as he maintains, the "garden spot" of Georgia. His family remained in North Carolina until the year 1871, and he then brought them to Eastman, Ga., where he located and commenced a mercantile business. In this and purchasing timber lands, he continued for ten or twelve years. About the year 1882, he commenced the manufacture of naval stores and lumber, and this business he conducted for five or six years with great success. During this time Mr. Ashburn had become the owner of large tracts of lands, which he determined to hold for farming pur poses, selling the timber, as well as his manufacturing interests. He then turned his attention to a general real estate business, buying and selling timber and farm lands, and city and town lots, and this has been handled with marked success.

598

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

He has been the trusted and efficient treasurer of his county, and has ably represented it in the legislature, serving with distinction on important committees, where his business abilities and sound judgment were appreciated. He is president of the Citizens' Banking company, of Eastman, Ga. Mr. Ashburn is a powerful factor in the development of southern Georgia. He is a consistent member of the Baptist church, and a Mason of the royal arch degree. Mr. Ashburn's children have been reared in Eastman. He has four daughters and one son: Ella Mav, Mrs. Lee B. Jones; Ida Belle, Mrs. Park Harper; Lizzie, Mrs. Z. H. Clark; Willie Warren, and Howard Ingram. His sons-in-law are respected and well-known citizens, and his son is a bright lad of twelve years.

JUDGE JAMES BISHOP, the present county school commissioner of Dodge county, is a native of Pulaski county, Ga. His father, Simeon Bishop, was a
native of New Jersey, and was born in 1799, and died in 1836. He was engaged in the mercantile business, and, being a man of exceptional business qualifications, he rapidly accumulated a competency. His wife, who survived him some years, was a Miss Nancy J. Daniels. Her death occurred in 1873. There were born to them but two children, one of whom died in youth, the other, James Bishop, was born December, 1829. He received the benefit of a good education, and studied for the profession of the law. Being left with an abundance of this world's goods, he never felt the necessity for applying for admission to the bar. He married Miss Mary E. Guyton, a daughter of Maj. Guyton, one of Laurens county's old and most prominent citizens. To this union eight children have been born, as follows: Mrs. E. W. Bullock, of Wilcox county, Ga.; Mrs. G. F. Harrison, Atlanta; Mrs. R. L. Bush, Wilcox county; Helen and Emma, at home, and James, Jr., attorney, at Eastman, Ga. The oldest son, Saxon, died in his nineteenth year, and the youngest, Guyton, at two years of age. The wife and mother died in 1890. For a number of years, Judge Bishop has been identified with the interests of Eastman. For a term he was engaged in the mercantile business. In 1875 he was appointed by Gov. Smith judge of the county court. In 1889 he was appointed to the office of countj- school commissioner, which he has held since, to the credit of himself, and the satisfaction of his numerous friends. He is a Methodist in faith, and a democrat in politics.

J^ATTHEW CLARK.--The prominence of this family in the early history of Georgia and the sterling character of its representatives in Dodge county
at the present time, makes a full sketch of it unnecessary in these Memoirs. The gentleman who introduced this branch of the family into Georgia was John Clark, a native of Virginia who emigrated to Burke county in early manhood. He there married Emily Sacks, and reared Amerinthia, who married a Wm. Clark, and is now a widow residing in Montgomery county; Mary, Mrs. Samuel Miller, Laurens county; Elizabeth, widow of John Gay, Montgomery county; and the following deceased sons, John G., Matthew, Harlow, Flournoy, Francis, and Colfrey. Of these Colfrey is the father of the gentlemen now residing in Dodge county. He was born in 1806, was given a good education, and studying medi cine, became a physician of note and an extensive planter in Montgomery county, where he died in 1869. He was largely self-educated and a man of wonderful energy. He served for twenty-seven years as justice of the peace when that office was of much more importance than at present. He married Cynthia Burch, who was a daughter of Benj. Burch, of Laurens count}-. He was a patriot and veteran of the Florida Indian wars. He left a large property to his children, which was the result of his own labors. This marriage produced eight children,

DODGE COUNTY SKETCHES.
four of whom are now living: John J., Appling county; and Matthew, Hamilton, and Harlow. Benjamin died of small-pox while a prisoner of war at Point Lookout The mother of these children lived to be quite aged, dying in Janu ary of 1894. She was a devout member of the Baptist church and a woman of beautiful traits of character. Matthew Clark was born May 8, 1835, in that part of Montgomery county which is now Dodge. He was reared on his father's plantation and received an academic education, as did all the family. In 1860 he was united in marriage to Mary Henley, whose children are: Columbia J., widow of John Knowles, Dodge county; Mattie Maud, single; Mary T., Mrs. Calhoun, Eastman; Marsa, Mrs. Wilcox, Dodge county; Virginia, Emma, Endora, Colfrey, Callie, and Flatten. The last named is deceased; the others live witli their parents. In 1862 Mr. Clark enlisted in the Confederate service, Company G, Tenth Georgia. He participated in many battles of the war, and was one of the daring company which captured the Yankee pickets the next night after the bloody battle of Chickamauga, notice of which was made officially at the time. Air. Clark served during the entire four years, surrendering at Raleigh, N. C. Returning to the old home in Montgomery county he took up the broken threads, and began life anew. By close economy and hard work, he accumulated property slowly but surely, and has long been considered among the most substantial men of his county. In 1885 the wife of his youth who had stood by him bravely and had reared his children departed this life. His present wife is Dollie C. Pickens. She is the mother of Allie B., Eva, and Leslie M. In 1882, perceiving the need of better educational advantages for his children, Mr. Clark moved into Eastman, the county seat, where he has since resided, though he continues the cultivation of his extensive plantation. He is a Baptist jtnd votes with the party of strong government--the democratic.
J-JAMILTON CLARK, fourth son of Colfrey Clark, was born May 14, 1839. In 1862 he responded to the call for troops and went out to do battle for
right and against oppression. He was a member of Company H, Forty-seventh Georgia, Capt. J. M. Aiken commanding, and followed it through the four years' course of battle and camp life. He was in fourteen engagements, the most promi nent of which were the battle of Jackson, Miss., and that of James island. He remained at home the first year after the war. In 1866 he married Margaret Miller of Montgomery county, a daughter of Joseph Miller, and settling in the county remained there engaged in planting some eight years when he removed to Dodge. In 1882 he removed to his present home at Chauncey, from which point he superintends his four plantations. He is also largely interested in the raising of stock. Like his brother he is a Baptist in faith and a democrat, though he takes possibly more interest in the latter than any member of the family. He is a member of the masonic fraternity, and sustains the reputation of the family for sobriety, honesty, and integrity of character. His children are: Sarali R, Mrs. L. S. Evans; John M.; Leonora E., Mrs. R. L. Edwards; Hattie E., Wm. H., and Ilda May. The latter three are at home; the others in homes of their own in the county near.
UARLOW CLARK, one of the sons of Colfrey, was born in 1845, Feb- 26- Al though but a youth, he became a soldier, enlisting in the "Wiregrass" Fourth
Georgia cavalry under Capt. Crum. His service was mostly on the coast of Florida and Georgia, and his most serious engagement was at Ocean Pond, Fla., where the carnage was terrible, 8,000 being killed, and where Mr. Clark received slight wounds. On his return from the war he married Cassie A.,

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daughter of Joseph Miller, Montgomery county, and a sister of Hamilton's wife, and settled down to build a home. He has succeeded admirably, and entirely by his own exertions. Beginning with but little capital he has reared his family in the best society and with good educational advantages, and has accumulated one of the handsomest properties in Dodge county. His plantation consists of 400 acres of rich land, on which he has all the modern improvements, and lie- operates a gin and grist mill in their season. Harlow Clark is also a democrat, though he cares nothing for political preferment, and the masonic order also numbers him among its best members, he being a past worshipful master. His children are: John B., at home; Cynthia, Mrs. Donaldson; Mary F., Mrs. Nash; Bartlett H., and Cassie G., all of Dodge county--the first and last two
ff at home.

I T. COLCORD, the present manager of the Amoskeag Lumber company, is a native of Brentwood, N. H., and was born Oct 27, 1839. When but a
youth of twenty he came south and located in Screven county, where he secured employment as a millwright His position was one of great hardship, but by being most faithful in the performance of his duties, and practicing the most rigid economy, he soon became a mill manager and owner. He successfully conducted mills in the following counties: Emanuel, Burke, Pierce and Ware. In 1881 he moved to Dodge county, his present location. Here he established the large industry of Amoskeag. Mr. Co.lcord is not an aspirant for political distinction, though he is a most zealous democrat. He is very proud of the fact that his first ballot was cast for the distinguished Stephen A. Douglas, of whom lie is a great admirer. In 1869 he became a member of the masonic lodge, and is a Knight Templar. He has been high priest of his chapter for eight years and grand captain of H of the state grand chapter. The present Amoskeag is
due entirely to the intelligent management of Mr. Colcord, who views with just ifiable pride one of the largest and most prosperous lumber plants in the south. The Amoskeag Lumber company was incorporated in 1881, its site lying on the E. T., Va. & Ga. railroad, one and a half miles from the thriving county seat town of Eastman. From a force of sixty employes the pay roll has grown to 400: two immense mills are operated with the latest improved machinery; and thirty miles of railroad have been built, on which are run four locomotives.

pLIAS HERMAX, judge of the county court of Dodge county, is of Jewish extraction. His father was Henry Herman, a native of Germany, where he
v,as reared and where he married Henrietta Goodman. They emigrated to the I'nited States in 1849 and settled in Laurens county, Ga., where he engaged in merchandising with great success at Dublin. In 1873 *ne family removed to Eastman, where he was one of the leading business men until his death, which
occurred in 1875. Mr. Herman was a man who very fully identified himself with his adopted people. He was for years the efficient postmaster of Dublin, and took great interest and was an active worker in the democratic party. Like most
men of his race he was endowed with great financial ability, which carried him through a successful career. During the war between the states he did his duty as a member of the state troops, serving through the Atlanta campaign with
credit. He was a master Mason and a member of the Macon Jewish parish, where he and his wife lie buried, the latter dying in December of 1893. His children were well-educated and honor their parents by useful and successful
lives. Their names are: Isaac, born in New York, came to Eastman in 1869, and was one of her first merchants. He served a period as clerk of the superior

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OOI

.court. He is now dead; Elias was the second child; Solomon, a merchant; Jefferson Davis, physician; Albert and Carrie, all of Eastman. Elias Herman was born in Dublin, Ga., and was given an excellent education, doing some advanced work in New York city. He began the study of law under T. J. Simmons, now chief justice of the supreme court of Georgia, and in 1874 was admitted to the bar of Laurens county. He practiced in Macon until 1877, when he located at Cochran, Pulaski Co., where for ten years he enjoyed a lucrative practice, being most of that time city attorney for that progressive town. Judge Herman has been a resident of Eastman since 1888 and so won his way into the hearts of Dodge county people as to cause his appointment to his present im portant position by Gov. Northen in 1893. He makes a model judge and administers the office in a manner satisfactory to his constituents. Judge Herman also served the city of Eastman as mayor during 1891, and the unusually able conduct of that office had much to do with his appointment to the judgeship. Fraternally he affiliates with the Masons and with the Knights of Pythias, and is of course a good democrat. Judge Herman found a lady to suit him for a life companion in Josephine Heimer of Montezuma, Ga., a union which has been blessed with three attractive children, Jule, Isaac and Hennie.

CAMUEL HOWARD LOWTHER, one of the substantial planters and a citizen of merit in Dodge county, is a son of Absalom Lowther, a South
Carolinian. He was born July 30, 1838, in Screven county, Ga., where he was
reared to manhood's estate with a limited education. Just as he was ready to leave the home nest to build one of his own, his government asked his aid in a similar enterprise, and he unselfishly relinquished his own aspirations and en
listed in the army of the new Confederacy. He was mustered into the service in the spring of 1861 at Whitesville, Ga., a private in Company D, Forty-seventh
Georgia regiment, Capt. J. D, Ashton. Chickamauga was his most notable engagement, though he was in many others almost equaling it in interest. Dur ing his service he was twice captured by the Yankees, but luckily made his escape. He settled in Screven county after the war, and though he had nothing to begin with, managed to provide for his wife and child until he could secure a foothold. In 1868 he removed to Pierce county, Ga., where he engaged in the
lumber business until 1882. While living in that county he also served a term as sheriff, from '72 to '74. He made some considerable money at the lumber
business, but was greatly crippled in the panic of '73. In October of 1882 he bought his present home, and has since resided there. He owns 600 acres of good land, 200 of which are under excellent cultivation. He also operates a gin and grist-mill. Mr. Lowther is a believer in the principles of Jefferson, but cannot
vote with the so-called democratic party, the new people's party being more to his notion. He is a Free and Accepted Mason, and since his fourteenth year has been a member of the Baptist church. He married a Miss Kelly, and to them one child--Verbena--has been born, now Mrs. Howard, of Screven county. The
mother of this child died, and Mr. Lowther subsequently married his present estimable consort, Susan A. Cail, daughter of Bird Cail of Screven county, who has borne him a daughter, Willie, who married Mr. Wood, but was early be reaved and is now at home with her parents. Mr. Lowther's father was, as stated, a native of South Carolina, where he was born March 2, 1806. He married, Feb. 10, 1828, in Screven county, Ga., Elizabeth J. Thompson, daughter
of James Thompson. She was born Oct. 30, 1806, and died in February of 1874, the mother of the following children: Mary C, widow of H. B. Howard; Caro line E., widow of Rev. J. S. Thompson; Sarah, Mrs. W. W. Lesch, Effingham

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

county, and Samuel H. The father of these children died in middle age in 1840.

)AVID M. ROBERTS. The authentic history of this branch of the Roberts family begins with the grandfather of the gentleman named above, whose
name was Frederick, and who came to Georgia after participating in the revolu tionary war under the leadership of Gen. Lincoln, and in which he lost a limb. He settled in middle Georgia, became a wealthy planter and reared a family of which Daniel, the father of Judge Roberts of Eastman, was one. Daniel Roberts was born in Burke county and at the age of twelve moved to Laurens county-- in 1792, and in early life was captain of a steamboat on the Oconee river. Later he became a planter and was one of the wealthy and influential men of his sec tion. In 1857 he removed to Thomas county, where he died in 1859. He married Elizabeth Carey and was the father of ten children, of whom Judge Roberts and Mrs. Elizabeth Cox of Eastman, are the only ones living. The mother was a woman of deep piety, and an active member of the Baptist church. She survived her husband some eleven years. David Montgomery Roberts was born June 15, 1837, in Laurens county, Ga. With a common-school education he read law in the office of Ex-Senator Hugh Moore of Dublin, and was ad mitted to the bar in 1859 by Judge Peter E. Love, at Dublin. Telfair county, Ga., attracted the young attorney for a year, but he had scarcely begun to get a foot hold when the guns of Ft Sumter announced the advent of \var. Returning to Dublin Judge Roberts enlisted in Company G of the Tenth Georgia at Hawkinsville, Col. O. C. Home commanding, and was mustered in at Richmond. Immediately after this event, however, he was prostrated by sickness and dis charged for disability. On recovering he again enlisted, this time in Company G, Tenth regiment of Tennessee cavalry. In this company he saw continuous
service to the very end of the war, laying down his arms after participating in the last battle, Bentonville, S. C. He was under some of the most noted cavalry generals, such as Scott, Morgan, Forrest and Joe Wheeler. His severest engage ments were Chickamauga and the New Hope church, and on the Atlanta cam paign, where he was under fire twenty-six days in succession. Judge Roberts took up the practice of his profession again in Appling county, where he resided eight years, a short period in Jesup, Ga., preceding his location in Eastman in 1877, where he has since resided. The matrimonial life of Judge Roberts began Dec. 22, 1875. He wedded Ursula, daughter of W. H. and Eliza Edwards of Tattnall county, and has three living children: James H., Fred A. and Paul. The legal career of Judge Roberts has been uniformly successful, and of such solid
merit as to bring him the judgeship of the Oconee circuit in 1889. He filled this place in a manner highly satisfactory to all concerned with his court, but resigned in 1893 on account of ill health. Politically the judge has served his party in various important conventions, but has never been an aspirant for political honors. He was in the convention which nominated Hancock in 1888. He is a Knight Templar of Macon commandery. A man of solid legal attainments, socially of great geniality, and a citizen of strength of character, Judge Roberts is a man of whom Dodge county and south Georgia may well be proud.

UMANUEL CURTIS SMITH, of Eastman, is a son of Emanuel Smith, a North Carolinian, who was born May 24,1821. The family have for generations been
people of education and wealth, and by marriage are connected with some of the most prominent families in the south. Emanuel Smith grew to manhood under most favorable environments, and became a man of influence and wealth. He

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married in 1844, Mary, daughter of Daniel G. Curtis, of Virginia, who was a man of political prominence in the "old dominion" in the several decades preceding the war. To the marriage were born Daniel, Emanuel C, Mary and James. Daniel and Mary are living on the old homestead in North Carolina, while1 James is a lawyer of fine reputation and promise in Richmond, Va. The parents passed a long and useful life, the mother passing away in 1869, while the father survived until 1890, dying in his seventy-first year. Emanuel Curtis Smith was born Sept. 28, 1860, amid the mutterings and lowering clouds of the storm which was so soon to break with such relentless fury. But infancy recks not of scenes of blood and carnage, and ere he had grown to years of accountability the political elements had resumed their wonted calmness, and he was left undisturbed to pursue his educational training. He early became a matriculate at the university of Virginia, from which he graduated at the remarkably tender age of 13 years. He afterward came to Georgia, and in Savannah met and married Miss Eloise, daughter of Oscar Dunham, a wealthy citizen of that city. From there Mr. Smith came to Dodge county, where he is interested in agricultural pursuits. He favors democracy, and is a Baptist in religious belief.

DOOLY COUNTY.
THOMAS N. BAKER, M. D., of Cordele, Dooly Co., Ga., was born in Wilkinson county, Ga., Aug. 20, 1866, and is the son of Rev. Wm. S. Baker, a prominent
citizen and county school commissioner of Wilkinson county. The family is of Scotch-Irish ancestry, but came to Georgia from Virginia. Thomas N. Baker was educated at Talmadge institute, Irwinton, taking a collegiate course to the close of the junior year. After this he taught school at Tennille and Sandersville, and for some time was principal at Snow Springs, Dooly Co. In 1888 he entered the Physicians' and Surgeons' college, Baltimore, graduating in 1890. He had pre viously read medicine for three years under different preceptors. Dr. Baker, after receiving his diploma, located in Cordele, where he enjoys the best practice in the city. As a change of labor--the truest recreation--he carries on a farm in the adjacent county. He is an efficient member of the county board of education, and a member of the Southwest Georgia Medical association. He belongs also to Cordele lodge, Knights of Pythias, being a past chancellor and grand represen tative. The wife of Dr. Baker is Georgia, the daughter of Rev. John W. Brock, a M. E. preacher, of Lexington, Ky. They have two children, Elizabeth, born April 27, 1893; and Thomas Newton, Jr., born May 7, 1895. One of the doctor's brothers, Wm. A. Baker, is a dry goods merchant of Vienna, Dooly Co., Ga.
DICHMOND A. BEDGOOD, an enterprising business man of Arabi, was born Aug. 3, 1847, in Washington county, Ga. He was the son of a farmer,
Henry Bedgood, from whom he was separated by death in 1856. The boy re ceived but a very limited education, enlisting in the Seventh Georgia militia in 1864, when he had scarcely completed his seventeenth year. Since the war closed Mr. Bedgood has been engaged in farming, and has also carried on a large sawmill and a successful mercantile business in Arabi. He is a respected member of the masonic fraternity. The first wife of Mr. Bedgood was Elizabeth Brown, whose father was the well-known Maj. Brown, of Cordele. Mr. Bedgood's second wife

604

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

was Susan demons, daughter of J. J. demons, of Dooly count}'. He is the father of four sons and five daughters, one of his sons, John H., being his father's partner in business.

JAMES H. DOROUGH. The father of J. H. Dorough was Nathan S. Dorough, a farmer of Lexington, Oglethorpe Co., Ga., who was for twenty years justice
of the peace; he was also a member of the militia, and was killed in the fight around Atlanta. In Lexington, Oglethorpe Co., James H. first saw the light on Oct 5, 1842. He had received a good common school education, and when the war broke out, he hastened to j'oin the First regiment of Georgia Volunteers, serving as second sergeant of Company E. The youthful soldier was noted for his bravery, taking part in every battle of the war in which his company was engaged. In the battle of Ocean Pond he brought the colors of his regiment safely out of a charge, in which the color sergeant had been slain. The war being over, he located in Dooly county, near the site of the present town of Cordele, where he successfully conducts the affairs of a large plantation. Mr. Dorough is a member of the Baptist church, a thorough Democrat, and just now a prominent member of the legislature. His wife, whom he married Oct 22, 1866, was Miss Sarah E. Powell, the daughter of Isaiah Powell, a well-known planter of Dooly county. They have five children: William D., born November, 1867, married Miss Alice Murray, of Vienna, and carries on a farm near his father; John C., born Nov. 17,1868, married Anna, a sister of his brother's wife; Nannie, born 1869, married Joseph E. Brown, a farmer of Dooly county; Leanna, born October, 1871; and Mattie, born March, 1873, is married to Hiram Wheeler, of Cordele.

F) AVID T. DOUGHTRY is the son of Thomas Doughtry, a planter of Screven county, Ga., who, after the war, went into the lumber trade, and who died in
1884. David was born May 4,1849, an<i was educated in the common schools, and at the university of Georgia, at Athens. From the time of leaving college, 1871, until 1878, he engaged in the pursuit of agriculture, then for nearly two years in that of lumbering in Burke county, Ga., after which for a short time he worked for R. B. Rippard & Co., of Pierce count}-. In 1880 he engaged with the Amoskeag Lumber company, of Eastman, Ga., and remained with it six years. He then went into business for himself in the manufacture of naval stores, in which he has become one of the largest operators in the state. Having some years before bought an interest in the turpentine business, in 1889 he established a manufactory at Cor dele, which he still operates, being now interested in four stills. He carries on, besides, a good farm in Dooly county. Mr. Doughtry is a member of the masonic fraternity (a chapter mason), also of the A. O. U. W., and of the Wood men of the World. He has been for two years a member of the board of educa tion, is president board of trustees of Cordele college, and president of Cordele Naval Stores association. He married Laura J., daughter of Thomas S. Barbour, a planter, of Screven county, and has four children: William T., born May 20, 1872, who in early childhood, as a. result of a severe fever, lost both speech and hearing. After ten years at a deaf and dumb school, the young man, who is very bright, took a business course at Sullivan & Crichton college, at Atlanta, and is the only deaf mute in the south holding a business diploma. He is now cashier and bookkeeper for the Naval Store and Lumberman's bank at Cordele. August, 1893, he married Miss Nealie Bene, of Atlanta, who is as the result of accident, semimute. Mr. Doughtry's second son, Lowell Mason, born July 9, 1873, is a graduate of Alabama and Georgia Business college, at Macon, and is now senior member of the firm of L. M. Doughtry & Co., naval stores and general merchan-

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605

disc. David A., Mr. Doughtry's third son, born Dec. 5, 1875, has just graduated
from the Cordele High school. The only daughter, Annie Laurie Etta, born Aug. 21, 1877, is attending the Georgia Female seminary at Gainesville.

DEARSON ELLIS, attorney at law, was born Nov. 17, 1859, near Old Brown
Marsh church, in Bladen county, N. C., but from his early infancy his family lived in Whiteville, Columbus Co., N. C. His father was a lawyer--John W. Ellis, who was captain of Company H, Eighteenth North Carolina regiment, and was
in Longstreefs corps during a part of the late war. Capt. Ellis was elected state senator from the fifteenth senatorial district of North Carolina, and served several terms. He died May 17, 1883, leaving five children, of whom Pearson is the
eldest. The latter was educated at the university of North Carolina, and read law
at the Dick & Dillard law school at Greensborough, N. C. Having been ad mitted to the bar in October, 1886, he located at Whiteville, where he remained until 1890. He then removed to Georgia, practicing a year and a half in Bruns
wick, and was afterward bookkeeper for one year for A. Peacock, manufacturer of naval stores, in Wilcox county. He finally located in Dooly county, where he has built up a good practice, and, while in North Carolina, he was deputy sheriff for two years under V. V. Richardson, sheriff of Columbus county, and for three years was superintendent of public instruction for Columbus county. In Novem ber, 1888, he .married Miss Annie Toon, of Wilmington, N. C., a relative of Mr. J. J. Toon, of Atlanta. They have one child, Sarah Elizabeth, born Aug. I, 1890.

pROF. JAMES M. KELLEY is the son of a farmer of Coweta county, Ga., Andrew W. Kelley, who died in 1880. The son was born Feb. 2, 1855, and
well educated in the common schools, after which he taught for some time, then for two years engaged in mercantile business at Corinth, Ga. In 1882 he entered Mercer university, from which he was graduated in 1885, taking the degree of A. B. Mr. Kelley was now called to the presidency of Cochran college (Xew Ebenezer), which position he held for two years. In 1880, however, he had been ordained to the ministry of the Baptist church at Macon. Here he remained for six months, when he resigned to accept the charge of the Auburn institute at Jeffersonville, Twiggs Co. After two years of successful service here, in 1893 he removed to Cordele to take his present position as president of Frederick Shipp female college. In 1892 his alma mater conferred upon him the degree of A. M. Prof. Kelley in 1890 married Miss L. J. Fagin, daughter of Maj. J. M. Fagin of Midway, Ala. The young lady was educated in Virginia and in addition took a course at the conservatory of music, Cincinnati, O.

WILLIAM MADSON HASLAM, M. D., is the son of a farmer, George S. Haslam of Houston county, Ga., who died in 1884. The subject of this
sketch was born March 15, 1841, and having received a common school education, at the early age of nineteen began the study of medicine under the tutelage of Dr. N. A. Rice. In 1861 he entered the Charleston Medical college, but remained five months only, leaving the pursuit of knowledge to join the Sixth regiment of Georgia volunteers. Here he first acted as brigade apothecary, then was appointed acting assistant surgeon. For ten years after the war he practiced medicine in Worth county, and then removed to Dooly county. Having built up a large practice, and being desirous of fitting himself more thoroughly for his work, Dr. Haslam took a finishing course at Atlanta Medical college, graduating in March, 1883. His home is in Pinehurst, where he has a very fine practice and is also engaged in the drug business. Dr. Haslam was married in 1866 to

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Miss Ellen M., daughter of Stephen Woodward, of Bibb county, Ga., and to them eight children have been born: Carrie, born in 1867, is married to George
Lewis, Dooly county; George S., born in 1870, is a farmer, Dooly county; Minnie, bom in 1872, is married to Augustus E. Johnson, Vienna, Dooly Co., Leila, born in 1874, is the wife of Walter T. Qements, naval stores manufacturer, near Pinehurst; Eva, Annie, Willie, and Johnnie. Dr. Haslam is a member
of the masonic fraternity, and a member of Millwood lodge.

D EDDIXG H. PATE, M. D., physician and surgeon at Unadilla, was born on a farm in Washington county, Ga., on June 6, 1834. When but four years
old he was deprived by death of his father, Redding Pate, Sr. The young lad acquired his education in the common schools and the high school of Sandersville, later reading medicine under the guidance of Dr. J. M. O'Brien. The year 1856-57 he spent at Jefferson Medical college, Philadelphia, and the following year entered the medical department of the state university at Nashville, from which he graduated in 1859. The young physician located first in Dooly county, but after two years removed to Hawkinsville, where he remained until the war broke out; in 1862 he entered the army of Virginia as assistant surgeon. The war being at an end he practiced medicine, also carrying on a farm in Houston counrv- for six years, then removing to Unadilla, Dooly Co., his present home, where he not only attends to an extensive practice, but successfully carries on a fine farm. Dr. Pate has also been prominent in the political affairs of his section, having been chairman of the democratic executive committee for four years, and
at present representing his county in the legislature. Here he has been fitly appointed on the committee of hygiene and sanitation, also on the committees on railroads, libraries, and on lunatic asylums. The doctor is also a Mason, being a member of the Vienna lodge and chapter. In 1862, about the time of his
entering the army, Dr. Pate was married to Miss Z. E. Laidler, the daughter of Dr. John Laidler, of Hawkinsville, Ga. He is the father of three sons and three daughters. His oldest daughter, Elizabeth, born in 1868, is the wife of J. H.
Wimberly of Henderson, Ga. His oldest son, and namesake, was born in 1872. I'.esides these there are: Z. Eugenia, born 1876; Anthony C, 1878; Miller F. B.,
1880: Laura K., 1883.

JOSEPH B. SCOTT is the son of a planter who died in 1868, and is a native of Social Circle, Walton Co., Ga., born March 16, 1838. He had received
an excellent academic education, and was prepared to enter college in the junior class when the war broke out, and he instead entered the army, joining the Alien S. Cutts battalion of Georgia artillery, which formed a part of the army in northern Virginia. Though three times slightly wounded the young man per
sisted to the end of the war, when he retuiTied to Georgia. He married Miss Maggie J. Bagley, the daughter of Dr. David Bagley of Surrter county, where
Mr. Scott located, remaining until 1889, when he removed to Cordele, still, however, retaining his farming interest in his former home, while engaged in
the same work in his new place of abode. Moreover he erected an .ice factory and a guano factory as well as a coix, or Job's-tears plant at Cordele, and thus he aided much in the commercial advancement of the city of his adoption. His
integrity and enterprise were duly recognized by his fellow-townsmen, by whom he was elected mayor, which office he has held during almost the whole time of his residence in Cordele, in addition to that of justice of the peace. Mr. Scott
was also a member of the constitutional convention of 1877, is a strict democrat, and at present democratic nominee for tax collector. He is a prominent member

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607

of the Knights of Pythias, having held various offices in Cordele lodge, No. 44, in which he is now chancellor commander. Of the thirteen children who have
been born to him nine are now living: Zuleika J., aged 26, wife of F. E. Yansadvi, a planter of Vienna; W. D. Scott, aged 24, in Florida; Ivy M., wife of Joel A. Perry, of Cordele, in the warehouse and insurance business; Jennie R... Maggie E., Joseph B., Jr., Thurber T., Cordelia, and Lucile.

PUGEXE F. STROZIER, a well known lawyer of Cordele, was born June 8, 1866, at Greeneville, Meriwether Co., Ga., where his father, J. L. Strozier, is
a planter. After receiving a good common school education Mr. Strozier studied law in Greenville under the supervision of Col. Warner Hill. In the year 1887 he was admitted to the bar, and the following spring located at Cordele. Here by his energy and faithfulness he has built up for himself a large practice, and is attorney for several corporations. In 1893 he was one of the rival candidates for mayor, and after a very close and exciting contest \vas elected, but ousted by contest, unjustly, it is thought by many of his warm adherents. He is now a leading candidate for legislative honors. Mr. Strozier, too, is a Knight of Pythias and a member of Cordele lodge, of which he is past chancellor.

M. S. THOMSON, an attorney-at-law, Cordele, is the son of W. H. Thom son, a prominent farmer of Sampson county, N. C, who is well known and
esteemed, and who during the late war was captain of a company of infantry. Mr. Thomson was born Jan. 19, 1866, and when he had completed his education at Wake Forest college began the study of law, graduating from the law depart ment of the state university in 1887. He practiced his profession in Clinton, N. C., until January, 1891, when he removed to Cordele, Ga., where he formed
a partnership with Z. A. Littlejohn. The firm has the leading practice of the city, and they are the local attorneys for the S. A. & M. railroad, and for several local corporations. Mr. Thomson is also the solicitor for the Dooly county court.
He is a member of several of the fraternal orders--the masonic, the Odd Fellows, and the Knights of Pythias. In September, 1891, Miss Apphia Williams became his wife; she is the daughter of C. J. Williams, a planter of Sampson county,
N. C. They have two daughters, Louise, born June 20, 1892, and Elizabeth,,
born Jan. 8, 1894.

ALEXAXDER F. WARE, son of Rev. Nicholas C. Ware, a well known Meth
odist Episcopal minister who died in 1889, was born in Wilkes county, Ga., Aug. 16, 1855. H's educational advantages consisted in several years' attendance at the common schools, and a year at Middle Georgia college, under Prof. Geo. C. Looney. Ever since he was eighteen Mr. Ware has devoted himself to the education of youth. During the years 1880-81 he had charge of the Raytown
high school, at the same time being county surveyor. For six years, 1882-88, he was principal of Warrenton academy, and for the four succeeding years had
charge of the Augusta orphan asylum. In 1892 he removed to Arabi, where he founded the Arabi institute, the best school in the county, and one of the best and most successful in the wire grass country. His wife, Rosa, is the daughter of Judge W. H. Edwards, of Warrenton, to whom he was married in 1877. They have four children: Clive Looney, born Xov. ro, 1878; Eva, Aug. 23, 1882; Mabel. Feb. 16, 1886; Alexander Ford, July 29, 1889. Prof. Ware is a member of Arabi lodge, F. & A. M., and also belongs to the Royal Arcanum
at Warrenton. The Ware family to which Mr. Ware belongs is of Welsh origin, and has been prominent in the state for several generations. Ware county was

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

so named in honor of one of Mr. Ware's ancestors, United States senator Nicholas Ware. His immediate family are remarkable for their devotedness to work of a religious and educational character. Eight -of his uncles as well as his father have
been engaged in the ministry of the M. E. church, while three of his brothers, like liimself, are faithful teachers. One brother, N. E. Ware, is in charge of the public schools at Hawkinsville. Mr. Ware organized the Cordele high school in 1895 and is its present principal.

I AH [EL J. WEST, born April 3, 1856, at Chemung, Chemung Co.. N. Y., is one of a family of eleven children, all living and having families of their own.
His father, a farmer, Geo. P. West, now lives at Waverly, N. Y. Jahiel received a fair common-school education, and at the age of eighteen took a thorough busi ness course at Wyoming Seminary and Commercial college, graduating under Prof. L. L. Sprague. He then went into the milling business at Chemung, re maining there two years, and next engaged in the cider, vinegar and lumber trade at Waverly, where he also established what was afterward called the Herdic Coach line. In 1886 he accepted a position in Gresston, Ga., with the Gress Lumber company, but after eight months, during which he was promoted to the superintendency, he went to Atlanta and established the Georgia Pine and Lumber company, with which he remained two years. He had formed a part nership with Mr. I. X. Cheevcs in lumbering, and they now sold out the (Atlanta) business to A. A. Fletcher and G. V. Gress, while Messrs. Cheeves & West assumed entire control of the Gress Lumber company, the former as secretary
and treasurer, the latter as general manager. From its very beginning the enter prise so prospered that at the end of nine months its managers inaugurated a new undertaking, founding the Parrot Lumber company at Richmond, Ga., with
G. W. Parrot as president, the other two members of the firm holding the same offices as in the Gress company. The capacity of the mills is 100,000 feet per day, and in connection with it they carry on a general store and operate a railroad. The latter is fourteen miles in length and requires a force of 250 men, ninety mules, fourteen stationary engines and three locomotives. Mr. West has been in charge of the post-office at Richwood ever since it was established. His wife, whom he married in 1884, was Miss Annie Voris of Waverly, N. Y. He is the proud father of th'-ee sons: Herbert, aged nine; Stephen, seven, and George, two years of age. In June, 1895, he sold his interest in the Parrot Lumber company, moved to Atlanta, where he can better educate his boys, and established the West Lumber company at 244 West Petters street. At the same time he bought a nice house at 55 East Georgia avenue, which place he expects to make his perma
nent residence.

DOUGHERTY COUNTY.
C B. BROWN, banker and merchant, Albany. Dougherty Co., Ga., is the son " of B. Brown, native of Prussia, and was born in Atlanta in 1855. His
father was a leading clothing dealer of Atlanta for many years. The subject of this memoir attended school in Atlanta, but struck out for himself at an early age. In 1866 he located in Albany, and three years later began work as a clerk lor thirty dollars a month. In 1871 he was a clerk in the post-office for a year.

DOUGHERTY COUNTY SKETCHES.

fort

He then worked for D. Greenfield, general merchandise, and from 1877 to was his partner. He then bought out the business and increased the stock and lias otherwise developed the trade until it is not excelled for the line in Albany. Mr. Brown was married in 1877 to Miss Ernestina Plonsky, and they have had born to them five children: Paul J., Ed. D., Lee Roy, Marie E. and Etta R. Mr. Brown is a Mason and a member of the A. O. U. W., Knights of Pythias, Knights of Honor, Legion of Honor and I. O. B. B. His sons Paul and Edward are. students at Yale college. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are members of the Hebrew church. In politics he is a democrat, though liberal in his views. Mr. Brown is an excellent example of what push and grit can do in this country. He com menced life as ?. mere clerk, but by perseverance he finds himself now at the head of one of the best general merchandise business establishments in his sec tion of the state. He is president of the Exchange bank and of the Albany Sav ings and Trust bank, and owns a large tract of farm land, much of which -he is cultivating. He is one of the best business men in the state, and his keen mind is ever looking for opportunities for investment and improvement as will promote the prosperity of Albany. The Exchange bank commenced business- about April 17. 1895. has a cash paid-up capital of $50,000, and is doing a large deposit business. Mr. Brown has frequently been solicited to accept office, but has always declined, finding his business affairs too pressing.

M J. CRUGER, 'manufacturer, Albany, is the son of Nicholas and Elizabeth * (Robert) Cruger, and was born in Brooklyn, X. Y., Aug 18, 1855. He
attended Smvanee university of the south, and in his younger days followed clerking. In 1886 ho engaged in the brick business. Xot having any ready cash, he borrowed $1,000 from a bank and gave his paper. In two years' time he had made $5,000, and demonstrated the possibilities of the business. In 1889 he formed a partnership with W. \V. Pace, and the firm manufacture five million bricks annually, and together with their lumber business, their annual sales amount to $75,000. Mr. Cruger was united in matrimony to Anna Bell Alex-. andra, daughter of Dr. P. W. Alexandra of Albany. To this union has been born one chilil. Nicholas Wight, named after Col. Wight of Albany.

C G. EDWARDS, sheriff, Albany, Dougherty Co., Ga., is a son of F. G. and " Mliza A. ^Cade) Edwards, natives of Georgia, and was born March 17, 1849.
His father died in 1856 and his mother survived until 1876. He was sent to the university of Tennessee for his education, and at twenty years of age opened a store in Albany and commenced business for himself, in 1875 nc was made deputy sheriff, a position which he filled until 1878, when he was elected sheriff, and he has since been continued in the office. He is a straightforward, honest official, accommodating and painstaking, and his administration of the office is eminently satisfactory. Mr. Edwards is a stockholder and manager in the Al bany Brick Manufacturing company, with a capacity of ten million bricks per annum, and a cash business of $45,000 yearly. They employ 125 men and have a large plant. Mr. Edwards, besides other interests, owns a fine farm of 1,250. acres, situated about a mile from Albany. As a public official and citizen Mr. Edwards lias no peer.
WILLIAM M. GODWIX. deputy sheriff, Albany, is a son of F. G. and Melvina M. (Hill) Godwin, both natives of Georgia. The father died in
1857. when the lad was only fourteen years old. He went to school until the war broke out, when he enlisted with the Georgia state militia. In a short time 1-39

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

--at eighteen--he was made captain of the company, and was with it all through the war. When hostilities were ended he returned to Albany and began plant ing on his farm of some 700 acres, which is located near Albany. In 1889, he with his son, opened a fine livery and feed-stable, with some twenty head of horses and a number of vehicles for hire. In 1888 Mr. Godwin was made deputy
sheriff under Mr. Edwards and has held the position ever since. He was mar ried to Miss Mayo, of Albany, daughter of J. J. Mayo, and they have had born to them six children: William C., Frank W., Jennie H., Salix and Felix G. Mrs.
Godwin takes an active interest in the doings of the Baptist church. Mr.
Godwin is a democrat and a public-spirited citizen.

QAPT. JOHX TEMPLE HESTER has been prominently identified with the history of Dougherty county tor the last thirty years. He was one of six
children born to Simeon and Sarah D. (Graves) Hester, and first saw the light of day Dec. 14, 1839, in Washington, Wilkes Co., Ga. He was educated at the Washington academy under R. M. Wright, as principal, and at the age of seven teen was made assistant principal. He continued in that capacity until twenty years of age, when he went to South Carolina to teach school. Returning to
Georgia he came to Albany, where he was when the storm of war arose. He enlisted in the Fourth Georgia regiment and served two years in that command, when on order of Gen. Lee, he was placed in command of a company from Wilkes count}-. He remained with the Sixty-first Georgia regiment, colonel (afterward
general) Clement A. Evans, until the surrender. Immediately after the war he opened a general merchandise store in Albany and has built up an extensive busi ness. He retired from merchandising on being elected tax collector, a position to which he has been re-elected for a number of terms. He was a member of the general assembly one term in 1880-1881, and served his county with credit.
Capt Hester was first united in marriage to Miss Tate Collins of Albany, who died in 1876. Three years afterward he married Miss Lillie Hutcherson of Louis ville, Ky., by whom he has had five children: Daisy. Eugene G., John H., Mar
guerite and Cora D. Mr. and Mrs. Hester are members of the Protestant Epis copal church. He is a democrat, eminent in county and state councils and his
popularity is demonstrated by his repeated election as tax collector of his county.

UEXRY ANDREW KARYER, retired planter, Albany, was born in 1826, and comes from one of the oldest families of Brunswick, Ga. His father was
H. H. Karver and his mother, Anna Rutherford Wienberry, both of Scotch parentage, the mother coming from Virginia. Henry Karver was born in Baker county, Ga., but at the age of fifteen years located in Albany, and was employed
on a plantation eighteen miles from the city. Here he started for himself and soon owned a fine plantation of 7,500 acres in a high state of cultivation, and a large number of slaves. After the war he gave up active management and leads a quiet life with his family at Albany. He was married on March 6, 1850, to
Elizabeth G. Solomon, and this union has been blessed with eight children, four hoys and four girls. Mr. and Mrs. Karver are members of the Methodist Epis copal church and he is a strong democrat.

f W. KEMP, real estate owner, Albany, is a son of W. W. and Phoebe (Rodgers) * Kemp, and was born in Warren county in 1836. He attended the common
schools when he could, but the fact that he worked on a plantation when only nine
years old shows that his opportunities were abridged. For five years he pegged
away on a small salary and plenty of work: but when fourteen years old he started

DOUGHERTY COUNTY SKETCHES.

6ll

in business for himself and established a livery stable. He was conducting this business when the war broke out, and he was elected marshal of Albany. He resigned, however, and enlisted with the Albany guards. He served four years, and was captured May 12, 1864, at the battle of Horseshoe. He returned to Albany, and in 1866 was elected sheriff of Dougherty county, and subsequently re-elected three times. During President Cleveland's first administration Mr. Kemp was appointed a deputy United States marshal, and at the same time was made special policeman. He was united in marriage on Nov. 26, 1868, to Nellie, a daughter of
Dr. J. Tomlinson, of Lee county. They have had born to them three children--
Jared H., twenty years of age and a graduate of Emory college; William L., twenty years of age; and Burdine, a young lady of eighteen. Mrs. Kemp and daughter are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. In politics Mr. Kemp is a strong democrat. He has a fine farm of 400 acres near Albany, and owns considerable property in that city.

JACOB LORCH, one of Albany's most prominent merchants, is a self-made man. He is a son of Leopold Lorch and Katharine (Lampert) Lorch, and
was born in Germany. He came to America when he was nineteen years old, and for a while was employed in a store in Philadelphia, but later located in Albany, and first worked for D. Mayer & Bros, as clerk for about six months. When the war broke out he was among the first to enlist, and joining the Fifty-first Georgia regiment, served through the late war, seeing plenty of hard fighting and active service. After the war he settled in Alabama, but soon returned to his first love-- Albany, Ga. Here he was the full and only partner of the firm, "Morris Mayer," composed of Jacob Lorch and Morris Mayer, for a period of over twenty years, and after their dissolution on Feb. i, 1894, interested himself with his nephews,
Mayer and Crine. He was always found faithful and honest in his capacity as a merchant and cotton buyer--everybody wishing him the success he deserved. As a statistician on cotton he is said to have no equal in the south. Mr. Lorch, in connection with his nephews, Mayer and Crine, has one of the largest stores and finest stocks of merchandise in Albany. The store occupies three stories and a basement; they carry a stock of an average value of $30,000, and their annual sales amount to $65,000. Mr. Lorch is a member of the masonic fraternity, council degree, Knights of Pythias, I. O. of Heptosoph, and B'nai Brith. He is unmarried and is one of the most popular citizens, enjoying the esteem and friend ship of everybody.

W. PACE, of Albany, Dougherty Co., Ga., is a son of Davis and Julia Wil* kinson Pace of Georgia, and was born April 26, 1860. His father was a very large planter, and at one time owned some 300 slaves. His father died some years ' ago, but his mother is still living. Mr. Pace attended the common schools in his early days, and at the age of nineteen years took a business course and was gradu ated from the Atlanta commercial college. Accepting a position with H. H. Tift, of Tifton, as clerk and bookkeeper, he remained with him in that capacity for seven years. He then engaged in the mercantile business for himself for a few years. Later on he sold his entire stock, and removed to Albany, and formed a partnership with N. J. Cruger as the Flint River Brick & Lumber company, and has continued with it ever since. It is one of the largest building material furnishers in Georgia. Mr. Pace has charge of the office business of the company. Mr. Pace was married to Mary Davis, the sister of Buford Davis, member of the well-known firm of Hardeman, Davis & Turner, of Macon, Ga. Mr. and Mrs. Pace have two children, W. W. Pace, Jr., and Jesse McDonald Pace. Mrs. Pace is a member

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

of the Episcopal church. Mr. Pace is a man with all the qualifications promising' a most successful business career.

P X. WESTBROOK, chief of the police and planter, Albany, is a son of Richard X. and Josephine Westbrook, natives of Pulaski county, N. C., and was born
in Houston county, near Andersonville, June 3, 1846. His boyhood days were
spent on the farm, and his education obtained in the common schools. On June 12, 1861, when only fifteen years old, he joined a Confederate company under command of John C. McMillan. It was Company C, Twelfth Georgia, and was made up at Marshallville, Macon Co., and after organization left immediately for Richmond, Va. After two years' fighting he was discharged, and at once organized a company in Dooly county, and was made second lieutenant. With this company he served until August, 1866, when he returned to Albany and went into the mer chandise business with A. C. Westbrook. In 1879 he was elecetd marshal and chief of police of Albany; the latter position he is still holding, being his sixteenth year.
This is the longest that any officer has held the office, which is a tribute to Mr. Westbrook's efficient administration and popularity. Mr. Westbrook has two large farms, and a great deal of real estate in Albany, and by long and faithful service
has secured a competence of the world's goods. He was married to Miss Lizzie Cruger, a daughter of Col. X. Cruger, of South Carolina, and later of Savannah,
April 6, 1875. To this union have been born three children: Allatia C., Cruger and William P. Mrs. Westbrook is a member of the Episcopal church. Mr.
Westbrook is a leader in local politics and a faithful adherent to the cause of
democracy.

QOL. EDWIX LEIGH WIGHT, wholesale grocer, Albany, Dougherty Co., Ga..
is a gentleman extensively and favorably known throughout Georgia, espe cially in military circles, where he has labored faithfully and successfully for a creditable and efficient state militia. Samuel B. Wight, the colonel's father, was a merchant and leading citizen of Atlanta for years prior to and succeeding the late
war. He was the first mayor of the west end, then a suburb of Atlanta, -and during the war served as quartermaster of Howell Cobb's regiment, with the rank of cap tain. He died in 1888. Col. Wight was born in Decatur county, Ga., Oct. 4, 1846.
and was educated at the state university, and while a student enlisted in the Sixteenth Georgia battalion of cavalry, Col. Samuel J. Winn, now of Lawrenceville.
Gwinnett Co., Ga., commanding. After the war he, in company with his father,
went into the wholesale dry goods business in Atlanta. After two years' experience he concluded to try the general merchandise business in a smaller town, and located at Xewton, Baker Co., where he continued successfully until 1873. From
1873 to 1881 he was with the cotton firm of Welch & Bacon, Albany. For the six years following he conducted a cotton warehouse of his own. In 1887 he asso ciated himself with Mr. Morris Weslasky under the firm name of Wight & Welasky. This firm is one of the most prominent wholesale grocery houses in Southern
Georgia, and does a yearly business of some half a million dollars. Col. Wight
is a popular citizen of Albany, in the progress of which thriving city he has always displayed an active interest, having frequently served the city as a councilman,
served a term as mayor in 1881, and is at this time (1895) occupying that honorable position. He was for fifteen years foreman of a volunteer fire company, in which position he did valuable service for the city. Col. Wight is an honored member of a number of the best fraternal organizations--a Knight Templar in Masonry, an Odd Fellow, and a Knight of Pythias, in which latter organization he was for years captain of the uniformed rank. As indicated in the opening sentence of this

DOUGLAS COUNTY SKETCHES.
sketch, Col. Wight has given much attention to the state militia. His record in this line is as follows: He was elected second lieutenant of the Albany guards Jan. 31, 1876, and captain of the same, March 27, 1877. Feb. I, 1883, he was appointed aide-de-camp to Gov. Stephens, was made captain of Jackson light artillery April 12, 1884, and again became captain of the Albany guards Feb. i, 1888. Two years later, March 19, 1890, he was elected lieutenant-colonel of the Seventh Georgia battalion, and on Sept. 15, 1891, was elected colonel of the Fourth Georgia regiment, which he held until 1893, when he was placed on the retired list at his own request. Col. Wight has held a commission under every governor since the war except Gov. Bulloch. The marriage of Col. Wight and Miss Mary M. Billingsly was solemnized Nov. 24, 1874, at Albany--she being a daughter of Col. Francis A. Billingsly, a leading citizen of the place. His only son, Edwin L., Jr., is a student at the Atlanta Technological school, and Ruby, his only daughter, is at the Lucy Cobb institute, Athens, Ga.
DOUGLAS COUNTY.
DOBERT N. ANDERSON, farmer, Douglasville, Douglas Co., Ga., son of Thomas and Annie (White) Anderson, was born in South Carolina in 1831.
His paternal grandfather, David A. Anderson, was a native of Scotland, emigrated to this country before the revolutionary war, and settled in Louisa county, Va. He was a soldier in the patriot army during the war, and was captured by the British. He migrated to South Carolina in 1790, where he died about 1820. Mr. Anderson's father was born in South Carolina in 1790, served in the army during the last war with Great Britain, served many years as sheriff of Marion district, and was a volunteer soldier in the Seminole war. He moved to Georgia and settled in Xewton county, in 1836; making the trip in ox-carts and camping by the roadside at night. He lived in tents until he could build a cabin, and then cleared a farm on which he lived until 1849. That year he moved to Cobb count}', Ga., and lived there until his death, which occurred in 1872. Mr. Anderson was reared on the farm and educated at the historic dirt floor log schoolhouse with holes sawed through the logs on the sides to let in the light In June, 1863, he enlisted in Com pany F--of which he was made orderly sergeant--First Georgia regiment, and participated in the battles at Resaca, Calhoun, New Hope, Kennesaw mountain, Peachtree creek, Franklin and Murfreesboro. He was wounded July 26, 1863, and was captured at Salisbury, N. C., but made his escape at Statesville, rejoined his command and remained with it until the surrender. One hundred and forty bullet holes through a blanket he carried through the war evidence the danger to which he was exposed, and his many narrow escapes from death. At the close of the war he returned to his home to find it despoiled amid a scene of desolation, and his family refugeed to Newton county. Resuming his farm work he con tinued it in Cobb county until 1890, when he moved to Douglasville so that his children might have the benefit of the college there. He is a good and thrifty fanner, and by good management has placed himself in comfortable circumstances, and has the respect and esteem of his fellow-citizens. Mr. Anderson was mar ried in 1855 to Miss Pellonia, daughter of Thomas and Marina (Chandler) Butner ---an old Virginia family of Scotch descent. Seven children have blessed this

614

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

union: Charles C., Mrs. Eugenia Morse, Mrs. Susan Dorset!, Eunice W., Marina E., Annie, Addie L., and Frank B.--all living. He is a master Mason, and an
influential member of the Primitive Baptist church.

QALEB P. BOWEX, farmer, and postmaster, Douglasville, Douglas Co., Ga.,
son of Thomas J. and Xancy (Yarbrough) Bowen, was born in Jackson county, Ga., in 1827. His paternal grandfather, of Welsh descent, was born in Penn
sylvania in 1762, and migrated to South Carolina, where he died in 1848. Mr. Bowen's father was born in South Carolina in 1788, was raised on the farm and educated at the country schools. His family moved to Georgia and settled in Jackson county when he was a small boy. About the time he grew to manhood
he taught school for some time. During the war with Great Britain he commanded
a battalion of American troops, holding the rank of major. He afterward was drillmaster of the state militia, and twice represented his county in the general assembly. As a farmer he was eminently successful and died about 1860. Mr.
Bowen was reared on the farm and attended the common country schools. When nearing manhood he joined a company of volunteers for the Mexican war, but peace was proclaimed before the company was called into service. In 1861 he enlisted in Company C, Thirtieth Georgia regiment, of which he was made first lieutenant, and soon afterward promoted to the captaincy. Among the battles in which with his command he participated, were: Vicksburg, Jackson, Missionary ridge, Chickamauga, Resaca, etc. He was captured Dec. 16, 1864, and sent to
Johnson's island, where he was detained as a prisoner until after the surrender. He was twice wounded during the war; and while himself suffering from wounds, spent five days on the Chickamauga battlefield burying the dead. Capt. Bowen
moved to what is now Douglas county before its organization; and in 1870, when
it was organized, he was elected the first treasurer of the county. In 1876 he was elected to represent the county in the general assembly. In 1893, he was
appointed postmaster at Douglasville, and is still holding that office. Mr. Bowen
has been a successful farmer and general business man, and is very popular and very much respected by his fellow-citizens. Capt Bowen was married April 8, 1848,
to Miss Thirze A., daughter of Hiram and Charity (Blackwell) Boen, by whom he had two children: Helen, Mrs. Magourik (deceased), and Margaret, Mrs. Bomar. His wife died May 9,1862, and in September, 1867, he contracted a second marriage with Miss Melissa, daughter of James S. and Adaline (Ferryman) Morse, and to
them have been born three children: Cora, Mrs. Hunter; Annie, Mrs. Wright, now deceased: and Hugh B.

IJENRY T. COOPER, farmer, banker and county ordinary, Douglasville, Douglas Co., Ga., son of Benjamin and Katharine (Allison) Cooper, was
born in what is now Douglas county, in 1850. His paternal grandfather, Henry
Cooper, was an old settler in Georgia and a gallant soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. Mr. Cooper's father was born in what is now
Putnam county, Ga., in 1799. He was reared on the farm, and was given a fairly good country school education. When fort}- years of age he bought a tract of land in then Campbell county, a part of which he cleared and farmed most suc
cessfully until his death in 1876. His mother, daughter of Thomas and Margaret Allison, was born in 1820, educated in the country schools, was married when eighteen, was the happy mother of three children and died in 1885. Mr. Cooper
was reared on the farm, and received his early schooling at the country schools near his home, and later attended the high school at Palmetto, Ga. Although the family had been what was considered wealthy before the war, the property was

DOUGLAS COUNTY SKETCHES.

615

nearly all lost during the war, and the subject of this sketch became the main sup port of the family. In 1879 h was elected tax receiver, and held the office, by re-election, six years continuously. On account of his faithful discharge of the duties of this office his appreciative fellow-citizens elected him ordinary of the county, and, like a tnie patriott he accepted the situation, and the people have continued him in it since. When the Douglasville bank was organized in 1892 he was elected, and still holds the position of cashier. He is recognized as a prompt, careful and conscientious business man, and being of the highest integrity, and perfectly reliable in every respect, he has the entire confidence of the community. Mr. Cooper was married in January, 1881, to Miss Emily, daughter of Solomon and Sarah (Glass) Dorsey, by whom he has had five children: Jewel, Sallie K., Gordon, Lamar, and Mary E. He is a charter member of the I. O. O. F., and an influential member of the Baptist church.

JOHN B. DUNCAX, farmer, Douglasville, Douglas Co., Ga., son of William W. and Mary (Barnwell) Duncan, was born in Henry county, Ga., Nov. 5,
1826. His paternal grandfather was John Duncan, who was born in South Carolina, of Scotch parentage. Mr. Duncan's father was born in Greenville district, South Carolina, in July, 1800. When only ten years of age he was left an orphan,
and although a mere boy, the duty and responsibility of caring for the family-- the work of matured manhood--devolved upon him; but he met and discharged them with much self-reliance. Under the circumstances his education was neces sarily very limited, and natural ability and force of character had to be relied on. In January, 1823, he was married to Miss Mary Barnwell, of Jackson county,
Ga., and settled in Henry county, where he lived about eleven years, and then moved to Cobb count}-, Ga., and settled in the woods filled with wild beasts and roamed over by Indians. Here he cleared a small farm, and built a comfortable
log cabin home. Later he built a mill, and conducted both with profit. He attained
to considerable prominence and was elected a justice of the inferior court, to which he was re-elected for a number of terms, and died Jan. 23, 1847. His mother was born in Jackson county in 1806, and was the daughter of John and Mary Barnwell. Her father was born in Ireland of Irish parentage, settled in
Orange district, North Carolina, and was a soldier in the revolutionary army during the war. She died March 8, 1850. Mr. Duncan was reared on the farm and received his education at the old-time dirt floor log schoolhouse. When his father died in 1847 he assumed control, managed the affairs of the farm, and provided for the family, and the education of.his younger brothers and sisters.
In 1862 he enlisted in Company D, Seventh Georgia regiment, and gallantly met
all the hardships and dangers of soldier life--participating in most of the important battles of the war. In the battle of the Wilderness he was severely wounded in the
temple, and was present at the memorable siege of Petersburg. When the war ended he returned to his home in Cobb county to find it almost a desolate waste.
But with characteristic pluck and energy he set about the work of restoration, and recuperation. In a few years he not only placed it in good condition but so pros pered as to add a valuable milling interest, increasing his worldly possessions and prosperity. In 1891 he moved to Douglasville where he is living in the enjoyment of the competency which his well-directed energy, enterprise, and labor have brought him, and" the respect and esteem which his integrity of character and
Christian life have won for him. Mr. Duncan was married Feb. 15, 1849, to
Miss Louisa, daughter of William and Priscilla (Bankston) Matthews, who died six months afterward. Oct. 17, 1850, he contracted a second marriage with Miss Martha E., daughter of Samuel G. and Elizabeth (Bankston) Mosley. Seven

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
children which blessed this union are still living: William S.. Xapoleon 1}., Mrs. Man.- K. Burton. John T.. 1'riscilla, Robert Lee, and Frank. He is a master Mason and an exemplary member of the Methodist church.
JOHN" T. DUXCAX, farmer, Douglasville, Douglas Co., Ga., son of William and Martha E. (Mosley) Duncan, was born in Cobb (now Douglas) county in
1858. In consequence of the unsettled condition of the country during his boy hood and youth, his education was limited. When twenty years old he engaged as a clerk in his brother's store at Powder Springs, Cobb Co., his wages being $4 and lx>ard per month. Here he learned the lesson of rigid economy, which lias contributed so largely to the success he has achieved. During his first year's service his personal expenses amounted to only $32. In 1883 he came to Doug lasville with a few hundred dollars of hard-earned money, and in company with his brother. Xapoleon B., embarked in a general merchandising business. He lias been eminently successful, established a large, permanent and profitable busi ness, anrl a reputation for integrity and financial reliability in the commercial world. He ranks among the foremost of the merchants of Douglasville, and numbers his friends by his acquaintances. He is a member of the city council and a trustee of Douglasville college. His interesting family occupy one of the most delightful homes in the city. Mr. Duncan was married in March, 1888, to Miss Lucerioh, daughter of John G. and Lucerioh (Yarner) Clonts, by whom he has had four children: Thomas J., deceased; John H., deceased; Willie C. and Edith. He is a member of the I. O- O. F., a master Mason, and an active, working and influential member of the Methodist church.
JOHN" M. EDGF.. lawyer, Douglasville. Douglas Co., Ga.. son of John and Sarah (Miller) Edge, was born in l!aldwin Co., Ga., in August, 1819. His
paternal grandfather. Xehemiah Edge, of English lineage, was a native of Mary land and a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. Subsequently he migrated to < ieorgia and settled in Wilkcs county. Mr. Edge's father was born in Wilkes county in 1784, was raised on the farm, and received such education ;ts was common to the period and locality. He served in the Creek Indian war during and immediately following the last war with Great Britain. About 1820 he moved to what is now Xewton county, where he served as a justice of the peace for a number of years. In 1836 he moved to Benton county. Ala., but in a short time moved back to Georgia and settled at Cave Spring, Floyd Co. He was killed one Sunday morning in 1844 while on his way to church by the sudden falling iq>on him of the limb of a tree. His mother was born in what is now Baldwin county. Ga.. in 1780. and was the daughter of a Xorth Carolina revolu tionary soldier. She was married in 1810 and died in 1840. Mr. Edge was reared on the farm, attended the common near-by schools when growing up. and finished his education at Cave Spring, then a branch of Mercer university. He then studied law under the preccptorship of Judge A. R. Wright, Rome, Ga.. where he was admitted to the bar in April, 1845. The ensuing August he located in Marietta, Cobb Co.. (ia.. where he established a good professional reputation and secured a good and influential clientage. In 1855 he moved to Campbell county, where he engaged in farming. He had prospered at his profession and was prospering as a farmer when the desolating "war between the states'' was inaugurated, and at its close he found his life-time accumulations swept away. His age and ill health prevented him from taking an active part in the field, but he did efficient provost duty. In 1865 he was elected to represent CampbeH county in the general assem bly. In 1870 lie moved to the then new county of Douglas and re-entered upon

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the practice of his profession. Notwithstanding his advanced age he retains his old-time fire, vigor and energy; has re-established a remunerative law practice "and has the patronage and support of a large and influential clientage. In ante bellum times he was an ardent "old-line whig" and an active stump speaker. So vigorous and well-equipped was he that Hon. L. J. Gartrell, who long represented the district in congress, was reported to have remarked that "Edge was one of the toughest customers he ever encountered on the stump." He is one of the oldest and best-known citizens of Douglas county and one of the oldest lawyers in that part of the state, and no person commands greater respect. Mr. Edge was married Nov. 19, 1846, to Clara, daughter of Martin and (Butt) Kolb, of Campbell county, a union blessed with six children: Mrs. Mary Adder-hold, John V"., J. K., J. B., Mrs. Octavia Bennett and Mrs. L. M. Dixon. Mrs. Edge died in 1886. He is a long-time master Mason and a prominent and useful member of the Baptist church.
A. JAMES, lawyer, Douglasville. Douglas Co., Ga., son of Stephen and " Martha (Shipleigh) James, was born in Campbell (new Douglas) county, May 7, 1847. His paternal grandparents, Stephen and Man' (Mills) James, were natives of North Carolina, whence they moved in 1825 to \Yalton county, Ga. They made the journey in ox-carts, in which they lived until cabins could be built. Clearing a piece of land, he engaged in farming. A few years later he moved to Cobb, and subsequently to Campbell count}-. Mr. James' father was born in Newbern, X. C. in 1821, and when a child came to Georgia with his parents. He became a large farmer and also a very prominent citizen of Campbell county. He was a justice of the peace for thirty years consecutively, and is credited with having married not less than 200 couples. He died in 1871. His mother was born about 1820 and was married in 1840. She is still living. Mr. James received his primary education in the common schools of his native county and finished it in the city schools of St. Louis. In 1864, at the age of seventeen, he enlisted in the Confederate service and served as aide de camp and courier to Gen. Wheeler. He was afterward transferred to the Third Alabama cavalry, in which he served until the surrender near Salem, N. C., by Gen. J. E. Johnston. He made his escape, however, and made his way home. Mr. James enjoys the distinction of having been one of the youngest soldiers in the regular Confederate service. He began life for himself as a clerk in a drug store in St. Louis, Mo. Afterward he studied law under the late Judge Dennis F. Hammond, of Atlanta, and was admitted to the bar in 1871. In 1873 ne settled where Douglasville now stands, and the following year, in company with his brother James and others began the erection of the first house built in the town. In 1876 he moved to his mother's plantation near Lithia Springs, where he remained until 1881, when he returned to Douglasville and resumed the practice of law, in which he has been very successful, representing a large and valuable clientage. In 1885-86 he was mayor of the city, and again during the years 1892-93-94, and is chairman of the board of trustees of Douglasville college, which demonstrates his efficiency and public spirit, and the estimation in which he is held by his fellow citizens. Mr. James was married Jan. 15, 1879, to Miss Mary M., daughter of William P. .and Mary (McLarty) Strickland. To them five children have been born: Clifford M., Ruby L., Nettie P., William P. and James. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and an active, influential member of the Methodist church.
JOSEPH S. JAMES, United States district attorney of the northern district of Georgia, was born in Campbell (now Douglas) county, Ga., March 20, 1849.
He received a common school education, attending the log-cabin school located

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

near his home. At an early age his mind possessed of much firmness, breadth and power for solving difficult problems, he decided to become a lawyer, and studied with this end in view. In 1869 he married Margaret Elizabeth E., daugh ter of the late Dr. E. W. Maxwell, a native of Douglas county. At this time, being very poor and without a thorough education, he was disqualified for the battle of life, but gathering all his strength and ability, he applied himself to the study of law, reading and being admitted to the bar without instructions from a lawyer or attending any law school, at times poring over his books the entire night, When admitted to the bar he stood a most creditable examination and
immediately forged his way to the front of the profession in his section and has maintained that positon ever since. He was admitted in Douglasville in 1875, and to the supreme court two years later. When twenty-one years of age he was elected justice of the peace in Douglas county, but resigned after two years' sen-ice. He was chosen the first mayor of Douglasville in 1876, holding the office for one term, and by his executive ability obtained the regard and congratu lations of the community. In 1880 he was elected to represent Douglas county in Georgia's general assembly and re-elected after the expiration of the first term. In 1886 he was elected to the state senate from the thirty-sixth senatorial district, and served two years. In 1892 he was chosen a presidential elector-atlarge from the state of Georgia, and in ninety days made 102 speeches in the state, covering almost even" nook and corner, his consecutive appointments some times being from 100 to 300 miles apart, and frequently meeting in joint debate
the opponents of his party. He was appointed United States district attorney by President Cleveland on April 3. 1893. As the legal representative of the government, the sole responsibility devolved upon him of grappling with and suppressing the gigantic organization in North Georgia known as "White Caps." In his herculean task he was ably assisted by Messrs. Rucker. Bell and Camp of his office and by the internal revenue collector and marshals. Lawyers who rank
among the best in the state were employed for the defendants and the nature of the eases being wholly new to the practice, it required the greatest skill and in genuity to draft bills of indictment that would stand the test of the law's tech nicalities. To tin's effort Mr. James devoted himself, spending one whole night
in his office to perfect the bill upon which the worst of the organization were put on trial. They were convicted and his bill was sustained by the supreme court of the L'nited States, to which the case was carried. Col. James has three daughters: Margaret Odessa. Eunice Lettitia and Lois Cleveland. He is a mem ber of the Odd Fellows and affiliates with the Methodist church south. Mr. James is the son of Stephen James, who. with his three sons, fought valiantly in the fate civil war. Those in the ranks were: George W., who gave up his life at Front Royal. Vs.: John M.. a member of tiie Twenty-first Georgia regi ment, first lieutenant of Company A. who lost his right leg at Chancellorsville. and William A. James. Their bravery is denied by none.

H. POOLE. physician and surgeon. Douglasville. Douglas' Co.. Ga.. son " of T. T. and Sarah i Brown'* Poole. was born in South Carolina in 1833. His grandfather. Benjamin Poole. of English lineage, was born in South Carolina in 1780. served as a soldier in the last var with Great Britain in 1812. in the Seminole war of 1836. and died in 1850. Dr. Poole" s father was born in South Carolina in 1810. was raised a farmer in that state, whence he migrated to Geor gia, making the trip in ox-carts, and settled in Carroll county. He farmed in That county until 1850. when he moved to Cass mow Bartow') county, where he engageil in mining. From there he went to Iron Mountain. Ala., and thence

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to the famous Shelby mines, in the same state. He pursued his mining operations there until about 1870, when he returned to his old home in Georgia. There he conducted a farm until 1874, when he was killed by his horse running away. Dr. Poole's mother, daughter of William Brown, who distinguished himself in Ihe war of 1812, and in the Indian war of 1836, was born in South Carolina in 1812. She was married in 1832 and is still living. Dr. Poole was raised on the farm and received his primary education at the near-by country schools, and when eighteen years old was sent to Hiwassee college. After being there
three and a half years he had to leave on account of failing health, and did not graduate. A short time after that he began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. M. F. La Dell, an eminent physician of Cedartown, Ga., under whose instruction he remained two years. He then entered the Savannah Medical col lege--well known at the time as the "Old Arnold School''--where he remained two years, serving one year as interne in the Marine hospital. He graduated in 1860 with the first honors of his class. His graduating thesis--subject, "Modus Operandi of Medicines''--was published in the medical journals of the day and attracted the attention of the profession. During the war he was an examining surgeon for the Confederate army. Soon after the surrender he located near the present site of Douglasville. His natural ability and acquired attainments, his large experience, though yet young in the profession, and an already recog nized superior physician, secured for him an extensive and profitable practice. He has been exceptionally successful in his practice, and has a well-earned, wide reputation, few. if any, physicians outranking him. He is an extensive planter and owns and operates several of the best farms in the county and two grist mills. Dr. Poole was married Oct. 3, 1861, to Miss Annie Marcella, daughter of Reuben and Flora (Price) Yansant. of an old South Carolina family. Eight children have blessed this union: Italia D., Mrs. Baxlcy, Carrie A., William T., Reuben H., Thomas J., Sallie, May and De Witt. Dr. Poole is a prominent member of the masonic fraternity and of the Lutheran church.

WILLIAM T. ROBERTS, lawyer, Douglasville, Douglas Co., Ga., son of Mellville C. and Susan E. (Skeen) Robert*, was born in Campbell county,
Ga.. Dec. 26.1858. His paternal great-grandfather, Josephus Roberts, was North Carolina born, of English parentage. His grandparents were Grant and Frances (Pass) Roberts--the grandfather born in Buncombe county, X. C., Xov. 14, 1804. He was a large farmer, a prominent and influential citizen, and accumulated a very large fortune. In 1815 he migrated to Georgia and settled in Clarke count}-, subsequently moving to Campbell county, where he died March 16, 1888. Mr. Roberts' father was born in Campbell county, Sept. 28, 1834, was reared a farmer, and received such education as the best count}- schools could give. Soon after the war between the states began he enlisted in Company C, Thirty-sixth Georgia regiment, and served in all Gen. Lee's campaigns in defense of Rich mond until July 3, 1863, when he was killed at Gettysburg. His mother, daughter of Purnell H. and Adaline (Steed) Skecn, an old Xorth Carolina family, was
born in Coweta county, Ga., Feb. 12, 1836, and was educated at the La Grange Female college, at La Grange, Ga., from which she was graduated in 1854. She was married Feb. 25." 1858, and became the mother of three children: William T., the subject of this sketch; Mrs. Sarah E. Terrell, deceased, and John M. Mr. Roberts was raised on the farm and received his education at the near-by country schools. He began life for himself as a clerk in the store of his uncle
in Whitesburg, Ga. After clerking a few years he studied law and in 1881 was admitted to the bar in Carrollton, at the October term of Carroll county

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

superior court, and in April, 1882, he located in Douglasville. He at once secured a good practice, which has increased in volume and value as the years rolled by: In 1884 he was elected mayor of Douglasville. and the following year was elected solicitor of the county court. In 1890 he was elected to represent Doug
las county in the general assembly. In October, 1894, he was elected solicitorgeneral of the Tallapoosa circuit. Possessing fine talents and great energy, and being a close student, he has bright prospects before him.

I L. SELMAX, physician and surgeon, Douglasville, Douglas Co., Ga., son of
James K. and Elizabeth (Hert) Selman, was born in Campbell (now Douglas) county in 1855. His paternal grandfather was a South Carolinian, a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and was scalped by the Indians--living many years afterward. Dr. Selman's father was born in South Carolina in 1812. He was raised on the farm and received a common school education: was raised a farmer, and continued to be one all his life. In 1848 he migrated to Georgia--com ing in wagons--purchased land, continued farming and accumulated property. He died in 1866 from the effects of exposure and harassing reverses occasioned by the war. His mother, daughter of Wiley Hert, was born in South Carolina in
1812. and died in 1880. Dr. Selman was raised on the farm and educated at the country schools--his vacations being spent at the plow handles. In 1875 he began
the study of medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. \V. H. Poole. two years later entering Atlanta medical college, from which he was graduated in 1879 with marked distinction. He located in Douglasville, and soon established a. good reputation and built up a large practice. He then established a drug store, the business of which has grown to large proportions. Dr. Selman was married in
1870 to Miss Xannie, daughter of William and Elizabeth (Selman) Abercrombie, and to them five children have been born: Bessie. Paul, Dewitt G., James and Joe M. He is an ardent member of the I. O. O. F., a master Mason, and an earnest working member of the Baptist church.

ALEXAXDER G. WEDDIXGTOX, farmer and county treasurer, Douglas ville, Douglas Co., Ga., son of Alexander Green and Hannah (Polk) Wedding-
t. .!!. was born in Campbell (now Douglas) county, in 1839. His paternal grand parents, William and Polly (Gilliam) Weddington, of Scotch-Irish parentage, were natives of Xorth Carolina. He was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolu
tionary war. serving with distinction, and died in 1836. Mr. Weddington's father ivas born in the "Old Xorth state'" in 1806, where he was raised on the farm and given a good country school education. In 1825, after having married, he migrated to Georgia and settled in the woods in what is now Campbell county.
He made the trip in the old-time wooden-wheel ox-cart, held together by wooden pins, and hickory withes. The greater part of the journey a roadway had to be cut
through the forests; at night they kept a fire burning to frighten off wild ani
mals, and slept in tents, and under and in the carts. When they reached their new home in the woods filled with Indians and wild beasts, the family slept as they had on the road, and lived in tents until log cabins could be built, after which a farm was cleared in the virgin forest. He engaged in farming and gold-mining, amassed quite a fortune, and died Oct. 7, 1890. His mother was a daughter of Charles and Xellie Polk--her father being a cousin of President James K. Polk--was born Sept. r, 1812, and died Aug. 27, 1874. She was well educated for the times, and shared with her husband all the privations and hardships incident to frontier life. Of the children born to them these sun'ive: Mrs. Pollie A. Hawkins, Mrs. Jane E. White. Mrs. Hannah A. Stewart, Mrs. Campie V. McBrayer, Mrs. Catharine L.

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621

Roach, Charles \V., Atlanta, and Alexander G., the svibject of this sketch. Mr. Weddington was raised on the farm, received as good an education as could be obtained at the time and locality, and on reaching maturity engaged in farming.
In 1861, he enlisted in Company C--of which he was commissioned third lieuten ant--Thirtieth Georgia regiment. In a very short time he was promoted to first lieutenant. The first sen-ice of his command was on the river and harbor defenses near Savannah; he was then sent to Vicksburg and participated in the battle of
Jackson, after which his command was with the army defending Atlanta. He was in nearly every battle of importance between Nashville and Jonesboro. Just before the battle of Chickamattga lie was stricken with fever which necessitated a furlough. At the end of three months he returned to the army and continued in the field until the surrender. He returned to his home to find it a scene of desola tion--slaves freed and gone, stock killed or stolen, fences gone and houses rifled and almost ruined. Finding an old blind horse roaming at large near his home ho
"conscripted" it, and with it worked his first crop. Later he moved to Paulding county, where he successfully farmed six years and then came back and purchased the old homestead from his father. Adopting the progressive methods of farming, and using improved implements he thoroughly cultivated his land with the best
of results, added to his possessions and improved and enlarged his buildings. In addition to his farming he established a ginnery and engaged in milling. In 1884, in order to give his children better educational advantages, he moved to Dougla*ville. For three years after this he was associated with A. W. McClarty in a gen eral merchandise business, in which he cleared money. In 1892 he was elected county treasurer, and now holds the office by re-election. Among his old com
rades he is known by the familiar name of "Sandy," and those who once stood side by side with him on the battlefield stand firmly by him now, as they all love him like a brother--and stand ready to bestow upon him any office he may ask for. Of untiring energy and excellent business judgment, he has made a success of everything he has undertaken, and is well fixed for life, happy in his domestic relations, and has a warm place in the affections of his fellow-citizens. Devotion to duty has been his motto, and his devotion has ben rewarded. Obtaining ten days' leave of absence after the battle of Jackson, he hastened home, and Aug. n, 1863, was married to Miss Luvinia, daughter of Thomas J. and Mary A. (Taylor) Blanchard--formerly of Columbia county, Ga.--a union blessed with the follow
ing children: Mrs. Rhoda E. Tanner; Mrs. Ella V. Burson, Mrs. Frances E. Griffith, and James L. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and a master Mason ; and a life-long exemplary member of the Methodist clnirch.

T R. WHITLEY, physician and surgeon, Douglasville. Douglas Co., Ga., son of E. R. and M. M. (Rice) Whitley, was born in what is now Douglas county
in 1855. His father, son of Jackson Whitley, was born in North Carolina in
1820. In 1840 he visited Greene county, Ga., as a traveling clock trader, and being favorably impressed with the country, established himself as a slave dealer, in which business he made much money. When the war between the states began he made up the second company which went from Campbell (now Doug las) county, of which he was elected captain. In 1863 he was discharged on account of bad health, but immediately re-enlisted in the state service. He was captured at Campbellton. Ga., and was sent to Johnson's Island, where he was detained eighteen months, during which time he employed his time and amused himself by making gutta percha rings for sale. After the surrender he returned
to his home and engaged in farming and trading in land. He was soon afterward elected sheriff of the county, and held the office almost continuously until his

622

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

death in 1878. His wife, daughter of Thomas and Leah (Bromer) Rice, was born in South Carolina in 1832, and when a mere child came to Georgia with her parents. She was married in 1847 and is still living. Dr. Whitley was raised on the farm and educated mostly at Chapel Hill. After leaving school he read medicine and when nineteen years of age he entered the medical college at Louisville, Ky., and attended lectures one term, and subsequently attended the Atlanta Medical college three terms, from which he graduated in 1876. He im mediately located at Douglasville, and while he has engaged in the general practice of his profession, he has paid particular attention to surgery. He has been very successful, established an excellent reputation, and a richly paying medical patronage. He has always interested himself in educational matters and was the moving spirit in the establishment of the Douglasville college, an institu tion second to none in the smaller cities of the state, and has been a member of the board of trustees since its inception. Dr. Whitley has been since his majority one of the leaders of political thought and action of his section and has been honored many times by the community in which he lives with positions of honor and trust, and is at present state senator from the thirty-sixth sena torial district, which is composed of the counties of Coweta, Meriwether, Camp
bell and Douglas. He is a member of some of the most important committees of the senate and recognized as a strong and influential factor in that body. Dr. Whitley was married in 1876 to Miss Man' F., daughter of Henry C. and Raymouth (Rice) Holcombe, who has borne him the following children: Helen Edna, Hattie R.. Mary F., Grady and Raymouth. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and himself and wife are prominent members of the Baptist church.

ECHOLS COUNTY.
I l; RAXK HALL, physician and surgeon, Statenville. Echols Co., Ga., was * ix>rn in Montgomery county, Ga., May 4, 1838. He was educated at Ran
dolph high school, and then studied medicine under Dr. Paul F. Eve, Nashville, Tenn., and graduated from the college there in 1860. Soon afterward he entered the Confederate service and was appointed assistant surgeon of Bartow hospital, Savannah, Ga. After a year's service there he enlisted in the Fourth Georgia cavalry and was elected a first lieutenant. He saw much active service and was wounded in an engagement in Burke county, Ga., while with his command he \vas operating on the flank of the Union forces when marching through Georgia. At the close of the war he located in Tattnall county and engaged in the practice of his profession, did a very large practice, and was remarkably successful. In 1872 he removed to Statenville, Echols Co., Ga., where his acknowledged skill, sympathetic attention, and conscientious discharge of his professional duties have secured for him an extensive and lucrative practice. Xo medical practitioner in what is known as the wire grass country of Georgia stands higher .with the people and the profession than Dr. Hall, and no one is more justly entitled to the confidence and good will accorded him. He has acquired a comfortable fortune, and his land holdings in Echols county amount to 8,000 acres. In 187677 he was president of the board of county commissioners, and in 1880 he was elected to represent the county in the general assembly. In that body he was

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623

placed on the committees on penitentiary, sanitary and hygiene, and the state
of the republic, on all of which he rendered effective and valuable service. Dr. Hall was married in 1860 to Miss Lurana, daughter of Solomon Mobley of
Appling county, who died in 1886, leaving ten children, of whom seven are living, and five of whom are located as follows: John F., born in November, 1863, educated at Bradwell institute, Liberty county, Ga., read medicine under his father, graduated at the Atlanta Medical college, and is located at Lake Park,
Ga., where he enjoys a good practice; Mary R., married D. S. Parton, mill-man,
farmer and merchant, Seward, Montgomery Co., Ga.; Flora C., married H. J. Gibbs, sawmill man and farmer, Montgomery county; Eliza B., married Robert
J. Parton, planter, Tattnall county; Georgia, married Dr. George T. Gray, Tatt-
nall county. Dr. Hall married for his second wife Miss Mary C., daughter of W. W. Connor, by whom he has had one child. He is a member of the masonic fraternity.

EARLY COUNTY.
DRINKLEY CHANCEY, retired merchant, Blakely, Early Co., Ga., son of Solomon Chancey, was born in Jones county, Ga., May 29, 1820. His father
was a farmer and died in 1861. Mr. Chancey was educated in the common schools of the county and was reared on the farm, but later in life engaged in merchan dising. During the war he was a member and sergeant of Company C, Twen ty-ninth battalion, Georgia artillery. He moved to Blakely in 1861, where he conducted a general merchandise store until 1886, when he retired. He was tax collector of Early county in 1862-63-64, and assessor two years. He was elected to represent the county in the general assembly in 1872 and has served in this capacity four terms, the last ending in 1886. He was also a member of the constitutional convention in 1877. Being honored by election to such responsible positions shows an appreciation of his capacity and integrity. Mr. Chancey was married Jan. 12, 1851, to Miss Narcissus, daughter of R. W. Shef field, who once represented Early county in the general assembly. They have had five children: B. E., born in 1853; Quitman, born in 1855; James B., born in 1857, county ordinary; John C-, born in 1859, marshal of Blakeley, and Hattie D., widow of John W. Deal. Mr. Chancey is an uncompromising democrat and a master Mason.
JAMES BUCHANAN CHANCEY, ordinary of Early county, Blakely, Ga., son of Brinkley and Narcissus (Sheffield) Chancey, was born in Early county,
July 24, 1857. Mr. Chancey's father was not only a successful merchant in Blakely, but filled many important offices in the county, and represented it a number of years in the general assembly. Mr. Chancey received a fair commonschool education, and when he reached manhood engaged in farming, which he still continues. He has held the office of justice of the peace six years. In 1893 he was elected ordinary of the county, an office which he still holds. Mr. Chan cey was married in 1877 to Miss Elizabeth Minter, of Early county, by whom he has had three children: Alpheus Baker, born in February, 1878; Lawton Eu gene, born in 1886, and Hattie May.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

THOMAS F. JOXES, merchant, Blakely, Early Co., Ga., son of Thomas F. and
Elizabeth (Scott) Jones, was born in Covington, Newton Co., Ga., Aug. 26, 1845. His father was a prominent lawyer, and at one time represented his senatorial district in the general assembly. He died in 1874. leaving nine children, one ot. whom, Maj. John F. Jones, was a distinguished officer in the Confederate army, and for a number of years was in the office of the secretary of state of Georgia. Thomas F. Jones was educated at the Georgia military academy, then at Marietta, Cobb Co., Ga. Toward the close of the war the cadets went into the state service for home defense. After the surrender he went into the mercantile business in Conycrs, Rockdale Co., continuing it four years, and then removed to Blakely, where he has lived as a merchant ever since. In 1874 he was elected colonel of the Pataula battalion of state troops, and held the office four years. That same year he was elected county school commissioner, ami has been continued in it until now
--twenty years. Maj. Jones is not only an efficient officer, but he takes great interest in all movements and legislation promotive of educational advancement.
Maj. Jones was united in marriage in Early county, in 1874, with Miss Fannie C-, daughter of Dr. William M. Standifer. Four children have been born to them. Frank Standifer, born January, 1876, now a student at the university of Georgia, at Athens; Ethel, born in 1878; Emory Scott, born in 1883; and Murray Thomas, born in 1889. Maj. Jones does a large business, has been successful and is pros perous; unambitious as to politics.

JOSEPH P. LAXE, planter, Early Co., Ga., son of Joseph W. Lane, was born in Early county, Sept. 21, 1849. His father was a prosperous fanner, and died in
1864. As was the case with most boys and girls during Mr. Lane's youthful period,
his education, even common school, was limited. His life labor has been
confined to farming, on a good-sized plantation, eight miles from Blakely. His fellow-citizens, recognizing his fitness and capability, have frequently called him
into their service. In 1878 he was elected receiver of tax returns, and was con tinued in the office six years. He has also served as county commissioner one term. 1 le is at present county representative in the general assembly--having been elected in 1890. and re-elected in 1892--and was assigned to the following com mittees: General agriculture, enrollment, penitentiary, wild lands and asylum. Mr. Lane was happily married in 1873 to Miss Georgia, daughter of Roland and Isabella Russom, of Xorth Georgia, who has borne him four children: Robert W.,
born Oct. i, 1874; Mary Ida, born February. 1876; Stisie B., born Xov. 6, 1880, and Joseph R., born Jan. 15, 1882. Mr. Lane is a stanch and leading democrat, and one of the most influential in Early county.

pICHARD HOLMES POWELL. lawyer, Blakely, Early Co., Ga., son of Rev. Hiram Powell. one of the pioneer Baptist ministers in the middle portion
of Georgia, was born Oct. 21. 1841. in .Talbot county. Ga. The latter part of 1843 his father moved to Crawford county, and in 1859 to Early county, where he died in 1861. Mr. Powell's education was limited to the common county schools, as the impending "war."' and his consequent subsequent experience interfered with his laudable ambition in this direction. In 1861 he enlisted in Company C, Sixth Georgia regiment, and enjoyed the honor of being the first man in the county to volunteer. He was made sergeant of his company. He was wounded a num ber of times during his service, and, finally, at Petersburg, lost his right leg. L'ntil then, 1864. he never missed a day. After the war he stiidied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1866. before Judge John T. Clark. He located in Hlakely. which has continued to be his residence, and where he has built a large and

EARLY COUNTY SKETCHES.

feij

profitable business. The next week after his admission to the bar he was
unanimously elected solicitor of the county court. Mr. Powell was married Dec. 3, 1872, to Miss Kittie, daughter of Col. Joel Perry, one of the most prominent citizens in the county. To them have been born five children: Arthur G., born Sept. 2, 1873, educated at Mercer university, Macon, Ga., with a law course at the university of Virginia, and now associated with his father in the practice of his profession; Richard H., Jr., born March 3,1875, graduated at Mercer university with first honor, and is now principal of Tennille, Ga., high school; Wade Hamp ton, born Dec. 19, 1877; Hiram Perry, born March i, 1880, and Katie Lee, born Sept ii, 1884. Col. Powell has an excellent standing with his profession, and with the people as a lawyer, and is held in the highest.esteem by his fellow-citizens.
A brilliant future seems to be in store for the son, associated with him.

WILLIAM M. STANDIFER, physician and surgeon, Blakely, Early Co., Ga.,
was born in Jasper county, Ga., June 12, 1816. After receiving a country school education, he studied medicine under Dr. Ridley, at La Grange, Ga. He then attended the lectures at Charleston (S. C.) Medical college, graduating in 1838. He located in Blakely, Ga., in 1840, where he has spent his professional life. He afterward attended lectures at the medical college of Georgia, at Augusta, where he graduated in 1844. In 1870 he was stricken with paralysis, from which he recovered sufficiently to resume his practice. In 1882 he experi enced a second attack, and decided to retire. He still, however, enjoys fine health and a clear and active mind. Dr. Standifer was married in 1846 to Miss
Mary Grist Bryan, of Early county, by whom he has had three children:
Florence, born in 1848, widow of Ashley A. Hightower; Frances, born in 1850, wife of Maj. Thomas F. Jones, and William Bryan, born Nov. 22, 1855. Dr. Standifer attained to and has sustained an excellent reputation in his profession, and established a large practice. He is a master Mason and a member of Magnolia lodge No. 86.

WILLIAM BRYAN STANDIFER, physician and surgeon, Blakely, Early Co., Ga., son of Dr. Wm. M. and Mary Grist (Bryan) Standifer, was born in Blakely
Nov. 22, 1855. He received as good an education as the troublous times and the locality could afford, and then attended the medical college of Georgia, Augusta, whence he graduated in 1876. He immediately located at Blakely, where he has continued, excepting one year, when he was quarantine officer at Apalachicola,
Fla. He succeeded to his fatner's fine practice, whose excellent reputation he sustains. He enjoys an increasing and handsomely remunerative patronage. He is resident surgeon of the Central railway of Georgia. In November, 1885, Dr.
Standifer was married to Miss Jennie Rebecca, sister of Maj. Thomas F. Jones. This union has been blessed with three children: Jack Guy, born April 14, 1888; Rebecca, born July 26, 1890, and Bessie, born Aug. 24, 1893. Dr. Standifer is a master Mason, and a member of Magnolia lodge, No. 86, of which he has been worshipful master three times.

JOHN M'GRUDER WADE, merchant, Blakely, Early Co., Ga., son of Wm. H. Wade, was born in Screven county, Ga., Nov. 4, 1823. His father was a
farmer, and for a number of years was a justice of the peace. In 1841 he removed with his family to Early county, where he died in 1856. Mr. Wade received only the meager educational advantages afforded by the county common schools of the day. When grown to manhood he began life for himself on the farm. Before the war, himself and his brother, Reuben, embarked in a general merchandise 1-40

626

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

store in Blakely, and after the war, resumed the business, which has been attended with remarkable success. During the war Mr. Wade was a member and sergeant of Company G, Thirteenth Georgia regiment. When his brother died he con tinued the business and assumed control of the estate, and became guardian of his children. Mr. Wade was tax receiver of the county in 1864. He is a master Mason, and was never married.

DEUBEX WILKINSON WADE, brother of John M., was born in Screven
county, Ga., Sept 23, 1828. During the late war he was captain of a cavalry
company. After the war his fellow-citizens called him into public service, and he served the county as jury commissioner, as school commissioner, and as county
treasurer, faithfully discharging the duties of each and all. He was married Nov.
19,1869, to Miss Petrona Fidelia Robinson, who was born in Blakely Nov. 9, 1848 --by whom he had three children: John William, born in Blakely Jan. 7, 1872, He graduated from Mercer university, Macon, Ga., and is now cashier of the bank at Blakely. Thomas Wilkinson, born in Blakely Aug. 5, 1873, was
educated at Mercer university, also, and is studying law at the university or Virginia; Adelaide Pearl was born in Blakely Aug. 7, 1875. Reuben W. Wade
died in Blakely May 8, 1887, after an active, enterprising and useful life, leaving a large estate. The firm is still continued as J. M. & R. W. Wade, under the sagacious management of the surviving senior brother. The Wades own large
farming interests in Early county. The deceased brother, Reuben, was a royal arch Mason.

ELBERT COUNTY.
QEORGE L. ALMOND. The Almond family were among the early settlers of Elbert county, and have for nearly a century been prominently identified
with its history and business interests. John Almond, the head of the Georgia branch of the family by this name, was a native of Virginia, and of EnglishFrench descent. He settled in Elbert county when a young man, and taking up fanning as a vocation, married Ann Settle, the daughter of another old settler of the count)'. During the war of 1812 he left the farm in the hands of his wife and served his country throughout the struggle. His son, James Almond, the father of the subject of this sketch, followed the pursuit of his father, on the farm, and was an honest, upright citizen, popular with every one. He was an ardent and strict member of the Baptist church, and lived to the ripe old age of seventy-eight years, dying at his home at the old homestead. He married Amanda M. Fortsom, a daughter of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Gaines) Fortsom. Mr. Fortsom was a wealthy planter of Elbert county, who had come from Virginia in the early part of the century. He too served in the war of 1812, thus giving Mr. George L. Almond, the subject of this sketch, two immediate ancestors, who served in the second war of this country against England. George L. Almond, the ordinary of Elbert count}-, was born in the county he so efficiently serves, in 1851. He was brought up as a farmer boy usually found it in those days, with plenty of work and meager opportunities for learning. Yet George improved every chance, and by the time he reached manhood possessed a well-stored mind. In 1876 he married Mattie Chandler, daughter of Asa and Laura H. (Sullivan) Chandler. Mr. Asa Chandler was a native of Franklin county, Ga., and was a very prominent minister

ELBERT COUNTY SKETCHES.

.627

of the Baptist church. He died in Elberton, Ga., in 1874, respected and honored by the entire community. Mrs. Almond was born in 1855. To Mr. Almond and his wife one child, Vaunie, has be.en born, to whom they are giving the best oppor tunities for a finished education. The family are members of the Baptist church,
of which he is a deacon and Sunday school superintendent. He was made a deacon when only eighteen years of age, and when twenty-five was made superintendent of the Sunday school. He is a master Mason, and takes great interest in the fraternity.
That the people of Elbert county regard Mr. Almond most favorably and are well satisfied with his official life, is shown by the continuous election to the office of ordinary since 1881. He is an open-hearted, honest, Christian gentleman, whose career in life, witnessed by hundreds of people who knew him from birth, has been very successful. Mr. Almond has a pleasant home in Elberton, which is always open to his friends.

JM'ALPIN ARNOLD. Like many of the early residents of Elbert county, Ga., the Arnold family, from which Mr. McAlpin Arnold, a leading merchant and
banker of Elberton descends, came from North Carolina. About 1815, Davis Arnold, a native of North Carolina, with his wife (Elizabeth Wilhite) and family left the "Old North" and located in Elbert county, Ga. He was a farmer and one of the leading early settlers of the county. Joseph, one of his sons, brought up on the farm, and learning the carpenter's trade, early prepared himself for a busy life. He added to the original acreage of the Arnold homestead and became a large slave owner. He served in the late war and died in February, 1895, at the advanced age of seventy-eight years. Joseph Arnold married Sarah K. Thornton, a daughter of Benjamin and Nancy (Payne) Thornton, natives of Virginia. Benja min Thornton was a preacher who filled pulpits of the Baptist church in Hart, Elbert and Oglethorpe counties, for over forty years, dying in Hart county, in 1876. Mr. McAlpin Arnold, son of Joseph and Sarah K. (Thornton) Arnold, was born on a farm in Elbert county, in 1847. His education was obtained from the country schools, and at the age of seventeen he enlisted in the war, serving in the militia and state troops, and was in the fight at Coosahatchie, S. C. In 1875, he married Annie Carter, daughter of James M. Carter, who was born in Hart county. His father was born in Virginia, and belonged to the family of Carters in that state. Mr. Carter is a. well-to-do farmer, now living in Hart county. Was in the general assembly in 1860, and was a brave soldier in the war between the states. Mrs. Arnold's mother, Mary Louise Clark, was a direct descendant of the Alston family, originally from Virginia, but whose descendants are now scattered over most of the southern states. They are a family of revolutionary distinction and many incidents of startling interest are connected with this family, both in the remote as well as in the recent history of our country. By this union were born the
following living children: Sarah Louise, Julius Y., Edna, and Carter. Mrs. Arnold was born in 1849. The early part of Mr. Arnold's life was spent on the farm, but in 1874 he engaged in the mercantile business with Thomas M. Swift In 1876 this partnership was dissolved and he joined H. K. Gairdner in the business which has since been continued. Mr. Arnold is president of the bank of Elberton, and is a representative business man of Elbert county. He is noted for his sound, practical judgment, prudence, sagacity and diligence. Connected with these qualities are traits of justice, integrity and absolute fidelity to every obli
gation.

628

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

I B. BELL, physician, Elberton, was born in Elbert county, Ga., in 1829. His-- paternal grandfather was James Bell, a North Carolinian, who served in the revolutionary war, married Miss Olivia Moseley, moved to Georgia about 1790, and settled in Elbert county. He was a thrifty and well-to-do farmer, and died in 1809. David, a son, born in Elbert county, married Elizabeth Suelings. He was a. successful farmer and slave-holder, and was justice of the peace for many years.
His wife was the daughter of John and Nancy (Butler) Suelings. Mr. Suelings was a native of Virginia, moved to Georgia about 1801 and settled in Elbert county,, where he lived until his death in 1856. He was of English descent, a prosperous farmer, an honest, upright man, and a brave soldier in the war of 1812, being in the great battle of New Orleans. Dr. J. B. Bell spent his early days on the farm and attended school in the log houses, where he obtained the foundation of his educa tion and learning. In 1849 ne began the study of medicine under Dr. David C~ Keller. In 1850 he entered the Philadelphia medical college and was graduated in 1851. In 1852 he attended a course at the medical college of Georgia, Augusta. In 1855 he married Mary F.--born in 1840--daughter of William G. and Millie T(Wyche) Bullaid. Mr. Bullaid was born in Elbert county, was a fanner and served in the war. He was a son of Tapley and Annie (Bell) Bullaid, natives of Elbert county. To Mr. and Mrs. Dr. Bell have been born the following living children: Oscar F., George D., Bessie M., Fannie L., and Sontag. In 1861, Dr. Bell enlisted in the war, joining Company C (CapL L. H. O. Martin), Fifteenth Georgia regiment. He was assigned to hospital duty and served as a physician through the war. He returned home and resumed the practice of his profession, which isnow a very large one. Dr. Bell owns a fine farm near Elberton, is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and an honored citizen.

A J. CLEVELAND. The Cleveland family has been associated with the history of Elbert county for over a century. John and Martha (Kidd) Cleveland,,
natives of this state, first settled in Elbert county and were interested in fanning. Their son Jacob married Permelia Rucker, a daughter of Willis Rucker, an early settler of Wilkes county, but who had moved to Elbert county, where he died. Jacob Cleveland was a well-to-do farmer and slaveholder. Mr. A. J. Cleve land, his son, and the subject of this sketch, was born on the old homestead in 1834. He received the usual education afforded by the local schools, and in 1863 enlisted in the late war, joining Company C, First Georgia regulars, under CapL R. .H. Atkinson. He served in the battles of Ocean Pond, John's Island,. Savannah, Averasboro and Smithfield. In 1860 he married Millie E. Bailey, daughter of Hezekiah and Sarah (Gaines) Bailey. Mr. Bailey was born and lived all his life in Elbert county and was a prosperous mechanic. The mother wasborn in 1839. Mr. and Mrs. Cleveland have two living children: Paul A. and Julian M. They are both members of the Methodist church, and Mr. Cleveland is a royal arch Mason. Mr. Cleveland, who is now retired from business with a competency, began life after the war without a dollar. He borrowed $1,600and went into the mercantile business, which he continued with the best pecuniary results until 1878. He is the owner of 2,400 acres of land and has a pretty home near Elberton. All was made by industry, perseverance and a sterling integrity which always made his word as good as his bond.

M. P. DEADWYLER. One of the oldest practicing physicians in the state of Georgia and the senior member of the medical profession in Elbert county, Ga., is Dr. M. D. Deadwyler, who was born in the county in 1824 and was the son of Martin and Sarah Rebecca (Wilhite) Deadwyler. His paternal

EGBERT COUNTY SKETCHES.



629

grandfather, Martin Deadwyler, was a native of Germany, who emigrated to this country about the middle of the last century and settled in North Carolina. His son Joseph, Dr. Deadwyler's grandfather, migrated to Georgia and settled on a farm which he took up on Dover's Creek, Elbert county. He married Miss Alice Duncan, a native of Georgia, and raised his family on that farm. Dr. Dead wyler's father was born and reared on this homestead. He became a large slave
owner and planter and attained to great prominence financially and politically, and was a leading spirit in public affairs, especially those of the county. He was sheriff of the county many years and a member of the state senate,
welding a wide and sturdy influence. Later in life he moved to Madison county, Ga., where he died. Dr. Deadwyler's mother was a daughter of Philip Wilhite, who was of French lineage, and born in North Carolina. He came to Georgia and settled on a farm in Elbert county, on which he died. Dr. Deadwyler re ceived a good education, attending first the near-by country schools, and then the academy at Elberton. He then began the study of medicine under Drs. C. W. and H. R. J. Long, and was graduated from the Medical college, Augusta, <3a., in 1851. He located at Danielsville, Madison Co., where he practiced eight years, and then moved to Elberton, where he has since lived, and successfully followed his profession. He has a large practice and extensive and profitable farming interests, owns much valuable town property in Elberton, and is one of the solidest and most substantial of Elbert county's citizens. Dr. Deadwyler was married in 1852 to Miss A. E.--born in Madison county in 1834--a daughter of Jacob Eberhart. He is a royal arch Mason, and is very prominent in the masonic fraternity, and himself and wife are members of the Baptist church, and he is prominent in the order of Masons and has taken the chapter degrees.
He has a large practice, in addition to which he has large farming interests and valuable town property, and is therefore possessed of abundance of means.

C H. FORTSON. One of the families conspicuous in the history of Elbert " county is that of the Fortsons. For three-quarters of a century they have
been distinguished figures in business, political and social affairs, not only in Elbert county, but throughout the state. The Georgia branch of the family de scend from Thomas Fortson, an Englishman who came to America about 1779 and settled in Virginia. He was a man of education, culture and refinement, and a fortunate farmer. His son John married Miss Easton, a daughter of a Virginia planter, and about 1800 they moved to Georgia and settled in Elbert county. Here was born Easton Portson, who became one of the foremost men in this section of the state. He was a learned man, took an interest in the advancement of his county and was a moving spirit in all laudable enterprises. He served as
sheriff of Elbert county and in other official positions. Brave and fearless, he was of great service to the early residents in the Indian war. Starting in life as a poor boy, he was worth about $50,000 at the time of his death. He married Susan, a daughter of John and Elizabeth (Gaiterd) Ham. Mr. Ham was a Vir ginian and a settler of Elbert county. Stephen H. Fortson, a prosperous farmer living in the southern part of Elbert county, is a son of Easton Fortson, and was born in Elbert county in 1836. He spent his boyhood days on the farm and obtained his education in the public schools. In 1858 he married Mary, daughter of William B. and Mildred (Rucker) White. Mr. White was an eminent lawyer and farmer of Elbert county, representing that county in the state senate, and was a very wealthy man. Mrs. White was born in 1840 and died in 1882. She was an excellent woman and sincere Christian. By this union were born Buena V., Richard H., May E. and Zollicoffer Fortson. In 1882 Mr. Fortson married

630

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

for his second wife Ellen, daughter of Whitman and Ann (Badell) Hill. She was born in 1847 m South Carolina, of which state her parents were natives. Mr. and Mrs. Fortson have one child, Stephen T. In 1862 Mr. Fortson enlisted in the war in the Thirty-eighth Georgia regiment, under Capt Thornton. He was in the battles of Fredericksburg, Slaughter Mountain and around Richmond. He was there placed in the cavalry and fought at Travilion station, McDowell's farm, Nancy's shop, Stone station, Blackwater swamp and in the Richmond campaign. Mr. and Mrs. Fortson are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Fortson has served his county as a member of the board of commissioners and education. At the close of the war he found himself with about $1,000. Upon this small capital he has succeeded in building a substantial competence. He owns 1,500 acres of good land about eight miles from Fishdam, Oglethorpe Co. He is a citizen enjoying the confidence of his neighbors and all whom his business and social relations bring him in contact with.
UENRY KOLLOCK GAIRDNER, merchant, cotton buyer and guano manu facturer, Elberton, Elbert Co., was born in Augusta, Ga., in 1842. He was
the son of James Penman and Mary (McKinney) Gairdner. He is of English ancestry on his father's side and of Scotch-Irish descent from his mother's an cestors. His father, James Penman Gairdner, was an eminent man and won distinction as a lieutenant in the English army during the peninsula war. His grandfather, James Gairdner, was a native" of England, moved to America after the revolutionary war and settled in Charleston, S. C. He was a merchant and was a member of the firm of James & Edwin Gairdner. Later he moved to Co lumbia county, Ga., where he spent the balance of his life on the farm. He was a man of brilliant mind and captivating disposition, successful in his business career, and accumulated much wealth. His son, James Penman, was born in Charleston, S. C, in 1805. He was sent to England to stay with an aunt when a boy and received his education at Eaton and Harrow, where he attended school with the famous Lord Byron. After he was graduated the spirit of adventure and love of a soldier-life caused him to enter the English army. He served as a lieutenant in the English army through all the war between England and France under Napoleon, and was also under Wellington at Waterloo, and for his gallant services in various engagements, in which he received seven wounds, was given a dozen medals from Queen Victoria. After peace was declared he retired from the English army, returned to his home and father in America. A few years later he married and then located in Jefferson county, Ga., where he lived for twenty years, following farming with much success. He then moved to Augusta, where he lived the balance of his life, dying in 1862, respected and honored by all. The mother of Henry Kollock Gairdner was Mary, daughter of Thomas and Ann (McKinney) Gairdner, and at a ripe old age is living with a part of her children in Augusta. Thomas Gairdner was a native of Savannah, where he was a merchant for a number of years, and retiring from business with much wealth, he moved to Augusta, where he passed his remaining days. Henry Kollock Gairdner was born on the farm and there and in Augusta he spent his boyhood days, and was educated at the Richmond county academy. He came from fighting blood, and so when the war broke out between the states, in May, 1861. he enlisted in Company A, Fifth Georgia regiment volunteers, under Capt Platt He was in several important engagements, and being taken very sick at Cumberland Gap, Tenn., he returned home, but served in the fighting against Sherman until the close of the war. On March 6, 1879, he was married to Miss Lavonia Jones, daughter of John H. Jones, Elbert county, Ga., and

ELBF.RT COVXTY SKETCHES.

631

they have one child, James Penman. Mrs. Gairdner was born in Elberton in 1855. The family are members of the Methodist church, and Mr. Gairdner be longs to the masonic fraternity. In 1865 he started in business at Elberton and continued in the same until 1876, when a partnership was formed with Mr. Mc-
Alpin Arnold. This firm has been remarkably successful and transacts an enor mous business, their trade even extending into adjoining towns.

J^EV. J. H. GROGAN. The Grogan family, conspicuous in the history of Elbert county, descend from Henry Grogan, a native of Ireland, who settled in Vir
ginia, migrated thence to South Carolina, and then to Georgia. He had a son, Kenry, who married Elsie, daughter of a North Carolina planter. Their son William (father of J. H. Grogan) was born in South Carolina, and when young moved to Georgia, settling in Forsyth county, but later moved to Pickens county, where he died. He was a large fanner, a strict member of the Baptist church and a leading politician of his day. He was justice of the peace for years and a man who was a valuable citizen to his community. He was married to Hettie Rydings. a daughter of John and Sarah (Blackwell) Rydings. Mr. Rydings was a native of North Carolina, where he lived and died. He was a farmer and served with dis tinction in the revolutionary war. Rev. J. H. Grogan, son of William M. and Hettie Grogan, was born in Spartanburg district, South Carolina, in 1828. His early life was spent on the farm and his education picked up from the old log cabin schoolhouse, and by free use of the pine knot and tallow candle. When eighteen years old he left his state, and traveling on foot to Lumpkiu county, Ga., accepted a position in a store where he remained for several years. In 1856 he was wedded to Fannie E. McLaughlin, daughter of George and Elizabeth (Hall) McLaughlin. Mr. McLaughlin was a native of Oglethorpe county, Ga., and was an extensive planter, dying at the old age of eighty-seven years on the same place on which he was born. Mr. Grogan and wife have eight living children: George C., Sarah P., William M., Lela J., Bessie H., J. O. A., John H., and Emma B. The mother was born in Oglethorpe county in 1835. The family are honored members of the Methodist Episcopal church and Mr. Grogan is a faithful member of the Masonic order. Rev. Grogan was ordained as a minister of the Gospel in 1851, and traveled for over twenty-two years, preaching from the pulpit of nearly every church of his denomination in the state. In 1873, after nearly a third of a century of itineracy, he settled down in Elbert county and began farming and milling. He has been remarkably successful, and owns about 1,500 acres of choice lands, besides valuable milling property. He is a fine gentleman, respected and loved by all who have the favor of his acquaintance. He is president of the Elberton academy, and takes much interest in the work of this educational institution. Mr. Grogan resides near
Middleton, Elbert Co.

J B. JONES, SR, farmer, Flatwoods, Elbert Co., was born in 1836, and is the " son of James and Sarah (Dye) Jones. James Jones was a successful farmer
and served in the state troops in the late war when he was quite aged. He was married to Sarah, daughter of Brow and Jane (Wyley) Dye, an early settler of Elbert county, and an extensive planter and large slave holder. Mrs. James Jones' grandfather was a soldier in the revolutionary army, and attained the rank of colonel. The grandfather of the subject of this memoir was Solomon Jones, a native of North Carolina who moved to Georgia in 1805 and settled in Elbert county. He was a farmer, and a brave soldier in the second war with Great Britain, and died in Elbert county. J. B. Jones, Sr., was raised on the farm and educated in the public schools. In 1862 he enlisted in the late war and served

632

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA

in various companies, going into the regular service in 1863 in Company H, Capt Clark Mattox commanding. He was at the battle of Macon and was discharged from the service at Graniteville, S. C. He was married in 1859 * Elizabeth T., daughter of Nicholas and Eliza (Munelee) Burton. Mr. Burton
was an old resident of Elbert county and died in 1851. Mr. and Mrs. Jones have been blessed by the birth of the following children: James N., Thompson S., Jeptha B., Elizabeth, Annie, Sarah, Tallulah, A. B., and W. H. Mrs. Jones was born in Elbert county in 1843, and sne and ner husband are devout members of the Methodist Episcopal church. He is a Mason in high standing, and in politics is an unflinching democrat. He was sheriff of Elbert county for two years, and in 1882 was elected to the general assembly, where he served with distinction on the committees on manufacture, agriculture, and deaf and dumb asylums. Soon after the war Mr. Jones started in business with J. H. Grogan, on a joint capital of 81.500. In about five years' time he bought Grogan out and conducted the business alone till 1883. He is now engaged in farming, being the owner of 1,500 acres of good land near Flatwoods.

. J. H. JOXES. The latter part of the eighteenth century saw many old Virginian families migrate to the lands beyond the Blue Ridge and Georgia was largely benefited, not only by the number, but the character of the new set
tlers. Among these families was that of John Jones, a robust Virginian, who
had served in the ranks of the patriot army with distinction during the revolu tionary war. He was of Welsh descent and a native of Virginia. The original family settled where the city of Baltimore now stands and the creek running through the city called Jonts Falls was named for this family. He had married Ann Sbakleford, the daughter of an old Virginia family, and in 1791 brought his wife and family to Elbert county, Ga., where he began the life of a farmer. There were but few inhabitants of the county at that time, but nothing daunted the pioneer, who cleared away the forests and tilled the soil with the energy characteristic of his people. He was one of the founders of Elberton and helped lay the place off. Thomas Jones was a son of this man and was born before the family left Virginia, in Albemarle county. He helped his father in the first years of their life in Georgia and worked as a clerk in the firm of Weston & Chipman
of Edinburg. In 1810 lie entered business as a merchant on his own account, and continued the same until he died in 1840. At one time he was sheriff of Elbert county. He married Eliza M. Darracotte, a daughter of John and Rebecca (\Vingfiekl) Darracotte. Mr. Darracotte was a native of Virginia and an early settler of Wilkes county, Ga. He was a merchant and died in Abbeville county, S. C. Maj. John H. Jones is a son of this union of old Virginia stock, and is a leading citizen and merchant of Elbert county. He was born in Elberton in 1816, on the lot where he now lives, and is now in his eightieth year. His edu cation was better than that which fell to the lot of the average young man of that period and young Jones was graduated from the university of Georgia at Athens in 1838. He returned to his home and entered into a mercantile business which he has since continued. He served in the late war as a member of the state militia. In 1843 ^c married Lavonia Hammond, daughter of Alfred and Louisa (Hudson) Hammond. Mr. Hammond was born in South Carolina and first settled in Franklin county, Ga., afterward moving to Elbert county, where he died. He was a merchant and ?, very successful business man. Mrs. Jones was lx>rn in 1827. By the marriage of Maj. Jones to Miss Hammond, seven children are now living: Thomas: Louisa, who married Robert Heard: Ida, married to Capt. J. J. Rurch: Lavonia. married to H. K. Gairdner; Mary C., wife of T. J.

EbBERT COUNTY SKETCHES.

633

Blackwell; Willie O., married Mollie Gairdner, Columbus, Ga.? and Norah. The families all belong to the Methodist church. Maj. Jones is an honored officer in the masonic fraternity and was made a member in 1841. He has served his county as judge of the inferior court, but never sought political honors, preferring to devote himself to his business. Notwithstanding he lost 114 slaves by the war, he has managed his large plantation as his business interests dictated, with gratifying success. Maj. Jones is beloved and honored by all who know him, especially so with the women and children. A long business career has shown him to be a man of probity, a sincere friend and a practical citizen with broad views. Far-sighted, quick in discernment and sound in business judgment, Maj. Jones has for years been often consulted on every conceivable enterprise by friends and acquaintances.

r\R. N. G. LONG, state senator and prominent physician of Elberton, Elbert Co., was born in Madison county, Ga., in 1854. The Georgia branch of
the family of this name descend from Samuel Long, who was a native of Penn sylvania and of Scotch-Irish parentage. He left Pennsylvania when young and settled in Virginia, where he married and reared a family. One of his sons,
Thomas, married Sarah McCurty, a daughter of an old Georgia planter. In 1830 the father and son, with their families, moved to Georgia and settled in Elbert
county, but soon afterward moved to Madison county, where the aged father died in the fall of that year. Thomas Long, who had served his country in the war of 1812, was a man of much force of character, and being well-educated for the times, he exerted much influence in the county within a few years after locating there. James, his son, and father of Dr. N. G. Long, was born on the old estate in Madison county in 1826, and there lived all his life, dying in 1889. He served in the late war with credit to himself and country. He married Frances, a daughter of Nathaniel and Lucinda (Jerrel) Gholston. Mr. Gholston was a native of Madison county, a leading farmer and was of English descent. He served in the war of 1812 and died in Madison county. Dr. N. G. Long was raised on the farm, receiving his schooling in the local institutions, and in 1875 began to read medicine under Dr. J. D. Long. He
then attended the Augusta Medical college and completed his course at the Louisville, Ky., Medical college. He commenced the practice of medicine in Elbert county in 1876 and has been eminently successful from the start. In 1880 he married Emma Heard, the beautiful daughter of George E. and Mattie (Har per) Heard. His wife was born in 1863, and her father, a native of Elbert county, and a farmer by vocation, served with distinction in the late war between the states. He is now dead. Dr. Long and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and he belongs to the masonic fraternity, having taken both chapter and blue lodge degrees. In 1891 Dr. Long was chosen mayor of El berton, serving one term. He has been a member of the town council for years. In 1894 he was elected to the state senate. Through his first experience as a legislator he made a state reputation, serving on the most important committees: Banks, finance, railroad, corporations, lunatic asylum, deaf and dumb and others. Dr. Long enjoys a fine practice in Elberton, and so high is his reputation in his profession that his services are in demand from surrounding towns. He has ever enjoyed the full confidence of his patients, while his standing as an exem plary citizen has always been of the highest. His practice has been general in
character and attended with a high degree of pecuniary success.

634

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

JOHN7 \V. M'CALLA, fanner, Heardmont, Elbert Co., Ga., descends from revolutionary stock, his great-grandfather, a native of Ireland, having been
a brave soldier in the rar.ks of the patriots. His grandfather was John McCalla,
born in South Carolina, and a farmer and slave-holder of that state. He was married to Susan Tenant and to them was born one child, George R. McCalla, the father of Mr. J. W. McCalla. George R. McCalla was born and lived all his life in South Carolina, and, like his father, was a large planter and slave holder. He was a man of great intellectual accomplishments, a thorough student and a classical scholar. He enjoyed the advantage of instruction under the direc tion of eminent private tutors, and was graduated from the university of Georgia,
Athens, taking the second honor. He was a classmate of Hon. T. R. Cobb. He was married to Mary Alien, the beautiful daughter of a neighbor planter, Singleton \V. Alien. The latter descended from the old Virginia family of that name, and was born in Elbert county, Ga. He was an active politician and one of Elbert county's foremost citizens. He represented the county in the legislature in both the house and the state senate, and refused further honors in order to give attention to his farm. He died in 1852. Mr. George R. AlcCalla died in 1885, at an advanced age. He was opposed to the late war, and did all in his power to prevent it, but when the die was cast, and nothing but the clash of arms could follow, he accepted the inevitable and supported the south. Mr. J. \V. McCalla was born in the Abbeville district, S. C, in 1850, and was graduated from the university of Georgia. In 1870 he married Francesca Dn Free, daughter of Lewis and Mary (Adams) Du Free. The latter was a leading business man of Athens, and was a man prominently identified with the political and commercial affairs of the state. Mrs. McCalla was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga., in 1850. She died about a year after her marriage, and in 1873 ^r- McCalla was wedded to Mary Alien, daughter of Banaster and Anna (Averby) Alien. Mr. Alien was a native of Virginia and afterward moved to Georgia, thence to South Carolina, where he died. Mr. and Mrs. McCalla have had bom to them three children who are now living: Earl, Annie, and Olivia. The mother was born in South Carolina in 1850. The family belong to the Methodist Episcopal church, and Mr. McCalla is a member of the masonic fraternity. He has always been a fanner, and now owns a magnificent estate of about 6,000 acres. Upon this are extensive improvements and much live stock, all constituting one of the finest farms in Georgia. Mr. McCalla is one of the wealthiest planters in southwest Georgia,'and his entire possessions are the result of his own individual efforts.

MATTOX, farmer, Elberton, was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga., in 1838. He is the grandson of David and Sarah (Hale) Mattox, natives of Virginia, who moved to Georgia about 1800, and settled in Elbert county, where he lived and died. David Mattox was one of the hardy pioneers whose industry and bravery broke down all barriers and rescued Elbert county from the wilderness and peopled her confines with the blood of old Virginia. He was a poor man when he began life in Georgia, and for years his life was a struggle. His indomitable will, however, overcame all hardships and won suc cess, and he died a well-to-do man. He was a brave soldier in the war of 1812. A son, Henry P., was born in Elbert county. He married Sophia Munnelee of Elbert county, and moved to Oglethorpe county, where he lived for several years, returning to Elbert county, where he died. He was a farmer and 'served in the war between the states. He was a member of the state legislature in 1874-5. and was a successful business man. His wife was a daughter of James F. and Jane (Xasli) Munnelee. and was born in Elbert county in 1840. Mr. Munnelee

EL.15ERT COUNTY SKETCHES.

635

was a native of Virginia, and moved to Georgia at an early day, where he died. Mr. Clark Mattox, son of David, was reared on a farm, and was given the best
education afforded by the local educational institutions. In 1861 he enlisted in the war, Company I, Fifteenth Georgia regiment, under Capt Mclntosh. His
company was afterward reorganized and he served under Capt. Joseph Smith. He was an active participant in many important battles. He was at Malvern
hill, Garnet farm, Manassas, Atlanta, and then with the army to Savannah, as captain of Company C, state troops. He was slightly wounded in the first battle of Garnet farm. In 1858 Mr. Mattox married Frances J. Brawner, daughter of
Joseph and Elizabeth (Upshaw) Brawner. Mr. Brawner was born in Elbert
county and was a leading farmer and large slave owner. To this union were born children, five of whom are living: Joseph H., William C., Mrs. Lizzie Hullguis, Annie, and Clark. Mr. and Mrs. Mattox are members of the Baptist church
and he is a Mason. He was justice of the peace for twenty-five years and is now a member of the county school board. After the war Mr. Mattox returned to his farm, which he has since managed prosperously. He owns about 1,600
acres of land and a mill and gin, and is regarded as one of the leading farmers of Elbert county

T\ P. OGLESBY, farmer, Elberton, was born in Elbert county in 1838, and is the son of William and Pelina (Wiley) Oglesby. His grandfather, Thomas
Oglesby, was born in Virginia and came to Elbert county, where he located on a farm and passed his life. His son William was born in Virginia and preceded his father to Elbert county one year, he having attained his majority and set out for himself. He married first Mary (Christian) Oglesby, and after her death married Pelina, daughter of George and Mildred (David) Wiley. Mr. George
Wiley was a native of Georgia, a successful farmer, and died in Gwinnett count}'. Mr. D. P. Oglesby has spent a large part of his life on the farm. He received a good education for his day, and in 1862 enlisted in the late war, joining Company G, Ninth Georgia battalion, as a private under Capt. Eberhart. This
battalion was subsequently consolidated with the Third Georgia battalion, and made the Thirty-seventh Georgia regiment. He served gallantly and was in
several important battles. At Murfreesboro he received a severe wound in the shoulder and was sent home. In three months he was back on duty. By this time his comrades had elevated him to the rank of first lieutenant of his com pany. After this he was engaged in the battles of Chickamauga, Decatur and Franklin, Tenn. At the latter place he received a severe wound in the leg. and at Chickamauga was injured in the face. His Franklin wound disabled him for months after the surrender. Mr. Oglesby was married in 1860 to Margaret Deadwyler, daughter of Asa and Margaret (Eberhart) Deadwyler. Mr. Deadwyler was a native of Elbert county and afterward moved to Madison county, where he died. Mr. Oglesby and wife have had born to them seven children, six of whom are living, viz: Mary T., who married Dr. B. A. Henry; Cornelia A.,
married to H. J. Brewer; Gussie F., married to Col. W. F. Jones; Addie, Lena, and John J. Mrs. Oglesby was born in Madison county in 1840. They are both members of the Baptist church, and Mr. Oglesby is a Mason. Like so many others in Elbert county, Mr. Oglesby had little left after the war and had to start anew. The trials of the farmers for the first few years after the conflict were many, but he overcame all and again accumulated a good competency. He owns a fine farm of 1,200 acres and considerable property in Elberton, and beside, he
owns a store in Oglesby, a town on the G. C. & N. R. R. named after his family. He is a citizen honored and respected by all.

636

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

C C. STARKE, fanner, Flatwoods, Elbert Co., Ga., was born in Fairfielrf " county, S. C., in 1818, and is the son of S. C. and Anne Mickle Starke. His
grandfather, William Starke, was a native of and lived all his life in South Caro
lina. He and five brothers served in the army of the patriots in the revolutionary
war. He was of Welsh descent and a public-spirited and high-minded gentle man. His son, S. C. Starke, was born in South Carolina and moved with his family to Elbert county, Ga., in 1827. He was a big farmer and a respected
citizen. He died in Alabama, where he had moved a few years previous. He was married to a daughter of John and Jane Mickle. The latter was of Irish,
ancestry, and was a native and life-long resident of South Carolina. He was learned and deeply religious, and was one of the best-informed men on the scrip tures and scriptural writings in the state. Mr. S. C. Starke was brought up on the farm and received the benefit of an academic education. He taught school for a short time and in 1843 was married to Mary A. Brewer, daughter of Edmund
H. and Lucy (Carter) Brewer. Mr. Brewer was born and reared in Elbert county. My this union the following children were born: Alary, the wife of Thomas W.
Hill; Sarah, wife of Ex-Gov. B. R. Tillman of South Carolina; E. B., who mar
ried a daughter of Dr. Baker; Addie, wife of George C. Grogan. The mother was born in 1824. They arc both members of the Methodist Episcopal church.
In 1863 Mr. Starke was elected to the state legislature and served four years. He
was a very able member of the committee on agriculture, and to his earnest efforts are due many laws which were'enacted of interest and benefit to the farmer. He is a self-made man, starting in life as a poor boy; he had accumu
lated a splendid competence at the breaking out of the war. There was little
left of it when the strife ended, but he went to work again and now owns about 1,100 acres of choice land.

A C. STOVALL, farmer, Oglesby, Elbert Co., was born in Franklin county,
Ga., in 1819, and is the son of George H. and Nancy (Christian) Stovall. He descends from old revolutionary stock, his grandfather having served in the war for independence, while his father battled against the English in the war of 1812. James S. Stovall, a revolutionary soldier, of French descent, married a Miss Bradley, daughter of an old Virginia patriot. With his wife and family he left his native state in 1787, and coming to Georgia, settled in what is
now Elbert county, where he died from the effects of a wound received in the revolutionary conflict. A son, George, born in Virginia in 1781, married Nancy Christian of Elbert county, a daughter of John Christian, a well-to-do farmer, who
had come to Georgia with Mr. Stovall's father in 1787. Mr. Christian was a prosperous farmer and a fine gentleman. Soon after his marriage George Stovall
moved to Franklin county, where he bought a farm and passed his life. He served his country in the second war with Great Britain and attained the rank of captain, and was a brave and honest man. His son, A. C. Stovall, was raised on the farm and received his education at the "old field" school. In 1838 he married Man- L. Christian, daughter of Dr. Edward L. Christian, a physician of prominence in Madison county, Ga. By this marriage the following children, now living, were born: Cornelia, wife of John L. Mize; Mary, who married C. A. Brock-: Sarah R.. who married Ira T. Harbor. Mrs. Stovall was born in Madison
county, Ga., in 1822, and died in 1848. She was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and a most estimable woman. In 1859 Mr. Stovall married Sarah F. Almond, daughter of James and Amanda M. (Fortson) Almond. She was born in Elbert county in 1833. They have four living children: James T.,
Albert S. J.. Minnie L. and Benjamin. Mrs. Stovall is a member of the Baptist

ELBEKT COUNTY SKETCHES.

637

church and a woman much loved by her friends. Mr. Stovall began life as a poor boy, and after acquiring considerable property by his industry and energy, he suffered a big loss by the war, but he again set to work and now is again "on
top." He owns a nice farm of 560 acres near Oglesby on Dove creek post office.

JUDGE EDMUND BREWER TATE, Elberton, Elbert Co., Ga., was born in the same county April 2, 1841, on his father's farm, four miles south of the
city of Elberton, and was the sixth son of Edmund B. and Mahala (Fortson) Tate. His father, Edmund B. Tate, was born in Madison county, Ga., and was a farmer and slave-owner. He died in Elbert county (where he had lived the most of his life) at the age of seventy-seven. Judge Tate's paternal grandfather was Robert L. Tate, who came to Georgia from North Carolina about 1800. Judge Tate was reared on the farm and received the schooling furnished by the public and private schools of his section. Just entering manhood when the war broke out, he hastened to join the army, enlisting in Company C, Fifteenth Georgia volunteers, under Capt. L. H. O. Martin, leaving home for the front July 15, 1861. His record during the great conflict was one of active cam
paigning and fighting, embracing various bloody engagements and battles; was in the seven days' battle around Richmond, second battle of Manassas, Sharpsburg, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, besides other minor engagements. He was severely wounded in the battle of Chickamauga, on Sept 19, 1863, by a minie hall, which entered his left nipple, went through his left lung and came out on left side of spinal column, and near the same; the ball not only pierced his body through, but made sixteen holes through an army blanket, which at the time was rolled up and carried over his shoulders. While the wound was severe and thought at the time to be fatal, yet, by the good nursing of his father, who hastened to his bedside, which was in a large barn on the field of battle which had been converted into a hospital, he so far recovered that his father in the short space of one month carried him home. Judge Tate, not having recovered sufficiently to return to the army, and seeing he would not again be able for active service, in January, 1865, opened what was known in those days as an "old field" school at Asbury Chapel, in Elbert county, which was a success. This, his first venture to set up for himself, gave him two hundred dollars in gold, which was the foundation for his present fortune, which is not very large, but comfortable. Judge Tate has been a lifelong democrat and has been active in the political affairs in Elbert county, having held some office in the gift of his people nearly continuously since 1866. In January, 1866, he was elected clerk of Elbert superior court, which office he held for one term. In 1868 he was elected ordinary of Elbert county, holding that office one term of nearly five years. In 1878 Judge Tate was elected county commissioner of roads and revenue of Elbert county, holding four terms (sixteen years); the last twelve years was honored with the chairmanship of that body, which expired in January, 1895. He was one of the three commissioners who recognized the crying need and necessity of Elbert county for better public buildings to take the place of the old dilapidated ones which she had. They accomplished their object, though not without great opposition by a large percentage of the people. Through these efforts Elbert
county now has a splendid $8,000 modern jail and a magnificent $40,000 court house, all of this work being accomplished during the last two years in office-- 1893 and 1894. In November, 1866, Judge Tate was married to Miss Ella G. Mathews, second daughter of Dr. Albert C. Mathews, one of Elbert's most promi nent physicians. Four sons and one daughter blessed this marriage; two sons, Robert Enos and Eddie B., died in their second year. The living sons are Ora

638

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Eugene and Albert Mathews. His daughter, Mrs. Sophia Tate Bigham, wife of E. W. Bigham, died in 1894, leaving one child, a boy, E. B. Bigham. The mother, a most exemplar)- Christian and loving and dutiful wife, was born in 1849 and died Jan. 10, 1881. Judge Tate was wedded a second time, the latter part of 1881, to Miss Mattie A. (daughter of James C. Wright of Wilkes county, Ga., who was a prominent farmer); born in Wilkes county in 1850. The fruits of this union are two children, a son and daughter: James Wright Tate and Em-Mai Tate. The family are members of the Methodist church, and Judge Tate is also a member of the masonic fraternity. Judge Tate, in the fall of 1870. engaged in the mercantile business and continued therein for twenty years in the city of Elberton. Having, by strict economy and perseverance, accumulated a nice little property, he is now (1895) building one of the nicest and finest resi dences in the city of Elberton. Judge Tate possesses a remarkably clear and well-poised judgment and is seldom in error upon any business project he has carefully investigated; as a business man there are few men better posted and equipped than he is. He was one of eight brothers who entered the Confederate army, three of whom were killed in the service.

I N. WALL, farmer, Elberton, was born in Elbert county in 1850. His grand father was Willis Wall, born in Virginia, and a settler in Elbert county before
it was carved out of Wilkes county. He married Martha Page, and was a soldier in the patriot ranks in the war for independence. He was a farmer and a slave holder. His son, B. C. Wall, married Mattie W. Nunelee, and was a merchant for many years at Longstreet, then a prosperous town in Elbert county. He was a large slave-holder and owned a large plantation, upon which he died in 1878 at an advanced age. His son, Mr. J. N. Wall, the subject of this memoir, was given a good education and attended the Elberton high school, then a leading institution of the state. In 1868 he married Ella Fortson, daughter of Haley and Jennie (Hanson) Fortson. Mr. Fortson was born in Elbert county, but now lives in Florida, where he is a large fruit-grower. To Mr. and Mrs. Wall have been born thirteen children: Elizabeth, Willie, Walter, George, Cassie, James, Sarah, Clarence, Talullah, Janie, Longstreet, Henry and Lee. The mother was born in Elbert county in 1849. The family belong to the Methodist Episcopal church, south. Mr. Wall was a member of the county board of roads and revenue for four years and has been county school commissioner since 1890. His early life was spent on the farm, but in 1876 he was ordained a minister of the Gospel, since which time he has preached regularly. He is a bright and clever gentleman, and one beloved by his flock and respected by the community at large.

QEORGE WOOSTER is of English nativity, and was born in Buckinghamshire in 1853, his parents being James and Sarah (Eggleton) Wooster, the former
born in Buckinghamshire in 1802 and died in 1863. When but a youth, not out of his teens, young Wooster, who had been reared on a farm, left his English home to seek his fortune in the western world. He sailed from England for the United States Oct. 17, 1871, came first to Pike county, Ga., and a few weeks afterward finding his way to Meriwether county, where he arrived with but five cents in his pocket But with true English courage and persevering energy he sought work, willing to do anything honorable for a living rather than be an idler. He
worked a year for Daniel Keith, and then rented land from him for five years. After this he rented Mrs. T. P. Atkinson's farm in Oakland for a year, and then the place belonging to Thor Atkinson. He made his first investment in land in the county in 1881, and five years later bought a stock of goods, and set up in the

KMANUEL, COUNTY SKETCHES.

639

mercantile business. He is a man of marked ability and versatile talent, as is
evident from the fact that he has been very successful in several distinct lines of work. His fine farm of 350 acres is well cultivated and well stocked. He also did a thriving business in general merchandise, of which he had an extensive and well selected stock. Moreover, he ran a public gin, a planing mill and sawmill.
In spite of the adverse circumstances of his earlier years and the fact that his education was somewhat limited, Mr. Wooster has: made a success of his life work and is honored among his fellow-men. He is a notable instance of what pluck and perseverance will accomplish. In 1874 Mr. Wooster married Miss Cynthia Williams, a daughter of Stephen and Nancy A. (Simpson) Williams, who died in 1880. His present wife, who was Miss Pennie Esters, the daughter of David and Elizabeth (Caldwell) Esters, was born in 1859, and reared in Meriwether county. They were married in 1881, and have had three children, none of whom is living. Both Mr. and Mrs. Wooster are members of the Primitive Baptist church. Mr. Wooster has recently removed to Flatwoods, Elbert Co., which is now his home.

EMANUEL COUNTY.
JAMES AMASCUS COLEMAN, merchant and manufacturer, Rountree, Emanuel Co., Ga., son of Elisha and Winnie Coleman, was born in Emanuel
county in March, 1848. His father was -born in Burke county, came to Emanuel county when a young man, married, settled down to fanning and made agriculture the pursuit of his life. They are both living, and are respectively eighty-two and eighty-one years of age, and revered members of the Methodist church. Four children were born to them--three living to perpetuate their name and virtues: Matthew, killed at Sharpsburg while serving in the Confederate army; John C., an ex-Confederate soldier, who has been clerk of the superior court of Emanuel county, elected ordinary for several terms, now retired and accounted the wealthiest citizen of the county; Elisha J., Emanuel county, exlieutenant Georgia militia during the war, now a successful farmer, and James A., the subject of this sketch. Mr. Coleman was educated at the common schools of the county, and when only sixteen years of age enlisted in the Confederate service and was a participant in battle at Honey Hill, S. C. On his return from the army he engaged for several years in farming, and later engaged in rafting timber. He next engaged with his brother, John C., in a general merchandise business in Swainsborough, which continued four years. In 1888 he formed a partnership with James H. Ellison, and with him embarked in the saw-mill business, and in connection with it carried on a farm, running ten plows and a store, which last commanded a good trade. In 1894 the firm added to their enterprise the manu facture of naval stores. The firm owns the Coleman & Ellison railway, which connects with the Midville & Ellison railway at Midville. The sawmill cuts from 20,000 to 30,000 feet of lumber per day, and their turpentine farm produces 600 barrels of spirits and 2,500 barrels of resin annually, and their pay-roll amounts to more than $30,000 per annum. Confining himself to his business interests he neither desired nor sought office, but in 1894 he was nominated as the only .citizen likely to defeat the populists. After one of the hottest campaigns ever conducted in the county he was elected over the strongest man his opponents

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
could present to represent Emanuel county in the general assembly. He started in life without capital, but relying on his own resources, his energy, perseverance and strict business principles and practice, he has made a good business reputation and accumulated considerable property, with prospects of a large fortune in the near future. Mr. Coleman was married in 1884 to Miss Fannie, daughter of Enoch M. and Susan Lake, who has borne him five children: Ruby Pearl, deceased; the second child, not named; John Randolph, Winnie and Cleveland.
FLISHA JORDAN COLEMAN, farmer, Swainsborough, Emanuel Co., Ga., son of Elisha and Winnie Coleman, was born in Emanuel county May 6, 1846.
(For further particulars of parents and other members of the family, see sketch of James A. Coleman in these Memoirs.) Mr. Cpleman was reared on the farm and attended the common schools of the county. At the early age of sixteen he enlisted in the Georgia militia and served in the army, and when twenty years old commenced farming on his own account As a "starter" his father gave him a horse and enough to feed it a year. Excepting that during the later years he has run a grist mill and operated a ginnery, he has confined himself to farming, at which he has been satisfactorily successful. He is not wealthy, but he has a fine farm under good cultivation, with a pleasant home and a competency, and enjoys to the fullest extent the esteem and confidence of his fellow-citizens. Mr. Coleman was married July 15, 1874, to Miss Harriett, daughter of Enoch Lake, of Laurens county, by whom he has had twelve children, of whom eight are living: Beulah, Matthew, Otis, Fannie, Elisha, Lester, Sudie, and one not named. Those deceased are: Ada, Charles, Douglas, and one that died in infancy.
UENRY CLAY EDENFIELD, merchant, Swainsborough, Emanuel Co., Ga., son of David J. and Jane (Kennedy) Edenfield, was born in Emanuel county
Dec. 29, 1859. His father was a mechanic, was also engaged in farming, and served as an officer in the Confederate army during the war between the states. There were born to Mr. Edenfield's parents the following children: Milton C, deceased; Henry Clay, Julian,. Hattie, Jessie, Ida, Eva, Wright, Rufus, Mollie, Bessie and Gilbert. Mr. Edenfield was reared on the farm, and received as good an education as was obtainable at the near-by country schools. When eighteen years of age he entered the employ of Davis & Marks, at Midville, Ga., as a clerk and remained there three years. He then engaged as a clerk with John Coleman, Swainsborough, the largest merchant in the place. Four years later he went to Stillmore, Emanuel Co., and clerked for George M. Brinson until 1889, when he returned to Swainsborough and embarked in a general merchandise business on his own account He has given his entire attention to his business, keeping abreast with the times, and studying and supplying the wants of the people, so that he has become a leading merchant and is doing a large, if not the largest, business of any merchant in the town. His enterprise and prudence, industrious habits and judicious investments have resulted in the accumulation of a large property-- and the promise of a very bright future. Mr. Edenfield was married Feb. 7, 1886, to Miss Fannie, daughter of Thomas and Emma E. Lewis, of Emanuel county, by whom he has had two children: Bertha, born in August, 1888, and Vera, born in September, 1892. He is a member of the town council, a member of the Royal Arcanum and a master Mason.
gPHRAIM A. EDENFIELD, merchant, Stillmore, Emanuel Co., Ga., son of John H. and Jane (Polk) Edenfield, was born in Emanuel county Jan. 23,
1865. His paternal grandparents were natives of North Carolina, and his great-

EMANUEL. COUNTY SKETCHES.

64!

grandfather served in the continental army through the revolutionary war. Some
years afterward his grandparents migrated to Georgia and were among the early settlers of what is now Emanuel county. Mr. Edenfield's father was a farmer, and served in the Confederate army during the war between the states. He
reared the following children: Elizabeth, deceased wife of W. T. Mooring, Emanuel county; Martha, wife of George M. Morris, same county; Marguerite, wife of Jackson Collins; Viannah, deceased wife of Iverson Lanier, also deceased; John H., merchant and farmer, Bulloch county; George P., bookkeeper, Emanuel
county; Thomas Jackson, merchant and fanner. Mr. Edenfield received such education as was obtainable'at the common schools of the county, and then buying a farm on credit engaged in farming. He went to Stillmore in 1889, and was the first person to locate there after the mill was started. In 1885, with a cash
capital of $35, he went to Savannah to buy a stock of goods and open a general merchandise store. He bought his merchandise, hauled it seventy miles by wagon, and commenced business near where he is at this time. He has been won derfully successful, and has made money very fast In 1892-93, in addition to his
other businesses, he engaged in the manufacture of naval stores. He now carries a well-assorted stock of general merchandise worth $12,000, the best and largest in
. that part of the county, and does the largest trade of any store in the place. While
he has been thus engaged in merchandising and building up this large and profit able business, he has been conducting his farm. Although he started with solittle--of experience and capital--and is now only thirty years of age, he is worth
more than $50,000--which it must be admitted is a very remarkable record, and" demonstrates the possession of more than ordinary ability. In view of what he has already accomplished it is difficult to set a limit to what he may accomplish. Mr. Edenfield married Miss Wealthy, daughter of Jackson and Roxa Bird, of Tattnall county, who has borne him one son, Samuel, born in September, 1883.

A LFRED HERRINGTON, lawyer, Swainsboro, Emanuel Co., Ga., son of Manning and Lucretia (Phillips) Herrington, was born in Emanuel county
Nov. 21, 1858. On both sides he is of Irish lineage. His paternal great-grand father, Ephraim Herrington, was a North Carolinian, a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and was present at the surrender of Con>wallis at Yorktown. He migrated to Robeson county, N. G, and came to Georgia early in the present century and was among the pioneer settlers of Emanuel county. Mr. Herrington's grandfather, James Herrington, was born: in North Carolina and came with the family to Emanuel county, in which his father was born. Mr. Herrington's father was a mechanic and enlisted early in the late civil war in Capt. Miller's rangers, which became a part of the SeventhGeorgia cavalry. After participating in a number of engagements he was detailed to take charge of the mechanical corps. He died Sept. 11, 1864, from the effects of extreme exposure and hardships suffered while in the Confederate service. Mr. Herrington's mother was a daughter of Anthony Phillips, whose family also came from North Carolina to Emanuel county. They were the parents of six children, all living: Alfred, Anthony M., John G, Melissa, Florence Elizabeth, and Dicey. Mr. Herrington was the eldest son, and his father dying while he was yet young, and devolving upon him the care of the family in straitened circum stances, his educational advantages were of the most meager kind. The first pair of shoes he had after the death of his father he made himself, apd then to get money to pay for an education he cut and rafted timber to market. He entered the university of Georgia at Athens in 1872, but he had so little money and the demands on him at his home were such that he was deprived of graduation) 1-41

642

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

by leaving the university. Knowing no such word as "fail" he persevered, read law under the preceptorship of Hon. C. C. Kibbee of Hawkinsville (now of Macon), Ga., and was admitted to the bar at Pulaski superior court in December, 1877. He located at Mount Vernon, Montgomery Co., Ga., and practiced law there one year. In 1884 he moved his office to Swainsboro. Although without money he determined to succeed. Possessing a strong mind, an inflexible purjx>se and superior ability, and withal being a hard student, he soon became the
leading attorney and had the largest practice of anyone at the bar. In 1888 he was elected to represent Emanuel county in the general assembly, and after serving the term retired from politics; however, such was the pressure brought upon him, and so urgent were the solicitations of appreciative friends, that he consented to accept the nomination of elector on the democratic electoral ticket in 1892, and of course was elected. He was appointed as one of the U. S. commissioners in the matter of the Cherokee strip, but at the end of three months resigned and returned to the practice of his profession, to which he is an enthus iastic devotee. He is pre-eminently popular in his native county, whose citizens manifest the greatest anxiety to advance him politically. In 1894 a recommenda tion of him by the democratic executive committee of his county as a candidate for congress received the unanimous endorsement of the county in a primary election, but he peremptorily declined to allow his name to be presented to the congressional nominating convention of the first district Being young, an enthusiastic democrat, of unquestionable ability and determined will, and already towering professionally above men older than he in years and practice, he undoubt edly has before him a brilliant professional and political career and great pecu niary prosperity. Mr. Herrington was married March 13, 1890, to Miss Annie Ix-e, daughter of L. H. Wilkins of Richmond county, a union which has been blessed with three children: Thomas Norwood, Pat. Calhoun, and Morris Dawson. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and a Royal Arch Mason.

JOHN JAY MOORE, farmer, Swainsboro, Emanuel Co., Ga., son of Thomas L. and Emma Cynthia (Trapnell) Moore, was bom in Emanuel county Feb. 2,
1856. His paternal great-grandfather, Arthur Moore, was a Burke county farmer who moved with his family to what is now Emanuel county among its earliest settlers. His grandfather, James Moore, son of the above, was quite small when he came to the county, and followed farming all his life. Mr. Moore's father was born in Emanuel county in 1818 and has been a farmer all his life. He served a short time during the late civil war, but was discharged on account of disability. His wife died in 1879, but he is still living where he has lived for more than forty years, one of the oldest citizens in the county. They were the parents of ten children, eight of whom grew to maturity: Millie, wife of A. T. Durden; James L., farmer; Elijah, deceased; Jennie, wife of L. E. Brinson, Emanuel county; John Jay; Archibald Algernon, farmer; Elizabeth; Mary C.,
wife of George Dinkle. Mr. Moore was reared on the farm and educated at the near-by country schools. On attaining to manhood he engaged in farming, and also made some money cutting timber and rafting it to market He had only his own labor and resources to depend on: his father, however, gave him a mule a short time after he started in life for himself. He has worked hard early and late, cultivated frugal habits as well as his land, and judiciously invested his moderate yearly surplus until he has secured a competency and a quite large property-including 2,000 acres of good land. He owns a rice and grist mill and operates a ginnery. He is a good, thrifty farmer, makes good crops, and as to home and farm improvements he is as well conditioned as any farmer in

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643

Emanuel county. Mr. Moore was married June i, 1884, to Miss Cassie Ann, daughter of Richard and Lucretia Edenfield, a union which has been blessed with five children: Thomas Grover, Richard Hilton, John Elijah, and Mattie Cynthia; one died unnamed in infancy. Politically he is an uncompromising democrat CDWARD P. RENTZ, naval stores manufacturer, Covena, Emanuel Co., Ga.,
son of Rev. E. J. and Martha (McGehee) Rentz, was born in Henry county, Ala., Jan. 2, 1862. His father was a preacher, a member of the South Georgia Methodist conference and entirely devoted to his ministerial duties for twentyfive years. He was also a member of the Masonic fraternity, and died in 1885, aged fifty-five years. His widow is yet living, her home being in Perry, Houston Co., Ga. This eminently pious and Christian couple were the parents of six children--five of whom survive: Lula, wife of John W. White, Hawkinsville, Ga.; Lilla, wife of J. C. Tanner, Washington county, Ga.; Edward Pierce; George, who married Miss Bessie Rentz, of Houston county, interested in naval stores manu facture in Montgomery county, Ga., and Charles E., dentist, Perry, Houston Co. Mr. Rentz received an academic education, and when sixteen years of age engaged as a clerk in a store at Bartow, Jefferson Co., Ga., and after remaining there awhile, secured a situation with a firm engaged in the manufacture of naval stores, with whom he remained seven years. Leaving the firm, he embarked in the business on his individual account. His success has been phenomenal, giving evidence of sagacity, courage, business qualities of a very high order, and a financial ability rarely equaled. He is actively connected with three firms: Rentz & Roberts and Roberts & Rentz, both in Emanuel county, and Rentz Brothers & Roberts, in Montgomery county. At the two Emanuel county plants they employ 180 hands, and their annual output averages 2,000 barrels of spirits and 7t5oo barrels of resin. At the Montgomery county plant they employ seventyfour hands, and average an annual output of 1,000 barrels of spirits and 3,500 barrels of resin. They work forty-three crops in Emanuel county and twenty in Montgomery county, and the amount they pay yearly for labor and other working expenses is about $65,000. They carry on a general merchandise business at each turpentine farm, selling a large amount of goods. Starting in life with no capital but push and pluck, well-directed energy and a determination to succeed, and having accomplished so much while young and in so short a time, a limit can hardly be fixed to Mr. Rentz's future business achievements. He has already acquired a splendid property, with good promise of large wealth. Mr. Rentz was happily married to Miss Kate, daughter of Alfred and Mary Garton, of Eufaula, Ala., Feb. 4, 1886, a union which has been blessed with three children: Joseph Alfred, James Tanner and Mary Gibbs. He is a master Mason and an ardent -member of the Methodist church.

JOSHUA R. ROUNDTREE, farmer, Swainsborough, Emauel Co., Ga., son of Manning and Luanda (Burden) Roundtree, was born in Emanuel county Sept.
n, 1847. His paternal great-grandfather was Joshua Roundtree, who was a native of North Carolina, whose home was on Tar river, in that state, where he lived and died. Two of his sons, George and Joshua, migrated to Georgia and settled in Emanuel county. From these two brothers are descended the very large number of those bearing the name, scattered across and through southern Georgia. They were generally recognized as among the most progressive and successful of the community in which they live in whatever calling they adopt, occupying high social positions, and prominent politically. Mr. Roundtree's father was a farmer, and devoted his life to that vocation, accumulating a large estate--politically unam-

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
bitious. Himself and wife were very devout and devoted members of the Primitive Baptist church--an almost life-long membership. They were the parents of ten children: Sarah, married Leander Sutton; Mary, married Elder Hudson Temple; Jane, married George I. Burwick; Manning R-, Primitive Baptist preacher; Ebenezer D., fanner; Andrew J., farmer; Isaac U., farmer; Washington G., fanner; Joseph B., farmer, and Joshua R., farmer. Mr. Roundtree received his primary education at the country common schools, and afterward attended the academy at Swainsborough, after leaving which he taught school for five years. He then entered in earnest on a farmer's life, and has devoted himself to it almost exclusively, the exception being the response to his fellow-citizens' demand for his valuable services as a county official. His first service was by election to the office of receiver of tax returns in 1871; after which he was a member of the county board of education, until 1880, when he was elected county school com missioner, and held the office continuously by re-election twelve years. Besides being exceptionally prosperous in his farming operations, he has traded some in timber lands, and has acquired quite a large property. Enterprising without bustle, and persevering in whatever is undertaken, he quietly accomplishes his object. He is public-spirited, liberal in spirit and purse, and is a popular and highly-esteemed citizen. Mr. Roundtree was married April 4, 1871, to Mis Dora M., daughter of William and Nancy Sumner, Emanuel county. To them eight children were born: Mary A., Amy E., William M., Julian R, Emma B., George L., Lena E. and Joshua C. Mrs. Roundtree, who, for many years was a working and exemplary member of the Methodist church, died May 14, 1894.
D OBERT J. WILLIAMS, lawyer, Swainsborough. Emanuel Co., Ga., son of Stephen M. and Carrie E. (Pughlesy) Williams, was born Sept II, 1855. His
father was a planter, and died Nov. i, 1891, aged sixty-five years; his mother is still living at the age of fifty-nine years. They were the parents of ten children, all living: Emma E., wife of J. W. Wright, Bulloch county; Robert James; Sidney S., manufacturer naval stores, Bulloch county; William P., architect and mechanic, Florida; Sallie Gertrude, married Paul Purvis, Bulloch county; Stephen G., manufacturer of naval stores, Bulloch county; Belle, wife of J. Q. Stephens, Emanuel county; George Herschell, lawyer, Mount Vernon, Montgomery Co., Ga.; Nellie, at industrial school for girls, at Milledgeville; J. Carlton, clerk, Swains borough. Mr. Williams was raised on the farm, and received his primary education in the common schools of the county, and finished at Swainsborough high school in 1874. He read law under the preceptorship of Col. Josephus Camp --during which time he was clerk in the ordinary's office and assistant clerk of the superior court of Emanuel county--and was admitted to the bar at the October term of the court, 1880. That year he was appointed United States census enumerator. Immediately after his admission to the bar he established himself in Swainsborough, and soon secured a large practice. He has been recorder and treasurer of Swainsborough, solicitor of the county court, and is now a member and president of the board of education. A stanch democrat, he was elected alternate delegate from his district to the national democratic conTention, held in St Louis in 1888. He is now the senior of the law firm of Williams & Smith, the leading member of the profession in this county, with a large and growing clientage. The firm is recognized as one of ability, and ranks high with the profession. Mr. Williams conducts a farming interest in connection with his other business. Mr. Williams married Mrs. Mollie E. (nee Camp) Moring, daughter of Col. Josephus and Sarah Camp, who has borne him four children: Lida Bell, Robert Jewel, Roscoe Camp, and John H., deceased. Mrs. Williams has, by her first husband, two children: Nettie and Josie Moring.

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645

Mrs. Williams is a member of the Baptist church; and Mr. Williams is a member of the I. O. O. F., a master Mason, and a member of the Methodist church, of which he is a trustee.

A RCHIBALD A. MOORE, farmer and lumberman, Swainsboro, Emanuel Co., Ga., son of Thomas L. and Cynthia (Trapwell) Moore, was born in
Emanuel county March 10, 1858. (For previous history of family see sketch of John J. Moore in these Memoirs.) Mr. Moore grew to manhood on the farm and received a limited education at the common schools of the county. When nineteen years of age (1887) he started in life for himself, beginning with farming on a small piece of land his father gave him, and then taught school some time, in 1892 he embarked in the manufacture of lumber and in the business of cutting and rafting timber to tide-water. He has established a quite large business with Darien, stands well in the commercial world as a man of excellent business qualifications, of strict integrity and may be regarded as on the high road to
fortune. He has a very fine 6oo-acre farm, with 150 acres in cultivation, and raises sea-island cotton, cattle and hogs. He is a democrat in politics, and is one of Emanuel county's best citizens.

FANNIN COUNTY.
THOMAS AVEY BROWN, a member of the Fannin county bar, was born at Morganton, in Fannin county, on June 2, 1861. He was reared and
educated in Fannin county, where for three terms he taught school. In January, 1882. he went to Texas, where he taught school one year, and returned to his home. Having resolved to prepare himself for admission to the bar, in January, 1883. he commenced the study of law in the office of J. R. Chastain, at Morganton, and on May 28, 1884, he was admitted to practice in the superior court of Fannin county. He began to practice his profession at Morganton, where he has continued to reside. His practice extends throughout the Blue ridge circuit, where he is rapidly rising to merited prominence in his chosen profession. On Feb. 7, 1886, Mr. Brown was married to Alice D., daughter of John A. and Martha Stuart of Fannin county. One child has been born to Mr. and Mrs. Brown, Thomas Thurman Brown, born on Nov. 19, 1890. The father of Mr.. Brown was Charles E. Brown, a native of North Carolina. He moved to Fannin county with his parents in 848. At the opening of the war he entered the Con federate service, enlisting as a private in Company H, Fifty-second Georgia regiment, which company was commanded by his brother, Capt W. W. Brown. He died in a hospital at Knoxville on May 20, 1862. The mother of Mr. Brown, Mary Ann Brown, is still living in Fannin county. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Brown was James Brown, born in Wilkes county, N. C, on Feb. 14, 1809. He is still living in Fannin county. His paternal grandmother was Nancy Ger man, born in Wilkes county, N. C., on Feb. 15, 1805. She died in October, 1892, in Fannin county. Mr. Brown has two sisters living: Samantha, Mrs. Jacob Addington, Morganton, and Nancy, Mrs. Perry L. Akins, Morganton. In 1886 Mr. Brown was the candidate of the democratic party for the office of representa tive in the legislature of this state, and was defeated by William Franklin. He is at present an active populist.

646

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

JUDSOX RUCKER CHASTAIN, farmer and lawyer, was born at the old homestead in Fannin county, Ga., near Morganton, March 16, 1856, and here
he was reared and educated in the public schools, his father dying when he was
sixteen years old. Most of his education was obtained and paid for by himself. In 1879 young Chastain entered the law office of H. P. Bell at Gumming, Ga., and in August of that year he was admitted to the bar. He then returned to his home, where he has practiced law and fanned since. In 1891 our subject formed a partnership with Hon. A. S. Clay, who is located at Marietta, and the partner ship still continues. In 1884 he ran for representative from Fannin county and tied his republican opponent, B. C. Duggan, but the second race resulted in his defeat by only eighty-four votes in a county usually 300 republican. This same year he was appointed deputy internal revenue collector of the northern district of Georgia (second division), and served as such fourteen months, when he resigned. On March 22, 1893, Mr. Chastain was appointed commissioner of
the United States circuit court for the northern district of Georgia. He is a royal arch Mason and was reared in the Baptist church. He was married Feb. 15,1883, to Emma Greenwood, daughter of Martin Greenwood of North Carolina, and they have seven children: Carleon C, Garnett McMillan, Ophie, Linton S., Judson T., Virgie and Clarissa. Mr. Chastain's father was Elijah W. Chastain, a native of South Carolina, born in 1813 and died in 1874. He came to Georgia at the age of twenty-three. He was a captain in the Seminole war and was made colonel in the same war. He was also made colonel in the Eighth regi ment, Georgia state troops, by Gov. Joseph E. Brown, and was presented with a beautiful sword by his officers and men for gallantry and kind ness. He was in the Georgia house of representatives from Gilmer county soon after the Seminole war, serving two terms, and later he served in the Georgia senate. In 1856 he went to congress and served two terms. He was attorney for the state railroad for some time before the war, under Gov. Brown. He was a member of the secession convention.

I EVI BURTON CRAWFORD is one of Fannin county's oldest and most respected citizens, and is at present a merchant at Blue Ridge. He was born
Jan. 31, 1838, in Jackson county, N. C., at the foot of Calebs hill, on Scot's creek. In February, 1844, he moved with his parents to Union, now Fannin county, in this state, settling upon a farm one mile from the present site of Morganton, where he was reared and where he resided until his marriage. He received a commonschool education. From 1858 until 1863 he was engaged in mercantile business at Morganton. Mr. Crawford was a prominent Union man at the opening of the war and strongly opposed secession. In February, 1863, he was pressed into the Confederate service and was enrolled as a private in Company A, Fifth Georgia regiment of infantry. At the date of his enlistment he was colonel of the militia and not subject to the conscript act But having been arrested for disloyalty to the Confederacy, together with his father, who was imprisoned in the Atlanta barracks, he volunteered for his own safety and for the purpose of liberating his father. Mr. Crawford continued in the service until January, 1864. Shortly previous to the battle of Chickamauga he sustained an injury which disabled him for duty and was sent to Gilmer hospital at Atlanta, and later to Forsyth, Ga., where he obtained a furlough and returned to his home. In October, 1863, he was elected clerk of the inferior court of Fannin county and retired from the mili tary service. In 1867 he engaged in his old business as merchant at Morganton, continuing in business there until October, 1893, when he moved to Blue Ridge, where he now resides, and is engaged in mercantile business. Mr. Crawford

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647

became a Mason Feb. 4, 1861. He is a member of Ocoll lodge No. 201 of F. & A. M., at Morganton. He owns several large farms in Fannin county and is the largest taxpayer in that county. On Sept. 19, 1858, Mr. Crawford was mar ried to Sarah Ann, daughter of Jesse R. and Mary Beaver, of Fannin county. Ten children have been born of this marriage, nine of whom survive: Alice, born July 17, 1859, married J. A. Leg, Dec. 12, 1875, on the decease of her husband she married N.-B. Cutcher, by whom she had five children, and died at Blue Ridge April 16, 1891. She was buried in the family lot with her infant child at Blue Ridge. Four of her children survive: Ada B., wife of H. D. Gurley
of Dahlonga, born Nov. 14, 1861; she has four children: H. Bruce, born July 19, 1864; he is at present a merchant at Blue Ridge, and has never been married. Boone, born Feb. 8, 1867; he resides at Morganton; married Bessie Chastain, daughter of O. F. Chastain, and is engaged in the mercantile business. Mark, born Nov. 14, 1869, who married on Jan. 27, 1889, Miss Laura McKinney; he
is engaged in farming in Fannin county, near Morganton. Florence, wife of W. C. Doling of Blue Ridge, born Jan. 12, 1872; they have one child, a daughter, Claud, born Sept. 25, 1873, and resides with her parents; Laura, born Oct. 9, 1877, married B. F. West; Maud, born March 6, 1880, and Carl, born Aug. 31, 1882. The father of Mr. Crawford was Samuel Hunter Crawford, born in
Rutherford county, N. C., in 1805, and died at his home near Morganton, Aug. 18, 1892. The mother of Mr. Crawford is Celia, daughter of Gelico Jones. She was born in Rutherford county, Jan. 9, 1810, and is still living with her son at Blue Ridge. Mr. Crawford is a man of high and benevolent character, and throughout his life has been strictly abstemious, never having used spirituous liquors nor tobacco in any form. Mr. Crawford is now mayor of Blue Ridge.
He is one of the men that donated the site of the school building in Blue Ridge and he is now engaged in building a Baptist church and masonic hall in the town. It is mainly by his efforts and liberal contribution that the structure is being erected. Mrs. Crawford, a most estimable lady and pious Christian, has seconded her husband in this work. She is a devoted member of the Blue Ridge Baptist church and has been struggling for years to have an edifice built.

IEONIDAS GLENN CUTCHER, of Morganton, Fannin Co., was born in Union county, Ga., on Nov. 8, 1848. In February, 1869, he moved with
his parents to Morganton, where he has since resided. During the period from
1871 to 1876 he taught school in Fannin county, and was repeatedly re-elected to that office, serving in all' six years as clerk. Retiring from office he next engaged in agriculture until January, 1893, when he was elected ordinary of Fannin county, the duties of which position he still continues to discharge. On Aug. 4, 1878, Mr. Cutcher was united in marriage to Nancy Elizabeth, daughter of Henry and Adeline Smith, of Fannin county. Three children were born to them:
Mollie, on May 6, 1879, who died Nov. 21, 1882; Julia A., born Feb. 4, 1881, and died Sept. 24, 1882; and Nellie, born May 6, 1883. The early deatli of their two children, both of whom were unusually bright, clever and attractive, left a load of sorrow to be borne-by the afflicted parents, which has weighed
heavily upon them, and of which time alone can relieve them. The father of Mr. Cutcher, James C. Cutcher, was born July 8, 1822, in North Carolina. He moved to Georgia in his youth, settling in Union county with his parents. He
is still living and resides at Morganton. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Cutcher was John Cutcher, a native of Baltimore, Md. He died in Union county about 1866, at the advanced age of one hundred years. The mother of Mr. Cutcher was Martha E. Jones, daughter of John Jones of North Carolina, where she was

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
born March 3, 1820. She was married to James C. Cutcher in Union county, Ga., on April 25, 1847. Six children were born to them, all of whom are living: Mary Ellen, Mrs. J. F. Adams, Blue Ridge; Newel B., who resides at Blue Ridge; Martha E., Mrs. Robert P. Smith, now postmaster at Morganton; John, of Ducktown, Tenn.; and James M., of Blue Ridge; and the subject of this sketch.
DAVENPORT, of Morganton, Fannin Co., was born in that count)' on Feb. 3, 1845. His early education was obtained in the common schools, and later he finished his literary studies at Fort Hembree, N. C. In February, 1863, he enlisted in Company H, First Georgia state line troops, under Col. Gault. ami continued in active service during two years. He participated in the battles of Mew Hope church, Kennesaw mountain and Sand Town, and in the siege of Atlanta. After the war he taught school and engaged in farming. In 1879 ne was elected school commissioner of Fannin county, and has been in continuous service as school commissioner since that time. His work as an educator has met with public approval, as is best evidenced by his numerous re-elections to the office of school commissioner. On Jan. 9, 1868, he married Mary Ann, daughter of Jasper and Margaret Ashworth, of Fannin county. They have ten children: Kara E., wife of E. A. Rivers of Blue Ridge, born April 14, 1869; Sebas tian, born Aug. 16, 1871, and married to Estella Gorman of Grand View, Tenn., Dec. 18, 1894; Walter Oscar, born Oct. 30, 1873; Claude Duval, born Feb. 27, 1876; Prescott, born Sept 19, 1878; Herman, born March 10, 1881 ; Luther, born May 22, 1884; Tybee, born Sept. 3, 1886; Zetler, born Aug. 15, 1887; Arthur Beals, l>orn Feb. 15, 1889; and Clara Davenport, born July 20, 1894. The father of Mr. I >aven;K>rt was William Davenport, born in Washington county, Va., March 13, 1800. He was the son of Clayborne Davenport, a native of Virginia. William Dav enport was reared in Virginia and migrated to Tennessee, where he lived about eleven years, and settled in Fannin county, Ga., about 1843. He died at his home in this county on April 17. 1875. The mother of Mr. Davenport was Margaret Spearc Rhea, of Rhea county, Tenn., where she married William Davenport July 17, 1832. She died in Fannin county in 1 880. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Davenport was a revolutionary soldier who served throughout that strug gle. He fought at the battles of Brandywine, Trenton, Monmouth and Princeton, and served under Gen. Lincoln at the siege of Charleston. After the surrender of that city he effected his escape from his guards with five of his companions, making his way through the British lines to friendly territory, traveling only at nii^-lit. The paternal great-grandfather of Mr. Davenport was born in England and settled in Jamestown, Va., in the early part of the last century. Q LIVER REED DUPREE, of Blue Ridge, and a member of the Fannin county bar, was born Oct. 5, 1854, near Woodstock. in Cherokee county, and was educated at a private school. In 1876 be commenced the study of law in the office of B. F. Payne of the Cherokee county bar, at Canton. In 1877 he was admitted to the bar in the superior court of Cherokee county, and commenced the practice of law at Ellijay, in Gilmer county, where he resided six months. He next located at Morganton, where he practiced his profession with success until 1891, when he moved to Blue Ridge, where he now resides. Mr. Dupree's practice extends throughout the Blue Ridge circuit He gives especial attention to cases involving the title to real estate. He is a safe counselor and a very capable lawyer. In December, 1882, Mr. Dupree married Henrietta Beaver, of Morganton. They have three children, two girls and one boy: Willie, born

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649

Dec. 4, 1886; Marion Grady, born July 2, 1888; and O. R-, 'born Sept. n, 1890. The father of Mr. Dupree was William Dupree, born about 1810 near Spartanburg, S. C, who moved to Georgia and settled in Gordon county, about 1852. In 1854 he moved to Woodstock, where he resided until his death in 1892. He served as justice of the peace for a period of thirty years. The mother of Mr. Dupree is Miriam, daughter of Timothy Haney. She was born about 1812, near Spartanburg, S. C. She is still living near Woodstock. Mr. Dupree is the eighth of a family of thirteen children, eleven of whom are still living: Joshua, who died while in the service of the Confederacy, just before the first battle of Manassas: Syninimous, who married Thomas Freeman, and resides in Texas; Selena, who married W. P. Dobbs, and resides near Woodstock; Perry Pinkney, a lawyer living in Canton; Sallie, married to Cicero Dobbs, and lives near Woodstock; Caroline, married to a Mr. Petril, and lives in Cobb county; Vesta, who married Reason Dobbs, of Cobb county; Alice, Simanthi, and Robert Lee reside at home in Cherokee county, and Samuel is a lawyer living at Canton.

T HQMAS MARTIN GREENWOOD, M. D., of Mineral Bluff, Fannin Co.,
was born at Morganton June 17, 1863. From 1864 to 1866 his family resided at Carnesville, in Franklin county. His father, who was a tanner by trade and who was employed in that capacity by the Confederate government, died in Union county November, 1866. The family returned to Morganton in the fall of 1866 and settled on a farm. There the doctor lived and attended school until he had attained his nineteenth year. The patrimony of the family, which was large previous to the war, depreciated and diminished with the retiring fortunes of the Confederacy, and Dr. Greenwood was raised and educated by the efforts of his mother and himself. The first labor he performed for hire was binding rye at twenty-five cents per day, receiving pay in rye, at seventy-five cents per bushel, which was used by the family. At the age of sixteen he contracted his services for two summers, for a mule colt of the value of $40. The profits of this bargain having been enhanced by the custom so prevalent among the inhabitants of the mountains of "swapping," he soon accumulated enough money to pay for his schooling ten months. He next taught school during two terms; and after four months more of study, he passed a rigid examination in the English branches. At the end of this term, having since his thirteenth year determined upon pre paring himself for the practice of medicine, and being unable for want of adequate means to pursue his literary studies further, he delivered a farewell address to his class and commenced the study of medicine under the direction of Dr. T. T. Fain, of Fannin county, in the spring of 1886. On November 2 of that year he entered the Atlanta Medical college with $35 in his pocket and attired in a suit of homespun clothes. He pursued his studies for four months, when he returned to his home, without having paid for his tuition. He was the first person to engage in the culture of tobacco in Fannin county. He deposited a sample of the plant raised in the agricultural department, which was pronounced to be the finest of its kind ever raised in Georgia. At the request of Hon. Henry W. Grady, of the "Southern Cultivator," he wrote a paper on the cultivation of tobacco which was published in that journal. He was made the beneficiary of a scholarship for the years 1887-88 in the Atlanta Medical college, and in the fall of 1887 he returned to that institution. " At the close of the fall term he passed an examination and stood at the head of his class. At the request of the dean, Dr. H. V. Miller, he selected for his thesis the subject of "Milk-sickness," a dis ease peculiar to the mountain regions of north Georgia, which he wrote, and the substance of this thesis is embodied in the last edition of Flint's Practice. He

650

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

graduated on March 4, 1888, and returned to his home without a dollar and immediately commenced the practice of his profession, having obtained the nec essary- supply of medicine as a premium on competition. In April, 1888, he located permanently at Mineral Bluff, where he has since resided and continued his practice with marked success. Dr. Greenwood gives especial attention to the diseases of women and children. He is a man of literary tastes and of very considerable information on subjects of n:edical literature. With Prof. J. M. Clement, Jr., he is joint author of a work entitled Quintessence of Physiology and Hygiene, a text-book for schools and academies. He is a member of the Georgia Medical association, and at its meeting in 1894 contributed a paper on "Pneu monia," which was extensively read and commented on by the members and the profession generally. At the meeting of the association in Savannah in 1895 Dr. Greenwood read a paper on "Obstetrics" as practiced in the mountains of Georgia. This paper attracted attention all over the country and was copied in the leading medical journals of the United States and Canada. On April 24, 1887, Dr. Greenwood was married to Miss Hattie A. Cook, daughter of Barnard and Caroline Cook, of Fannin county. Dr. and Mrs. Greenwood have four children: Onah Blanche, born Jan. 30, 1888, at Atlanta; Hoke Smith, born April 25, 1890; Glenn McKenla, born Jan. 10, 1892; and Earle Clement, born Nov. 27, 1894. The wife of Dr. Greenwood was born March 20, 1863. His father, Martin A. Greenwood, a native of Xorth Carolina, was born in 1816. The mother of Dr. Greenwood was Sarah Caroline Parks, born Aug. 15, 1830. She is living with him at Mineral Bluff. A LBERT SIDNEY JOHNSON HALL, a rising member of the Fannin county
bar, residing at Blue Ridge, is a native of Ducktown, Tenn., where he was born, March n, 1867. He was reared on a farm. He commenced the study of law in the office of James G. Parks, of Ducktown, and after two years of diligent study, he was admitted to the bar of Polk county, Tenn., in the year 1887. He commenced the practice of his profession at Ducktown, and in 1890, he moved to Blue Ridge, in this state, where he is fast rising to prominence among the lawyers of the Blue Ridge circuit, and where he is exceedingly popular. In January, 1894, Mr. Hall was elected mayor of Blue Ridge, and he has continued to discharge the duties of his office to the entire satisfaction of the people. On May 3, 1888, he was married to Miss Naomi Jane Swaim, daughter of A. W. and Margaret Swaim, of Ducktown, Tenn. They have two children: Ethel, born Jan. 3, 1889, and De May, born Feb. 21, 1893. The father of Mr. Hall is Jonathan Hampton Hall, born in Macon county, N. C., March 25, 1823. In his youth he settled in Fannin county and engaged in farming. About 1846 he married Miss Zilpha M. McCord. She was the daughter of William and Melissa McCord, both of whom were natives of Scotland, who emigrated to Macon county, N. C., and later settled in Fannin county, Ga. The parents of Mr. Hall settled on a farm near Ducktown, Tenn., soon after the late war,-where they still reside. The father of Mr. Hall was a pronounced Union man at the commence ment of the war. He entered the Federal service as captain of Company H, Tenth Tennessee cavalry, and served four years, when he was honorably discharged. The subject of this sketch is the representative of a class rapidly pushing to the front in Georgia affairs, and it is well that the future welfare of the state should be cared for by such hands. THOMAS SILVEY M'KIXNEY, of Blue Ridge, a rising young newspaper
man of Fannin county, was born at Chestnut Gap, in that county, on Aug. 29, 1873. He was educated at Ellijay seminary, where he completed his studies in

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65!

1891. He entered the office of the "Blue Ridge Post" as an apprentice, and assisted in issuing the first edition of that paper. He was afterward engaged
in newspaper work on the "Atlanta Press," and for a time was associate editor of the "Cherokee Scout," at Murphy, N. C. On Jan. 1,1893, Mr. McKinney became the editor and proprietor of the "Blue Ridge Post," the official organ of Fannin county, since which time he has continued to edit and publish that newspaper. The "Post" is a bright and newsy paper, and has a very extensive circulation in North Georgia. Mr. McKinney conducts a job department in connection with the publication of the "Post," and turns out a large variety of work in this line annually.
On Jan. 10,1894, Mr. McKinney was married to Miss Ida Belle Davis, the acconir pushed daughter of W. H. and Margaret Davis, of Eve Mills, Tenn. Mrs. McKin ney is an accomplished musician and a teacher of vocal and instrumental music. Mr. McKinney is an active member of the Methodist church, south, and his wife is
a member of the Lutheran church. Mr. McKinney is a young man of fine talents, agreeable manners, and pleasing address. His aim is to furnish the people of North Georgia a good newspaper, the object of which will be to advance the material interests of that portion of the state, already too long neglected. The father of Mr. McKinney is Michael McKinney, born in Monroe county, Tenn., on
Oct 18, 1840. He served one year in the Confederate army during the late war.
For fourteen years he was connected with the Marietta & North Georgia railroad, a portion of which he built. He is at present engaged in the real estate and lumber business at Blue Ridge. The mother of Mr. McKinney is Harriet Aduline,
daughter of R. J. McClure, of Fannin county, where she was born. Mr. McKinney has five brothers and five sisters living: James Robert, born April ir, 1862; Mollie, Mrs. W. M. Wilson, Blue Ridge, born June 26, 1863; Joseph B., born Dec. 9,1864; John M., born April 10, 1867; Solomon L., born Oct. 7, 1869; Laura Adeline, Mrs. Mark Crawford, born June 29, 1871; Sallie, Mrs. Edgar W. Hurt; Florence N., Michael K, and Lilly Gustava.

DOBERT LEE SMITH, a prominent young newspaper man, ol Morganton, Fannin Co., was born in that county Nov. 23, 1870. He was educated in the
common schools and acquired a practical knowledge of printing. In September,
1893, Mr. Smith became editor and proprietor of the "Morganton News," a bright and progressive weekly published at Morganton. This paper has a general circu
lation throughout North Georgia. Its editor is aggressive in advancing the interests of his county, in developing its resources, and in promoting in a general and fitting manner the public welfare. Mr. Smith has four brothers and three sisters living in Fannin county: Benton Latain, Gustavus Braselton, Cora May, Clifford Anderson, Carter Tate, Siddie May, and Minnie Eveline. The father of
Mr. Smith is William Dallas Smith. He is a well-known character in Fannin county, where he has filled several official positions creditably and to the advantage of the public. In 1892 he was elected senator from the forty-first senatorial district of Georgia as a democrat. The mother of Mr. Smith, the subject of this sketch, is
Emily, daughter of the late Hon. Elijah W. Chastain, who was a well-known mem ber of congress from Georgia in antebellum days. She is still living.

QABRIEL LEONIDAS THOMAS, farmer, Blue Ridge, Fannin Co., was born near Blue Ridge on Oct. 3,1846. He was raised on a farm and received
a common school education. In 1861, he entered the service of the state of Georgia, enlisting in Col. E. W. Chastain's regiment, and saw active service at Savannah, and on the eastern coast. Later, he entered the Sixth Georgia cavalry, commanded by Col. John R. Hart, and continued in the service until captured at

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Charleston, Tenn., in August, 1864. About six months later he was released on condition that he remain within the Federal lines, and he continued to live in Tennessee during the remainder of the war. At its close he returned to his home and gave his attention to agricultural pursuits, in which occupation he has been
engaged ever since. In January, 1893, he was elected sheriff of Fannin county, as
a democrat, although that county was strongly republican, and was re-elected in January, 1895. Mr. Thomas brought to his aid in the discharge of his official duties as sheriff, a sound judgment, and a mind stored with practical common sense. In the discharge of his office duties he has given universal satisfaction to the people of his county, and as a citizen and official, he is highly respected. On Aug. 21,1864, Mr. Thomas was married to Miss Nancy Caroline Brindle, daughter of Rev. Henry Brindle, of Fannin county. They have nine children, five boys and four girls: Rachel Elizabeth, wife of John N. Fite, of Alabama; John Clayton, Ga
briel Leonidas, Martha Jane, wife of G. H. Bramblet, of Alabama; Mary Melindi, William Henry, Sarah Lucree, Joseph, George Lester and Napoleon Roscoe. The
father of Mr. Thomas, William Thomas, was a native of South Carolina. He was one of the first settlers of what is now Fannin county, where he died in 1875. The mother of Mr. Thomas was Elizabeth Fain, daughter of David and Rebecca Fain, of Tennessee. She died in Fannin county in 1879. Mr. Thomas is the
seventh child of a large family of children: William Marxian, who died in Murray county, Ga., in 1863; Charles Newton, who died in Fannin county about 1858; Sarah E., now living at Blue Ridge; Rebecca, who married Bartly Kirbow, and died Feb. 8, 1892, in Fannin county; Ebenezer Holland, Fannin county; Rachel C., married John W. Godfrey, of Fannin county, and died April 8, 1892, and John M., Fannin county.

FAYETTE COUNTY.
QHARLES POWELL DANIEL, merchant, Brooks Station, Fayette Co., Ga, son of Gen. Egbert Powell and Catharine Roland (Howe) Daniel, was born
in Zebulon, Pike Co., Ga., Aug. 26, 1839. His father was born in what is now Jasper county, Ga., in August, 1800, and when a young man settled in Pike county, where he served as clerk of the superior court for seventeen years, and became one of the richest and most influential citizens of the count}'. He was major-general of militia, his division extending from Pike to Houston counties, inclusive. He was a member of the masonic fraternity, in which he held respon sible positions. His mother was born in Crawford county in 1812. Col. Daniel lived in Zebulon until he was ten years old, when he went to Griffin, Spalding Co., where he was principally educated--being a pupil of Marshall college. When the war between the states began he enlisted as a private in the Griffin Light Guards, Capt Samuel W. Manghum, which became Company B, Fifth Georgia regiment, Col. John K. Jackson. Ten months afterward, at Knoxville, Tenn., he was elected captain of the company; at Tupelo, Miss., in 1862, he was elected major, and subsequently was promoted colonel of the regiment, and gallantly served as such until the surrender. He was in the battles at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge--where he was wounded three times, and thereby disabled from service for three months--and Kennesaw Mountain, where he was field officer of the day. In 1863 he was at Coosahatchie Station and Pocotaligo, S. C., for

PAYETTE COUNTY SKETCHES.

653

about three months. For a number of years after the war he held the office ot notary public and ex-officio justice of the peace. In December, 1887, he located at Brooks Station and engaged in general merchandising, in which he has been eminently prosperous, secured a large trade, made money and friends, and
interested himself so much in the county's development and made himself so useful, as to have become one of the most prominent and influential citizens of Fayette county. He has been a member of the board of county commissioners since November, 1892, and is chairman of the district board of education. He is wide awake, progressive and energetic, and exercises an influence for good however and wherever situated. Col. Daniel was married Feb. 7, 1866, to Miss Annie Eliza--born Aug. i, 1843--daughter of Hon. William McKenzie and Julia (Thompson) Blanton, who were born in Georgia and descended from the earliest Scotch-Irish settlers of the state. He at one time represented Spalding county in the general assembly. This union has been blessed with children, as follows: Minnie, born May 31,1868, deceased; Bertie Pope, born June 29,1870, in business
at Brooks Station; Willie Mills, born March 5, 1873, associated with his brother in business; Henry Carlton, born Dec. 24, 1875, teacher; Charles Roswell, born Dec.
24, 1877, attending school; Frederic Collins, born May 19, 1880, deceased, and Emory Jones, born Feb. 24, 1883. Col. Daniel is a member of the masonic fraternity, and himself and wife are active, working members of the Methodist
church, of which he is a steward and trustee, and has been a Sunday-school superintendent for fifteen years.

JAMES LUTHER GABLE, physician and surgeon, Brooks Station, Fayette
Co., Ga., son of Noah Wesley and Sally Arena (Wilson) Gable, was born in
Fayette county Aug. i, 1860. His father was born in Lexington district, S. C., Jan. 20, 1831; came to Georgia and located as a physician in La Fayette in 1859. He was a surgeon in the army from 1861 to 1865, and after the war returned and
resumed his practice in Fayette county, and died July 12, 1893, having practiced in the county, excepting the time he was in the army, thirty-four years. His
mother was born in Coweta county, Ga., May 20, 1842, and is still living at the old homestead. Dr. Gable enjoyed very good educational advantages so far as
common schools could supply them, and after studying medicine under his father attended lectures at Atlanta Medical college, from which he was graduated in
March, 1883. He returned home and was associated in the practice with his
father until July, 1893, when his brother became associated with him. He has attained to a wide and well-earned eminence in his profession, has a large and very valuable practice and being on the threshold of professional life may be
regarded as having an exceptionally brilliant future before him. He has been
an influential member of the county board of education for many years. Dr.
Gable was married at Cresswell, Spalding Co., Ga., to Miss Viola Vivula Vaughn,
born April 30, 1862, daughter of James William and Narcissa E. (Puckett) Vaughn. Her father was born in Jasper county, Ga., Sept. 21, 1818, and her
mother was born in Virginia in 1823, and came to Jasper county with her parents
when quite young. This union has been blessed with five children: Jane Odessa, born June 4, 1882; Fabian, born July 19, 1884; Vivian, born Aug. 31, 1886; lima, born April 2, 1889, and Sallie Narcissa, born Jan. 26, 1891. Dr. Gable is a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Knights of Damon, the Im proved Order of Red Men and of the masonic fraternity--being now worshipful
master of the lodge and high priest of the chapter. He is a prominent member of the Lutheran church, and his wife a devoted member of the Baptist church.

654.

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

THORNTON GLOWER, farmer, FayettevUle, Fayette Co., Ga., son of Abel and Zada (Mercer) Glower, was born in Fayette county, June 20, 1831. His father was born in 1792 and died May 7, 1848, and his mother (of old North Cirolina families) was born in North Carolina Aug. 10, 1809, and died April 24, 1894. Mr. Glower was raised on the farm, and his schooling was very meager. His father died when he was only seventeen years old and the care of the family devolving on him, his life-battle began early. But he was of the stuff men are made of, and nothing daunted he set about fulfilling his filial obligations and has made a record to be proud of. He worked hard, early and late, kept abreast of the times, saved money and judiciously invested it, main tained his integrity and provided amply for his mother and sisters, and is now comparatively rich, enjoying the sweets of a quiet conscience, the consciousness of duty done, and the respect of his appreciative fellow-citizens. In May, 1862, he enlisted in Company C, of which he was made senior second lieutenant, Capt. Marshburn, Fifty-third Georgia regiment. With his command he was suc cessively engaged in the following important, among other minor, battles during the civil war: Seven days' fight around Richmond, Fort Sanders, Tenn., Wilderness, Spottsylvania court house, second Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Fish er's hill (or Strausburg) and Sailor's creek, where the entire command was captured and taken to Washington, where they were detained until June 17, 1865, when he was released. LieuL Glower was elected captain of his company in March, 1865, which title he held at the time of the surrender. In 1856 he was elected justice of the peace, was re-elected when his term expired and was in office when he enlisted. In 1872 he was elected a member of the county school "board and was continued on it until 1888. In 1876 he was elected county school com missioner and held the office until 1892. When he assumed its duties there were twenty-one public schools in the county; when he retired there were forty-three in a flourishing condition, consequent upon his intelligent administration. At the close of the v/ar he found himself about as poor as when a mere youth he started in life, and what he has has been accumulated since without recourse to trading or speculation. Capt. Glower was married Dec. 30, 1852, to Miss Nancy Simmons, daughter of James Edward and Margaret (Cartwright) Haisten, who were natives of Greene county, Ga. This union was blessed with the following children: Millo Cecillia, born Nov. 10, 1853, wife of John O. Stinchcomb, Fayette county: Riller Callister, deceased, born April 19, 1856; Ludas Luron, born Aug. 30, 1858, deceased wife of Elias B. Adams, Fayette county; Gayson Guthrie, born Feb. 27, 1861, proprietor of steam bakery, Atlanta; Baynard Burling, deceased, born May i, 1866; Esclodean, born Aug. 28. 1870, wife of Alien H. Jones, Fayette county. The mother of these died March 15, 1878, and Capt Glower contracted a second marriage May 20, 1879, with Miss Mary Ann Lucretia, daughter of John W. and Alvira (Posten) Parrott, natives, respectively, of Greene county, Ga., and South Carolina. No children have blessed this mar riage.

. T. HARP, fanner, Inman, Fayette Co., Ga., son of Mozee and Sarah (Hill) Harp, was born in Fayette county, Dec. 25, 1849. His paternal grandparents were natives of Virginia ; came to Georgia early in life and settled on land included in Henry county when laid off, and now in Spalding county. Here Mr. Harp's father was born in 1819 and raised a farmer. He was a local Methodist preacher and was widely-known as a good and useful man throughout the counties of Henry, Fayette, Spalding and Clayton. He died in 1875. His mother was descended from early settlers of South Carolina, where she was born

FAYETTE COUNTY SKETCHES.

655

in 1820. When she was five years old her parents came to Georgia, lived a year in Jasper county and then moved in 1826 to and settled in Henry (now Clayton)
county. She is still living. Mr. Harp remained with his parents, attending the common schools while growing up, until he attained to manhood, when he com menced to farm for himself. By close attention, industry and good management he has accumulated a large and valuable property, is a leading farmer and one of the really substantial citizens of the county. He was a member of the board of county commissioners from 1886 to 1890. In 1890 he moved to Seville, Wilcox
Co., Ga., where he owned and operated a saw-mill. While there he served as mayor for a period. After about four years' experience he sold out and returned December, 1893, to Fayette county, and is now a member of the board of county-
registers. Mr. Harp was married Dec. 16, 1876, to Miss Mary Ida, daughter of
Edward O. and Sophronia (Glass) North, natives of what is now Clayton county, Ga. To them the following children were born: William E. M., born Oct. 3, 1877; James, deceased, born Aug. 3, 1879; John Pearl, deceased, born Oct 15, 1881;
Harry, born Nov. 7, 1884; Andrew Russell, born Nov. ri, 1886; May Ida, born Jan. 25, 1889; Royi b0TM1 Ma>" 9> I 89I 5 Hugh, born Nov. 16, 1893.

D OBERT HILLARY HENDERSON, merchant, Brooks Station, Fayette Co., Ga., son of Thomas and Martha (Brooks) Henderson, was born in Fayette
county Dec. I, 1857. Both parents were born in Henry county, Ga., and early
in life settled in Fayette county. They had four children: Frank, a farmer in Fayette county; Nannie, wife of B. Mitchell, farmer, Fayette county; Tommy, deceased, and Robert Hillary, the subject of this sketch. His maternal grand parents were Hillary and Nancy (Anderson) Brooks, early settlers. He became
a large land-holder and very prominent, and founded and gave the name to Brooks Station. Mr. Henderson remained on the family farm and accepted such
education as the common schools of the time and locality afforded until he was twenty-five years old. He then engaged with a merchant as a clerk, and worked
as such for seven years. Later, for a number of years, he clerked for others and then 'embarked in business for himself. Such was his popularity as a business
man and the confidence in his probity of character and general business ability, that he was successful from the start and is regarded as one of the most reliable young business men in the county. He is now on the high way to commercial prominence, and starting as he did, a poor boy, and working patiently and as
hard as he has, is entitled to all the credit due to well-directed, honest labor. Mr. Henderson was married Dec. 24, 1889, to Miss Nannie Lee, born in Fayette county in 1867, daughter of Dr. Noah W. and Sallie A. (Wilson) Gable, and to
them children have been born as follows: Mabel, born Oct. 2, 1890; Tommy Lee, born July 17, 1892, and Sallie Mattie, born March 17, 1894. He is a master Mason and secretary of the local lodge, and is a member of the Baptist church.
His wife belongs to the Lutheran church.

JAMES THOMAS LEWIS, merchant, Woolsey, Fayette Co.. Ga., son of George Reed and Euzebe Neville (Rosser) Lewis, was 'born in Henry county,
Ga., Jan. 8, 1852. His grandparents were descendants of early settlers in South Carolina, and came to Georgia in the first quarter of the present century. His father was born in Butts county, Ga., in 1822, served as a soldier during the late civil war, and is a prosperous farmer. His mother was also born in
Butts county Jan. 26, 1826. Both parents are living in Fayette county. Mr. Lewis remained on the farm and attended the near-by country schools until
sixteen years old. when he engaged as a clerk two years. Then, in 1871, he went

656

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

into a general merchandise business for himself and continued it until 1878. The two years following he combined fanning and clerking; and the next four years he engaged as a clerk exclusively. He then (1884) re-embarked in mer chandising at Woolsey, and has succeeded beyond his most sanguine expectations. His business has steadily increased in volume and value, until he is now the leading merchant of his locality and has accumulated a quite valuable property. His great success is another practical illustration of what industry, fair dealing, and unswerving integrity of character will accomplish. He is-one of the mostly promising business men in the county. He is a member and secretary of the county board of education, and has been postmaster at Woolsey since 1885, when die office was established. An excellent record for a ten years' citizenship. Mr.
Lewis was married Dec. 24, 1872, to Miss Clemenza Isabella, daughter of Dr. Isaac Gray and Emeline Clemenza (Reagan) Woolsey, who has borne him eight children: Edgar Marcellus, deceased, born Nov. 26, 1873; Lola Adelia, born Dec. 16, 1875, at home; Isaac Woolsey, born March 21, 1878, superintending home farm; Mamie Almanza, deceased, born Aug. 7, 1880; Clemenza Pearl, born Nov. 28, 1882; James Carl, born July 4, 1885; Lillian Jewell, born Nov. 26, 1888; and Luther Forrest, born Nov. i, 1891. Mr. Lewis and his wife are active and prominent members of the Missionary Baptist church.

QANIEL M'D. LUCAS, merchant, Inman, Fayette Co., Ga., son of Archibald and Mary (MacDougald) Lucas, was born in Fayette county Jan. 6, 1832.
His paternal grandparents were natives of Scotland, and emigrated to the United States in 1796, and settled in North Carolina, where Mr. Lucas' father was born in 1799. He migrated from North Carolina to Georgia in 1827 and settled in Fayette county, where he died in 1842. His mother was born in Scotland, Dec. 22, 1800, and came to this country with her parents who settled in South Carolina, in 1804. Mr. Lucas received a common school education, and remained on the farm until he was twenty-two years old, when he began farming on his own account and continued it until 1884, when he entered upon mercantile life at Inman, which he has pursued since with results entirely satisfactory to himself. He has done a good and increasing and profitable business, stands well as a reliable merchant in commercial circles, and has the implicit confidence of the people. On May i, 1862, he enlisted in Company C--of which he was elected first lieutenant-- Fifty-third Georgia regiment (Col. L. T. Doyal) which reached Richmond in June.
While in the service he, with his command, participated in many of the bloodiest and most important battles of the war with marked intrepidity and courage. Among them: Seven days' fight around Richmond, Antietam, Funkston, Get tysburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville, Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg, Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Mechanicsville, Cold Harbor, Cedar Run, Petersburg, Berryville, etc., some of which lasted from two to seven days. After the last-named battle he was promoted and commissioned as captain, and discharged its duties with fidelity and distinction until the surrender. In 1856 he was elected justice of die peace, but held the office only one year. After the war he resumed farming, and after many years of success supplemented it by a general merchandise store at Inman. Mr. Lucas was married Feb. 2, 1854, to Miss Rebecca Ann--born in Henry county, Ga., May 22, 1838--daughter of Joseph Sanders and Frances Asbury (Sinchcomb) Chambers. Their parents were born in Ireland, and came when young to this country. Mr. Chambers was born in South Carolina in 1804, and died in 1859; and his wife was born in Elbert county, Ga., in 1802, and died in 1893. To Mr. and Mrs. Lucas six children have been born: Mary Frances, born in November, 1854, wife of James W. Dixon, Fayette county; Archibald

FAVETTE COUNTY SKETCHES.

657

Joseph, born in July, 1856, farmer, Fayette county; James Andrew, born in October, 1858, farmer--homestead; Martha Jane, born May, 1860; Margaret Ann, born June, 1862; and John Lee, born July, 1866, associated with his father in busi ness at Inman. Mr. Lucas is a royal arch Mason, and himself and wife are work
ing and prominent members of the Methodist church, of which he was a steward many years, and has been a local preacher for nearly two-score years.

ELIJAH BURRELL WELDEN, physician and surgeon, Inman, Fayette Co., Ga., son of Burrell and Martha Anne (McCutcheon) Welden, was born in
Henry (now Spalding) county, May 18, 1844. His paternal grandparents came from North Carolina to Georgia, and were among the early settlers of what is now Henry county. His father was born in what is now Jasper county, Nov. 9, 1806, was a farmer, and died in November, 1869. His mother, a descendant of Scottish emigrants who settled in Virginia in colonial times, was born in Hall county, Ga., July 4, 1812, and died in September, 1874. Dr. Welden was raised <>u the farm and attended the country schools until he was eighteen years of ago. Then, in 1862, he enlisted in Company C (Capt. John L. Moore), Thirteenth Georgia regiment, with which he participated in the following battles: Secoml Manassas, Fairfax Court House, Second Fredericksburg, Wilderness, Frederick City, Winchester, Strausburg, Harper's Ferry, Spottsylvania Court House, Fish er's hill and Petersburg, where the command was under fire and in the ditches two months. In the engagement at Burkeville station he was wounded in the hip about April 4, and sent to the hospital, but recovered in time to be with his com mand when surrendered at Appomattox. Returning home to Spalding county, he attended the academy until 1867, when he began the study of medicine under Dr. Edward Knott, and pursued it until 1869, and then attended a course of lectures at the university of New Orleans, remaining a year. Subsequently he attended a course of lectures at the medical college of Georgia, at Augusta, from which he was graduated in March, 1871. He soon afterward located where he now lives, and has established an excellent professional reputation, accumulated property, and acquired a wide influence which he has exerted in the interest of the material and moral advancement of the people. He was a member of the board of county, commissioners from 1884 to 1890, and one of the committee which superintended the building of the new courthouse at Fayetteville. His influence has been strongly and beneficially exercised in behalf of every enterprise calculated to develop the resources and build up the county. In connection with his practice he has conducted a profitable drug business at Inman, of which and the county he is a leading citizen. Dr. Welden was married Nov. 20, 1873, to Miss Mary. Frances--born Dec. 9, 1856--daughter of Rev. Mozee and Sarah (Hill) Harp. (For sketch of these see that of W. N. T. Harp in this work.) Nine children blessed this union: Minnie Russell, born Dec. 27, 1874; Annie Ellen, born Dec. 20, 1876: William Paul, born March 24, 1879; Mary Emma, born Sept. 15, 1881; John Bur rell, born Feb. I, 1884; Andrew Carl, born July 21, 1886: Sallie Slaughter, bom Aug. i, 1889; Martha Nettie, born March 14, 1892, and Walter Willard, born July 9, 1894. Dr. Welden is a prominent member of the masonic fraternity; has been worshipful master of the lodge, and exalted to the royal arch degree; and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church, of which he has been a steward for fifteen years.
ISAAC GRAY WOOLSEY, physician and surgeon, Woplsey, Fayette.Co., Ga., son of Zephaniah and Anna (Crouch) Woolsey, was 4>brn in Cumberland
(now Clinton) count}-, Ky., Oct. 14, 1828. His paternal grandparents were of 1-42

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

English-Scotch lineage, direct descendants of Cardinal Woolsey. His father was born in Greene county, Tenn., Nov. II, 1783, was a private soldier in Capt
Cross' company and served under Gen. William Henry Harrison in the last war with Great Britain. He died Dec. 16,1854. His mother was born in Washington
county-, Tenn., Nov. 24, 1793, and died Dec. 31, 1845. Dr. Woolsey remained at home and attended the common schools of the locality until he was eighteen years old, when he entered Franklin academy, remaining a year. For about four years after this he was in the mercantile business, and then went to Fentress
county, Tenn., as principal of Mount Cumberland academy, serving three years. Having studied medicine during this period under Dr. W. H. Owens, he next attended lectures at the Cincinnati, Ohio, College of Medicine and Surgery. Returning to Fentress county he entered upon the practice of medicine under a certificate from the college until 1861. That year he enlisted under Capt. W. S. Bledsoe, as quartermaster, and served in that capacity until Aug. 10, 1862. He then organized Company C, Eighth Tennessee Confederate cavalry, Col. G. G. Dibrell, at Cookville, Putnam Co., Tenn. The regiment was assigned to Gen. N. B. Forrest's division, then at Murfreesboro, Tenn. With his command he par ticipated in all the battles in which this brilliant commander was engaged down
to the battle of Chickamauga, when, Sept. 19, 1863, he was wounded in his right arm while repelling an advance of the Union army in an attempt to make a right flank on Gen. Chcatham's division. During all this time he promptly and gal lantly discharged every duty assigned him, acting by detail as surgeon and assist ant surgeon of the regiment a part of the time during his connection with it. Resigning his commission as captain on account of his wound, he refugeed to Locust Grove, Henry Co. After the surrender he located at Locust Grove, where he practiced until the fall of 1872, when (1872-73) he took a second course of lectures in the Cincinnati college of medicine and surgery, from which he was graduated in March, 1873. After his graduation he resumed his practice at Locust
Grove, but remained there only until 1875, when he moved to Fayette county, where, in addition to attending to an extensive practice, he has conducted large fanning and mercantile interests. In 1864 he was ordained a minister of the
Baptist denomination at Liberty church, Gordon county, Ga. From about that time until 1891 he served three or four churches, but his health failing him then, he resigned all except his home church at Woolsey. During many years of this period he has officiated as clerk of Flint River association, and for five years past lias been, and is now, its moderator. He is fully alive to the intellectual and religious advancement of the society and is extensively and influential!}' useful
along these lines. Dr. Woolsey was happily married Feb. 29, 1852, to Miss Emeline Clemanza, daughter of Col. Charles Reagan, of Fentress county, Tenn., who, together with his wife, was a native of Tennessee. He was a colonel of militia, and for many years was clerk of the superior court of the county. The following
named children blessed this union: Charles Reagan, born Dec. 6, 1852, farmer, Fayette count}-; Adela Ann, born Jan. 4, 1854, wife of J. J. Wilson. Butts county, Ga.; Clemanza Isabella, born Dec. 10, 1855, wife of J. T. Lewis, Woolsey; James
Zephaniah, deceased, born July 31, 1857, and Isaac Gray, Jr., born Aug. 3, 1861,
farmer, Fayette county. The mother of these children died Feb. I. 1862, from physical exhaustion consequent upon ministering to the relief of Gen. Zollicoffer's tr-'-ops while encamped near her father's farm after their retreat from the battle of Somerset, Ky. For his second wife he married Mrs. Arvazenia Frances (nee Hutcheson) Wood, daughter of Alfred and Matilda (Siegler) Hutcheson, de scendants of early settlers of Virginia. He was a wealthy planter before the war and was nearlv mined bv it. Dr. Woolsev has had no children bv his last

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jnarriage, but he feels thankful to the Giver of all Good that his wife has been to him an affectionate and devoted companion, and a tender and loving stepmother to his orphaned children. He realizes that in his marital relation he has been doubly blessed.

FLOYD COUNTY.
AYER, agent Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis railway, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., was born in Barmvell district, S. C., Jan. 23, 1830. There he received his primary schooling; then, at the age of sixteen, he was sent to Abbeville, and later entered the South Carolina college at Columbia, then under the presidency of Hon. William C. Preston, from which he graduated in 1850. In 1847 h's father moved to Floyd county, so when he left college he came to his father's new home and assisted in the management of his plantation interests, in which he continued until the war between the states began. In May, 1861, he enlisted in the Eighth Georgia regiment, Col. Francis Bartow (in whose honor Bartow county was named), of Savannah, who immediately appointed him quartermaster of the regiment. Within thirty days the Seventh, Eighth and Ninth and the Eleventh Georgia and the First Kentucky regiments were organized as a brigade and Col. Bartow was made brigadier-general and placed in command, when he appointed Mr. Ayer brigade quartermaster. Gen. Bartow was killed at the First Manassas battle and was succeeded by Gen. G. R. Anderson, and the brigade assigned to the division commanded by Gen. D. R. Jones, who made Mr. Ayer division quartermaster. He retained this position until August, 1862, when he was transferred to the army of Tennessee, and assigned to duty as post quar termaster at Dalton, Ga., while the army occupied that place as a base. After the evacuation of Dalton, and Gen. Hood succeeded to the command, Mr. Ayer was appointed chief quartermaster of the army of Tennessee, and held the position until the surrender of Gen. Johnston at Greensboro, N. C., in April, 1865. He was in the following campaigns: The Peninsular, in Virginia; the seven days' fight around Richmond, Dalton to Atlanta, the subsequent Tennessee campaign, and finally in the Carolinas. His arduous service during his connection with the army required untiring industry, sound judgment, endurance that could bear any strain, sleepless vigilance, and prompt and strict business methods, combined with superior administrative ability. That he possessed this needed happy combina tion of qualifications is proved by his continuous promotion and retention, and that he met every emergency incident to his responsible position goes without saying. During the war his family had moved to South Carolina, to a point opposite and not far from Augusta, Ga., where he joined them after the surrender, and remained through the summer of 1865. The latter part of that year he came to Rome, formed a partnership with J. C. McDonald, engaged in the hardware business, which was continued until 1887, when they sold out and retired. Mr. Ayer then accepted the office of agent of the Chattanooga, Rome & Carrollton railway at Rome, and for the Rome railway. When these roads were separated, in 1889, he was appointed superintendent of the Rome railway and held the office until 1894, when the Rome railway was bought by the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis railway, and he was appointed agent and still holds the position. He has served the city of Rome as alderman for two terms and three terms as mayor.

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Mr. Ayer was married in 1852 to Miss Sarah Virginia, daughter of the late Rev. J. L. Brookes, of Edgefield district (now Aiken county, S. C.) and they have nine children: Sarah V., wife of Prof. Bothwell Graham; Laura, wife of Royal R. Smith; Julia, unmarried; William F., Jr.; Anna, unmarried; Eliza, Cornelius K., Iverson B. and Mary Celesta. He is an influential member of the Baptist church.

DOBERT BATTEY, physician and surgeon, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of Cephas and Mary Agnews (Magruder) Battey, was born in Richmond county
(near Augusta), Ga., Xov. 26, 1828. The Batteys are of English origin, and emigrated to Providence, R. I., as Quakers. His father was born and brought up near Kevsville, on Lake Champlain, and aftenvard was a hotel and omnibus pro prietor. His mother was of the same family as the distinguished Gen. John B, Magruder, of Union and Confederate fame, and the eminent Dr. Magruder of Washington city, and was a native of Richmond county. Dr. Battey's boyhood schooling was received at the Richmond academy, Augusta, and his later education at Phillips' school, Andover, Mass. When about seventeen he accepted a situation as salesman in a store in Augusta, and subsequently went to Michigan and obtained like employment in Detroit. During his residence in that state he clerked awhile for Zach Chandler, aftenvard United States senator. Later he went into the drug trade in Marshall, Midi., and studied pharmacy. In 1847 ne returned to Rome and engaged a while as clerk in a drug store, and then went into business on his own account, and while conducting his business studied medicine. He then attended lectures at Jefferson Medical college, from which he was graduated in 1857. He soon aftenvard located in Rome and commenced the practice, was, successful from the start, and very soon had an extensive general practice. In August, 1872, he performed what is known to the profession as "Battey's opera tion," involving a principle elucidative of the change of life in women. In view of his success Jefferson college conferred on him the honorary degree of LL. D. in 1889. In 1882 he established an infirmary in Rome, whose capacity is about 100, where he has successfully treated thousands of patients from both north and south. In 1891 he established the Martha Battey hospital, a benevolent institution, pro viding for country, town and railway patients, which has been a success from the beginning, and is patronized by the United States marine service. He is an active member of the State Medical society of Georgia, of the American Medical associa tion, and of the British Gynecological society, and is an honorary member of the Obstetrical society of Edinburgh, Scotland, and the Philadelphia college of pharmacy. He has also contributed essays and articles and reports of interesting cases to the various medical periodicals throughout the country. Dr. Battey is universally admitted to be one of the most skillful members of the profession in the south. Dr. Battey was married in Rome, Dec. 20, 1849, to Miss Martha B. Smith, and they have eight children living: Mrs. Grade C. Bayard; William C.: George Magruder; Mary; Dr. Henry H.; Anderson R.; Mrs. Bessie B. Troutman, and Mrs. E. C. Crichton, of the Atlanta business college.

WILLIAM E. BEYSIEGEL, clerk superior court, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of
Charles and Catharine (Hummell) Beysiegel, was born in Demopolis, Ala., Nov. 15 ,1858. His father was a native of Germany, and by trade a skilled gun and locksmith. When about twenty years old he emigrated to this country, and after stopping awhile in Chicago, came to Alabama, where he prospered in his call ing and died in 1877. His mother was a born and bred Alabaman. Mr. Beysiegel received a good common school education, and, though but a boy, started when only twelve years old to work out life's problem. At tha.t age he came to Rome,

FLOYD COUNTY SKETCHES.
and when fifteen years old entered the office of A. E. Ross, clerk of the superior court of Floyd county, as assistant After eighteen years' continuous service with Mr. Ross he was elected in 1891 Mr. Ross' successor, and he has been re-elected at each succeeding election. The office has been bestowed by his fellow-citizens of Floyd county in recognition of exceptional competency and faithfulness in office. Mr. Beysiegel was married Sept 15, 1893, to Miss Louise Beysiegel, born in Ger many, but who came to this country in 1890. He has always been a democrat, but no aspirant for office.
JOHN J. BLACK, county tax collector, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of George S. and Man- (Rails) Black, was born in Cass (now Bartow) county, June 7, 1844.
His father was of Scotch-Irish descent, was born in South Carolina, and came to Georgia when a young man. He moved to Rome about 1856, where he engaged in merchandising. His mother, of English ancestry, was born, reared and edu cated in Greenesboro, Greene Co., Ga. Mr. Black was about twelve years old when his father came to Rome, where he attended a private school taught by Prof. P. M. Sheibley, an educator of ripe scholarship and excellent reputation. He remained at this school until he was seventeen years of age, when, on the occur rence of the war, he enlisted in the Rome light guards, Capt Magruder, which became Company A of Col. Francis Barlow's regiment. (Col. Bartow was a sonin-law of Hon. John McPherson Berrien, was one of the most popular men in the state, was killed in the battle of first Manassas, and in commemoration of his valor the name of Cass county was changed to Bartow.) With his regiment he partici pated in the first battle of Manassas, where he was captured, but was so fortunate as to escape. He afterward saw much and arduous service--was in many hotly contested engagements, notably the Yorktown campaign and the seven days' fight around Richmond. During the latter part of the war he was in the ordnance department After the war he returned to Rome and engaged awhile in soliciting insurance, and in bookkeeping, and afterward traveled two years for a Louisville, Ky., house. In 1876 he was elected tax collector, and has been continuously reelected since. He is a democrat, and has been chairman of the county executive committee. He was a delegate to the late gubernatorial convention, and sup ported Gen. Evans. The best and most substantial attestation of his faithfulness as a public officer, and of the appreciation in which he is held, is his continuous re-election to an office of such importance and responsibility. Mr. Black married Miss Belle Findley, of Alabama, who died in 1884 after having borne him four children: Paul S., Duke, Gertrude, and May Belle. In 1886 he married Miss Ella Bailey, of Rome, of the art department of the Presbyterian college, by whom he has had three children: Marion, John J., and Ella. He is a prominent member of the Methodist church.
DEUBEN G. CLARK, banker, Rome, Floyd Co., son of Joseph and Martha (Grove) Clark, was born in Grainger county, Tenn., Nov. 10,1833, and was the
first-born of seven children. His father was of English extraction, and was also born in Grainger county. The original members of the family who came to this country were farmers, but their descendants have gradually drifted into mercantile and other pursuits. On his mother's side he is of German descent. Mr. Clark was educated in the common schools of his native county, and at the age of sixteen began life for himself as a clerk in Rutledge, Tenn. In 1860 he went to Knoxville, Tenn., and embarked in a wholesale general merchandise business under the firm name of Clark & Mills. In July, 1861, he enlisted in and was made captain of Company I, Fifty-ninth Tennessee regiment, and entered the Confederate service, in which he remained until the surrender. He was present at the siege of

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Vicksburg, where he was captured, but was exchanged the following September. He re-entered the service at once, bore his part in all the engagements in which his command participated, and shared all the vicissitudes, privations and hardships
incident to soldier-life. In 1866 he came to Rome, and under the firm name of Clark & Harbin embarked in the retail dry goods trade. At the end of five years he formed a partnership with W. F. McWilliams, the firm being W. F. McWilliams & Co., and engaged in the wholesale dry goods business, and continued it twelve years. He then bought the interest of his partner and organized the firm of R. G. Clark & Co., which he conducted six years, doing a business that amounted to $500,000 annually. Selling out at this time he entered upon a private
banking business, which he has since carried on most successfully. In addition to his banking interests he owns a great deal of real etate, is one of the safest and
solidest citizens of Floyd county, and is considered one of its ablest financiers. Capt Clark was married in 1868 to Miss Alice Smith, youngest sister of Col. W. H.
Smith ("Bill Arp"), who was born and brought up in Rome, by whom he had four children, two of whom, Rosa Lee and Carrie, are living. The mother of these died in May, 1891. In January, 1894, Mr. Clark contracted a second marriage with
Miss Mary Joseph King, daughter of J. Burroughs King, of Savannah, Ga., and related to the distinguished Habersham family. In politics Mr. Clark is a stanch democrat, and is an influential member of the Presbyterian church.

CELIX CORPUT, farmer, horticulturist and merchant, Cave Spring, Floyd Co., Ga., was born in Brussels, Belgium, April 10, 1840. Ten years afterward
his parents emigrated to Georgia and settled near Rome, where they lived four years, moving thence to Cherokee county, Ala., where the son remained until
1858, returning then to Rome. Accepting a situation as clerk in a dry-goods
store, he was so employed until May, 1861, when he entered the Confederate
service with the Cherokee artillery, of Rome, Ga., of which he had been a member two years. He served with this battery of artillery first as a private, next as corporal, and lastly as quartermaster sergeant In January, 1865, he was appointed to the quartermaster's department, with the rank of captain, which position and rank he retained until the end of the war. After the war he entered
the freight office of the Macon & Western railway at Macon, Ga., where he remained about two years, when he resigned and embarked in the coal trade,
following it two years, and then engaged in the produce business, in which he continued about sixteen years. While in Macon he served two years as a mem
ber of the city council, during which he was chosen mayor pro tern., and also
served the city four years as mayor. In 1886 he moved to his summer home at Cave Spring, where he has since been profitably engaged in agricultural, horti cultural and mercantile pursuits, and usefully employed in promoting and pro
tecting the interests of the cultivation of the soil. From 1887 to 1892 he was president of the Floyd County Agricultural society, and during the same period was president of the Floyd County Farmers' alliance (being one of its organizers and its first president), and for five years was chairman of the executive committee of the state alliance. In 1890 he organized the Alliance State exchange and raised the necessary capital for its operation. He was elected president, but re
signed after placing the exchange on a working basis. In 1891 the Farmers' Alliance Co-operative company, of Cave Spring, was organized, of which he was then elected and has since continued president. He is a member of the board of directors of the state experiment station near Griffin, and is chair man of the executive committee. He is also president of the board of trustees of the Georgia school for the deaf. In 1892 he was elected to represent his sena-

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torial district (comprising Bartow, Chattooga and Floyd counties) in the general assembly. It will be observed that he has been kept very busy by his appre ciative fellow-citizens in filling very honorable and responsible positions--all of them promotive of the general good, and it may be truthfully remarked that he has proven equal to every emergency, faithful to every trust. Capt Corput was married in Macon, Ga., in April, 1865, to Miss Mattie, daughter of the late John S. Hoge, of that city. To them three children--one son and two daughters--have been born: Joseph, died in 1867; Stella, wife of H. A. Dean, Rome, and Jessie, unmarried. He is a Knight of Pythias, of which he was grand chancellor in 1876; is a member of the I. O. O. F., and was noble grand of the United Brothers lodge No. 5, Macon, from 1869 to 1872. He is also a Knight Templar Mason, and in 1878 was eminent commander of the St. Omar commandery, Macon.

fa LFRED GUMMING, brigadier-general Confederate States army, Rome, Floyd Co., was born in Augusta, Ga., in 1829. There he spent his boyhood days
and early youth, and received his education preparatory to going to West Point. In 1845 ne was appointed to a cadetship and graduated in 1849--two * his classmates being Gen. Quincy Gilmore, U. S. A., and Maj.-Gen. Charles Fields. After his graduation he entered the United States service, in 1855, was made a junior officer of the Tenth United States infantry, and in a few years rose to a captaincy. He was at his home in Augusta on furlough on Jan. 19, 1861, when Georgia seceded, and at once forwarded his resignation as an officer in the United States army, and on the same day he was elected lieutenant-colonel of the Augusta Volunteer battalion--five companies--and took charge of the arsenal at that city. Shortly afterward Georgia raised two regiments, and he was made major of the second regiment and assigned to the command at the arsenal, where he remained two months. At the end of that time he went to Richmond and asked for active service, when he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the Tenth regiment, regular army, and served as such until October, 1861, when he was promoted to a colonelcy, and served as such until September, 1862, when he was assigned to the command of an Alabama brigade, and led it in the battle of Antietam, where he was wounded and laid up for two months. In October, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier-general, and held the rank until the battle of Jonesboro, Aug. 31, 1864, where he was so severely wounded that he had to retire from the service. Gen. Gumming rendered effective and valuable service during the great struggle, participating among others of less importance in the following battles and sieges: Seven days' fight around Richmond, and was wounded at the final battle at Malvern Hill; Antietam, where he was again wounded; Edward's Station and siege of Vicksburg, Miss.; Missionary Ridge, where his command captured four colors; followed by the engagements in the Atlanta campaign under Gens. Johnston and Hood--his military career closing with the battle of Jonesboro, already mentioned. After the surrender he settled in Floyd county, where he engaged in farming, and in 1880 retired from active life on the farm and came to Rome, where he has since made his home. Gen. Gumming is a devout member of the Protestant Episcopal church, and is a vestryman of the local church.
\XfILLIAM HARRIS DABNEY, lawyer, Rome, Floyd Co., was born near Shady Dale, Jasper Co., Ga., in 1817. His father, Anderson Dabney, was
born in Virginia about 1774, came to Georgia when a young man, and after living awhile in Greensboro, went to Jasper county, where he died about 1821. In 1829 his mother died also, and then he went to live with his uncle, Garland Dabney,

664

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

in De Kalb county, Ga. lie received his primary education at the "old-field" school, and in 1833 went to Decatur and entered the academy, where he remained three years preparing for college. Four years later he entered" Franklin college (now the university of Georgia), at Athens, from which he graduated in 1839. Dvring this period (in 1836; he served in the Creek Indian war three months. Returning to Decatur after his graduation he studied law under the direction of his brother-in-law, Hon. James M. Calhoun--aftenvard the war mayor of At lanta--and in the spring of 1840 was admitted to the bar at Grcene county superior court. Entering into partnership with Col. Calhoun, he practiced in De Kalb county until 1850, when he moved to Calhoun, Gordon Co., Ga. He remained and practiced law there with the exception of the last two or three years of the civil \var until 1873, when he moved to Rome, where he has since made his home and practiced his profession. He was prevented by ill health from entering the Confederate service. In 1854 he was elected senator from Gordon cdunty to the general assembly, and in 1860 was elected to represent the county in the convention which passed the ordinance of secession the January following-- for which he voted. Mr. Dabney was admitted to practice in the federal courts both before and after the war. He confined himself to the practice of law and never cared for or sought office, though no citizen, by intellectual endowments, legal training and public spirit, was better qualified for it. At the bar he has 1>een the peer of any, and in private life the embodiment of the true old-time southern gentleman. Mr. Dabney was married in Decatur, Ga., in December, 1842, to Miss Martha B., daughter of Ami Williams, one of the oldest settlers of De Kalb county. Of the children born to them four survive: William A., a Presbyterian minister; Tyree J., at Decatur, Ga; Frank R.. civil engineer, and a member of the international commissioners appointed by the United States and itexico to settle boundary lines, and Mary V., unmarried. His wife died in 1885. Mr. Dabney is a master Mason, and although not a member, affiliates with the Presbyterian church.
DICHARD ALDEX DEXXY, lawyer, Rome. Floyd Co.. Ga., son of J. A. and Rebekah (Bonham) Denny, was born in Talbot county. Md., Jan. 15, 1856.
H is father was of Scotch lineage, and was a civil engineer in the employ of the United States government. His mother was of English ancestry, whose family cniigrated to this country in the early days of its settlement. Mr. Denny was principally educated at York. Pa., where, when seventeen years of age, he began the study of law under Levi Maish. a prominent lawyer of that city. When eighteen years old he came to Rome. Ga., and finished his legal studies under lions. Alexander and Wright: and in 1875 was admitted to the bar in Floyd county superior court. He has since devoted himself exclusively to his practice, establishing an excellent reputation, and a practice which is constantly increasing. He has been a member of the city council, and in 1886 was elected to represent Floyd county in the general assembly, where he rendered efficient and valuable service for his constituents. In 1884 he formed a partnership with John H. Reece, an eminent lawyer, under the firm name of Reece & Denny, which still con tinues. Mr. Denny was married in 1880 to Miss Theo Scott, daughter of Capt. Dunlap Scott, one of the most distinguished citizens of Georgia in his day. She was born and brought up in Athens, Clarke Co., Ga. To them one child, Mary A., has been born. In politics, Mr. Denny is uncompromisingly democratic.
CHARLES X. FEATHERSTOX, lawyer, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of Lucius H. and Maria (Tompkins) Featherston, was born in Heard county, Ga., Oct. 25,
1839. The Featherstons emigrated from England and settled in Virginia. His

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father was a lawyer of distinction, and at one time was a judge of the superior court. His mother's family was also of English origin, and settled in Georgia at an early date in the state's history. Mr. Featherston was the second born of eight
children, was raised in Heard county, and was given the best education the schools of the county afforded. He then entered Emory college, Oxford, Ga., from which lie graduated with the degree of A. B., and soon afterward enlisted as a private in the Seventh Georgia regiment; but after the first twelve months was on staff duty. He served until the close of the war. and was in every engagement in which his command bore a part after his enlistment; the first two years in the western depart
ment, and was paroled in Mississippi. He came to Rome in 1866 and entered into partnership with Judge A. R. YVright (now deceased), which continued twelve years. Since that time he lias practiced by himself with satisfactory results as to increase and value of his clientage and his success with causes represented. Although no politician, in the common acceptance of the term, he was elected in 1886 to represent Floyd county in the general assembly, faithfully and efficiently representing his constituents. For the past two years he has given considerable attention to farming, and has a line and \vell-cquipped farm about six miles from Rome. Mr. Featherston was married in June. 1886. to Miss Sallie Jones, born in Alabama and reared and educated in Selma, that state, by whom lie has had one child--Lucius H. He is a prominent member of the Methodist church--with which he has been connected a long time.

J D. GAILLARD, planter, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., was born in Fairfiekl district, " S. C, May 4, 1843. He received his primary education at the old Mt. Zion institute, which lie attended until he was fourteen years old, when lie went to the military institute at Hillsboro, X. C. In December, 1860, he returned home and studied under private tutor until April, 1861, when lie enlisted in the Sixth South Carolina regiment as a private. After eighteen months' service he was promoted to junior second lieutenant; and at the close of the war was holding the rank of first lieutenant of Company G, Sixth South Carolina regiment. He was in numer ous engagements--many of then: bloody and important battles, of which some were: Drainesville, Seven Pines, Second Manassas, Crampton's Gap, Sharpsburg --where he was slightly wounded by a piece of shell; Shepherdstown, Fredericksburg, Yorktown, Williamsburg. Suffolk, Thoroughfare Gap, Warrenton, Spottsylvania Court House, Gettysburg. Chickamauga. Knoxville, Wilderness--where he was wounded by a piece of shell. Cold Harbor, Hanover junction. Deep Bot tom, Petersburg. Fort Harrison, Feury's Mill, fight on nine-mile road, on Wil liamsburg road, Gordonsville, then on the retreat from Richmond to the surrender at Appomattox. Returning from this arduous and faithful service to his home in Abbeville district, he engaged in planting: and after pursuing it there five years he came to Floyd county and bought an excellent 3OO-acre plantation where he lias since been content with the quiet life of a successful planter. Mr. Gaillard was married in 1865 to Miss Kate Watson, of South Carolina--but they have no children. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal church.
THOMAS RICHARD GARLINGTOX, physician and surgeon, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of W. H. and Eliza J. (Speight) Garlington, was born in Blakely,
Early Co., Ga.. Nov. 23. 1859. The Garlingtons were of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and settled, some in Virginia, where by marriage, they became related to Wash ington, and some in South Carolina. For generations the name has been promi nent in the professions of law and medicine. The doctor's grandfather Garlington was a wealthv slave owner in Laurens district, S. C.. and there his father was born

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and educated, and prepared lor the practice of medicine. His mother's family was of Scotch descent, and were among the early settlers of Georgia. His maternal grandfather was a very active and influential politician, and represented his county a number of terms in the general assembly. Two of his uncles served through the late civil war as colonels in the Confederate army. Dr. Garlington was raised at Blakely, where he worked on the farm and attended the district school, and, a part of the time, the high school at Columbia, Ala. He then
engaged as clerk in a drug store at Gadsden, Ala., where he remained about eight years. Leaving there he took a course at Roanoke college, Salem, Va., where he remained one year. Following this he traveled for several large drug houses a number of years, acquainting himself with business methods and with remedial agents and the details of the drug trade. Retiring from this pursuit, he entered the office of his half-brother, at Rome, Dr. J. B. S. Holmes (now of Atlanta), and began the study of medicine. He entered Yanderbilt university, Nashville, Tenn., in 1887-88, where he took his first course of lectures; and in 1889-90 he attended lectures at Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, from which he graduated in the spring of 1890. Returning to Rome he practiced two years by himself, and then became associated with Dr. Holmes. Although doing a general practice he gave especial study and attention to diseases peculiar to women. In furtherance of his desire to attain the highest excellence, he attended the famed New York polyclinic during the winter of 1892-93, taking a degree. Dr. Holmes moved to Atlanta in 1894, when Dr. Garlington formed a partnership, for general practice, with Dr. Harbin, which partnership expired one year later by limitation. He is local surgeon for the Southern railway, also for the Chattanooga, Rome & Colum bus railway. He is a member of Rome medical society, of the State medical asso ciation, and of the American medical and National association of railroad sur geons. While giving prompt and conscientious attention to a general practice, he has of late given special attention to general surgery. Dr. Garlington has worked his way steadily, quietly, persistently to his present position in the pro fession, and is emphatically a self-made man. Being now only at the prime of a vigorous and ambitious young manhood, the promise of a life of exceptional use fulness and an enviable reputation is before him. Dr. Garlington was married on Hay 15,1895, to Hiss Flora, daughter of Capt. T. A. Peek, of Ccdartown, Ga.

|)AVID BLOUNT HAMILTON was born in the town of Hamilton, Harris Co., Ga., July 30, 1834. His parents moved, when he was an infant, to Cass
(now Bartow) county. His father owned the land where the city of Cartersville is now built and a plantation on the Etowah river. His father was born in Wilkes county, Ga., and his mother, before her marriage, was Miss Sarah Twiggs Blount, the daughter of the distinguished Thomas Blount, of Jones county, orig inally of Virginia. His grandfather, George Hamilton, married Miss Agnes Coop er. His father, Joseph J. Hamilton, Hon. Mark A. Cooper, Pleasant Stovall of Augusta, and Judge Eugenius A. Nesbit of the supreme court were first cousins. The Hamilton family came from Scotland (originally English) and settled in Maryland. The crest in the family is a tree, with a saw upon it, and the word "through" for a motto, rising from a golden crown. His paternal and maternal ancestors were distinguished in the revolutionary war. Col. Hamilton graduated at the state university with distinction, was admitted to the bar and practiced law in Rome. In 1856 he married the lovely Miss Martha Harper, the niece and adopted
daughter of Col. Alfred Shorter, of Rome. To them six sons were added to the cheerfulness and delights of a happy home. The oldest son, Alfred Shorter Ham ilton, married Miss Margaret Allgood. He is the senior member of the large

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667

grocery and cotton factor's business of Hamilton & Co. He is also president of the Trion Cotton Manufacturing company. D. B. Hamilton, Jr., the second
son, married Miss Annie Sparks. He is the junior member of the firm of Hamilton & Co., and now manages the business. Harper Hamilton, the third son, married Miss Lena Hiles. He attended the state university, graduated at the law school of Georgetown university of Washington city with distinction. He is now practicing law in Rome, Ga. Alexander Hamilton, the fourth son, is not married. He went to Erskine college, South Carolina. He is the general man ager of the Etna Furnace company. The fifth son, Joseph J. Hamilton, went to Bingham Military- school, North Carolina, then graduated at Mercer university, and then graduated at the Columbia school of mines of the university of New York. He is the cashier of the Etna Furnace company; has charge of the lab oratory, is recognized as authority as a chemist. He married Miss Leila Guerry, daughter of Judge Guerry of the supreme court of Colorado, now of Washington City. George Hamilton, the sixth and youngest son, died when fourteen months
old. Col. D. B. Hamilton was a member of the whig party, was opposed to secession, but after his state went out of the union his opposition ceased. Although exempted from military duty, he entered the service in Yeiser's legion. On account of exposure he contracted severe tonsilitis and was discharged from the
service. Two terms he served in the general assembly of Georgia, 1875 and 1876. Was a member of the constitutional convention of 1877, in which he took a promi nent part. He does not speak often, but when he does he speaks to the point, clear, forcible and logical and always commands attention. He takes great in terest in all educational interests of the state. He has been a trustee of the state university for ten years, and is again reappointed, and his term does not expire until 1901. He is president of the board of trustees of the flourishing and wellendowed Shorter college, of Rome. He has been engaged in many successful business enterprises, was a director of the Rome and C. R. & C. railroads. When the Rome Land company sold out all its interests he was elected presi dent of the company to wind up its business. He has been president of the Etna Furnace company for a long time and the attorney of the company. Personally he is tall and graceful, a gentleman of fine address, his conversation evidencing a well-cultivated mind.

I EVI PIERCE HAMMOXD, physician and surgeon, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of Hiram and Emily (Thomas) Hammond, was born in Floyd county.
July 28, 1856. The Hammonds are of Irish ancestry, and members of the family who emigrated to this country settled in South Carolina and Georgia. The great
grandfather of Dr. Hammond settled in Eastern Georgia, whence his descendants scattered westwardly. They were principally agriculturists, staid and solid, free from intemperance in its most comprehensive sense, self-respectful, avoiding everything disreputable. Dr. Hammond's father was born in Hall county, where he was raised a farmer, which he made a life-pursuit. His mother was born in Forsyth county, Ga., and was from a family whose name is suggestive of
the highest type of American manhood. They reared two children, the subject of this sketch and a brother, both of whom are living. Dr. Hammond received his primary education at the common schools of the count}-, attended them until he was eighteen years of age, when he entered the North Georgia Agricultural college, at Dahlonega, Ga., a branch of the university of Georgia, where he remained between two and three years, finished his literary course, and studied in the higher mathematics and Latin. Coming to Rome, he engaged with R. V. Mitchell. druggist, as clerk and began the study of medicine under the pre-

668

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

ceptorship of Dr. J. M. Gregory, of Rome. At the end of a year he went to

Xew from

York which

and attended he graduated

the medical lectures at the university of New York, in February, 1880. The following May he located in

Rome, where he at once secured a very good practice, and remained four years.

He then moved to the country and practiced to Rome, which has since been his home.

five years, after which he returned Of late years he has made some

adthseinnatgporofaftchtaeitisoRpnoeecmri,aelatyMndeodfisicsawulregsdeodrceyide. tyto.HehDisirs.pvrHoeafreymssmaicootninv.de,wHzaeesailmsouaasr,rmiereedmalAlbyeurge.natn2hd8u,spi1ra8es8st3iic,

to Miss Willie Underwood, of De Kalb county, a granddaughter of Judge Under

wood, one of the best and most favorably known, as well as one of the most

MBcdhiasiitstltidsenryUge,nunWidshhiealerlvwideeojBbuoeerdeirstnwitesabastohnrbadnot:rRenWvoeasaarnldslUaecrnrevedaeerdHrewdoaowsionaadrM.jdu,edTrHgivheeveloeedftnhotehNcreteocvsrouiuinpsn,eytyLrei.utocryioTclluooenugtMrht,iashirnaiuesGn,aieHolroneeragnsdiriayyx.

acquired an enviable reputation for skill, and undoubtedly has before him a career

of usefulness and distinction.

JUDGE WILLIAM MADISON' HENRY, of Rome.. Floyd Co., Ga., the

in

second son of William Warren Henry and Walker county, Ga., Feb. 10, 1853. His

Mary (Hemphill) Henry, was born father's great-grandfather, William

Henry, part of

taheSeciogthchte-eIrnitshhmceannt,urimy,mseigttrlaintegdfifrrsotmonCtohuenetaystDeronwsnh,oIrreeloafndM, airnyltahned,eaarnlyd

afterward removing, before the revolutionary period, to the northern part of South

Carolina. Judge Henry's father was reared in York district in that state, and

when about twenty-five years of age, came to north Georgia, where he became a

farmer and schoolmaster. After mother, whose maiden name was

1862 he never taught school. Judge Cleghorn, was likewise of Scotch-Irish

Henry's descent.

Judge Henry was brought up on his father's farm. His boyhood was passed dur

ing that

the his

war period, and in a locality early educational advantages

much disturbed by war-like were very limited, he having

movements, so gone to school

very little until 1867. In 1870 he attended the academy at La Fayette, the county

seat of Walker count}-, under the instruction of Capt John Y. Wood. In 1871

and 1872 he taught school, and in 1873 attended school and taught school. In

1874 he attended the high school at Dalton, Ga., and, under the instruction of Dr.

W. C. Wilkes, finished his preparation for college. entered the university of Georgia, at Athens, where

In he

October bcame a

of that year he member of the

Demosthenian literary society, and of the S. A. E. fraternity. He graduated with

distinction in 1876, of scholarship, and

being at the commencement both a a representative of his society in the

senior speaker on champion debate

account between

the Demosthenian and Phi Kappa societies. He then studied law under Hon.

Judson C. Clements, at La Fayette, and was admitted to the bar in 1877. *n 1878

he located at Summerville, Chattooga Co., Ga. He grew rapidly in the public

estimation, and his clientage steadily increased in volume and value. In 1879

ahssceshesomeorlbvlceyod.mamsAmisssaiayoonlreergo.ifsSlIauntmo1rm88he6ervairnlalden,k1ae8nd8d7wahfiettehrrewtphareerdselesneatrdevdinedghissmecveoenuranoltfyyetianhresthaaesssgceeomnuebnrltyayl.

Studious, well instructed in the history of the government and political science,

logical and oftentimes respect of the body.

eloquent in In August,

speech, he always commanded the attention 1892, upon the resignation of Judge John

and W.

Maddox, who had become the democratic nominee for congress for the Seventh

district, he was appointed by Gov. Northen to succeed Judge Maddox as judge of

FLOYD COUNTY SKETCHES.

669

the Rome judicial circuit. Fearless in the discharge of the duties of his office, guided alone by his construction of the law, courteous and affable in his treatment of the bar, yet maintaining at all times the dignity of the court, his character as a fearless, just and wise judge, was established. In August, 1894, he removed to Rome, Ga., and, upon retiring from the bench on Jan. i, 1895, he resumed the practice of law at that point, in partnership with Hon. Seaborn Wright. In poli tics Judge Henry has always been an earnest democrat, having frequently taken part in the party's counsels--county, district and state. In 1881, Judge Henry was married to Miss Dora Rudicil, the only daughter of Dr. Robert Y. Rudicil. of Chattooga county, one of the most eminent physicians of his section, who is descended from a Prussian family which came to South Carolina during, or just before, the American revolution. They have five children: William Rudici!, Charles Robert, Clara, Roy Oscar, and Evelyn. Their eldest child, Mary Eliza, a bright and beautiful girl, died at four years of age. This sad bereavement brought the one great sorrow of their singularly happy married life.

JAMES H. HOSKINSON, lawyer, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., was born in Floyd county, Xov. 19, 1852. He was reared and educated in the county, excepting
some considerable time during the civil war, when he attended school at White Sulphur Springs, Meriwether Co., Ga. In 1866-68 he went to school at Cave Spring, Floyd Co., and then he was with the engineering corps under Col. C. M. Penington surveying the (then) Memphis branch railway about five months. After that he came to Rome and obtained a situation in the postorfice, which he held eighteen months. Then in 1872, having determined to study law, he entered the sophomore class at the university of Georgia, Athens, and pursued the regular course until half way through the senior year, when he dropped Greek and took the law course instead, and graduated in 1875.- He soon afterward located in Rome, and after practicing alone for eighteen months formed a partner ship with the late C. D. Forsyth, one of the foremost members of the bar in north west Georgia. This partnership, which secured a fine practice and a large and influential clientage, lasted twelve years. Mr. Hoskinson then practiced alone until i8<)2. when he formed a partnership with Nathan Harris--the style being Hoskinson & Harris--which still continues. The only public office he ever held was that of mayor of South Rome, two terms in the 8o's. In 1880, however, he was a candidate for solicitor-general of the Rome circuit, but was defeated. In 1885 hewas appointed attorney for the Georgia loan and trust company for north Georgia and still retains the appointment. The late D. S. Printup and himself were attor neys for the Selma, Rome & Dalton, and the Georgia Southern railways for sev eral years: and his present firm, Hoskinson & Harris, is local counsel for the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia railway, now a part of the newly-organized Southern railway. He is not outranked at the local bar as to reputation or suc cess and stands high with the profession and the people in his circuit. Mr. Hos kinson has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Georgia Davis, of Cave Spring, whom he married in November, 1880, and who died in September, 1886, leaving three children: Maude: Henry Warner, who died in December, 1888: and Georgia D. His second wife was Miss Lizzie Dean, of Gadsden, Ala., by whom he has had two children: Dean and Louis D. He is a Knight Templar Mason, and a member of the Presbvterian church.

THEODORE FRELINGHUYSEN HOWEL, born March 18, 1845, n Cherokee county, Ala., educated himself, served for three years in the Confederate
army--Loring's command, Stuart's division--entered business as a clerk in Rome,

(,-Q

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

(ja., in 1868, became a cotton factor in 1873; in 1876 a cotton shipper; in 1880 married Mary Park, of Knoxville, and on March 18, 1895--his fiftieth birthday-- tiled in the full esteem of his contemporaries--a model citizen and a recognized founder and controller of one of the largest cotton houses in the world. To many lives--yea, to most of them--the brief epitome is a chant, covering manifold errors, and pointing scant achievement, with the saving grace of brevity. But it would be an injustice to dismiss the brave, sweet years of this loyal life with such terse acknowledgment. The world is better for his living, and should be better for the story of his life. Born in the country, and reaching his majority among its associations, this nature, naturally strong and self-reliant, increased these qualities in its environment, and gathered simplicity and honesty and purity from a pious parentage of the Presbyterian faith. Of a devout temperament, his boyhood and youth were spent in prayer and study far into the nights that fol lowed on busy days at the cross-roads store. This was his education, and these were his surroundings. It is not strange that such a youth should have merged into the loyal and dutiful soldier, making up in steadiness and solemn courage what he lacked in clash and bravado. Although he followed the cavalier Stuart in the three years of his sen-ice, he ought, by temper and affiliation, to have marched in the columns of the devout and puritan Jackson. From the day that he entered as a drug clerk in Rome in 1868, the career of this strong, sturdy young puritan was one steady progress to the highest success. The foundations were well laid, the principles were deep-planted as his veins. The convictions of right and honesty were a part of his life. And with industry and determined intelligence added to the equipment the upward march was as logically sure as cause and effect. Five years later he linked himself in a life union with the south's great staple. From this time until the day of his death King Cotton had no abler friend and champion. He was first a cotton factor in 1873: then in 1876, after the progressive fashion of his life, he broadened the sphere of his operations and became a shipper. Every year added to the magnitude of his operations. His courage dared, his industry prospered, and his integrity never wavered. He was a born organizer. His genius of combination was superb. His executive ability was of the highest order. His judgment seemed infallible, and his stock of common sense without limit. Few business men in Georgia have more clearly vindicated the title to extraordinary ability. Every year added to the scope ami the repute of his business. The name of his house grew great. The earnest country lad had become the princely merchant, and out of the small scope of its beginning the Howel Cotton company had expanded until its mighty branches had compassed Texas and Tennessee and Arkansas and Alabama, and with head quarters in Georgia, held its eastern station in stately offices in Boston. It will readily be seen that the founder and head of this great establishment was a distineruished and important factor in the commercial life of the times in which he lived. If Mr. Howel had not been a cotton king he would have been an iron master. The development of southern iron had a fascination and an inspiration for him.
He watched every step in its triumphal march with keen and thrilling interest, and gave it more than one material impetus from the vantage ground of his own powerful position. He had a reverential and almost tender admiration for Samuel Xoble, of Anniston, the great iron man of the south, and this regardful admiration was duly and deeply reciprocated. These two were kindred spirits in the great recuperative battles of the south, and the result of their labors are conspicuous in the aggregate of the marvelous status of today. Chief among the personal influences which pointed this valuable life must be reckoned the wife who sur vived him. Perhaps no one ever knew Howel as did the brilliant mother of his

FJLOYD COUNTY SKETCHES.

67 I

children. And to her who knew him best, nothing in his character so emphasized it and distinguished it from others as a certain sweet independence shown in every phase of his life. ''Emerson," she wrote a friend, "must have had my husband in mind when he said, 'It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.'" Again, of his mental gifts, she wrote: "He solves the problem of life with a serene and keen intellect, which is competent to get at the heart of things without be
coming entangled, and is capable of taking a comprehensive survey of a situa tion without getting confused--one of those rare men with whom conscience in
everything is a prime necessity, and whose greatest pleasure and recompense lie in the laborious pursuit of good and in the absolute discharge of duty." For the rest Theodore Frelinghuysen Howel was the champion of every right cause
and the friend of humanity. "To him right was right and wrong was wrong
forever. The devil could not invent excuses or make mitigating circumstances
to serve him in the least." Once fixed in an opinion he was as immovable as the rock of Gibraltar. He was the intimate friend of many of the greatest de velopers and reformers of his day. His fraternal relations with Sam Noble have been mentioned. Perhaps no living man was closer to the great evangelist, Sam Jones, who loved him and trusted him as he did few men. Warren Candler,
the great preacher of the Methodist church, was also his devoted friend. There were great souls in all these men which recognized and honored the nobler part of each and claimed kinship. In the moral issues of his time the puritan Howel held no uncertain position. He was the dauntless and consistent advocate of tem perance, and gave to it freely of his time and munificently of his purse. He
was a friend of the old-fashioned religion, and helped without stint or limit all things that ministered to it. He was the stern foe of political and social cor
ruption, and heroic in his opposition. No man of his generation was ever more
instant and constant in his firm alignment with the moral side of all great ques tions. No man of purer and of more single heart ever loved his friends, hated shame and scorned hypocrisy. He enriched his generation with a liberal purse, a stead
fast influence and a high example. No man who knew him would deny him the crown of these strong attributes. This judgment is the meed of praise, made unanimous among his contemporaries. Surely this may be his epitaph: "He served his time, developed his country, feared God, upheld the church, kept open
heart to charity, and was from first to last the unshaken advocate of Righteousness, Temperance, Virtue and Truth."

XA/ILLIAM D. HOYT, physician and surgeon, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son ol Rev. Dr. Nathan and Margaret (Bliss) Hoyt, was born in Athens, Clarke
Co., Ga., Nov. n, 1831. His parents were of English and Welsh descent: and his father, who was an eminent Presbyterian clergyman, was born, reared and educated in New Hampshire. His mother was born and reared in Springfield, Mass., where she was married. After this felicitous event Rev. Dr. Hoyt came by private conveyance with his family to South Carolina--shortly afterward to Washington, Wilkes Co., Ga.--and finally to Athens, where he was the revered pastor of the Presbyterian church for many years. Dr. Hoyt received his primary education at the very excellent schools in Athens, and then entered the University of Georgia, whence he graduated in 1851. After teaching school two years he went to Philadelphia and attended lectures at Jefferson Medical college, from which he graduated in 1855. After his graduation he located in Philadelphia where lie practiced medicire until the war began, when he went to Europe. He

6j2

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

traveled in England, France, Switzerland and Germany, and returned late in
1861 to Athens. Later he went to Richmond, where he was examined, and made assistant surgeon on hospital service. He was afterward on duty in Richmond,
Va., and subsequently was passed as surgeon. In April, 1863, he was assigned
to duty as surgeon of the Seventeenth Georgia regiment, was with it at Gettysburg, and when it went into winter quarters at Orange Court House, Va. He was with the regiment also at Chickamauga; after which he was ordered to Richmond
where he served as hospital surgeon until the surrender. In April, 1886, he located in Rome, where he has made his home since, engaged in the practice of his profession. He enjoys an extensive and remunerative practice, his superior attainments and skill securing the entire confidence of the public. He was county
physician for many years; has contributed many articles on important medical subjects to various medical publications; and has made some valuable discoveries which have attracted the attention of the profession. Dr. Hoyt was married in
March, 1863, to Miss Florence Stevens, of Athens, Ga. Of the children born to them four are living: Mary, in charge of the literary department of Mary's Institute, St. Louis, Mo., who completed her education at Bryn Mawr, near
Philadelphia; Florence, now attending the same school preparing for the work of an educator; Margaret, a graduate from Shorter college, Rome, class of 1894; and William D-, attending school in Rome. Dr. Hoyt is an exemplary and influential member of the Presbyterian church, which he represented at the general assembly at Xashville, Tenn.

IIXDSAY JOHXSOX, physician and surgeon, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of Lindsay and Mary (Word) Johnson, was born in Cass (now Bartow) county,
Aug. 3, 1851. His paternal grandfather was a wealthy Virginia planter, who
migrated to Georgia and settled in Elbert county in the early part of the present century, where he planted on a very extensive scale. Dr. Johnson's father was
born in Virginia, and was about fourteen years old when the family came to Georgia. When a young man he moved to Cass (now Bartow) county, where he conducted large planting interests. He was a man of strong will-power, exercised a wide and strong influence, and, withal, was a man of very benevolent disposition. His mother was born, reared and educated in South Carolina, but came to Cass county about the time she attained womanhood, and married. Of
the children born to them three survive: Lindsay, the subject of this sketch; Mrs. Meyer, in Texas; and Mrs. McDaniel, on the old homestead. His father died in 1862, and his mother in 1882. Dr. Johnson received a good primary, supple mented by an academic education. At Euharlee he was the room-mate and
almost inseparable companion of Rev. Sam. P. Jones, the great evangelist. He finished his literary education at the Memphis, Tenn., high school at the age of nineteen, and then returned to Cartersville and began the study of medicine. He then went to Louisville, Ky., and attended lectures at the University of Louisville, from which he graduated in 1875. From there he went to New York, where, for six months, he received private lectures, and then returned to Cartersville. It was not until 1879 ne entered upon the practice of his profession; but almost immediately afterward he was elected professor of clinical surgery and demonstrator of anatomy in the Southern Medical college then just estab lished in Atlanta. After holding this chair two years he resigned on account of impaired health and returned home, where he resumed active practice. He established a very large practice, and remained in Cartersville until 1891, when he came to Rome--now his home. Although engaged in general practice, he is giving particular attention to surgery, especially abdominal surgery, and has

FLOYD COUNTY SKETCHES.

673

a very satisfactory patronage. During his professional life he has had the manage
ment of some of the most dangerous and difficult of operations in surgery, in all of which he has been phenomenally successful. He has also made many valuable contributions to medical periodicals, particularly the "Southern Medical Record," and to professional knowledge. He is a prominent and progressive member of
the County and State Medical societies. Of recognized unquestioned scientific knowledge and practical skill, his professional eminence is a matter of choice with him. Dr. Johnson was married in 1876 to Miss Mary Curry, sister of D. W. Curry, Rome, Ga., who, dying in 1885, ne afterward married Miss Valentine Goulon, born and educated in New; Orleans, La. He has two sons--William Henry, and Yandell--and one daughter, Marguerite, at Boscobel college, Nashville, Tenn.

1 LINDSAY JOHNSON, lawyer and planter, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., was born " in Floyd county in September, 1855. His grandfather, Col. Lindsay Johnson,
of Scotch lineage, was a native of Virginia, who early in life migrated to Georgia and settled in Elbert county, afterward--about 1833--moving to Cass (now Bartow) county, and was an officer in the Creek Indian war of 1836. Mr. Johnson's father was born in Elbert county in 1818, and was fifteen years old when his father moved to what is now Bartow county. In 1842 he moved to Floyd county and engaged in planting, and so successful and prosperous was he that he was reputed to be the largest planter in North Georgia, cotton being the predominant production. Although he never sought or held office, he was a very warm and active partisan, was an old-line whig and anti-secessionist before the war, but after Georgia seceded he sustained her action, and although incapacitated by physical debility from active military service, was untiring in contributing, gath ering and forwarding provisions, etc., for the soldiers. He was a very charitable man and universally popular. He was married about 1846 to Miss Mary, daugh ter of Col. Smiley Seabrook, of Jones county, Ga., the fruit of which union was four children, three of whom survive: Smiley S., large planter, Floyd county; T. Lindsay, and Millard F., planter, Floyd county. He died in 1887. Mr. John son was raised in Floyd county, in whose schools he received his primary and preparatory education, and when seventeen years of age he attended Washington and Lee university, Lexington, Va., where he took a special course, and after ward a special course in the law department of the university of Georgia, Athens. In 1875 he located at Rome and entered upon the practice of law, doing more or less as he could not neglect his large planting interests in Floyd, Bartow and Chattooga counties. In 1884 he was elected to represent Floyd county in the general assembly, and served on the following committees: Special judiciary, cor porations, military and special local legislation. He was also one of the prime movers for the establishment of the Technological school, and did all he could in every way in his power to secure favorable legislative action, and has done all he could to sustain it since. He has always been the ardent friend and sup porter of all measures, local and general, calculated to promote the industrial interests and the development of the state's resources. In 1888 he was again elected to represent the county, and during this term worked and used his strong influence against the "betterment" claims of first lessees of the Western & Atlantic (State) railway. He also took a prominent part in favor of what is known as the "Berner bill," which was intended to prevent the consolidation of certain rail roads, and also in what is known as the "Glenn bill," the purpose of which was to enable each county traversed by a railway to collect a tax on the miles within hs limits--a law which is of great benefit to the counties. This bill's constitution1-43

674

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

ality was attacked, but was affirmed by the supreme court Mr. Johnson is ait active member of the Floyd County Agricultural and Horticultural society, and is chairman of the executive committee of the American Cotton Growers' Protec
tive association. He is a gentleman of scholarly tastes and attainments and speaks fluently the French and Spanish languages, and it is gratifying to know that one so extensively read and well informed, possessed of large wealth, takes the active interest he does in the material and moral development of his immediate locality and the state. Mr. Johnson was happily married in 1876 to Miss Annie E., daughter of the late J. D. C. Gillespie, of Brooklyn, N. Y., and to them three children have been born: John Gillespie, Letitia Patterson and J. Lindsay, Jr.
He is not a member of any social or fraternal organization, nor any church, but is proud of being known as a "working democrat," and thoroughly American in
sentiment and action.

JOHN W. MADDOX, member of congress, Rome, Floyd Co., was born in Chattooga county, Ga., June 3, 1848. He was raised and educated in the
county, and in 1863, when a little more than fifteen years old, he enlisted in the Sixth Georgia cavalry (Col. Jack Hart), and from that time was in con tinuous, active, arduous and oftentimes hazardous duty until February, 1865, when he was so severely wounded at Aiken, S. C., as to be invalided from service.
His first experience was at Chickamauga, whence his command went to Knoxville, where there was fighting almost every day for three months. He next participated in the battle of Resaca, and in the obstinately fought campaign thence
to Atlanta and in the battles of July 19 and 22, 1864, at Atlanta. He was next with his command on the famous raid of the army through Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee, a regular three months' series of fights. The command was next employed in covering Hood's retreat from Dalton, Ga., to Gadsden, Ala., and after that was in the engagement at Griffin, Ga., and thence in front or on the flanks of the Federal army in Georgia and South Carolina until he received his disabling wound at Aiken, S. C. In November, 1864, he was wounded in the
face while on the skirmish line at Turkeytown. From Aiken he was sent to the hospital at Augusta, and later to Madison, Ga. On his restoration to health he returned to his Chattooga county home, where he farmed three years and then went to school a year at Summerville, the county seat, and then at BetheL Following this he engaged as a clerk in a grocery store in Rome, and then took charge of a branch store in Sumnierville, where he remained about eight months. The next twelve months he spent in traveling, and traveled in Texas, Nebraska,
Colorado, etc. On his return home he joined a corps of engineers who were surveying the line of the North and South railway from Rome to Columbus,
Ga., now known as the Chattanooga, Rome & Columbus railway. About six months afterward he took some contracts for grading on the line, which he con tinued until the panic of 1873, when he went to his home in Chattooga county. He remained at home twelve months and then entered the employ of the Round
Mountain Iron company, Round Mountain, Ala., which suspended in about a year, and he went home again. A few months later he was engaged by the Stone Hill Copper Mining company to take charge of their mining plant. After
a year's service--a part of 1874-75--he returned to Summerville and commenced
the study of law. and on completing his studies in 1877 was admitted to the bar
at Chattooga superior court. He located in Summerville and was extremely successful from the start That year he was elected mayor of Summerville, and
the next year was elected county commissioner. In' 1880 he resigned that office and was elected to represent Chattooga county in the general assembly, and was

FLOYD COUNTY SKETCHES.
re-elected in 1882. In 1884 he was elected to represent the forty-second senatorial district (composed of Bartow, Floyd and Chattooga counties) in the general assembly. In November, 1886, he was elected judge of the Rome circuit, for a term of four years, and in November, 1890, was re-elected for another term. In 1892 he was elected to represent the seventh congressional district of Georgia in the fifty-third congress, and in 1894 was elected to succeed himself in the fifty-fourth congress over a strong opponent and after a heated canvass. Judge Maddox removed to Rome in 1890, which has been his home since that time. His steady and uninterrupted advancement since he first entered public life, now nearly a score of years, affords the very strongest and highest evidence of sound practical judgment, great ability, personal excellence and official integrity that could be presented. He is a member of the national democratic committee. Judge Maddox was married Aug. 15,1872, to Miss Elizabeth, daughter of H. B. C. Edmondson, of Summerville, and to them have been born six sons and one daughter. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, and a Knight Templar Mason; although not a member, his predilection is for the Presbyterian church.
MAX MEYERHARDT, lawyer, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of D. J. and Esther Meyerhardt, was born in Germany, Oct. 24, 1855. When he was about a year
old his father emigrated to Georgia and settled in Rome, where he continued his life-time business of dry goods and clothing merchant They raised four children, two sons and two daughters, the father dying in May, 1890, and the mother in February, 1891. Mr. Meyerhardt was educated principally in the public schools of Nashville, Tenn., and when sixteen years of age went into the office of the clerk of the superior court of Floyd county as his deputy. During the years he filled this position he began the study of law, continued it afterward under Col. C. Rowell, of Rome, and at the October term, 1876, of Floyd superior court was admitted to the bar and entered at once upon the practice. In 1881 he became a partner of Judge A. R. Wright, and his son Seaborn, under the firm name of Wright, Meyer hardt & Wright, which continued until the death of Judge Wright in 1891. In 1881 he was elected city attorney, and was continuously re-elected until he resigned in 1886, when he was appointed judge of the city court by Gov. John B. Gordon. He held this office until 1891, and the next year he was elected attorney for the county, and is now serving his second term. In 1882-83 he filled the appointment of United States commissioner, and for eleven years has been a member of the Rome school board. He has filled every office with acknowledged ability and unswerving fidelity, and enjoys the sincere esteem of the profession and his fellowcitizens. Mr. Meyerhardt was married in the spring of 1890 to Miss Nettie Watson, formerly of Alabama, then a teacher in the public schools of Rome, who has borne him three children: Rebecca, David, and Hester. He is a very enthusiastic and prominent member of the masonic fraternity, being now worshipful master of Cherokee lodge, No. 66, high priest of Rome chapter, No. 26, and deputy grand master for the seventh district of Georgia. In religious faith he is a Hebrew of the Hebrews.
I P. M'CONNELL, sheriff, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., was born in Floyd county in 1845. When he was twelve years of age his parents'moved to Cherokee
county, Ga., where he was educated. In September, 1862, he enlisted as a private in the Sixth Georgia cavalry, Col. Hart commanding, and as such served through the war, and was almost all the time in continuous arduous service. With his com mand he participated in the engagements at Dandridge and Philadelphia, Tenn., at Chickamauga, Dalton, Resaca, New Hope church, Noonday church, where he wa

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

shot in the leg. In fact, he was engaged all through the busy Atlanta campaign-- a fight almost every day--the battles around Atlanta and Macon, at Aiken, S. C, and finally at Bentonville, N. C. After the surrender he went to school a year at Acworth, Cobb Co., Ga., and afterward farmed and merchandised in Cherokee county until 1880. That year he returned to Cobb county and carried on a general merchandise business until 1886, when he moved to Floyd county and engaged in farming until 1891, when he was made deputy sheriff of the county, and served in that capacity two terms, four years. In January, 1895, he was elected sheriff. Sheriff McConnell is a man of determined character, excellent business habits and qualifications, and superior executive ability, besides being very popular. Mr. McConnell was married in 1870 to Miss Julia, daughter of Raymond Sandford, deceased, by whom he has three children; Lena, wife of John A. Foster, Floyd county; James Raymond, and John E. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., a master Mason, and a member of the Missionary Baptist church.

WILLIAM J. NEEL, lawyer, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of Joseph L. and Mary A, (Swain) Neel, was born in Cass (now Bartow) county, Ga., Feb. 15, 1861.
His paternal ancestors were natives of Ireland, and when they emigrated to America settled in Maryland and Pennsylvania, some of them afterward locating in Virginia
and Georgia. His maternal ancestors were Scotch, and settled in South Carolina. His father was born in St Clair county, Ala., and married his wife in Gordon county, Ga. His principal occupation was farming, but in connection with it he
carried on a general merchandise business, and was prosperous and popular, and attained to some political prominence prior to the war. In 1857 he represented Cass county in the general assembly of Georgia, and has represented it in the same body since the war. He is still living, and is chairman of the democratic executive committee of Bartow county. He raised and commanded a company in the Fortieth Georgia regiment during the civil war, and rendered efficient and valuable service during that conflict They reared four children, of whom the subject of
this sketch was the youngest James M., the oldest, is a prominent lawyer at Cartersville, Ga., and has also been judge of the city court Another
brother, Joseph N., is a member of the Eads-Neel company, Atlanta and Macon, the largest retail clothing house in Georgia. Mr. Ned's educational advantages
were at first very limited. He attended the common county schools at Adairsville until he was eighteen years old, when he entered the North Georgia agricultural college at Dahlonega, at which he was a student two years. He then read law some months under the direction of his brother at Cartersville, and edited "The American," the local paper. Later he went to Washington, D. C., and in 1885 entered the Georgetown university law school, where he took a three years' course, and was graduated in 1888 with first honors, besides winning a $100 gold prize for the best scholarship record. In 1887 he was appointed chief of division in the treasury department at Washington, which he filled until the change in adminis
tration in 1889, when he voluntarily resigned. He then came to Rome and became a member of the law firm of McHenry, Nunnally & Neel, which continued until
September, 1894, since which time he has practiced by himself, confining his practice principally to commercial causes. His clientage, already large, increases steadily in volume and value, as well as influence. No member of the profession as young as he has brighter prospects for professional distinction or political prefer ment In 1892 he was elected to represent Floyd county in the general assembly, and served his constituents with credit to himself and acceptably to his fellowcitizens. While a member of that body he secured the passage of a bill estab lishing an industrial department for the deaf and dumb at Cave Spring, Floyd

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677

Co., and secured an appropriation for a building for that purpose. He declined to serve another term. In 1893 ne was elected a member of the city council, of which body he was chosen mayor pro tern. He is still a member of that body and chairman of the finance committee. Mr. Neel was married in June, 1892, to Miss Isa Williams, at Murfreesboro, Tenn. His wife was born in Georgia, educated in part at the Mary Sharpe college in Winchester, Tenn., and then went to Europe and completed her education in Paris and Dresden. She is one of the most accomplished linguists in Georgia. Mr. Neel comes of a line of democrats and is himself an active and zealous member of that party. He is an earnest member of the First Baptist church of Rome.

MITCHEL ALBERT NEVIX, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., was born in Augusta,
Ga., April 10,1842. His father, James Nevin, was a native of South Carolina,
and came to Georgia and established himself in his early manhood, where he died about 1846. Mr. Nevin received a good education and grew to manhood in Augusta; and when twenty years old went to Columbia county, Ga., where he taught school two and a half years. He then left there and came to Floyd county, which he made his permanent home. After teaching school between two and three years he bought an interest in the "Rome Commercial" newspaper, and latei
bought the entire plant and conducted the paper until 1869, when he sold out. Four years afterward he repurchased it and ran it until 1876, when he sold out to the "Rome Courier," and shortly afterward established a book and job printing
establishment He successfully conducted this for a number of years, and then disposed of it and commenced improving some valuable real estate he owned in Rome, the building of the fine opera house which bears his name being due to
his enterprising spirit. Public spirited and intelligently progressive he has been quite influential in promoting the growth of the city and its industrial interests, and is one of the most popular of its citizens. In 1884 he was elected school com~ missioner of the county, and held the office twelve years, and in 1878 he was elected mayor of Rome, and twice successively re-elected. In 1882 he was elected clerk of the city council and held the office continuously until 1894. Mr. Nevin was married
Dec. 20, 1866, to Miss Helen A., daughter of the late distinguished Judge John W.
H. Underwood. Of the children born to them three survive: Ida, wife of W. A. Patton, Rome; James B., and Mary M. Mr. Nevin is a member of the I. O. O. F., Royal Arcanum, Knights of Honor, and of the Methodist Episcopal church south.

UUGH BARRY PARKS, retired merchant. Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of William and Elvira (Allgood) Parks, was born in Pontotoc county, Miss.,
March 8, 1851. Both his parents were natives of South Carolina, and early in life migrated to Mississippi. Mr. Parks grew to manhood on his father's planta tion and was educated at the schools in his native count}'. When he was twentyone years old he came to Tryon, Chattooga Co:, Ga., and engaged as clerk in the store of the Tryon manufacturing company, in which his uncle, A. P. Allgood, was a large stockholder. He remained in the employ of the company until 1874, when he came to Rome and entered the employ of the dry goods firm of W. T. McWilliams & Co., with whom he remained two years. He then organized the dry goods house of H. B. Parks & Co., which soon commanded a large and profitable busi ness, and continued until 1894 when they sold out and Mr. Parks retired from business. He came to Chattooga county a poor young man--his only capital industrious habits, a resolute will and moral rectitude--qualities which have won his way to wealth, honorable social distinction and the confidence of the com munity; eminently elevated intellectually, and noted for deep-seated moral scnti-

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menL When he retired his firm had been doing an annual trade of $85,000. Mr. Parks was an important factor in the organization of the municipal government of
East Rome, about 1880, and with the exception of a year or two has served on the council ever since. He is a public-spirited, progressive and useful citizen, wide awake to everything calculated to promote material prosperity and advanced morality. Air. Parks was married in Chattooga county, December 25,1877, to Miss
Mary E., daughter of the late John W. Penn, a union which has been blessed with two children: Mary Alice, and Hugh Barnett. Mr. Parks takes no especial inter est in the partisan politics of the day, but he is an uncompromising prohibitionist
and a wide-awake, working and influential member of the Methodist church.

MULFORD MARSH PEPPER, postmaster, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., was born in Savannah, Ga., July 14, 1850. About two years after he was bora his
parents moved to Cass (now Bartow) county, where they lived until 1860, when they removed to Rome. Here he was reared and received what education he has. When fifteen years old he went to Waynesboro, Burke Co., Ga., to clerk for a grocery firm, and remained with them eighteen months, when he came back to
Rome and entered the hardware store of Ayer & McDonald. After clerking for this firm six years he went with J. & S. Bones, in the same business, and remained with this firm six years also, and afterward one year with their successor in the business--S. G. Hardy. Then, about 1880, he entered the employ of the Towers & Sullivan manufacturing company, as secretary and treasurer, and remained with them three years. The Rome hardware company being organized, he was elected a director, and was manager of it two years. After this he formed a part nership with Park Harper--the firm being Harper & Pepper--and went into the crockery business and carried it on two years. He now entered the Merchants' National bank as bookkeeper and filled the position two years when, in April, 1893, he was appointed to his present position of postmaster. Air. Pepper was married
in 1875 to Mrs- Judith M. (nee Christian) Terrell. He is a Knight of Pythias and a Knight Templar Mason, and affiliates with the Presbyterian church.

J OHN H. REECE, lawyer, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of Dr. Alfred Burton and Sarah W. (Varner) Reece, was born in Floyd county, Ga., Aug. 29, 1840.
His paternal grandfather, Pope Reece, came from Wales, England, in the colonial times, settled in North Carolina, and was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. Mr. Recce's father was born in North Carolina, migrated to Georgia in 1834, and settled among the Cherokee Indians in the territory north of the Chattahoochee river. He officiated as surgeon under Col. Nelson, in com mand of the troops which accompanied the Cherokees to their reservation west of the Mississippi. His maternal grandfather, Matt Varner, was a wealthy and influ ential planter in Oglethorpe county, Ga. Mr. Reece was the eldest of four children, received his primary education at the common schools, and then entered
the old Cherokee Baptist college at Cassville, where he was when the civil war was precipitated. He enlisted in the Eighth Georgia regiment, and was elected lieutenant of his company; and when Col. Cook was killed at the battle of First Manassas, he was promoted to a captaincy. He was afterward captain of a company in a regiment commanded by Col. George A. Smith, of Macon, Ga., was captured in April, 1864, and was kept a prisoner at Johnson's island until June, 1865. After the war he spent about two years on his farm in Floyd county and then came to Rome and entered upon the practice of his profession. In 1876 he was elected to represent Floyd county in the general assembly and took an active interest in calling the convention of 1877. which framed the present constitution

FLOYD COUNTY SKETCHES.
of Georgia; and was elected to the first general assembly under it. Since then he has neither desired nor sought political position. For many years he was asso ciated in his law practice with Col. Forsyth; but in 1886 he formed a partnership with Richard A. Denny, under the firm name of Reece & Denny, which still exists. The firm does a general practice in Rome circuit and others contiguous, in the state supreme court, and in the United States courts. Mr. Reece ranks high with the members of his profession and the public, has a large and influential clien tage, and is so popular he could have almost any office in the gift of the people if he would accept it. Mr. Reece was married in 1871 to Miss Cony A. Armstrong, of Macon county. Ala., daughter of Maj. Henry Armstrong. She was educated at Mrs. Colwell's college, better known as Rome female college, presided over by Mrs. Colwell. Four children--two sons and two daughters--blessed this union. The eldest son, Henry, was killed by the Mexicans at Monte Vista, Col.; the other son, Burton A., and the daughters, Bessie and Mamie, are at home; the daughters are students at Shorter college, Rome. He is a working and influential member of the Baptist church, and in October, 1894, was one of the three delegates from Floyd county elected to the Baptist state convention.
J OHN J. SEAY, capitalist, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of Rufus M. and Laura (Wadsworth) Seay, was born in De Kalb county, Ga., Nov. 10,1843. His father
was born in Appomattox, Va., but grew to manhood in Knoxville, Tenn., where, in after life, he became a prominent merchant, and died in 1851. Besides himself, the family consisted of another brother, and a sister. His mother was born in Decatur, De Kalb Co., where she grew to womanhood and was married. She is still living, something over seventy years of age. Capt. Seay enjoyed very limited educational advantages in his boyhood and youth. In 1861, when only seventeen years old, he enlisted in a company under command of Luther J. Glenn, which formed a part of the famous Cobb legion, and served until the surrender. Among other hotly contested battles he participated in were those at Malvern hill, seven days' fight around Richmond, Fredericksburg, Harper's Ferry, and Chancellorsville, and he was with Gen. Longstreet at Knoxville, where he was wounded. He was not in active field service the last year of the war. After the war he went into the stove and hardware business in Atlanta, but in a short time sold out and started for Honduras, Central America. Yellow fever breaking out he abandoned the trip and went into business in West Point, Ga. At the end of three years he sold out (1872), and went to Rome, where he engaged in the manufacture of stoves-- a pioneer in Georgia in this very important industry. He continued this business until 1883, when he sold out and embarked in steamboating on the Coosa river. He built one steamboat and bought four more, and established lines between Rome, Ga., and Greensport, St. Clair Co., Ala., which transported scores of thousands of bales of cotton and thousands of tons of miscellaneous freight. In 1890 he engaged in railroading as soliciting agent In 1891 he built a dummy, three-mile-line street railway, which later he sold, and was elected president of the Consolidated street railway company. He was also elected president of the Rome land company, and secretary of the New Rome land company. In 1891-92, by way of recreation and to employ his leisure time, he edited the city daily paper. In 1892, when the alliance captured the state, he was elected on the straight demo cratic ticket to represent Floyd county in the general assembly. The appreciated compliment of a tender of re-election was declined. Overflowing with public spirit, of irrepressible energy, and aggressively progressive, Capt. Seay is a most useful citizen, and is of the sort that projects and pushes to successful termination great enterprises and builds up cities. Capt. Seay was married July 17, 1867, to Miss

680

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

I'ranees S. Wood, Canton, Ga., by whom he had four children: Charles M.; Laura L., Mabel B., and Susan L. The mother of these children died, and he contracted a second marriage with Miss Florida Bayard, of Sewanee, Franklin Co., Tenn., who has borne him two children: Clifford B. and Flory R. Capt
Seay is a life-long, uncompromising democrat, always loyal, and a prominent liit-.'iiber of the Presbyterian church.

LIALSTED SMITH, lawyer, Rome, Floyd Co., was born in Savannah in No vember, 1849, an<i moved to Rome in November, 1873, and practiced law until
1879. In 1877 he was elected a member of the city council after a sharp contest. The mayor and entire council were re-elected without opposition for a second term. On account of impaired health he removed to the country, being at the time a law partner of Hon. D. B. Hamilton. He returned to the city in 1890, having previously entered into partnership with Mr. L. A. Dean in 1887, which continued until 1894, when he was elected city attorney and clerk of the council. He has filled these two responsible positions most admirably and still continues the practice of law, having made a splendid reputation as a real estate lawyer. He is general counsel for the Rome Mutual Loan association and represents the legal department of other loan associations in the city, and is familiar with cor poration law, of which he has made an exhaustive study. He has always taken an active interest in politics, and has been for several terms chairman of the democratic county- committee. Few citizens are more popular, and none stand l>etter for integrity of character, professionally and socially. Mr. Smith was married May 8,1871, to Miss Caroline Timanus, of Fernandina, Fla., by whom he has had seven children. His first presidential vote was cast for Horace Greeley. He is a member of the Presbyterian church.

WALLER T. TURXP.ULL, judge of the Rome circuit, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of Richard and Margaret (Bellamy) Turnbull, was born in Monticello,
Fla., Sept. 9, 1860. His paternal grandfather, Dr. Theodore Turnbull, of Eng lish extraction, was a native of South Carolina. Judge Turnbull's father was born in Florida. He was a lieutenant in the Confederate service during the civil war, first in the western army and later on detached duty on the Florida coast. He was afterward a member of the Florida legislature, and was one of the Florida commissioners to the world's fair. His mother is a lineal descendant of Arthur Pftitler, who was a colonel in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and led the charge at the battle of King's Mountain, and also of Pierce Butler, a member of the convention that framed the constitution for the young republic. Judge Turnbull passed his boyhood and early youth in the city of his birth and received his primary and preparatory education there. In 1877 he entered
Emory college at Oxford, Ga.. from which he graduated in 1880 with the fourth lionor and the degree of A. B. He was also awarded the Boynton prize medal for the best essay of the year. After his graduation he returned home, and the ensuing year was principal of the Monticello high school. He then attended a law course at the university of Virginia, and in 1883 \vas admitted to the bar in that state. He then located in Atlanta, in which city he practiced his pro fession with pronounced success until 1889, when he moved to Rome, where his personal merit, professional attainments and superior ability being recognized and appreciated, he has been very successful. On Oct. 6, 1891, Gov. Northen appointed him judge of the city court of Rome, which position he creditably held until January. 1895. when he was elected judge of Rome circuit Judge Turnhull was married April 26, 1889, to Miss Cornelia, daughter of W. I. and Martha

SKAHORN \VRIGHT.

FLOYD COUNTY SKETCHES.

68l

Brookes. He is a member of the order of Red Men, a Knight of Pythias, and a member of the Methodist church.

J^D. TURNER, deputy sheriff, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., was born in Floyd county in September, 1854. He was a son of John W. Turner, who was born
in Lincoln county, Ga., in 1830, and came to Floyd county in 1847, where he acquired considerable property and became very prominent and influential. He
was a captain in the Twenty-ninth Georgia regiment and served through the war, and who had the distinguished honor of representing Floyd county in the general assembly twenty years. He died in 1893. Mr. Turner was educated in the near
by country schools, and after receiving his preparatory education entered the university of Georgia at Athens. After finishing his junior year he returned home
and engaged in farming until January, 1887, when he was appointed assistant postmaster of Rome, moved to the city and served two years and a half. After this he went on the road for D. W. Curry, druggist, Rome, for eighteen months
--until January, 1891--when he was elected deputy sheriff, J. C. Moore being
elected sheriff. He was re-elected in January, 1893, and 1895, the terms being two years, and has made an excellent record. Sheriff Turner was married in 1879 to Miss Susie, daughter of the late H. Bunn, of Cedartown, Ga., and to them four children have been born: Eugene D., Alfred Colquitt, Hugh Bunn and Cath erine. He is a Knight of Pythias, a Knight Templar Mason, and a member of the Baptist church.

QEABORN WRIGHT, lawyer, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of Hon. Augustus R. and Adeline (Allman) Wright, was born near Rome, Nov. 29, 1856. His
father was of English extraction, born in Screven county, Ga., and came to Floyd county about 1850, having previously graduated from the Augusta school. He
was a brilliant and impressive orator, and served with distinction in both the
Federal and Confederate congresses, and as a judge of the Superior court His mother was of Scotch descent, having been a Miss Adeline Allman, and was born and raised in Chattooga county. They had ten children, of which the subject of this sketch was intermediate, and seven of whom are living. Mr. Wright
received his primary and preparatory education in the schools of his county and then entered Mercer university, Macon, Ga., from which he graduated with dis
tinction in 1878. He took great interest and an active part in the college society
debates, and was commencement orator of his class. He read law under his father and was admitted to the bar at the January term (1879) of Floyd superior court. As soon as he was eligible, in his twenty-first year, he was elected as
an independent candidate over the strongest candidate the democrats could nomi nate to represent Floyd county in the general assembly, and was re-elected to
serve a second term. He made a fine record in the legislature and introduced many bills of importance. Since then he has been a candidate for no office. When Dr. William H. Felton announced himself as an independent candidate for congress in 1874 he allied himself with the movement and stumped the district for Dr. Felton. He did this for three successive campaigns, his boyish appearance
and brilliant orator}' drawing large audiences everywhere and imparting extra ordinary effectiveness to his work. Mr. Wright has always been independent in politics. Believing the great evils of American politics to be the result of extreme partisanship, he has contended for greater independence and a higher degree of
political responsibility. He believes that the overwhelming ascendancy of the democratic party in the south since the war, coupled with the blind obedience of the masses to the dictates of party action, made it possible for politicians to

682

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

manipulate party conventions, thereby frequently nominating for office candidates without character or ability. This he fearlessly and eloquently denounced, hold ing with Robert Toombs that the action of political conventions are simply advisory. That the rights of the people are higher than the dictates of party. These have been his political principles from boyhood, and from them he has never swerved for an instant He has been repeatedly urged by the people of the seventh district to run as an independent candidate for congress, but declined to do so, although his election seemed assured, assigning as a reason that men in office become political cowards and soon lose the fearless freedom of thought and speech which alone render them useful to their people and their country. He has been prominent in all reform movements, especially the efforts to regulate and suppress the liquor traffic. Recognizing that the safety and integrity of the government rest largely upon free and fair elections, he has bravely denounced election frauds of every character. Believing in white supremacy in the south, because of the superior intelligence and virtue of the white race, he has never theless always demanded absolute justice for the negro, arraigning in the press, and on the hustings, the wholesale corruption of the negro by local politicians. This has drawn down upon him the wrath of the small politicians, but has corre spondingly endeared him to the common people, who regard him as their cham pion and the defender of their rights. Since his service in the general assembly Mr. Wright has devoted himself to his profession, giving special attention to anticorporation and criminal law. He has taken an active part, principally as an advocate, in most of the important criminal cases in northwestern Georgia. In the case of the State vs. Dr. J. B. S. Holmes, charged with the murder of De Forrest Allgood, he made the concluding argument, which was a masterpiece of eloquence and was one of the finest addresses ever delivered in the court house of Floyd county. He also made the leading arguments in the cases of the state vs. Ora McKee and Frank Wilkerson, cases famous in Georgia juris prudence, and in all these there were verdicts of acquittal. Of magnetic person ality, a strong and brilliant mind and oratorical ability of the highest order, should he so desire, Mr. Wright will no doubt attain the highest honors within the gift of his state. Mr. Wright was happily married in Atlanta, Feb. 28, 1882, to Miss Annie E., daughter of William A. Moore, of that city, a union which has been blessed with four children: Barry, Lewis, Max and Graham. He is a prominent and influential member of the Presbyterian church.
CRANK A. WYNN, physician, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., sou of J. A. and Olivia (Borders) Wynn, was born in Cedartown, Polk Co., Ga., Oct 19, 1870. The
members of the Wynn family, related to the Howes, emigrated from England to Virginia, whence some of the descendants came to Georgia. His father was born in Chattooga county, was at one time in the wholesale trade in Cedartown, Polk Co., and afterward moved to Rome, where he did a large dry-goods business until 1891. Dr. Wynn's grandmother, Anna Bird, was well known in Georgia. On his mother's side he is of Scotch-English extraction. His parents raised four children--two sons and two daughters--of which he is the eldest Dr. Wynn was educated in the schools at Rome, where he completed his education in 1888. He at once began the study of medicine under the preceptorship of Drs. Holmes and Garlington, and then attended lectures at the Atlanta Medical college, entering in 1891 and graduating in 1893. Immediately afterward he located in Rome and entered upon the practice under encouraging auspices and with unusually flat tering success. While engaged in a general practice, he is giving special attention to the eyes, ears and throat. Studious, sympathetic and bestowing attentive nurs-

FORSTTH COUNTY SKETCHES.

683

ing on patients, he is sure of building up a large practice. He is a member of the County and State Medical associations, genial and of popular manners. He is a genuine lover of fine stock, especially horses.

U AMILTON YANCEY, insurance, Rome, Floyd Co., Ga., son of non. Benjamin C. Yancey and Sarah P. (Hamilton) Yancey, was born in Edgefield district,
S. C., Sept 27,1848. His father removed from South Carolina to Alabama in 1850, resigning from the South Carolina legislature and practically declining a nomina tion and election to congress. In 1855-56 he was president of the Alabama state senate, was appointed in 1857 United States minister to the Argentine confedera tion, and in 1859 declined the proffer from President Buchanan of the appointment of minister to the court of St James. In later years he was an active and influential member of the Georgia State Agricultural society, and for a number of years was its president He was a brother to the Hon. William L. Yancey, who bore so conspicuous a part in the politics of Alabama before the war between the states began, and until his death in 1863, while serving the state in the Confederate states senate Hamilton Yancey's maternal grandfather was Thomas Hamilton, a large planter, and one of the wealthiest citizens of Clarke county, Ga. Mr. Yancey was principally reared and educated in Athens, Ga., and was graduated from the state university in 1868 with the degree of A. B., his alma mater subsequently conferring upon him the degree of A. M. He next took a literary course at the university of Virginia, after which he spent a year in attendance on the law department of the university of Georgia. In 1871 he located in Rome and commenced the practice of law, and continued it with great success until 1887, when he retired from active practice to accept the management of the Rome Fire Insurance company, and later of the Commercial Union Assurance company, of England, for the southern states. During his professional career he was a solicitor for the city court, also attorney for the city of Rome, and alternate democratic elector on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket His professional record brought to him substantial results and emoluments, he having been successfully engaged in many very important cases, not only in Georgia, but in the chancery courts of Alabama, having contested successfully with such leading and able attorneys as Senator John T. Morgan, and Chancellor Foster of Alabama, in the noted Round mountain and Cornwall iron works cases. Probably his most satisfactory work was done in the leading case of Mitchell vs. the city of Rome, in which case he elicited the unusual compliment from the court of having his brief adopted in part as the decision of the court, with especial credit and recognition therefor. Mr. Yancey for a number of years has been an active member of the Methodist church, of whose Sunday school he was superintendent for twelve or fourteen years, and has served his town, East Rome, as an aldermai; ten or more years without salary.

FORSYTH COUNTY.
J-IIRAM P. BELL, lawyer, Gumming, Forsyth Co., Ga., son of Joseph S. and Rachel (Phinazee) Bell, was born in Jackson county, Ga., Jan. 19, 1827. His
paternal grandfather, of English descent, was a native North Carolinian, and a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. About the beginning of this century he migrated to Georgia, and settled in what is now Jackson county.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Mr. Bell's father was born in North Carolina, when a boy came with his parents to Georgia, and grew to manhood in Jackson county. Subsequently he moved to Forsyth county, where he became prominent as a farmer and citizen. His mother was of a well-known old Georgia family, of Scotch extraction. Mr. Bell received a good primary education at the near-by common schools of the county and then attended the academy at Cumming. After leaving the academy he taught school
and commenced reading law; and Nov. 28, 1849, was admitted to the bar. He advanced very rapidly in his profession, and was soon at the head of the local bar.
In 1862 he formed and organized a company, of which he was made captain, and which became Company I of the Forty-third Georgia regiment When the regi ment was organized he was commissioned as its lieutenant-colonel. He was with his command as such and participated in the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, Miss. He was so seriously wounded in this battle as to be disabled from further service and came home. Recognizing his services and his superior ability his fellow-citizens elected him to the second Confederate congress, whose arduous and onerous duties Col. Bell discharged with characteristic devotion and fidelity. He was the first senator elected for the thirty-ninth senatorial district of Georgia, and represented the ninth congressional district in the forty-third and forty-fifth congresses of the United States; was a member of the electoral college in 1868 that cast the vote of the state for Seymour and Blair, and was a delegate to the St. Louis convention that nominated Tilden and Hendricks in 1876. Since the war he has given his attention almost exclusively to the practice of his profession, enjoys a large practice and influential clientage. He is reputed to have been engaged in more murder cases than any memoer of the bar in the circuit. Col. Bell is very publicspirited, and takes great interest in every enterprise or movement promising to develop and add to the material prosperity of his county and section. He is excep tionally active and exercises an almost potential influence in education and religious advancement and in the temperance movement In all these matters his light is not hid under a bushel. Col. Bell was happily married Jan. 22,1850, to Miss Virginia, a sister of the late George X. Lester, who died while holding the office of attorneygeneral of Georgia. This union was blessed with four children: Mary R., widow of Rev. George E. Gardner, deceased, preacher of the Methodist church south; Julia L., wife of Hon. Farris Carter Tate, member of congress, ninth congressional
district of Georgia; George L., principal clerk, United States district attorney, northern district of Georgia: and Virginia. The mother of these, an exemplary member of the Methodist church, died April 30, 1888. Col. Bell contracted a second marriage, June n, 1800, with Miss Anna A. Juhan. Col. Bell is a pro nounced and very influential democrat, a worker and leader; he is also a master Mason and a very prominent and active member of the Methodist church.
1OHN HOCKENHULL, physician and surgeon, Cumming, Forsyth Co., Ga., was born in Stockport, Eng., Jan. 22, 1832. He was the son of John and Mary
(Kemp) Hockenhull, both of whom were natives of England. His father emigrated to the United States and settled at White Plains, now Dalton. Whitfield Co., Ga., where he remained some time. Subsequently he moved to Lumpkin county, Ga., where he engaged in mining, and was remarkably successful. He died in 1880. The subject of this sketch was nine years old when his parents came to this country, and the ship was ten weeks and two days making the passage; they ran short of provisions, and suffered almost intolerable hardships and privations. His parents reared a family of nine children: John, the subject of this sketch: Charles H.;
James F.; Emma, wife of Robert McClure: Ellen, wife of Sidney Hays; Anna, wife of William J. Barrett; Sarah J., wife of William Looper; Elizabeth, wife of George Roker; Louise, wife of John Edwards. Dr. Hockenhull spent the years of

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his boyhood in Lumpkin county, where he received such primary education as the
period and the locality could afford. He then began the study of medicine in Cleveland, Tenn., under G. P. Thompson. After thus preparing himself, he
attended lectures during the winter of 1852-53 at the university of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. He next attended lectures at the medical college of Georgia, Augus
ta, from which he was graduated in 1855, and entered at once upon the practice of his profession with uninterrupted success. In 1871 he located in Gumming, where
he has steadily added to his reputation and built up a large and very profitable practice. No physician in Forsyth or adjoining counties stands higher with the
profession or the people, and his friends far outnumber his acquaintances. During the war he served as assistant surgeon of the Fifty-second Georgia regiment in the
Kentucky campaign under Gen. Bragg. Dr. Hockenhull was married July 5, 1859,
to Miss Mary A., born Nov. 2, 1841, daughter of Allman and Margaret A. Hutchins, a union which has been blessed with eight children: Mary J., born June 23, 1860; John H., born Feb. 8th, 1863, successful physician; Sarah A., born Jan. 19,
1866; James T., born June 18, 1868; Victoria E., born Sept. 18, 1870; Walter L., born April 9, 1875; Willie F., born Dec. 10, 1877, and Allman G., born April 29, 1880. The doctor is a stanch democrat and an ardent master Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church.

DUFUS E. GUTHRIE, farmer, Gumming, Forsyth Co., Ga., son of Nehemiah ^ and Nancy (Turner) Guthrie, was born in Walton county, Ga., Sept 14, 1841. His paternal grandfather, Beverly Guthrie, was a native of Virginia, and when
quite young came to Georgia with his parents, and was one among the early settlers of that part of the state. Mr. Guthrie's father moved to Walton county in
1830, where he bought a farm and engaged in fanning. He acquired consider able property, and attained to some prominence. His father died Dec. 22, 1859, and his mother died June 10, 1890. They were the parents of eight children, of
whom four are living: Sarah E., wife of Richard S. Easley; Robert C.; Catharine, wife of Richard Stansell, and Rufus E., the subject of this sketch. Those deceased are: James B., Thomas W., killed in the battle July 22, 1863; Martha A. and Francis D. Mr. Guthrie was raised on his father's farm and received but little education. He has profitably continued farming as his principal pursuit, but has
dealt quite largely in live stock. In 1862 he enlisted in Company K, Capt. Nunnally, Eleventh Georgia regiment, with which he participated in the battles of
Yorktown, Malvern Hill and second Manassas. In this battle, Aug. 30, 1862, he received six shots in the body and was left on the field for dead. After remain ing there several hours he was discovered and taken to a hospital, where one of his legs was amputated. After remaining in the hospital four weeks he returned
home, and as soon as he was able resumed his farming operations and general trading in live stock. By his industry, shrewdness and good judgment he has
made money and secured for himself a comfortable competency. Mr. Guthrie was a popular county official for a long time, having been elected tax receiver in 1876, and re-elected for five consecutive terms, never having been defeated for
the office. He was one of the best, if not the best, tax receivers the county ever had, and could be elected to that office again if he desired it Mr. Guthrie was
married Dec. 6, 1860, to Miss Lucy, daughter of Frederick and Emily (Cook) Vaughn. Mr. Vaughn was of an old Georgia family and a prosperous fanner.
Twelve children blessed their union: Mary V.; Nancy, wife of James E. Vaughn: JohnW.; Sarah C., wife of John H. Adams; Frederick N., deceased; Beverly A.; Glenn, Millie, Velvie, Rufus S.; Una, deceased, and Augustus, deceased. Politi-

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

cally Mr. Guthrie is a populist and he is a member of the I. O. O. F. Himself and wife are members of the Methodist church.

STRICKLAND, physician and surgeon, Gumming, Forsyth Co., Ga., son of Henry and Elizabeth (Smith) Strickland, was born in Gherokee county, Ga., May 19, 1858. His paternal grandfather, Hardy Strickland, was a native of Virginia, whence he emigrated to Georgia and settled in Jackson county. Dr. Strickland's father was one of the most successful miners in north Georgia and died in 1863. His mother was a native of Massachusetts. She died in 1859. His parents raised five children. Dr. Strickland was left an orphan when only five years old, and was reared in Cherokee county, Ga., where he received his primary education. After further pursuing his studies he read medicine and then attended lectures at Atlanta medical college from which he graduated in 1880. He engaged in the practice for a while, and then attended lectures in New York medical col lege, from which he graduated in 1885. He immediately located in Gumming, where he has remained ever since and has established an enviable reputation for skill, based on unusual success. Besides attending strictly to his increasing prac tice he operates a tannery at Gumming, and is a stockholder in the shoe manu facturing company at Gainesville. He is very popular, and the promise of his future is of the most encouraging character. Dr. Strickland was married in 1879 to Miss Julia, daughter of Dr. John Hockenhull, by whom he had four children, only one of whom--Charlotte--born in 1888, is living. The mother died in 1889, and for his second wife Dr. Strickland married Miss Mamie L. Rogers, daughter of Capt R. N. Rogers, of Milton county, Ga., in 1891, who has borne him one child--Roy--born Jan. 27, 1894. He is a strong democrat, and a royal arch
Mason, and himself and wife are prominent members of the Methodist church.

FRANKLIN COUNTY.
WILLIAM F. BOWERS. There are many families in Franklin county, who may justly claim to be sprung from the "oldest settlers," and many
persons have been born there who have become distinguished. But few, if any, families can prove earlier settlement or a clearer, more reputable record--though not as conspicuous or distinguished as some--than that of the family of which Hon. William F. (familiarly known as "Uncle Billy") Bowers is now the living head. Simple as a child in friendly intercourse, altogether devoid of ostentation, and conscious of entire rectitude, he is always self-poised. For stern and steady, and inflexible adherence to what he deems correct principles, and conscientious conviction, he is almost without a peer. Mr. Bowers was the son of Job and Elizabeth (Ballinger) Bowers, and was born in what is now Hart county, in 1825. His paternal great-grandfather, Job Bowers, was of Welsh extraction, was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war; and who, while at home "on furlough," was killed by the tories. He was actually one of the earliest settlers on or near the Savannah river in that part of Georgia. His grandparents were William and Mary Bowers, and his grandfather was born in what is now Elbert county, and lived there a farmer until he died. Mr. Bowers' father was born in Elbert (now Hart) county, taught school and farmed, and later became a

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687

merchant For many years he was surveyor of the county, and also served his fellow-citizens as justice of the peace for more than a score of years. "Uncle Billy's" mother was a daughter of William Ballinger, a farmer, and another of the oldest settlers of the territory now known as Elbert county, and was a prosperous
farmer. "Uncle Billy" was brought up on the farm, and as he expresses it, "in the store room," his only education being obtained at the dirt floor, puncheonseated log school house, with not a nail in it, and stick-and-mud chimney. He began life as a farmer, and afterward engaged very much to his pecuniary advan tage, in merchandising. None of his family would ever own a slave; and from earliest life he was an uncompromising Union man. He claims to be, and probably is, the only man then a resident of Georgia now living, who voted for Abraham Lincoln in 1860. He did not swerve from his Union principles during
the war; was a member of the constitutional convention of 1868, and served on tht committee on the bill of rights and other committees. Subsequently he repre sented his senatorial district in the general assembly. In 1884 he established the "American Union" newspaper, still published, which reflects his political opinions, and sometimes his religious convictions. In 1890 he was a district supervisor for taking the United States census. He is remarkably intelligent, his intellect bright and clear, very robust physically, and possessing the progressive spirit and vigor of a man of half his age. He enjoys the unquestioning confidence of the people of the large extent of territory in which he is known. Mr. Bowers was married in 1851 to Miss Christiana--born in Franklin county in 1825--daughter of Ellis and Dorcas (Attaway) Cheek. Mr. Cheek was a native of South Carolina, a farmer, and came to Georgia and settled in Franklin county about 1820. Of the children born to Mr. and Mrs. Bowers six survive: Bunyan, Naomi, Pink, Ezra, Nehemiah,
and Lois. He is particularly proud of his family, all of whom are strictly pious and none ever having taken a drink of intoxicating liquor. Himself and wife are de voted and working members of the Church of Christ. He is an ordained minister and goes about doing good and carrying the glad tidings of great joy, having worked in the ministry more than fifty years, and is one of the most entertaining talkers of that part of Georgia.

AAf ILLIAM M. BOWERS, merchant-farmer, Royston, Franklin Co., Ga.. son of T. W. and Alphia A. (Glover) Bowers, was born in what is now Hart
county in 1850. (For some particulars in lives of his great-great-grandfathers, Job and William Bowers, see sketch of William F. Bowers in these memoirs.) His grandparents, William and Polly (Holbrook) Bowers, were descendants of the early settlers of the same name in Elbert (now Hart) county. He was a large planter and land-holder, and very influential. His wife, "Aunt Polly," was the only "female doctor" in all that region, and on supreme occasions was the sole reliance of families for miles around. Mr. Bowers' father was born in what is now Hart county, was a successful and influential farmer, and was a major of the militia when it was an envied local distinction. His mother was a daughter of William and Elizabeth (Pullum) Glover. Her father was a native of Virginia and enlisted in the patriot army during the revolutionary war when only sixteen years of age. He
came to Georgia when about twenty-five years old and settled in what was then Franklin county, where he became a large land-owner and died in 1836. Mr. Bowers was reared on the farm, and his educational advantages were very meager.
When twenty years old he began life for himself by working on a farm. In 1877 he bought his first piece of land, and since then has added to it until now he has 500 acres of as good land as the county contains. In addition he owns and operates a ginnery, a grist mill, a smithery. and has an interest in the general merchandise

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

store of Xelms, Bowers & Co., Royston, Ga. He conducts his farm on progressive lines, and is not only a believer in diversified crops, but takes great interest in
improved stock-raising. He is a man of fine practical business capabilities, and very enterprising, and is one of Franklin county's most solid and substantial, as well as most highly-esteemed citizens. For a time he served the people of Royston
as mayor. Mr. Bovvers was married in 1874 to Miss Mary J.--born in Madison county, Ga., in 1856--daughter of Robert and Sarah C. (Bowers) Berreman. Mr.
Berreman was a native of Virginia, came to Georgia when a young man; was
a farmer and trader and owned a large amount of land. When the war between the states began he enlisted and went to the front, and died when in the service. Eight of the children born to Mr. and Mrs. Bowers are living: Robert S., Jennie
E., Shadrack S., Harley B., Gifford E., Maura J., Joe, and Tabor B. Himself and wife are prominent and working members of the Baptist church, of which he has been a deacon for many years.

JAMES L. BROVVX, farmer, Cadiz, Franklin Co., Ga., son of Isham and Eliza beth (Burrus) Brown, was born in Anderson, S. C., in 1816. His paternal grand
parents were James and Susan (Kane) Brown, who moved first to North Caro lina and thence to South Carolina, where he died in 1837. He was a large farmer and a preacher of some note. His grandparents were George and Rachel (Felton) Brown. The\' were natives of North Carolina, where he followed fanning. Mr. Brown's father was born in Pendleton district, S. C., where he grew to manhood,
and later moved to Georgia and settled in Franklin county. Mr. Brown was reared on the farm and received only the limited education obtainable in that locality at the time of his boyhood. He started in life as an overseer, then for
some years rented land, and finally, in 1839, he bought a farm, on which he has since lived a happy, contented life, and raised a family. He has an excellent farm in fine condition, with a comfortable dwelling and substantial outbuildings. He has served as bailiff and as a justice of the peace. Mr. Brown was married in
1839 to Miss Jane M.--born in South Carolina in 1822--daughter of William and Annie (Love) Bailey. He was a native of South Carolina and a farmer. Eleven children blessed this union: Martha C, Eliza, William F., Asa M., Elizabeth N.,
John T., Anavastine, Isham, Newton, Susan L. and Lawrence S., of whom seven survive. The mother of these, a devoted member of the Baptist church, died in 1882. Subsequently he married Miss Eleanor--born in Elbert county in 1837--
daughter of Thomas Black, who was born in Union, S. C., and followed fanning and carpentering. Mr. Brown and his wife are consistent members of the Bap
tist church.

/^ARTLIDGE. Unostentatious, useful members of society and communities seldom receive the meed of praise or the consideration their merits and
quietly-rendered services justly entitle them to. Disdaining to seek, they often shrink from notoriety, avoiding the appearance o'f seeking it. Of this class is the Rev. G. H. Cartlidge, a Presbyterian clergyman of Franklin county, Ga. He was the son of Samuel and Agnes W. (Groves) Cartlidge, and was born in Columbia county, Ga., in 1820. His paternal grandfather was a native of Wales,
whence he emigrated to America and settled in Virginia before the revolutionary \var. but subsequently moved to North Carolina. His grandparents, Joseph and Dillie Linders (nee Page) Cartlidge, were natives of North Carolina, and migrated
to Georgia and settled in what is now Columbia county in 1788. He was a farmer and was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. Mr. Cartlidge's father was born in Columbia county, was raised a fanner, and adopted

FRANKLIN COUNTY SKETCHES.
fanning as his life pursuit. He was a soldier in the last war with Great Britain, and was an earnest member of and worker in the Baptist church. His mothef was a daughter of Stephen and Isabella (Weekly) Groves. He was a native o England, emigrated to this country before the revolutionary war, and settled ire Pennsylvania, where he married an Irish lady. He was a farmer and tanner, and before the revolutionary war owned large tracts of land around Vicksburgh, Union Co., Pa. He served in the revolutionary army during the war, after which he migrated to Georgia and located in what is now Madison county, where he died in 1839, m tne one hundredth year of his age. Mr. Cartlidge received hisprimary and preparatory education at the near-by schools and then entered Oglethorpe university, Midway, Baldwin* Co., Ga., in 1841, from which he grad uated in 1845. Having taken a course of study at a theological school, he was called to the pastorate of the church at Woodstock, Oglethorpe Co., Ga. A short time afterward he moved to Lexington, Oglethorpe Co., where he was pastor of the church, and taught school in the academy two years. From there he went to Madison county, where he remained four years, whence, in 1852, he was called to the pastorate of Hebron church, Franklin county, where his home has been ever since. For six months during the war he was captain of Company A. Toombs' brigade. In addition to his pastoral work he looks after his farm, and while working earnestly and zealously in the vineyard of the Master, is calmly and expectantly awaiting the summons to lay aside the "armor," lay down the "cross," and ascend to receive his "crown"--his only regret being to leave a flock which so loves and reveres him. Air. Cartlidge was married in 1847 to Miss Annie M.--born in Portland, Me., in 1824--daughter of Joseph and Sarah (Whitemarsh) Lane. Mr. Lane was a native of New Hampshire, and was a contractor and builder. He invented the original nail cutting machine, on which those now in use are improvements. He came to Georgia and settled near Milledgeville, where he died in 1842. Of the children which were the fruit of this union nine are living: George R. G-, farmer; Charles W., farmer; Joseph M., mechanic; John H., fanner; Annie Dora, wife of James M. King; Sarah A., wife of Isaac M. Johnson; Luther H., physician, graduate of the Southern Medical college, At lanta; Thomas D., Presbyterian clergyman; Samuel J., Presbyterian clergyman.
ELIJAH CRUMP, farmer, Henry, Franklin Co., Ga., son of Richard L. and bL Elizabeth (Kesler) Crump, was born in Franklin county in 1837. (For par ticulars respecting families of parents on both sides see sketch of Russell J. Crump in these Memoirs.) Mr. Crump was reared on the farm and received only a lim ited education at the near-by country schools. In 1862 he enlisted in Company I (Capt Chitwood), Thirty-fourth Georgia regiment, and gallantly participated in many of the most important battles of the war, continuing in the service until the surrender. He bore a part in the battle of Baker's Creek and the siege of Vicksburg, where he was captured, paroled and sent home. Rejoining the army he was with the forces in front of Gen. Sherman, south of Dalton, and in the defense of Atlanta. Although young, he discharged his duties as a soldier with con spicuous faithfulness and gallantry. On his return from the battlefield he rented land and engaged in farming--making and saving money. He made his first purchase of land in 1868, to which he has since added until now he has an excellent tract of 350 acres, on which he is successfully farming. ^ Progressive, yet cautious, and a judicious manager, he stands among the foremos't of Franklin county's farmers, and is one of her most substantial citizens. Mr. Crump was married in 1859 to Miss Harriett--born in what is now Banks county in 1839--- daughter of William and Judy (Nason) Crow. Her parents were natives of Vir1-44

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

;

ginia, whence they migrated to Georgia and settled in Franklin county. He was a well-to-do farmer and was a soldier in the Seminole war. Of the children born to Air. and Mrs. Crump four are living: Martha J., wife of Matt Willy; Mary C., wife of William Kesler; Ida L., wife of James Looney, and Richard L. Mr. Crump is a member of the masonic fraternity and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church.

y^R. JOXES, physician and surgeon, Lavonia, Franklin Co., Ga., son of Charles
A. and Sarah X. (Aderhold) Jones, was born in Gordon county, Ga., in 1859. His paternal grandfather was a native of Floyd county. His father was born in what is now Gordon county, and was a well-to-do fanner. In 1862 he enlisted
in the Confederate service, and was taken sick at Calhoun, where he died. Dr. Jones' mother was the daughter of Isaac Aderhold. Dr. Jones was reared on the farm and received a very limited education. He began the study of medicine under the preceptorship of Drs. Osborn and Tucker, and afterward attended lec tures at the Southern Medical college, Atlanta, from which he graduated in 1882. He earned the money with which to defray the expenses of his professional educa tion. He at once located near Lavonia, and after practicing there with excellent success five years moved to Lavonia, where he has practiced for the last eight years, had all the patronage he could reasonably serve, and has enjoyed pro fessional and financial prosperity. He owns and operates a quite large farm and conducts a general merchandise store and canning establishment He is not only skilled as a physician, but is generally enterprising and possesses fine business qualifications. Dr. Jones was married in 1884 to Miss Mary M., born in Gwinnett county, Ga., in 1866, daughter of Jesse and Mary M. (Caldwell) McGee. He was a native of South Carolina, was a farmer, moved to Georgia and settled in Gwinnett county, where he died. He was a Confederate soldier during the war. Two of the children born to them--William O. and Charles D.--are still living. The mother of these, a devout member of the Presbyterian church, died in 1891. The following year he married Miss Gertrude, born in Hart county in 1874, daughter of Pruett and Eliza (Holbrook) Gulley. He was born in what is now Hart county, and served in the Confederate army during the late civil war. He has been a merchant, but is now a farmer in his native county. Dr. Jones is a member of the masonic fraternity and of the Presbyterian church.

I ITTLE. Of the many excellent families who may justly beclassedas"firstsettlers" of Northeast Georgia, few, if any, can claim precedence as to time of coming
or probity of character over that of the Littles. A worthy representative of the family is W. R. Little, lawyer, Carnesville, Franklin Co. Ga., son of Crawford and Lucinda (Neal) Little, who was born in Franklin county in 1850. His great grand-father on his father's side was a native of Virginia who came to Georgia in the latter part of the last century and was among the first settlers of Elbert county. His paternal grandfather, James H. Little, was born in Elbert county, \vas a farmer all his life, and was a soldier in the last war with Great Britain. Early in life he moved to Franklin county where he ended his days. Mr. Little's father was bom in Franklin count}-, and made fanning his life-occupation. He was a volunteer soldier during the late civil war, and after serving for some time was discharged. He served the county faithfully and efficiently as tax receiver, and* also as sheriff, and after a useful life died in 1889. A brother of his, Robert G.. was a very prominent man, and was a member of the state senate a number of years. His grandparents on his mother's side were natives of North Carolina, who came to Georgia and settled first in Elbert county and moved

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69!

thence to Franklin county, where they died. Mr. Little was raised on the farm and received his primary education at the near-by country schools, and afterward attended the high school at Jefferson, Jackson Co. He then in 1870, read law under the preceptorship of Col. John B. Estes, Gainesville, Ga., one of the most eminent lawyers in that part of the state; and in October of that year was admitted to the bar. He at once located in Carnesville, where he has lived ever since, and stands at the head of the local bar, with an increasing reputation and practice in the circuit In 1880 he was elected to represent the county in the general assembly, where as a member'of the committees on corporations and enrollment, and the special judiciary committee he performed valuable service. In 1884 he was again elected and served on the committees on general judiciary, railways, etc. In 1888, and again in 1894, he was elected to represent the senatorial district in the general assembly, and was appointed on the committees on general judiciary, privileges and elections, and public roads, of one or more of which he was chairman. Mr. Little has devoted himself almost exclusively to his profession, and has achieved the line success and secured the influential clientage such devotion deserves. He has few equals in success at the local and circuit bar. Mr. Little married Miss Dudley, born in Clarke (now Oconee) county, Ga, in 1854, daughter of Clemillis and Susan O. (Swinney) Few. Mr. Few was born in Jackson county, moved to Oconee county, and is now living in Madison county, Ga. He served some considerable time during the late civil war. Of the children born to Mr. and Mrs. Little nine are living: Omar, Lamus, Leland, Julian, Ovie, Crawford, India, Iline and Neal. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and himself and wife are prominent and valued members of the Presbyterian church. He has five brothers: Thomas A., who lives in Jackson county, Ga.; James M., Crawford E., Payton B. and Neal, all of whom are successful farmers living in Franklin county, and one sister, Anna, who also lives in Franklin county.

T^ANIEL M'KENZIE, county ordinary, Carnesville, Franklin Co., Ga., son of William and Lucretia (Gardner) McKenzie, was born in Clarke county, Ga.,
in 1842. His father was a native of Scotland, came to America in 1819, and settled in Canada. After teaching school there a number of years he emigrated to the United States and settled in New Jersey. There he engaged as a machinist, and in the course of business was sent to Georgia to put up the shafting and set up the machinery in. the old Georgia factory, four miles below Athens, Clarke Co., one of the first factories built in the state. He followed his trade as a machinist until 1881, when he died. His mother was born in Clarkc county, the daughter of a well-to-do farmer, whose family was among the earliest settlers in the county. Mr. McKenzie was reared in Athens, where he received a very good education. In 1861 he enlisted in Company K, Capt H. C. Billups, Third Georgia regiment, and went to the front With his command he was in the second battle of Manassas, in which his arm was so badly shattered by a shot that it had to be amputated. As soon as he was able to do so he reported for duty and was detailed for service in the quartermaster's department in which he faithfully discharged his duty until the surrender. Returning to Athens he was elected clerk of the city council for some years, and then went to Banks county, where he taught school. Subsequently he moved to Franklin county, where he taught eighteen years. In 1889 he was elected ordinary of Franklin county, has since been re-elected, and is discharging the duties of the office with the same efficiency and conscientious fidelity that has characterized him all his life. He is public spirited and pro gressive, alive to the interests and development of the county, and is held in very

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA

high esteem. Mr. McKenzie was married in 1871 to Miss Martha E., born ire Franklin county in 1846, daughter of John and Susan (Tabor) Pulliam. Mr, Pulliam was born in Franklin county and was a farmer. Eight children have blessed this union: John S., Mary E., Susan A., Martha D., Robert E., Ida A., Lucy Ellen and Nora Lee. Mr. McKenzie is a member of the I. O. O. F., and. himself and wife are members of the Methodist church.

OLUMBUS L. MIZE, farmer, Henry, Franklin Co., Ga., son of Henry J. and Mary E. (Mize) Mize, was born in Franklin (now Banks) county in 1850. His
paternal grandparents, Thomas and Lovinia (Cape) Mize, were natives of Franklin county, whose families were among the early settlers. He was a large land holder, and a farmer and merchant, prominent and influential. Mr. Mize's father was also born in Franklin county, in 1829, was raised on the farm, and when grown engaged in farming and merchandising. In 1861 the father enlisted and went to the front, doing good service until wounded at Jonesboro in July, 1864. He died the following month and was buried at Jonesboro. His remains were afterward moved to the Soldiers' cemetery through the care and direction of Miss Sallie Candler, sister of Hon. Alien D. Candler, of Atlanta. Henry J. Mize owned and operated the first cotton gin put up in the county. "The maternal grand parents of C- L. Mize, Warren and Elizabeth (Clarkston) Mize, were also natives of Franklin county, and he was a farmer, and volunteer soldier in the Indian war. Mr. Mize was reared on the farm and schooled himself. He started in life with nothing, but has worked hard and saved up until he has bought and now owns 400 acres of good land, and is a good and prosperous farmer. He was tax collector of the count}' many years, and is now postmaster at Henry. He stands well in the community, and has the friendship and confidence of his fellow-citizens. Mr. Mize was married in 1873 * Miss Mary S., born in South Carolina in 1851,. daughter of Himer and Millie (Pickrell) Aderhold, native South Caroliniansr who early in life came to Georgia and settled in Franklin county. His wife's grandfather, John Pickrell, came to South Carolina from Nantucket, Mass. Of the children which blessed this union six survive: Eugene J., Arrilla, Henry S.r Thomas L., Ida B. and Oscar C. Mr. and Mrs. Mize are active members of the Baptist church.

M H. NELMS, farmer, Carnesville, Franklin Co., Ga., son of Jesse and Alice " (Duncan) Nelms, was born in Elbert county, Ga., in 1834. His paternal
grandparents, David and Unit}' (Holbrook) Nelms, were natives of North Caro lina, who emigrated to Georgia and settled in Elbert county in the beginning of this century. He was of Irish descent, and a prominent farmer. Mr. Nelms' father was born in Elbert county, followed farming as his chief pursuit, but taught school in connection with it, and also served the people as a justice of the peace many years. In 1845 ne died in the county of his birth. Mr. Nelms' mother'sparents were Moses and Betsy Duncan. He was born in Elbert (now Hart) county, was a good farmer, and died in Elbert county. Mr. Nelms was reared on the farm and received only a limited education. In 1861 he enlisted in Company B, Capt P. E. Davant, Twenty-fourth Georgia regiment, and participated in the following among other battles: Yorktown, seven days' fight around Richmond, South Mountain and Sharpsburg. He was wounded in this battle while serving" as sergeant and sent to the hospital, where he remained about ten weeks, when he was granted a furlough and came home, being too feeble for field duty. Subse quently he served on the home guard or state militia. After the war he resumed fanning, has worked early and late and managed judiciously, so that now he has a

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693

good, well-equipped 40O-acre farm, and is prepared to spend the closing years of his life in peace and plenty. Besides farming he operates a ginnery. Mr. Nelms was married in 1868 to Miss Sarah, bora in Madison county, Ga., in 1847, daughter of James and Louisa (Moore) Powers. He was born in Madison county, was a well-to-do farmer, preached in the neighboring "meeting houses," and finally died in Madison county. Six of the children, who were the fruit of this marriage, are living: Margaret, Louisa, Julia Ann, John H., Ida and Gordon. He is a Master Mason, and himself and wife are consistent members of the Baptist church.

IRA W. RANDALL, merchant and capitalist, Martin, Franklin Co., Ga., son of Onie and Susan (Wilkerson) Randall, was born in Franklin county, in 1839.
His paternal grandfather was a native of England, ran away from home, and came to the United States, and settled in Virginia. His name was John Bull, but he .applied to the courts and had it changed to John Randall. Subsequently he migrated to South Carolina, whence, after a few years he moved to Georgia and settled in Franklin county, where he lived until he died. Mr. Randall's father was born in South Carolina, and came to Georgia early in life.. He was quite a large and prosperous farmer, and a member of and an earnest worker in the Baptist church. He died in 1854. His mother's parents were natives of North Carolina, -who early in life came to Georgia. Mr. Randall grew to manhood on the farm, receiving but little education. In 1861 he enlisted in Company H (Capt Mosely), Twenty-fourth Georgia regiment. He was in some of the hottest engagements arly in the conflict, and in the seven days' fight around Richmond had his arm shot off. He was sent to the hospital, where he remained about a month and then came home. He had nothing when the war closed, but in a few years by farming and trading he saved $300 with which, with Richard Yow, he embarked in a general merchandise business. A few years later he went into partnership in the
same business with O. G. Childs, and was soon aftenvard burned out, by which he lost heavily. By farming and trading he has accumulated quite a large amount of property, including much fine farming land, and is also a money-lender. In addition to what he owns in Franklin county, he owns a good block of stock in one of the strongest of the Atlanta banks. He was elected tax collector of the county and served one term. He keeps well posted on political and financial mat ters, and has excellent business capacity, which he has put to remarkably good -use. He is progressive and enterprising, and exercises a strong influence. Mr. Randall was married in 1866 to Miss Jane--born in Franklin county in 1846-- daughter of Jerry and Clara (Isbell) Cleveland. Mr. Cleveland was born in South Carolina, came to Georgia and settled in Franklin county early in life, and fol lowed farming and milling. He served the county one term as sheriff--was very much respected--and died at the age of eighty-three years. Of the children born to them five survive: Louana, Lizzie, Fannie, W. R., and O. R. The mother of these, an exemplary member of the Baptist church, died in the early months of 1878. Late in the same year he married Miss Sarah Cleveland--born in Frank lin county in 1842. He is a member of the Royal Arcanum and Knights of Honor, and himself and wife are members of the Baptist church.

I N. TRIBBLE, farmer, Carnesville, Franklin Co., Ga., son of John and Essie (Clinkscales) Tribble, was born in South Carolina in 1832. His paternal
grandparents were L. W. nnd Elizabeth (Crowder) Tribble. He was born in
Virginia of English extraction, was a large land and slave owner and a wealthy planter. He was an ardeit working member of the Baptist church. Mr. Trib]>le's father was born in Abbeville district, S. C, was a planter and quite rich,

694

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and died in 1839. His mother was a daughter of John and Polly (Pales) Clinkscales. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, a native of South Carolina, and a large land and slave owner. Nearly all of the above parties and their numerous descendants were and are firm adherents of the Baptist church. Mr. Tribble was reared on the plantation and received but a limited education. In 1862 he enlisted in Company G, Capt Jones, Thirty-fourth Georgia regiment He participated in many hard-fought battles, among them Baker's creek, Vicksburg, where he was captured and held two months. As scon as he was exchanged he returned to his command, with which he remained until the surrender. He was under Gen. Bragg in the battles at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge; under Gen. Johnston in those noted and hard-fought battles from Dalton to Atlanta; and was with Gen. Hood in his Tennessee campaign. On his return home he found his farm and buildings in very bad condition, but he commenced the work of restoration with energy and now has a large goo-acre farm of as good land as is in northeast Georgia, with substantial improvements. He was elected ordinary in 1877 and held the office three terms, doing excellent service for the county at a time when sound discretion and good judgment combined with forethought and energy were needed. That he proved equal to the emergency is sufficiently attested by -his repeated re-elections. He is tolerably rich, owning, besides his large plantation, a number of houses in Carnesville, and exercises a wide and strong influence. Mr. Tribble was married in 1852 to Miss Jane--born in South Carolina in 1831--daughter of Richardson and Elizabeth (Ellis) Tribble. He was a South Carolina farmer and spent his life in the state. To Mr. and Mrs. Tribble the following children have been born: William O., Essie E., James A., Elmina J., Jasper N., George W., Samuel ]., Alice A., and Ella R. The mother of these, an exemplary member of the Baptist church, died early in 1877, and late in that year Mr. Tribble contracted a second marriage with Miss Jane, daughter of Abraham and Christina (Owens) Riley. He was a native South Carolinian, who moved to Georgia in 1872. Mr. Tribble and his wife are prom inent and influential members of the Baptist church.

DICHARD D. YOW, merchant-farmer and capitalist, Avalon, Franklin Co., Ga., son of Thomas A. and Melissa (Dean) Yow, was born in South Carolina
in 1844. His paternal great-grandfather was a native of Germany and emigrated to this country in 1750. His grandparents, Dempsey and Jennie (Davis) Yow, were natives of North and South Carolina respectively. He was a farmer in Pickens county, in which he died. Mr. Yow's father was born in South Carolina and moved to Georgia and settled in Franklin county in 1851. He engaged in farming, and also conducted a general merchandise store, in both of which he was financially successful. He was elected surveyor of the county and served one or two terms. When the late war began he enlisted and went to the front, where he was taken sick and sent to the hospital at Richmond, where he died. Mr. R. D. Yow's maternal grandparents were Richard and Cynthia (Jenkins) Dean. He was a native of Anderson district, S. G, and was a rich planter and large land-owner. Mr. Yow was reared on the farm and received a limited education at the time-honored log school house where so many other of Georgia's prominent and distinguished citizens "graduated." In 1863 he enlisted in Com pany B, Capt Patrick (later Capt Mosely), First Georgia regiment, state line. He was a participant in most of the engagements from New Hope church to Atlanta, where during the siege he was captured and sent to Camp Chase, Ohio, where he was detained until April, 1865. On his return home he went to work on the farm, and farmed three years. He then embarked in the general mer-

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

695

chandise business at Goodwill, Franklin Co., whence he went to Carnesville, where he did business two years. From there he went back to Goodwill, then to Toccoa, Habersham Co., whence, after doing business two years, he moved to Avalon and established a large general merchandise business and became postmaster. Here he carried a very large and heavy stock of general merchandise, and does a very large and profitable trade with the surrounding country. He has been exceptionally successful; owns in addition to his merchandise between six and seven thousand acres of good farming land, three grist mills, and a large interest in the Toccoa bank, and is the wealthiest man in Franklin county. Mr. Yow has served his fellow citizens as justice of the peace many years, as county school commissioner, and as a member of the boards of education and jury
commissioners. In 1872 he was elected to represent the county in the general assembly, and was appointed on the committees on finance and corporations. In 1882 he was elected to represent the senatorial district in the general assembly, and was appointed on the committees on finance and banking. He has discharged ali the duties of the various public positions he has held faithfully and to the best interest of the people, whose confidence he fully enjoys. He is a man of large business capacity and qualifications and unusual financial ability. He is fully abreast of the time and progressive in everything. Mr. Yow was married
in 1870 to Miss Mary--born in Franklin county in 1852--daughter of Dr. Henry
D. and Amanda (Patrick) Aderhold. Dr. Aderhold was reared in Franklin county, in which he has practiced medicine successfully, professionally and financially,
for fifty years. Of the children with which this union has been blessed four survive: S. B., Myrtle, Morris, and Jones D. Mr. Yow is a member of the
masonic fraternity and Mrs. Yow is a working member of the Baptist church.

FULTON COUNTY.
HON. BENJAMIN F. ABBOTT, of Atlanta, who has long been recognized as one of the leading members of the bar of the state, is a native Georgian. He
was born in Cherokee county on July 3, 1839. His early life was spent on the farm, and having received a good academic education he removed to Atlanta in 1860 and began the study of the law under-the direction of the late Green B. Haygood, Esq. He was admitted to the bar in October, 1860. He immediately opened an office and practiced law until June, 1861, when he enlisted as a volun teer in Company F, Twentieth regiment, Georgia volunteers, army of northern Virginia. That company was commanded by Capt. E. M. Seage, and it was per haps the only company in the Confederate service which marched on foot more than 125 miles to take the cars for the seat of war in Virginia. The company was not wholly made up in Atlanta and in order to recruit and fill the ranks they marched from Atlanta to Roswell, thence to Hickory Flat and Orange, in Cherokee county; Frog Town in Forsyth county, Jasper in Pickens, Ellijay in Gilmer county, Spring Place in Murray county and on to Dalton, Ga. The company had a wagon for the transportation of the baggage, etc. At the various points named a halt was made and recruits procured, and when the command reached its destination it was nearly one hundred strong. Mr. Abbott remained with his regiment until 1863. when ill health forced his retirement. In the meantime he saw much hard service.



MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

'" "

He was with his regiment in the battles of Malvern Hill, Sharpsburg, Fredricksburg, Thoroughfare Gap and a number of smaller engagements. After leaving .active service he was assigned duty in the quartermaster's department. At the close of the war Mr. Abbott was engaged for a short time in successful mercantile pursuits, and then resumed the practice of the law. In this, his chosen pro fession, his success was almost phenomenal. In a very few years his clientage embraced many of the leading business firms and corporations of the country, and his practice was quite as remunerative as that of many of the oldest and ablest
practitioners, notwithstanding the Atlanta bar was then the equal of any in the
state. On the retirement of the Hon. H. K. McCay from the supreme bench Mr. Abbott formed a partnership with him, which continued until dissolved by the ap pointment of Judge McCay to the Federal bench for the northern district of Georgia. At successive periods he practiced law in partnership with Mr. J. R. Gray and Mr. Alexander W. Smith, respectively. At present he is practicing with his son, Mr. Charles A. Abbott. Though strictly wedded to his profession and having but little desire to mingle with politics, he consented to make the race for the general assembly and was accordingly elected as one of the representatives of the county- of Fulton in that body in the session of 1884-5. He was one of the leading members of the house, serving on many of its most important com mittees. As a member of the finance committee he gave special attention to the bill for raising funds to build the new capitol and was chairman of the committee on part of the house to arrange for and to conduct the ceremonies at the laying
of the corner-stone. It is not invidious to say that Mr. Abbott did more than any one man in procuring the appropriation for the erection of the capitol. In 1874 Mr. Abbott was one of the committee of seventy to prepare a new charter for the city of Atlanta, and was one of the sub-committee of seven to draft and submit the bill to the general assembly for that purpose. On behalf of the sub-committee he prepared the bill which became a law and was the author of many of its best provisions. He was a member of the executive committee of the international cotton exposition held in Atlanta, Ga., in 1881, and was its legal adviser. As a lawyer he does a general practice and represents various corporations and mone tary institutions, besides individuals. He has been for many years the attorney of the Atlanta National bank. In 1893 Mr. Abbott was urged by the leading mem bers of the bar to accept the appointment as judge of the superior court of the Atlanta circuit, which he declined, and in 1893 he was similarly presented to the
governor, for appointment, which he likewise declined. He is a man of liberal culture, a forceful, eloquent and humorous speaker. He has been a frequent con tributor to the public press on political and other subjects, all of which have been widely read and copied. He is a loyal and consistent member and deacon of the Baptist church. For many years he has been a delegate to the State Baptist convention and the Southern Baptist convention, and is a member of the Home Mission board of the latter body. Mr. Abbott has been twice married, first to Miss Isabella Kendrick, the accomplished daughter of the late Mr. S. S. Kendrick, o? Atlanta, Ga., with whom he lived in perfect domestic happiness for more than a quarter of a century and until her death; and second to Mrs. Josephine A. Richards, of Atlanta, his present wife, and who presides with grace and elegance over his home.

("*EORGE W. ADAIR, the foremost real estate dealer of Atlanta, is the son of
John F. Adair and Mary Slavin, and was born in Morgan county, Ga.,
March I, 1823. His father followed the trade of a wheelwright, and settled in De Kalb county, five miles south of Decatur. He resided here until the death

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697

of his mother in 1835, and was then sent to Decatur, Ga., to enter the employ of G. B. Butler. His bright, winning ways soon attracted the attention of those about him and in 1840 Col. J. M. Calhoun, William H. Dabney, Hon. Charles Murphy and Dr. Ephraim M. Poole, desiring to forward his interests, advanced the necessary amount for a two years' course in the Decatur academy. After com pleting this, young Adair studied law in the office of Judge John J. Floyd and Gen. J. N. Williamson, of Covington, Ga., and after two years' application was admitted to the bar. Being young and inexperienced he found progress slow,
and having a debt of several hundred dollars to cancel, he withdrew from his
profession and accepted a position tendered him by J. Edgar Thomson, chief
engineer, as conductor on the Georgia railroad, running between Social Circle find Augusta, and was in charge of the first train that entered Atlanta. After leaving the employ of the railroad he moved to Covington, Ga., thence to Charles ton, S. C, and located permanently in Atlanta in 1854. Under the firm name of Adair & Ezzard he conducted a mercantile store for two years, and then entered the general trading and real estate business, which he still continues. Col. Adair, originally a whig in political belief, vehemently opposed the idea of secession, and was defeated in the race for the secession convention. When, however, war was declared, he placed himself beside his southern comrades, ready to assert the claims of his people. He established in 1860 the "Southern Confederacy," being assisted by J. Henley Smith. This daily journal, issued until the battle of Chickamauga, was bold and decisive in its advocacy of the southern cause. In the last year of the war he volunteered as an aid on the staff of Gen. N. B. Forrest This association developed a strong and lasting friendship that was broken only by the death of that gallant leader. When the war was over he returned to find his home destroyed and his accumulated fortune well-nigh vanished. In partner
ship with Messrs. Clayton, Adair & Purse he opened a general commission house, and at the same time resumed his interest in the real estate business. In 1865 he retired from the firm and has since confined himself to real estate and auctioneer
ing. In" the latter avocation he has conducted large sales with marked success in Atlanta, Birmingham, Sheffield and Chattanooga, and in all his transactions has never lost a dollar through irregularity of procedure or defective title. Col. Adair has ever manifested his loyalty and love for Atlanta and Georgia. He has been prominently connected with numerous important enterprises, especially the building of railroads. His zeal and energy gave a decided impetus to the rapid growth and prosperity of this city. He was an earnest promoter and vice-presi dent of the Atlanta Street railway in 1870, being associated with Richard Peters. In the financial panic of 1873, followed by the resumption of specie payment, Col. Adair was compelled to make an assignment of all his property. With indomitable determination, possessing the respect, confidence and sympathy of the com munity, he again began at the foundation, and by honesty, tenacity and ability, has erected a large and handsome fortune over the wreck of his former accumu lation. Col. Adair has been connected with the Atlanta Cotton factory, the Atlanta Cotton exposition, director of the Kimball House company, president of the Georgia Western railway, director of the Piedmont exposition and director of Mrs. Ballard's Female seminary. He is a member of the constitutional conven tion in 1865, of the city council, the board of water commissioners and the board of county commissioners of roads and revenues. He has never sought political honors, but naturally takes a devoted interest in both state and national affairs. Col. Adair as a writer is terse, convincing and logical; as a speaker eloquent and witty, with a gift for repartee seldom equaled; as a business man active, energetic and far-seeing, and a gentleman of kind and attractive disposition, and a character

698

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

stainless tnd honorable. He married Mary Jane Perry, a daughter of Josiah Perry, and has a happy family of four sons and three daughters: Robin, Jack, Forrest and George, and Sallie, Annie and Mary, the oldest, the wife of G. A. Howell of Atlanta. Col Adair is of Irish and French origin. His ancestors came to America in 1711, landed in Charleston and then separated to different sections of the country.

^^D. ADAIR is one of Atlanta's most progressive and enterprising citizens. For a number of years he has been identified with the commercial interests of that
city, and no man in Atlanta exercises a more potential influence for good. Mr. Adair was born in Talladega county, Ala., on July 17, 1835. Like many other successful men in Atlanta whose talents have commanded the respect of the business world, Mr. Adair was reared on a farm and spent the period of his boyhood in the furrows. It proved a splendid discipline, however, and gave him a robust constitution. By reason of the vigorous out-door work to which he was accustomed when a boy he has enjoyed life to the fullest extent, as only those can enjoy it whose health has never been impaired by indiscreet habits. Mr. Adair remained on the farm until he reached his twentieth year. He then taught school in the county for one year, after which he began to clerk in a dry goods store. He came to Atlanta in 1858, entering the dry goods emporium of Salmonds, Mathews & Co., the leading merchants of the city at that time. Though liis salary was only $20 a month, he managed by strict economy to live within his means and to lay by a few dollars from his monthly earnings. He remained in the employ of this firm for three years, after which he formed a partnership with his cousin, Col. George \V. Adair, and Mr. A. T. Anderson, of New York, the style of the firm being that of Anderson, Adair & Co., the subject of this sketch being the company. The war, however, prevented the prospects begotten of this enterprising partnership from being realized. Two years after going in business for himself Mr. Adair enlisted as a private in the Confederate army, and was assigned to Gen. Forrest's body guard. He served in this capacity until the surrender of Gen. Forrest at Gainesville, Ala. Mr. Adair was in the following engagements: Franklin, Tenn., Murfreesboro, Fort Pillow, Selma, Ala., and forty or fifty skirmishes. During his military experience Mr. Adair was in quite a number of perilous situations, and his life was more than once saved, as it seemed, by miraculous intervention. He was captured at Memphis, Tenn., and held for twenty-four hours. After the war he returned to Atlanta on horseback, and, though he found the city reduced to ashes, he lost no time in devoting him self to the rebuilding of his shattered fortunes. Engaging in the commission business with his two brothers, G. B. and Walter Adair. under the firm name of Adair & Bros., he soon established himself securely in the confidence of the mercantile world as well as in the patronage of Atlanta's returning population. The firm of Adair & Bros, continued to operate successfully until 1885, a period of twenty years, and was then changed to that of Adair Bros. & Co. Air. G. B. Adair left the firm in 1891 and the business has since been carried on under the name of A. D. Adair & McCaity Bros. In 1885 Mr. Adair purchased an interest in the Furman Farm Improvement company of East Point. Ga., of which he has been for several years the president. The products of this enterprising fac tory are sold by the firm of which Mr. Adair is the leading member, and the satisfaction they have given is demonstrated by the yearly increasing business of the firm. Mr. Adair has also been in the fertilizer business since 1866. Mr. Adair has few superiors as a skillful financier and his talents in this direction have brought him before the public in various positions of trust and responsi-

FIJI/TON COUNTY SKETCHES.
bility. He is the president of the Merchants' and Mechanics' bank of Atlanta, a director in the Merchants' bank, and also a director of the Cotton States and International exposition. Mr. Adair has never sought or held political office, preferring the simpler avocations of private life, to the glare and turmoil of the public service. He is always ready, however, to discharge his full duty as a citizen, and is well informed on all the topics of the day, financial and political. A close observer, nothing escapes his attention, and his views on all publicquestions are carefully formed before he ventures to express them. Mr. Adair is a man of deep religious convictions, and for a number of years has been one of the most influential members of the Baptist denomination in the state. As the treasurer of the home mission board of the southern Baptist convention for nine years he made one of the most efficient and devoted officers of that body. He is now the chairman of the committee on appropriations, and is the senior deacon of the Second Baptist church of Atlanta. He is also president of the Baptist state mission board. Mr. Adair was married in 1868 to Miss Octavia Hammond, the daughter of the late Judge Dennis F. Hammond of Atlanta. Four children have sprung from this union, as follows: Adeline, the wife of Mr. Julian Field, of Atlanta; Laura, Barbary, and A. D., Jr. The home life of Mr. Adair is picturesque and beautiful. No man is more devoted to his family or takes a deeper interest in the affairs of his household. The name of Mr. Adair's father \\as Capt. James Adair. He was a native of Georgia and was born in Morgan county. He was a son of Capt. John Adair, who was a soldier in the revolution. The Adair family in all of its generations has been noted for its sterling char acteristics and for the strength and value of its contributions to the state and to the community. n R; JAMES FRANKLIN ALEXANDER, was born in Greenville district,
S. C., May 28, 1824, on a farm belonging to his father, Dr. Thomas W. Alexander. He came with his parents to the state of Georgia when a little child, the family settling in Lawrenceville, where he received the principal part of his education at a school taught by Rev. James Patterson. Dr. Alexander also attended Oglethorpe university two years and completed his education at Law renceville. In 1846 he began the study of medicine with Dr. James Gordon and was graduated at the Medical college of Georgia, Augusta, in 1849. He attended his first course of lectures in 1847 at Augusta, but his father dying that year he was compelled to devote the remainder of that twelve months to the adminis tration of the estate, studying at home. He resumed his college course in 1848 and graduated the year following. In April, 1849, a man was attacked with small-pox, and Dr. Alexander, though he had just graduated, thought he saw an opportunity to establish himself at Atlanta. He immediately went there, thinking, as he says, "that it was no worse to run the risk of catching small-pox than to have no practice." Arriving in Atlanta he met Dr. E. C. Calhoun, ot Decatur, Ga., a former classmate, who had come on the same errand and who had secured the refusal of the only room then to be had that would serve as an office. Dr. Calhoun, however, finally decided that the rent asked for th<r little office (it was only $6 per month) was too great, and Dr. Alexander at once secured it. The small-pox patient was lying ill at the old Thompson house, which stood where the Kimball house now stands and was conducted by Dr. Thompson, who soon after erected a little board structure outside of the city limits, to which the patients, two men and one woman, were removed. There Dr. Alexander took charge of them and under his efficient care and treatment they all recovered. This made Dr. Alexander's reputation at once and he imme-

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
diately entered upon a large practice, which has increased until for years he lias had more than he could attend to. For forty-five years he has practiced in Atlanta, his practice growing with the growth of the city. In May, 1861, Dr. Alexander entered the Confederate service as surgeon of the Seventh Georgia infantry, of which regiment L. J. Gartrell was the first colonel. He served six months in the field but returned to Atlanta and was there detailed on hospital -duty, in which he was actively engaged until the war closed. He was a member of the secession convention which carried Georgia out of the union in January, 1861, favoring and voting for the ordinance of secession. In fact he was the second man who recorded his vote for that historic measure. He has been a member of the Atlanta city board of health about ten years, being elected its president in 1893 and re-elected in 1894-95. He is also a member of die Amer ican medical and Georgia state medical associations and has served as president, vice-president, treasurer and censor of the latter. Dr. Alexander is the only living member of the state medical association who helped to organize that society. In addition to his professional honors he has enjoyed political preferment, having served on the Atlanta city council. He is also a prominent member and steward of the Methodist Episcopal church. Dr. Alexander was married in 1855 to Miss Georgia, daughter of Richard Orme, editor and proprietor of the "Southern Recorder" at Milledgeville. She died in 1876, and in June, two years later, Dr. Alexander married Miss Ada Reynolds, daughter of Permedas Reynolds, Covingtan, Ga., who was also a member of the secession convention above mentioned. Dr. Alexander's oldest child, Jeannie, the daughter of his first wife, is now the wife of J. P. Stevcns. To his second marriage were born a son and a daughter-- J. F. Alexander and Ada. Dr. Alexander's father was Dr. Thomas Williamson Alexander, who was born in Greenville district, S. C., in 1791, and was married in Pendleton district of that state to Martha, daughter of William Walker, and some seven -or eight years later moved to Lawrenceville, Ga., where he lived until 1847. He was killed in an accident caused by his horse running away. Dr. T. \V. Alexander had seven children who lived to maturity, of whom six were sons: John R.. now living at Thomasville, Ga.; William W., deceased; Elizabeth, widow of \V. W. Lowrey: D. J. F. Alexander; Thomas W., now a lawyer in Rome, Ga.; Wilson R., deceased: and Cicero X. The oldest son, John R., was a soldier in the Seminole war of 1836. Thomas W. was adjutant of a Georgia regiment during the war of the rebellion. Cicero X. entered the Confederate service in a Texas regiment, being a resident of the lone star state when the war broke out. He was mustered in with the rank of captain and was wounded at Fort Donelson. He was then placed on provost marshal duty and served in that capacity until the close of hostilities. Dr. Alexander's grandfather was John R. Alexander, the emigrant ancestor who was of Scotch-Irish parentage. He settled in South Carolina, married a Miss Williamson, and in the service of his country during the revolution attained the rank of major. At a subsequent date he, with his son, Dr. Thomas Williamson, located in Georgia, the grandfather dying in Lawrenceville, about 1830. Dr. James F. Alexander is one of the most famous physicians of Atlanta, holding the respect of the entire business and social circle of the city in which he practices.
JW ARTIX F. AMOROUS, the prominent lumber dealer of Atlanta, Ga., was born in Savannah, Ga., Oct. 23, 1858. Here his childhood days were passed
and here he attended school until about fifteen years of age, when he went to Eastman, Dodge Co.. situated in the pine belt of Georgia, and accepted a position in a saw-mill. In 1877 lie came to Atlanta and entered the employ of

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

7OI

Anthony Murphy, then transacting the largest lumber trade in the city. After five years' service with Air. Murphy, having gained much experience by his con stant contact with the traffic, Air. Amorous received the agency for several large lumber firms, for whom he acted until 1885, when, in connection with Mr. D. CBacon of Savannah, another conspicuous dealer in Georgia's great natural product, he organized the Atlanta Lumber company,with a capital stock of $25,000,. since increased to $50,000. When the company was permanently established 'Mr. Bacon was elected president and Mr. Amorous general manager. Prosperity has followed in the wake of this enterprise since the day of its organization, and it is now mentioned among the foremost substantial and reliable commercial institutions of the city. In the private walks of life, as well as in the throbbing,. thrifty circles of business activity, Mr. Amorous enjoys an enviable reputation for integrity and marked ability. He is a director of the Amoskeag Lumber com pany of Dodge county, and has other interests that require time and attention, Possessing as he does a nature yearning for progress and advancement, and an enthusiastic advocacy and substantial support of everything promising the forward growth and welfare of the city, it is not surprising that he is one of Atlanta's most popular citizens. This fact is fully attested by his being chosen a director and a member of the executive committee of the Cotton States and International ex position. As another instance of the esteem in which Mr. Amorous is held, he was elected and served one term--two years--as member of the general council of the city. Though a young man, his talent and executive ability were ap preciated and he faithfully performed the duties of a city father. During this time he introduced the ordinance, now in force, regulating the sale of intoxicating liquors within the incorporated limits. Under its operation the traffic has been as unobjectionable as it could well be if tolerated and legalized. Mr. Amorous was the original promoter of the electric light company organized in Atlanta; was one of the organizers of the Home bank, now known as the Southern Banking and Trust company, and served some time as its president, was also one of the original members of the Capitol City club of Atlanta. Mr. Amorous was mar ried in 1887 to Miss Emma Kate Williams, daughter of W. H. Williams of Colum bus, Ga. Their lives have been blessed with two children: Clinton B. and Emma Kate. Intellectual vigor, energy and generosity have characterized Mr. Amorous*" life, and to complete his personality, a genial disposition and an open-hearted nature commend him as an invaluable friend.

LUDWIG AMSTER was born in Iglo, Austria, Nov. u, 1863, and re ceived his education in the public schools and gymnasium of that city, taking the degree of A. M. at the latter institute in 1880. After graduating he went to Vienna and there took up the study of medicine at the university, attending five and a half years and graduating in 1886. That same year he came to New York and at once took a course of lectures at the university of that city, receiving the degree of M. D. in 1888. Dr. Amster remained in New York over two years,. and in January, 1890, went to Macon, Ga., removing from that city to Atlanta in October, 1892, having practiced his profession continuously since taking his degree. He is a member of the Atlanta society of medicine, of which he is a censor and is medical examiner for the following insurance companies: The Northwestern Mutual Life of Milwaukee, Wis.; the Travelers and Mutual Life of Hartford, Conn. He also holds the position of physician to the Hebrew Orphans' home of Atlanta. He is a Knight of Pythias and is affiliated with the B'nai Brith. He was married Feb. 7, 1893, to Fannie, daughter of M. Dinkem-

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
Rochester, N. Y. Dr. Amster is a general favorite and occupies a high social position.
MEDOM L. AXGIER, ex-state treasurer and ex-mayor of Atlanta, de ceased, who was born in Acworth, X. H., Nov. 10, 1814, was of Huguenot
extraction, his father being an early settler and distinguished citizen of Acworth. Mr. Angier came south about the time Hons. W. H. Seward, Lyman Trumbull and other renowned New Englanders reached Georgia, and like them, taught school, studying medicine at leisure intervals. In Coweta county he prosecuted the profession of schoolmaster for four years. In 1843 ne attended lectures in the New York Medical university and began practice in Randolph county, removing to Atlanta, then a small village, in 1847, and acted as both druggist and physician. In 1850 the "gold fever" induced him to seek a fortune in California. Here he remained one year and was made a member of the vigilance committee in a rough mining-camp that resorted to summary matters in dealing with the desper ate, lawless characters of the Pacific slope, but this wild life was unsuited to him, so he returned to Atlanta and by 1860 had amassed a competency by trading in real estate. In 1843 Dr. Angier married Miss E. A. Angier, a. cultivated lady of an influential southern family. He was a Douglas democrat and strenuously opposed secession. He left the Confederacy in 1863 and ran the blockade on a steamer to Havana, Cuba, and from there took ship to New York, continuing to the state of Iowa, but returned to Georgia in 1865. While north, having a nephew who was assistant attorney general, he had frequent interviews with President Abraham Lincoln, entreating him that when hostilities ceased, there be no crusade of prosecutions, confiscations, etc., against his old southern neighbors, but that a policy of conciliation and rehabilitation be pursued; being a New Englander it was believed his pacificatory views had great weight with the president and that he would have adopted them had not Booth's murderous bullet aggravated the trouble and incensed northern leaders. Because of his pronounced stand for the Union, Dr. Angier was appointed collector of internal revenue for Georgia by Andrew Johnson, but resigned after nine months because the "test oath" pre cluded so many worthy men from holding Federal office. He was directly in strumental in having this act repealed. He was elected a member of the constitutional convention of 1868, and many of the beneficent provisions were due to his clear forethought He was elected republican state treasurer of Georgia in 1868 and as such saved the state millions of dollars. Ex-Congressman W. P. Price, when speaking of his efficient service, said: "Many men have claimed the honor of saving Georgia, but if I were to single out any special man who did signal service to the state when she so sorely needed help, I would select Dr. N. L. Angier, who won the proud title of 'watch dog of the treasury' when hordes of plunderers sought to pillage an already impoverished people." An ardent republican from conviction and principle, Dr. Angier, in a time of general moral laxity and the disorder consequent upon the close of a great civil war, held his personal integrity and official honesty pure and unsullied, and bitterly fought to a successful issue all the misdeeds of his party colleagues and stood unflinchingly by the honor of the state and the interests of its people. When the contest was adjourned to congress on the "prolongation bill," Dr. Angier was in the front battling for popular, representative government, and so favorably impressed the house that the bill was defeated. His letter to Senator Beck of Kentucky was considered the ablest exposition of self-government and often called for by both houses. Soon after the expiration of his term as state treasurer of Georgia, having gained so much praise and confidence, he was elected mayor of Atlanta, and

fl v" J v

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

73

although sectional prejudices were rife, and a democrat with a war record his opponent, yet the city was financially depleted and desired a tried, true and capable financier to assume control, and Dr. Angier, with a. brilliant career behind him, was chosen by a democratic constituency. But wise administration fully justified the confidence and met the expectations of the people. While mayor he contracted a disease that resulted in his death. Dr. Angier possessed a big heart
as well as a mighty brain, and instances of his benevolence and charity were of daily occurrence.

J7DGAR A. ANGIER, ex-assistant United States attorney, was born in Atlanta, Ga., in a house adjoining John Ryan's old shoe store, on Nov. 26, 1861. His
father being a physician he frequently accompanied him to administer medicine and to alleviate the suffering of the Federal and Confederate soldiers, who were brought wounded and sick to his native city. As Dr. Angier was a prominent Union believer and his wife a daughter of an old Georgia family, the son would not fight against the south, and in consequence was compelled to refugee to Iowa during the last year of the war. He ran the blockade with his family, but was under severe cannonading on several occasions from Federal gunboats. After returning to the south in 1865 Edgar entered the common schools of Atlanta, and on leaving them went to the state university at Athens, Ga., graduating a few years later. Then, determining upon law as his professional choice, he went to Crawfordville, Ga., and studied at "Liberty hall" under that eminent jurist and states man, Alexander H. Stephens. Besides being taught by the great commoner he was schooled at home in the whig doctrines of Henry Clay. Returning to his home he entered upon the active practice of his profession. Mr. Angler's first publicity as a speaker was when Mr. Stephens was a nominee of the democratic party against Gen. L. J. Gartrell, representative of the independent ticket There he displayed decided oratorical ability, and his voice played no inconspicuous part in his candidate's election. Mr. Angier was elected city attorney of Atlanta in 1883, and chosen a member of the city council three years later. While a member of this body he was also one of the "Big Four," the others being C. A. Collier, J. T. Cooper and A. L. Greene. This designation referred to the opinions held by these gentlemen on the liquor question. They were all strong advocates of anti-prohibition, and resisted the municipal enactments to extend the localoption law. During his service in the city council he made three speeches that attracted wide attention and gave their author a favorable reputation both north and south; they were: "A Treatise on Mr. Blaine's Paris Interview," "A Plea for the Salary System, as Against Fees and Perquisites," and "An Objection Against Convict-Made Material in Public Works." Until 1888 he affiliated with the democratic party, and was a zealous supporter of Samuel J. Randall for president, but when the Carlisle-Morrison faction, with the platform of free trade, came into power, he transferred his allegiance to the republicans. He married Annie P. ' Isham in 1877, and has eight children. He is a member and earnest worker in the St. Phillip's church. In 1889 he was appointed assistant United States attorney by President Harrison, but resigned that office when Grover Cleveland ascended to power. In 1894 Mr. Angier was appointed special master in chancery- by Judges Don A. Pardee and W. T. Newman of the United States court, and still
holds this position.
r\R. WILLIAM SIMPSON ARMSTRONG, physician and surgeon, Atlanta, *^ Ga., was born on his father's plantation in Wilkes county, Ga., Oct. 9, 1838. He was brought up on the old homestead until he was seventeen, receiving his

704

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

education in the When at a later

private school taught date Prof. Wright took

by R. M. charge of

Wright, in Washington, Ga, the academy in Washington,.

Ga., young Armstrong continued his studies under him. Having completed his

isuntnutddheieersmDuern.ddJice.arHlPc.roLolfal.engWee. roigfHhGet,eloherefgt cihaoi,msApmureegcnuecspetadto, traoninsdtu1thd85ey7nmawneeddnicttoitnooektahatecWouunasirvsheeinrosgifttyolenco,tfuGtrhease.,-

city of New York, where he graduated in the medical department in 1859. Then

itIhnhrewteorrieensteuugrrnuvntiaieclrdedtshta,oesoaWrsgppaarrnisinhivzgianetdogef,toina1nn8,Wd6G1i,aalk.s,wetashhneecdno,Iubrtnwehtgeyina,nwGgatuahr.ae,rbdaprtseraatahckntaiidntcgetoimotohfuee.tmr, echHdoeimeceipnwnaelani,ssitreeemsdmumiasnitenettrihneinedg

Atlanta June subsequently

9, 1861, and were as a member of

merged into the Ninth Georgia that regiment, and went with

infantry, it to the

he served valley of

atwcrHVhefoateiaemersycgrwhpisnerawateidinslaealya,racetctwhaoMiMnhsnmdeegaanrpnntetorRaaashsstineeosscdsaahrfssmeeR,omurJfoirncueanmhtldidiynmle,etmM2ooad1nnbau,Gdd1erncre8tsahan6ilnt.1oodo,tPffhrtedtehttnhhheedeereeedlarfedearootnyolltdledonoosr'wjifstIlorltiesiwahnnodregi*tlniiBgclyileirneegteaaaruauytraait,rroretcbwdnigoal,hlartoepterwlrfdnsey.a,hshfwiomisTsmhuafoghcanrshoaideeetmteunacvsdpotaaesamnmtr,nhsyem.haa,etramtwpniSwolodholnieeionchntrnhthyet.,

wshWbssoeuoehrmrfisevngopneeceridtehofaheintltvh.sei,elteleaortrbLneh,rodpaeVastoaeirbarxdsrta.se,toiihdtnaglfeetnmnaewwougedfmaahdsSiitibncochaheaaprltth.rpcpepeolxasiaRHbcnSmeuiteecercihhdgnormeeenwtrmodowsan,asaGsdpisnuf,aeoepsaoduaesprenrgpgvaddhoiitatsih,neWwihwtseoaaihedsslnlexpcantaithotshmaeshelsitiegtaniehknanwroteeiasudRospcnniihocttt,iaoahrladlrmsngDeddeoraueentwctdodyefta.mthsoteahbaxTterepaehrppmp,Teoooriai1iennrny8titt6l-- nehot2odger,

conscripts at Montgomery, Ala., where he remained about two months, and was

pthhaoetsinpeinttrtaaslndosufnetyrbr,eoadanrtddosaMerovvbeesdilseeulinntaitnlhdtehcesaaermvrieaecdsutaatttheieo. mn Aintot MthCaeorclluahtm,teb1r8uc6si5,ty,Mwhihesesw.n,ahsseuarsprseliangcdneeeddrihntiogs

there somewhat later. Returning to Wilkes county, Ga., he remained there until

Nov. 28, 1865, and then removed to Atlanta, where he commenced the practice of

medicine, which he has carried on ever since. In 1866 he was elected demon

strator of anatomy in the Atlanta Medical college. A year later he went to

Europe, studying in London and Paris, widening his field of observation and

coming in contact with the greatest physicians of those countries. Upon his

return he held that

was elected professor of anatomy in the chair ever since, except an interval of

Atlanta several

Medical college, and has years, when he resigned

his chair. In 1890 clinical surgery was added to the chair of anatomy, and Dr.

Armstrong since then has been professor of anatomy and clinical surgery. Dr.

Armstrong is a member of the Medical Society of the State of Georgia, and of

the Atlanta Society of Medicine, the American Medical, and surgeon to the Grady

hospital. He is well known in the medical world, having contributed numerous

articles to the "Atlanta Medical and Surgical" and other leading medical maga

zines. While a not since been

resident of in active

Mobile, Ala., membership.

he affiliated with the F. & A. He is also a member of

M., the

but has Second

Baptist church. In 1869 Dr. Armstrong was married to Miss Myra Grant,

daughter of CoL L. P. Grant, who died in Atlanta in 1893. Mr. Grant was the

aconewndnceeWrdioolflniwaamtheadtBii.tstonDotwhr.ekAmnroumwnsinctripoaasnlgiGtyrs.aenrvtDepdra.raAks,rmipnrseAtsriotdlnaengnttah,aosfbuttwht eowicAthhtillapdnrritenanc:ecliytLyamuhureanailLftih.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

705

board fourteen years in succession, resigning in January, 1893. His father \\rts Francis Cavoisieur Armstrong, born in Savannah, Ga., in 1800, who went with his parents to Wilkes county, Ga., in 1812, leaving Savannah at the time of the British invasion. The father was a planter and died in 1876. His wife was Frances Anianda Simpson, a native of Georgia, and in their family were four children: William S., the subject of this sketch; Victoria, wife of Frank
Slaton. Wilkes county, Ga., who lives on the farm occupied by her mother's ancestors when they emigrated to Georgia from Maryland before the revolution: Alice, unmarried; James, who lives on the old homestead in Wilkes county. The
grandfather was James Armstrong, who was born in Hempstead, X. Y., married there, and was the father of two children. His wife dying he removed to Savan nah, Ga., with his family, and there married the widow Butler, and through her Dr. Armstrong is descended. James Armstrong located subsequently in \Vilkes county, Ga., and died there in 1836. He was a planter and a Baptist minister. His father with twenty others was killed by Indians in Xew York state while they were attending divine service in a small church. James Armstrong was born aftt r this sad accident, and was brought up in Hempstead, X. Y.. by a Presbyterian minister, Rev. Joseph Barbour. Dr. Armstrong is highly esteemed in social as well as professional circles, having gained and retained the respect of the entire
community.

QOL. REUBEN ARNOLD, one of the most talented lawyers of Atlanta, is a native of Greeneville. Tenn. Born on Aug. 7, 1833, he was reared in this
town until fifteen years old. In the fall of 1848 lie entered the university of Tennessee, whence he graduated in 1851. He then began the study of law with his father. Gen. Thomas D. Arnold, a member of congress from the first district. His father fought throughout the war of 1812 and was appointed brigadier-gen eral of the East Tennessee militia. Mr. Reuben Arnold was admitted to the bar in 1854. and located at Greeneville, Tenn., where he prosecuted his profession until the opening of the war. In 1861 he organized the Twenty-ninth Tennessee
infantry, and was elected lieutenant-colonel, and acted in this capacity while doing active service, except during the interval between the battle of Fishing Creek in January, 1862, and the battle of Shiloh in April, 1862. For these four months he commanded the regiment. From May, 1862, to May. 1863, he was unable to accompany his command on account of illness and was compelled to leave it. When health and vigor were fully regained he took his seat in the Ten nessee legislature, to which he had been overwhelmingly elected, and conse quently never rejoined his regiment. In May of 1863 he enlisted in the partisan rangers, an independent company commanded by his brother, John Q. Arnold.
He entered and continued a private until the close of the conflict. Col. Arnold participated in the following battles: Rock Castle, Ky., Eastport, Tenn., Shiloh, Farmington, Tenn.. Fishing Creek, and innumerable skirmishes and minor
engagements. After leaving his comrades he tramped to North Carolina and made a crop on a farm in Rutherford county, remaining there until November,
1865. and then removed to Atlanta, Ga. Having received a full pardon from President Johnson, who was an intimate friend of his father, he began the prac tice of law. He formed a co-partnership with Col. E. N. Broyles, and later was associated with his brother, Frank. At present the firm consists of himself and his two sons. During the year 1867 he held the office of city attorney of Atlanta.'
He is a Knight Templar, Mason, Red Man. and affiliates with the Episcopal church. Col. Arnold was married in 1863, while the war was in progress; to Virginia, a daughter of the late Col. Wm. M. Lowry. She died in 1879, leaving1 1-45

706

'

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA,

six children, as follows: Vernon, Reuben R., Lowry P., Virginia, Thomas B., and Daisy. Col. Arnold is a practitioner of the old, fast-fading type. He pos sesses a just conception of the lofty principles and aims of his high calling and never stoops to a low or contemptible action. He believes in construing the law in its true, common-sense light, and raising it to the loftiest plane, above reproach and ignoble slander. He is minutely acquainted with all departments of the law--a well-developed, symmetrical disciple of Blackstone and Chitty. His suc cess in managing difficult and sometimes desperate murder cases has been phe nomenal. At cross-questioning he is adroit and cunning, and before the jury almost irresistible. Humor and pathos are alike at his command. As a popular man, an eloquent speaker, and a logical, convincing lawyer Col. Arnold is without a superior.

UENRY MURRELL ATKIXSOX. One of the most successful of Atlanta's younger financiers is Mr. Henry Murrell Atkinson. Mr. Atkinson is a native
of Xew England, and was born in Brookline, Mass., on Nov. 13, 1862. His father, George Atkinson, was a man of distinguished talent, and belonged to one of the oldest and best families of Xew England. Theodore Atkinson, his progenitor, seven generations removed, was a native of Bury, Lancastershire, England. He came to this country in 1634, among the earlier pioneers of the Xew England coast, settling in Boston, Mass. Mr. Atkinson's great-grandfather, Amos Atkin son, was a minute man in the historic battles of Concord and Lexington, taking a gallant part in the opening struggle of the American revolution. He afterward
served in the patriot army as an officer in the Seventeenth Massachusetts regiment, one of the first raised. The maiden name of Mr. Atkinson's mother was Elizabeth Staigg. She was born in Yorkshire, England, and belonged to one of the best
families of that cultured section. Her brother was a celebrated portrait painter and many fine portraits were painted by him. In addition to these works of art he executed quite a large number of fine miniatures. The union between George Atkinson, the father of the subject of this sketch, and Elizabeth Staigg occurred at Newport, R. I. Mr. Atkinson received his primary education from the private schools of Boston. These have always ranked among the best in the United States. After leaving the Boston schools Mr. Atkinson became a student of Harvard university, leaving that institution in 1882. For three years he was engaged in the cattle business in the west, after which he came to Atlanta, believing that here he could find a better opening than at any other point in the south. He had not been a resident of Atlanta long before he acquired the spirit of enthusi astic devotion to his adopted cit3-. For three years after coming to Atlanta he \vas connected with Messrs. S. M. Inman & Co. in the cotton business. In 1889 Mr. Atkinson organized and established the Southern Banking and Trust com pany, with a capital stock of $300,000, of which he became the vice-president. At this time he was only twenty-seven years of age. Subsequently, in 1890, he assumed the duties of president, and managed the entire business of the bank. Under his superior financial management this institution became one of the strongest and most prosperous banking enterprises in the city. Recently this bank consolidated its deposit business with the Atlanta Trust and Banking com pany, and the combination has produced one of the strongest monetary institu tions in the south, the Southern Banking and Tnist company continuing as a trust company with $300,000 capital. Two years after organizing the bank of which he became president, Mr. Atkinson, in 1891, organized the Georgia Electric Light company, of which he was made the president In this way Mr. Atkinson has rendered valuable sen-ice to Atlanta by placing her in the front rank of those

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

707

cities using electricity for illuminating purposes, as well as for transportation and manufacturing motive power. As a progressive and enterprising business man, promoting the material growth and welfare of the city, Mr. Atkinson has
been a valuable addition to Atlanta's citizenship. It is entirely safe to say that no young man has ever come to Atlanta, like Mr. Atkinson, a comparative stranger, and, within the brief space of only ten years, produced such an indelible
impress upon the community. He has not only demonstrated the brilliant enter prise of a promoter, but the sober judgment of a wise manager and safe coun sellor. Mr. Atkinson, by reason of his influential business connections in New England, has been the means of bringing large sums of money to Atlanta. His influence has been constantly exerted in an effort to bring northern and eastern enterprises to this city, and he has succeeded in this endeavor to such an extent as to make Atlanta deeply indebted to him. Though Mr. Atkinson has never sought political preferment or self-aggrandizement of any kind, he has always been a careful student of politics, especially in their bearing upon the business .and financial situation. He is a close and watchful observer, and nothing escapes his attention. In view of the success already achieved in Atlanta by this brilliant young scion of New England it is safe to predict that his future will be one of splendid revelation. Mr. Atkinson is a member of the leading clubs of the city, notably of the Capital City and the Commercial, and is also a member of the Reform and the Harvard clubs of New York city. Mr. Atkinson was married in April, 1888, to Miss May Peters, a daughter of Mr. Richard Peters, who was a member of the engineering corps that located and superintended the construc
tion of the Georgia railway. He was a pioneer resident of this city; the origin ator and builder of the first street railway, and among the foremost in every enterprise calculated to advance Atlanta's prosperity. Mr. and Mrs. Atkinson
have two children. Mr. Atkinson, as agent for eastern money lenders, represents .$2,500,000 capital invested in the south. In addition to his management of the Southern Banking and Trust company, he is president of the Georgia Electric Light company, vice-president of the Atlanta Trust and Banking company, pres ident of the Tripod Paint company, and director in several other associations.

JJENRY L. ATWATER, formerly president of the Southern Mutual Building
and Loan association, and an energetic, reliable and respected citizen, was born in New Haven, Conn., in the year 1833, and lived there until twenty-five years of age. In this city he received his education, passed the days when manhood
is molding into symmetry, and undertook the fundamental labors of his selfdelegated vocation. At the age of seventeen he commenced to learn the craft of carriage-making in the factory of his father, John S. Atwater, and three years
later was placed in entire charge of an important and responsible department In 1859 tne family migrated from their home on the eastern coast of America to Columbus, Miss., and there established a carriage factory and repository under
the firm name of John S. Atwater & Sons, which they continued in active opera
tion until 1876. During. the war Henry managed the business exclusively, manufacturing ambulances, equipments and vehicles of every description for the Confederate army. His brother enlisted in Gen. Joe Wheeler's cavalry, a company of which was organized in that locality. In 1876 Henry left the fac
tory in Columbus and went to Memphis, Tenn., to accept the agency of the
Milburn Wagon company. He remained for two years, and in 1878 came to
Atlanta to establish a branch house for the same wagon company, and acted as their agent in this city until 1886. He then transferred his connection to the Standard Wagon company, and served their interests for three years. About

7o8

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

1889 he and other influential gentlemen formulated and organized the Southern Mutual Building and Loan association. In 1890 Mr. Atwater was elected presi dent, occupied this office until July, 1894, and since then has held the vicepresidency, having the co-operation and good-will of all associated with him. He was also one of the directors of the State Savings bank. Air. Atwater was united in marriage on Oct. 5, 1857, to Delia V., daughter of Julius Tyler, of New Haven, Conn. He takes a laudable and unswerving interest in aiding religious endeavor. He is a member of the Methodist church and treasurer of the St. John's Methodist church of Atlanta. He united with the Masons, the Odd JFellows and the Red Men. Mr. Atwater is indefatigable and earnest in all he undertakes. He is possessed of a genial disposition and singularly pleasing manners. He heartily endorses public spirit, thrift and industry and has been a cogent factor in Atlanta's rapid development.

JAMES UOZEMAN 13AIRD, a prominent medical practitioner.of Atlanta, Ga.,
was born Jan. 5. 1849, nl Columbus, Ga. He was reared and received his early education in that city on the banks of the Chattahoochee river. He exhibited remarkable precocity in his primary studies and advanced from grade to grade
in the common schools with wonderful rapidity. At the age of fifteen years, though hardly able to carry a musket, he enlisted in the Confederate army in 1864. and served irregularly until the surrender. During the first four years of
reconstruction he was engaged in various mercantile employments, devoting his
leisure hours at night to the study of medicine. In 1869 he was enrolled in the Bellevue Hospital Medical college of Xew York city, and was graduated after a two years' course of diligent application. Having moved to Atlanta in 1868 he returned after obtaining his diploma, in the spring of 1871, to pursue the active practice of his profession. In acquiring the knowledge of his chosen science Dr. Baird's advancement has been phenomenal, covering a wide scope and em bracing mar.y branches. He is a member of the State Medical association, the Atlanta Society of Medicine, the American Medical association, the Atlanta Ob stetrical society, member of the regular medical examining board of the state of Georgia and other medical organizations, has served as secretary and orator
of the State Medical association and secretary of the health board of Atlanta.
The last position he occupied for seventeen years--a splendid testimonial of the confidence reposed in his superior ability. Dr. Baird for several years was lec turer on physiology and nervous diseases and performed many operations in
surgery in the Atlanta Medical college. Subsequently he filled the chair of prin ciples and practice of medicine in the Southern Medical college of Atlanta. Hi* talents have not l>een confined to practice alone, but he has written numerous articles that commanded widespread interest in different medical journals of tho country. Dr. Baird was married in 1879 to Elizabeth, daughter of Gen. L. J. Gartrell, who was a member of both the Confederate and national congress, as representative from Georgia. Dr. Baird's father was Dr. John B. Baird, a native of Charleston, "S. C. born in 1806. He graduated when twenty-four years old at the Charleston Medical college, moved to Columbus, Ga., a few years later, practiced there for fully forty years and came to Atlanta in 1868, where he con
tinued practice a year or two. and died in 1871. His wife was Mary L. Bozeman. a native of Scottsboro. Ga. Dr. Baird's grandfather was Ca.pt. James R. Baird,
who fought in the war of 1812, and is buried in Charleston, S. C. Dr. Baird is highly esteemed for his long experience and extensive learning, and has fre quently been requested by the state to pass judgment on the sanity of criminals.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

709

His testimony is clear, concise and convincing, spoken with a candor and precision that leave no doubt as to the logical deduction of its conclusions.

JAMES JETHRO BARNES, present sheriff of Fulton county. Ga., was born in Fayette county (now known as Clayton) on April 10. 1840. He resided
in this locality until nineteen years old, attending school in the adjoining town of
Jonesboro. In 1859 he accompanied his parents to Bowdon, Ga., and there entered Bowdon college. In June, 1861, he left the recitation room for the camp and bivouac. At the first approach of war he enlisted as a private in Cobb's legion and served as such in that command throughout the conflict. At South Mountain, Md., Mr. Barnes received a painful gun-shot wound, being shot
through the left knee and was captured and held prisoner for three months. On recovering he immediately rejoined the army, but after an examination the lead
ing surgeons pronounced him totally unfit for field service and he was given light duties ina.hospital at Richmond, Va. This indolent, inactive, routine life
proved of great annoyance to his restless, patriotic spirit. He refused to stay, and eluding the vigilant watch of those in charge availed himself of a favorable opportunity and made his escape, and by much exertion reached his command about one week before the battle of Gettysburg, in which he participated. He then destroyed the discharge he had received before this battle, which granted a furlough on the grounds of physical disability, because of his reluctance to leave
the army, and remained with his company until the same was captured at the close of the last campaign. At Cold Harbor, Drewry's Bluff, Petersburg and in many other minor engagements Mr. Barnes conducted himself in a fearless, dar ing manner that elicited the praise of his comrades. When the surrender betokened peace and union, he was furnished transportation from Newport News
to Savannah, and walked from there to Wayncsboro, Ga.. and there received additional transportation to Augusta, Ga., and on to Atlanta. From this city he returned to Carroll county and found his father bankrupt, having lost everything. Thinking a more encouraging business outlook could be found in Atlanta he came back and worked three months for his board alone, and aftenvards secured a. position with Peter Lynch, who kept then, as now, a general store at 95 White
hall street, at seventy-five dollars per month. He worked in this establishment
for nine months, and on leaving Mr. Lynch entered into partnership with W- M. Middlebrook, the style of the firm being Middlebrook & Barnes, which continued through the year 1872. Early in 1873 ne went into the wholesale produce and
commission business. This is still operating in his name. In 1879 Mr. Barnes was elected to the city council and served two years as representative of the First
ward. In 1891 he was made deputy sheriff under J. W. Morrow, and during 1893 was placed in the office of sheriff, and re-elected in the fall of 1894. Mr. Barnes was married in 1868 to Miss Cornelia V., daughter of John T. Hall of Atlanta. They have a pleasant family, consisting of three sons and one daughter, as follows: William H., Mary H., James J., Jr., and John S. Mr. Barnes is a member of the I. O. O. F. and the encampment. He belongs to the camp of United Confed erate Veterans of Fulton county and rejoices in a reunion where, with friends and old messmates, he recounts the glories and hardships and humor of camp-
life. Mr. Barnes is a sturdy supporter of right and honor, and believes that only useful, capable and honest men should hold public office.

r\AVID A. BEATTIE, president of the board of education of Atlanta, Ga., is
a native of Argyle, Washington Co., N. Y., having been born May 19, 1833. Until twenty years of age he resided in the place of his nativity, studying in the

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common schools and academy of Argyle, Hebron, and showing an aptitude for educational training that promised a future of rich returns. During 1853 he came south, located in Henry county, Ga., and for the succeeding five years taught school in Henry, Fayette and Newton counties. With a hope of increased financial prosperity he went to La Grange, Tenn., entered the mercantile business, and conducted the same with profit for several years. He was compelled to suspend when the hostilities of war became imminent, and thereupon engaged in general trading, which continued until the dose of the civil conflict Then Mr. Beattie returned to Georgia, settled in Atlanta, interested himself in the live stock business, and now follows that occupation. He was one of the initial promoters
of the Union Stockyards Dairy and Manufacturing company, and held the presi
dency for one year. He was one of the original stockholders in the Capital City Land and Improvement company, and when this combine was succeeded by the Capital City bank, Mr. Beattie was chosen a director. He has been a dis tinguished factor in Atlanta's growth and improvement since the war. In the city council his efforts met with a hearty co-operation, and numerous improvements were completed. He served as a member of this body in 1873, again in 1875-76, 1881-82, 1885-86, and 1893-94, and is now the honored presiding officer of the board of education, having been elected to this board four separate times. His work for the developing of the public school system has been effectual and continued, and gathering for him friends and admirers by the score. Mr. Beattie
belongs to the Presbyterian church, was superintendent of the Sunday school for a number of years, and after holding the office of deacon for many years, was elected elder, and fills that responsible position with a devout religious enthusiasm.
Mr. Beattie was married, on August 30, 1860, in Newton county, Ga., to Mary Letitia, daughter of Alfred Livingston. Her father is still living at the age of ninety-two years. To this marriage were born seven children: John L., William D., Etta L., Edward B, James T., David L. and Nellie M. Mr. Beattie's father \vas John Beattie, born in the state of New York, and an officer in the war of 1812. His mother's maiden name was Hannah Lytle. His grandfather was a native of north Ireland, who emigrated to New York in his early manhood, and
by thrift and perseverance made a record that posterity will envy.

M R. L. H. BECK. One of Atlanta's most successful and enterprising business men is Mr. L. H. Beck, the president of the Beck & Gregg Hardware company.
Mr. Beck is a native of this state, and was born at Griffin, Ga., in Spalding county, on Aug. 5, 1848. He resided in Spalding county until he reached his eighth
year, and then moved to Newton county, locating about four miles from Covington. Here he received his rudimentary education, dividing his time between the school room and the plantation. At the age of sixteen the subject of this sketch became
a member of the state troops, and served under the command of Col. Joel A, Billups. After the war he came to Atlanta, without friends or prospects, to begin the struggle of life. This was in 1866. The city presented a cheerless picture of desolation, on account of the destructive march of Gen. Sherman; but trade was beginning to revive, and the outlook for the future was one of encouragement. He secured a clerkship in the hardware establishment of Tommey & Stewart, and having gained a start, he experienced no difficulty in holding his own. By reason
of his push and energy he was several times promoted, and finally, in 1870, succeeded to a partnership in the business, the firm becoming that of Tommey, Stewart & Beck. Mr. Stewart retired in 1878, and Mr. W. A. Gregg became a partner, changing the name of the firm to Tommey, Gregg & Beck. Mr. Tommey withdrew in 1880, and the firm of Beck, Gregg & Co., W. M. Crumley

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making the Co., continued the business. Three years later the enterprising firm applied for a charter, which was promptly granted. The establishment was incorporated under the name of Beck & Gregg Hardware company, the first mercantile company ever incorporated in the south. The trade of this house extends all over the country, and every year a banquet is held at which all the clerks and salesmen meet together in social intercourse with the owners of the business. Mr. Beck is the president of the Atlanta Machine works, having successfully organized that enterprise several years ago, and is also connected with several other important operations. Mr. Beck is socially a most delightful gentleman, and belongs to the Capital City and Piedmont driving clubs. He was united in marriage, on Jan. i, 1874, to Miss Sallie E. Speer, sister of the late Maj. D. N. Speer, for many years the treasurer of the state of Georgia, and his home life is one of ideal felicity. Mr. Beck has always taken a deep interest in public affairs, but has never sought political honors, being satisfied with the quiet life of an unobtrusive citizen. He is a member of the First Methodist church, and takes a deep interest in all that concerns the welfare of his denomination. From every point of view his life has been a successful one, and no citizen of Atlanta is more deserving of popular esteem.
(^HARLES BEERMAN, who is perhaps as well known as any citizen of Atlanta, not only for his long residence, but enterprising spirit, was born in Hanover,
Germany, April 17, 1833. During the first twenty years of his life he remained in his native country, attending the educational institutions of that highly civilized nation, and prepared his mind for the graver duties of the future. He emigrated in 1853 to America, landing at Charleston, S. C, with a large number of rare singing birds that commanded a good price and ready sales. He traveled over Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama, disposing of this stock. In January, 1855, having sold his last songster, he removed to Atlanta and engaged in the cigar business for five years. Then he undertook the manufacture of cigars in connection with a retail store. When the war was over he resumed the wholesale and retail cigar trade and prosecuted this with signal success until August, 1882, when he disposed of his interest at a good price and took a lease of the old Kimball house, and began its control under the most favorable circumstances, but on the eleventh day after assuming this responsible management the house was destroyed by fire. He immediately organized a stock company to rebuild, but the enterprise failed, and, together with Gen. Robert Toombs, Joseph Thompson, L. W. Scoville and H. I. Kimball formed a syndicate and erected the present Kimball house, at a cost of $643,000. When completed, Messrs. Scoville, Beerman & Co. took charge, and a year later Mr. Scoville retired, and Charles Beerman & Co. have conducted it since January, 1885. In 1889 Mr. Beerman leased the Markham house, another Atlanta hotel, and Beerman & Co. (the "Co." being Joseph Thompson) manage this in connection with their other interests. For a long while these were the only prominent hostelries in the city. The Kimball house, especially, has gained a favorable reputation throughout the southern states. Mr. Beerman is president of the Atlanta Brewing and Ice company, having begun as treasurer; a director of the American Trust and Banking company, and largely connected' with several building and loan associations, now paid out. He served in the city council as alderman for three years, and acquired great popularity and respect. Mr. Beerman has been married three times, and has four children: Margaret, wife of John Elvers, of Atlanta; Henry C., Mamie, wife of H. Haupt, of Hamburg, Germany, and Walter B., child of his last wife. Mr. Beerman united with the Lutherans in religious faith, and belongs to the Capital City and Concordia clubs of Atlanta. Mr. Beerman has few equals as a strong-minded business man, possessed of a disposition that

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

invites companionship, and the courage, energy and boldness of adventure that attain success.

A LBERT BELLIXGRATH, Atlanta, Fulton Co., Ga., son of Leonard Bellingrath, was born in Prussia. April 26. 1838. His father emigrated to the United
States in 1848, and settled in Fayetteville, X. C. He died in 1874- In 1852, when fourteen years of age, Mr. Bellingrath came to this country and joined his father i Xorth Carolina. He engaged in the building of steamboats and other seagoing craft, remaining there until 1856, when he came to Atlanta. In October of that year he commenced work in the shops of the Georgia railway, in Atlanta, remaining
there until 1863, having been detailed to that work by the Confederate government. In 1865 he was ordered to Cuthbert, Ga., to make spirits of nitre for the government, and continued there until the surrender. Immediately after that event--May, 1865
--he returned to Atlanta and entered into the firm which has since expanded into the great plumbing and heating and house-furnishing firm now known as the Hunnicutt & Bellingrath company, of which he is manager of the mechanical department. Retiring and unassuming, and of irreproachable private life, and
occupying a front position in his specialty as an artisan, he is justly esteemed as a mechanic and in the commercial world. Mr. Bellingrath was married, Oct. 17, 1861, to Miss Mary G., daughter of William H. McMillan, Quincy, Fla. Of eight children born to them, seven survive: Carrie M., wife of Dr. \V. D. M. Alason, Fort
Worth, Tex.; Katie S., Albert F., Helen M., Herman W., Julia M., Henry L. Mr. Uellingrath is an exemplar}' and highly esteemed member of the Presbyterian church.

[)R. CHAS. F. BEXSOX. While the shock of internecine warfare thrilled with awe and dread suspense the heart of the nation, and hurrying armies rushed
tn bloody conflict, the subject of tins sketch entered upon the battlefield of life. On July 28, 1861. Dr. Charles Francis Benson was born near Aiken, S. C. His father, Clias. F. Benson, was at the time a gallant officer of the southern Con federacy, whose fortunes ho shared throughout the four years' war; while his mother, nee Elizabeth Fitzsinmions Trotti. with the Spartan courage character istic of the southern women of that day. managed her husband's large estate for the maintenance of his family, and the benefit of the soldiers in the field. Dr. I Jen son's paternal grandparents were Laurence S. Kenson and his wife. Elizabeth Fastbcndcr Shafner. of Charleston. S. C.: while he traces his lineage on his mother's side to Dr. Lawrence J- Trotti. an eminent M. I), of Barnwell, S. C.. and his wife, uhose maiden name \\as Elizabeth Collins. of Richmond county. Ga. When the embryo doctor was six years old. his parents moved from South Carolina to Atlanta. Ga.. where the family lived until he was thirteen years of age. when they became residents of Lake Weir. Marion Co.. Fla. During the family's residence in Atlanta, Charles F. Benson. Jr.. passed meritoriously through the grammar schools and. after remaining in Florida three years, he returned to Atlanta and entered Prof. T. De Means' high school for young gentlemen, where after three years of studious application to his books, he completed his academic education. With characteristic energy he immediately began his medical instruction under Dr. W. S. Armstrong, professor of anatomy in the Atlanta Medical college, which institution he entered later, and where, after two years, he graduated with dis tinction in 1882. After this the young doctor returned to Florida, where he expected to locate permanently, and was at once appointed United States surgeon to examine applicants for pensions. His appointment as demonstrator of anatomy in his alma mater the same year (1882) caused a reversal of his decision, and he returned to Atlanta to accept the responsible position offered him. After filling

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this appointment for three years Dr. Ueitsoii entered actively and aggressively tipon the practice of his "profession, with constantly increasing success. On Oct. II, 1893, Dr. Chas. F. Benson was united in marriage to Miss Stella Clare Carr of Atlanta, daughter of Elias R. Carr. of Logan county, Ky., and Jane I". Carr, nee Redding, of Macon, Ga. Genius is irrepressible, and the implanted germ of greatness, patiently and persistently cultivated, ultimately attains to perfect growth. Dr. Benson, although a young man, is far on the road to deserved success in its highest sense, and his native trend, supplemented and assisted by indomitable will, untiring energy and earnest integrity of heart and mind, which,
looking above and beyond mere selfish considerations, seek the good of mankind, prophesies for him deserved greatness in his chosen profession.

JOHX S. BIGBY. lawyer, Atlanta. Ga.. president of the Hagle and Phoenix Manufacturing company, of Columbus. Ga.. was born in Coweta county. Ga.,
Feb. 13, 1833, and is a son of John and Susan L. (Powelll Bigby. John Bigby.
his father, was a native of Abbevillo district, S. C., and died in 1865. He was for many years a minister in the service of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, and afterward became a fanner and planter in Coweta county. He \\as a devout follower of the "meek and lowly Xazarene," and a man of much native talent and
mental strength. His wife was a native of Glynn county. Ga.. the accomplished daughter of James M. I'owell, a prominent citizen of ihat section of the state.
John S. Bigby was reared and received his earlier education in Coweta county, and later became a student of Emory college. Oxford. Ga., graduating from that
institution with the degree bachelor of arts in the class of 1853. Soon after his graduation he was admitted to the bar at Xewnan, Ga., and practiced his pro
fession there for more than thirty years. The rising young attorney was not long in having his talents recognized, and was appointed solicitor-general of the then
Tallapoosa (now Coweta) circuit in 1867. He was also a delegate to the constitu tional convention held in Atlanta, Ga.. in 1868. Mr. Bigby was also chosen as
a delegate to the national convention, held in Philadelphia. Pa., in 1876. Judge Bigby was appointed United States district attorney for the northern district of
Georgia in 1881, and served until that administration laid down the reigns of
power, four years later. He served as judge of the Tallapoosa (now Coweta) circuit for two and a half years, having been appointed in 1869 for eight years, but resigned in 1871. In 1870 Judge Bigby was elected a member of congress, and
after serving one term resumed the practice of law. in which he has continued with remarkable success, having some years ago established himself in Atlanta. In
1891 Judge Bigby was chosen president of the Eagle and Phoenix Manufacturing company of Columbus, one of the largest manufacturers of cotton and woolen
goods in the southern states. During the civil war his term of service as a member of the Georgia state troops was limited to a period of about six months.
Aside from his profound legal knowledge Judge Bigby is cne of the most success
ful business men in Georgia, occupying numerous positions of trust and impor
tance, among which it may be mentioned that he is a member of the board of directors of the Atlanta & West Point Railroad company, a director and vicepresident of the Xewnan National bank and of the First Xational bank of Newnan: he is also a member of the board of directors of the Fidelity Banking and Trust company, a director in the West View Cemetery company and vice-president of the West View Floral company, all of Atlanta. Mr. Bigby is a member of the
Methodist Episcopal church, south. He has been twice married, his first wife
being Miss Mary C. Dougherty, of Xewnan, Ga.. to whom he was united in 1853. She was a daughter of John Dougherty. deceased, who was one of Xewnan's

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prominent citizens. She departed this life in 1870, leaving as issue of her wifehood two sons and one daughter. In 1872 Judge Bigby was married to Miss Elizabeth K., daughter of John J. McClendon, of Newnan, Ga. The fruits of this
union consist of one son and five daughters, all of whom are now living.

THOMAS L. BISHOP, a promising and popular young attorney of Atlanta, Ga., was born in Newton county, Ga., in 1861, and, with his parents, came to
Atlanta in 1867. He was educated in the public schools, and after graduating, having determined when a mere boy to become a lawyer, entered the office of Mr. Julius L. Brown, with whom he studied law for several years. He was admitted to
the bar in 1885, to the supreme court of Georgia during April, 1890, and to the United States district and circuit courts in December of the same year. In 1889 Mr. Bishop was elected a member of the board of education of Atlanta, being the youngest member who ever served in this responsible position. Feeling and understanding the need and influence of the schools, he was useful in laboring for their interests, and worked hard to increase the efficiency of the system. In 1880 Mr. Bishop was employed by Senator Brown to take charge of the renting of his
real estate in Atlanta, and the executors of Senator Brown still continue him in charge of it This is a splendid indication of the trust and confidence placed in his ability and integrity by one whose judgment of men is proverbial. Mr.
Bishop was married in 1886 to Stella, daughter of W. M. Thomas, of Fayette county, Ga. He belongs to the order of Knights of Pythias, the Odd Fellows, and Red Men, but affiliates with no church. In the capacity of a business man his interests are manifold and guarded with a sagacity that assures success. He is president of the Snow Church Collecting agency, the Excelsior Steam laundry, the Atlanta Real Estate and Investment company, director and attorney for the State Building and Loan association, and acts as attorney for several other
corporations. Mr. Bishop is a logical, aggressive lawyer, full of enterprise and energy. He is genial and generous, hating shams and shallow pretenses, and appreciates genuine merit His practice is constantly increasing, and it is doubt
ful if any lawyer of his age in Atlanta has better clientage. His youth, quickness of perception and affability guarantee a bright future. He is a member of the law firm of Bishop, Andrews & Hill. Mr. Bishop has declined public office and sought no prominence in politics, yet his reputation is spreading, and if he had done nothing better than improve the public school system of the city he would be endeared to its thinking population.

f)R. BENJAMIN WILLIAMS BIZZELL, a very successful physician of Atlanta, was born on Feb. 27, 1866, on his father's cotton plantation in
Greene county, Ala., and received his primary education in the schools of that
vicinity. In 1883 he matriculated at the university of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, but was obliged to leave college two years later on acount of ill health, although he had reached his senior year. He graduated from the Southern Medical college
at Atlanta in 1887 and went immediately to the college of physicians and sur
geons in New York city, graduating therefrom in 1888. He passed the following six months in the Xew York polyclinic and then, having landed interests in Arcola, Miss., went to that city and there practiced his profession until February,
1892, at which time he located in Atlanta, Ga. Dr. Bizzell is a member of the Georgia state medical association, the Atlanta society of medicine, the southern surgical and gynecological association, the national association of railroad sur
geons, and is a member of the Atlanta board of United States examining sur geons. While in Arcola, Miss., he was medical examiner for the New York

THOMAS L. BISHOP.
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Life and the Mutual Life insurance companies of Xew York. Dr. Bizzell has contributed numerous articles to the leading medical journals, among them one on super-vaginal hysterotomy, which was published in the Atlanta "Medical and Surgical Journal." Dr. Bizzell is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. His father, James C. Bizzell, was born in South Carolina, and came to Green
county, Ala., when a child.' James C. Bizzell was a planter and married Mary, daughter of Benjamin Williams, a native of Virginia. They had three sons and three daughters, all three of the sons choosing medicine as their profession and
graduating with first honors from the colleges which they attended. The first,
Dr. William D. Bizzell, attended the Mobile medical college and practiced a few years in Mobile, during which time he was elected to the chair of chemistry in his alma mater. Coming to Atlanta in 1881 he was elected by the faculty of the Southern medical college professor of the principles and practice of medicine, which honorable position he held until his death in June, 1890. The second son was a graduate of the Mobile medical college, also of the Southern university of Greensboro, Ala., and is now a practicing physician in Arcola, Miss. The third son is Dr. Benjamin Williams Bizzell. The father died in February, 1891. Dr. Bizzell's grandfather was a soldier in the war of 1812 and his maternal great grandfather Williams was killed serving his country in the war of the revolution.

JUDGE LOGAN E. BLECKLEY. No state in the union surpasses Georgia in the quality of her judicial talent as illustrated in the records of the supreme
court of this state; and of all the public men who have adorned the bench by the splendor of their legal gilts and the purity of their exalted lives, no one is more
conspicuous than ex-Chief Justice Logan E. Bleckley, whose recent retirement
from the bench is more than ordinary loss, if, indeed, it falls short of a calamity. In forming the legal mind of Judge Bleckley it is not improper to assume that' generations had been at work. Endowed by nature with peculiar gifts, the early
development of these unusual qualities admit of no other explanation. His legal turn of mind began to assert itself in early childhood, and on one occasion, much to the amusement of his grandfather, it declared itself in a manner both precocious and amusing. His grandfather, who had taken him in charge, as he was too young to be sent away from home, being only fiye years old, decided to apply the rod to his young pupil one day, and accordingly made known to him his intention. The quick mind of the boy, in order to escape the rod, seized
upon an idea and he resolved to make a plea of insanity. He told his grandfather
that his mind was not sound and for this reason he did not think he ought to be whipped. This circumstance in the life of Judge Bleckley is significant It shows that his success at the bar and on the bench is not merely the result of
discipline, but chiefly the fulfillment of nature's own prediction based upon the rare gifts committed to him at his birth. In his firm grasp of a legal proposition and the clearness of his judgment in arriving at the principles of right and justice involved in any issue brought before him, Judge Bleckley has never had a superior, and perhaps few equals, on the supreme bench. Judge Logan E. Bleckley was born in Rabun county, Ga., among the picturesque mountain views of the extreme northeast corner of the state, on July 3, 1827. At
this time the cataracts and waterfalls that plunged through the chasm at Tallulah were in the possession of the Cherokee Indians, together with all that unbroken wilderness. The county of Rabun had been organized but a few years at the time of Judge Bleckley's advent, and the dangers incident to pio neer life in that section of the state were neither trifling nor far apart. The
courage of a brave man was needed to battle with the solitudes of that remote

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wilderness and the heart of a less heroic man than Judge Bleckley's father might have given up in helpless alarm. Judge Bleckley has written a charming sketch for one of the law magazines in which he gives a lengthy account of himself in
a letter addressed to posterity. In this letter he says: "At eleven years of age 1 commenced writing in the office of my father, who at that time was a farmer without any lands and tenements and with only a few goods and chattels. He lived on a rented homestead, just one mile from Clayton. the county town, and was clerk of three courts--the superior, inferior and ordinary. He was a man of strong intellect, fair information and some business experience. He had been iheriff of the county. A more sterling character was not in the world--certainly not in that large group called the middle class to which he belonged. Loyal to the truth, he scorned sham, pretense and mendacity. He was a native of North Carolina, as was my mother also. His blood was Irish and English combined: hers German." In his father's office the young clerk soon acquired a marked familiarity with legal forms and as he grew in usefulness larger shares of work
were given him to do. He soon acquired a fondness for law and, strange to say, for an immature boy, found great stores of pleasure, if not romance, in the tedious volumes of the law. He made himself familiar with the constitution of the state and of the United States, and at the age of seventeen borrowed a copy of Blackstone, and a few other legal text-books. There being no resident lawyer in the county, the young applicant for admission to the bar toiled away by himself and explored unaided the deep mysteries of legal science. Xow and then he made excursions for the purpose of being catechised, into the adjoining comities, and received encouragement from a number of prominent lawyers in this way. Among these the late Judge Underwood took a deep interest in the young student, and the kindness of the great jurist was never forgotten by Judge Bleck ley, who paid a beautiful tribute to his memory, a few years ago, from the bench. In April. 1846. at the age of nineteen, the young applicant stood his examination and was formally admitted to the bar. The business of the county, however, failed to support him. and after struggling two years he accepted employment as a bookkeeper for the Western & Atlantic railroad. This brought him to Atlanta in 1848. In this connection it is interesting to observe that, in after years, when the honors of the highest judicial office in the state rested upon him. Judge Bleckley prepared his decisions within a few reds of the spot in which he toiled away, an obscure youth, at the books of the Western & Atlantic railroad. In this position he remained for three years, his salary ranging from 840 to $66 a month. He then gave up the position to become the governor's secretary at
Milledgeville with a salary of $1.200. He retired from this position in 1851. having saved enough money to provide himself with a small library, and to keep him above water for several months. He opened a law office in Atlanta and
found to his satisfaction, by reason of his late connection with the railroad, that
he was largely in demand. His practice grew and his fees with it. In 1853 he *.vas elected solicitor-general of the Coweta circuit, then embracing eight counties.
His term of sen-ice lasted four years and at the expiration of this time he was married. He continued the practice of law in Atlanta until 1861. Touching upon his military experience during the late war. Judge Bleckley gives this amusing account of himself: "The first battle of Manassas, alias Bull Run. occurred while I was in a camp of instruction, endeavoring to acquire some skill in the noble art of homicide. By nature I am pacific. The military spirit has but a feeble development in my constitution. Nevertheless I tried the fortunes of a private soldier for a short time in behalf of the southern confederacy. I was dis charged on account of ill-health, after a few months" sen-ice in western Virginia,

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without having shed any one's bipod or lost any of my own. \Yhen 1 consider how
destructive I might have been, had my health supported my prowess, 1 am dis posed to congratulate 'gentlemen on the other side' upon my forced retirement from the ranks at an early period of the contest. After my discharge from the army, I served the Confederacy in much of the legal business in and around
Atlanta. In 1864, about the time Gen. Sherman left Atlanta on his march to the sea, I was appointed to the office of supreme court reporter. After reporting two volumes, the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Georgia, I resigned the office.
This was in the spring of 1867. From that time until I was appointed to the
supreme bench in 1875,I practiced law continuously in Atlanta." Judge Blecklcy remained on the bench until 1880, and then resigned on account of impaired health. He closed his term of service with a brief j'udicial poem, found in the
Sixty-fourth Georgia, entitled "In the Matter of Rest." In this connection Judge Bleckley observes in his letter to posterity: "Perhaps I ought to confess that
divers other poems, happily none of them judicial, may be laid to my charge.
During most of my life I have had a strong and to me unaccountable tendency t metrical transgression. Over and over again I have suffered the pains and penalties of poetic guilt. .Besides a score or two of convictions I have had many trials and narrow escapes. But even now I am not a hardened offender for n bashful hesitation always tempers my gallantry with the muses." Remaining in private life until 1887, Judge Bleckley was recalled to the supreme bench to
succeed the late Chief Justice Jackson. His term of office expired in 1892, but, in spite of the hardships of his office, becoming daily more burdensome with the weight of advancing years and increasing litigation, he consented to a re-election
with the hope that by a constitutional amendment an addition might be made
to the judicial group on the supreme bench. This would be a great relief to him and would enable him, without personal sacrifice, to remain in the service of tin: commonwealth. The amendment, however, failed, and he was forced to send
in-his resignation to Gov. Xorthen to take effect on Oct. 29, 1894. The resigna tion was accepted by Gov. Xorthen with great reluctance, and he took occasion, in behalf of the state, to commend his able and patriotic services and to express his estimate of the state's loss in his retirement from the bench. From a lengthy editorial which appeared in the Atlanta "Constitution,"' the following is taken:
"The resignation of Chief Justice Bleckley will excite sincere regret throughout the state. Full of years and honors, this eminent and learned judge retires from
the bench because he believes that it is an impossibility for three men to deal with the rapidly increasing volume of business in the supreme court. The resig
nation of this great jurist is a public calamity. He has been so wise, so clear in
his great office, so just and so lovable that all classes of our people regard him with veneration and affection. He has been not only a great lawyer and a ju-<t
judge, but lie has proved himself a philosopher whose practical wisdom and
benevolence have left their impress upon our legislation, our literature and our
morals. Chief Justice Bleckley hardly seems to belong to our day and genera tion. When we measure his scholarship, his purity and noble simplicity of char
acter, he reminds us of such judges as Matthew Hale--wise and good men who
devoted their lives to justice and the interests of mankind. Such a man is not seen more than once in a century. If he had been at all ambitious he would have been one of the most famous of Americans, and notwithstanding his modesty and
his quiet mode of life, he is to-day one of the most notable figures that ever adorned
the bench, and in every state in the union his decisions are quoted and held in the highest esteem." The reputation of Judge Bleckley as a jurist is co-extensive
with this entire country. His opinions are models of precision and perspicuity.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and are characterized by their sound judgment and correct apprehension of the law. Explaining the preparation of his decisions Judge Bleckley says: ''I recon sider, revise and scrutinize; then I revise the scrutiny and then I scrutinize the revision." Judge Bleckley has never sought the accumulation of riches, and the Jesson of his life may be summed up in his own noble declaration: "Service is better than salary and duty more inspiring than reward." Judge Bleckley has been twice married. He was first married in May, 1857, to Miss Clara Caroline Haralson, who died in March, 1892, leaving five children, three boys and two girls, one of the latter dying in infancy. His second marriage was to Miss Chloe Herring, in August, 1893, wno 'ias borne him two sons.

QAPT. W. W. BOYD, formerly of the firm of E. Van Winkle & Company of Atlanta, is a native of Spartanburg, S. C-, and is of Scotch-Irish ancestry.
When a child he removed with his father to Marietta, Ga., and attended the pri mary schools of that prospering little north Georgia city. When he reached a suitable age and when he was sufficiently advanced he was enrolled among the members of the Georgia Military institute, then in its flourishing condition, with an attendance of nearly two hundred cadets. He obtained a splendid education, but his studies were interrupted by the outbreak of the civil war. When only eighteen years of age he enlisted in the Sixty-fourth Georgia regiment, com manded by Col. John W. Evans. His courageous conduct is known to all his comrades and friends. He was captured immediately before the surrender, but suffered little inconvenience, as he remained in captivity only two days. Return ing home, with a determination as strong as his heart was brave, he began to reconstruct his fallen fortunes. During 1880 he bought a half interest in the E. Van Winkle Manufacturing company, which, without the aid of municipal or national backing, has acquired a magnitude and prominence that is not felt by a similar industry in the state. It is a prodigious industry, employing about 150 hands, and supplying the states west of the Mississippi with their cotton-presses, cotton-gins and like machinery used in the preparation of market cotton. So rapid has been the growth of the business that a branch house was lately estab lished in Dallas, Tex., to facilitate and supply the increasing demand. Mr. Boyd is an officer in the First Presbyterian church, and lends his aid and wealth to the furthering of religious labors, and especially the mission work. His heart goes out in sympathy to those in poverty and distress, and his open charity is a specific characteristic. During his life from earliest youth he has prominently in terested himself in stock raising and now owns one of the largest Jersey farms in the south, on which may be found the finest stock, both native and imported. His wife was a beautiful, talented lady from the old north state, and the seven children who survive her are justly the pride of their father. Mr. Boyd's father was a gallant colonel of the Nineteenth Georgia regiment, attached to Phillips' legion, a stalwart command that left traces of their heroism on the hills of northern Virginia. Mr. Boyd has lately served on the board of aldermen of the city gov ernment, and his popularity may be inferred when it is known that he polled the heaviest vote on the citizen's ticket, composed of many popular candidates. He is public-spirited and generous and bears for the community a genial affection. U A. BOYNTON, one of Atlanta's best known wholesale grocers, is a native
of Lumpkin, Stewart Co., Ga. He was born Oct. 12, 1842, and resided in that city until thirty-three yesrs of age, when he came to Atlanta, where he has since lived. He received his early education in the schools of Stewart county, and attended these until 1858, and then accepted a position as clerk in a retail

MORRIS BRANDON.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

719

store. During May, 1862, he entered the Confederate service, enlisting in Com pany K of the Third Georgia cavalry as a private, but in 1863 was appointed sergeant-major of the regiment and occupied this office throughout the war, fre quently acting in the capacity of adjutant Mr. Boynton fought bravely in the following battles: Munfordville, Ky.; the skirmishes around Murfreesboro and Chattanooga, Chickamauga, the campaign of East Tennessee with Gen. Long-
street, Knoxville and Dandridge; the engagements in Virginia; then back into Georgia, at Dalton; Resaca, Rocky Fall, Calhoun, Kennesaw Mountain, Atlanta,
numerous raids in the rear of the Federals, extending south to Florence, Ala., and then followed Sherman in his memorable march to the sea, fighting at Griswoldville and Waynesboro, Ga. After his first battle Mr. Boynton was taken prisoner and held in confinement for thirty days. This was the greatest mishap that befell him during the four years' conflict. With the surrender of the Confederates and the cessation of hostilities, he returned to his home in Lumpkin and entered the general merchandise business, which he conducted until 1875, and then moved to Atlanta, where he established a large wholesale grocery house, of which he is still owner and manager. Shortly after his locating in
Atlanta he married Miss Louise, daughter of the late Lucius Mansfield of Lumpkin, Ga. In 1888 Mr. Boynton was elected to the city council of Atlanta from the second ward and held this office with credit for two years. In the same year he was honored with the appointment by the county commissioners of tax collector of Fulton county, to fill an unexpired term of six or eight months. Mr.
Boynton's father and mother were natives, respectively, of New Hampshire and Virginia. The former was Hollis Boynton, a gallant soldier in the war of 1836,
and died in 1847. The latter was Clara M. Rawson. To this tie were given four children: William W-, lieutenant of Company K, Second Georgia infantry, who was killed at Sharpsburg; Charles E., a lieutenant in Company E of the Third Georgia cavalry, who survived the war and died in 1890; George H., of Atlanta, and Hollis A., the subject of this sketch. Mr. Boynton is a member of Trinity Methodist church of Atlanta. He is a broad-minded, experienced busi ness man, and stands at the head of one of the oldest and most reliable grocery
houses in the city.

MR. MORRIS BRANDON is one of the leading lawyers of Atlanta's bar, though
one of its younger members. He was born in 1863, in Stewart county, Tenn., where his people before him have lived for a hundred years or more. He spent the entire period of his boyhood on his father's plantation, and by a judicious admixture of out-of-door work and recreation he succeeded in laying the foundation of a strong
constitution, which was essential to the studious life that was to follow. The Brandon family is of English extraction. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch, Christopher Brandon, was a native of North Carolina, to which state his
father emigrated early in the history of the colonies, and several of his sons, of whom there were a number, brothers and half-brothers of Christopher Brandon, distinguished themselves in the war of the American revolution. The name is a familiar one among old revolutionary annals. Early in his life, and in the pioneer days of that state, Christopher Brandon removed to Tennessee, where his son, Col. Nathan Brandon, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born. Col. Nathan Brandon was a prominent lawyer and successful business man. During the late war he served as lieutenant-colonel of the Fourteenth Tennessee regiment of infantry volunteers, remaining in the field until the battle of Fort Donelson. In this engagement he was so severely wounded as to be disqualified for further active duty. His gallantry as a soldier was recognized no less by his superior officers than

j20

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

by the men who fought under him, and his disabilities were regarded in the light of a calamity. Col. Brandon was a prominent figure for many years in the political life of Tennessee, and before the war was elected to the general assembly of that state as a Union man, and afterward served in both branches of the assembly a number of times. In 1870 he was a member of the constitutional convention held at Nashville. Col. Brandon died in April, 1891. The subject of this sketch, after receiving his preliminary education from the schools of Stewart county, entered
a private institution at Elkton, Ky., for the purpose of preparing himself to enter college. He also carried on his studies for a while at Clarksville, Tenn., and in the fall of 1880 entered Vanderbilt university. After completing his academic course in that institution, he entered the law school at Yale, and graduated in 1884, with the degree of LL.B. Returning to his home in Stewart county, Tenn., he remained there until the winter of 1886, when he came to Atlanta and opened a law office, believing that he could make no better selection for the practice of his profession. He subsequently formed a partnership with Judge Henry B. Tompkins, the firm being that of Tompkins & Brandon. This firm enjoyed a fine practice, but the partnership was dissolved in 1889, and in 1893 the present firm of Brandon & Arkwright was formed, Mr. P. S. Arkwright, one of the most brilliant young lawyers of Georgia, being the junior member of the firm. Mr. Brandon, since locating in Atlanta, has made a splendid success of the practice of his profession. He is known as a hard worker, and the method, skill and patience with which he conducts his business won for him early in his professional career an enviable repu tation with the courts and in the business world. Socially, he has always occupied a leading position, due to his elegant manners and his ripe intellectual and scholarly attainments. Genial and obliging, yet always dignified and reserved, Mr. Brandon inspires respect and makes permanent friends of those who come in contact with him. He is a member of quite a number of secret organizations, among them being the F. and A. M., the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias and the Red Men. In each of these organizations he holds an influential position, and is universally esteemed for his sterling character and pre-eminent ability. In June, 1892, Mr. Brandon was united in marriage to Miss Harriet Inman, .daughter of Mr. \Yalker P. Inman, of Atlanta. In his home life his disposition is portrayed in the genial light of those domestic qualities that indicate a thoroughly noble and splendid character.

WELLBORN" MITCHELL BRAY, a practitioner of zest, earnestness and
superior worth at the Atlanta bar, was born in Henry county, Ga., Aug. 29, 1835, and in 1847 moved with his parents to Atlanta. Here his mind was drilled
in the primary branches and prepared for a higher education. He spent two years in the state university at Athens, Ga., and in 1855 graduated from Emory college, Oxford, Ga., with the degree of A. B. He read and studied law with Col. James Milner, of Cartersville, Ga., and was admitted to the active practice of his profession in 1858, at Cassville, Ga.. and afterward located in Calhoun, Ga. During April, 1862, he enlisted in the Fortieth Georgia regiment, as a private. Earlier in the war he was elected captain of the Toombs volunteers, organized at Calhoun, but by reason of severe illness was unable to accept the command. After serving six months in the Fortieth regiment, he was authorized by the secretary of war to raise a siege artillery company. This he accomplished near Savannah. Ga., was
chosen first lieutenant, and served in this capacity until early in 1865, when by reorganization this was changed into an infantry company, and Mr. Brav made captain of it. The close of the conflict found him in that position. He fought with laudable valor in the following battles: Dalton. Resaca, Rocky Ford, Kennesaw

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

72!

mountain, Atlanta, Franklin, Nashville and Pulaski, Tenn., and at New Hope church. In this last-named engagement he was wounded by the explosion of a shell After the surrender Capt Bray returned to Atlanta and established the
first school in the dry's limits. This he continued with unusual success and popularity, being associated with Prof. W. A. Bass and other noted instructors, until the public school system was founded. He was then elected principal of the Ivy street grammar school, taught there through the year 1873, and then resumed the
practice of law. In 1886-87 ne represented Fulton county in the state general assembly. While a member of this body he was appointed on the finance, educa tional and the committee on corporations, and bitterly opposed the convict lease system. His argument was termed "able, eloquent and masterly," and elicited the approval of the entire commonwealth. The peroration of his speech contained these memorable words: "No man is utterly irredeemable. But if you extinguish within him the light of hope, you educate him in crime. The lease system is an educator in crime, denying all the principles of humanity. Treat the convict as a human being and you may reform him." Capt Bray was elected a member of the board of education in 1889, and was lately re-elected for a second term. He is a master Mason, a Red Man and a member of the Atlanta Pioneer society, and warmly co-operates with each. He is a city father who has guarded Atlanta's welfare faithfully.

QOL. P. H. BREWSTER. It has been observed of the subject of this sketch that no lawyer in North Georgia is better equipped for the practice of his
profession. A profound student, he has mastered by patient application, the great
principles of the law, and is able to hold his own in controversy with the most distinguished talent of the land. Col. Brewster has practiced law in Atlanta for
only a few years, but the extent of his qualifications for the practice was discov ered as soon as he appeared in court for the first time, and his reputation as a lawyer has steadily grown until now he commands a large and lucrative practice, and in addition to this is a general favorite with the members of the Atlanta bar. Col. Patrick H. Brewster is a native Georgian, and was born in Campbell county,
en his father's plantation, on Sept 9, 1846. During his early childhood he moved with his parents to Coweta county and continued to reside in that county until his removal to Atlanta a few years ago. The father of Col. Brewster, whose name
was James Brewster, was born in the state of South Carolina. He came to Georgia, however, during his early manhood, and died in this state in 1893. The family is noted for its longevity. The father of Col. Brewster died at the patriarchal age of ninety-four years. His grandfather, William Brewster, lived to be a hundred years old. If heredity furnishes any indication the subject of this
sketch, though now in the prime of life, faces a vital prospect of fully half a century. The boyhood days of Col. Brewster were spent after the usual fashion of country boys in Coweta county. He received his primary instruction from the schools in Newnan, and acquired, by diligent application to his books, a fairly good education, as the basis of his subsequent career in the practice of his chosen pro fession. The subject of this sketch was too young to enter the Confederate army at the breaking out of hostilities. In the fall of 1863, however, being then only seventeen years old, he shouldered his musket and went to the front, enlisting as a private in Company A of the Fifty-sixth Georgia regiment He served as a private soldier until the close of the war, surrendering with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina. Col. Brewster was in the fight at Dalton, Ga., and the battles of Resaca and Kennesaw Mountain, receiving a severe wound in his arm
at the latter place. He was also in the battles around Atlanta, Lovejoy Station 1-46

J22

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and Jonesboro, and in all the fights that occurred on the way back to Nashville, Tenn., Gen. Hood having decided upon that route after the evacuation of Atlanta. He saw quite a lot of fighting after this at Columbia, Franklin, a two days' engage ment at Nashville and a stubborn fight along the road to Pulaski. After reaching Jonesboro, N. C-, the army surrendered. Returning to Newnan after the war the young soldier prosecuted his studies for a short while and then began to teach school. He continued in this latter occupation for about two years and then entered the university of Virginia, graduating from the law department of
that institution in 1870 with the degree of bachelor of law. Returning to Newnan, Ga., he entered immediately upon the practice of his profession, remaining in that prosperous little Georgia town until 1891, when he came to Atlanta, be coming a member of the firm of Dorsey, Brewster & Howell. In 1877 Col. Brewster was elected to the state senate as a member from the Thirty-sixth senatorial district, for a term of four years. He was prevented, however, from serving for the full term on account of the action of the constitutional convention reducing its length. His career in that body was characterized by patriotism and ability. He was jealous of the welfare of his constituents and yet at the same time he allowed no selfish or local interests to interfere with the discharge of his public duty as a servant of the commonwealth. Col. Brewster was subsequently elected mayor of Newnan and filled that office acceptably for one term. Though not having any fondness for politics his regard for his party has impelled the subject of this sketch into many political campaigns. He has always been loyal to the principles of the democratic party, and has labored with sleepless devotion to rout, in every election, the organized forces of the opposition. His eloquence on the hustings has often revived the drooping hope of his party and urged its despairing members to an overwhelming victory. He has never been in any sense a political office-seeker, and all the honors that have come to him have been bestowed in the grateful appreciation of his fellow-countrymen. Col. Brewster belongs to no secret organization, but is a loyal and consistent member of the Methodist church, having been reared from boyhood in the faith of that denomination. Col. Brewster was united in marriage to Miss Laura Leigh, daughter of Anselm Leigh, of Newnan, Ga., in 1874. They have nine children,
six boys and three girls, and the family group constitutes a delightful and interesting household. Five brothers of Col. Brewster, in addition to himself, served in the Confederate army, making a splendid contribution for one family. These brothers were William, who served in several regiments throughout the entire war; Daniel F., who served until the surrender; James P., who was
major of the Fifty-sixth Georgia regiment, losing a leg at the battle of Kennesaw
Mountain; Blake D., who served all through the war in several regiments, and Angus P., who served during the latter part of the war. They all
made gallant soldiers, and displayed those characteristics that indicated a common brotherhood. No man in Atlanta is more highly esteemed than Col. Brewster, f-.nd it requires no prophetic ken to predict that abundant honors are in reserve for him in the practice of his profession. The opinion of a legal associate is con sidered of paramount value in forming a correct estimate of a lawyer's professional
ability. The value of this opinion increases with the extent of this association and the opportunities afforded for reliable observation. One who has been closely associated with Col. Brewster for several years recently observed in conversation: "CoL Brewster is a lawyer pure and simple. In my judgment he is one of the ablest lawyers in the state. His knowledge of the law and his ready grasp of legal principles command my unbounded respect and admiration."

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

723

QARY SHERIFF BREWSTER is another of Atlanta's bright young business men. He is a Georgia boy, having first seen the light of day at Tallapoosa,
Haralson Co., Ga., Nov. 5, 1858. His father's home was in Esom Hill, Polk Co., Ga., and there he spent his boyhood days, receiving his education at Hearn school, a branch of Mercer university, located at Cave Spring, Ga. He paid for bis own schooling and is thus a self-made man. In 1880 he entered the employ of Barr & Leake, dry-goods merchants at Cedar Town, Ga. He remained there
about two years, when he came to Atlanta and entered the employ of D. H. Dougherry & Co., with whom he was associated for about one year. He then accepted a position with A. M. Robinson & Co., wholesale notions and importers, and after two years as an employe, owing to his diligence and knowledge of the business, and without any solicitation on his part, he was made a member of the firm. In 1891, after six years of successful connection in this relation, Mr. Brewster retired and went into the real estate business with Col. W. A. Osborn, under the firm name of Osborn & Brewster. This partnership was continued very profitably two years, when Mr. Brewster joined Mr. John T. Moody in a private banking and fertilizer business under the name of Moody & Brewster. In May, 1895, the name was changed to the Moody Loan and Banking company. Mr. Brewster was for some time president of the Fulton Land Improvement company, and is now vice-president of and director of the concern. Mr. Brewster was mar ried in Atlanta, Sept 2, 1886, to Miss Elizabeth, daughter of the late William C. Redwine, of Heard county, Ga., and they have three children, all daughters: Jennie Beatrice, Elizabeth and Mary. He is a member and past grand of the fraternal order of Odd Fellows and I. O. R. M. and belongs to the Baptist
church. Mr. Brewster is one of the progressive spirits whose energies wisely extended the past few years have pushed Atlanta to the front as a city possessing every facility for the manufacturer and merchant Particularly useful has he been when in the real estate business in bringing to the city manufacturing enter prises and concerns. In a nut-shell, in a business way everything he touches turns to gold. He has been frequently solicited to accept political office, but has
invariably declined, and has attended strictly to his business. Mr. Brewster has traveled extensively all over the United States and is thoroughly posted, and yet he still keeps up his studies, acquiring fresh knowledge every day, and is
destined to be one of the financiers of the south.

WILLIAM H. BROTHERTON, dry goods merchant, Atlanta, Fulton Co.,
Ga., son of Rev. Levi and Winnie (Epperson) Brotherton, was born near Benton, Polk Co., Tenn., in 1839. His father was born in Greene county, Tenn., in 1810, and died Nov. 22, 1893. He was a devout and devoted member of the Methodist church, and as an ordained minister preached sixty or more years
in Tennessee and Georgia. His mother, also, was a native of Tennessee. Capt Brotherton came with his father in 1848 to Dalton county, where he was educated and grew to manhood. When fifteen years of age he engaged as a clerk with
John F. Senter at Varnell's Station, Ga., on the E. T., Va. & Ga. railway, ten miles north of Dalton, Ga. At the end of a year he entered Brown & Crawley's drug store, Dalton, and remained a year or so, and then went into the dry goods store
of C. B. Wellborn, Dalton. Soon afterward he was appointed to a position on
the W. & A. road, which he retained until the election of Gov. Brown, who appointed John W. Lewis superintendent of the road, when he returned to the employ of Mr. Wellborn. At the age of nineteen (1858) he embarked in the dry goods business on his own account at Tilton, Ga., and continued until 1862. That year he enlisted in Company C--of which he was made second lieutenant--

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
Thirty-ninth Georgia regiment, at Big Shanty. With his regiment he served with Gen. E. Kirby Smith through the Kentucky campaign, after which he was made commissary, with the rank of captain, serving as such until the evacuation of Vicksburg. While in that city the Confederate congress abolished the office of regimental commissary. Capt. Brotherton, however, was re-appointed to the same service and rank by the secretary of war, and ordered to report to Maj. J. F. Cummings, general commissary, at Atlanta. He was first assigned to duty in Atlanta; afterward was transferred to Albany, Ga., where he built two packing houses and an abattoir, received all cattle from southwestern Georgia and Florida, and slaughtered and pickled them for the use of the army. From here he was sent to West Point, Ga., where he acted as post commissary for both West Point and La Grange, and issued provisions to troops in transit, and to those in hospitals at West Point and La Grange. Here, also, he received all "tax in kind" from north Alabama and Georgia, and disposed of it under orders, until the surrender. In April, 1865, immediately after the surrender, he came to Atlanta with $260, with which he bought goods of a Federal sutler, and under the firm name of W. H. Brotherton, began business on the spot where it is to-day. His excellent judgment and business sagacity are demonstrated by his owning the property now--one of the most valuable business corners in Atlanta, with a spacious and substantial brick business house upon it equal to any in the city for the business conducted in it, wholesale and retail dry goods and notions. Such a man as Mr. Brotherton could not well be ignored or overlooked in city affairs-- so in 1868, he was elected a member of the city council, serving one term. In 1873 he was again elected, and, again in 1882-3. Afterward he was elected a police commissioner, and served seven or eight years. Being comparatively young, ambitious and energetic, wide awake and progressive, it may safely be assumed that, in some capacity, he will again be called into the public service, and that the service will be valuable to the city and county. Capt. Brotherton was married in his nineteenth year to Miss Paralee, who was only fifteen, daughter of the late W. M. Williams, of Dalton, Ga.; of the children which blessed this union the eldest, Emma, who died at the age of twenty, was born before our subject was twenty-one. The following survive: Jimmie, wife of Frank A. Small, New York city; William M.; Frank M.; Charles H.; Paralee, wife of George I. Walker, Atlanta: Robert L.: Edgar; Libbie; Harold. Capt Brotherton is a prominent and influential member,of the Methodist church; a steward and trustee of Trinity church, Atlanta, the strongest Methodist church in Georgia, whatever point viewed from. On March 4, 1895, Capt. Brotherton was re-elected to the Atlanta police commission. A beloved and promising brother of Capt. Brotherton's--James M.--who was a lieutenant in Company C., Thirty-ninth Georgia regiment, was killed at Baker's Creek, near Jackson, Miss., April 19, 1863.
BROWX. In the opinion of the late Chief Justice Hiram Warner, the ablest argu ment ever made before the supreme court of Georgia was made by Julius L.
Brown, of the Atlanta bar. The value of this high compliment, proceeding from the most distinguished jurist in the state, is still further increased by the fact that Mr. Brown at this time was one of the youngest members of the profession. Mr. Julius L. Brown was born at Canton. Cherokee Co.. Ga., on May 31. 1848. His early boyhood was spent at the country home of his illustrious father, Hon. Joseph E. Brown, subsequently chief justice of the state, governor of Georgia and United States senator.- Fired with patriotic love for the south, which had been overrun and devastated by the Federal army, young Brown, though only a lad of sixteen years, entered the Confederate service, in the ranks of the Georgia cadets, in 1864.

\A\OHH "i snrinf

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

725

and suffered the hardships and reverses of a soldier until peace was eventually

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entering the Georgia military service, and his first resolution

institute. He was afterward on returning home was to enter

in the Confederate the state university

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law school. Here of the institution,

he in

acquitted himself June, 1870. A

with credit, bearing away one pleasure trip of two months

of the honors followed the

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extended through Georgia, and up the bill which subsequently,

as general counsel of the in spite of overwhelming

road odds

for Georgia against him,

he drew secured

a liberal charter from the general assembly. Though richly social and personal characteristics that contribute to popularity,

endowed with the Mr. Brown devoted

himself to the practice of his political preferment. Though torial district and to allow the

profession without frequently urged by use of his name in

seeking, or giving thought to, his friends to represent the sena the race for mayor of the city,

he modestly but persistently declined. He also refused to become an applicant

for the in spite practice

judgeship of the United States court for the northern district of Georgia of urgent and general solicitation. Applying himself with zeal to the of his profession, which was steadily growing each year, Mr. Brown distin

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company of Georgia, the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing & Investment company,

-j2f>

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

the Dade Coal company, the Georgia Iron & Coal company, the Chattanooga Iron company, the Bartow Iron & Manganese company. As a lawyer Mr. Brown has
successfully contended for these propositions: that the Western & Atlantic railroad
is not taxable; that any railway may build telegraph lines in Georgia, and that common carriers may separate passengers by color. Each of these legal conten tions has brought the abilities of Mr. Brown before the highest tribunal of the state
and of the United States, and before the Interstate Commerce commission, and
has added materially to his professional reputation. Notwithstanding these im portant and far-reaching legal questions, and the great business enterprises that
have occupied his thought and time, Mr. Brown has found time to travel exten
sively, and to cultivate and gratify a taste for literature and art, and the gathering of relics of the past. His travels cover the United States, Canada, Mexico, the
islands, Brazil and Europe, while the number, variety and rareness of his accumula
tion of works of art, antique and modern, and of valuable curiosities are indeed remarkable, and display an industry and tasteful discrimination truly wonderful. He has already 5,000 coins and 4,000 autographs; the original of Moore's Lalla
Rookh, and photographs of persons of distinction and scenes of interest without number. No field has been left unexplored or ungleaned that promised to add to
the value or interest of his vast and varied collection. As a host he stands
unexcelled, has entertained the most eminent in the nation, including President Cleveland and Vice-President Hendricks, and entertains royally. His elegant and
delightful home is charmingly presided over by one of the most accomplished of
Georgia's daughters. Mr. Brown was married Nov. 3, 1871, to Miss Fannie G.,
daughter of Hon. Tomlinson Fort, eminent as a physician and medical author,
and a member of congress--the only representative, it is said, to whom John C. Calhoun ever asked for an introduction. In 1880 Mr. Brown was admitted to the
United States supreme court, being introduced by the late lamented senator,
Benjaman H. Hill. Several years prior to this he was appointed standing master in chancery by Judge W. B. Woods and Judge John Erskine. Mr. Brown is now counsel for the Lowry Banking company. He was at one time counsel for the
Citizens' bank and the Dollar Savings bank, both of which are now extinct. Mr. Brown was also attorney for the lessees of the Western & Atlantic railroad in the winding up of its affairs. Mr. Brown is one of the most distinguished Masons
in the state. He has risen to the thirty-second degree in the rank of that ancient
fraternity. He is a past high priest of Atlanta Zion chapter, royal arch Masons of Atlanta; eminent commander of the Coeur de Lion commandery, Knights Templar, of Atlanta; worshipful mastef of Georgia lodge, No. 96, of Atlanta; thrice
illustrious master of Jason Burr council, No. 13, and grand principal conductor of the Grand council of Georgia; grand senior warden of the grand commandery of Georgia, and grand conductor of the high priesthood. Mr. Brown is a member
of the Second Baptist church of Atlanta. He is still in the prime of life, and his career promises much in the way of continued honors to this useful and distin guished Georgian.

QOL. EDWIX NASH BROYLES. In the judgment of his colleagues at the bar no lawyer in the state possesses a stronger legal faculty or is more familiar
with the great underlying principles of the profession than Col. Edwin Nash
Broyles. For more than forty years Col. Broyles has been successfully identified with the practice of the law, and though he has never held judicial office, his posi
tion at the bar has nevertheless been one of honor and respectability. The sub
ject of this sketch was born in the famous county of Buncombe. N. C., on Nov. 14, 1829. His father, Maj. Cain Broyles. was a man of exceptional worth and

LL

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

737

character, who believed in rearing his children according to pious admonition and who especially enjoined upo them by way of example as well as paremtal pre cept the importance of acquiring industrious and economic habits. Though admitted to the bar of South Carolina, his native state, he gave up the practice of the law to engage in other pursuits. At the time of his son's birth he was engaged in constructing a turnpike road across the Tennessee line into Bun combe county, N. C, having moved with his family into that section of the state. Maj. Broyles was a militia officer in the war of 1812 and was stationed for quite a while at Fort Hawkins, Ga. He married Miss Lucinda Nash, a descendant of Col. John Nash, who was killed at the battle of Germantown during the American revo lution, and from whom the city of Nashville, Tenn., was subsequently named. She was a lady of great worth in every sense. Nine children resulted from this union, the subject of this sketch being the seventh in the order of birth. His two youngest brothers died during the late war. One of them was killed at the battle of the Wilderness and the other one died in the hospital at Lynchburg. The birthplace of Col. Broyles was notable, for its scenery and traditions. It was known as Painted Rock and was located on the French Broad river, one of the most picturesque and romantic streams in the state of North Carolina. This por tion of the state is still a favorite resort of travelers, being diversified by the peaks of the Great Smoky mountains and situated only four miles south of the famous Hot Springs. The boyhood of Col. Broyles was spent along the border line of the two states. After leaving North Carolina his father took up his residence in Greene county, Tenn., living for a while at Greeneville, and afterward in the country on the turnpike road. From the schools in the neighborhood and from his parents, especially his mother, the subject of this sketch derived his early training. As soon as he was old enough to enter college he became a student at Washing ton college, Tennessee, then under the control of that able instructor, Prof. A. A. Doke. Prof. Doke was a graduate of Princeton college, New Jersey, and a gifted Presbyterian clergyman. The influence of his life and example upon the young students of Washington college was wholesome and inspiring. Under the instruc tion of this earnest man Col. Broyles increased his fondness for logic and philosophic reasoning, which led him at once into the practice of the law and has since characterized his career at the bar. Beginning the study of his chosen profession at Greeneville, he applied himself to his books wkh great diligence, though he lacked the aid of special instruction. For several months he filled the position of assistant clerk of the court and this brought him into gifted and dis tinguished company. Among the lawyers who practiced before the court of Greeneville were: Gen. Thomas D. Arnold, Judge Samuel Milligan, Win. H. Sneed of Knoxville, and Thomas R. R. Nelson of Jonesboro. In listening to the eloquence of these strong advocates and watching their movements in the court room, the zeal of the young student was aroused to emulation and he resolved to devote himself with greater diligence than ever to the mastery of his profession. One of his favorite books was Nicholson's Encyclopoedia, a volume which had formerly belonged to his grandfather, Aaron Broyles. This book contained two articles on logic and philosophy, which deeply impressed his young mind and from the impetus thus given he was induced to read other volumes bearing upon the same subjects. Anthon's Classical Dictionary was another favorite companion of the young student. For more than a year after his admission to the bar Co?. Broyles remained at his father's home in Tennessee and continued to prosecute his studies without interruption. He made no effort to secure clients, preferring to equip himself thoroughly for his life's work before entering the actual practice of his profession. Leaving Tennessee Col. Broyles came to Cedartown, Ga., in 1853.

j28

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

aehCpsphTBatetqhttocTfwvDolraJe1sisnmioowlroihseroltbqaHoioduiomehBo:afiastnnego8hehtdofsnaaessnuse!ucamhirietronas6dcronhM.eassescsoeceescittoubroirittf5eutaboetticot,htkeceomdlirhaheorlhBmggyseryesirtruscnwgeaehwceeoruneeew.eumul;pdhnehh.stgraltfryoehgtomantorJelrebeaoltiteebusawsbrhagan.ancraeza1pdthMtdnsyecosarGahHeeanstpgoodcrAoewd8mforoleanhdarlwnirrroereidor8eouwCervr.sqwsfoirocne-av.aiteaoeseowcs3mdsnknflalniecuoidfsfdeiit.gtradbahsendaublocteltuorihrenemd,Dtisnhetenetytaeefr-uhnysGLces,oDnrhenoseesaeltimngepeto,ucenuopauanihdftproaetaernt.navsetdpfmratnilhnbewerMhcrutreelinyidp:iypioWanelo'ciiicaideeyoteieitnhlsa.podnaem,nteenhntwnaluilodiddrtynteeeenlfsnananrCTaHgahhetecs.osueipssafnf1iPtrcymRtmtdngthuaeiebwfouaoohoonbagleea8o.nehmeadiSsgtrcysolsftwnroNnedtf6aeosiihonitic.achrceaymafantomsrf8cmodsaonAfktrT.ndeheHRloneaoluabpbef.theansllnelrgtssedAeettMRdrtaeldiryteteoaaeanhhdstedlfhelee,glanndsdhtiyuataabswforaFoidicehsrcwrhGbinusatsnGibenTiawenbslnrtsumtegueotDnneaeeeolueoaohone.didoeorfterl$laarhyjrigrctgsngeaeteggoeloeidn.evumbn.lwcd2iteesdpt,Bliana;eethnsahnv.Bhdt0ahltneAr.hhsiApjaecedrerodenhwbaeart,nrBgeueBteglcaeiJne0vehnamoeivwrp,esteeeysrtvmhnuirrntniee0nlrrertctayeenrgsIptiassonyy-oieaoiaHdgsdr0hfnenhoerrlraooorlctnyeraairdtCteynwvmt.ddhgioglbterifvhlanandhralkatpsdiefltaadmi,dtoeoaeuydolsnierieintntinnhau.lmyaArz.lgohdfdlnin.sHmsfd.tiodtbehblmsaeetNi,ubtCrfedsyguwedfufssowchnoauliaaBCaTSraat.oere,.eiabolascatlseerreerufqnnaoCclolfnisaorirnnspchscrhstolddrBosneupaydo.uatcephilavoohdsiriItldee.lnnatcafhaylrlraostngioeeldntvemilsiaaipdraeeiot.neldontiletoBnlvdJsDrhaRmimedaeoitdordgiydtgaaptdlsunHeanehlnotdnrshiyiBwf.m$ileunutaitmpaPi.edsbodrg.igfeftselhco5dsastaurrntstaMBoeodyrtosgwustheeo0oofoiwrtot.hbaisgt,AarruiallnheheirdndH,ieyftnffitelriiketlat0nhomtounhsa1tilsrsdegeaeyyltstmhwoTaB0otiysasdtmD8necdechlne,hseftetcrspans0am5gltsdhuuihypoBssaahts.laueehHroeoldvl,it5lgeaioeElurreevueadlhesncireectuyeithdognvliwwutorttgl,oocnatcuglafeAainrh,h,notfoayiaifioeatinetlowysosarassahznUsehsetopselurtttweeart,.iullsDtyfcatlieehgpacchhaxnlefaotaslacnsTunbwGaddhisbAiontetartisiiernthoartmihhorlsshwtcliehtA..iornrmdycstmaatrrndnehuuvCiiheihtyfeeeyatyou.dssnWahpwhgphttdete,gpiadeovodatmllil.wathTrmopurCeaaieofakubraiagltilteirdshatev.foptenharerixhgeisnrfSrNseuesostefs.icdsesei,eoedrlmdeSbatatieeBtelrntdnnrtoeatodd.ugrafrfaartclulewaoshewfid.ifaoioiruopfemesCsrhtroeCsnnecnstenorpthneuAcfhaeyatrnthicnottoaeuadetoaedemohyraitsehocvdnRdii,retl,stmfhTdnierwmlnHcsflcliaheieiheent.ewn..faaversmhhcodtewcliwtdmneraleiacanfenioeneBsbneoaosBnhdaWa$costmcicrnsitogloharldymwemslpwbri.rlnerd3hrsyedi.wrbtcraieeaosmurrtlareeoa5fciy,.y,ashemyheliecsse1iwymewasnnratoc,yalgc,vyHebtChokusee08rivBtyailchnhhinnloteoieahegeoomaemaieo50oseInoehtaheeiyldtarddnrdrnsttlhrthrfdn7rs0dfy.fsldetefos,o..srses..t

paciQwsneoeoOdmaapltweLtlehehanf.noorstAoeifhnmretLpachnverFidtisehsRtheisttnEateoangkDtloeeasrnretEiteeenhac.d.retBleuhexsUieatIttedsrtCunciincKodfsrgtrioi,ndavamAigenastltdtwlhrtaihimeanknertirfaanilbnug,ngeieFhoftnewirtultstlhlhietutaaae.osltnntniprodataCCnhtrooioetolfo.i.nsnfftAaeotAfhltrflleifemoestrwhenuoqdedpsnuhsbgifhiEutapeit.icphltatdeBotiolhncuanitagcrthtgiktoozhesefseemnetnchsuaptpeioymroaocfnrbogtnGaemroloeertmsofshstriarotigmihvvnfieeeae-

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

729

properly be classed among these adopted citizens of Georgia. He has now been a resident of this state for more than twenty years, and, in spite of his stanch republican leadership, which served for a number of years as a wall of isolation between his democratic neighbors and himself, no man is to-day more universally respected on account of his personal qualities and his exalted character as a man. Col. Buck is a native of far-off Maine, and was born at Foxcroft, in that state, on Feb. 7,1832. His father, Benjamin T. Buck, was a Baptist deacon,
and a man of deep piety. His great-grandfather, in whose veins the blood of old England coursed, settled in Buckfield, Me., to which locality his own name was subsequently given. The family of Col. Buck's mother, whose maiden name was Elmira Todd, came from Connecticut and settled in New Brunswick. Possessed of a strong ambition that asserted itself early in boyhood, the subject of this sketch, without visible means at his command, made up his mind to secure a collegiate education. As the result of this determination he managed to raise the money and to pay his own way through college, graduating in 1859 from Waterville college, now Colby university, as Latin salutatorian, one of the highest honors of the institution. He taught school at Hallowel, Me., in 1859-60, and was princi
pal of the Lewiston high school at the breaking out of the late war. He was not accepted on his first enlistment in the Federal army, but having made up his mind to serve, he raised a company at his own expense and went into camp in No vember, 1861. Being chosen as the captain of this company, he was assigned to duty in the Thirteenth regiment of Maine volunteers. He served on the Mississippi coast, at Ship Island, Fort Pike and Fort McComb. After this he
organized the Ninety-first Colored infantry, and was chosen as the lieutenantcolonel of that regiment in 1863. In the following year he was appointed lieuten ant-colonel in command of the Fifty-first Colored infantry. He was ordered to Vicksburg in November, 1864, and assigned to duty as the second officer on the board of examination to select white officers for colored regiments. Col. Buck led his regiment in the capture of Fort Bleckley, at Mobile, when the Federals captured 2,500 men. He was breveted colonel for this assault and made division inspector-general in April, 1865. Two months later he was made inspector-gen eral for Western Louisiana, and in this capacity he inspected troops and located depots for supplies furnished by the government to the people made destitute by the floods of that year. He was a member of the military commission at New Orleans for the department of the gulf during the winter of 1865-66, and was released from military service in 1866. He engaged for a short while in the man ufacture of turpentine on Montgomery Island, in Mobile Bay, but he sustained
the loss of his outfit by fire in 1867. Col. Buck was a delegate to the recon struction convention of Alabama, and was made chairman of the committee on
preamble and bill of rights. In December, 1867, he was appointed by Gen. Pope clerk of the Mobile county state court, and was subsequently elected a member
of the city council of Mobile in 1868. Higher political honors awaited the indus trious suitor for distinction. In 1869 he took his seat as a member of the fortyfirst congress and secured the first $50,000 appropriation from the government for the Mobile harbor. He declined to be a candidate for re-election. Again in
1873 Col. Buck became a member of the city council of Mobile, and was chosen to serve as president of that body. He resigned this position, however, and moved to Atlanta, becoming the clerk of the United States circuit and district courts of Georgia. He resigned the district clerkship in 1887, and two years later was appointed marshal for the northern district of Georgia under President Harrison. He remained in this office, filling the position acceptably to the citizens of the district, until his successor under President Cleveland was duly qualified.

730

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

wiBoBthefLtRcnvbC1hlhfnaehauue8aeieoedsenkdien9cnrhlcmotne2g.tkewidThrfisi.rtveaoirBni,eaewoeaclncghrcsuOomlros,rHiauictefm.asscqriamnkplezeoGMunlpouweusnSedwahenhncebiansnaiofesioahlainteetsyihmnirsmsecccpcog.iedIeaiaptanebpia,srinnanreooeaiTisa1ydnGeannnnictin8hnnooyorh8dmuwom,n1camtm2itn8uhonsihCaeG6tkhmgmetarehmCl4aiarkhoepn.ilpinosboeycthtardalathCehraego.eeintgreHlsatoeuievt,tyBoiiihylnaadered,..naitumreoonepaBnCcicHniimsglaabsdoktuhMtrnseheirucipeaaaeeenhnhikrndrlhhopsnraoiotaiasafsuyenhkstasusvcolb,etaEettdehaethlbbseAcelpoiospeelcetnttnmafbelroeaoecarirdnesnrnuenno.eteet,ayqopc-uaafnaBnlcuaiwtotnrriphetoi.otfnedntnhnselyenmndBieado.r,vthtiielefhacohdepsyiAAclikhsnerremttteealltboohghtaaipsirgeforoear.ba,ie,ael;m.tndaotrhdispnssesoPmoiaaaepoonmnahrmnourcranfteteerfgytaysiesraoaoibnh.bl1tnirffyadtyy8agemhtre8dettht1eyArohern0haoa8eteren,trotenap6ialsfoafn8lat1sooSaernG,w8ndotJrfsdoh8utnaatehuaht4atdcnnorhost,titheogdhdsihoresaug1ffenrbpos8arieAjn.eWaohceul8Heollthalimr8iolisiee.sl,atCcwloovietarsonciaKonumoeoennnotatldessnafd.e.lf
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cllpoiahiatthEtanhdiidaBomginPociaehhctonrsnrissDenneioinexfsiogtonmnohureeslodepavsesldwddspetmadnmedftpsUnsedarhemdawhfsrAndeseenhchiMaqiaeBeoipacheatxFmrindsoeurirlhidrluzsbneolttaeloeetspecoxturnnUeehHestaasdaayd,ttct.t,ohrttnpocdihemathtwrneteetcoPcmS'ioRtisaetgifrhBhihsalosandeasmoeonuayoseeurr,iteseotgbntsdurftsnsehmc,nsHhgBbiaohniscuhieEloneeieavntesnhoyllfaanhoeplirseRhfmnottnteoxe.saflnfapohoesweagAercadtircOoptwtitsdo,lrivnpcoierkfmbhnoenwnidrtMoHinailtyoAW srane,siaegeeAcoaaathlanyoldiasloerytnseiisutrgprmleywwcfs,viustutrNsuba..tmtptnhgoyeecoeoaashnUgpsatahwmsPrrrtguuommdhceefntees,unhpaiioaintEBHulrovmnneewdattoyesiaspapattdofeeremrrcgtxntochUnnwiilbrtisaenibadlnraainsCrciiaponeeetnpegna,nAsnirtaLnfotgcv.rgognterayoaeltaarwssgosehma.eTLl.oeerGnsnnieutot,boatHspainmraadnPmeimreydiOnpbgpaisorptcNsttezvwlolihJ,hg.euaieheeeouehdseyaiCAcl1Anueisceanncergsritagfddgelo8.w,teposanerKylatsrlnayrae6hmibJbeodtbOetsmyapdianwbodr0uo,ezpafrip"sYspearpetfa,oroBbpstrcneswiNutirehslwhsl:ahteiiwtnonuettoyorupyerhynaxsteehn,milcraiteintf,sahtmabtw-lramainyktpaenhhetaeasnesHgni,hlaNcr1tet,ns,ranedtanatasegYogaer8miriteae.rcsestsMtnbaaroedudv5a,tsoCxytieeeowu,FpsoPBlornco7ec-tetterdceoraomaseiietrhmeartv.mRckutdmerer.neehletYdhsonxacve,iuceeeorPldcedysceooleehdyta.egsehXnagtorliai-eleeioktrrldaddeeedaitrcvrakuo;tntoagewnu2-,fxtartn'ehknhtotesenwlhadfag8nibpeapbneabeeart;f.v1rhme,tfre.eeythyrotsuyhtoie8aieYirTaGlshSdaf1relntteers5aesotlfaI'aciMt8hHa'pcodaeatiDso0vlntwtwpoftouac3Aeetpeereyrnode--uygerppei4ntanwsrkscahnrsrdasin.hdn-ire,.voeettsndg,teetioboagcrreaeTddinrsitiDngirfoiwotsroifresmfsmhnaa.iovcorhedvWimifdlucwnti,teevthepmoirlieuronse.ahtecpleolclaaoteaohvhAHhsadrsmideineeegoeefelEnrsnusn'tomeexew,lstdetrfrlrteiideaiettxrsrnleaetiayatltnteeaoMaeianeniigshtcptreshpNwctdnorsnhnirgrytdathhrsilritaiAoh-eaeeenrGstadeeemihuaoenee^fian,sesantowp-gslfcsrleesdepsh,tfpouawadmwfaMshiriead.pnfttirenalrlsi,marwelsonnhetiiyrhugera.icnaYwhprnomnsaenctwetrsiacaan.on,.SeeethucnaittseinosAanEhiimnaaasossrlihilBtodortipredsneirheouigtasumziUgpbuknnxepieeugrosevs,pneerPlbyeootrsxfalsenrynnbLorerehberwylrtrthrcaon.prsactohednarapoaotuseeneiepiwcyiniehibicttctntaelneresktnastooinhoeoroa'dynekahiaIt,dars;stiretfdfgrn,r,t,ss,.

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

731

Beauregard and Johnston and, also, it was over these same wires that the restraining order was telegraphed by Gen. Sherman from Greensborough, N. C.,to
the Federal forces which were marching to destroy Macon and Augusta. Under Superintendent Bullock's orders the Southern Express company's agents all over the south took charge of contributions of food and clothing for Gen. Lee's army,
which were forwarded free and distributed to the persons to whom directed.
Under an order of the war department he was appointed acting assistant quarter master-general of the Confederate states army in charge of railroad transportation, with the rank of colonel--and as such was paroled at Appomattox in April, 1865.
GOT. Bullock's war experience in the telegraph and express business seemed to have imbued him with the spirit of internal improvement--the main spring of
his subsequent career. His first service after the war was looking to the welfare of Augusta and Georgia. The war left the south without currency. The land
was left, .and crops were in the ground, but there was no money with which to move the products. Commercial stagnation prevailed. Gov. Bullock went to New York, where he secured capital, and went thence to Washington city, where he obtained a charter, for a national bank which was soon organized in Augusta, of which he was made a director. Thus Augusta by having $500,000 in bank notes in circulation a few months after the surrender, gained a vantage ground which
gave the boom that placed her in the front rank of southern industrial centers. Not long afterward he became president of the Macon & Augusta railway, and found its affairs were in such a state of prostration he could do nothing without
money; so he again applied for aid to his moneyed friends in the north. But the antagonism between President Johnson and Congress as to the methods of
reconstruction was so strong and bitter, that the prevailing sentiment was one of
opposition to investments in the south. Said New York capitalists: "We prefer not to put our money into a country where there is no civil government. In fact, from one standpoint Georgia is not back into the Union. If you will go home
and bring Georgia into the list of well ordered states within the Union, you can have all the money you want." This was the occasion of Gov. Bullock's embarking on the sea of politics. He allied himself with a number of progressive men--a constitutional convention was called and he took an active part in its proceedings.
The controlling idea in his mind was to provide state aid to railways with a view to the speedy development of Georgia's resources. The new constitution (1868),
embodying and vitalizing his idea by authorizing state aid; a broad, comprehen sive and liberal policy in behalf of public schools; and other progressive lines of
policy, was framed and aftenvard adopted by the people. Atlanta was made the
capital of the state, and he was elected governor, and a general assembly returned favorable to liberal, progressive legislation. The long and permanent strides
Georgia has made are directly traceable to the enactments of that general assembly and Gov. Bullock's administration--an impetus was imparted which subsequent
inertia, and attempted obstructive measures have been powerless to impede.
Hundreds of miles of railway were very soon built, which, later, stimulated such enterprise in this direction as to advance Georgia to the front in the south. To the legislation of this period is largely due the building of the Georgia Air Line, Brunswick, Albany & Georgia Pacific and the rehabilitation of the Macon & Brunswick. Under his direction as governor and ex-oflficio president of the
Western & Atlantic (state) railway, a scheme was inaugurated by which thirtythree railways in the south made a two-cents-a-mile prospecting rate over their
lines which brought thousands south to "spy out the land," with a view to settle ment and investment; and under it the famous press excursion in the summer of 1869 was projected. These two excursions did more than had ever been done

732

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

before to attract attention to the vast and varied wonderful resources of the south --particularly of Georgia--the empire state of the south. In accordance with his recommendation the general assembly authorized the lease of the Western & Atlantic railway for twenty years--which being consummated brought into the state treasury $6,000,000--the road on the termination of the lease being in better condition and more valuable than when leased. Following out his wise and statesmanlike policy the road has again been leased--this time for $35,000 monthly rental, which in twenty years will give an income of $8,400,000. When at the ensuing election--1870--it was found that the general assembly would be over
whelmingly against him, he resigned. At this time, without just cause, he was probably the most hated of men. Two indictments were found against him--one for alleged conspiracy to defraud the state; the other for failure to account for certain bonds alleged to have been delivered by the city to the executive depart
ment. For seven years he announced himself ready and vainly endeavored to have the cases tried. Meanwhile he was living in Atlanta, working for her interests, his general bearing and uniform courtesy and true manliness of char acter breaking down the hate and animosity borne toward him and when at last the cases were tried Gov. Bullock was completely and triumphantly vindicated by a formal verdict of the jury: and to-day no citizen more fully enjoys the respect and confidence of the people who see and associate with him daily, and to whom he
is best known. A scrutinizing investigation conducted by those inimical to him, proved that instead of conspiring to defraud the state by the payment of money under his order to a "bogus corporation for imaginary cars," the corporation was
a bona-fide enterprise, one of whose managers was The late Major Campbell Wallace, which actually delivered the most substantial cars and in excess of the money paid them. On trial of the other indictment for failure to account for certain bonds it was proven that they never reached the executive department, much less Gov. Bullock--but were passed directly from the mayor to Mr. H. I. Kimball, whose property they were, in payment for the old capital building. For
more than a score of years Gov. Bullock has been a very valuable and important actor in, and the promoter of every movement intended to advance the interests of Atlanta and of Georgia and the south. He was among the foremost and most prominent of those who conducted the exposition of 1871; still more active and influential for good in the International Cotton Exposition of 1881: and was one of the most efficient members of the committee conducting the arrangements for the great Cotton States and International Exposition, held this year (1895). He opposed the expulsion of the colored members from the general assembly, maintaining their right to hold office, and was sustained by the United States congress, under whose decision they were reseated and received their per diem. He was largely instrumental in building the Atlanta Cotton mill
(the first) in the city, of which he was president and treasurer ten years, 1881-1891 --an enterprise which has been followed by two others of much larger capacity. He was for years a director in the chamber of commerce, and for two years
recently its popular president; has been president of the Commercial club and vice-president of the Capital City club: and for four years was government director of the Union Pacific railway. Gov. Bullock was married in 1860, and has two sons and a daughter who were born in Augusta. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal church, of which he has been junior and senior warden, and is now a delegate-elect to the national convention of the church to be held in
Minneapolis this fall.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

733

MR- W. H. BURDEN. One of the most successful business men of Georgia, who has recently become identified with the Gate City of the south, is William
H. Burden of the wholesale establishment of Coleman, Burden & Warthen com pany. Mr. Burden is of Scotch descent and many of his sturdy characteristics have been derived from his Caledonian ancestry. His great-grandfather, Thomas Burden, emigrated to this country from Scotland in 1730 and settled in Caroline county, Va. He continued to reside at this place until 1770, when he moved to Newbeny district, S. C. He subsequently figured in the war of the revolution. His son, William Burden, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born in Newberry district in 1771 and died in Twiggs county, Ga., in 1836, leaving four children, of whom Thomas L. Burden was the oldest. He was born in Newberry district on Jan. 25, 1809, the anniversary of the birth of Robert Burns, the peasant poet of Scotland. On Feb. 6, 1834, he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Barfield, the daughter of Richard and Sarah Barfield, of Jones county. Seven children resulted from this union. They were as follows: Nancy, the widow of Rev. John Jarrell, of Jones county; Sarah J., the wife of Richard Barfield, deceased; Wm. Henderson; Chapman, who was in Company F, Forty-fifth Geor gia regiment, and killed at the battle of Manassas; Thomas J., living in Houston county, Ga.; Rhoda C., died at the age of eighteen years; Richard F., a merchant of Macon, Ga. William Henderson was the eldest son and third among the chil dren in order of birth. He first saw the light of day in Jones county on May 26, 1839. The father of this large and promising household was a man of exceptional character. He exercised a strong influence over the community in which he lived, occupying many important positions, and died on Jan. 28, 1867, greatly beloved by all who knew him. His marriage with Sarah Barfield \vas a very fortunate alliance. This charming and cultivated lady was attractive not only in her manifold personal charms, but for the additional reason that she belonged to one of the oldest and most respectable families of the state. Young William's boyhood was passed amid the rural scenes of Jones county. As soon as he was old enough to attend school he began to apply himself with great diligence to his books, and divided his time between the school-room and the plantation. His opportunities for learning were not the best in the world, but he made the best use of them. His father was a great sufferer from rheumatism and this frequently compelled the lad to take the lead and give directions as to the man agement of the farm. Though reared among the furrows, so to speak, the lad's ambition was not satisfied with his narrow lot. His restless spirit yearned for a broader field of activity and his ardent young fancy pictured to him as he toiled away at the plow the busy life of a city merchant. He read the newspapers and kept himself thoroughly posted on all the current happenings of the day. In the midst of these day dreams and preparation a messenger came to the farm bearing him a letter from a man whom he had never met. As the result of this correspondence he became a clerk in the house of Samuel Griswold, a wealthy manufacturer, who had come to Georgia from Connecticut, settling about four miles from the Burden farm. The duty of the young clerk was to manage the postoffice and look after various important matters connected with the factory. He remained in the service of Mr. Griswold for four years, and during that time enjoyed his absolute confidence in all matters pertaining to the business. Realiz ing his need of a better education, he decided, after the expiration of this time, much to the regret of his employer, who offered to increase his salary, to give up his position. Accordingly in 1859 he matriculated as a student in Prof. Scudder's academy at Midway. His progress in his studies was rapid and he soon ranked among the leading members of his class. Just at this time, however, a.

734

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

second surprise in the shape of a letter came to him from a business firm in New Orleans offering him a responsible clerkship at a splendid salary. The offer was such a handsome one that he felt constrained, under the advice of his teacher and his own good judgment, to alter his original plans and accept this flattering proposition. He was only twenty-one years of age at the time of set ting out for New Orleans. He remained with the house until the spring of 1862 and then left for the front to encounter the hardships of a soldier's life. The martial spirit of New Orleans was very deeply stirred on account of the fact that Gen. Beauregard, who commanded in the battle of Fort Sumter, was a resi dent of that city. The men for whom Mr. Burden worked, however, were of
northern birth, though friendly in their attitude toward the south. Regarding it his duty, and having the welfare of his state and country at heart, in 1862 he enlisted in Company F, Forty-fifth regiment, Georgia volunteers. Leaving the local troops at New Orleans, he set out for Virginia and joined the above regiment, commanded by CoL Thomas Hardeman. He remained at the front until the fall of Petersburg in 1865. Among the battles he participated in were: Mechanicsville, Cedar Run, Second Manassas, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness and Petersburg. For quite a while he served on the staff of Gen. Thomas as a special aide to that officer. On his way home after the war the young soldier passed through Atlanta, then a heap of smoke and ashes,
little dreaming that he would ever become one of the citizens and participate in the prosperity of its resurrection. After reaching home he applied for a position on the Central railroad and was made assistant treasurer of the road. This position
he filled until 1869. He was then tendered a position in the house of Ross & Coleman, at Macon, Ga., becoming the bookkeeper and credit man of that estab lishment After two years in that position he was admitted into a part nership, the firm's name being changed to Ross, Coleman & Co. In 1876 Mr. Ross withdrew, after which the business was continued by S. T. Coleman & Co. Two years later it was changed to Coleman, Burden & Co., and again in 1889 it was incorporated under the name of the Coleman & Burden company. In 1893 a new charter was obtained and the establishment has since been known by the mercantile name of the Coleman, Burden & Warthen company, the principal headquarters being in Atlanta. The house is one of the largest in the southern states, and the business is restricted entirely to the sale of boots and shoes. Mr. Burden is in charge of the financial affairs of the establishment, and under his able management the business has steadily grown each year. Mr. Burden was united in marriage Sept 27, 1867, to Miss Sarah D. Barnes, of Clinton, Ga., a daughter of James G. and Susan Barnes. This union has been blessed with seven children, three sons and four daughters, viz.: Ida S., now Mrs. G. W. Coates; Annie M., died at the age of seventeen; William Chapman, now connected with the firm of his father; Pauline, wife of Mr. P. B. Murphey, cashier of the Newnan Banking company; Emmie May, Dudley H., Albert J. Their home life is a very happy one. Mr. Burden has never sought political honors nor cared for
public office of any kind. He takes a deep interest, however, in all that concerns the welfare of the state and nation. Though rigid in the enforcement of all the rules pertaining to his large establishment, Mr. Burden is a kind-hearted and considerate man and is greatly beloved by all the clerks in his employ. He is a member of the First Methodist church of this city and believes strongly in the doctrines of that denomination. Atlanta is proud of the influence and prestige
of this upright citizen.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.
. F. BURKE is perhaps the most distinguished military figure in the state. For many years the captain of the Gate city guard, one of the oldest military organizations in Atlanta, he extended the fame of that company into one of national reputation and earned for himself the distinction of commanding the crack com pany of the south. Col. Burke is a native of the state of South Carolina. His extraction is Norman-Irish, and the martial spirit that dominates his life and char acter is derived from his Norman ancestry. It was the Normans who introduced the tournament into England and the various exercises of the sword and lance belonging to the lists of chivalry. The original name of the family was Du Burgh. This, in course of time, was Anglicized into Burke. The American pioneer of this distinguished family emigrated from England to Pennsylvania in 1658. The family subsequently divided into branches, one settling in the state of Maryland and the other locating in South Carolina. Hon. Adams Burke, the chancellor of South Carolina during the revolution, was a member of this branch of the family. The subject of this sketch was a resident of South Carolina at the beginning of the late war. He had barely completed his studies and was still a mere youth at the time. He promptly enlisted, however, in the ranks of the First South Carolina regiment, and just eleven days after the withdrawal of that state from the union he went on duty on Morris island, in Charleston harbor. This place was subsequently the scene of one of the most terrific battles of the war. It was from this island that the first gun, in the hands of Maj. Stevens, who was then in command of the company, fired the opening salutatory of the struggle. On Jan. 9, 1861, the "Star of the West," a United States vessel, bearing troops, provisions and ammunition for Fort Sumter. made an effort to enter Charleston harbor. It was fired on, however, by the battery erected on Vinegar hill, and several lives were lost on board. The behavior of Col. Burke throughout the entire war was gallant and meritorious. In 1867 the United States government, by an act of congress, appor tioned a large part of the public lands to the different states for educational pur poses. Georgia, under this apportionment, received 243,000 acres. The manage ment of the sale of this land was intrusted by the governor of the state to Col. Burke, who realized from its sale the sum of $250,000, which was paid into the state treasury. Col. Burke was united in marriage to Miss Cotting, the daughter of Judge David G. Cotting, at that time the secretary of state, in 1868. Since then he has resided in Atlanta without interruption. The command of the Gate city guard was offered to Col. Burke in 1877. His first impulse was to decline this high compliment, but, after mature deliberation, he decided to accept it Shortly after assuming the active command he conceived the idea of making an extensive tour of the United States in the interest of peace and reconciliation. The company was composed of Atlanta's flower, and every profession and pursuit was represented. The members of the company took eagerly to the suggestion of Col. Burke, and the trip was decided upon with great enthusiasm. The trip is known in the annals of the company as "The Tour of the Guard." It was made in the fall of 1879, and embraced the northern and eastern states of the union. From the hour of departure until the moment of arrival the trip was one continuous ovation. In every city the company was greeted by the populace, and public receptions were given to its members. Richmond, Washington, Baltimore, New York, Philadelphia, Hart ford, Boston, Lawrence and Poughkeepsie were among the places visited. In New York city the enthusiasm was so great that hundreds of people, including prominent business men, joined the procession and marched in rear of the guards. From housetops and windows handkerchiefs were waved in joyful salutation as the company passed along the streets under the banners of the Seventh regiment of New York. The patriotic mission of the company in undertaking this tour of the

736

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

country is distinctly set forth in one of the eloquent speeches of Col. Burke, deliv ered in the city of Boston. Said he: "It may be asked, why do we come here clothed in the trappings of war? I will tell you. Our garb is not unknown to you.
You have seen it before. You have seen it in war; it is brought to you in peace.
It recalls memories that are sacred to both of us. You do not ask us to bury these
memories; we do not ask you to obliterate yours. There is not a vacant chair in our southern homes that has not its counterpart in northern households. We
come to test the temper of our countrymen; to sound their patriotism and sacrifice
their animosities on the altar of fraternal peace. Good will in our hearts and the national emblem in our hands is all we have to offer; will you accept them? (Cries
of yes, yes, and cheers.) We come to shake your hands in fraternal greeting; we come to break bread with you, and to say to you in the words of Ruth to Naomi,
'Henceforth thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God.'" The delivery
of this speech was greeted with loud acclaim, and for several minutes the wildest enthusiasm prevailed. The tour of the guard occupied three weeks. Returning;
to Atlanta a warm reception awaited them at home. It was realized from the reports that came back to the city that a long step had been taken in the direction
of reconstruction, and the credit for this better feeling of brotherhood was due to Col. Burke and to the members of his company. But Col. Burke was not satisfied
with this accomplishment. He decided to put forth his efforts to secure the
erection of a handsome building to be known as the Memorial armory, and to be commemorative of the trip. A large fair was projected, and the military organiza
tions of the state were invited to be guests of the city. Two hundred ladies agreed to contribute their influence and efforts to promote the success of the undertaking. The fair was a brilliant success. Military organizations came to the city, repre
senting the states of Alabama, Connecticut, South Carolina, Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Georgia and Illinois. After a successful
continuance of the fair for two weeks enough money was realize to purchase a lot and insure the success of the undertaking. Col. Burke resigned the command
of the Gate city guard in 1883 to become the chief officer of the staff of Gov. Alex.
H. Stephens. He occupied that position until the death of Gov. Stephens a few
months later. Subsequently induced to accept the command of the guard for a second time, Col. Burke conceived the idea of making a tour of Europe, and to this end received flattering invitations and assurances of courtesy from France,
Germany, Belgium and other European countries. A vessel was chartered and every preparation was made for the trip, when finally the consummation was defeated by official objection. England refused to allow the troops to land on her
soil and the enterprise was abandoned. A graceful and ready speaker, Col. Burke has had abundant opportunities for entering public life, but he has never cared for such honors. In a quiet way, however, and in military circles, he has accom
plished a great deal in behalf of the city. He was one of the projectors of the first benevolent home ever organized in Atlanta, and fostered the enterprise from which
the first $5,000 was realized for the building up of the Young Men's Library asso ciation. His associates on the board of directors were Henry W. Grady, Julius
L. Brown, Benjamin H. Hill, Jr.. Marshall J. Clarke. and Henry Hillyer and others. Col. Burke is a practical church member. His example is that of a
dignified, useful, conscientious citizen, successful in his undertakings, and in this
light he is admired and respected by all classes in the community.

QEORGE AUGUSTUS CABANISS. In the western limits of Forsyth, the county seat of Monroe county, Ga.. stands an old ante-bellum house of the
better class, erected in 1842 by Judge Elbridge Guerry Cabaniss. This old build-

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.
ing, considered a very fine one fifty years ago, is still a comfortable dwelling, and, as it properly should be, is yet in the Cabaniss family, being owned and occupied by the Hon. Thomas B. Cabaniss, ex-representative of the Sixth district in con gress. It is surrounded by a magnificent grove of ancient oaks, ten acres in extent, which may well be considered historic ground, for many of the most memorable debates ever heard in Georgia occurred in the shade of these old trees. Here, in 1848, Walter T. Colquitt and Herschell V. Johnson, champions of democ racy, and Robert Toombs and Alexander Stephens, upholding the standard of the whigs, moved the assembled hosts by their eloquence; and here, in later days, the matchless tongues of B. H. Hill, John B. Gordon and others thrilled the lis tening crowds. Within one hundred yards of where the old Cabaniss homestead now stands was born on Dec. 12, 1832, Mr. George Augustus Cabaniss, the sub ject of this short sketch. He was brought up and educated in Monroe county, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1855, and practiced in Monroe county until April, 1861, when as first lieutenant Ouitman guards, Company K, First Georgia regiment, he enlisted and served twelve months. He was in the famous retreat from Laurel Hill, in which Gen. Garnett was killed. On the expiration of his twelve months' term he was assigned to post duty with the rank of first lieu tenant in the enrolling service. On Dec. 16, 1856, five years before the civil war began, Mr. G. A. Cabaniss married Miss Juliet McKay, of Monroe county, a lady who must have been very beautiful in her younger days, judging from her appearance now; and certainly her refined manner and kindly disposition have endeared her to all so fortunate as to be numbered among her friends. This happy union has been blessed with three children: Edward H., a prominent and rising lawyer of Birmingham, Ala.: Daniel M.. cashier of a large national building and loan association; and Miss Juliet, a very bright and attractive young lady, now at the Lucy Cobb institute, Athens, Ga. After the war, Mr. Cabaniss returned to Forsyth, and engaged first in mercantile, then in the cotton warehouse business. He remained in Forsyth until 1885, when he was appointed to the revenue service, with headquarters in Macon, Ga., where he remained until 1889. In the fall of 1889, Mr. Cabaniss removed with his family to Atlanta, Ga., and was immediately thereafter appointed acting secretary of a national building and loan association, "The Southern Home," just then organized. Not long after the organization of the foregoing institution, Mr. Cabaniss was elected a director in the same; and subsequently its general manager, which highly responsible position he still occu pies. By his close attention to business, and conscientious discharge of the weighty duties devolving upon him, Mr. Cabaniss has contributed very much to the wonderful growth and extraordinary success of this association, which now has assets amounting to over $1,250,000, and local branches throughout the southern states. In 1882, Mr. Cabaniss was appointed trustee of the state lunatic asylum by Gov. Colquitt, and has been one of the trustees ever since, except two years, when pressing engagements prevented him serving. He is now president of the board and has been since 1889. Mr. Cabaniss is a Knight Templar Mason, and a prominent member of the Baptist church. Mr. Cabaniss is a large man, not only in body, but also in the possession of the greater and nobler qualities of heart and soul, which go to make up the full stature of a man. Of hasty temper, quick to resent an injury, he is equally ready to forgive and forget a wrong, or to make the "amende honorable" when convinced that he has done injustice to another. Generous to a fault, no one in distress ever appealed to him for sympathy or aid" in vain. Mr. Cabaniss loves his family, his friends, and good living, which he has always had. Genuine, unstinted southern hospitality is always found at his home, a handsome new house at Copenhill, one of the prettiest suburbs of 1-47

738

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Atlanta; and here may a kind Providence bless him with health, happiness and many years.

JUDGE WILLIAM LOWXDES CALHOUX was born in Decatur, Ga., Nov. 21 ' J 8377 where he lived until fifteen years of age, attending school and then
came to Atlanta in company with his parents. Here he continued his studies and completed his primary education. At the age of sixteen years he entered the law office of his father, and after three years' application was admitted to the bar. He immediately formed a partnership with his father, which lasted until the death of the latter in 1875. Judge Calhoun practiced alone from 1875 to January, 1881. In March, 1862, he took up arms in defense of the south, enlisting in Company K, Forty-second Georgia volunteers, and received the appointment of first lieuten ant, but was soon after advanced to the captaincy when the regiment was perma nently organized. He held this rank throughout the four years' conflict. His bravery in battle was unquestioned and rewarded by substantial recognition since the "days of '65." He was at Cumberland Gap; in the struggles around Vicksburg. lasting for six months, and forty-seven days in the trenches there; at Raker's creek and the bridge across Big Black river; in the skirmishes on the memorable retreat from Dalton to Resaca, including heavy onsets, in which Judge Calhoun commanded four companies, and the battle of Rocky Face, and at Resaca, where he fought two days continuously and was severely wounded. When the surrender occurred he was en route to Greensboro, N. C., having partially recovered, and with the intention of rejoining his command. As soon as his injuries permitted a long journey, he returned to Atlanta, and resumed the prac tice of law. In 1872 he was elected to represent Fulton county in the state legisla ture, and served during the sessions of 1873-74, and 1875-76, being re-elected after the expiration of the first term. In the first session he was appointed on the following committees: General judiciary, corporations and finance; in the second l:e retained the former appointments. In 1878 he was elected mayor of Atlanta, -serving two years. When he went into office there existed a floating debt of Sooo.ooo, on which a high rate of interest was being paid. He funded this at 6 per cent, during his administration, and also improved the sanitary and street paving systems. From 1889 until 1894 he was president of the Confederate Veter ans' association of Fulton county. When elected the membership numbered only twelve or fifteen, but when he retired it has increased to 700, and greater interest was manifested in the organization. Judge Calhoun is a master Mason, an Odd Fellow, and was made lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth Georgia battalion in 1890, resigning after a service of three years. In September, 1857, he was united in marriage to Mary J. Oliver, a native of South Carolina. To this union have been given six children: James M., of Ennis, Tex.; Emma C., wife of S. N. Connally, of Atlanta; Mamie Lowndes: William Dabney; Lowndes, an attorney of Atlanta; and Xettie A. One of his brothers. James T., served throughout the war as a private in his command. His father was James M. Calhoun, a native of Calhoun settlement, Abbeville district. S. C., who moved to Georgia about 1835, locating in Decatur. where he read law and was admitted to the bar. In 1852 he came to Atlanta, resumed practice, and died in 1875. In the Creek war of 1836 he com manded a cavalry company, and subsequently served in both branches of the legis lature, and was mayor of Atlanta in 1862-3-4 and 5. - Judge Calhotm's mother was Emma Eliza Dabney, daughter of Anderson W. Dabney, a native of Virginia, and a resident of Georgia. They were blessed with six children. Judge Calhoun was elected ordinary of Fulton county in 1881. and has been re-elected, without oppofition. ever since. We might say his career is without a flaw. He is highly respected as a citizen, a lawyer and an honorable gentleman.

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

739

MILTON A. CANDLER. One of the leading members of the Georgia bar, and a man who has frequently been honored by the people of the state is
Hon. Milton A. Candler. Mr. Candler is a native of Campbell county, where he was born Jan. n, 1837, but his boyhood days were spent in the neighboring county of Carroll. Here the subject of this sketch received his primary educa tion, and remained until reaching the years of mature manhood. In 1852 he became a student at Franklin college, now the state university, graduating with the degree of A. B., in 1854. Being an excellent debater and fond of intellectual employment, having received a great stimulus from his literary course at the university, and especially his debating society, the young student resolved to enter the legal profession. Accordingly, soon after graduation, he began the study of law in the office of Warren Aikin, at Cassville, Ga. He was subsequently admitted to the bar in Pickens county in 1856, launching out into the practice of law at Cassville. In 1857 he located at Decatur, Ga., a small town about six miles from Atlanta, on the Georgia railro'ad. Here he remained in the peaceable en joyment of a large and lucrative practice until the spring of 1863, when the martial spirit prevailed over the demands of his profession and he entered the Confederate army as captain of Company A, Tenth Georgia state guard. He remained in the service until the spring of 1864. Mr. Candler, by reason of his strong inherent love of politics, has frequently been forced into the political forum, and numerous honors, in the gift of the democratic party, have rewarded his aspira tions. During the years of 1861-62-63 he occupied a seat in the state legislature at Milledgeville. He was also a member of the convention that met at the state capital in the fall of 1865. From 1868 to 1872 he occupied a seat in the state senate. Two years later he was elected to the forty-fourth congress as a repre sentative from the fifth congressional district He served on several important committees, notably the committee on private land claims and elections. Mr. Cand ler was recognized as one of the ablest speakers on the floor of congress. In 1876 he was re-elected to the forty-fifth congress, and his record in that body was equally as brilliant and patriotic. Returning home from Washington at the close of his second term, Mr. Candler devoted himself exclusively to the practice of his profession. He had located his office in Atlanta in 1867, though he still continued to reside in Decatur. Many important cases were voluntarily brought to Mr. Candler on his resumption of the active practice, and his reputation as an advocate daily increased with the repeated announcements of his victories in the courts. Mr. Candler has few equals at the Georgia bar to-day, and his
eloquence is still as fervid and impassioned as when his boyish face first appeared on the stump in Georgia. In 1893, though not a candidate, Mr. Candler was chosen to represent his home county (De Kalb) in the state legislature. Mr. Candler has never connected himself with any secret organization, but is an in fluential member,-and for several years has been a leading elder in the Decatur Presbyterian church. In 1857 Mr. Candler was married to Miss Eliza C. Mur phy, the daughter of the late Hon. Charles Murphy, of Decatur, an ante-bellum congressman, and a delegate to the secession convention, who died on the day that body convened. Mr. Candler has five living children: Charles M., who has been a member of the state legislature, and is now connected with the George W. Scott Manufacturing company in Georgia; Samuel C., who now resides in Cali fornia as special agent of the United States land service; Florence, wife of C. A. Cowles, of Decatur; Claude and Ruth, unmarried. The father of Mr. Candler,
who was a native Georgian, served for several terms in the state legislature before and after the war. His name was Samuel C. Candler, and during the greater part of his life he devoted himself to mercantile pursuits and farming. He was

740

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

a man of superior intelligence, who carefully observed the times, and believed in giving his children a good education as far as his means could afford. He was a man of commanding influence in his community and his death--which occurred in 1873 3* tne al>e f sixty-four years--was deeply deplored.

COL. JOHN SLAUGHTER CAXDLER, of Atlanta, Ga., ranking colonel of
the Georgia state troops, and the solicitor-general of the Stone mountain circuit, was bora .in Carroll county, Ga., OcL 22,1861, being the youngest child of Samuel Charles and Martha B. (Beall) Candler. Hon. Samuel Charles Candler was born
in Columbia count}-, Ga., on Dec. 6, 1809. His father was Daniel Candler, who-
married Sarah Slaughter, by whom he was the father of seven children, viz.: William Love, Elizabeth Anthony, John Kingston, Frances Mary, Samuel Charles, Daniel Gill, and Ezekiel Slaughter. Daniel Candler, paternal grandfather of John.
Slaughter Candler, was the youngest of William Candler*s children. He was only ten years old when his father, William Candler, died. Of the early history of William Candler, family tradition gives but little information. There are, however,, scraps of recorded history, scattered here and there, which taken together and interpreted, the one in the light of the others, enable us to arrive with reasonable accuracy at a correct conclusion as to his origin and ancestry. There is now in the
possession of the Candler family a manuscript, written sixty years ago in his family Bible by Rev. Ignatius A. Few, D. D., LL. D. (the first president of Emory college, at Oxford, Ga.), which manuscript may be relied on for correctness as far as it goes, for its author, Dr. Few, was born a hundred years ago; lived, in point of time, near to his grandfather; was a man of profound learning and piety; and came fully up to Cicero's definition of a good historian, "a man too brave to tell a lie and brave enough to tell the truth." The manuscript says: "William Candler was-
probably born in Ireland; his parents certainly were. He held the rank of colonel in the American army during the war of the revolution, and died and was buried in Columbia county, Ga., in 1879, four miles east of Mount Carmel." Lyman C_ Draper, LL. D., secretary of the State Historical society- of Wisconsin, says: "Maj. William Candler, who, with Capts. Carr and Johnson, commanded the small party of Georgians at the battle of Kings mountain, was born of English parents in Dublin, Ireland, in 1738, and was brought to North Carolina when a mere child. He married, in 1761, Elizabeth Anthony, and the next year migrated to Georgia. In 1771 he was a deputy surveyor. During the war he served under Col. Clarke, was in the attack on Augusta, at Kings mountain and Blackstocks, and rose to the rank of colonel He was a member of the legislature in 1784-5: was appointed a judge, and died at his seat in Columbia count}', in 1789, at the age of fifty-one years, leaving several children, his oldest son, Henry, having served in the army with him." These two accounts from sources so far apart in point of time and distance agree substantially as to the main facts. Col. William Candler was, a* Draper says, in the siege of Augusta, and in all the other affairs in upper Georgia,, and those in which Sumter was engaged in his campaign in South Carolina, in 1780. With the return of peace and the establishment of the independence of the colonies, the Candlers returned to their devastated homes in Columbia county, on Little river. William Candler and William and Benjamin Few were named in the act of the royal legislature of Georgia, in 1780, proscribing certain prominent rebels
in that colony who were especially obnoxious to the crown, and disqualifying them from holding office, from sitting on juries, and even from testifying as witnesses inthe courts; but this octracism continued for only a short time. The patriots soon recovered possession of the state, and these ostracised rebels, in their turn, passed laws confiscating the property of those who had mustered under the flag of the

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

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enemies of their country, and making the name of tory so odious that to-day, after the lapse of more than a hundred years, is a stench in the nostrils of the great grandchildren of the heroes of Savannah, Augusta, Kings mountain, Cowpens, and the numerous other less noted fields on which they shed their blood in defense of their homes and firesides. William Candler was a member of the first general assembly of Georgia that met in that state under the constitution after the close of the war of the revolution. Subsequently he became a judge of the highest court then known to the judiciary of that state, and died at his seat in Columbia county, Ga., in 1789. He married, in 1760, Elizabeth Anthony, whose grandfather was a Genoese Italian and her mother a Clark. She was the eldest of a numerous family, and one of her nephews was governor of Kentucky. William Candler and his wife, Elizabeth Anthonv. had children: Mary, Henry, Falby, William, Charles, Elizabeth, John Kingston, Amelia, Joseph, Mark Anthony and Daniel. We will now proceed to speak more at length of Daniel, the youngest of the children of William Candler, as he was the progenitor of most of the Candlers who still live in Georgia, Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas. He was born in Columbia count}-, Ga., in 1779. Samuel Slaughter came with his brother, Reuben, from Virginia to Georgia, prior to the war of the revolution, and Daniel Candler was married to his daughter, Sarah Slaughter. Samuel Slaughter was a very successful planter of Baldwin county, Ga., and both he and his brother were ardent patriots and both served in the armies of the colonies during the war of the revolution. Both reared large families, and their descendants are to be found scattered all over the south, especially in Georgia. Daniel Candler died in Columbia county, Ga., in Septem ber, 1816. Cut off at that period of life before which few men ever accomplish much, his life was devoid of special incident. He and his wife, Sarah Slaughter, had seven children, viz.: William Love Candler, born in Milledgeville, Ga., Sept. 1,1801. He married Martha Moore in Upson county, Ga., about 1824. He died and was buried in Bienville parish, Louisiana, in 1868. He had eight children. Elizabeth Anthony Candler, born on March 30, 1803. She was twice married, first to Owen H. Myrick, by whom she bore a son, and after his death to Corley, by whom she had five children. She died in Bienville parish, Louisiana, Dec. 20, 1872. All of her children in life reside in Louisiana except the Rev. Daniel G. Myrick, who has been for many years a leading Methodist minister. John King ston Candler was born in Columbia county, Ga., in 1804. He married Caroline Smith in Baldwin county, Ga., in his twenty-second year. He reared a numerous family, and all, if alive, are thought to be in Louisiana. He is a substantial farmer, unostentatious and unambitious. He still lives in Bienville parish, La., and is ninety-one years old. Frances Emily Candler was born in Columbia county, Ga., in 1806. She was married in her eighteenth year to Wilson Simpson, a native of Tennessee, by whom she was the mother of ten children, some of whom reside in western Texas and others in Louisiana. She died near the Brazos river, in western Texas, about 1856. Hon. Samuel Charles Candler, father of the distinguished gentleman whose name heads this sketch, was born in Columbia county, Ga., on Dec. 6, 1809. At the age of twenty-four he married Martha B. Beall, a daughter of Noble B. Beall, of Cherokee county, Ga., a niece of Gen. William Beall, fora long time prominent in the history of Western Georgia. Samuel Charles Candler represented at different times two different counties in the Georgia legislature; first, Cherokee, in 1835, and afterward, for several terms, Carroll. in which he spent most of his life. He was also, for two terms, a member of the state senate. In his earlier life he was a merchant, and, later, devoted much of his time to politics. He was a member of the convention which met at Charleston, S. C., was an ardent supporter of Douglas, and, together with Absalom H. Chappell, of Muscogee;

742

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Hiram Warner, of Meriwether, and James L. Seward, of Thomas, was burned in effigy at Macon, Ga., by the supporters of Breckinridge and the other presidential candidates for having refused to withdraw from that convention. He was also very prominent in Masonic circles, and was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church south. He served as a soldier in the war with the Seminole Indians in Florida in 1836. He died on Xov. 13,1873, but his widow is still living and resides in Atlanta. He left eleven children, of whom we shall speak more particularly hereafter. Daniel Gill Candler was born in Columbia county, Ga., Feb. 22, 1812, and married Oct 8, 1833, to Nancy Caroline Matthews, of western Georgia. He was a lawyer and at one time a judge, served in two Indian wars, in the army of the United States, and was the captain commanding the famous Banks county guards, one of the companies of the Second regiment that left Georgia in the army of the Confederate states. He was thrice elected mayor of Gainesville, Ga., and died in that city Oct. 17,1887. He left twelve children, the eldest being Hon. Alien Daniel Candler, who was a colonel in the army of the Confederate state, for five years a representative in the Georgia legislature, for two years a senator in the same state, for eight years a member of the United States congress, and is now serving his second term as secretary of state for the state of Georgia. Ezekiel Slaughter Candler, youngest of the children of Col. William Candler and his wife, Sarah Slaughter, was born in Columbia county, Ga., Aug. 5, 1815, married Miss Jane Williams, a native of Tennessee, in Coweta county, Ga., Aug. 19, 1839, and died in Atlanta, Ga., January 12, 1869. He was sheriff of Carrpll county, Ga., when a very young man, subsequently represented that county in the Georgia legis lature, and, in 1851, was elected comptroller-general of Georgia, holding that important office twelve years. He left seven children, who, if in life, reside in Georgia. The foregoing are the lineal descendants of Daniel, the youngest son of Col. William Candler, of the American revolution of 1776. The de scendants of his brothers are not so numerous. They live in the counties of Columbia, Talbot and Muscogee, in Georgia, and in the state of Alabama; some of them probably live in other states. Having thus traced the history of William Candler, of Richmond county, Ga., and his descendants from his first appearance, in 1771, as a land surveyor under the royal government, we will now proceed to speak more particularly of the descendants of Samuel Charles and Martha
B. (Beall) Candler, of whom there were eleven, viz: The Hon. Milton A. Candler, born Jan. n, 1837. He is a lawyer and lives in Decatur, De Kalb Co., Ga.; has represented his county several times in the state house of representatives, his district in two constitutional conventions and once in the state senate, and his district in the forty-fifth and forty-sixth congresses of the United States. He married Eliza, daughter of the Hon. Charles Murphy, at one time a member of congress from Georgia. They have several children, most of whom are living, and
the eldest of whom, the Hon. Charles Murphy Candler, was a member of the legislature of Georgia during the session of 1889-90; Ezekiel S. Candler, a lawyer and Baptist minister, of Mississippi; he married Miss Julia Bevel, of Hamilton
county, Fla. They have several children, of whom the eldest, E. S. Candler, Jr.. is a prominent lawyer of luka, Miss.; Julia Florence, wife of J. Watt Harris, of Cartersville, Bartow Co., Ga.; Noble Daniel, who was much afflicted from youth and died since the death of his father; Sarah Justana, married J. J. Willard, deceased, of De Kalb county, Ga.; she has several children, the eldest of whom, Samuel, is in business in Atlanta, Ga.; William Beall Candler, of Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga.; he is a merchant, and married a daughter of Dr. Slaughter, of that county, by whom he has several children; Elizabeth Frances, who married H. H.
Dobbs; she has several children; Asa Griggs Candler, a very prominent druggist

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of Atlanta, Ga.; lie married Miss Howard, daughter of his former partner in business, by whom he has several children; he is now president of the Georgia Sunday-school association, and is exceedingly prominent in the lay service of the Methodist Episcopal church, south; Samuel Charles Candler, a merchant of Carrollton, Carroll Co., Ga.; he married a Miss Bevel of the state of Florida; the Rev. Warren Akin Candler, D. D., of Oxford, Ga., of whom a sketch appears elsewhere in these Memoirs; he is president of Emory college, of which his second cousin, Rev. Ignatius A. Few, LL. D., was the first president more than half a century ago; he was a doctor of divinity at less than thirty years of age,
and is probably the youngest man in the service of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, who has ever been prominently mentioned in connection with the highest office in the gift of that denomination, that of a bishop; Col. John Slaughter Candler, whose name heads this article, is the ranking colonel of the Georgia state
troops; he resided in Carroll county until thirteen years of age, receiving his earlier education in the rural schools of that county and at Cartersville, Ga., under the tutorage of his sister, Mrs. Florence Harris. November, 1876, he entered the boys' high school, at Atlanta, Ga., and was graduated therefrom in June of the following year; attended Emory college, at Oxford, Ga., for three years and was graduated from that institution, with the degree of bachelor of arts, in 1880. For two years next after his graduation, he taught school in the county of Ue Kalb, studied law while not engaged in his school duties and was admitted to the practice at Decatur, Ga., but removed soon thereafter to Atlanta, Ga., and has since pursued his profession at that city. In 1883 he was admitted to practice in
the state supreme court, and in 1892 he was admitted to the United States supreme court. On Nov. 26, 1887, Mr. Candler was appointed by Gov. John B. Gordon solicitor-general of the Stone Mountain circuit, to fill an unexpired term, and in November, 1888, he was elected by the state legislature to the same position for the full term of four years, and in November, 1892, re-elected, without opposition, by the same body. His recognition by the state's executive dates back, however, to 1882, when he was appointed lieutenant-colonel and aide-de-camp on the staff of Gov. Alexander H. Stephens, holding that rank under Govs. Boynton and McDaniel until the office of judge-advocate general was created by act of the legislature. He was then appointed to that important post by Gov. Henry D. McDaniel, re-appointed to that place by Gov. John B. Gordon, and again held it four years under the administration of Gov. William J. Xorthen, resigning in 1893 to accept the command of the Fifth regiment of infantry, Georgia Volunteers, of which regiment he is colonel at the present time. In December, 1894, Col. Candler was appointed on the commission organized for the purpose of codifying the military laws of Georgia, and is chairman of that commission. Probably no
officer of the state's militia has devoted as much valuable time to the thorough organization and equipment of the militia as has Col. Candler. He has ever been a champion of the establishment of an annual encampment of the state forces, for the two-fold purpose of perfecting those forces in the battalion and regimental drills and for the mutual companionship in arms arising from such annual association. He has frequently appeared before the finance committee of the state legislature in advocacy of an appropriation to defray the expenses of such encampments, and it is to his efforts, probably, that several measures looking to those annual appro priations have been carried through the legislature. Col. Candler is prominent in politics, being elected a member of the state democratic executive committee from the fifth congressional district in 1884, and upon the assembling of that body, was made secretary of the committee; and is now a member of that committee from the fifth congressional district. He has acted at various times as chairman of

744

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

the congressional executive committee, as chairman of the thirty-fourth district senatorial committee, and of the democratic executive committee for De Kalb county. He has also been prominently mentioned in connection with the con gressional seat of the fifth district, and his friends say that his services to the democratic party have been of such character as to deserve reward at the hands of his fellow-citizens. Col. Candler is an able lawyer, quick of perception, pro
found in his knowledge of the law, a thorough master of the science of pleading and practice and precedent, and always courteous to opposing counsel. He was married Jan. 16, 1884, to Miss Lula Gamier, a daughter of the late Col. Isadore V. Gamier, a native of Charleston, S. C., and a grandson of Gen. Joseph Gamier, who was one of Napoleon's generals. This union has been blessed by the birth ot two interesting children, viz.: Asa Warren Candler and Allie Gamier Candler. Col. Candler is a steward of the Edgewood Methodist Episcopal church, south, of Atlanta, and was a member and chairman of the lay delegation to the general conference which met in St. Louis, Mo., in May, 1890.

P P. CHAMBERLIX. Among the enterprising and successful business men of Atlanta who shared the vicissitudes of her early misfortunes directly after
the war to enjoy, in a well-bestowed measure, her subsequent prosperity, is Mr. E. P. Chamberlin. Mr. Edward Payson Chamberlin was born in St. Lawrence county, X. Y., in the little village of Parishville, on Sept 16, 1832. His parents, on both sides, were of English descent, and coming to America during the colonial era, his ancestors distinguished themselves by their gallant behavior in the revo lutionary struggle. His mother was a near relative of the famous patriot, Ethen
Alien, who made perhaps the most romantic record of any soldier in the American revolution. The death of Mr. Chamberlm's father occurring in 1836, at which time the subject of this sketch was only four years of age, he was left dependent upon a widowed mother who had five fatherless children to support. At the age of seven the young lad was bound out to a farmer in the neighborhood, and remained with him, doing the rough work of the plantation, and living on intimate terms with adversity until reaching bis seventeenth year. During the period of his service he was permitted to attend school for a few months in each year, and this was the full extent of his educational advantages. Possessed of a bright mind, however, and one that was quick to receive impressions, he acquired many valuable lessons by observation, and these increased as his opportunities extended. Having relatives in this state, young Chamberlin turned his face toward Georgia in 1849, and came to Stewart county, locating in the little town of Lumpkin. He commenced to clerk for his cousin, Mr. E. E. Rawson, receiving the meager sum of Sr^o for his services the first year. Five years later, by reason of his diligent
application and faithful devotion to iiis business, he had not only mastered the details of the establishment, but was offered a partnership in the firm, which he accepted. Though only a mere youth, he had shown a shrewd business sagacity that was far beyond his years, and Mr. Rawson realized that he had made a good investment by taking the young financier into his employ. A year after this combination was formed, however, the partnership was dissolved, young Cham berlin going into business with Mr. W. \V. Boynton, in the general merchandise line. The interference of the war prevented the realization of the hopes begotten of this partnership, and Mr. Boynton. who entered the Confederate service, was subsequently killed at the battle of Antietam. Being of a delicate constitution,
Mr. Chamberlin remained in Lumpkin. taking care of the widows and children, n'nd rendering valuable aid to the Confederacy. During the last six months of the war he acted as agent for the government in purchasing supplies for the

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southern army. At the end of the war Mr. Chamberlin, in winding up the affairs of his old business, found that his firm was indebted to New York merchants to the sum of $18,500. He determined to pay this debt in spite of the fact that he had lost nearly all his merchandise by the war. Having saved a hundred and thirty bales of cotton, he started to New York for the purpose of disposing of
it, and there found to his intense satisfaction that cotton had risen from twenty cents a pound in Georgia to sixty cents a pound in Ne\v York. He was enabled therefore to cancel the debt with only half the cotton, and returned home with the proceeds of the other half in his pocket. He subsequently embarked in the cotton business and became one of the largest shippers in the state. Mr. Cham berlin began his career as a merchant in Atlanta in July, 1866. The city was just beginning to emerge from the smoke and ashes wrought by the annihilating
torch of Gen. Sherman. He purchased a home on Washington street and rented a store on the corner of Whitehall and Hunter streets, organized the firm of Chamberlin, Cole & Boynton, the latter member of the firm being a younger brother of his former partner. The dimensions of the store were only 25x100 feet, and they commenced business on a small scale. The establishment grew, however, and after the expiration of two years Mr. Cole withdrew. Subsequently, in 1870, Mr. H. S. Johnson was taken into the business under the firm name of Chamberlin, Boynton & Co. The firm remained unchanged until 1884, when Mr. Boynton retired, and Mr. E. R. Du Bose was admitted, changing the style of the firm to that of Chamberlin, Johnson & Co. In 1878, in order to meet the demands of a rapidly advancing trade, the building was enlarged to double its former capacity, and again in 1885 the present commodious building was erected, and stands to-day as one of the finest mercantile emporiums in the south. It is only due to Mr. Chamberlin to say that the growth of the establishment is largely due to his strict business integrity and to his shrewd financial sagacity. For two years Mr. Chamberlin represented his ward in the city council, serving as chairman of the committee on sewerage. It was during his administration that the present excellent system was inaugurated. Mr. Chamberlin was a director in the first cotton factory ever started in Atlanta, and was also a director and promoter of the first cotton exposition in 1881. When elected a director of this exposition he was lying upon a bed of sickness in the state of Wisconsin. He hurried home, and at the second meeting of the board asked if it was the inten tion of the directors to limit the exposition to cotton, cotton fabrics and cotton machinery. On being informed that it was he very promptly refused to serve on the board unless it was made more general in its character, prophesying failure to the enterprise if this was not done. Such was the strength and fervor of his argument that his views were adopted by the board and the result has become a matter of history. Mr. Chamberlin, by reason of his progressive ideas, was made a director in the Piedmont exposition of 1887, and is now a member of the board of the Cotton States and International exposition, the most stupendous enterprise ever started on southern soil. On the reorganization of the Chamber of Commerce in 1883 Mr. Chamberlin became one of the most active members of that body. The site of the present building was secured mainly through his efforts as chairman of the committee on location. As an evidence of Mr. Chamberlin's patriotic sense of duty, he had purchased the lot on Marietta street on which the custom house now stands for his own private use, but very promptly surrendered it to the city as a suitable location for a government building. For a number of years Mr. Chamberlin has been a steward of Trinity Methodist church, and has actively identified himself with the religious affairs of that denomi nation. His influence has always been on the side of morality and good order

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
and he has always been a loyal and helpful friend to the young men of the city. As a director on the board of the Young Men's Christian association he has demon strated a profound interest in their behalf. To the young men in his employ his manner is that of a chivalrous Christian gentleman. His ear is always opened to their petitions, and his hands are always ready to serve them. Perseverance and faithful attention to business never fail to receive due recognition from him, and by all the men in his employ he is held in grateful and affectionate esteem. Mr. Chamberlin has one brother, Augustus Y., who lives in San Jose, Cal., and one sister, Clara, who is the widow of Lewis E. Hudson, of Whitevvater, Wis. For several 3'ears Mr. Chamberlin has been a trustee of Emory college. Mr. Cham berlin is a member of the masonic fraternity and belongs to the Capitol City club, and also to the Commercial club. He was married in 1857 to Miss Levisa Catchings, daughter of Dr. Seymour Catchings, of Lumpkin, Ga. Five children were Ix>rn to them, only two of whom are now living, a son and daughter, E. P., Jr., and Eva G. In his home life Mr. Chamberlin is kind and affectionate. He is fond of the domestic pleasures of his own fireside and prefers them to the more popular amusements of the world. His career in all its phases is full of encouragement and inspiration to young men, crowning the successful enter prises of the merchant with the more ennobling spirit of the ideal citizen. [)R. JULIUS ARTHUR CHILDS, one of Atlanta's most famous physicians,
was born on a farm belonging to his father in Mitchell county, N. C., Aug. 13, 1858. and resided there until he was seventeen, attending the schools of the county. In 1875 'ie u'ent to Lincolnton. X. C., and accepted a mercantile position with a relative, in which capacity he was occupied until 1881, when he went to Chester court house, S. C., and engaged in the marble business for four years. In October. 1885, he entered the medical college of South Carolina at Charleston, graduating therefrom in March, 1888. Immediately after graduating he entered the Charleston city hospital and remained there one year. He then located in Greenville. S. C., for a short time; but in October removed to Atlanta, where he has since practiced his profession. Dr. Childs is a member of the medical society of Atlanta and has served as its vice-president and secretary. He has contributed articles to the leading medical journals of the country and holds the chair of venereal and skin diseases in the Atlanta polyclinic. Dr. Childs was married January. 1892, to Susan, daughter of the late Daniel Pittman, for many years ordinary of Fulton county. He is a respected member of the Methodist church and highly esteemed in social circles as well as in the business world. He is of northern extraction, his father having been born in Massachusetts, where he died at the age of seventy-seven. Dr. Childs' mother, Delia Osborn, was born in New York, the daughter of Obadiah Osborn, who was a soldier in the revolutionary war, and who, when he died, was one hundred and three years of age. JUDGE MARSHALL J. CLARKE. If the character of the legal profession
is determined by the qualifications of its leading members, it may be safely asserted that the culture of the Atlanta bar is well illustrated in the professional attainments of the subject of this sketch Judge Marshall Johnson Clarke, who has occupied for a number of years a leading rank among the lawyers of the state, is a native of Georgia, and was born in the little village of Lumpkin, in Stewart. county, on fmie 28. 1839. His father. James Clarke, was a man of commanding influence in that section of the state, and was a successful planter as well as a lawyer of prominence and ability. He was a member of the Georgia platform convention of 1850. and one of the most influential and active members of that

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body. The Clarke family is of English extraction, the ancestors of Judge Marshall J. Clarke coming to this country in the early days of its colonial life. The boyhood of Judge Clarke was spent in Stewart county. In this connection it may be observed that many of the best families of the state were identified with that section of Georgia. Here the subject of this sketch remained until 1855, when he became a student at Mercer university, one of the finest educational institutions of the south, under the patronage of the Baptist denomination, and then located at Penfield, Ga. He applied himself with diligence to his collegiate studies and mani fested that eagerness for truth that has since characterized his legal investigations and made him one of the foremost members of the Georgia bar. Graduating with distinction from Mercer university in 1858 he returned to Lumpkin, Ga., and imme diately began the study of law in his father's home, he having then retired from the practice. After some months of preparation, under the advice and direction of his father, he was admitted to the bar. His father removed to Atlanta in April, 1859, ar|d Mr. Clarke being then yet under age went with him. Some time after he settled in that city, being somewhat scholarly in his tastes and having no natural fondness for the contests of the courtroom he decided to establish there a select school for boys. That he might be the better qualified for this undertaking he determined to teach a year and then spend a year in Europe in the study of the modern languages. He accordingly took charge in January, 1861, of a school in Hamilton, Harris Co., Ga. Having taught there ten months he returned to Atlanta. The country being then involved in war he abandoned the purpose of going abroad. In the early spring of 1863 ne entered the Confederate army as a private in Company H of the Fifty-sixth Georgia regiment He was subsequently attached to Gen. Tom Taylor's staff as private secretary, and served in that capac ity for several months. In December, 1863, Mr. Clarke's health being entirely broken down by the hardships and exposures incident to the Kentucky campaign through which he had just passed, he came to Atlanta under the direction of the surgeon of his regiment and there he remained confined to his bed by extreme illness for three months. On recovering he was offered and accepted an appoint ment in the office of Gen. Ira R. Foster, then the quartermaster-general of the state of Georgia, and continued to discharge the duties of such appointment till the var closed. After the departure of Gen. Sherman from Atlanta only a few build ings remained standing, but the people lost no time in rebuilding their wasted homes. Mr. Clarke was among the first to cast their fortunes with the struggling young city, then slowly emerging from the ruins. He now resolved to devote his life to the practice of his profession and opened an office for the purpose in March, 1866. Diligence and perseverance soon brought his talents into recogni tion, and influential clients began to avil themselves of his professional services.
He remained in the active practice until January, 1885, when he was appointed to the judgeship of the city court of Atlanta. The honor was all the more appreciated because it came unsought and unsolicited. He held this position for eleven months and, after the expiration of this time, he was appointed to the bench of the Atlanta circuit. This position he held from Dec. i, 1885, to Sept. 15, 1893. At the time of his resignation he had still three years and a half before him, having just entered upon a new term. The resignation of Judge Clarke was very reluc tantly accepted by Gov. Northen, and many sincere expressions of regret pro ceeded from the members of the Atlanta bar. Judge Clarke's administration of justice was characterized by a fearless discharge of duty and a blind disregard of person. His legal decisions were rendered in a clear and comprehensive style, and never without careful research and deliberation. His legal intuitions served him as splendid aids in the determination of all issues, and his grasp of the real merits

748

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

of the various cases that came before him was both rapid and tenacious. His own views, however, were always supported by sound authority, illustrating his marvelous capacity for work and his fidelity as a judicial officer. No judge of the superior court in Georgia ever donned the sacred ermine with less fear or more pronounced fidelity. Few of Judge Clarke's decisions were ever reversed by the supreme court. As an evidence of the exalted opinion in which his attainments as a judicial officer were held by the members of the bar, he had no sooner resigned his seat on the bench than he was urged to make the race for associate justice of the supreme court, in anticipation of an increase in the number of judges on the supreme bench. The amendment to the constitution failed to pass, however, but on the resignation of Chief Justice Dleckley, a few weeks later, his claims were stoutly renewed by his countless admirers all over the state. Judge Clarke has never aspired to political office. His ambition has been purely legal and judicial. In 1868, however, he held for one day the position of secretary of the electoral college. Judge Clarke was one of the early promoters of the Young Men's library association, and, for a number of years, a director in that institution. He lias always been the friend of culture and intellectual development, and no enter prise of this character has ever failed to meet his indorsement or receive his active support. The late Judge John T. Clarke, of the Patula circuit, whose sad death in 1889 was the result of a railroad accident, was a brother of the subject of this sketch. As one of the ablest and purest officers on the circuit bench he illustrated, in a marked degree, the same high and conspicuous order of talent that character ized this remarkable family. Judge Clarke, on retiring from the bench, immedi ately returned to the practice of his profession, and has since established himself in a large and growing civil practice. The duties of his position as judge of the Atlanta circuit were too onerous and exacting and, under the pressure put upon him by increasing litigation and his conception of the duties of a judicial office, he was forced to send in his resignation. Judge Clarke has never married. He is an active and influential member of the Second Baptist church of Atlanta, and to the lofty attainments of the scholar he had added the graceful simplicity of the Christian religion.

DEV. DR. THOMAS PARMELEE CLEVELAND, pastor of the Fourth Presbyterian church of Atlanta, was born in Washington, Ga., Nov. 19, 1837.
He received his early instruction and training at the place of his nativity. He afterward entered the college at Columbia, S. C., remaining there, however, only a few months, and in 1856 went to the famous educational institution at Princeton. X. J., applied himself sedulously to the appointed tasks, and gradu ated in 1858. Immediately afterward he returned to Georgia, established a small school which he conducted a short time, and then was elected principal of the academy in Washington, Ga., holding this place for one year. Dr. Cleve land now feeling called on to become a minister of the gospel, gave up teaching and decided to enter at once upon preparation for the gospel ministry. He studied at the theological school in Columbia, S. C., for eighteen months, but his mental labors were interrupted by the clamors of secession and disunion. In 1862 his heart, then aflame with the same loyalty that now characterizes bis personality, lie entered the Confederate service, enlisting in the Tenth Georgia regiment. Semmes' brigade, as a private soldier, and remained in this humble station until he secured his parole at Appomattox court house. Va. He was on detailed duty with the commissar}- of the brigade, and later with the quarter master of the brigade. During the last year of the war the clerk of the adjutant having deserted, he was appointed his successor, and remained in this position

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until the surrender. In the battle of Savage station he acted as courier for Gen. Paul J. Semmes. When the clouds of disruption disappeared Dr. Cleveland re turned home and then went to Madison county, Ga., and preached in that section for the seven succeeding- years, and then went to Gainesville, Ga., where he resided twelve years. In 1885 he came to Atlanta and has since lived in that city. Dr. Cleveland served as school commissioner for both Madison and Hall counties, the first one, the latter four years. On moving to Atlanta he resigned this, as well as his pastorate and the state clerkship of the Athens presbytery. He served as a member of the examining committee of the state university for two years under Gov. McDaniel. Dr. Cleveland was married in 1866 to Helen A., daughter of the late Andrew Howard, of Atlanta, and a niece of John H. Newton, of Athens, Ga. Their lot has often been one of sadness and bereavement, for of the twelve children born to them only four survive. They are: Lillian H., wife of H. P. Ashley, of Atlanta; Mary P., Thomas C., and Fannie H. Dr. Cleve land is a devoted Confederate veteran, and was elected chaplain of the Fulton county camp in 1890, and has been re-elected five times. He had three oppor tunities of becoming chaplain, but owing to the fact that he had not been licensed and could not get a furlough to go home for that purpose, he failed in the first two appointments. During his visit home on a thirty days' furlough he was licensed by the presbytery of Hopewell at Sparta, Ga., April 3, 1864, and then on his return received an appointment from two regiments combined, and would have received his commission but for the closing of the war. He is a deep, scholarly thinker, an old soldier "to the marrow," a minister, earnest, conscien tious and consecrated, a gentleman of the old southern type, and a Mend, genial in disposition, lovable in commanding sympathy and generosity, whose hearty hand-grasp assures you that its cordial touch is but a slight response to the soul of love and honor that actuates and prompts it.

ANDREW J. COBB, son of Howell Cobb, was born in Athens, Ga., April 12, 1857. He was brought up and educated in that city, receiving the degree of
A. B. at the university there in 1876, and graduating from the law department a year later with the degree of B. L. Aug. 12, 1877, he was admitted to the bar in Athens by Judge George D. Rice, and at once opened an office there, forming a partnership with Capt. A. S. Envin, which continued until 1879, when Capt. Envin was elected judge of the superior court of the western circuit Mr. Cobb then practiced his profession alone until 1891, when he re-entered partner ship with Judge Erwin. In 1893 he moved to Atlanta and a year later Vasser Woolley was added to the firm, which is now Envin, Cobb & Woolley. Judge Envin resides in Athens and represents the firm there. Mr. Cobb was city attor ney of Athens, Ga., 1887 to 1891, president of the Athens board of education in 1888, and trustee for the city of Athens of the state university during the years 1891, 1892 and 1893. He was professor of law in the state university from March, 1884, to June, 1893, and is now lecturer on constitutional law, pleadings and con tracts in that institution. He is also dean of the Atlanta law school and lecturer on constitutional law, equity and wills. Mr. Cobb is a member and deacon of the Baptist church. He was married March 3, 1880, to Miss Starkie Campbell, daughter of Col. Jesse M. Campbell, a prominent lawyer of Griffin, Ga., and they have five children, three boys and two girls. Mr. Cobb is a democrat, but has never taken a very active part in politics. In 1894 he was prominently men tioned for associate justice of the supreme court in the event that the constitu tional amendment increasing the number of judges should be adopted.

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QHARLES A. COLLIER is the son of John Collier, descended from the sturdy pioneers of North Georgia, who fought his way to fame through the many
obstacles that cluster about an inexperienced country lawyer, but dauntless per severance has never yet met defeat In the spirit of this adage he labored and was rewarded by a career of honor and a superior judgeship. He moved to Atlanta when a young man, and there Charles A. was born July 19, 1848. His father was liberal in his education and placed before his aspiring ambition the use of the best schools and tutors in the state. These were readily grasped and employed in mental development. Graduating from the state university, and being admitted to the bar, he gave promise of a brilliant future, and seemed fit to grace any profession or occupation, for his talents were varied and devel oped, ilr. Collier was married Jan. 7, 1875, to the daughter of the late William A. Ravvson. This formed an epoch in his life, for this queenly woman, of charm ing personality and refinement, shed an inspiration on his work, and from that happy moment his real success began. Mr. Collier is of retiring disposition and shrinks from notoriety. He has never sought political office, and yet on more than one occasion the people have demanded his services. He was elected alder man by a large majority, served as mayor pro tern., and chairman of the finance committee of the council. He was also chairman of the democratic executive committee of Fulton county. As a servant of the people his legal knowledge, firmness of character and general executive ability were thoroughly tested. He is president of the Gate City Gas Light company, of the Refrigerating Construct ing company and director in the Capital City bank and the Bank of the State of Georgia. Among the many enterprises in Atlanta's history that have given a valuable impetus to her growth and prosperity, was the Piedmont exposition. This was suggested only 100 days before the gates were opened and the feasibility of its plan considered. Mr. Collier was elected president, and by untiring energy, devoted unselfishness and a heart for Atlanta's welfare alone, with the assistance of the directors completed this weighty undertaking in the appointed time and made of it the greatest attraction the south has ever offered to her neighbors. Mr. Collier's very superior executive and administrative ability caused him to be chosen president of the Cotton States and International exposition, when a weightier task confronted him. But with the present glowing status of affairs and the absolute confidence and lofty admiration of his fellow-citizens the success of this worthy attempt in displaying southern products and genius is assured. His administration so far has been magnificent Mr. Collier is a power in the community. He loves money only for the good it does. He devotes much time to the pursuit of literature, science and art, with a cultured intellect, a chari table heart and a gift for extensive enterprise. He is a cogent factor in the pro motion of Atlanta's interests.

MR. JAMES R. COLLINS is a member of one of the oldest and most dis tinguished families of Atlanta. The pioneer of the family, James A. Collins,
was a man of sturdy character and independent ideas. He came to Atlanta in 1844, among the first immigrants who turned their faces in the direction of the jprightly young village that was destined, in a few years, to become the acknowl
edged metropolis of the south. Mr. Collins had great faith in Atlanta's future and he devoted himself with patriotic zeal to the furtherance of all her public enter prises. He was not only the pioneer merchant of the city, engaged in the gen eral merchandise business, but occupied a seat in the first legislative councils of
Marthasville, as the village was then known. Mr. Collins was a native of the state of North Carolina, but emigrated to Georgia during his early manhood. The

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subject of this sketch, Mr. James R. Collins, was born on a plantation in Cobb county in 1866. His father, William J. Collins, had served the Confederacy for four years, proving himself a gallant officer by his courage and daring as a lieutenant in the Ninth Georgia regiment of infantry. He was the son of Mr. James A. Collins, and was bom in Atlanta shortly after his father's removal from Cobb county. After the war Lieut. Collins returned to his plantation in Cobb county, where his son was born. Here he spent his boyhood days. His education was chiefly derived from the schools of Cobb county, and those of the adjoining county of Fulton. He developed a strong and vigorous constitution and was proficient in all athletic exercises, performing great feats of strength and displaying marked physical endurance even as a boy. Mr. Collins completed his education in Atlanta. At the age of eighteen, Mr. Collins, who was possessed of strong busi ness ideas, reinforced by a resolute ambition that was ready to grapple with any difficulty that might thrust itself in his way, decided to go into bvisiness for him self. It was a bold venture for one of his years and inexperience, but he resolved to make it He became the proprietor of a large and flourishing business, supplying the wants of the public with coal and wood, and demonstrating the fact that he was equal to the responsibility of managing a large establishment successfully. Mr. Collins remained in the wood and coal business until 1885. when he was elected to the office of deputy city marshal. He served in this capacity until 1892, when he was elected to the office of city tax collector for two years, serving the public, for that length of time, with marked zeal and fidelity. In 1891 Mr. Collins organized the Home bank, a successful enterprise planned by the young financier. He became the president of this institution and displayed great financial skill and foresight in the administration of its affairs. Mr. Collins is also vice-president and director of the Fidelity banking and trust company, organized in 1892. Mr. Collins was united in marriage to Miss Catharine Carey, the daughter of Mr. John Carey, of Atlanta, in 1890. Two years later his wife died, leaving an only daughter, Louise. In 1894, Mr. Collins was married, a second time, to Miss Eleanor A. Sullivan, the daughter of Mr. Daniel Sullivan, of San Antonio, Texas. The martial spirit is strongly emphasized in the taste of Mr. Collins for military life. He holds mem bership in both the Gate City guards and the Hibernian rifles, two of the leading military organizations of the city. In addition to these Mr. Collins is identified with nearly all the social organizations of Atlanta, being a prominent member of the Brotherhood of Elks, the Capital City club, the Commercial club, the Concordia club, and the Driving club. Mr. Collins is richly endowed with that peculiar gift known as personal magnetism. Perhaps no young man in Atlanta enjoys a more extensive popularity, and this has been fully demonstrated by the successful aspi rations of Mr. Collins for public office. The combination of rare qualifications for business and the social graces that render a man pleasing is one that is seldom witnessed in such a marked degree as that possessed by Mr. Collins, and the "udicious exercise of his endowments will no doubt result in continued honors to himself and to the community. Mr. Collins is a member of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, and is loyal in his adherence to the tenets of the Catholic faith.

RENNETT JONES CONYERS, lawyer, Atlanta, Ga., son of Christopher B. and D Fanny (Bullock) Conyers, was born in Atlanta, Feb. 23, 1864. The family is of English extraction, and is related to Sir Gerald Conyers, one of the promoters of the colony of Georgia. His great-grandfather, Ross Conyers, was a citizen of Xorth Carolina, a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and sheriff of Granville county in that state. He was a planter, and came to Georgia

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in 1801. His grandfather, Bcnnett H. Conyers, was born in Granville county, X. C, in 1800, and when an infant was brought to Georgia with the family. Mr. Conyers' father was born in Coweta county, Ga., in 1832, and raised a farmer. Dur ing the war he was in the Confederate service as a member of Phillips' legion. After the war he went to Cartersville, Bartow Co., Ga., where he successfully engaged in merchandising, dying in 1885. Mr. Conyers' mother was a daughter of Nathaniel Bullock of Bartow county. To this worthy couple ten children were born, of whom seven are still living: Bennett J., the subject of this sketch; James T., Christopher B., Abner J., James H., Elizabeth, and Arthur C. Mr. Conyers was raised in Cartersville, where he was educated and prepared for college; and in 1882 entered the junior class of the state university, Athens, Ga. Graduating in 1884 with the first honor and the degree of A. M., he taught school six years: One year as professor of Greek and mathematics in the Martin institute, Jefferson, Jackson Co., Ga.; one year as principal in the Perry (Houston county) male and female college; and four years as principal of the high school, Scale, Ala. In 1890 he came to Atlanta, was admitted to the bar, and connected with the law department of the R. & D. (now Southern) railway for about sixteen months--to Xov. i, 1891. He then entered into partnership with Judge E. C. Kontz--firm name Kontz & Conyers--which partnership still exists, having already won an extensive and remunerative clientage, which is constantly increasing in extent and value. Professionally and socially, Mr. Conyers ranks high. He is a master Mason, and a member of the Baptist church--being clerk of the Jackson Hill Baptist church, Atlanta.

("1EX. PHILIP COOK, deceased secretary of the state of Georgia, was born July 30, 1817, on the farm belonging to his father, Philip Cook, in T \viggs
county, Ga., where he resided until he gained his majority, his father dying there three years later. Gen. Cook attended the "old field" schools of Twiggs county until he was fifteen years old, when he went to a noted school at Jeffcrsonville taught by Milton Wilder, a Massachusetts man. He then went to Forsyth, Monroe Co., Ga., to school for a year or so, and in 1836, at the age of nineteen ran away from this school and enlisted at Forsyth in Capt W. A. Black's company--one of five companies raised for the Seminole war. He was mustered into service at Pecolata, Fla., and served three months as a private, in which capacity he enlisted, and was one of Gen. W. A. Scott's command which rescued Gen. Gaines, who was surrounded by the Seminoles. He was mustered out in 1836 and returned home, going from there to Oglethorpe university at Midway, Baldwin Co., Ga., where he remained three years and then went to Charlottesville, Va., going from Macon, Ga., by stage--the journey taking a week's time, and costing about $75. He attended the university of Virginia until 1841, when he returned to his home on
account of his father's death. Leaving his brother, John R. Cook, on the old homestead he soon after began the practice of Jaw in Forsyth, Ga., in partnership with Zachariah Harman, then solicitor general of Flint circuit This partnership continued about three years, when Gen. Cook sold out and moved to Sumter county, Ga., where his health being poor, he bought a farm, living thereon from 1846 to 1850. The Southwestern railroad being then completed from Macon to Oglethorpe, and the prospects for a good town at the latter point being promising, he removed to Oglethorpe and commenced the practice of his profession, forming a year later a partnership with Col. T. W. Montfort, which continued about six or seven years, when it was dissolved. Gen. Cook remained in Oglethorpe until the war broke out, and in May, 1861, responded to the call of Gen. Joseph E. Brown for troops. Being an honorary member of the Macon county volunteers

PULTON COUNTY S'KETCHES.
he went with them, which with nineteen other companies was ntustered into service by Gen. Brown at Augusta, Ga., May, 1861. These twenty companies were ordered to the navy yard at Portsmouth, Va., and soon after, this company was assigned to the fourth Georgia infantry, Private Cook being appointed adjutant of the regiment and serving- as such until after the seven days' fight around Richmond; when upon the unanimous recommendation of the regiment's officers he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth Georgia. He was shortly afterward commissioned colonel, serving in that capacity until the death of Gen. George Doles at Cold Harbor, and then on the recommendation of Gen. R. E. Rhodes and Gen. Jubal A. Early he was promoted to be brigadier-general in June. 1864, and served as such until the war closed. Gen. Cook was in the battles ot" Malvern Hill, where he was badly hurt by the fragments of a shell: at Fredericksburg; at Chancellorsville, where he was wounded in the leg by a minie ball and was laid up three months, part of the time at the hospital in Richmond, Ya., and then at his home. Upon his recovery he rejoined his command at Orange Court House, Va., and next saw service at Winchester in two battles under Early, and at Harper's Ferry, skirmishing from Stauntoh to Williamsport. Va.. almost every day. After being in battle with Early at Cedar Creek he went down to Petersburg where he was wounded in his right elbow and captured, lying in the Petersburg hospital July 30, 1865. Upon his recovery, Gen. Cook returned to Oglethorpe, Ga., and resumed the practice of law. From there he removed to Americus, Ga., in 1870 and practiced his profession at that point for ten years. In the latter part of 1870 he formed a partnership with Hon. Charles F. Crisp, now speaker of the United States house of representatives, which partnership continued until Mr. Crisp was elected to the bench, when his place \vas filled by Col. B. P. Hollis, this partnership continuing until 1880, in which year Gen. Cook sold his library, gave up the practice of law and retired to his farm. Gen. Cook's first political office was that of state senator, to which position he was elected from Macon county, Ga., in 1859, serving for two years. In 1863, while at home recovering from wounds received at Chancellorsville he was elected to the state senate from the thirteenth district, which comprised the counties of Macon, Sumter. and Schley. He served in the senate of 1863 for forty clays and then re joined his command as its colonel, returning and serving in the session of 1864, again rejoining his command after adjournment. In 1882, while on his farm in Lee county, Ga., he was appointed by Gov. McDaniel one of five commissioners to erect the present state capitol which was completed in 1889. The appropriation for the construction of the state house was $1,000,000. Out of this $20,000 was paid for a portion of the site and when the bvnlding was completed the commissioners covered back into the treasury $1 18.50. Gen. Cook then returned to his farm, where he remained until February, 1890, when he was appointed secre tary of state by Gov. John B. Gordon to fill the unexpired term of Maj. M. C. Barnett, whose death vacated the office. October, 1890, Gen. Cook was elected to the same office and re-elected October, 1892. He was elected to the thirty-seventh congress, but was refused his seat. In 1872 he was elected to the forty-second congress from the third district and was returned three times, his last term expiring in 1882, when he was succeeded by Hon. Charles F. Crisp. Gen. Cookwas married in 1842 to Sarah G., daughter of Henry H. Lumpkin (brother of Gov. Lumpkin'), of Monroe county. She died in 1860, leaving three children, of whom two survive, Lucy, wife of W. L. Peel, of Atlanta, and Philip Cook, Jr., now on the old home farm in Lee county. Gen. Cook's father was Philip Cook, son of Tohn Cook, who was born in Brunswick countv, Va., and was a fanner all his life. Philip Cook. Sr.. was born in 1775 and in his early youth came to Georgia
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with his parents from South Carolina. He was also a farmer and was one of the first sheriffs of Baldwin county, Ga. He was one of the commissioners appointed
by the governor to explore the Ocmulgee river. He served in the war of 1812, first as captain and afterward as major of the Eighteenth United States infantry, which rank he held at the close of that war. Soon afterward he resigned and settled on his plantation in Twiggs county, Ga., where he died in 1841. He married Martha, daughter of John Wooten, a native of South Carolina, and to this marriage were
born five children, of whom Gen. Cook was one. His only brother, John R. Cook, entered the Confederate service in 1862 as assistant surgeon and served through the war. He died in 1886. Gen. Cook's grandfather, John Cook, who was born in Brunswick county, Va., afterward migrated to South Carolina, where he was married and after the revolutionary war came to Georgia, where he died in Hancock county. He was a soldier in that war, participating in the battles of Cowpens and King's Mountain. Gen. Cook's great-grandfather was Henry Cook, who was probably the family's ancestor, who emigrated from Scotland. Gen. Cook, in spite of the hardship and perils lie had endured, remained mentally and physically active to the day of his death; Ins judgment was mature and sound, and his kindliness of heart well known to those who had the privilege of his
acquaintance.

P)R. HUNTER POPE COOPER, one of Atlanta's most competent physicians, was born May 16, 1860, in Atlanta. A year later he was taken by his parents
to Washington, Ga., and there he lived until fourteen years of age. He attended the schools at Washington until 1873, when he was sent to Kirkwood, four miles from Atlanta, and placed under the instruction of C. M. Xeel, now principal
of the Georgia Military institute at Edgewood, near Atlanta, and W. J. Northen, ex-governor of Georgia. He remained two years with these able instructors and then entered the university of Georgia at Athens: there he attained his senior year in 1877, but left that institution to take a special course at the university of Virginia preparatory to studying medicine. He continued his studies at the latter institution for three years, going from there in 1880 to the College of Phy sicians and Surgeons in New York, and earning the high honor of graduating among the first ten in 1883. The following year he served as interne at the Forty-second street hospital in New York, and the succeeding year in the same capacity in the Presbyterian hospital. In 1885 he went to Vienna .and devoted himself for five months to hospital work there. After thus thoroughly and con scientiously preparing himself for his life work, Dr. Cooper in January, 1886, returned to Atlanta, where he has since practiced. He is a member of the Atlanta Society of Medicine, of which he was president in 1890, of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological association and the National Association of Railway Surgeons. Dr. Cooper has contributed numerous articles to the various medi cal journals; among those which have appeared in the Atlanta Medical and Surgi cal Journal were those on "The Treatment of Hemorrhoids." "The Modern Treat ment of Fractures," "Diagnosis and Treatment of Potts' Disease of the Spine," and "The Treatment of Coccygodynia." He is medical examiner for the Provi dent Savings Life Assurance society of New York, chief surgeon of the Atlanta i'-. West Point railroad, the Western railroad of Alabama, local surgeon to the Georgia railroad, to the Central railroad of Georgia, and visiting surgeon to the Henry W. Grady hospital. For four years he was professor of chemistry in the Atlanta Medical college. His father, Thomas L. Cooper, was a Georgian and a lawyer, who. before the war, was solicitor-general of the Atlanta circuit He entered the Confederate service in 1861 as captain of the Atlanta Grays, and

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at the time of his death was colonel of the Eighth Georgia regiment He mar ried Miss Mary, daughter of Alexander Pope, a native of Virginia, who came to Georgia with his parents when a child. Dr. Cooper's grandfather was Mark Anthony Cooper, who was born in Georgia, and for many years was prominent in public life. He was a member of congress in 1839-41-42-43, served in the .state legislature, and was a major in the Seminole war in 1836. Dr. Cooper's great-grandfather was a Virginian, who came to "Georgia in his early manhood and died there. His maternal ancestors were Scotch-Irish.

JOHN TYLER COOPER is one of Atlantis most useful and honored citizens. An aristocrat in blood, having been reared in the purple, so to
speak, Mr. Cooper is intensely democratic in his feelings and believes in giving
to all men that show of deference and respect to which they are properly entitled.
No citizen of Atlanta, in this regard, has ever surpassed the subject of this sketch
in presenting to the rising generation the pattern of a dignified and gentle chivalry.
The antecedents of Mr. Cooper deserve mention. His grandfather, Thomas A. Cooper, was born in Ireland, though of English stock. He came to America in early manhood and espoused the heart of Mary Fairlie, a noted New York
belle, who was the original Sophia Sparkle in Washington Irving's Salmagundi. He was one of the leading tragedians of that day and served as second to Ecker in the latter's duel with Alexander Hamilton's son. This was prior to the
famous Burr-Hamilton duel. Mr. Cooper died in 1850, being at that time in the
Philadelphia custom house. He was a man of singular talents and as an actor
enjoyed a wide popularity. Mr. James Fairlie Cooper, the tragedian's son, and
the father of the subject of this sketch, was born in New York city. He grad
uated from the military school at West Point, and coming to Georgia a short while afterward, was employed in the construction of the Western & Atlantic
railroad as civil engineer. At Cassville, Ga., on that road, he was married to Miss
Sarah F. Spier, daughter of John Pittman Spier, a native of Virginia. He was lieutenant-colonel of the Seventh Georgia regiment during the late war, serving in that capacity for six months. He was then appointed tax-in-kind quartermaster,
locating first at Marietta, Ga., and then at Columbus. After the war he returned to liis profession as civil engineer and located in Atlanta. For two years he was
the city engineer of Atlanta. Mr. Cooper died in 1869. His death was fol
lowed by that of his wife in 1875. His sister, Priscilla Cooper, married Robert Tyler, son of President Tyler. She was the lady of the White House until the mar riage of President Tyler, which occurred during his term of office. A
daughter was born to her while a resident of the White House as a result of
this union. The subject of this sketch, Mr. John Tyler Cooper, was born in
Marietta, Ga., on March 26, 1844. After a preliminary course of study in the
primary schools of that place he entered the Georgia Military institute and in
June, 1862, having recently attained his eighteenth year, he enlisted as a private
in Company E, of the Ninth Georgia battalion of artillery, commanded by Maj. A. Leyden. He served in this capacity for a year, after which he was successively
promoted to corporal, sergeant, ordnance sergeant and battalion quartermastersergeant. At the close of the war he was on Maj. Leyden's staff. Mr. Cooper
was in the two battles at Knoxville and the one fought at Star Fort, near that city; also in the hard fighting at Campbell's Station, Ringgold, and the two days' fight
on the road to Chickamauga, and the terrific engagement which subsequently took place at Chickamauga. After the war Mr. Cooper rode from Lynchburg,
Va., to Athens, Ga., on horseback, disposing of his animal for $3,500 in Confed
erate money. Coming to Atlanta, he purchased at auction, with two or three

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other gentlemen, a bale of cotton yarn for $10,000 in Confederate money. The yarn was afterward sold for $150 in greenbacks, netting Mr. Cooper $50 as his share of the proceeds. In a few months after his arrival Mr. Cooper entered the office, of Judge Daniel Pittman as clerk to the ordinary of Fulton county, remaining in that office until 1881. The board of county commissioners was organized at this time and Mr. Cooper was made the clerk of that body, a position which he has since continued to occupy. In 1884 the subject of this sketch was elected to a seat in the city council as a representative from the sixth ward. His career in that body was able and conservative, and accordingly in 1885 he was promoted to" the dignity of an alderman. In the following year he was nominated as a candidate for mayor of the city of Atlanta and triumph antly elected. During his term of office he kept a close watch upon the in terests of the public and gave to the city a wise, conservative and patriotic admin istration. On the night of his retirement from office he was elected to a seat on the city board of health and served until September, 1894, when he resigned. Mr. Cooper is a member of the Ancient Order of Odd Fellows, the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias, and the Red Men. Recently, however, he has not affiliated with the brethren in any of these mystic organizations. Mr. Cooper is a consistent member of St. Luke's Episcopal church of this city, and is thor oughly familiar with the government, principles and traditions of the Episcopal faith. Mr. Cooper was married in Montgomery, Ala., in 1875 to Miss Mary Grain Marks, a beautiful and cultured lady of that city. Two children were born to them who are still living: Samuel M., a student in the Bellevue high school at Lynchburg, Ya., and Sarah F., in school at Montgomery, Ala. Mrs. Cooper died on Dec. 4, 1894. Mr. Cooper's brother, Charles F. Cooper, who enlisted in the Seventh Georgia cavalry, was a courier for Gen. P. M. B. Young. He was a brave and gallant officer and commanded the unbounded confidence of Gen. Young. He died in Houston, Tex., in 1893. By inheritance Mr. Cooper is a member of the Order of Cincinnatus. His maternal grandfather, James Fairlie, was a second lieutenant in the Second Xew York regiment and was afterward on the staff of Baron Steuben, with the rank of major. He subsequently married a daughter of Chief Justice Yates of the supreme court of New York. As the clerk of the board of county commissioners, Mr. Cooper has served the county for many years, and the duties of his office have been discharged with unre mitting zeal, patriotism and fidelity.

QHARLES \V. CRAXKSHAW controls one of the largest jewelry establishments in Atlanta. Mr. Crankshaw was born in that city Dec. 23, 1856. In
his young boyhood he entered the public schools of Atlanta; at the age of seven teen years he discontinue'd attendance and accepted a position with a jewelry firm as salesman, holding this place for several years; and then formed a partnership with J. C. Freeman, the firm being Freeman & Crankshaw, jewelers. This joint interest continued until 1892 when it was dissolved. Since that year Mr. Crank shaw has conducted business alone, with no small degree of success. Holding the confidence of the people he has easily secured their patronage and built up a large, increasing trade. In 1894, Mr. Crankshaw was united in marriage to Miss Mary Marsh, daughter of E. W. Marsh. Esq., but on May 14, 1895, sustained an irreparable loss in her death. Mr. Crankshaw is popular, entertaining and pos sesses a personality that engenders friendships. He is one of the prominent club men of the city--a member of the Capital City club, and chairman of the house committee, which office he has filled for six or seven years: a member of the Piedmont Driving club, and for seven years president of the Cotillion club, which

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club has given the most elegant entertainments in the history of social Atlanta.
Mr. Crankshaw has long been a participant in Atlanta's social gaieties and wears with befitting grace the wreath of popularity.

. JOHN CALHOUN COURTNEY, the subject of this sketch, is a typical Virginia gentleman. He was born in the city of Norfolk, in that state, on Aug. 16, 1834, and resided in Norfolk until reaching his majority. His father, Richard Courtney, was also a Virginian and a native of King and Queen county.
He served for a while in the United States navy, after which he entered the journalistic field and assumed an editorial pen on the staff of the "American Beacon,'' a whig paper published in Norfolk, Va. He was associated, in this capacity, with the late William C. Shields, one of the most distinguished exponents of Virginia's nevvspaperdom. Young Courtney, at the age of fifteen, decided to master the science of telegraphy, and entered the service of the Virginia telegraph company, and before the close of the year 1849 was reading the Morse system by sound. He is perhaps the first person that ever accomplished the feat of receiving telegraphic messages by sound. In 1855 ne went to Petersburg, Va., and accepted a position as telegraph operator with the Washington & New Orleans telegraph
company. In 1857 he was appointed agent for the Norfolk & Petersburg railroad company. He left Petersburg in 1862 for Burlington, N. C., to assume charge of the telegraph lines belonging to the Southern express company, and after remain
ing a year in Burlington he next removed to Charlotte, and became the superin tendent of the telegraph department, holding the position until 1866. During the
first year of the war Maj. Courtney was in frequent consultation with Gen. Robert E. Lee in regard to the telegraph service. Later on he corresponded with Gens. Beauregard and Johnston and delivered to Gen. Beauregard, in advance of all other dispatches, the news of Gen. Lee's surrender at Appomattox. Maj. Court ney also delivered to President Jefferson Davis the dispatch from Gen. John C. Breckinridge, announcing the assassination of President Lincoln. He was sub sequently taken to Washington to corroborate this dispatch before the court mar tial engaged in the great assassination trial. From May, 1862, until the close of the war, Maj. Courtney was in charge of the telegraph lines from Danville, Va., and Weldon, N. C, to Columbia, S. C. This position was not given to him directly by the Confederate government, but it brought him into frequent communication
with the leaders of the Confederacy, and in this way he rendered valuable service to the country. Maj. Courtney remained in Columbia, S. C, from 1866 until 1870 as the assistant superintendent of the Southern express company for North and South Carolina. In October, 1870, he came to Atlanta as the superintendent of the telegraph lines between Atlanta and Chattanooga, Tenn., and from Dec. 27, 1870, was in the employ of the Western & Atlantic railroad company. He served in this capacity until 1873, when he was elected by the executive committee of the Western & Atlantic company to the office of auditor of the road, vacated by the death of Owen Lynch. He continued to occupy this position until the expiration of the lease, and still holds this office under the receivers of that company to the close of 1895. For a long period Maj. Courtney acted as secretary and treasurer for the Monteagle assembly, of Monteagle, Tenn., though still residing in Atlanta, and did much to build up that institution. In 1880 he was commissioned as a delegate to the Robert Raikes memorial convention in London, England, held in honor of Robert Raikes, the founder of the system of Sunday schools. Maj. Courtney had been an active Sunday school worker for many years, and going to London as
the representative of the state of Georgia, he took an active part in the delibera tions ofthe convention. For nearly fifteen years Maj. Courtney was the super-

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intendent of the Sunday school of the First Methodist church. He is still a
member of that church. For a long time prior to 1890 he was secretary and treasurer of the state Sunday school association. Since 1890 he has acted as-
special examiner in quite a number of railroad matters and has been chairman of
the auditing committee of the Southern railway and steamship association. Maj*
Courtney was united in marriage on May 10, 1859, to Miss Mary E. Williamson, the daughter of the late George Williamson, of Petersburg, Va. Their marriage
life has been a signally happy one and three children were born to them: John R., agent for the N. C. & St L. R. R. at Macon, Ga.; Richard B., agent for the M. K. T. railroad at Houston, Texas; and Mary Stuart Courtney. Since February, tSgi, Maj. Courtney has been the secretary and treasurer of the Capital City club, of Atlanta, Ga,, having been elected each year without opposition. Honest, con
scientious and straightforward, Maj. Courtney has made a useful citizen and a model member of the community. Full of energy and resources he has never;
allowed himself to be idle and has always taken a leading part in all movements
which he has had anything to do with. In this respect he has been a conspicuous example of progressive enterprise and persevering industry.

)R. LOGAN M'LEAN CRICHTON, professor of diseases of the nose and throat in the Southern medical college, Atlanta, and of diseases of the eye, eaf
and nose in the Atlanta polyclinic, was born near Tampa, Fla., Dec. 29, 1864, and two years later moved with his parents to Jacksonville, Fla., where they resided until 1872, when they came to Atlanta. Dr. Crichton attended a private school at Jacksonville, the public schools at Atlanta, and the military school at Kirkwood, Ga., for several years. He read medicine with Dr. J. B. Baird for a year, and then took the graded course of study at the Bellevue hospital medical college in New York city, graduating in 1888. He returned to Atlanta and practiced his profes sion for twelve months; going again to New York city in 1889, where he attended the polyclinic, and for six months acted as assistant, receiving special instruction in the diseases of the eye, ear and nose at the New York eye and ear hospital. He also attended Mt Sinai hospital, and the New Amsterdam eye and ear hospital in New York city. Since his return to Atlanta he has made eye, ear and nose work a specialty. Dr. Crichton is a member of the State medical association, the Atlanta society of medicine, and of St Luke's Episcopal church. He was married in October, 1893, to May, daughter of Charles Irvin. Dr. John P. Crichton, the father of Dr. L. M. Crichton, was born in St. Marys, Ga., in 1821. He was a gradu ate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, and practiced in Florida, retiring from practice when he moved to Atlanta in 1872. He married Adelaide, widow of Kennedy. They had four children: Addie, wife of I. T. Calloway, Atlanta; Eugene C., Atlanta; Dr. L. M. Crichton; and Maud D., wife of Dr. C. G. Giddings, Atlanta. Dr. Crichton's grandfather Crichton emigrated from Scotland.
)R. WALTER ANDREW CROWE, one of Atlanta's leading physicians, born on a farm in Washington county, Va., May 7, 1857, and was there
brought up, receiving his primary education in the schools of that district In 1875 he matriculated at Emory-Henry college and was graduated in 1879. He then went to Bellevue Hospital Medical college, New York city, and for three years remained there, graduating in 1881. Returning to his native county, he located at Glade Springs, where he practiced four years and then spent the winter of 1884-85 at the university of Pennsylvania, acting at the same time as assistant to H. F. Formad in the pathological department of that institution. During the?

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winter he took a course in the hospitals at Philadelphia and the following sum mer (1885) came back to Atlanta and established the practice which he now enjoys. Dr. Crowe was in 1885 appointed lecturer to the Southern Medical col lege on physical diagnosis and diseases of children, which chair he held until
1891, when he was elected lecturer on abdominal surgery, which position he now holds. Prominent amongst his fellow practitioners, he is a member of the State Medical association, the Atlanta Society of Medicine, the Southern Surgical and Gynecological association and is president of the Atlanta Obstetrical society. He is also a member of the Virginia State Medical association and the Academy of Medicine at Abingdon, Va. Equally a favorite in social circles, Dr. Crowe has affiliated with W. D. Luckie lodge No. 89, F. and A. M., and is past master of Liberty Hall lodge, of Liberty Hall, Va. He is likewise a member and attend ant of the Methodist Episcopal church south, and his name is enrolled in the lists of the National Scotch-Irish society. He was twice married; first to Miss Flora
Theresa Thompson, in 1882, and they had one son, Samuel. His second wife was Mary Lyons, with whom he was united in 1886, and to this second marriage have been born three children: Flora Marie, Walter A. and Arthur L. Dr. Crowe's father is James Crowe, who was born in Washington county, Va., in 1821. He is a farmer and stock-raiser, priding himself on the individual excellence and breeding of his animals. He served during the war in defense of his state.
He has been elected to many offices in the gift of the people, representing his district in the state legislature and his county as supervisor. He married Eliza A. Edmanson and they had three children, of whom Dr. W. A. Crowe is the youngest The others are: Elizabeth, wife of W. W. Prunee, Friendship, Va., and Mattie J., wife of Rev. W. H. Price, Glade Springs, Va. James Crowe's father was also James Crowe, and was born either in Scotland or soon aher his parents landed on American shores. They settled in Pennsylvania and James Crowe came in early manhood to Virginia, where he lived a prosperous life and died at a ripe age. Dr. Walter Andrew Crowe is well known in the journalistic branch of his profession, having contributed many widely read articles to the medical magazines and read many papers before the societies of which he is a member. Among his best works are the following: "The Treatment of Abortion and Some of the Complications Incident Thereto," which was read before the State Medical association in Columbus, Ga., May, 1892; "Some Important Con
siderations in the Management of Cases After Coelitomy," which was read No vember, 1893, before the meeting of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological association at New Orleans; "Cancer of the Uterus, the Remote Results of Operative Interference," which was read before the State Medical association, April, 1894, and a paper on "Treatment of Some of the Most Common Forms of Pelvic Congestion in the Female," read before the meeting of the Georgia State
Medical association, at Americus, 1893.

JMR. LAURENT DE GIVE, consul for Belgium, and owner of the Grand and Marietta street theaters, of Atlanta, Ga., was born in Belgium in 1828, and
there resided until thirty-two years of age. He applied himself studiously in the schools of his native countr}r and graduated from the university of Liege in 1853 with the degree of LL. D., having passed with highest honors through the law department. He began the practice of law in Namur, Belgium, and continued for seven years, meeting with steady and growing success. During this period he was for four years a member of the provincial council, an elective body cor
responding to the state legislature in the United States. In 1859 Mr. De Give
was appointed by his government consul at the residence of Atlanta and com-

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

missioner to assist in establishing direct trade with the south. He soon discov ered the great future of this country and resolved to make Georgia his permanent home. Since 1860 he has resided in Atlanta, and he has held to this day his position of consul. On arriving in Atlanta he had in his possession a small fortune, and believing in Atlanta's future growth to a metropolis, invested largely in real estate. After the war he sold to the Masons the site of the opera house on Marietta street, their intention being to erect a magnificent Masonic temple. Cut their plans failed when only half realized, and Mr. De Give was compelled to purchase the half finished building, and out of it built Atlanta's first com plete theater. Though popular \vith all classes of people, amongst whom he has lived over thirty-five years, he has never held office because he is not a natural ized citizen. In 1857, while yet a resident of Belgium, Mr. De Give was united in marriage and has had seven children, three of whom died in infancy, and one,
Paul, passed away in February, 1894, at the age of twenty-seven years, on the
very verge of manhood. He was loved and admired by all, with an intellect to grasp and solve the weighty problems that beset mankind. His death was deeply deplored. The three other children are as follows: Louise, wife of Ed ward Horine, of Atlanta: Henry, a graduate of the Troy, N. Y., Polytechnic school, who is at present a civil engineer, and Julius, a graduate of the Georgia Technological school of Atlanta, and a mechanical engineer. Mr. De Give has frequently been interested in large business enterprises and has demonstrated a capacity for financering that has placed him among the moneyed men of the city. He is a Roman Catholic by faith and a member of the Elks. Mr. De Give has been continually honored by his sovereign, the king of Belgium. In
1880 the cross of the order of Leopold was bestowed on him. and lately the cross of the order of Merit-Civil was added to the first in recognition of his long and splendid sen-ice. The Grand theater, which ranks among the first in America for beauty and exquisite finish, is proudly spoken of by Atlantians and stands a monument to Mr. De Give's pluck and energy and his exalted opinion of Atlanta's culture. He has the development of his city at heart.

)R. KIXSMAX CLIXTOX D1VIXE, one of the foremost medical specialists of Atlanta, was born on his father's plantation in Jefferson count}', Mississippi,
Sept 27, 1833, and there resided until he was four years old, when his parents
took him to Madison county, same state, and brought him up there. He gained his
education in Madison college, of Sharon, in the latter county, and began the
study of medicine witli the late Dr. O'Leary when he had finished his academic
course. From the outset he determined that his instruction in medicine should be
most thorough, and the history of his collegiate and hospital course shows that he carried out his determination to the very letter. First he attended lectures at the Louisville medical college in the winter of 1854-5, and then entered the university of Xew York, from which he graduated in March. 1856. Fulfilling his original desire to gain as thorough a knowledge as possible of his subject, he sought a vast amount of private instruction during his attendance at this institution. His private instructors were Drs. P. A. Aylette, T. G. Thomas and Donega. He was on the private clinical staffs of Prof. G. Gunning. S. Bedford, Dr. W. H. Van Buren, and of Dr. C. E. Isaacs--the last named being then considered one of the best anatom ists living. After his graduation, and in connection with his other work, he acted as house surgeon in King's county hospital, Flatbush, N. Y., for one year. In May, 1857, he was elected by the King's county hospital board to represent it at
the meeting of the United States medical association, which convened at Nash ville, Tenn. Dr. Divine subsequently began the practice of general medicine at his

R. T. DORSKV

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.
old home, Sharon, Miss., and continued there until the opening of the war. He entered the Confederate service as surgeon in May, 1861, and afterward displayed in his military life the same indomitable energy he exhibited in his collegiate days. First, he was assigned to the Eighteenth Mississippi regiment and was with it at the first battle of Manassas, and at Leesburg, Va.; after which fight he was transferred to Pensacola, Fla., where he served until 1862, when that city was evacuated. Sent then to Mobile, Ala., he was very soon afterward at his own request dispatched to the front, going to Corinth. Miss., with the army of the Tennessee with which he remained until the autumn of 1863. At that time he was ordered to relieve Sur geon Cowan, at Pulaski, Tenn., where the latter was post surgeon. Dr. Divine stayed at this point about six weeks only. After the battle of Perryville, Ky., he was left in charge of all the army surgeons in the Cottfederate service then in that state, being located two miles northeast of Perryville at McDowell's Place for two weeks. He was ordered to Louisville, from there to Memphis, and finally to Tullahoma, Tenn., where he rejoined Gen. Walthall's staff on which he served until the spring of 1863. Then he was transferred to Pulaski as above noted and from there to Newnan, Ga., where he had charge of the hospital. The scene of his next duty was Macon, Ga., where he was again placed in charge of the hospital, Fair Ground No. 2, and subsequently he was kept going from place to place until the war closed, at which time he was serving at Cuthbert, Ga., having just made arrangements to treat all wounds requiring particular care that had been received by soldiers under his charge. After the surrender he journeyd without a dollar in his pocket to Canton, Miss., where he began the practice of his profession afresh, and remained until 1872, in which year he removed to Newnan, Ga., and entered into partnership with Dr. A. B. Calhoun, with whom he was associated for two years. On account of ill-health, however, he was compelled to relinquish his pro fession, so he retired to a plantation near Newnan, living in the country eight years. In 1882 he determined to resume active work, and locating in Atlanta began again the general practice of medicine, which he carried on until 1892, when he contracted the field of his labor and now makes a specialty of general surgery and treatment of rectal diseases. Dr. Divine is a member of the Georgia State Medical association, and the Atlanta Society of Medicine. He is a Knight Tem plar, a Knight of Honor (being an examiner of that order), and is an honored member of St. Phillips' Cathedral Episcopal church. He married in May, 1863, Martha Frances Calhoun, a daughter of Dr. A. B. Calhoun, and they liave two chil dren, Kinsman C, and Frances D., wife of Arnold Broyles, a prominent attorney of Atlanta. Dr. Divine's father was Kinsman Divine, a native of Connecticut, who was a soldier in the Seminole war and afterward married Elizabeth Saunders. The grandfather was William Divine, a revolutionary soldier, who was born in New York, and after the revolution settled in Connecticut and was married there, moving at a later date to Mississippi. Dr. Divine is now surgeon of Fulton county post, Confederate Veterans, and shortly after his graduation from the uni versity of New York was appointed surgeon in the Russian army to serve in Russia, but declined the appointment.
JUDGE RUFUS T. DORSEY. No lawyer in Georgia is more splendidly equipped for the practice of his profession than Judge Rufus T. Dorsey, of
Atlanta. Not only as an advocate before the jury, displaying the rich and varied qualifications of the orator, but as a pleader, in the legal sense of that expression, Judge Dorsey has no superior in the state and perhaps few, if any, in the south. The combination of these rare gifts, in such an eminent degree, has frequently , been the subject of admiring comment among his brethren and associates A

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
the bar. By reason of these versatile accomplishments, Judge Dorsey feels equally at home in the trial of both criminal and civil issues and is alike convincing in his arguments, both to the court and to the jury. Judge Dorsey has always been a deep student and is loyal to the principles and ethics of his profession. The subject of this sketch was born in Fayetteville, Ga., on Oct. 2, 1848, and is there fore a native Georgian. His father, Solomon D. Dorsey, was also a native of this state and for many years a resident of Fayette county. He was a farmer by prefer ence of occupation, choosing to devote his energies to the cultivation of the soil rather than to court the various disappointments and vexations incident to busi ness life and to the learned professions. For a number of years before the war he was a colonel of militia, and for quite a while during the war he continued to hold this military rank. Enlisting in the active service of the Confederacy he became a lieutenant in the Second-Georgia regiment, and served with conspicuous gallantry throughout the war. Col. Dorsey was a man of superior force of mind and strength of character. He exerted a marked influence over his fellow-men and was held in the highest esteem and respect by all classes in the community. The boyhood, youth and early manhood of Judge Dorsey were passed in Fayette count}-. He received his primary instruction from the schools at Fayetteville, and subsequently attended a select school at Campbellton, taught by Prof. W. H. Andrews. The discipline of this school and the various branches of learn ing taught by its able instructor made the enjoyment of its curriculum equivalent to an average course of study in college. The subject of this sketch was too young to enter the army or to share any of the bitter experiences of a soldier dur ing the late war, being only thirteen years old at the time hostilities commenced. He completed his schooling in 1868 and then, having certain predilections for the practice of the law, he began to apply himself with diligence to his legal preparations. He entered a law office in Fayetteville, Ga., and for several months devoted himself to the acquisition and mastery of all the fundamental principles of the profession. He made a careful study of all the legal text books that were recommended to him, and having acquired a large and accurate fund of informa tion, he formally applied for admission to the bar. He encountered no difficulty in being admitted and after passing a splendid examination he located for the practice of his profession in Fayetteville, believing that he could do as well in the home of his boyhood as anywhere else at that time. He found it rather up-hill work at the start, but his spirit never flagged and he continued to persevere in hope and study until prosperous days began to dawn on his professional horizon. In 1870 he formed a partnership with Col. Hughey of Fayetteville, which con tinued until that gentleman moved to Texas two years afterward. The young advocate then continued to practice on his own account in the courts of that circuit until 1880. He then came to Atlanta and opened an office, believing that a broader field of usefulness and higher professional honors awaited him in the capital city. In 1889 he formed a partnership with Mr. Albert Howell, Jr., the youngest son of Capt. Evan P. Howell of Atlanta, and two years later Col. P. H. Brewster was admitted, making the firm of Dorsey, Brewster & Howell, one of the strongest legal combinations in the city. Going back a few years: the subject of this sketch in 1873 was elected to a seat in the Georgia legislature as representa tive from Fayette count}-. He enjoyed the gratifying distinction of being the first democratic representative from that count}7 since the war. Republican influence dominated that portion of the state for several years after the war and controlled the ballot-box. As an evidence of the high prestige attained by Judge Dorsey as a member of the legislature it is sufficient to observe that he was appointed on the general judiciary committee and also on the committee on

FUL.TOX COUNTY SKETCHES.
appropriations. He took an active and eloquent part in all the important debates on the floor of the house and made a useful and patriotic member of that body. Shortly after coming to Atlanta the subject of this sketch, in 1883, was appointed judge of the city court of Atlanta. He filled the position for only one year, but discharged the duties of this high office with such ability as to win the encomiums of the bar, as well as expressions of high praise from the public generally. His resignation was received with regret by the bar and citizens of Atlanta. Judge Dorsey was married in 1870 to Miss Sarah M. Bennett, daughter of Mr. C. E. Bennett of Fayetteville, Ga. They have six children, four boys and two girls, and together they form a bright and attractive household. Judge Dorsey is a member of the Methodist church, and for several years has been a leading steward of Trinity church. He is loyal to his denomination and takes a deep and frequently a very active interest in all religious work. His chief aim in life is not to accumulate money, but to accomplish good and in the furtherance of this en deavor he has made his life a blessing to the church and to the community. Judge Dorsey's grandfather, John Dorsey, came to Georgia from Maryland, and died in this state in 1872 at a ripe old age. He followed the time-honored pro fession of the plow, and by diligence and economy accumulated considerable wealth. The family is of English descent, and the sturdy characteristics of that blood have been exemplified in all of its generations. Judge Dorsey's brother, John M. Dorsey, served throughout the entire war as a private in the Tenth Georgia regiment. He was several times wounded, receiving his severest ones at Gettysburg and Cold Harbor. The success of Judge Dorsey at the bar has not only been due to his fine legal equipment, but to the high sense of honor that has always characterized his professional conduct, and to his uncompromising in tegrity.
T)R. JOHN WESLEY DUNCAN was born on a plantation in Union county, Ga., Sept. 29, 1842, and resided there until he reached his majority, attending
the schools of the county and the academy in Clay county, N. C, where he was pursuing his studies when the war began. In 1865 Dr. Duncan, having finished his academic course, came to Forsyth county, Ga., and commenced the study of medicine with Dr. E. M. Bacon. He attended the Atlanta Medical college two years, graduating in 1868. After practicing for a time in western North Carolina he went to Philadelphia, east Tennessee, where he quickly established an enviable professional reputation and resided for thirteen years. In 1883 he located in Atlanta and has since then practiced there. He is a member of the State Medical association and ex-president of the Atlanta Society of Medicine. He is well known in the journalistic world, having contributed many able and comprehensive articles to the magazines devoted to the medical profession. Two of the papers he has delivered have been highly complimented, one on the subject "Of Dysentery," which he read before the State Medical association, convened at Athens in 1883, and the other on "Typho-Malarial Fever," which was also read before that body at its meeting in Columbus nine years later. Dr. Duncan is a member of Gate City lodge N. 3, F. & A. M., and when a resident of Philadelphia, east Tennessee, served as W. M. of Philadelphia lodge No. 426. He is also enrolled as a Knight of Pythias in Adolph Brant lodge of Atlanta, and has been medical examiner to that fraternity since 1888. He is also associate medical examiner to the Knights of Honor. He is a member and steward of Grace Methodist Episcopal church in Atlanta. Dr. Duncan was first married in western North Carolina, Oct. I, 1868, to Mary M., daughter of Watson Curtis, and they had six children. He was married again Sept. 16, 1885, to Minnie E., daughter

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

of Dr. A. Ellis, Milton county, Ga., and to his last marriage have been born six children--three boys and three girls. Dr. Duncan's father was David Newton Duncan, a native of Burke county, N. C., who was born in 1806 and came to
Georgia thirty years later, locating in Union county, where he engaged in farming until his death in 1879. He married Nancy Gillespie and they had five children, of whom four grew up and three now survive: William Rufus of Union county. Ga.; Dr. John Wesley; Dr. Moses C., Madisonville, Tenn., who graduated at the Atlanta Medical college in 1873, was afterward at Bellevue Hospital Medical college, and now enjoys a large and lucrative practice. Dr. Duncan's grand father, Charles Duncan, was a Virginian by birth, who migrated to North Caro lina in his early manhood and there married. In later years lie came to Union county. Ga., where he lived until his death, which occurrred during the war, in his ninety-first year. The emigrant ancestor was a Scotchman, the sturdy integrity and fixity of purpose of that race being still notable traits of the family character. Dr. John \Vestey Duncan is a great favorite socially and professionally.

r)R- JOHN G. EARNEST, one of Atlanta's leading practitioners, is a native of Tennessee, who was born in Greene county in that state on May 16, 1842.
His father was a merchant in the little village of Rheatown. Here he spent his early boyhood, remaining on the plantation until he was eleven years old. Leav
ing the parental homestead he entered the military school at Newport, Tenn., taught by Maj. W. F. Bouldin. He remained at this school, however, for only ten months, leaving it for Clear Spring academy. After one year's tuition at the academy he entered Rotherwood seminar}' at Kingsport, Tenn. In the fall of 1857 he entered Emory and Henry college, in Washington county. Va. At this institution he made rapid progress and acquired a broad and liberal culture in the arts and sciences. During his senior year and just a few months prior to the time of graduation the war broke out Leaving college he returned to his home in Tennessee and shortly afterward enlisted in the Confederate service. He became a private in Company K, Sixtieth Tennessee regiment, and served in the ranks
until Jan. i, 1863. By reason of his courage on the field, and his skill in mili tary tactics, he was made second lieutenant of his company and afterward first lieutenant He held this rank until the close of the war. Lieut. Earnest was characterized throughout his career as a soldier by a true military bearing, and a courage that never faltered. Among the engagements in which he participated, were the following: Coffeeville, Grenada, Baker's creek and Yicksburg. At the
latter siege he was captured July 4, 1863, and sent home on parole for almost
a year. In June, 1864, he rejoined the army and served in east Tennessee and southwest Virginia until the close of hostilities, taking part in the battles of
Morristown, Russelville and numerous smaller skirmishes. He was fortunate enough to survive the war without being wounded; but two horses were shot from under him. He never missed a battle in which his regiment was engaged. After the war the young lieutenant came to Georgia, residing for a
short while with an intimate friend in Baker county. In July. 1865. he returned to his native state and entered vigorously upon the study of medicine at Mad isonville, Tenn. Having selected the practice of medicine as the means of earn ing a livelihood, he determined to give himself up exclusively to the labors of that
profession. He first conceived the idea of being a physician during the war. and managed, in a rather broken and disconnected way, to carry on his studies in camp. In the fall of 1865 he entered Jefferson Medical college of Philadelphia, one of the leading institutions of the country, graduating in the following year. For six months he served as interne in the Lying-in hospital of Philadelphia,

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765

after which he returned to Tennessee, locating at Morristown. Six months later he moved to Mossy Creek, in the same state, remaining there until the spring of 1874. From the beginning of his professional career Dr. Earnest enjoyed a good practice. Possessed of a genial disposition and a strong personal magnet ism, he found little difficulty in winning the confidence of his patrons. After leaving Mossy Creek he came to Georgia, locating at Newnan, in Coweta county. Here he remained for seven years in the enjoyment of a large practice as the leading physician of that section. Coming to Atlanta in 1881, Dr. Earnest has since been a resident of that city. He is recognized as a skillful practitioner and stands among the leading members of his profession, in a city that enjoys the reputation of being one of the chief medical centers of the south. Dr. Earnest is a member of the State Medical association, and also of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological association. He belongs to the Atlanta Society of Medicine, and holds the position of gynecologist to the Grady hospital. He is the physician for the Jennie D. Inman orphanage, the Hebrew Orphans' home, and is medical examiner for the Union Central Life Insurance company of Cincinnati. He has been a frequent contributor to current medical literature and the discussions of the medical societies. Dr. Earnest belongs to several fraternal organizations, and is a Knight Templar. He is an elder in the First Presbyterian church, and is a man of conspicuous and exalted piety. Dr. Earnest was married in 1868 to
Miss Martha A. Hoffett, the daughter of Mr. W. H. Hoffett, of Tennessee, and several children have been the result of this union. Nicholas W. Earnest, the father of Dr. Earnest, was born in Tennessee. His wife's maiden name was Martha Cannon. They had three children, one son and two daughters. Peter
Earnest, the grandfather of Dr. Earnest, was a man of strong character and commanding influence in his day and generation.

QAPT. W. D. ELLIS, lawyer, Atlanta, Fulton Co., Ga., has attained his dis tinction at the bar by reason of the high character and commanding qualifi
cations which he has brought- to the practice of his chosen profession. He Is not a native of this state, but was born in the neighboring commonwealth of South Carolina, in Beaufort district, on Aug. 17, 1844. Until his thirteenth year he lived on the plantation owned by his father, Dr. William D. Ellis, near Aliendale, S. C, and enjoyed the sunny, invigorating life of the open fields. His education on the farm was conducted by private tutors, and his acquisition of knowledge was both tenacious and rapid. Leaving the plantation he entered the military school at Aiken, S. C., remaining there for three years. The commence
ment of the war between the states found him a beardless boy in years, but possessing all the qualifications of the soldier in military discipline and patriotic impulse. In 1861 he joined the Pickens rangers, organized in Aiken, S. C., and with his comrades was shortly aftenvard assigned to Col. William E. Martin's cavalry regiment. In this regiment the subject of our sketch served as a private until February, 1862, when the regiment disbanded. He then joined the Eleventh South Carolina regiment of infantry, commanded by his uncle. Col. D. H. Ellis. He was assigned to a position on his uncle's staff as a non-commissioned officer, but was soon elected second lieutenant of Company ]j of that regiment and served in this capacity for about a year. The regiment was subsequently attached
to Gen. Johnson Haygood's brigade, and took part in the defense of Charleston,. Fort Sumter, and the general defenses of the city. The next experience of the voung soldier was in Virginia, and here for quite awhile he was in full command
of the company. Among the battles in which he participated were: Pocotaligo, S. C., a number of skirmishes on James island, the siege of Charleston, Olustee,

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Fla., Cedar Run, Swift creek, Va., Drewry's bluff, second Cold Harbor, Fort Harrison, siege of Petersburg, battle of Weldon railroad, and Fort Fisher. Capt Ellis was made a prisoner of war at the last-named place and was sent to the old capitol prison, in Washington city. He was subsequently removed to Fort Dela ware, and was released in June, 1865. A slight wound received at Petersburg disabled him for a few days but failed to impair his courage. On his release from prison he returned to Aiken, S. C, and began to teach school. At the same time lie devoted himself assiduously to the study of law and was admitted to the prac tice by the supreme court of South Carolina in 1868. He continued to teach, however, until 1870, doing such little professional work as chanced to fall his way. He came to Atlanta after giving up his school and, in order to acquire a start, he gave up his profession for a while and entered the journalistic field as a means for raising money. For two years he divided his time between the "Intelligencer," the "Constitution" and the "Herald," after which he returned to the practice of his profession. In a short time he formed a legal partnership with Judge William T. Newman, which continued for three years and was then dissolved. In 1878 he entered into a partnership with Col. John Milledge, but this, in a like manner, was dissolved in 1880, Capt. Ellis receiving the appoint ment as solicitor of the city court of Atlanta. He filled the position with marked ability, but declined a reappointment in order to resume the general practice.
In 1886 he renewed his partnership with Judge Xewman, but the appointment of the latter in 1887 as judge of the Federal court for the northern district of Georgia necessitated a dissolution of the firm. In 1888 the present partnership was formed, Mr. James R. Gray, a distinguished member of the bar, being the legal associate of Capt. Ellis. W. D. Ellis, Jr., was admitted into the firm in 1894. In 1884-85 Capt. Ellis represented Fulton county in the state legislature. He was a member of various committees, among them the general judiciary, cor porations, military, manufactures and education. He was chairman of the com mittee on internal improvements, and vice-chairman of the committee on cor porations. Capt Ellis was the author of the bill- creating the Stone Mountain circuit, and was very active in devising plans by which to erect the new capitol building. Capt. Ellis was a member of the city council in 1878, and was placed at the head of the legal department Judge Xewman, his law partner, at the same time occupied the position of city attorney, and together they formulated much of the legislation that has brought about the prosperous condition of the city to-day. Capt Ellis is a loyal member of the order of Knights of Pythias, .and is past chancellor of Capital City lodge, No. 33. He is also a consistent mem ber of the Baptist church of Atlanta. In 1868 Capt Ellis was united in marriage to iliss Prioleau, daughter of Samuel Prioleau, and great-great-granddaughter of Elias Prioleau, the leader of the Huguenot colony in South Carolina. Six children have blessed this happy union, four sons and two daughters. The names of the children are as follows: William D., Jr., Phoebe, Prioleau, Harry H., Frampton E., and Hallie. The home life of Capt Ellis is an ideal one. He is fond of his family, and is in turn beloved by his fond household. The maternal great-grandfather of Capt Ellis was Col. A. Hawks Hay, a native of New York state, and a soldier in the revolution. His paternal great-grandfather was also a revolutionary soldier, and was born in the state of Virginia. The father of Capt. Ellis died in 1855, at the early age of thirty-four years, in the midst of a successful professional career. The law firm of which Capt Ellis is a member does a large business, and probably represents as many corporations and as much capital as any other firm in the state. A high sense of honor has always

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inspired the conduct of Capt Ellis at the bar, and his professional career has always been above reproach.
f* APT. JAS. W. ENGLISH stands among the conspicuous figures of the in_, comparable pluck and courage of Atlanta citizenship. He was one of the originators of the Cotton States and International exposition; he is chairman of the executive committee, a member of the board of police commissioners, president of the American Trust and Banking company, one of the largest financial institutions of the city; president of the Chattahoochee Brick company, one of the largest industrial enterprises of the south; a member of the board of education of Atlanta's public school system, and is largely interested in many other industrial institutions which play no small part in the general development of Atlanta and its section. Capt English was born October 28, .1837, in the parish of Orleans, state of Louisiana, and was left a penniless orphan-at the age of thirteen; he came to Georgia in 1852, and located at Griffin, where he remained until the breaking out of the civil war in 1861, when he enlisted as a private in the Confederate service. His company was ordered to Virginia on the l8th of April, 1861, where it-was consolidated with one from Columbus and two from Macon, Ga., forming what was known throughout the war as tfie Seco.nd Georgia battalion. Capt. English remained with the army of northern Virginia, serving with the Second Georgia battalion, Gen. A. R. Wright's. brigade. It is said of him by his old comrades that he was only absent thirty days from active service in the field during the entire war. Gen. Lee surrendered him at Appomattox, on the gth of April, 1865, with the rest of those faithful followers who had borne the brunt of the entire struggle from beginning to end, and on that ever-memorable day, when he began his weary march toward home, the same, conditions environed him as confronted every other Confederate-soldier'that was present at the surrender--poverty in abundance, and poor prospects. It was then he came to Atlanta, making it his home May 14, 1865. He was united in marriage with Miss Emily Alexander, of Griffin, Ga., on July 26,1866. Their family consists of five children: James W., Jr.; Harry L., Edward, Emily and Jennie. Theirs, indeed, is a happy home. Capt. English entered the service of the city as a member of the general council in 1887, and for the two succeeding years was the chairman of the finance committee of that body, his work in that capacity for the good of the city being marvelous. He found the city's finances in woeful shape, weighted down with a ruinous financial system, with a floating debt of over $500,000, bearing interest at from 12 to 24 per cent, per annum. He went to work to remedy the situation, and by a bold and honest effort placed the debt upon a basis of payment that was easy, satisfactory and safe, and reduced the rate of interest on said debt to 7 per cent. His work along that line is still remembered to-day in graceful acknowledgment by the older citizens. It was also while a member of that body that the present state constitution was adopted. Among other questions submitted to the people of the state, was the permanent location of the state capital, Milledgeville and Atlanta being competitors for that honor. The preponderance of sentiment and the press of the state seemed to be very largely in favor of Milledgeville. When this fact was fully realized by the mayor and council of Atlanta, they requested Capt. English to take charge of Atlanta's interests, which he reluctantly consented to do. realizing that it was leading a forlorn hope, and the great responsibility that would rest upon such a committee. He called together a number of Atlanta's publicspirited citizens: they organized a committee and elected him their chairman: they soon perfected a thorough organization of their friends throughout the entire state, and without a single penny of the city's money appropriated for the

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purpose of the work, they succeeded in carrying the election favoring Atlanta for the permanent capital by a majority of over 46,000 votes. The only cam paign fund, for postage and various incidental expenses of such a campaign, was raised by his appeals to the people of Atlanta for individual subscriptions. This was perhaps the most important work he has ever done for Atlanta, the result being the permanent location and erection of the present magnificent state capitol building in that city. Capt. English retired from public service in 1879, fr two years, when he was again called to renew his services to the city as mayor, in 1881-82. This was at a time when Atlanta was about to take her first long step to
greatness, it being the year when the first cotton exposition was held, an era that stands pre-eminently replete with renewed energy, life and industry in the history of the town that Slierman burned. While mayor he inaugurated the splendid system of street and sewer improvements that has been carried on to the present degree of excellency. He established the present fire department, changing from the old volunteer service to the paid service; he purchased for the city the real estate and fire apparatus of the volunteer department, consisting of
the three department houses, two on Broad and one on Washington street, which proved to be a splendid investment for the city; he established the present fire, signal and telegraph system. It was during his administration that the Georgia Pacific railroad was built, and to his personal efforts is due much of the credit for the successful culmination of the scheme to open up the great coal fields of Alabama advantageously to Atlanta. The city had subscribed and lost $300,000
in their efforts to secure the building of that road. It had been graded only a few miles from the city when the movement failed, and the roadbed and charter were sold to pay debts, and purchased by the Louisville & Xashville Railroad com pany, no doubt for the puqjose of destroying competition, and without any
intention of building the road. Capt. English and Mr. Anthony Murphey went to New York, by appointment, to confer with the board of directors of that company, and after twenty days of hard and persistent work succeeded in getting an option
from them on that property, and placing it in the hands of others who were able, willing and did build it from Atlanta to Birmingham, Ala., and eventually to Greenville. Miss., passing through the great Alabama coal fields. The com pletion of that road lias added very largely to the wealth and population of Atlanta, in one item alone, viz.. the reduction on the price of coal, which was formerly from $4 to S6 per ton for steam purposes, whereas now it can be purchased in am quantity at from 81.65 to $2.00 per ton. It was also during his
administration that the East Tennessee. Virginia & Georgia railroad was built, leading southwardly to Macon and northwardly to Rome. These two railroad properties have added many millions of dollars to Atlanta, and thousands of good
citizens to her present population. The Cotton exposition of 1881 was a great boom to the city, infusing new life and prosperity to all the arteries of trade and commerce. As mayor of the city, he contributed his full share to the success of that enterprise and the entertainment of the many visitors, and when the exposition ended, with the help of a few friends, he converted the old exposition buildings and grounds into an immense cotton manufactory, which is now one of the strongest manufacturing enterprises in that region of the south. He has always been enthusiastic in encouraging manufactories of even- kind, believing it was the surest and safest foundation on which to build a city, thus furnishing abundant and remunerative employment for all the city's population that are willing to
work. His work for the promotion of morality was striking and most noteworthy, and he is perhaps better known to-day for his achievements in breaking up gambling, which was rampant in Atlanta, than for any other specific work while

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mayor. With his usual determination, he gave orders to the police department to invade every gambling house in the city, seize their implements, by force, if need be, take it to the public square and burn it He prosecuted the lawless ones. They carried their cases to the supreme court, without avail, Mayor English's warfare on them being thoroughly approved of by all the tribunals. Speaking of his career as mayor, the Atlanta "Constitution," at the close of his term, Jan. i, 1883, editorially remarked: "It is seldom that any officer retires from a trust so universally honored and esteemed as does Mayor English, this morning. The two years of his rule have been the most prosperous the city ver knew--much of which is due to the fact that he has been the best mayor within her memory. In every sense his regime has been successful. He has put under control, at last, a lawless element that has heretofore defied city officials. He has restricted gambling to a few secret corners, if he has not driven it out altogether. In a financial sense, the result has been quite as happy. The English administration .closes its year without having one dollar of debt or a single bill payable. It leaves a sinking fund of $95,000, where it found only $40,000 two years ago. It has reduced the bonded debt $9,000. It has spent $101,200 on permanent invest ments, such as $53,000 on pumps, $28,000 on fire department, and $10,000 for a new school house. It has spent $70,000 on streets, besides a levy of $60,000 on citizens, against $40,000 a year ago. It has maintained every department well. It may be claimed that Mayor English has had the two best years to work. We grant that, and claim for him that the man and the occasion met. He leaves office without a blot on his name or a stain on his record, and will have the confidence and affection of his people.'.' In March, 1893, Capt. English was once more called to the public service by being elected a member of the board of police commis sioners, without his solicitation or knowledge. Here he continued his good work, building up the morality of the city, and has continued to serve on that board up to the present time. The benefits of his work for the police department have been marked and considerable. He secured the present telegraph system, and was largely instrumental in securing the appropriation and building the present station house and police barracks. In October, 1893, he offered to resign from that board, but the mayor and general council petitioned him to remain in the work he had so long and faithfully pursued, and he consented. The good people of Atlanta will always appreciate his efforts to keep the police force out of local politics. If there is one thing that characterizes Capt English as a useful citizen more than any other, it is his public-spiritedness. He has been identified with all charitable work that is started or maintained for the good of Atlanta. He was one of the promoters of the Young Men's Christian association, which was established as the result of the first meeting held at his residence; an original promoter and subscriber to the Georgia School of Technology; a promoter of the Grady hospital, of which he was a trustee until his son succeeded him, upon his resignation; a pioneer promoter of the Confederate soldiers' home, and an early advocate and supporter of the Young Men's library. Capt English is an. untiring worker for the upbuilding of Atlanta's best interests and the protectionof her people from the vices of the day. But few men in few cities can be rightfully credited with having accomplished more good results than he has for Atlanta, and the people, rich and poor alike, hold him in high esteem.
JOHN ERSKINE was born on Sept. 13, 1813, in Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland. In the spring of 1820, before he was seven years of age, his family
migrated to British America, locating at St. John's, where the husband and father shortly afterward died. The survivors then came to the United States and resided for a time in the city of New York. John returned to Ireland in 1827 and remained

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there with his relatives, attending school until 1830 or later. He had a strong predilection for a seafaring life and for seeing many countries. He spent some
years in gratifying this disposition, and while so doing acquired a practical

knowledge of sailing and handling ships, which he afterward found of considerable use to him as a judge in the trial of cases in admiralty. In 1838, being strongly

threatened with disease of the lungs, he took up his abode in the state of Florida.

There and in the lower part of Georgia he taught school for four years. Then, studying law, he became a member of the Florida bar in 1846, at the age of thirty-

three. In 1851 he was married to Miss Rebecca Smith, a daughter of Gen. Gabriel Smith, of Alabama. It may interest romantic young lawyers to learn that

Judge Erskine entered matrimony by "stealing his wife," in which he was assisted by a sympathetic accomplice, who afterward became governor of Florida. After

practicing law successfully in Florida for about nine years, Judge Erskine removed

to Georgia in 1855, settling first in Newnan, but finally removing to Atlanta, where he resided for the most part during the rest of his life. He practiced his . profession actively up to the civil war, and occasionally in select cases during the war. Among these cases were some in the courts of the Confederate states in .which he antagonized that government in proceedings to confiscate debts owing to citizens of the United States. By temper, conviction and conscience he was

highly conservative in politics and government During the progress of the war

he frequently quoted to his intimate friends a passage by old Judge Jenkins in .the preface to Eight Centuries of Reports, which runs thus: "Amidst the sound

of drums and trumpets, surrounded by an odious multitude of barbarians, broken with old age and confinement in prisons, where my fellow-subjects, grown wild

with rage, detained me for fifteen years together, I bestowed many watchful hours

upon this, performance." He quoted the passage for its pathetic and devoted spirit of loyalty and not for its vituperative epithets or censorious implications; for he was as little disposed as any man to denounce or harshly criticize his fellow-
citizens of the Confederate states. He differed with the great mass of them in political sentiment, but being one of their number, he conducted himself through
out the war, as he did before and after, with moderation, discretion and kindness. Being a pronounced Union man did not make him the less a personal friend, a

.good neighbor, or a good citizen for all purposes .except active warfare. He felt no hostility to the Federal government, and perhaps nothing could have induced
him to take up arms against it. He was spared any extreme trial in this respect,

for by holding under his warm friend, Gov. Joseph E. Brown, an honorary ap

pointment with light or mere nominal duties attached to it, he was protected against conscription. He remained quietly in Atlanta until after the city was cap

tured by the Federal army, then he went with his family temporarily to New York and did not return to Georgia until after his appointment and qualification as judge. President Johnson appointed him judge of the United States courts for
both districts of Georgia in July, 1865, and the appointment was confirmed by the

senate in January, 1866. He presided both in Savannah and Atlanta until after the appointment of Judge McCay in 1882, under the act of congress which pro

vided for a judge in each of the two Georgia districts; then, selecting for himself

the southern district, he continued to serve in that district down to the date of his retirement In 1869-1870 he was strongly recommended to President Grant for

appointment to a seat on the bench of the supreme court of the United States. It is known that for awhile the recommendation was favorably considered by the

president but one of the vacant places ultimately fell to Mr. Justice Strong and the other to Mr. Justice Bradley, both nominations being made on the same day.

.Availing himself of the privilege allowed him by law of retiring'for life without

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Ipss of salary, he relinquished the bench in December, 1883, and from thenceforth lived as a private citizen. After his retirement the bar of both districts testified their regard for him and their appreciation of his judicial services by causing to be painted by an eminent artist two portraits of him, one of which was placed in the United States court room in Savannah and the other in the room of the United States district court in Atlanta. These portraits were severally presented
with becoming ceremony, and on each occasion a report was submitted and adopted, addresses were delivered by members of the bar, and a response was made from the bench. By his daughter's affectionate diligence these proceedings have been preserved in the form of a printed collection prepared at her instance for private circulation. The evening of his life was tranquil and happy, save in
so far as it was disturbed or shaded by physical infirmity. His mind remained vigorous and clear until within a few hours before his death. His interest in the world and his relish for reading and conversation underwent no abatement by reason of age. He was a most beautiful specimen of the well-read, cultivated, amiable, genial and cheerful old gentleman. After a brief illness he died early in the morning of Sunday, Jan. 27, 1895, and on the following Tuesday was buried in Oakland cemetery, Atlanta, by the side of his beloved wife, whose death oc
curred in September, 1879. Their daughter, an only child, Mrs. Ruby (Erskine) Ward, wife of Willard P. Ward, Esq., of New York city, is the sole survivor of this happy family. By instinct and by allegiance to principle he was an honest man. Honesty was incorporated in his constitution as well as in his creed. In thought, feeling and conduct his adherence to it was rigid, continuous, invariable. With
out this great virtue, of course, there can be no worthy life or genuine character, consequently its mere possession confers no distinction, but in some it is better attested and more pronounced than in others, and in him it was manifest in all its purity and beauty. His sterling manhood was the outgrowth of inflexible integrity. Internally and externally, in mind and person, in fact, and appearance, he was a gentleman. The tastes, habits, impulses and principles, the presence and bearing of a gentleman, distinctly marked and characterized him. He was cul tivated, gracious, refined, accomplished. He "understood the dignity of manners
and the language of deportment" He was discriminating and delicate in the observance of all social amenities. His sense of propriety was exact, and though he never neglected form, he rarelv appeared formal or ceremonious. In the practice of well-bred self-denial he was .pre-eminent, for in matters of comfort
or convenience he yielded precedence to others on all occasions. This he did with such urbanity and polite authority as almost to compel acceptance of the prof fered courtesy. His politeness was not the disguise or concealment of selfishness, but its elimination. His uniform consistency was such as to preclude any possible doubt of his sincerity. He had a sunny humor and a shrewd and polished wit, but so gentle and genial was his temper and so kind was his heart, that while he delighted to amuse, he was careful never to wound. He was more willing to receive pain than to give it; on the other hand, the communication of pleasure ranked with him as one of the duties of Hie. He was absolutely without animos ity or malevolence. He had few enemies, but if their number had been legion he would have forgiven them ail. His attachment to friends was sincere, ardent and constant It may be truly said of him that "he never forsook a friend or forgot a favor." He had a solemn realization and a most vivid appreciation of the blessings with which his lot in life was attended, and his gratitude for them was profound. Heaven he considered their primary source, and their chief sec ondary source, friendship. Accordingly his gratitude was first to God and next
to friends; not only to those who aided in his advancement, but to those also who

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encouraged and sustained him by their good wishes and favorable opinion. ' So modest was his estimate of himself that he often, in the freedom of private inter course, expressed astonishment at his own success. But beneath his humility, and lying too deep perhaps for self-consciousness, was a wholesome vanity which prevented undue depression or any lapse of effort or energy. His education was not classical; it was not collegiate. He made no pretension to scholarship be yond a familiar acquaintance with the common elementary studies. His mind, however, was fairly well disciplined, and his critical faculty was highly developed and constantly exercised. He liked definite thought and accurate expression, and strove diligently for the attainment of both. Though his style was direct, unadorned and unambitious, composition was a great labor to him, and after much toil in writing, correcting and amending, he usually failed to satisfy him self with the result He had a clear conception of an excellence which he was rarely able to reach. As a student of literature his taste was fine and his sym pathy broad and comprehensive. He extracted their choice flavors from a multitude of books. He read for character more than for incident, valuing the latter chiefly for its instrumentality in reflecting or illustrating the former. Char acter of every rank, from royalty down to the tramp, interested him, and he had a keen perception of types and variations. Memoirs and other forms of biog raphy had a strong attraction for him. His fund of anecdote touching historic personages was large, but he had certain favorite stories which he was fond of repeating, and which he frequently told more than once to the same auditor. His reproductions were always faithful to the original, thus affording evidence both of his conscientiousness and the accuracy of his memory. He had a fancy for heraldry, a wide knowledge of the great families of England and Ireland, and a remarkable aptitude not only for retaining such knowledge, but for using it agreeably on proper occasions. He knew Ireland and the Irish very thoroughly, and though he retained to the last his affection for his native land, he felt no illwill against England or the English. On the contrary, an Englishman, Oliver Cromwell, was the historic hero whom he most admired. Next to him he reck oned Henry the Great, of France. The form of literature which was most con genial to him was the dramatic. He liked to read plays, to study them closely, and to see them performed on the stage. He was a studious reader of Shakespeare and was so familiar with the text of that great master that he could quote with facility very many, perhaps most of the best passages. Falstaff was a perpetual delight to him, and he knew the whole composition of the character as thoroughly as if the fat knight had been one of his intimate personal acquaintances. He was a member of the Players' club of New York, and had pleasant social relations with several eminent actors, among them Booth and Mansfield. His knowledge of the stage and of great performers was quite extensive. He cared, however, in later life for no acting but the best The severity of his taste made him hard to please. By long study and much observation he knew what good acting really is. While he preferred the dramatic, other forms of poetry received a fair share of his attention. He could wade through an epic, even a translation of the Lusiad or the Jerusalem Delivered, and the finest lyrics gave him great pleasure and lingered in his memory. It is known that he himself made a few attempts at brief compositions in verse, and in more than one instance was successful in pro ducing lines pleasing both for their grace and fancy. Of these, the best-known are the following, said to have allusion to his own and his daughter's friend, Mrs. Cleveland, wife of the president:

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"Hadst thou appeared with those entrancing eyes On Ida's mount, beside the sacred three Whose charms contended for the golden prize, Paris had Venus passed and fled to thee, To crown thee queen of beauty, love and purity."

For the society of ladies he had great fondness, and his bearing and demeanor toward them, while cordial, was courtly, deferential, delicate and dignified, sug gesting a reminiscence of the days of chivalry and of knightly reverence. Many of his most attached friends were ladies, and in his later life he was an acknowledged favorite with young ladies even more than with those who approximated his own age. In practical life and the conduct of affairs he was thoughtful, considerate, cautious. Through a happy combination of shrewdness and prudence he generally hit upon the right thing for the service of his own or any other interest for which he was responsible. He was more sensitive to the hazard of loss than to the hope of gain, but, judged by its results, his timidity was a sort of ingenious courage. His tact, whether in business or in social inter course, was of the highest order. Even in old age he never made long visits. He was a man of sound, discretion to the last, and in nothing was he more discreet than in being silent when there was no occasion for him to speak. To measure him accurately as a lawyer, that is, to gauge the extent of his legal learning with precision, is something not quite easy. He made the impression on some mem bers of the profession of being more profound than he was, and on others of being less so. The truth probably is, that having a genuine relish for the old law, he occupied himself over much, not with its principles, for that could hardly be, but with its details, their application and consequences. He loved to linger near the sources of the law, and found it so pleasant to do so that he often disliked to move down the stream, except for the exigencies of actual business. It was hard for him to realize that the substance of the law as he first learned it was not the true law for all time. Of course he was aware that changes did in fact take place, but if they seemed to conflict with established principles, unless they were embodied in statutes or attested by the supreme court of the United States, or by the house of lords, or at the very least, by Baron Parke, he was much disposed to regard them as mere novelties of opinion. When they appeared to him to accord with principle or to improve upon the past, he was ready and quite willing to accept them. In real work he was up with the times, and he cited modern authorities freely. He was more fond of reports than of text books. The reports of Plowden, Dyer, Hobart, Coke, Jenkins and others down to and including Meeson and Welsby, afforded him congenial entertainment. He had a sort of passion for knowing things overlooked or not much regarded by the ordinary professional reader. This led to a taste for rare and curious cases, and for unique morsels of early law. Not that he took odd or curious matters seriously, but they amused him. He truly venerated the law, but could smile at its freaks with open enjoyment, or with that bubbling zest that makes merry in solitude. He was not dependent for his merriment on company; least of all in his legal recreations. There is no telling how many good but rather useless things, found in the old books, were stored away in his mind. Much of his law reading in general (as distinguished from study for actual business or particular cases) was influenced more by what afforded pleasure than by what promised profit; yet it is certain that both at the bar and on the bench, very often, as the result of such reading, he recalled instantly not only the true law applicable to the pending controversy, but the legal work or volume in which it was laid down. He frequently did this, while others concerned in the question were groping in

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thick darkness. To cite or produce the needful learning when it was unexpected was a sort of by-play which he much enjoyed, but always in a quiet way and without the least ostentation. He liked to surprise by turning on light which others were not ready to furnish. He was well-versed in the law of special plead ing, and had a keen relish for it, both its theory and its practice. His expertness as a special pleader was an accomplishment of which he was somewhat proud. While a practitioner at the bar it gave him real pleasure to ensnare an adversary by the adroit use of a replication or a rejoinder, to say nothing of the rebutter. He knew the subtle mystery of "giving color," and in handling the traverse "de injuria" he was supposed to be especially able and effective. He was fond also of a special demurrer, and of all the nice and refined distinctions which that searching instrument of pleading flushes for discussion where special pleading prevails. The whole system of special pleading having been abolished in this state at the close of the last century, only in the Federal courts did he have, after he removed to Georgia, any outlet for his skill in this kind of forensic combat, and he lived to see the system disappear from these courts also. He deplored its destruction. He deplored its destruction, both as a partial disarming of the legal profession and as a calamity to public justice, for with Lord Coke he devoutly
believed "the law speaketh by good pleading." He was aware, however, of the abuses of which special pleading in its full vigor and extreme application was susceptible, and was not averse to the improvements which it underwent in England by the new rules. Indeed, he considered it still further improvable. What he really desired to stand and remain permanent was the essence of the system, in its substantial elements. In the moral'attributes of a judge he was truly great--none could be greater. He Icved justice and administered it in mercy. By diligent and conscientious labor he endeavored to ascertain the very right of every case and to give every litigant his due. His judgments were ren dered without favor, except favor to justice, and without fear, except the fear that they might be erroneous. It was incumbent upon him as matter of official duty to prepare written opinions; nevertheless, he did prepare quite a number.
Several of these may be seen in the thirty-fifth volume of the Georgia Reports, and some of the same cases, together with others, appear in Abbotfs United States Reports. On certain questions of grave importance, as, for instance, taking the test oath by attorneys at law, he made the pioneer decisions, and was afterward followed (though perhaps without acknowledgment) by the supreme court of the United States. The great debt of Georgia and her people to Judge
Erskine is not so much for the details of his judicial administration as for its spirit; its spirit of gentle justice; its spirit of law civil as distinguished from lair military; the spirit of law in its benignity as distinguished from law in its fury or the fury of its minister. This spirit manifested itself and became conspicuous at the very outset of his judicial career, though it was not fully appreciated by
the public at large until many years afterward. He was a true civil magistrate, a true ambassador of peace at a time when war, though it had relinquished arms, was still raging in the emotions of many, and in the greedy craving of some who. eager for the spoils of conquest, hoped that much of what sword and fire had left might be taken by a sort of judicial pillage through summary sentences of condemnation under the confiscation laws. This hope was doomed to utter
disappointment and defeat, in so far as-it rested upon the Federal courts in Georgia. Judge Erskine, refusing to adopt the short and sharp practice which was said to prevail in one or more of the neighboring states, maintained that there could not, should not, be any summary condemnation in his courts, but that every case had to await investigation and determination by a jury. This gave

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cooling time, and enabled many persons to avail themselves of the more ex
tended amnesty which was subsequently granted. The consequence was that, none of the people subject to his jurisdiction underwent the misery and distress of losing by peace the little they had not lost by war. There was no confiscation of property in Georgia. Honor to the wise, moderate, upright and incorruptible judge. Honor to his name and memory, now and for all time!

QEN. CLEMENT A. EVANS, who is author of the chapter in this work on the military history of Georgia, cites with some pride his nativity as a Georgian
and the occurrence of his infancy amidst the terrors of the Creek Indian- war in southwestern Georgia, in 1836. Coming from an ancestry that participated in the revolutionary struggle and in the various wars of the Union, he entered life in Stewart county, at a time and place, where his people were in battle with the Indians and where no family was entirely safe from savage hostility. His father was a farmer and his first years were spent upon the farm. Early, however, a
move was made to Lumpkin, the county town, for the purpose of educating the children of the household, and in that delightful place, whose inhabitants were noted for refinement, hospitality and wealth, he received his early education.
After his graduation from the law school of Judge William Tracy Gould, in Augusta, which was at that time the resort of young students, ambitious to obtain education for the bar, he was admitted to the practice of law just before he had attained the age of nineteen years. Returning to his native county, he opened hisoffice among those who had known him from his boyhood, and with very little delay obtained an excellent business. The bar at that time in southwestern Georgia, was composed, as; it is now, of some of the finest lawyers in the state. Many of them were, in fact, noted jurists. Among the nestors of the profession were Seaborn Jones, Alfred Iverson, Hines Holt, and Judge Wellborn; and, some what younger, although not less noted, were Benning, Blanford, Worrill, Tucker, Perkins, Wimberly and many others. Among the yet younger were Sloan, Clarke, Douglas, Harrell and the like. After entering this field, when the conflict was
sharp, aid meeting cordial treatment and achieving success, Mr. Evans was invited to a co-partnership with his former preceptor, Col. Worrill, which he accepted. After that his life as a lawyer was spent in the firm of Worrill & Evans until, obtaining the ready and generous consent of his partner to conduct the business alone, he entered the Confederate army in the first yeari of the war, having been engaged in active practice eight years. The confidence shown in his general ability by his county people is shown by his election soon after he was twentyone years of age to the office of judge of their county court, which was a court ot extensive jurisdiction in civil suits, and involved the care of the county business
in general. The service of his county being well rendered in this position, he was again soon honored by election, at the age of twenty-six, to the senate of
Georgia, at the gravely important period when the questions which resulted in the Confederate war, agitated the whole country. In those questions he took what wa called the "southern rights" side, and was placed upon the electoral Breckinridge ticket as an alternate during the warm political canvass of 1860. Although young, he had been trained in political debate, and went ardently into the canvass spousing the fortunes of the Breckinridge democratic party, although he had
deplored the division of his party at Charleston, and its breach into the two factions of Breckinridge and Douglas. After the election of President Lincoln, he first favored what was termed the co-operative movement, which was designed to effect a union of all the southern' states in a concerted separation from the United States, and introduced in the legislature resolutions to that end. But

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becoming quickly satisfied that this movement could not be made practicable, he advocated separate state action. Immediately after it became evident that war would ensue, Evans offered his services as a soldier. His tastes were military, and had been gratified in peace by active connection with the volunteer companies of his town, and through these he had acquired knowledge of military tactics and discipline, which prepared him, as well as inspired him to enter'upon the duties of a Confederate soldier. In all that was required of such a soldier he devoted himself from the beginning to the close of the long bloody struggle. His first promotion was to the rank of major, and next to colonel of the Thirty-first Georgia regiment. Then he was commissioned brigadier-general, succeeding Gen. Gordon to the command of his brigade, and after Gordon was assigned to the command of a corps, he was assigned to the command of the division composed of the Virginia brigade
of Gen. Terry, containing the old Stonewall brigade, and the brigades from Louisiana of Stafford and Haves, commanded by Col. Waggoman; and, also, his own Georgia brigade. In these several positions he served in the commands of Stonewall Jackson until his death, and then with Ewell, Early and Gordon, all in the arm}' of Lee, sharing with his men the dangers of the great battles, the many skirmishes and the increasing privations of the famous war, receiving several severe wounds, and surrendering under Lee at Appomattox, with guns still hot from
firing at the latest hour. Full}' recognizing that the issue made had been settled, Gen. Evans returned home and advocated the restoration of his state at once to all its former position in the Union, and urged such progressive measures as would
make the Union valuable to the state. His addresses were all in advocacy of honorable assent to the arbitrament of the sword without any servile concessions: of cordial invitation to capital and immigration; of general improvement in all
material development and of full confidence in the recuperation of the south. Gen. Evans has been a member of the Methodist church from his youth, and accustomed to take public part in the work of religious bodies, but after the close of the war he joined the. Georgia conference, in which as a minister, he was placed in
charge of several important positions, and has now the management of two valuable financial interests of his conference. In his business life, before and since the war, he has had the management of several large enterprises, which have been successfully conducted, and has uniformly taken a conspicuous part in all public affairs. He organized, and as president^ guided to success the Augusta Real Estate and Improvement .company, and also the Augusta and Summerville Land company, and was an active director in the Augusta Exposition company, and the Cotton States and International Exposition company of 1895. His . political life consisted of an open and active espousal of the democratic part}- and advocacy of its candidates, without seeking office himself, until, in 1894, he was
then, for a time, a candidate for nomination by the democratic convention for the office of governor, and discussed throughout the state the leading issues of the day, but perceiving that his part}- was threatened with disruption into factions, he withdrew by a notable public letter, and afterward canvassed the state in behalf of party principles and harmony, contributing very greatly to the success which followed. Gen. Evans has been widely known for his patriotic acceptance of the true results of the late war. His address as early as 1875, at the laying of the corner-stone of the splendid Confederate monument in Augusta, Ga., was copied extensively by the press of the United States. He is also thoroughly devoted to the comradeship and cause of the Confederate states. He was the first president of the Confederate Survivors' Association of Augusta, and afterward president of the Confederate camp in Atlanta. He is now major-general, commanding Georgia division, United Confederate Veterans, and actively interested in collecting Con-

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federate history and assisting soldiers and soldiers' widows in need. As he was one of the youngest generals in the war, he has still before him many years which he will employ usefully for his state.

QAPT. W. S. EVERETT is the senior partner of the large dry goods firm of Everett, Ridley, Reagan & Co., of Atlanta, Ga. He is a true scion of sturdy
Puritan stock, and came of a family connected with the Everetts, Claflins and Spragues of New England. His father was a Baptist minister who served several churches in various places in obedience to the calls made for him, and he himself was born in Alleghany county, N. Y., Jan. 21, 1839. Capt Everett received his early education in the schools of his native state, and completed two terms in the academy at Ithaca. During these school years he employed his vacations industriously by work on the farm, and afterward learned to become a merchant
by clerking in stores. In 1857, when about eighteen years of age, he came with his parents to Georgia, but they after a short time moved to the west He then began business as a traveling salesman of books and music, and after a few months secured a position with J. L. Cutting & Co., a dry goods firm in Atlanta, with whom and their successors he continued until Jan. I, 1862. At that time this northern-born boy, who had cast in his lot with the state of his adoption, enlisted in Company A, Ninth battalion Georgia artillery, in which he was appointed second sergeant The company was rapidly recruited to such numbers as to require a division into the two commands, Company A and Com
pany E, in which latter company Mr. Everett was elected junior first lieutenant, a position which he filled until promoted to the rank of captain in 1864. This gallant company, known in orders as Battery E and also as Everett's battery, did arduous and splendid service, having the distinction of never losing a gun during the war. During a great part of this service it was used on detach duty, and in all its battles except one, Everett as first lieutenant and afterward as its captain was in command. Capt. Everett was a skillful as well as a brave artillery officer, and gained merited distinction especially at the bloody battle of Chickamauga, where his battery played a most conspicuous part in the victories of the Confederates. Previous to that battle his command was in east Tennessee, but was detached from the battalion at La Fayette and reported to Gen. Bushrod Johnson at Dalton, and from that point first met the enemy at Ringgold. Fight ing with Forrest in the advance, the battery crossed the Chickamauga creek on Friday night, and was in the engagement Saturday. But on Sunday it was in the scenes of brilliant charges made by Jthe Confederates, being advanced as the battle progressed from ridge to ridge. Late in the afternoon it occupied a hill from which it poured steady shot upon the retreating foe, succeeding in blocking the road of retreat with guns and caissons disabled by its well-aimed fire, and pressing from this point to another position of advantage joined in some of the hardest fighting of the war. It was at this time that the battery, getting out of ammunition, served its guns directly from captured Federal boxes. After this great battle he went through the campaign of east Tennessee with Gen. Longstreet, after which he returned to Virginia and was detached and sent with McCauslan's cavalry to meet Hunter, who was advancing upon Lynchburg, and hold him in check until Lynchburg could be reinforced. He was next employed actively with Gen. Early in the valley campaign. The last service of the gallant company was in the defense of Richmond and in the retreat of Lee's army to the final day at Appomattox. At Richmond, Capt Everett was assigned to the command of Fort Gregg, which he held until the evacuation of that city. Thus terminated an honorable military career. Guns which had never been

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
captured in equal battle were now surrendered to become the property of patriot ism, and Capt Everett and his paroled command returned to their homes to resume the occupation of peaceful citizens. It was a feature of the civil war that brothers fought on opposite sides. Two of Capt Everetfs brothers were brave soldiers on the Federal side and he equally gallant on the side of the south. Their valor and patriotism belong to mutual American history. After laying aside his sword with the strife it symbolized, Capt Everett rode his horse to Atlanta, and bringing his family from LaGrange, commenced business life anew without capital, but with the will and ability to succeed. It shows the state of things at the time that he secured three hospital tents and pitched them on a lot belonging to his mother-in-law in Atlanta for the purpose of a dwelling, where he lived several months. Beginning business he traveled for a few months for the firm of Claghorn & Herring, of Philadelphia, and then returned to selling dry goods. In the fall of 1868 he became an employe in the house of M. C. & J. F. Kiser, and in 1872 was admitted into partnership under the 6rm name of M. C. Kiser & J. F. Kiser & Co., where he remained until the dissolution of that firm, when the Everett, Ridlcy, Reagan company was organized, of which he is the senior member and president Capt Everett was married in 1860 to Frances G. Haynes, daughter of Mrs. Judith A. Haynes, widow of Reuben Haynes, and has four children, two sons and two daughters: Fannie O., wife of W. O. Jones; Clarence, captain on staff of the Fifth regiment; Edward Q., and Myrtle M., graduate of Notre Dame, Md., with first honors. Capt Everett is a self-made man. The wealth he now enjoys is the fruit of skillful management and constant attention to business. He is a substantial representative of the commercial world.
JOHN NEWTOX FAIX, school commissioner, Fulton county, Ga., was born in Dandridge, Jefferson Co., Tenn., July 17, 1830. He was reared in the
town and educated in Man academy located there. After leaving school he entered the store of his father, who was a merchant, and whose business was amongst the heaviest of any in that section. He remained with his father until his death, in 1854, and afterward with his brother, who succeeded his father, until 1856. That year he with his two brothers bought a cotton factory at Mossy Creek, Jefferson Co., Tenn., which they operated until 1858, when they went to Osceola, Ark., where they engaged in cotton planting until 1865. From there they moved to Memphis, Tenn., and engaged in the cotton business; but the cholera coming there in 1866 they came to Atlanta and embarked in the whole sale grocery and commission business. They continued this business until 1869, when Mr. Fain withdrew and became a contractor, in which he was unfortunate, and at the end of a year abandoned it After this he engaged in various businesses for some considerable time. His next venture was a partnership with A. P. Stewart, under the firm name of Stewart & Fain, in the stove and tinware business: he continued it for several years, and then sold out After this Mr. Fain took life easily and leisurely until 1884, when he was appointed county school commis sioner, an office whose important duties he has discharged with scrupulous fidelity. Able, attentive and conscientious, and devoted to his work, he has made a model officer. Mr. Fain has been married three times. His first wife was Miss Maria L. E. Moore, whom he married in 1860, who bore him one child, Maria E., and died in Arkansas. His second wife was Mattie C. Moore, a sister of his first wife, by whom he had five children, one only of whom, Mattie F., is living, the wife of Dr. Max M. Z. Crist, Atlanta. His last wife was Mrs. Virginia A. Watts, who has had no children. Mr. Fain is a Knight Tenfplar Mason, an elder in the Central Presbyterian church, Atlanta, and clerk of the session.

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THOMAS B. FELDER, JR., the well known attorney of Atlanta, Ga., was born Oct 6, 1863, in Burke county, Ga., and in this and Emanuel county
passed his boyhood days. He received his early education at the Waynesboro high school, from which institution he was graduated in June, 1879, taking the highest available honors, and receiving the first prize for declamation. From here he went to the North Georgia Agricultural and Military academy, Dahlonega, Ga., remaining a member of the same for a year, deriving much benefit from both the classic and military branches of the school. Leaving after the expiration of the first term, he entered the law department of the university of Georgia, received his diploma in 1883, and after locating in Dublin, Ga., was admitted to the bar during the same year. Six months later, having given great attention to his practice and gained a broad popularity in his section, he was made solicitor of the county court of Laurens county, Ga., and served as such for six years. He resigned in 1889 to accept the higher office of mayor of Dublin, holding this place creditably for one year, and was re-elected for a second term, but declined in order to serve as presidential elector on the Cleveland ticket Mr. Felder moved to Atlanta early in 1890, and continued in this city the practice of his profession. Mr. Felder is a business man of much ability and it did not require long for his associates and acquaintances to recognize this fact In June of 1892 he was elected president of the Atlanta Traction company, and filled this position until May, 1893, when he resigned. Mr. Felder was married on Aug. 12, 1886, to Charlotte, daughter of Grafton Johnson. They have no children. He is a Royal Arch Mason and chairman of the committee of laws and appeals of the Elks, and is also a member of the Improved Order of Red Men, the Knights of Pythias and the Methodist church. Besides these secret societies and religious organization he is a director in the State Savings bank, president of the Union Loan and Trust company, and a director of the Southern Exchange bank. He has manifested a versatility that is seldom surpassed; and his efforts in the many different enterprises in which he has been engaged have never met with dis appointment or failure. His father is Thomas B. Felder, a native of Sumter, S. C., who served as colonel in the late war and conducted himself chivalrously in a great number of campaigns. When the war was over he returned to his home in the palmetto state and followed the profession of law until a few years ago, when he retired permanently from active work. He now resides at Dublin, Ga. Mr. Felder is the worthy scion of an old, illustrious southern family, and by
dint of perseverance is advancing rapidly to the front

JOHN A. FITTEN, hardware merchant, Atlanta, was born in Augusta, Ga., in 1846. He lived and attended the schools there until he was fifteen years of
age, when his father moved to Bartow county, Ga. In 1863 he entered the Georgia Military institute, Marietta, Ga., and in the spring of 1864 went with the cadets into the Confederate service as assistant quartermaster of battalion, and continued as such until the surrender. After the war he returned to his home in Bartow county and engaged in farming, until 1867, when he came to Atlanta and entered the employ of the hardware firm of T. M. & R. C. Clarke. About three years afterward he was admitted to membership in the firm, whose name was changed to T. M. Clarke & Co. In 1892 he retired, from the firm, and subsequently spent about nine months in Europe. In April, 1894, he formed a partnership with A. P. Thompson and re-engaged in business under the firm name of the FittenThompson Hardware company. Maj. Fitten has superior business capacity and sagacity, and has been successful in all his undertakings. Ample capital, com bined with these pre-requisites, has made his last venture a success from the

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
start. Cultured, traveled and affable, Maj. Fitten occupies an enviable position in society, as well as in the commercial world. Maj. Fitten was married, in 1871, to Miss Marianna, daughter of the late James A. Turner, a native of North Caro lina, and to them there have been born two sons and two daughters. He is an active and prominent member of the Protestant Episcopal church.
Y/UILLIAM J. GARRETT, capitalist, Atlanta, Ga., was born in Laurens district, S. C., in 1825. He was about six years old when his father came to Georgia
and settled in Campbell county. He was reared on the farm, and received such education as the county schools of the time afforded. When he reached maturity, with $300 capital, he opened a small "cross-roads" general merchandise store, did a good business, and by strict attention to it, with economy, he made money. Three years later he moved to Campbellton, the county seat, where, with Gen. Alfred Anstett (afterward founder of the Atlanta National bank), he engaged in a general merchandise store, building up a large trade and accumulating capital. In 1857, after the completion of the Atlanta & West Point railway, he moved to Palmetto, a growing town on the line of the road. There he conducted a business on his personal account until 1865, when himself and a younger brother-- Young--established a grocery and produce house in Atlanta, under the firm name of Garrett & Bro., which was continued until 1883, when he retired from active business. During his partnership Capt Garrett established stores at several points on the line of the A. & W. P. railway, in one of which--at Grantville, Ga.-- he still retains an interest During the war, when Gov. Brown called out the reserves, he was commissioned captain of a company, served six months in camp, and afterward about eighteen months in the commissary department, with the rank of major. He was stationed at Augusta, Ga., when hostilities ceased, and surrendered a large amount of stores. When the Atlanta National bank was organized he was made a member of the board of directors, and continued to be one for years. He served one term--voluntarily retiring--on the board of county commissioners of Fulton county; also one term--1885-86--on the general council of the city; is a director of the West View Cemetery company, of which 'he was president for some years; and is a director of the Exposition cotton mills, in which he is the largest stockholder. Capt. Garrett was married, in 1855, when in business in Campbellton, to Miss Ellen, daughter of the late Col. Thomas A. Latham. She died in 1874, leaving no children. For his second wife he married Mrs. Mary A. (nee Wallace) Buttrell, daughter of William Wallace, of Dougherty county, Ga. Of the children born to them, three are living: Emma L., Mattie E. and Viola A. Capt. Garrett is a master Mason, and, although not a member, worships at the Baptist church.
T\R. J. M'FADDEX GASTON, of Atlanta, Ga., was bom in Chester district, S. C., Dec. 27, 1824. His early education was that of a country boy, and he
attributes a great deal of his strength of body and endurance of fatigue to the hunting and fishing that he did hi Chester district The South Carolina college at that time was in a very flourishing condition, and no less a man than Rev. James Harper Thornwell, D. D., presided over this institution. Dr. Gaston's high moral character and ability as a writer are doubtless to be attributed largely to the years he spent at the South Carolina college, where he was graduated in 1843, at the age of nineteen. He entered immediately upon the study of medicine under the preceptorship of his father, Dr. John Brown Gaston, then practicing and fanning in Chester district After a year of diligent study and experience in compounding medicines, he entered the university' of Pennsylvania, medical department, and

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attended there his first course of medical lectures, from 1844 to 1845. His second
course of lectures was taken in Charleston, where he was graduated in 1846,
from the medical college of South Carolina, at the age of twenty-one. If we count the three^years of his medical education, we may say he has been studying and
practicing medicine over fifty years. He has been a student and practitioner all his life, never entering politics or business to any extent, so as to divert his attention. The first six years of his practice were spent in partnership with his
father. He then moved to Columbia, S. C, where he practiced alone and in part nership with Dr. A. N. Talley for about eight years. He had married Miss Sue
G. Brumby, daughter of Prof. R. A. Brumby, Nov. 4, 1852. Their marriage has been blessed by a family of seven daughters and three sons. Five daughter's and
one son are still living, and are as follows: Mrs. A. W- Gresham, Greensborough, Ga.; Mrs. J. B. Kolb, Bahia, Brazil; Mrs. Nannie G. Blackford, Atlanta, Ga.; Mrs.
E. N. Shaw, Cameron, Texas, and Mrs. T. B. Gay, Atlanta, and Dr. James McF. Gaston, Jr., Atlanta. Dr. Gaston has been permitted to see nearly a score of grandchildren, before he has reached the age of three score years and ten. When the civil war broke out he was doing probably the largest practice in Columbia,
was living in his own house, and with his carriages and horses was considered
to be on the high road to prosperity. Neither family nor home caused him any
hesitation, however, as to the course he should pursue. He enlisted in a company of volunteers called the Columbia reys, which he had organized himself, and
would have served during the war as a private had he not been made chief surgeon
of the Carolina forces under Gen. M. L. Bonhatn, and made medical director on his staff. His service during the war was a long and varied one, being in all the
important battles from Manassas to Gettysburg, under such leaders as Beauregard, D. R. Jones, R. H. Anderson, as medical director at Manassas under Beauregard, and chief surgeon of Anderson's division. He did a great deal of surgery during the course of these battles, and afterward in hospital service at Marietta and Fort Valley and Fort Gaines. -Many of the Confederate veterans now testify to his kind
ness and his timely surgical skill in cases of wounds of all kinds. After the war he was penniless and disappointed--but never discouraged. So he moved to Brazil, South America, having to borrow money for the purpose. He first went
to Brazil alone, and then returned and published Hunting a Home in Brazil. He then removed with his family and many friends. He had an audience before Dom Pedro II., of Brazil, and that noble monarch received him kindly and offered him a place as consulting surgeon in the Brazilian army, with the rank and pay of the highest medical officer. He had just been so actively engaged in a war in
which his heart centered that he declined to take part in the war with Paraguay in this capacity. His idea was to investigate the advantages of the country and report on the same in the form of a diary for the benefit of his friends whose homes were devastated, and who wished to avoid the inconveniences of recon struction--at least for a few years. Speaking of this stage of Dr. Gaston's life, so able a writer as James Wood Davidson, in his standard work, Living Writers of the South, says: "James McFadden Gaston, M. D., is a native of South
Carolina, a graduate of the state college at Columbia, and of the medical college at Charleston. He practiced medicine before the war for several years in
Columbia, and stood in the front rank of his profession. He contributed occasion
ally to the medical and scientific journals of the day, and paid some attention to belles lettres, writing verse sometimes. During the war he was a division surgeon in the army of northern Virginia. At the close of the war he went to. Brazil in quest of a future home for himself and family. The only volume that Dr. Gaston
has thus far published is an account of that tropical region. It was published for

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
the author, in 1867, and is entitled Hunting a Home in Brazil, and gives a lively but practical account of that country, with special reference to its being the home of the southern emigrant It lays no claim to merely literary excellence, though it is written in a very healthy and earnest style, that reflects credit upon the learned author. Dr. Gaston is now in Brazil, with his family, and the probability is that he will make it his permanent home" The Brazilian government offered a large sum for 500 copies of the work on Brazil. His life in Brazil was one of trial and often of privation, until he had surmounted all obstacles, passed satisfactorily the examination for license to practice, before the faculty of the National Medical college at Rio Janeiro, and removed to Campinas, where he finally did the largest practice in the city; also having a surgical infirmary, where patients from all the surrounding country were treated. In 1880 Dr. Gaston paid a visit to the United States, after a residence in Brazil of thirteen years. He and Mrs. Gaston came over, leaving the other members of the family in Brazil. In New York he was paid some special attention by the medical profession, and attended the meeting of the American Medical association there. Among his friends were Drs. T. R. Agnew, J. Marion Sims, Ramsey, Nathan Bozeman, T. Addis Emmett and T. Gaillard Thomas. He attended the clinics of the colleges and the operations at the hospitals. His experience in the army was now reinforced by years of private practice in these lines--surgery and gynecology--and he profited by the ample opportunity for seeing the operations of so many distinguished surgeons. He returned to Brazil by way of Europe, so that he might have the oppportunity of seeing the skillful surgical work of such men as Spencer Wells, William Meredith and others. He went to London, Antwerp, Brussels and other points. He heard the famous preacher, Rev. C. H. Spurgeon, in London. His impressions of him are very vivid, and his admiration for the man is so great that he reads everything he has written, when he sees it in print The Crystal palace, in London, and the museum, were also of special interest In this way he became acquainted with the most prominent men in the profession, and has kept up a correspondence with them. He settled up his affairs in Brazil as soon as possible after his return. Moving to Atlanta in December, 1883, he opened an office and began to write upon surgical topics. To say in a few words what Dr. Gaston has accomplished in Atlanta would be impossible. Coming to'the city a complete stranger, at an age when most men are unable to compete actively in a large city with the rush of the day and times, he has made a success of life. At the time he was made editor of the "Southern Medical Record," this medical journal made the following editorial remarks about him, in January, 1892: "To the profession, Dr. Gaston needs no introduction. "As professor of the principles and practice of surgery in the Southern Medical college, as a contributor to Wood's Reference Hand Book, as one of the editorial staff of the 'Annual Universal Medical Science,' and as a contributor to the 'International Clinic,' he has made for himself a national fame. He comes to us bringing with him a rich store of knowledge, which he has acquired through long years of the practice of his branch, both in this and other countries. He is also chairman of the section of surgery of the American Medical association, and president of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological associ ation." He is a member of the Medical association of Georgia, of the American Medical association, of the American Surgical association, the Southern Surgical and Gynecological association, and of the American Academy of Medicine. He is also a member of the Confederate Veterans' association, of the Scotch-Irish association of Georgia, and other local organizations. He is a Free Mason, having joined the order in Brazil. He is a Presbyterian, having been elder of the Presbyterian church in Columbia, S. C., being elected to succeed his father-in-law,

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Prof. Richard T. Brumby, professor of chemistry and geology in the university of South Carolina, as it is now called. He has always shown himself to be a consistent Christian gentleman. Dr. Gaston is recognized as a writer and a teacher of medicine, and it is interesting to describe his methods. He says: "I have never
prepared any medical paper until the necessity for it was urgent, and then no time is lost until the work is done. I am a creature of circumstances, and cannot work unless under the pressure of the occasion." He does not write in his office in the
day, but sits up at night and prepares the compact, lucid and learned papers that are so widely read and so thoroughly appreciated by the general practitioner and the student. His brother, Dr. J. B. Gaston, of Montgomery, has told him that he is not careful enough, and that he should take longer to write his articles; but if he should do this he would write as rarely as his brother does. The strong mark in most great men's minds seems to have been observation. They have seen things where others have seen nothing. They have put some of their individuality into things that had none of their own. So it has happened that Dr. Gaston has impressed the students that from year to year hear him lecture at the Southern Medical college. In dealing with practical subjects he draws upon the field of
observation that he has had, and in a few pointed words pins the main facts in the memory of the most listless student Never leaving out a detail where it is neces sary, but at the same time never wearying with useless harangues, he points the young doctor to the great landmarks of surgery, and illustrates them by his own
cases. A list of Dr. Gaston's contributions and reports of cases shows that he has performed all the important operations and is entitled to the rank that Dr. Richard Douglas, professor of gynecology in Vanderbilt university, medical de partment, accorded to him when, addressing the Medical association of Georgia, he said: "I feel a hesitancy in presenting my views when we have present the Nestor of surgery in the south, a man whose surgical skill is recognized all over tfie country. I refer, gentlemen, to Dr. Gaston. (Applause). But it is as a man,
battling with the cares and vexations of life, never baffled, but always cheerful, that he wins the hearts of men, who do anything in the world for him." To illustrate this point, we need only quote a few casual remarks, never intended for publication, coming from men who have known him best. The late Dr. W. D. Bizzell once said: "He is a grand old man. He is like a piece of bronze, any way you strike it it gives out a good sound--like a perfectly ripe apple, mellow to the core." Old Mr. Heinz, who lived in Columbia for forty years and then moved to Atlanta, and
in this way, knowing the difficulties of getting a foothold here, and at the same time appreciating Dr. Gaston, as he knew him in Columbia before the war, said: "The way he has struggled through the many vicissitudes he has seen, and still retains the gentlemanly bearing and control of his temper throughout, is some
thing heroic--is something heroic."

"IX7ILLIAM T. GENTRY, manager of the Atlanta Telephone exchange--a branch of the Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph company, and assistant
superintendent of the second division, including all exchange in Georgia, Florida, South Carolina and Alabama, was born at Gordonsville, Va., April 14, 1854. "When his father, John R. Gentry, an illustrious and beloved Virginia gentleman, who held the office of mayor in the city of Gordonsville for twenty-five years, left home to enter the Confederate army, William went to the residence of his maternal grandfather, Thomas M. Mansfield, residing in Franklin county, Va., where he remained until the war closed, attending school. While here a most unfortunate accident befell him. One day he was playing in a sorghum mill, and, uncon sciously going too near the machinery, received so severe a cut on the arm that

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it was necessary to amputate it In 1865 he returned to his old home and entered the Neoptrophian academy at Gordonsville, preparatory to taking a college course. His scholastic career was not without its honors. He was so fortunate as to win a warmly-contested medal and to be selected the valedictorian of his class. Having become, in the meantime, interested in electricity and its application, Mr. Gentry decided to devote his life to this science, and incidentally aided as operator at Gordonsville, learning the intricate points very rapidly. At the age of twenty years he was in charge of the Southern and Atlantic Telegraph company, em bracing all the wires running from Charlotte, N. C., to Norfolk, Va., and Washing ton, D. C. He filled this important office for three years. When this company was absorbed and purchased by the Western Union, Mr. Gentry again resumed the key--this time at Lynchburg, Va., remaining a few months, and being then transferred to Wilmington, N. C. In three months afterward he was appointed chief operator and assistant to the general manager, which position' he held for three years, and then began the erection of telephone exchanges for the Western Union system. He built the one in Wilmington, N. C, the first in the state. A year later the Western Union sold out its interests to the Bell company, and Mr. Gentry became an employe of the succeeding company, and superintended the building of an exchange at Alexandria, Va., remaining there three years. He was then, in 1884, selected as manager of the Atlanta exchange, and has held this posi tion ever since. Mr. Gentry was married at Gordonsville, Va., to Nina, the daughter of William H. Mann, of the same city. They have six children: Mary Belle, Willie M., James H., Thomas R., Nina, and Allene. He is a member of the Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, and Red Men, besides being a devout worshiper of the Methodist church of Atlanta. To show the great, magnanimous heart that throbs in his breast, Mr. Gentry has always taken a marked interest in young men, in promoting their desires and encouraging their initial efforts. There are many young men, occupying to-day high and lucrative positions, who owe their success in life to the kindly interest and help extended by him. Several of those who have attained prosperity were newsboys and bootblacks when Mr. Gentry first extended a sympathizing hand. Some of them are now receiving handsome salaries of $5,000 a year. Such generosity is not common, and commends him, who wields it, to the hearts of all people. Mr. Gentry doubtless receives his reward in the gratification that he has given substantial support to the plodding labors of worthy, appreciative fellow-men.
f)R- CHARLES GLEXVILLE GIDDINGS, Atlanta, was born on a farm in Loudoun county, Va., June 8,1861. His father, Charles G. Giddings, was born
in Frederick county, Md., in 1834, and came across the Potomac to his present residence, about twenty miles away, when twenty years old. He married Dorcas A. Hempstone, a daughter of Cephas Hempstone, a well-known citizen of Loudoun county, Va. Charles G. Giddings was a lieutenant in the Confederate service and was a prisoner in Federal prisons for eighteen months. He was the father of eight children, of whom five were sons. The grandfather of Dr. Giddings was James Giddings, who was born in Devonshire, England, and came with his wife to America, locating in Frederick county, Md., where he died in 1872, aged sixty-six years. He was a civil engineer by profession and was one of the engineers of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad and Chesapeake & Ohio canal. His wife was Louisa Johnson and they had four sons and three daughters, of whom two sons are deceased. One of the latter, Luther Giddings, was a soldier in the Mexican war, of which he afterward wrote a history. Eugene Giddings, another uncle of Dr. Giddings, was in the Confederate service in the army of northern Virginia. Dr.

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Charles Giddings was reared on the farm, a homestead which has been in posses sion of the family for a century. His early educational training was received at the
hands of a private tutor. He later attended Glenwood institute near Baltimore, Md., and then St. John's academy at Alexandria, Va., where he was graduated in 1881. He then entered the medical department of the university of Virginia and
graduated therefrom in 1884. After a year in New York city he entered Mt. Sinai hospital as an interne, where he remained two years, locating in Atlanta in 1882, where he has since followed his profession. Dr. Giddings is a member of the Atlanta Society of Medicine, and is now professor of principles and practice of medicine of the Atlanta Polytechnic and attending physician at the Henry W. Grady hospital. Dr. Giddings ranks among the leaders of his profession in the state, and his frequent contributions to the medical journals are read with much interest
in the north as well as the south. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias and of
the Episcopal church. Dr. Giddings was married in 1890 to Miss Maud, daughter
of the late John P. Crichton of Atlanta.

\A7 ILLIAM C. GLENN, senior member of the firm of Glenn & Rountree, was

born in Chattooga county, Ga., Dec. 31,1856. His father, Col. Jesse A. Glenn,

was born in Gwinnett county, Ga. He entered the Confederate army as a captain,

was made colonel of the Thirty-sixth Georgia regiment, and served throughout

the war with distinction. He was nominated brigadier-general by President JDavis,

and his confirmation was pending when the surrender took place. Prior to the

war Col. Glenn had practiced law with success, and at the age of nineteen was

elected justice of the inferior court of Chattooga county. Shortly before the break

ing out of the war he moved to Dalton. He served in the first legislature after the

war. Mr. Glenn passed his youth in Dalton, and there laid the foundations of his

education. Early in life he devoted himself sedulously to the acquisition of

,

knowledge, and the studious habits thus formed have been strengthened as the

years passed. His acquirements were sure and rapid, and he became proficient in

the classics, a competent knowledge of German, French and Italian. He evinced

a fondness for philosophic studies, and absorbed the works of Bacon, Kant, Hegel,

Herbert Spencer, Tyndall and others. Fascinated by German literature, he

studied its classic works, and is recognized as an accomplished scholar of Faust.

Whilst pursuing these studies Mr. Glenn was grounding himself in the principles of

the law, reading under his father's guidance. In addition to the usual studies he

devoted large attention to the Roman and civil law. Soon after passing his

seventeenth year he was admitted to practice. He began, perhaps, at an earlier

.age than any lawyer in the south. His practice was varied and extensive through

all the courts of the northern part of the state, and in the supreme court of the state.

While never a candidate for office until his election to the legislature, he had an

interest in politics, and before his majority, took an active part in the political

contests of the state. He participated in many notable campaigns, such as the

contest between Gov. Colquitt and Hon. Thomas M. Norwood in 1880, and

between Gen. Gordon and Maj. Bacon in 1886. In these campaigns he met in

discussion on the hustings such redoubtable campaigners as Mr. Norwood, Dr.

Felton, Maj. J. F. Hanson and numbers of others. In response to the popular

demand Mr. Glenn was elected to the house of representatives in 1886 from Whit-

j

field county by a very large majority. Two years later he was re-elected by a

still larger vote. During his service in the legislature Mr. Glenn devoted himself

mainly to the legal side of the questions pending before that body. He was a

member of the judiciary committee, committee on corporations, Western & At

lantic railroad, and others of like importance. In 1886 he was chairman of the

1-50

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

:

special committee to report on the legal status of the acts chartering- railroads, and on behalf of that committee he prepared an exhaustive report, which has since been regarded as closing the question. He warmly advocated the extension and
development of the educational interests of the state, both along the line of common schools and the higher branches. The most notable work of Mr. Glenn is the act conceived, drawn and introduced by himself, which has since been known as the "Glenn tax act." Anterior to the enactment of this law railroad property, with an aggregate valuation of $60,000,000, was exempt from taxation. Several efforts had been made to frame such a bill as would remedy this condition, and, at the same time, prove practicable and constitutional. The measure conceived by Mr. Glenn fully met all of the requirements. After its passage through the house of representatives it went to the senate, and a protracted hearing took place before the senate finance committee during the summer of 1889. Numbers of the most distinguished lawyers in the state appeared on behalf of the railroads and fought the measure--Mr. Glenn alone appearing in support of it The committee, how ever, reported it favorably, and it was returned to the senate with only one amend ment, known as the fourth section. This amendment, while not favored by Mr. Glenn, was not fought by him, because a contest upon it might have defeated the measure. From the legislature the contest was transferred to the courts. In the arguments before the supreme court of the state, Mr. Glenn attacked this fourth section, and his objections to it prevailed, and the measure, as first introduced by him, was sustained. The litigation did not, however, end until the railways carried it to the supreme court of the United States, by which tribunal it was upheld \vithout hearing from the representatives of the state. This act has been since applied to the municipal taxation of railroad property. The act adds about $400,-
ooo to the revenues of the counties and cities of the state. Mr. Glenn removed from Dalton to Atlanta and began the practice of law in January, 1890, in that city. Since coming to Atlanta, he has eschewed politics and devoted himself entirely to his profession. Since that time he has been entrusted with cases of every character and of the highest importance. He has appeared with distinction in the state and Federal courts. Several times he has made arguments before the supreme court of the United States; some of them in cases of national importance. Mr. Glenn appears in many cases before the supreme court of the state, representing that class of business from even- section of it. He has given much study to the Roman and civil law, deeming an acquaintance with them a necessity to the study and practice of our American law. Notwithstanding the fact that he is one of the most industrious of lawyers, and that the demands of an exacting practice require the greatest attention, he still finds time to devote to literature. By common con sent, he is the best-read lawyer in Atlanta, if not in Georgia. His versatility has excited the surprise and admiration of his friends. In matters of art his taste is irreproachable, and he is esteemed as a keen musical critic. Not infrequently he is invited to lecture before learned bodies. In December, 1889, Mr. Glenn and Miss Miriam Armstrong were married. She is the only daughter of the lamented Dr. J. G. Armstrong, formerly rector, Monumental church, Richmond, Va., and St.
Philip's church, Atlanta. She had been a great social favorite since her debut a few years before. Her beauty, talents and notable qualities made her beloved by all. She is an accomplished woman, and is one of the musical leaders of the city of Atlanta. They have one child--a little girl--Alma Glenn.

JOHX T. GLEXX. The subject of this sketch, who is a member of one of the oldest and most illustrious families of Georgia, is a lawyer by inheritance as well
as by virtue of special training and preparation for the bar. His father, Hon. Luther

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787

J. Glenn, was for many years a distinguished member of the Atlanta bar and a law
yer of profound legal ability. His mother, whose maiden name was Mildred Cobb,
is a sister of Gen. Thos. R. R. Cobb, one of the leading lawyers of Georgia, who was killed at the battle of Fredericksburg, in Virginia, and of Gen. Howell Cobb, who
filled the high office of governor of this state and also that of speaker of the national house of representatives. Possessing a bright legal mind and reared in an atmos phere that was fragrant, so to speak, with legal traditions and surroundings, it is no
marvel that the subject of this sketch, Hon. John T. Glenn, should have risen to such a high and commanding prestige in the practice of his profession. Mr. Glenn was born near the town of Monroe, Ga., in Walton county, about forty-six
years ago. His early boyhood, however, was spent at McDonough, Ga., where his father enjoyed a large and lucrative practice. At the age of twelve he came to Atlanta, and has since resided in this city. After completing his primary studies
the subject of this sketch entered the state university at Athens, Ga. Here he made the best of his opportunities and gave promise of the talents that have since distinguished him in the practice of his profession. Graduating from the univer sity in the summer of 1863 the young student immediately entered the Confederate
army and remained in the active service until Gen. Lee's surrender. Returning to Atlanta after the war, Mr. Glenn entered his father's law office in that city, and after diligent application to his law books, gaining a thorough mastery of the fundamental principles of the law, he was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1866.
His talents brought him at once into prominence as a practitioner and acorclingly, in the following year, he was made the city attorney of Atlanta. This position he held for two years, performing valuable service to the city and still
further extending his reputation. In 1872 he was appointed solicitor-general of the Atlanta circuit, and held that office five years. He then resigned for the
purpose of forming a legal partnership with Judge John L. Hopkins, under the
firm name of Hopkins & Glenn. He was subsequently elected a member of the board of education and has since continued to serve that body with marked devo tion to the interests of the public schools of this city. In 1888 the name of Mr. Glenn was suggested in connection with the high office of mayor of Atlanta. It touched a popular chord and he was subsequently nominated at a citizens' mass meeting. He was elected to that office by a handsome vote and served the city during the years 1888 and 1889. His administration was characterized by a
patriotic and progressive policy, and the welfare of Atlanta was substantially promoted during the period of his incumbency, and the credit of the city so firmly established that her four per cent bonds sold at par, which had never been done in a southern city. During Mr. Glenn's term as mayor other public improvements were made as follows: Over twelve and a half miles of sewers were built; ten and a fourth miles of Belgian (granite) block pavement was laid, and twenty-two and one-half miles of sidewalk put down. The large sums paid for these improve ments and for other necessary expenses, great as they were, did not consume the city's income, a large amount being left available to pay interest on the public debt, and the increase in the value of real and personal property during the last year of Mr. Glenn's incumbency was over five and a half million dollais. In his inaugural address Mayor Glenn suggested the building of the new water works, and this suggestion, after mature consideration by the city council, was adopted
during his official term. It was also at the suggestion of Mayor Glenn that the charter of the city of Atlanta was so amended as to prohibit the mayor from presiding over the deliberations of the council, but giving him the power to approve or veto all the acts of that body. The office of city comptroller-general was established during Mayor Glenn's term of office, at his suggestion, and the

j88

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

wisdom of the mayor has since been demonstrated by the success of this pro vision. It provides for a thorough system of bookkeeping, and served as a check against the promiscuous handling of the city's money. Mr. Glenn is now the senior member of the firm of Glenn, Slaton & Phillips, one of the strongest
legal combinations in the city. As a lawyer Mr. Glenn is profoundly read in the principles of the profession and is diligent and painstaking in the service of his clients. He has been identified, as leading counsel on one side or the other,, with many of the most important legal proceedings in the courts of north Georgia. He is equally at home in his efforts before the court and jury, and is employed
in nearly all the important criminal business as well as in much of the civil litigation of the Atlanta circuit Mr. Glenn has always been a loyal and patriotic
citizen of Atlanta and is devoted to all her public enterprises. As one of the promoters of the Cotton States and International exposition he has aided materi
ally in the advancement of that great industrial undertaking. Mr. Glenn was married in 1873 to Miss Helen Garrard, of Columbus, Ga., a sister of Col. L. F. Garrard, of Columbus, Ga., and of Hon. William Garrard, of Savannah, Ga..
Four children, all of whom are living, have sprung from this union, two boysand two girls: Iza, Garrard, Helen, and William Louis. Mr. Glenn is still in
his prime, and his future at the bar is one of continued usefulness and honor.

J)R. XEWTOX N. GOBER is a native of Tennessee. He was born in Shelby
county Dec. I, 1836, on a large plantation, and there resided until twenty years of age, gaining his primary education from the private schools of the vicinity and having as a tutor the noted Prof. Beman. During childhood his father died, and in 1855 he moved with his mother to Georgia, locating on Peachtree creek, Fulton county, five miles north of Atlanta. The next four years were passed here. In 1859, his mother having married Edward Mayse, they went oveinto Cobb county, Ga. Mr. Gober attended the high schools in Decatur and Smyrna, Ga., acquiring in these institutions the principal training of his intellectDeciding upon the medical profession he began the study of this science under Dr. X. H. Campbell in Marietta, Ga., and in 1858 entered the medical college of Macon, Ga., graduating in March, 1860. He returned to Marietta and undertook active practice. His early professional labors were interrupted by the outbreak of the civil war. In the latter part of 1861 he enlisted as first lieutenant in Phillips* legion, served in this rank almost twelve months, and was^ then appointed captain of Company F, Third battalion, Wofford's brigade, Longstreet's corps and McClain's division. His appointment was made directly by President Jefferson Davis himself. In this office he remained until the surren der. He fought with memorable courage at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Zoah's church, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Knoxville, Cedar creek, Bean Station,. Tenn., Wilderness, siege of Richmond, and commanded the last skirmish line when the city was being evacuated and on fire. Three days before Lee's sword was tendered as a symbol of defeat, Dr. Gober was captured, sent to Johnson's island and detained in that prison three months. On being released he came back to Marietta, purchased a small farm and followed this agricultural pursuit in connection with his practice for eight years. In February, 1894, his residence was changed to Atlanta, Ga. His practice has been lucrative and increasing daily
since making Atlanta his home. Dr. Gober was married first in 1868, to Sarah P., daughter of Robert White, of Campbell county, Ga. Two girls survive their mother, Eva and May. He was again married on Dec. 21, 1893, to Mrs. Eva M. Ripley, nee Metcalf, of Xew Orleans, widow of Peter Ripley, of Boston, Mass. His home life has been blessed with the charms of happiness arid love. Dr. Gober

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is a member of Kennesaw lodge, No. 33, F. & A. M., of the Royal Arch chapter, of the Encampment (I. O. O. F.), and the Cherokee lodge, No. 8 (I. O. O. F.). During 1868-69-70 he served the state as representative of Cobb county in the legislature, and was chairman of the auditing committee. He is a Presbyterian by faith and held the place of deacon for several years while living in Marietta, Ga. Dr. Gober's father was John A. Gober, born in De Kalb county, Ga., in 1817, and died of yellow fever at the age of forty. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Benjamin Plaster, Fenton county, Ga. This tie was hallowed by five children: Arminda, wife of J. M. Lidell, of Fulton county, Ga.; Sarah, wife of James Brockman, also of Fulton county; Julius J., a lieutenant in "Stonewall" Jackson's corps, who breathed his last at Staunton, Va.; Edwin F., first lieutenant in Howell Cobb's regiment, the Sixteenth Georgia, who died at Yorktown, Va., in 1861, and Dr. N. N., the subject of this sketch. Dr. Gober's mother died at the ripe old age of seventy-four, her death occurring in 1891. His grandfather was Daniel Gober, a native Georgian. He died during the late war at an advanced age after living the peaceful, pure and contented life of a farmer in Tennessee. Dr. Gober's .ancestors were from Scotland.

CAMUEL WATKINS GOODE was born in Stewart county, Ga., June 3, 1847. In early childhood he was first sent to a meager school in the locality
of his home. His father aided and encouraged him in his studies, and his death at the beginning of the war was a severe blow to the young son. He was under the tutorship of Mr. Ira Foster twelve months later in Waverly hall, and attended the Georgia Military institute for a half term. He removed to Lumpkin, Stewart Co., in January, 1866, and taught the classes in Latin, Greek and higher mathematics in a large school in Brunbridge, Ala. While here he com pleted his own education in the classics and besides amassed about $10,000, with which he contributed to the support of his younger brothers and sisters. From the school-room he went to New York, entering the Albany law school, and was graduated in May, 1871, with a B. L. degree. Being admitted to the bar he practiced in the state courts of New York, and the United States courts. During January, 1872, he moved to Savannah, Ga., and later in the same year to Eufaula, Ala. Mr. Goode was associated with Sterling B. Toney, who later located in Louisville, Ky. After his removal Mr. Goode practiced alone until
September, 1881, and then sought Atlanta, with the intention of prosecuting real estate law entirely. He formed a partnership with Samuel T. Barnett to purchase the business of Joel Hurt. Soon his professional labors were interrupted by the demands made upon him by his private property; although he has presented man}' cases admirably before the supreme court of the state, with a spirit that never tires, a tact for successful advertising, and a memory that defies forgetfulness, he has prospered bountifully. In October, 1882, he was united in marriage to Miss Jennie W. Kendall, who died in July, 1875, leaving two children: Vadie and Mattie. He was married again in 1882, to Miss L. E. Stone, of Lexington, Ky., by whom he has two daughters: Ellen and Julia. Mr. Goode has held the presidency of the Atlanta Real Estate board and the vice-presidency of the Na
tional Real Estate association. He belongs to the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, the Georgia Bar association, the Young Men's Library association, the Capital
City club and the First Methodist church. He is also president of the Southern Exchange bank. Mr. Goode was made president of the Guarantee Loan and Investment company when organized in 1881. He is also director in the Pasco Phosphate company and the Pasco Land company. They control 86,000 acres
of Florida land and were capitalized as follows: Phosphate company, $2,000,000;

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MEMOIHS OF GEORGIA.

Land company, $1,000,000, with headquarters in Chicago. Mr. Goode is the scion of a noble house. His father was S. W. Goode, of Washington, Ga., possessing every trait that characterized the old southern gentleman. His mother was Martha E. Kirkpatrick. He is descended from the royalists of England, and his ancestors are traced back to the fourteenth century. We know not what motto was engraved on their "arms." It might have been honor and integrity. Mr. Goode is an extensive traveler, a lawyer of decided talent, a cultured, genial gentleman, and is considered, from his long residence and retentive memory, one of Georgia's historians.
UOX. JOHN B. GOODWIN, the subject of this sketch, occupies a bright position in the esteem and respect of his fellow-citizens, who have twice hon
ored him with the high and responsible office of mayor of the city of Atlanta. In every position of trust occupied by this useful Georgian since his entrance into politics, he has fully met the public expectation and discharged his duties with signal patriotism and ability. Mr. Goodwin was born in Cobb county, Ga., on Sept 22, 1850. His early days were spent on his father's farm in Cobb county, and by virtue of the rigid discipline of the furrows he developed into a strong,
athletic youth. He received his primary education from the neighboring schools and as soon as lie was far enough advanced he entered the Powder Springs acad emy. Leaving this excellent institution he clerked in a store at Powder Springs for two years and by strictly adhering to his business he acquired the principles of a good commercial schooling. Thus equipped for the active duties of life and ready for the wider arena of public service that awaited him in the metropolis of the state, he came to Atlanta in 1870. He began at once the study of his chosen profession, the law, and by vigorous strides he succeeded in acquiring a sufficient understanding of its elementary principles to be admitted to the bar in September, 1871. Having attained his legal majority and his commission to practice law in the same month, he entered upon the practice of his profession with the ardor of a prophetic zeal. Clients, however, in those days were scarce, by reason of the
hardships entailed upon this section by the devastations of the civil war. Very few people had any ready cash to pay an attorney, and the young practitioner could not subsist on the mere hope of reward. For this reason in the following year he applied for a temporary position on the staff of the Atlanta "Herald," then under the management of the late lamented Henry W. Grady, associated with R. A. Alston and St Clair Abrams. He remained on the staff of the "Herald," serving as reporter, for two years, and then resumed the practice of law in the early part of 1874. During this year, and also for two years
immediately succeeding, Mr. Goodwin was elected to a seat in the city council, having scarcely attained the age of twenty-four at the time of his emergence into politics. He was elected as a councilman from the first ward. In 1879-80-81 he served the city as an alderman. Such was the splendid record made by Mr. Goodwin during his term of service in the legislative councils that two years after his voluntary retirement he was called upon to discharge the duties of mayor of the city. In this office he strengthened his hold upon the confidence and esteem of the community by sacrificing his personal interests in order to promote the public weal. From July, 1885, to January, 1893, Mr. Goodwin served as city attorney and by his safe judgment and discriminating sense of the legal effect of all legislative measures proposed by the city council he was enabled not only to save the city large sums of money, but the unforeseen embarrassment that might arise from future litigation. In 1891, during his term of office as city attorney, Mayor Goodwin was elected to a seat in the state legislature as one of

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791

the representatives from Fulton county. As a member of that body he frequently made speeches on the floor of the house, besides serving on the following com mittees: General judiciary, corporations, public buildings and grounds, and railroads. He also served on the special committee appointed to adjust the dif ferences between the state of Georgia and the Western & Atlantic railroad, and the special committee on congressional re-appointment In 1893 Mayor Goodwin was recalled to the executive chair of the city and served in this high office for an additional two years. Mayor Goodwin is deeply imbued with the spirit of fraternity and belongs to quite a large number of mystic brotherhoods. He is a member of Georgia lodge, F. & A. M., a member of the Capital City lodge of Knights of Pythias, and belongs to the Independent Order of Red Men, and to the Capital lodge, No. 60, of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In this latter organization he has held all the posts of honor and has been grand master of the grand lodge of Georgia. For fifteen years he has been a representative from the grand lodge of Georgia to the sovereign grand lodge of the world. He is now the chairman of the committee on appeals of the sovereign grand lodge. But the list of honors is not yet exhausted. Mayor Goodwin is the past chief patriarch of Empire encampment of Xo. 12, I. 6. O. F., a member of the Knights of Honor and of the Royal Arcanum. Mayor Goodwin was
married in 1877 to Miss Emma A. McAfee, of this state. Several children have blessed this happy union and the home life of the household is happy and inviting. The father of Mayor Goodwin, whose name was Williamson H. Goodwin, was a native of Cobb county and throughout his life followed the occupation of a planter. He was also a commissioner and for several years held the office of justice of the peace in. Cobb county. He was a gallant survivor of the Mexican war and a private in the First Confederate Georgia regiment, serving throughout the entire war. His death occurred in December, 1884, in the fifty-ninth year of his age. Mr. Goodwin has been faithful to every trust imposed upon him .by his fellow-citizens, and being still in the prime of life, it is safe to predict that his career of usefulness has only commenced.

JOHN BROWN GORDON was born in Upson county, Ga., July 6, 1832. He came from good old Scotch stock, his grandfather being one of seven brothers
who emigrated from Scotland to the colonies, and all of whom were brave soldiers in the revolutionary war. His grandfather was an influential citizen of Wilkes county, N. C., and his father was the Rev. Zachariah H. Gordon. Like many other of Georgia's great men, he secured his education in the state university, graduating
at the head of his class in 1852. He was admitted to practice law a few months afterward, and entered the office of his brother-in-law, L. E. Bleckley. He re signed his profession to help his father in the mining business, but when the
war began he left everything and enlisted at once, serving to the close of the conflict His part in the war was that of a brave and heroic man, and his record for hard fighting is unsurpassed in the history of the rebellion. He won inter
national distinction by his illustrious service, and was second to the great Lee in the Confederate army. From captain he rose in the service to command one wing ' of the army. He was five times seriously wounded, and when pierced by bullets at Sharpsburg, his life was only saved by the nursing of his faithful wife, who> accompanied him in the service. At Appomattox he led the last charge, taking the Federal breastworks in the final scene of the war. When hostilities had ended, he called his ragged and broken-down men around him and made an eloquent and feeling speech to them, advising them to bear the trial, go home in peace, obey the laws, rebuild the country and work for the future of their country. After

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

the war he settled in Atlanta, and was a member of the national union convention at Philadelphia, in 1866, and delegate to the national democratic convention in 1868. He was defeated for governor, in 1868, by R. B. Bullock, and declined the use of his name for United States senator in 1871, when Mr. Norwood was elected.
He opposed the nomination of Greeley in the Baltimore democratic convention of 1872, and in 1873 was elected United States senator, and re-elected in 1879. He resigned in 1880 and organized the Georgia Pacific railroad. In 1886 and 1888 he was elected governor, and in 1890 was returned to the United States senate.
Gen. Gordon's presence in the senate in the seventies was of inestimable value to the southern slates. In the Louisiana trouble he was chosen by the democratic congressmen to draft an address to the people of the south, urging patience. He
aided Lamar in rescuing Mississippi from political misrule, and was empowered by Gov. Hampton to look after South Carolina's interest, and after the adjourn ment of congress secured the removal of troops from Carolina.

UEXRY WOODFIX GRADY was born in Athens, Ga., in 1851. He received in his youth excellent educational advantages, but his studies were disturbed
by the civil war. The close of the war found him fatherless, Col. Grady having fallen on the battlefield. Young Grady graduated at the state university, and then took a post-graduate course in the university of Virginia. History, belles lettres, Anglo-Saxon and Greek attracted him. and he stood very high in these branches.
From an early age his command of language was remarkable. His magnetic and ringing style of speaking won for him the title of the "silver-tongued orator," and in the literary societies of the two universities he carried off the highest honors as a speaker. While a student he wrote a letter to the Atlanta "Constitution," which was the beginning of his journalistic career. A year or two later he became the editor and part owner of the Rome "Daily Commercial." The field was too
limited for him, and in 1872 he went to Atlanta and purchased an interest in the Atlanta "Herald." This paper was one of the most brilliant newspapers ever printed in the south. Later he became the southern correspondent of the Xew York "Herald/* and on this great journal did some of the best work of his life. In 1880 he purchased a fourth interest in the Atlanta "Constitution," and became managing editor. As the guest of the Xew England society, at its annual banquet in Xew York, in 1886, he delivered a speech which attracted widespread attention. As a newspaper man. Mr. Grady's capacity for rapid work was amazing, and his
fertility in conceiving newspaper enterprises audacious and prolific. His best gift was his eloquence, and one who has heard every famous orator since 1850, including Everett. Choate. Webster, Clay and Prentiss, says Henry Grady was
unsurpassed. Of his brilliant orations, the following stand forth as the most striking illustrations of the great eloquence of Mr. Grady: Speech on prohibition,
in Atlanta in 1887; at Dallas. Tex., 1888. opening of the state fair; to the societies
of the Virginia universities, at Charlottesville. 1889, and his last public address, after the banquet of the Merchants' association in Boston, in December, 1889.
On this occasion Mr. Grady contracted a cold which resulted in his death, Dec. 23, 1889. At his death Mr. Grady was the largest young national figure of this great government. Putting the war behind him, in his position as editor and orator, _he directed thought to the united future, and thus did the mission of a national "peacemaker. Mr. Grady married Julia King, in October, 1872. His sudden de mise was a shock to the whole country, and his funeral was attended by a large concourse of people from all sections of the country. A monument in Atlanta
was erected to his memory, by a popular public subscription, in which the thou
sands of friends of the great man among the poorer people contributed.

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793

)R. LUTHER BELL GRANDY was born in Oxford, N. C., April 3, 1865; was there reared and received his rudimentary education. In 1882 he entered the
university of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, and graduated therefrom in 1886. Then he went to Charlottesville, Va., spending one year in the medical department
of the university of Virginia. From this institution he removed to the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of New York city, graduating there in 1890. In the autumn of the same year he came to Atlanta and began the practice for which his subsequent success has proved him so well qualified, and which he has enjoyed ever since. When he first came to the Gate city he associated himself with Dr. W. P. Nicolson, which "partnership" continued for two and a half years. Dr. ' Grandy is at this time demonstrator of anatomy in the Southern Medical college, and owner of a. half interest in the Atlanta "Medical and Surgical Journal," of which he is also managing editor. He is secretary of the anatomical board of Georgia, and member of the Atlanta Society of Medicine, the Georgia State Medical association, and the Tri-State (Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee) Medical society. He married, Dec. 14, 1893, Hattie, daughter of A. G. and Hattie T. Smart. Dr. Grandy's father was Titus T. Grandy, who was born in Camden county, and married in the historic city of Camden, N. C., to Elizabeth Bell. They
removed to Oxford, N. C., in 1850, and there Titus Grandy engaged in mercantile business up to the year 1883, when he retired and died some five years later. He was in the quartermaster's department in the late war. His wife died in 1893. They had eleven children, of whom but three are now living: Leonora, wife of Thomas D. Crawford, Ocala, Fla.; Albert S., lawyer, Nashville, Tenn.; Dr. L. B., Atlanta. The last named has contributed many noted articles to the medical journals of the country, amongst which are the following: "The Present Demand for Better Medical Education in the South," read at the meeting of the Tri-State Medical society, Chattanooga, Tenn., October, 1892, and published in the Atlanta "Medical and Surgical Journal" in November .of that year; "A State Board of
Medical Examiners--the State's Medical Duty," read at the meeting of the Georgia Medical association, April,. 1893, and published in the journal above named, May, 1893; "A Contribution to the History of the Discovery of Surgical Anesthesia, with Some New Data Relative to the Work of Dr. Crawford W. Long," published in the "Virginia Medical Monthly," October, 1893; "The History of Medicine and Sur gery in Georgia" (four articles in the Atlanta "Medical and Surgical Journal," 1894-
1895); "The Discovery of Anesthesia and the Alleged Relations Between Dr. Crawford W. Long and Dr. P. A. Wilhite," published in the New York "Medical
Journal," July 20, 1895.

IEMUEL P. GRANT, who was born in Frankfort, Maine, Aug. n, 1817, died in Atlanta, Ga., on the morning of Jan. ri, 1893, aged seventy-five
years and five months. Col. Grant's boyhood and youth were spent on his father's farm, the labors on which served to strengthen and toughen a naturally good constitution. Educational facilities were so limited that he enjoyed school advantages for only short terms at irregular intervals. When about nineteen years
of age, in 1836, he obtained a position as rodman on the engineering corps of the Philadelphia & Reading railway. Here his industry and fidelity, the quickness and capacity of his mind, and his aptitude for mathematics received ready recognition, followed by rapid promotion. On the completion of the Philadelphia & Reading railway he accepted an offer from J. Edgar Thomson, engineer-in-chief of the Georgia railway, and came to Georgia in January, 1840. serving on-the extension from Madison, to the proposed terminus--the present site of .Atlanta. Financial embarrassment having necessitated temporary suspension of work on this line, he

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

engaged as assistant engineer on the Central railway; but, in 1843, he was re called to the Georgia railway, with which he remained until it was finished. It is worthy of remark here, and of record, that, although Col. Grant subsequently acquired extensive landed propertyship in and near Atlanta, his first purchase was not made for mere ownership, or on speculation; but he was moved to make it from higher and holier motives--which serve as a key to his inner thought, his broad mindedness and public spirit. The circumstances were these: To reach the point designated as the terminus, the right-of-way was needed through land, lot No. 52, between one and two miles east This the owner positively and persistently refused to give. Col. Grant bought the lot, gave the needed right-of-way, and this assured an easy and free passway to the center of the now prospective metropolis of the south. As the years glided by, Col. Grant sagaciously invested largely his earnings in real estate, in and near the rapidly growing embryo'city; the increased value of which contributed much to the value of the handsome estate which; he left. Col. Grant's conspicuous ability as a railway engineer, together with- the sterling attributes of his character attracted, as well might be expected, the attention of rail way builders, and caused his services to be desired, and sought. Consequently, he was offered and accepted the superintendency of the Montgomery & West Point railway in 1845, f which he remained in charge until April, 1848, when he re signed to accept the position of president engineer of the Georgia railway. He held the position until 1853, when he resigned and was appointed engineer-in-chief of the Atlanta & West Point railway. In addition to this, Col. Grant was, during all the years intervening between the time and his death, more or less engaged in several important railway enterprises, notably, the Georgia Air-line, and the Georgia Western (now Georgia Pacific), and an influential adviser in many others. During the war between the states Col. Grant rendered valuable services to the Con federate government, in his capacity of engineer, particularly in his superintendency
of the defenses round Atlanta. In October, 1866, he was appointed superintendent of the Atlanta & West Point railway, continuing until July, 1881, when he was elected president of the company. In 1843 Col. Grant married Miss Laura A.
Williams, daughter of Mr. Ami Williams, of Decatur, Ga. This lady died in 1875, leaving two sons and two daughters, viz.: John A. Grant; Myra B., wife of Dr. W. A. Armstrong: Lemuel Pratt Grant, Jr., and Letitia H., wife of George W. Logan. In 1881 Col. Grant married Mrs. Jane L. Crew, widow of Mr. James R. Crew, one of Atlanta's first and oldest and most esteemed citizens, who was assassinated in the latter part of 1865, and robbed while on his way home from the office of the Georgia railway, of which he was ticket agent. In 1860, Col. Grant united with the Central Presbyterian church, of which he remained a consistent, and devout, and liberal member until his death--his generous church contributions, and his unnumbered free-will and other benefactions demonstrating that he recog nized himself only a steward of the Most High. In 1883 Col. Grant donated to the city a tract of 100 acres of land, partly within and partly without the southeastern limits of the city, to be maintained in perpetuity as a public park. To this the city afterward added forty-five acres by purchase, the entire tract being known as the L. P. Grant park. Col. Grant was always one of the warmest and most steadfast friends and advocates of the public school system of Atlanta; and was an ardent supporter, and one of the early directors of the Young Men's Christian association. Unostentatious, unassuming, and politically unambitious, yet always ready to advance all laudable public enterprises, with mind, means, and service, Col. Grant was a model citizen: discharging fully, faithfully, and promptly, every Christain duty, and contributing liberally to even- movement for the advancement of home and foreign Christian work, he was a model Christian gentleman; while in his

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domestic relations his open-handed hospitality, and firm and conscientious dis charge of every marital and parental obligation presents him as a shining exemplar,
worthy of all honor, and of the emulation of all.

1OHN T. GRANT, Georgia's pioneer railroad builder, was born in the vicinity of Grantville, Greene Co., Ga., Dec. 13, 1813. He was of Scotch descent, and
the blood that ran in his veins was like that which inspired Wallace to heroism. His ancestors were devout, intelligent and patriotic sons of the land of "banks and braes," severe in fruth and honesty. His great-grandfather was Daniel Grant, of Virginia, a man of culture and refinement, who removed to Wilkes county, Ga., after-the revolutionary war .had closed, and erected the Grant meeting-house, the first Methodist church in'the state, and the initial school-house of the county. Believing that slavery was a relic of barbarism he personally emancipated his slaves and granted them the freedom of his own existence. Col. Grant's father was the husband of Lucy Crutchfield, daughter of a prominent Methodist. This couple, with their young son, moved first to Greene county, and later to Athens, Clarke Co., Ga. John T. entered the state university and was graduated in 1833. With the spirit of enterprise and genius he determined to open commercial inter course with the north, and also between the southern states, and consequently became a railroad constructor and established lines in Georgia, Alabama, Tennes see, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. The calamity of war destroyed his pros pects and confiscated his land. When the bomb of secession had spent its force he reorganized his aids, and by stupendous contracts rapidly replenished his depleted finances. On Dec. 13, 1834, he married Martha Cobb Jackson, daughter of William H. and Mildred Cobb Jackson, at the home of her uncle, John A. Cobb, the father of Howell Cobb, governor and secretary of the United States treasury. This charming lady, a child of southern chivalry, was a gentle help meet to his worthy efforts and ambitions. They had one son, Capt. W. D. Grant, of Atlanta, Ga. Col. Grant was state senator from Walton county in 1856; was appointed colonel, as an aide on the staff of Gen. Howell Cobb, and has built an elegant home, placing it in a beautiful grove of oaks. Col. Grant was a bosom friend and companion of his brother-in-law, Chief Justice James Jackson, of Georgia's supreme bench. Their attitude toward one another was that of David and Jonathan. Col. Grant enjoyed a day passed in the field with dog and gun. Being an unerring shot and a devotee of athletic sports, he could find no happier diversion than hunting. He loved literature, and in his books found a pleasure that only intellects of power can appreciate. He was a connoisseur of art and music, and possessed great talent in each accomplishment. He was a man of mighty undertakings, with indomitable win power and force of character that can be expressed only by the adjective grand. Practical, religious and persevering, he gained the love and devotion of his people. Such was his life; his death came as softly as the morning, a fit close for years of usefulness and toil. He died Jan. 18, 1887. The immortal Grady, with the pathos of a sublime nature, wrote of his death: "He lived a long life, in which good deeds were sown with unstinting hand and far-reaching arm. He died as the tired and weary man falls asleep. The end came to him in no storm or convulsion, but gently as a leaf parted from the bough in an autumnal breeze floats adown the waiting silences of the forest, his life, parting from the world, passed into the vast unknown which men call death. 'Earth is better for his having been--heaven will be brighter because of his coming.'"

796

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

. W. D. GRANT, one of the wealthiest of Atlanta's citizens, is the only surviving child of John Thomas Grant and Martha Cobb Jackson. He was bom in Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., on Aug. 16, 1837, in the house of his paternal grandfather, Daniel Grant. When in his seventh year his father removed with his
family to the neighborhood of Monroe, Ga., on the road to Social Circle. Mr. Grant attended school at Monroe until fifteen years of age and in the fall of 1853 entered the freshman class of the university of the state at Athens. After leaving
college he undertook the study of law under his uncle, the late Chief Justice James Jackson, and was admitted to the bar, but decided not to practice this profession. Before arriving at his twentieth birthday he assumed entire charge of his father's plantation in Walton county, which he managed with marked success for four years. He was a theoretical as well as practical farmer and was the first person to use commercial fertilizers in Walton county and raise a bale of cotton to the acre on fields of very thin soil. When the war between the states summoned southern defenders to assert their conceived rights and loyalty, Mr. Grant was unanimously elected captain of the first cavalry company sent from that section of the state, and served in the Confederate army until discharged by reason of ill health. Later during the war he was superintendent of the construction of the fortifications around Atlanta, under the direction of Col. L. P. Grant of the engineer corps. Soon after the war closed Mr. Grant settled in Atlanta, in the place where he now lives, and became associated with his father in building railroads and other public works, and was actively engaged in that business until 1885. By the construction of railroads and introducing means of transportation and traffic, Mr. Grant aided materially in the substantial growth and rapid development of Georgia and the south. The enterprise and love of civilization here displayed has redounded largely to his latter years, by bringing as a fitting recompense wealth, luxury and happiness. At the same time he was thus engaged he was a large and successful planter, raising his own needed supplies, and an average of 1,500 bales of cotton per annum. He has dealt extensively in real estate since making Atlanta his home, and is at this time the largest taxpayer in the city. Mr. Grant was married June 13, 1866, to Miss Sallie Fannie Reid, the daughter of William Reid, and Martha Wingfield, of Troup county, Ga. They have two surviving children: Sallie Fannie Jackson, the widow of the late Tom Cobb Jackson, and John W. Grant, a dealer in real estate. Col. Grant retired from active business years ago, and since then has devoted his time exclusively to the improvement and management of his valuable property and the pleasures of his family. Col. Grant occupies much of his time in his library, which is large and contains the choicest literature. He is familiar \v ith the best authors and revels in their company. He is fortunate in possessing not only affluence but the appreciation of genius.
JAMES R. GRAY. Among the younger members of the legal profession in Georgia no advocate enjoys a higher degree of prominence or a more suc
cessful practice than Mr. James R. Gray. Devotion to the interests of his clients, associated with exceptional talents for serving them, and a stainless integrity that no one has ever dared to assail, has made this brilliant young attorney one of the most reliable in the brotherhood of the Atlanta bar. James Richard Gray is a native Georgian and was born at Adairsville, in the upper part of the state, on Sept. 30. 1859. He received his primary instruction from the schools of that vicinity, graduating from the Xorth Georgia Agricultural college at Dahlonega, a branch of the state university, in 1878. The legal predilections of the young stu dent began to assert themselves at a very early age. and long before he received his diploma he conceived the idea of becoming a lawyer and of reaching, in the

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.
course of time, the highest rounds of the profession. Equipped by nature and education for the legal combats of the forum, the young student, immediately after graduation, began his preparations for the bar. He studied with zealous application in the law office of Col. Abda Johnson, at Cartersville, Ga., and after reading law for several months under that able counselor, he passed a rigid examination, and, with the compliments of the court pronounced upon his excep tional qualifications for the practice, he was admitted to the bar in 1879. The small town of Cartersville was too restricted in the field of opportunities presented to the outlook of a bright, ambitious young lawyer, and accordingly, in the summer of the same year, Mr. Gray located in Atlanta. He at once entered upon a good practice and never for a moment has regretted the impulse that prompted him to come to Atlanta. He continued in the practice alone until 1883, building up a splendid clientage and earning a high reputation among his associates and brother members of the bar. He then formed a legal part nership with Col. B. F. Abbott, one of the ablest civil lawyers of the state, and a man of varied and successful experiences in the profession. At the expiration of the first year this partnership was dissolved and Mr. Gray continued to practice by himself until 1887, when he formed a partnership with Col. W. D. Ellis. This combination continued for several years until the admission of Capt. W. D. Ellis, Jr., into the firm, and with that addition to its legal talent the firm has remained unchanged. Mr. Gray has been associated in the management of quite a large number of civil proceedings and his skill and research as a lawyer are manifested with renewed emphasis at each successive appearance in court. 4 He is not only a shrewd and successful practitioner at the bar, but his financial 'and business qualifications place him in the front rank of those who, in recent years, have promoted the growth and material upbuilding of the city. Mr. Gray is the vice-president of the American Trust and Banking company, and is also a member of the board of directors of that institution. He is also a director of the Atlanta Savings bank, and of the Southern Glass company. His business tact and versatility are demonstrated by his active participation in the manage ment of all these business enterprises. Mr. Gray was married in 1881 to Miss May Inman, daughter of Mr. Walker P. Inman, of Atlanta. Five children have resulted from this happy union, two sons and three daughters. The domestic life of Mr. Gray reveals the true tenderness and refinement of his character. He is always happy in the companionship of his wife and children, and believes in making his home attractive by bringing into it all that tends to make it beautiful. A consistent member of the First Presbyterian church, Mr. Gray is regular in his attendance upon the exercises of divine worship, and is always in his pew, when not prevented by sufficient or providential reasons. He has never sought political preferment, though he takes a lively interest in all public questions, and is able to converse thoughtfully on all the current topics of the day. Col. John W. Gray, the father of the subject of this sketch, commanded the Forty-second Georgia battalion during the late war, and served with distinguished valor throughout that bloody conflict He is a native of Georgia, and was born and reared near Augusta, Ga. As a member of the state legislature he has been instrumental in securing wise laws for the government of the state, and has been a faithful, upright and conscientious citizen, devoted to the welfare of the commonwealth. Col. Gray is still living at Adairsville, Ga. The maiden name of Mr. Gray's mother was Miss Sarah Venable, a lady of gentle blood and rare mental gifts. Under the refining influence of her life and discipline five children were reared, the youngest of them being the subject of this sketch. Mr. Gray is still in the prime and vigor of his young manhood and if the achievements heretofore recorded, during his brief

JC)8

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

career at the bar form any indication of his future honors, he will no doubt mount 10 a much higher pinnacle of success and usefulness.

JOHX M. GREEX. No citizen of Atlanta is more universally admired for his business talents and for his character as a Christian gentleman than Mr.
John AI. Green. For a number of years Mr. Green has occupied an influential place among the promoters of Atlanta's growth and no public enterprises that have sought to advance the material welfare of that city have appealed to him in vain. Since coming to Atlanta in 1875 Mr. Green has been connected with the fertilizing industry and, under his wise and successful management, the business
has grown into mammoth proportions. The subject of this sketch was born in
Macon, Ga., in Bibb county, on Jan. 5, 1847. His father, Franklin Green, was
a native of this state and a man of brilliant promise, who died on the threshold of his business career. Though only twenty-six years old at the time of his death,
he had succeeded by dint of pluck, energy and perseverance, in establishing a
splendid credit and would no doubt have become a wealthy merchant Ijad he lived. Mr. Green's mother, whose maiden name was Mary Ansley, was the daughter of Rev. AI. Ansley, a Baptist clergyman of Knoxville, Crawford Co.,
Ga. A woman of deep piety, she reared her children in the nurture and ad monition of the Lord and the influence of her life and Christian example had much to do with the growth and development of their characters. Two children sprang from her union with Franklin Green. These were John M. Green, the subject of this sketch, and Alary F., the wife of J. H. McKenzie, of Americus, Ga. Shortly after the birth of the subject of this sketch his parents moved from Macon to
Griffin, Ga. Here his father carried on for a short while a general merchandise business, dying in 1850. At this time his son was only three years old, and his mother a helpless widow with two little children. Leaving Griffin -with her
children, Mrs. Green went to her father's home in Crawford county. Here the subject of this sketch developed into a strong lad and gave promise of the useful manhood to which the principles by which he was actuated, even as a boy, all pointed. As soon as he was old enough to go to school he was given the benefit of the best instruction to be obtained in that county, and being a boy of studious disposition he made the best of his opportunities and advanced rapidly in his
books. At the age of fifteen he entered the Georgia Military institute at Marietta,
Ga., and in 1864, with the other cadets, he entered the Confederate service, re maining in the service actively until the close of the war. He and his school mates were in quite a number of battles, among them being the engagement at
Turner's Ferry on the Chattahoochee river, and the battles fought in the neigh borhood of Atlanta. After the war, having nothing else to do, as the business of this section was completely paralyzed and no avenue of success appeared to open
a way for him, he decided to follow the plow as a safe and honest means of earning a livelihood. Accordingly, he farmed for two years in Macon county and after ward for seven years in Cobb county. In 1875 k came to Atlanta and entered the fertilizing business, engaging in the manufacture of fertilizers on a small
scale. His experience on the farm opened to him this line of business, which
proved to him a doorway to success. From a small beginning he has steadily risen by slow degrees and is now at the head of one of the largest fertilizing in
dustries of the south. He is the president of the Atlanta Guano company, located in Atlanta, Ga.; the Americus Guano company, at Americus, Ga., and the Walton Guano company, at Social Circle, Ga. He was also one of the organizers of
the Trust company of Georgia. Mr. Green has no taste for political life and has
never allowed himself to be influenced by the greed for office. Though qualified,

G. V. GRKSS.

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799

by reason of his talents, for the discharge of public duties, lie has always preferred to serve the community in the role of a humble citizen, giving his cordial support to all enterprises that have tended to promote the welfare of the city. As one oi the deacons of the First Baptist church of Atlanta, Mr. Green devotes much of his time to religious work and is one of the most enthusiastic and loyal members of his denomination. Mr. Green has been identified with the church ever since his removal to Atlanta. He has always contributed with a liberal hand to the support of its enterprises, both at home and abroad, and has been a delegate to nearly all the Baptist conventions that have met in the state since his connection with the church. He is chairman of the finance committee, and also of the board of deacons, and is the treasurer of the church. He has also been frequently a delegate to the Southern Baptist convention. Mr. Green has always been an ardent worker in the cause of young people, and for several years was president of the Fulton County Sunday-school association. He has also been at the head of the state organization. Mr. Green was one of the organizers of the Travelers' Protective association and as the head and front of that movement has made it one of the most nourishing organizations of the state. As a member of the com mittee of arrangements to prepare for the coming of die Georgia manufacturers to Atlanta, Mr. Green is entitled to much of the credit bestowed upon that committee for the success of the convention. He devoted himself with tireless zeal to the special work assigned to him and won the gratitude and praise of all who labored with him in the cause. His election to the high office of treasurer of the association was an honor worthily bestowed. Mr. Green was married in 1869 to Miss Eunice Clifton, of Marietta, Ga. They have three children, two sons and one daughter. Devoted to his family, Mr. Green has made an ideal husband and father, and his home life, no less than his success in the business world, furnishes a splendid example for encouragement and emulation.

f~l V. GRESS. At the head of the largest lumber business of the south, and the owner of thousands of acres of the finest timber lands in the wire grass section
of Georgia, G. V. Gress, of Atlanta, can well be termed the lumber king. And he is a very young king, too, for it was about 1870, when a boy just entering his twenties, he came from his native state of New York and entered the employ of D. R. Wadley, the leading lumber manufacturer of this part of the state at the time. Young Gress has managed saw-mills and cut timber up in the Empire state and his industrious habits, experience and thrift soon attracted the eye of Mr. Wadley and he was given charge of important trusts in connection with the business. In a few years Mr. Wadley died and Mr.. Steele was his successor, from whom Mr. Gress purchased a one-third interest. He worked no harder for himself than he did for his employers, but his rare judgment exercised in the business brought big profits to the company and his interest continued to increase until he owned the entire interest, amounting to something like $100,000. More money was then put in the concern and its business quadrupled, and so successful has it been in this line of prosperity and enterprise, that now the Gress Lumber company handles a big part of the lumber traffic of the south. The chief mills of the company are located in Wilcox county, but they have others in surrounding counties, all of which do a thriving business. The company has fifteen or twenty
miles of steel railway track, standard gauge, well equipped with locomotives and cars, and is provided with every facility for supplying the lumber products, in any
form, at the market prices. Mr. Gress, in adopting Atlanta as his home, wisely appreciated its advantage as a business center and a desirable residence place, and has for years made large investments in real estate, and still has big holdings. He

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
also owns one tract of land in southern Georgia, of over forty thousand acres of timber, which is estimated to be worth nearly $300,000. Mr. Gress was one of the organizers of the Georgia Loan and Savings bank, which wras established in 1891, and he has been ever since president of the company. In 1893 the Hart Lumber company was organized in Finn, Ga., and Mr. Gress is president of this concern. Mr. Gress, like most self-made men, is of a liberal mind and generous nature. He has started many a young man on a high road to competence, and several have amassed fortunes through help extended them by him. Messrs. J. A. Hart and D. X. Hughes, wealthy bankers of Chattanooga, owe their success in life through the efforts of Mr. Gress. He also has distinguished himself as a public benefactor, by purchasing the menagerie of the Hall & Binley circus, which he gave to the city, providing a nucleus for a zoological garden, located in Grant park. In recognition of this kind act Mr. Gress was unanimously elected president of the park commission, a board which is doing grand work in the care and improvement of the public grounds of Atlanta. Mr. Gress is a gentleman of whom any city might feel proud, as is evidenced by this tribute paid him by the "Atlanta Constitution": "It is a pleasure to see a man who can handle his business with as much ease as Mr. Gress does. There is not as much friction in his large business, in all its details, as there is on many two-horse farms in this state. The men who work for him like him, and respect him; he pays good wages, requiring hard work and the men get their pay without fail on pay day. He is not pompous or puffed up, but is a fair, square man in all his dealings, and has that reputation among all the men who have dealt with him. Mark our prediction: the wire grass region of Georgia will some day be the most populous part of the state, and George V. Gress, if he lives, will be one of the richest men of the south. He is now one of our most liberal and progressive citizens, and men of his makeup are always lucky and happy. If they are not they ought to be." Mr. Gress was married to Abbie J. Morgan of Chattanooga, Tenn., Dec. 23, 1873. She was a devoted wife and noble Christian lady of the Methodist Episcopal (South) faith. Mr. Gress attributes much of his success in life to the wise counsel of this helpmate. To them were born Morgan V., Jan. 7, 1875, and John Hast Gress, September, 1877, both members of the church of which their mother belonged. Mrs. Gress died from heart disease in April, 1881. In May, 1883, Mr. Gress married Ida May Xelson of Indianapolis, Ind., whose father was also a Tennesseean. To them was born in November, 1885, Marie Gress.
HUGH HAGAX is one of Atlanta's prominent physicians, who is held in high esteem by his colleagues. He was born in Richmond, Va., June 22, 1863, and there passed his early youth and learned the rudimentary branches of study. When eighteen years of age he became a dealer in tobacco in that city, but finding his tastes did not favor the pursuit of merchandising, he abandoned that business a year later, and with the intention of completing his education and taking an academic course, went to Europe. He chose the university of Berlin as his "alma mater," and attended there for twelve months, returning to America when the term was concluded. In 1885 he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York city, applied himself diligently for three years, and graduated with dis tinction in 1888. Shortly after Dr. Hagan became imbued with the desire to be come a physician, so he again crossed the Atlantic ocean with this object in view, and studied medicine for one and a half years in the cities of London, Vienna and Paris. He gained valuable experience in the hospitals of the old world, and having the most learned practitioners of the day as his tutors, advanced rapidly in the acquisition of the science. On returning to his native

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country, Dr. Hagan located in Atlanta, where he has since pursued his profession. His reputation has extended far beyond the limits of his practice, and besides being a member of the Atlanta Society of Medicine, he is also identified with the State Medical societv, and holds the chair of diseases of the mind and nervous system in the Atlanta Polyclinic. He also occupies the responsible position of medical examiner for the Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance company, of Philadel
phia. These various offices testify strongly to the confidence placed in his ability.
Dr. Hagan was married, Oct. 26, 1887, to Miss Sarah Cobb Johnson, daughter of the late Dr. John Milton Johnson, whose biography appears elsewhere in this work. Dr. Hagan's father was Hugh Hagan, who was a native of South Carolina, but removed to Virginia between the years 1830 and 1840, and there resided for half a century, dying in Richmond, Va., in 1881. When the civil war called volun
teers to the front, Mr. Hagan was too feeble to enter the active service, and became
a member of the Virginia reserves. His loyalty and fidelity were not dimmed by age. His wife. Sarah Copeland McMinn, was of Scotch-Dutch descent, and born in the state of Pennsylvania. To this marriage were given t\vo sons and two
daughters, of whom the survivors are Stella, wife of Charles E. Smith, of Rich mond, Va., and Dr. Hugh Hagan, of Atlanta. The paternal grandfather was
Alexander Hagan, a jeweler and lapidary, whose native place was northern Ireland. This ancestor emigrated to America and settled in South Carolina soon after the war of 1812. Dr. Hagan is not so entirely engrossed in professional duties but
that, after office hours, he can devote much of his time to the pleasures of society. Being a popular club man, he heartily believes in the promotion of friendship and good feeling among his fellow men. As a member of the school of medicine and a gentleman of individuality, with the magnetism that attracts companion ship, Dr. Hagan is a strong factor in the state.

JOHN I. HALL was born Feb. 20, 1841, in Jackson, Butts Co., Ga. He was partly educated at Erskine college, South Carolina, but only went through the
sophomore class at that institution, his education having been interrupted by the coming on of the war between the states. He enlisted as a volunteer in the Fourteenth Georgia regiment, in July, 1861, and served as a lieutenant in that regiment until December of that year, when he resigned his commission, on account of ill-health, and returned home. In February, 1862, he returned to the Confederate army as first lieutenant of a company in the Forty-fifth Georgia regiment, and was in the battles around Richmond in June of that year, and on the 3Oth day of that month he received severe gunshot wounds, from which he has never fully recovered. He was promoted to the rank of captain, and in the winter of 1862-63 was detailed to post duty in Georgia, where he remained until the fall of 1863, when he was elected to the legislature of Georgia, as a member from his native county of Butts. On his election to the legislature he resigned his commission in the army. Judge Hall was admitted to practice law by the superior court of Henry county, in the spring of 1861, after having taken a course of reading under Judge James S. Boynton, then a practicing lawyer in Butts county, and practiced law in the counties of Butts, Upson and Spalding. He was married, in 1864, to Miss McMichael, of Butts county, and has now living four children: Mrs. R. A. Drake, of Griffin, Ga.: Robert M./M. P., and J. E. Judge Hall served the term in the legislature to which he was elected, and resided in Butts county until 1869, when he removed to Upson county, and was sent from there to the legislature in 1870. serving one term. Soon after the expiration of his
legislative term he was appointed judge of the superior courts of the Flint circuit, and served six years on the bench. This office gave him an opportunity for the 1-51

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
display of those high and broad powers of his mind in the administration of justice, and that perfect fairness and impartiality which soon marked him as one of the ablest lawyers and jurists of the state. He manifested, while on the bench, pro found knowledge of legal principles, unusual energy, and that rare combination of great breadth and subtle acumen which gave him what appeared to be an intuitive power of applying the law to the particular case before him, and almost unerring accuracy in reaching legal conclusions. In 1875, while on the bench, Judge Hall removed to Griffin, Ga., and was again elected to the legislature from the county of Spalding, in 1878, and in November of that year resigned the office of judge, to take his seat in the general assembly, where he served a term. After this he resumed the practice of the la\v at Griffin, in connection with John D. Stewart, who was afterward judge of the superior court and member of congress. This partnership lasted for two years, until Judge Stewart went upon the bench. In 1884 he practiced law with Hon. John J. Hunt, of Griffin, who afterward became judge of the superior court. In November, 1885, Judge Hall entered into a lawpartnership with Hon. \V. R. Hammond of Atlanta, Ga.. who had just resigned from the superior court bench of that circuit. This partnership has existed since it was formed and still continues, under the firm name of Hall & Hammond. At the bar Judge Hall has displayed his greatest powers, and won his most enduring fame. As an advocate, both before courts and juries, he has no superior, and his equal is rarely found. Of large stature and commanding appearance, his very presence inspires respect and confidence. Add to this his thorough knowledge of his case, as evidenced in every phase of the trial, and his complete mastery of law as applied to all parts of it, and his great success at the bar is easily accounted for. Ever and thoroughly vigilant and watchful, he is a tower of strength to his clients in the court house and a terror to his adversaries. Judge Hall's great activity and energy, which qualities have always been con spicuous in him, and the unusual interest he has always taken in current events, have not allowed him to keep entirely aloof from politics, though the law has always been his first love, and he has never permitted himself to yield to any desire for personal promotion which would divorce him from that. Thus he has been elected to the legislature of his state five separate times, having besides those already mentioned, been returned to the state senate in 1888, and again to the general assembly in 1892, and he was a presidential elector on the Hancock ticket in 1880. In April, 1893, the high office of assistant attorney-general of the United States was tendered to Judge Hall by President Cleveland. The office was entirely unsought by him, and was accepted with hesitation. But it was in the line of his profession, and he entered upon the discharge of its responsible duties with his accustomed energy and ability, and has secured for himself an enviable fame, which is not bounded by state lines, but is national in its character. Judge Hall's character can best be summed up by saying that he is one of the great lawyers of his time. As said in the outset, he is equaled by few and surpassed by none.
/""* R. HANLEITER. Among the earliest of the devout Salzburg immigrants who founded the famous colony of Ebenezer, in what is now Effingham
county, Ga., was John Jacob Handleiter. An only son who bore the same name changed the spelling of the surname to Hanleiter. A descendant still bearing the name of John Jacob'was married in 1812 to Miss Elizabeth McFarland, daughter of William McFarland. of distinguished Scottish lineage of Cowpens, S. C. They had four children, of whom Cornelius R. Hanleiter, born in Savannah. Ga.. June 14.1815, was the youngest. He was left an orphan quite young, his father dying the year after he was born, and his mother when he was about eight years old, but

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he was given a home with a maternal aunt. When eleven years of age he was bound to William Robertson, editor and proprietor of the Savannah Georgian, to learn the printers' trade, served more than his full term of years, and is possibly not only the oldest printer in the state, but the only one who served a regular seven years' apprenticeship. In 1834, soon after the expiration of his time, he went to
Augusta, Ga., and assisted P. C. Guieu in getting out the first number of the "Con stitution," which, after thirty years of lusty life, was merged into the "Augusta Chronicle." After going thence to Alabama and assisting in making a railway survey, he accepted the position of foreman of the "Montgomery Advertiser," James E. Belden, editor and proprietor. While visiting relatives in Macon, he assisted in running an experimental. railway line from Macon to Dublin, under L. O. Reynolds. Proposing to make a permanent home in Macon, he accepted a posi tion on the "Macon Messenger," of which Simri Rose and Isaac G. Seymour were editors and proprietors. He employed his leisure hours in publishing the "News Courier," a small weekly, which evolved first into the more pretentious "Southern Post," and then into the "Southern Lady's Book," monthly, published in the inter ests of the Georgia (now Wesleyan) female college, edited by Rev. George F. Pierce,
afterward the distinguished Methodist bishop. In 1840 he went to Forsyth, Ga., and published the "Southern Botanico Medical Journal," and the next year he published "Worthy's Botanic Practice," a volume of 500 pages. In 1842 he pur chased the office and moved it to Madison, Ga., and established the "Southern Miscellany," of which he was sole editor and proprietor, and in which first appeared "Maj. Jones' Courtship," contributed by W. T. Thompson, afterward
editor of the "Savannah Mining News." In 1847 he moved his office and business to Atlanta, "to grow up with the city." In 1852 he published the "Reveille," a whig campaign weekly, and the same year sold his office to a party of gentlemen who established the "Atlanta Intelligencer," which after a life of a quarter of a century was merged into the "Atlanta Constitution." Early in 1857 he established the "National American," tri-weekly, which was conducted with conspicuous ability on lines of progressiveness and development--advocating with spirit and vigor cotton and other manufacturing industries, the construction of the Georgia air-line, now R. & D., and Georgia Western, now Georgia Pacific, railways, and direct foreign trade, and when disunion began to be talked his opposition was fierce and strong. The "National American" was not only powerful and popular politically, but it was a model family paper--not a line was given space that would cause the slightest flush to mantle the cheek of any around the family circle. It was subsequently merged into the "Southern Confederacy" newspaper. In 1860 Col. Hanleiter organized a strong company and established the Franklin Publishing company, which was disposed of while he was doing duty in the Confederate service on the Georgia coast, and for which he never received a cent The present great
Franklin Publishing company is the outcome of this organization. Early in the seventies, in connection with Col. B. C. Yancey, he published the "Plantation," which is his last important connection with the printing business. He helped to organize the Gate City Guards in 1855, was elected a lieutenant, and his eldest daughter, Josephine, presented the company with a costly silk flag. In 1856 he was a member of the city council (when it served for nothing); was a justice of the inferior court, and was principally instrumential in establishing a house of
refuge for the poor. After the war, about 1870, he was superintendent of the celebrated Orphans' home at Bethesda, near Savannah; and while holding the position raised $8,000, mostly from distinguished citizens of the north, and thereby saved from forced sale and being sacrificed, property worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. When in Macon, in 1837-40, he was foreman of fire company No. i,

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and ex-officio chief of the fire department, and vice-president of the Macon Benevo lent association, composed of the leading citizens of Macon. In 1844, in Madison, he was marshal of the day when the great Clay mass meeting was held. Col. Hanleiter is spending his closing years with his children at Atlanta, prepared for
and calmly awaiting the time when he shall be summoned to a re-union of those of his family who have preceded him to the great unknown. Col. Hanleiter was twice married; first to Miss Mar}- Ann Ford, born in New Haven, Conn., Feb. 22, 1837, and who died in 1848, leaving five children; and second he was married to Miss Ann Elizabeth Shaw, Atlanta, September, 1850, who died in December, 1893, bearing eight children. Ten of his children attained to maturity: Josephine, deceased wife of Henry Gullatt; William R., merchant, Griffin, Ga.; Ida, unmar ried ; Katharine Anna, wife of J. S. Peterson; Bertha E., unmarried; Victorine, Mrs. Stowers; Cora, Mrs. Catchings; George S., Methodist preacher; James McP., in business, Savannah; Elizabeth, clerk superintendent of public schools, Atlanta.

\^ ILLIAM CORY HALE, banker, Atlanta, Ga., was born in Columbus, Miss., in 1858. He received his education in the schools of his native city. At the
age of seventeen he entered his fathers office. In 1880 he accepted a position as general bookkeeper for a cotton commission house, and remained with them until he removed to Atlanta, Ga., in 1887. His first work in Atlanta was in the insurance business, but realizing the importance and future of the city as a financial center, he soon organized the Southern Mutual Building and Loan association and the State Savings bank, both of which companies he is president of. He is also presi dent of the Hale Investment company, and a director in several other organiza
tions. Enterprising, yet cautious, prompt in all business obligations and engage ments, and thoroughly systematic in his business methods, he has established a fine reputation and been eminently successful in his undertakings.

J LDGE WILLIAM R. HAMMOXD. Few men have reached a higher dis tinction at the bar or enjoyed, in fuller measure, the respect and confidence of
their fellow-citizens than Judge William Robinson Hammond. Though just in the prime of life, at an age when the greatest legal successes are usually attained, Judge Hammond has been recognized, for a number of years, as one of the foremost members of his profession. A native of this state, Judge Hammond was born in Franklin, Heard Co., Ga., on Oct. 25,1848. His father, Judge Dennis F. Hammond, was a man of distinguished ability and of great usefulness. His attainments at the bar and in private life were such as to merit incidental mention in this connection. He was born at Xewberry, S. C, in 1819, but came to Georgia in his youth, settling first in Lincoln county. He was subsequently united in marriage to Miss Adeline Robinson, of Carroll county, and nine children sprang from this union, four of whom survive: Octavia, wife of A. D. Adair, of Atlanta: William R., the subject of this sketch; Dr. John D., president of Central college. Missouri, and Edward M., a practicing lawyer of Orlando, Fla., and formerly a member of the state senate. Judge Hammond, the elder, was admitted to the bar in 1840. He moved to Xewnan, Ga., in 1850, and five years later was elected to the superior court bench as judge of the Tallapoosa circuit. Leaving the bench in 1862, after an able and fearless administration of the law, Judge Hammond came to Atlanta and entered upon the active practice of his profession. In 1870. during a period of great disturbance and of frequent violations of the law, Judge Hammond was elected mayor of Atlanta. His administration was one of the most conservative the city has ever enjoved and its influence was felt in the superior moral tone imparted to the citys daily life. Judge Hammond remained in the

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805

practice of law with his son until 1881. Leaving Atlanta, he then removed to Orlando, Fla., to engage in the orange industry, and devoted himself to that pursuit, though not giving up his professional practice entirely, until his death
in 1891. The passing away of this great and good man was sincerely mourned. Among the tributes of sympathy received by the afflicted family were letters from Senators Alfred H. Colquitt, John B. Gordon and one from Judge B. H. Bigham. The press of the state teemed with eulogies upon his noble and useful life and the memory of his stainless record is still fresh in the minds of his fellow citizens. Returning to Judge William R. Hammond, the son of the foregoing: he lived only two years in Heard county, removing with his parents to Newnan, Ga.,
where he received his primary education. In 1862 the family came to Atlanta and William attended the private schools of that city for three years. He then entered the state university at Athens, Ga., in 1867, graduating from that institu
tion in 1869, with the highest honors of his class. Dr. A. A. Lipscomb was the chancellor of the university at that time, and the class was one of the brightest and largest that ever graduated, several of its members having since attained both state and national distinction. After graduating the young student entered the law office of his father, Judge Dennis F. Hammond, and after preparing himself for the practice was admitted to the bar in 1870. Forming a partnership with his father they continued to practice, as a law firm, until 1881. In the following year William R. was elevated to the bench of the Atlanta circuit, having been elected by the general assembly to fill the unexpired term of Judge Hillyer, who resigned. He was subsequently re-elected for a term of four years but after serv
ing for only a few months he resigned in November 1885, to resume the active practice. As a judge his decisions were sound and logical and he enjoyed the confidence of both the bar and the public. During the period of his practice from
1870 to his election as Judge in 1882 Mr. Hammond had charge of, and success fully conducted, some of the most important and difficult litigation in the state. One of these was the case of the state against the Scofield Rolling Mill company, brought under a special act of the legislature, in which Mr. Hammond was for tUe defense. He obtained a new trial in the supreme court, after a heavy verdict for the state, and got a verdict for the defendant, on the second trial. Another case was the state vs. Cox, charged with the murder of Alston. He was convicted, and Mr. Hammond was selected, by five or six prominent lawyers who represented
Cox, to argue his case in the supreme court. He obtained a strong dissenting opinion from Chief Justice Warner, on which Cox was pardoned. Mr. Hammond was highly complimented by the supreme court in both these cases, Judge Warner having said that his argument in the Cox case was the finest he had ever heard. These cases attracted a great deal of attention, and his management of them made him a great reputation and character as a lawyer throughout the state. After leaving the bench he formed a partnership with Judge John I. Hall, the present assistant attorney-general of the United States. Judge Hammond was elected a member of the board of education of the city of Atlanta in 1887, for a term of six years, and was subsequently re-elected in 1893, serving with pay. His work on the
board has demonstrated his abiding love for the public school system of Atlanta, and his desire to elevate the masses by giving to all the wholesome advantages
of a good education. Judge Hammond is a man of deep religious convictions, and has always been active in the affairs of his church. He is chairman of the board of trustees of Trinity church, and is also chairman of the board of stewards. In addition to these religious offices Judge Hammond is a life trustee of Wesleyan
Female college, the oldest institution of its kind in the world. He is also
president of the board of trustees of the Atlanta Dental college, and a member

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

of the board of trustees of the colored branch of the state university, located in Savannah, Ga. Judge Hammond has always taken a profound interest in this \vork, and has made it a matter of careful study. He has also been engaged, as a
prominent factor, in some of the leading enterprises of the city. In the early period of his professional life Judge Hammond was united in carriage to Miss Laura Rawson, the daughter of Hon. E. E. Rawson, one of the most prominent and
enterprising citizens of Atlanta. In his private, as well as in his professional life
the career of Judge Hammond has been above reproach, and his integrity has never been assailed. The firm of Hall & Hammond is one of the ablest in the state, and controls an extensive general practice, not only in Atlanta but throughout the state. His success as a practitioner, with his natural business capacity, has
brought Judge Hammond a handsome competence, and in the financial world he enjoys a high rating. He exercises the same prudence, consideration and sagacity in his business interests that he brings to bear in his profession, and with a corresponding result Judge Hammond is held in the highest esteem by all
classes and his career of public service has not only been one of honor to himself but of usefulness to the community-

)R. VIRGIL O. HARDON, the son of Betsy (Packard) and Charles W. Harden, both of Massachusetts, was born in Mansfield, Mass., March 13,
1851, and removed, when four years of age, to Providence, R. I., where he attended the public schools and received his early training. From here he went to Brown university, taking a two years' course in the academical department, and after its
completion, taught school for two years in East Providence. Here he conceived the idea of becoming a plwsician, and having excellent opportunities when not engaged in school duties, applied himself constantly to the study of medicine; but finding that self-instruction made slow progress, he became a student in the Har vard medical school, spent one and a half years as interne in the Rhode Island hos pital at Providence, and finally went to New York, where he attended the Bellevue Hospital Medical college and graduated in 1874. Selecting Providence as his field
of labor he practiced his profession there until 1881, and then came south, settling in Savannah. There he did not continue practice, but entered the mercantile firm of Solomon & Co. After remaining here for some months, he decided that
Atlanta afforded more encouragement to young men and removed to that city, accepting a position with Messrs. Pemberton, Iverson & Co. Shortly after he became chief bookkeeper for John B. Daniel, the wholesale druggist Finding this constant confinement injurious to his health, Dr. Hardon became traveling salesman for Messrs. Hail & Ruckel, of New York. Since resigning that position he has been in the active practice of medicine in the city of Atlanta. Dr. Hardon is widely known throughout the state among the members of his profession, and
takes great interest in all organizations controlled by them. He is a member of the Atlanta Society of Medicine, the State Medical association, the Southern Sur gical and Gynecological, and the American Gynecological societies, and for five consecutive years has acted as censor in the former association. For two years he filled the presidency of the Atlanta Society of Medicine. Dr. Hardon does not confine his enthusiasm and knowledge of medicine to practical experience alone, but in the broader scope of its literature has displayed a keen interest and con tributed numerous articles to the various medical journals of the country, chief among them the "American Journal of Obstetrics" and the "Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal." In addition to the honors bestowed upon him in recognition of professional skill and learning, he is a zealous Christian worker and a vestry man of St Philip's Episcopal church. Dr. Hardon now holds the chair of

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807

obstetrics and diseases of women and children in the Atlanta Medical college. His career has been successful from its beginning, and is the result of untiring energy,
close, assiduous study and a persevering devotion to duty. One of the best
methods of ascertaining a professional man's true worth is to learn the opinion held
of him by his colleagues. One of Atlanta's most prominent physicians is quoted as saying: "Dr. Hardon has made an enviable reputation in his especial line of work,
obstetrics and gynecology, and is widely known throughout the state and beyond
its boundaries. He is a bold and successful surgeon, a very accurate diagnostician and a conscientious man; one who shrinks not from the many unpleasant obliga
tions of the profession. He is a quiet, reserved and generous gentleman, making
and holding friends. He is a fluent talker, and in the medical societies of which he is a member, is one of the best impromptu speakers who discuss the essays pre sented for consideration. His argument is clear and concise, and his thoughts arranged as promptly as though carefully prepared in advance." Dr. Hardon was married Jan. 1,1885, to Miss Julia A. Robinson, who died in 1891. He was married
again Dec. 27, 1892, to Miss Bertha Wardell, of Bainbridge, Ga. They have no children.

\J ATHAN OVERTON HARRIS, M. D., was born in Culpeper county, Va., Dec. 4, 1851. During the late war he removed with his parents to
Atlanta, Ga., where he was raised and educated. In 1868, he went to Covington, Ky., where he attended school one year and then returned to Atlanta, where during the following year he pursued a course of study at the Houston street high school.
He next entered the office of his father, who at that time was sheriff of Fulton count\r, where he remained four years. After clerking a year in Atlanta he com menced the study of medicine under Dr. T. S. Powell, and was graduated from the Southern Medical college, in Atlanta, in 1881. After graduating he practiced medicine in Atlanta eighteen months, and during three months of that time had
charge of the small pox hospital in that city, where he treated two hundred small pox patients. His duties at the hospital were so exacting that he found it neces
sary to deny himself the ordinary physical comforts of life; and for two months he
was compelled to seek such brief moments of rest as nature demanded, without
removing his clothing. In 1882 he went to New York, where one year later
he was graduated from the Bellevue Hospital Medical college, and returned to
Atlanta, where he has since been engaged in the practice of medicine. In 1888,
he was assistant professor to the chair of obstetrics and diseases of women
and children in the Atlanta Medical college. Dr. Harris is a member of the Georgia Medical association and of the National Association of Railway Surgeons
and of the American Medical association. He is medical examiner for the Aetna
Life Insurance company of Hartford, Conn.; the Equitable of New York; the
Union Mutual of Portland, Me.; American Union Life Insurance company; Michi gan Mutual Life Insurance company; the Providence Savings of New York; the Phoenix Mutual of Hartford, Conn., and for the endowment rank, section 611,
Knights of Pythias. He is also chief surgeon for the Georgia, Carolina & "Northern division of the Seaboard Air Line ("260 milesX He is police surgeon, and is city physician for the sixth ward of Atlanta, and surgeon Fourth battalion,
Georgia volunteers. In 1886, Dr. Harris was chosen president of the Atlanta Society of Medicine for one year; and since that time he has been corresponding secretary of that society. He belongs to the Knights of Pythias and has held the
chairs in Atlanta lodge No. 20, K. P. He was a delegate to the grand lodge,
which met at Brunswick, Ga., in 1891. He is also a member of St. Phillip's church (Episcopal). The father of Dr. Harris was James O. Harris, who was born in

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Albemarle county, Ya., in 1820, and married in Culpeper county, in that
state, to Miss Elizabeth A., daughter of Daniel and Lucy (Powell) Brown. He moved to Culpeper county, where he was elected sheriff in 1856; the first man elected to that office who was not a native of the county. In 1863, James O. Harris moved to Atlanta and engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1866, when he was appointed deputy internal revenue collector, which office he held until 1868, when, while absent from home, he was elected sheriff of Fulton county. He served as sheriff for two terms, and one year. In 1874 he was elected city marshal of Atlanta, and at the expiration of his term he served one year as deputy city marshal. He was next elected state and county tax receiver, which office he held continuously until his death in 1891. James O. Harris had four children: Dr. Xathan O., Atlanta; Lucy Powell, who died unmarried in 1881, aged twentyseven years; Clement Rush, who, in 1884, married Miss Sallie. daughter of Jackson Dick of Tennessee, real estate broker, Atlanta, and Daniel Brown Harris, who married Miss Bessie Sargeant, daughter of Hon. X. J. Hammond, Atlanta, adjuster and special agent for the Xorth America Fire Insurance company of Phila delphia, Pa. The father of Dr. Harris served in the Thirteenth Virginia regiment during the first six months of the late war between the states. His grandfather was Xathan Harris, who was born in Albemarle county, Ya., in 1772; he was a man of large wealth and a gentleman farmer during his life, and owned many slaves. He never held office. He married Ann Alien Anderson, and six children were born of this marriage: Dr. Clement Rush Harris, deceased in 1869; Elizabeth, wife of a Mr. Hutchins; Fanny, deceased wife of William Davis. of Rockbridge county, Ya.; James O. Harris, deceased 1891; Judge John T. Harris, who has served seven terms in congress, and now living in Harrisonburg, Va.. and Rev. Dr. William A. Harris, now president of Yirginia college at Roanoke. Ya., and for twenty-six years president of the Western Female college at Staunton, Ya. Nathan Harris died in 1853. aged eighty-one. Dr. Xathan O. Harris was married April S, 1885, to Ltila S., daughter of Maj. Rums S. Tucker, of Raleigh, X. C; this lady died without issue April 23, 1886.
JOEL CHAXDLER HARRIS, the author of Uncle Remus and numerous other stories of southern life and character, is a native of Putnam county, Ga.
He was born in the town of Eatonton in 1848, and spent most of his boyhood there. Circumstances forced him to leave school at an early age. and while still a mere child he learned the printer's trade in the office of "The Countryman," a popular weekly which was then published on a plantation several miles from any town. The proprietor of the paper had a fine library, and the boy was given free access to it. From these books he picked up the elements of an education which has carried him through a successful literary and journalistic career.
After leaving "The Countryman," while still in his teens, young Harris worked in a country newspaper office at Forsyth, Ga., and then accepted an editorial posi tion on a monthly in Xew Orleans for a short time. In 1868 he accepted a position on the editorial staff of the ''Savannah Morning Xews," and remained there until the yellow fever epidemic of 1876. which caused him to remove t& Atlanta. He joined the editorial staff of the "Atlanta Constitution." and for the past nineteen years has been the leading editorial writer on that paper. Before moving to Atlanta he married Miss Essie La Rose of Canada. Mr. Harris resides at West End in a picturesque cottage, brightened by the presence of his wife and five children, one of whom. Julian Harris, is the book reviewer of the "Constitu tion," and the author of many charming short stories.
Mr. Harris was so successful with his first book, Uncle Remus, that the

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public demanded something more from his pen, and his leisure hours are now devoted to literary work for various publishers. His books have had a large sale in England as well as in this country, and he is one of the most popular of
American story writers. He rarely ever travels, and is noted for his love of home and family and his loyalty to his friends. He takes an active interest in politics
and the leading issues of the day, and his writings upon these topics would fill many volumes. The ease with which he turns from his routine editorial work to literature is a mystery to his contemporaries. In the main his life has been peaceful and uneventful. He has succeeded in his modest ambitions, and is now in his prime, with the promise of many more years of useful and brilliant work.

MR. Z. D. HARRISOX, attorney-at-law and clerk of the supreme court, Atlanta, Fulton Co. The plantation has been the foster-mother of hundreds of Geor
gia's most successful and enterprising citizens. Amid the honors which have come to them, in reward of the tireless energy and fervent zeal put forth by them in quest of life's ambitious enterprises, they never forget the arcadian days of their boyhood and happy times they enjoyed down on the old farm.
It was on a farm in Randolph county, Ga., that Zadoc D. Harrison, the clerk of the supreme court of Georgia, first saw the light of day on November 26, 1842. His father, Hon. George \V. Harrison, was one of the leading men of the state, and filled the high office of secretary of state for two terms prior to his death. He came to Georgia from Xorth Carolina, having been reared among the pine trees of the tar-heel commonwealth. He died in this state in 1854. The mother of Col. Harrison is a woman of superior mind and character. Her maiden name was Frances West, and she was born and reared in this state. She is still alive at the age of eighty-seven years in full possession of all her faculties.
Mr. Harrison remained on the plantation until 1850, when his father moved to Milledgeville, after his election as secretary of state. Milledgeville was
then the capital of the state, and the duties of secretary of state called Mr. Harrison's father to that city. Here the subject of this sketch received his primary education under the direction of Prof. A. L. Carrington, a noted instructor of that time. In 1859 ne matriculated as a student in Oglethorpe university, and remained a student in this institution until its suspension at the
breaking out of the war. Mr. Harrison volunteered as a soldier in the Confederate army, but his elder brother having substituted in his stead, he entered the office of his father's successor as secretary of state at Milledgeville, and remained in
that employment for one year. He taught school at Clinton, Ga., for several years, after which he came to Atlanta, a busy, enterprising city that was rapidly advancing to the front. Soon after coming to Atlanta, in 1868, lie was appointed deputy clerk of the supreme court, and after holding this position two years he was elected clerk, which office he still continues to hold.
Mr. Harrison began the study of law in the office of the late William McKinley at Milledgeville. He was admitted to the bar in 1866, and two years later formed a legal partnership with Judge William T. Xewman, now on the bench of the United States district court. This partnership continued until Judge Newman's appointment as city attorney. Mr. Harrison then practiced alone for several years,
after which the present firm of Harrison & Peeples was organized, the junior member of the firm being Mr. Henry C. Peeples, a talented young lawyer and
the son of the late Judge Cincinnatus Peeples. Mr. Harrison is a director and also the secretary and treasurer of the Southern
Marble company. For twenty years he has been a director and vice-president or president of the Franklin Printing and Publishing company, one of the leading

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

publishing houses of the south. In 1872 he was united in marriage to Miss Laura Hendree, the beautiful daughter of Dr. George Hendree of Tuskegee, Ala. Seven children have been the result of this happy union, two boys and five girls. Mr. Harrison is a consistent and loyal churchman; being a member of St Luke's Episcopal church. He has been the senior warden of St. Luke's cathedral, Atlanta, since 1883; a delegate to every annual diocesan convention since 1873; also a deputy to every general convention since 1881; secretary of the standing committee of the diocese since 1888; and is now the chancellor of the diocese. No man enjo>-s more fully the esteem of his fellow-citizens than Mr. Harrison, and he has always deported himself in such manner as to merit the respect and confidence of the people of his native state.
QOL. GEORGE W. HARRISON is a member of a distinguished Georgia family whose individual members have been prominent in political and social fields,
and is himself an example of what energy, self-reliance and broad-minded business policy will accomplish. Few men have been enabled to accomplish in a few years what Col. George \V. Harrison has done by business acumen and financial ability. Starting with a printing and publishing business in its infancy, he has steered it through financial depressions affecting the entire country, until it is now one of the largest and best equipped publishing houses in the south. While his duties as general manager are manifold and exacting, demanding a clear head, decision of character and versatility of talent, every detail passes under his super vision, and the character of the work turned out reflects the inspiration of his genius, the excellence of his taste, and the thoroughness of his grasp on business. Included in his duties as general manager of the Franklin Printing and Publishing company is that of state printer, an office of honor and great responsibility, which he has held for several successive terms, and manager of the "Southern Culti vator," the "Southern Architect," and the "Southern Educational Journal," each one involving labor, tact and skill. The wise, prudent and successful adminis tration of the affairs of the company has elicited from its members, who embrace some of the strongest and most influential business men in the city in their ranks, the highest encomiums. While Col. Harrison is emphatically a business man, he is at the same time one of Atlanta's most progressive and public-spirited citizens. For a number of years he has been chairman of the statistical committee of the chamber of commerce, chairman of the postal committee of the Commercial club, and by recent appointment is a member of the state commission on irrigation. He has contributed largely to the success of meetings in the interest of agriculture, direct trade, good roads, irrigation and benevolence. While pre-eminently a man of peace, for years he has been one of Gov. Xorthens staff officers, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel of cavalry. He has also been complimented by a similar appointment from Gov. W. Y. Atkinson, the compliment being the more marked by the fact that it is unusual for a governor to confer such an honor on the appointee of his predecessor. Col. Harrison is a prominent member of the First Presbyterian church and chairman of its board of deacons. He is considered one of the first citizens of Atlanta, held in high regard by all classes, and loved by his employes, who recognize in him a friend and counselor at all times. He married Miss Lucy Hayden of Atlanta, a member of a family whose connections ramify every section of the Union, embracing the wealthiest and most influential persons in their respective states--a woman whose amiability and excellence illumine and ennoble all around her. There never was a more congenial union, and
"Xone know them but to love, Xone name them but to praise."

COL. G. \V. HARRISON.

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

git

UON. \YILLIAM A. HEMPHILL, a capitalist and one of Atlanta's energetic, progressive citizens, whose life has been crowned with the rewards that intel
lectual power and devotion to duty command, is a native of Georgia's "Classic City.'' He was born in Athens, May 5, 1842, and reared in the limits of that town, being tutored by excellent teachers and prepared for entrance into the state university, located at his home. Having arrived at the proper age, he entered this institution and graduated in the spring of 1861. He was then a boy, only nine teen years of age, but with the inherent qualities of patriotism and loyalty to section, enlisted as a volunteer in a Confederate regiment, and immediately marched to combine with Lee's army in Virginia. His war record is well and favorably known. In the battle of Gettysburg he was dangerously wounded in the head, but after weeks of suffering and intense pain, finally recovered his former good health. Being a quiet man, of few sentences, he rarely mentions his thrilling experiences, but his friends and comrades appreciate his sacrifice for the Confed erate cause. Mr. Hemphill came to Atlanta in 1867, and shortly after established the "Daily Constitution," of which he was business manager. The position was responsible, and required quickness of perception, far-seeing enterprise, and shrewd financial ability to forward the interests of this great daily. Mr. Hemphill has been engaged in enterprises of vast scope and magnitude. His financial sagacity and rigid discipline have been recognized and employed. He was presi dent of the Capital City bank and the Y. M. C. A., a member of the board of aldermen, superintendent of Trinity Sunday-school, promoter of various mercan~ tile interests and charitable societies, and president of the board of education. He generously encouraged Atlanta's school system, and added materially to its excel lence. Mr. Hemphill married Mrs. Emma Luckie in 1871, and has a happy, inter esting family, with whom he delights in passing much of his valuable time. In the social as in the commercial world he is known and admired. His unstinted aid to benevolent causes and worthy charity has signally enlarged the circle of his friends and supporters. He is not a seeker after office, though his vote and work are heartily given for democracy, Mr. Hemphill loves out-of-door life, and as a Nimrod spends many days in the field with dog and gun to gain recreation and sport. His aim is unerring and his dogs of the best breed. He prides himself on his Jersey cows and the best stock of all species. Mr. Hemphill is an invaluable citizen, with a generous heart, and a strong advocate of education and culture.

JOHN CHAPPELL HENDRIX, real estate, Atlanta, Ga., son of Luke Hendrix, was born in Lumpkin county, Ga., in December, 1834. The family
is of Scotch origin; the progenitors of the American branch having emigrated from Scotland to this country, and settled in Maryland in 1665. Capt. Hendrix's grandfather, Hillary Hendrix, was a native of North Carolina, and was a soldier in the patriot army during the Revolutionary war. Capt. Hendrix was raised in Lumpkin county, where he received such education as the schools of the time and locality afforded. In 1859 ne came to Atlanta, and after clerking a year went into a general merchandising business. In May, 1861, he entered the quarter master's department, where he remained three months. He then organized an artillery company--of which he was elected a lieutenant--which was assigned to Wright's Legion. After serving eighteen months with this command he raised a battalion of cavalry--of which he was made ranking captain--practically commanded the battalion as major, though not commissioned. He resigned in May, 1864, on account of impaired health, and was placed on Gov. Brown's staff with the rank of colonel, and served as such until the var closed, surrendering at Macon, where he had been stationed for some time. From September, 1864, to

8J2

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

the time of the surrender he owned and ran a newspaper called the "Southern Confederacy." When with his first command he was present at the capture of Fort Pulaski; and with his cavalry command he actively raided on the flanks of the Federal army in Xorth Carolina, East Tennessee and Georgia. He also partici pated in the battles of Lookout Mountain, Dalton, Resaca, Kingston, Altoona, Kennesaw Mountain, and the opening engagements around Atlanta. He was then transferred to Gov. Brown's staff, on which he remained until the surrender. CapL Hendrix, though always in active and frequently in perilous service, escaped capture and wounds, but had several horses shot. After the war he returned to Atlanta and commenced the manufacture of machinery, and in 1868, was elected secretary of the senate, which office he held in 1868-69-70. After that he went into the flour milling business, which he followed five years, then engaged in miscellaneous trading. In 1880 he embarked in the real estate business, in which he has since prosperously continued. In 1882 he organized the Mutual Building and Loan association, of which he was elected secretary and treasurer, and served until 1889, when he wound it up. He was a member of the city general council 1889-90; was chairman of the committee on sewers, and during his time had built two main sewers at a cost of $180,000. He was also chairman of the
committee on ordinances, and a member of the committees on finance, streets, electric lights, etc. In 1891 Capt. Hendrix was elected a member of the city board of education for six years, and is chairman of the building committee. He is also a director of the Capital City bank. Capt Hendrix is a man of deep and strong convictions, and though unobtrusive is none the less fearless and inflexible in maintaining them. He is an industrious worker in whatever he undertakes, and persistent in his efforts; and whenever and wherever called on to aid in matters promotive of improvement or development, renders valuable service. Capt. Hendrix was married in Forsyth county, Ga., in 1854, to Miss Mary, daughter of Judge Robert Mooney. Of the children born to them six are living: Samantha, wife of \\~. H. Smith; Austin L.; Nettie, wife of J. W. Davidson; Georgia, wife of Saxon Douglas; Mamie, wife of A. L. Anderson; Johnnie--a daughter. He
is a member of the I. O. O. F., and a Royal Arch Mason. He is also an active, exemplary member of the Methodist church, prominent and untiring in all church work, and a generous contributor. He was superintendent of Payne's Chapel
Sunday school fourteen years, and has been superintendent of the Sunday school
at Grace church twelve years, a position he still holds with unflagging religious zeal and no sign of physical fatigue.

T HOMAS J. HIGHTO\VER. As a progressive business man and a thoroughly conscientious and upright citizen, this gentleman has always enjoyed the
confidence and esteem of the community.
Thomas Jefferson Hightower was born in Parrottsville, East Tennessee, on Oct. 29, 1829. His grandfather, Thomas Hightower, was a native of South Carolina, and a gallant soldier in the American Revolution. His father, Allan Hightower, was also a native of South Carolina and a very successful planter and stock-raiser of that state. The maiden name of Mr. Hightower's mother was Louisa Jefferson. She was a native of Virginia and a member of that distinguished
family to which the illustrious Thomas Jefferson belonged. The boyhood and early youth of Mr. Hightower were spent in his native village
in Tennessee, and from the institutions of that neighborhood he derived a common school education. At the age of eighteen he began to shift for himself and settled in Dahlonega for the purpose of digging gold. He failed, however, to gratify his ambition in this direction and decided to abandon the enterprise, since ill-luck had

CHARLES IX HILL.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

813

deprived it of all its former fascination. He clerked for a year in a grocer}- store
at Dahlonega, and then located in Forsyth county, a few miles distant, where he
found employment as a clerk, retaining his position for four years. After this he clerked in a grocery store in Rome, Ga., for two years. He was then overtaken for the second time by the gold fever, and set out for the mountains of California,
going by the way of the Isthmus of Panama and taking a two month's trip. After
a rugged experience of two years in the west, dividing his time between the gold fields and a general merchandise business, he returned to Georgia, in 1854, locating
in Forsyth county. He was then and there united in marriage to Miss Eliza E. Henderson, a lovable and gentle lady, who died in 1886, leaving seven children, as follows: Milton H., Allan R., Harry H., Thomas J., Jr., John B., Albert S., Ida R., wife of William J. Montgomery, and Mark.
In 1854, the year of his marriage, Mr. Higbtower opened a general store in Cherokee county, which he operated until the spring of 1862. He then sold out his business for the purpose of accepting an appointment under the Confederate government in the quartermaster's department, with headquarters located in
Atlanta. Here he remained until the close of the war. After the war he engaged in the grocery business in Atlanta, the firm being
that of Ford, Hightower & Co. Their place of business was on Mitchell street. Two years after this Mr. Ford sold out his interest and the business was conducted under the firm name of Hightower & Co. From 1872 to 1876 Mr. Hightower carried on the business alone, forming a partnership with Mr. J. C. Hallman
after the expiration of that time. Honest methods and a steadfast devotion to the principles of fair dealings have made the firm of Hightower & Hallman one of the leading wholesale grocery establishments of the south.
Mr. Hightower served as a member of the state senate during the sessions of 1859 and 1860. He has always manifested a deep interest in public affairs but has never allowed his political aspirations to interfere with his business engage
ments. He prefers the uneventful life of a busy merchant to the more conspicuous role of a public servant. Mr. Hightower is a blue lodge Mason and a consistent member of the First Baptist church. He was married for the second time in De cember, 1887, to Miss Georgia A. Nichols, a cultured and accomplished young lady
of Griffin, Ga., and his home life has been a very happy one. Still vigorous and strong in the enjoyment of a robust constitution, Mr. Hightower has the promise of many additional years in which to illustrate the qualifications of a successful business man.

MR. CHARLES D. HILL. Judged by his official record, as well as by the opinion of the bar and general public, the ablest prosecuting officer in the state
is Mr. Charles D. Hill, the brilliant solicitor-general of the Atlanta circuit. Felicitous of speech, quick at repartee, ready at all times with bright and sparkling quotations from his favorite authors, and rich in all the varied resources and
accomplishments of the orator, the subject of this sketch stands without a peer among the able and distinguished prosecuting officers of Georgia. Mr. Hill possesses a peculiar mind. It is not only quick in its perceptions, but remarkably
firm in its retentiveness. He never makes a note in the trial of any case, however important it may be, and never mistakes the evidence in the argument of his cause to the jury. His preparations are purely mental and in none of his great speeches has he employed the use of a pencil. Perhaps no lawyer at the bar possesses a more prodigious memory. Judge Richard H. Clarke, who has presided over nearly all the criminal proceedings in which Mr. Hill has been engaged during his official tenure, and whose opinion of his talents is based upon the severe and oft

814

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

recurring tests of the court-room, says of Solicitor Hill: "He is very much like his distinguished father. I consider him one of the brightest men I have ever known. Judges frequently complain of the tedium of the court-room and the tiresome monotony of worn-out jokes and flights of eloquence on the part of their prosecut ing officers, but I have never had reason to make this complaint against Mr. Hill." The varied experience of Judge Clarke, extending over a period of more than fifty years at the bar and on the bench, increases the value of this compliment and makes it one of which Mr. Hill has every reason to be proud. Mr. Charles D. Hill, the subject of this sketch, was born near La Grange, in Troup Co., Ga., on Nov. 3, 1852. His father, the late lamented senator, Benjamin H. Hill, one of the most gifted and patriotic men that Georgia ever produced, had just entered public life as a member of the Georgia legislature and was beginning to electrify the country with that surpassing eloquence that was destined a few years later to hurl its bitter denunciations in the teeth of the plumed military of the government, and to plead for a restored union in the spirit of that often quoted sentiment: "We are in the house of our fathers and we are here to stay, thank God." After spending his boyhood days in Troup county, Charles D., in 1807, moved to Athens, Ga., with his father's family, and shortly afterward entered the law school of the state university. He graduated from this institution in 1871. Among his classmates were Washington Dessau and Walter B. Hill, of Macon; his brother, Benjamin H. Hill; Charles W. Seidell, of Atlanta; W. A. Broughton, of Madison, and Robert Whitfield, of Milledgeville, a group of brainy and successful young Georgians. Mr. Hill was admitted to the bar in Twiggs county, and after practic ing for two years, with discouraging results, he decided to abandon the profession. Having a penchant for farming, he decided to devote himself to agricultural pursuits, and accordingly purchased a farm and continued to follow the plow until the death of his father in 1882. This afflictive dispensation called him to Atlanta and, after his father's death, he decided to resume the profession which had now become to him a solemn legacy. He assisted his brother in the prosecution of quite a large number of criminal cases, making a brilliant reputation by his eloquence and adroit legal manipulations. In 1885 he was called to the solicitorship of the Atlanta circuit, and has since been several times successively elected to the high and responsible position. Since entering upon the discharge of his duty as the state's prosecuting attorney, Mr. Hill has been a terror to evil doers and while he claims that he has never convicted an innocent man it is equally true that a guilty one has rarely ever escaped. Mr. Hill has been identified with a. number of celebrated murder trials and his speeches delivered on those occasions have been masterpieces of forensic eloquence. The court-room is always crowded to overflowing as soon as the report spreads that Solicitor Hill is about to make his closing speech to the jury. Xo man is more truly the idol of his friends or more conspicuously the life and center of every group in which he happens to be found than Mr. Hill. His humor is always captivating, and his wit lively, good-natured and sparkling. He has very little artificial reserve and speaks with frankness and candor, never hesitating to give his opinion freely on any subject. Generous, open-hearted, indulgent and kind, he is one of the best of husbands as well as one of the cleverest and truest of men. Mr. Hill has frequently been urged to allow the use of his name in connection with the race for congress in the fifth district, but he has steadily declined to yield to the earnest solicitations of his friends. He is now in partnership with his brother, under the firm name of Messrs. B. H. & C. D. Hill, and prefers to devote his time and talents exclusively to the practice of his
profession.

GKORGK HILLVKK.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.
WILLIAM PINCKNEY HILL, of the law firm of Hill & Mayson, Atlanta, was born on a farm in Troup county, Ga., May 14, 1862, remaining there
until the age of fourteen years, receiving his primary education in the near-by schools and at West Point, in his native county. In 1877 he entered Emory college, Oxford, Ga., but his attendance was tor only a short time. His elder brother died two months after his matriculation, and his father having died in 1875, and William P., the subject of this sketch, being the oldest male representative of the family, he returned home to assume the management of the plantation. It was not until 1879 tnat ne could return to Emory college, when entering the fresh man class he continued for four years, graduating in 1883 w'tn the degree of A. B. Soon after he accepted the chair of Latin and English literature in Milan college, Tennessee, which was tendered him in acknowledgment of his distinction in these departments. Here he remained one year, when he resigned to accept a better position, as the principal of the Fredonia academy at Fredonia, Ala., which he retained for a year and a half. He had begun the study, of law after graduating, and on leaving Fredonia he came to Atlanta and was admitted to the bar in June, 1885. For eighteen months he practiced alone; but on Jan. i, 1887, he formed a partnership with James Mayson, which still continues. Mr. Hill is a democrat in his political convictions, and in 1890 was elected president of the Young Men's Democratic league, serving one year. In 1892, without his knowledge or consent, he was elected a member of the city council of Atlanta, and perceiving the honor was sincere, accepted the commission and .served two years. Mr. Hill was married during September, 1891, to Miss Grace D., daughter of Judge William R. Cocke, of Albemarle county. Va. He is a Mystic Shriner and a Knight Templar Mason. In both he has displayed a conspicuous concern. Mr. Hill's father was Dr. John Stith Hill, born in Jasper county, Ga., in 1822. He was the next oldest brother of the late eminent Benjamin H. Hill, one of the south's greatest sons, whose sketch appears elsewhere in these Memoirs. He came to Troup- county in his infancy with his parents, who located where the son was born. He was a physician of ability, having graduated in medicine from schools both in New Orleans and in New York. He practiced in Troup county until forty-five years old, when he retired to farming, which he followed to the time of his death in 1875. He was a brave, fearless soldier in the last war and held many positions of responsibility as surgeon, in the hospitals and elsewhere. He also took an active part in state politics; was a member of the state senate before the war, and of the lower house after peace was restored. Mr. Hill's mother, Sarah Battle Cameron, was a child of Thomas Cameron, a native of North Carolina, of Scotch descent, belonging to the clan Cameron. She gave birth to four children: Edward C.; Julia, widow of Dr. Charles Hill of La Grange, Ga.; Minnie, wife of Todd Reed of Troup county and William P., the subject of this sketch. The mother died in 1890. Mr. Hill's grandfather was John Hill, born in North Carolina and married there to Sarah Parham. Some time thereafter they removed to Jasper county, Ga. Mr. Hill's great-grandfather was a Welshman. The firm of Hill & Mayson is well and favorably known to the people of Atlanta. They pay particular attention to commercial law and litigated estates, especially to the former.
IUDGE GEORGE HILLYER, one of the south's most prominent lawyers, is a native of Athens, Ga., where he lived until he was twelve years old. He attended
the primary schools of that city, amongst them one presided over by Dr. William H. Felton, so long a member of congress from the Seventh district of Georgia. At the age of thirteen young Hillyer was taken by his father to Walton county, where they lived on a farm near the county seat, Monroe, and the boy was prepared for

816

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

college at the grammar school taught by Hon. \V. \V. Thomas, who for many years represented Coweta county in the state legislature. In 1850 Judge Hillyer entered Mercer university, then located at Penfield, Ga., but afterward moved to Macon; and graduated in July, 1854, ranking high in all his classes, especially in mathe matics. Having brought his course of education to this successful issue he began
the study of law with his father, Hon. Junius Hillyer, at Monroe, and in 1855 was admitted to the bar before Hon. James Jackson, then presiding over the Walton count}- superior court. Locating then in Monroe, Judge Hillyer practiced until
the beginning of the war, for the first two years with his father, and afterward in partnership with Hon. Hope Hull. Answering the call he left his practice and organized the first company raised in Walton county, and was made its captain.
His company was assigned to the Ninth Georgia regiment, and was known as Company C, or the Hillyer rifles. Capt. Hillyer served as captain of his company until October, 1863, and between that date and the surrender he served the state as auditor of the old Western & Atlantic railroad, and as major commanding a battalion of state troops. He participated in the battles of Dam No. i, in Virginia in 1862; Garnetfs farm; Suffolk, Va.; Fretfericksburg, Ya., and at Gettysburg, where he lost killed, wounded or captured every man of his company but ten. He was also in the siege at Charleston, S. C. At the close of the war Judge Hillyer settled at Atlanta and resumed the practice of law, operating alone until 1867, when he associated with him his brother Henry, which partnership existed till 1892, when it was dissolved by agreement, and Mr. Hillyer allied himself with Blewett Lee, a son of general Stephen D. Lee. They practiced together for eighteen months, their contract being then abrogated by reason of Mr. Lee's being tendered a professorship in the Northwestern university of Chicago. Judge Hillyer then formed a partnership with Messrs. Hooper Alexander and W. W. Lambdin, the firm style now being Hillyer, Alexander & Lambdin. Born in 1835 Judge
Hillyer entered the political arena at an early age, being in 1857 elected to the legislature from Walton county, and at that session served on the committees on general judiciary, finance and lunatic asylums. Receiving still further political
preferment, he was in 1859 and 1860 chief clerk of the house of representatives, and, as related, in 1864-5 served his state as auditor of the Western & Atlantic railroad. Four years later he \\as one of three commissioners chosen by the legis lature on a non-partisan basis--Judge Hillyer being the democratic member--to audit all claims against this railway company. This commission found that it had over 1,200 suits and claims to audit--the aggregate amount involved being nearly 82,000,000. The commissioners, however, managed to settle them all for about one-fifth of the sums claimed, and after the work was finished their conduct was indorsed in a special message to the legislature by Gov. James M. Smith, and later approved by that body. From 1870 to 1874 Judge Hillyer was a member of the state senate from the Thirty-fifth district, which embraced Fulton, Clayton and Cobb counties. It was during the sessions held at this time that the state was rehabilitated from the errors and oppression of reconstruction, and no man took a more active or more vigilant part than Senator Hillyer in the legislative good work of restoring the state to democratic supremacy and good government, and to the
recovering of that which had been lost by error and bad management of the state's finances, railways and other public works. In 1877 he was appointed judge of the superior court of Fulton county by Gov. A. H. Colqtiitt and was thereafter twice re-elected by the legislature to the same judicial position, on each occasion every vote being cast on his behalf. At the beginning of'his third term as judge of the superior court he resigned, having determined to resume his practice, and two years later--in 1885--lie was elected mayor of Atlanta by an overwhelming major-

FULTON COUNTY SKKTCHES.

8l 7

ity, the term of office extending over two years. In this connection it will be well fo explain Judge Hillyer's former connection with the city's business and the prominent part he had formerly played in its municipal management. When the
new charter of Atlanta was formulated by the citizens' committee of forty-nine, in 1874, during the administration of C. C. Hammond, then mayor, Judge Hillyer
was one of the sub-committee on finance which originated and drafted the section of the new charter relating to the municipality's financial system, public credit and
annual budget and exacting personal liability of the members of the city council.
Under the old charter the council of Atlanta had been spending money for various purposes as the occasion arose, with little regard to the municipal income. The result was a yearly deficiency which went over from year to year and accumulated
until it threatened the city with bankruptcy. Under the new charter, in the secur ing of which Judge Hillyer took such an active, prominent part the members of the council are compelled to make up an annual budget, estimating the necessaryoutlay for all purposes for the coming year and then arrange to meet the expense.
The new charter further provided .that members of the city council should be per sonally liable for all moneys expended by them over and above the amount pro vided for in their annual budget. The effect of this clause in the charter was at
once to renew and revive the sinking credit of the city and to increase the value of her bonds. This explains fully the significance of the words "personal liability" used above. Being a member of the state senate at the time of the new charter's formulation, Judge Hillyer was intrusted with the duty of introducing into that
body a bill to secure its adoption. He had charge of this measure and through his efforts its passage by both houses was accomplished. The financial clauses of this bill are in Judge Hillyer's own handwriting; and the charters of many other places have been modeled after it. Since leaving the mayor's office in 1887 Judge Hillyer has been a member of the water commission of Atlanta and most of the time its president He was at its head during almost the entire period in
which Atlanta's magnificent system of waterworks was being built. In this great work he takes unbounded pride, having devoted much time and attention to secur
ing the full fruition of all the plans for supplying the city with water which were
indorsed by the people. He has never undertaken the accomplishment of any project in which he did not succeed, and the universal verdict is that Atlanta got in her waterworks, costing $850,000, a plant which in other cities has usually cost twice as much or more. Judge Hillyer's life has been an unusually busy one. In addition to his successful transaction of the work noted, it is conceded that no public servant ever performed his duty with more fidelity and public appreciation than he did while a member of the commission which righted the Western & Atlantic railway. He was appointed in 1873 by Gov. Smith centennial commis sioner from Georgia, and fulfilled the duties of that office for three years. For two decades he was a director of the Georgia railroad and banking company, retiring from the directorate and selling his stock in 1891. Going back to 1884 we find him serving in the national democratic convention, which nominated Grover Cleveland, as a delegate from the Fifth congressional district of Georgia. In that historic meeting he introduced the first and only "simon-pure" tariff-for-revenue-
only resolution that was offered in open convention. He was again a delegate from the same district to the national convention of 1892. Looking back still farther he represented the old Sixth district of his state at the convention which met in Charleston in 1860. There he earnestly advocated the nomination of Howell Cobb for president In social life he is very highly esteemed. He is a member of the masonic fraternity and of the Second Baptist church, with which
he has been associated for the past forty years. Judge Hillyer was married June,
1-52

8l8

'

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

1867, to Miss Ellen, daughter of Hollis Cooley, Rome, Ga., and they have five children: Elizabeth, wife of Francis M. Coker, Jr., Atlanta; Minnie, wife of H. A. Cassin, cashier of the Georgia loan, savings and banking company; Marian, wife of Dr. Bernard Wolff of Atlanta; George, a graduate of the university of Georgia, Athens, at this writing a student of electrical engineering at Cornell; Ellen, unmarried. Judge George Hillyer's father was Junius Hillyer, a native of AVilkes county, Ga., who in turn was the son of Shaler Hillyer. The latter came to Georgia from Connecticut in 1796. Shaler Hillyer's father was Asa Hillyer, a sur geon in the continental army, .who served through the whole war of the revolu tion. The emigrant ancestor was John Hillyer, who came to New England about ten years after the landing of the Mayflower and settled at Granby, Conn., where lie lived until his death, which occurred some twenty years later. Judge Hillyer's mother was Jane Watkins, daughter of Thomas Watkins. She was a lineal descendant of the early colonist of that name who came with Capt John Smith and landed near Jamestown, Va., in 1620. One of George Hillyer's maternal
uncles, after whom he is named, was George Walton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; and another maternal uncle, of the generation younger, was Peter Early, who was governor of Georgia during the war period of 1812-1814. Junius Hillyer died in 1886 at the age of seventy-nine, and left three sons besides the subject of this sketch, Dr. E. Hillyer of Rome, Mr. Henry Hillyer named above, and Mr. Carlton Hillyer, auditor of the Georgia railroad at Augusta. Rev. John F. Hillyer, brother of Junius Hillyer, was a Baptist minister, active and faithful for nearly seventy years, who died in Texas when eighty-nine years old. Another brother of Rev. Dr. Shaler G. Hillyer, now residing in Atlanta. He also chose the ministry as his profession and has served therein steadily for sixty-four years. Judge George Hillyer, subject of this sketch, the second son of Junius Hillyer, is one of the best known lawyers of the south. The points noted above indicate that he has enjoyed a remarkable career, of which the full fruition has been achieved through an indomitable will and the sturdiest of determinations to succeed.

JUDGE JAMES KOLLOCK HIXES, of the law firm of Hines & Hale, was born on a farm in Burke county, Ga., Xov. 18, 1852. He remained here the
first nine years of his life and spent his youth in Washington county, Ga. He attended the country schools located there, and by manual labor in connection with his studies acquired the robust constitution that adds vigor to manhood. He entered Emory college, at Oxford, Ga., during August, 1869, and after a record
of close application graduated in 1872, with first honors and the degree of Arts Bachelor. From there he went to the law department of Harvard university in 1873, and when the course was completed returned to Georgia, locating in Savan nah. In the "Forest City" he first undertook the study of law, continuing for four months of 1873, and then put out his "shingle" and prosecuted his profession until August, 1875, removing at that date to Sandersville, Ga. In this town he resided sixteen years and came thereafter to Atlanta. On January 23, 1877, Judge Hines \vas appointed solicitor-general of the middle judicial circuit of Georgia by Gov. Alfred H. Colquitt, retaining this office four years. In October, 1884, he was elected to the legislature from Washington county, and served one term. By the general assembly he was chosen judge of the middle judicial circuit in November,
1886, and presided on that bench for four years. Judge Hines is a steward in the First Methodist church of Atlanta, and a tireless worker for religious causes.
He was married, first in January, 1879, to Belle, daughter of the late Col. Thomas
Evans of South Carolina. She died in 1884. leaving two daughters. He was again married Dec. 28, 1885, to Cora L.. daughter of the late Dr. William G.

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McBride of Washington county, Ga. By this last wife he has been blessed also with two daughters. Judge Mines had not taken a great interest in politics until the spring of 1894, when he was nominated by the populists to oppose the demo cratic nominee for Georgia's gubernatorial chair. Although defeated, he ran an excellent race, that was lauded for the high plan on which his campaign was con ducted. He did not appeal to the prejudices of the people, but considered only public questions and national issues. His speeches resulted in making a large number of new and stanch friends. He is a gifted orator, and on the "stump" is invincible. The arguments as presented by him are comprehensible and plain and convincing. His father was Joseph H. Hines, a native of Georgia. He was a farmer, a lumberman, a brave soldier in the latter half of the civil war and at one time occupied a seat in the legislature as representative from Burke county. He died in October, 1871. His grandfather was Howell Hines, a native of North Carolina, and an extensive planter, who was, for a number of years, justice of
the peace in Effingham county, Ga. His great-grandfather was David Hines, a Virginia gentleman who figured prominently in the revolutionary war. The Hines family is of Scotch-Presbyterian origin. The descendants emigrated to America from the north of Ireland. Judge Hines controls a large, extended practice. As a successful lawyer and courteous gentleman he is highly esteemed.

HON. JOSEPH HIRSCH is one of the most distinguished exponents of Geor gia's Hebrew citizenship. Mr. Hirsch has accomplished more in behalf of true
charity than any man in the state. He has not only given with a liberal hand to the enterprises of his own people, but in the illustration of the broadest public spirit, he has labored for the welfare of the whole community, including both Jew and Gentile. His magnificent contribution to the Grady hospital and his unremitting efforts in behalf of that institution have made it a lasting monument to his memjory, and his services will be gratefully remembered as long as the Grady hospital con tinues to perform its mission of charity. Though Mr. Hirsch has been identified with this country to such a marked extent as to suggest an American nativity, he is nevertheless of foreign birth. He was born in the German empire in 1845, and the entire period of his boyhood was spent under the flag of that country. His father was a very successful merchant, and the influence of parental example, as well as the instinct of heredity, had much to do with the character of Mr. Hirsch and with his subsequent career as a business man. Even at school his ideas were suggestive of the business aptitude that was destined to distinguish him in later life, and it was only by exercising the greatest amount of effort that he succeeded in fixing his mind upon his text books. Germany, at this time, though one of the foremost countries of Europe, was not by any means as attractive to the ambitious young man as the republic beyond the waters, and, after reaching the age of mature decision, Mr. Hirsch resolved to cast his lot in the new world. He believed that fortunes could be achieved with greater ease in America than in Germany, and accordingly in 1860, being still a mere lad, he purchased a ticket and embarked for the shores of this country. In due course of time he arrived in New York, only to find the country agitated and disturbed by the imminence of civil war. It was out of the question for him to return home, and he had no alternative but to face the perils of the situation. He remained in the north for only a short while. Coming directly to Georgia, he settled in the little town of Marietta, Ga., a cultured
and enterprising center of business activity, and remained there for a while in the capacity of a clerk. Leaving Marietta he went to Acworth, a few miles to the north, where one of his older brothers was engaged in business. Here he remained for several months, but realizing that his business education was deficient, in respect

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

to the peculiar methods of this country, he set out for Philadelphia, Penn., in order to perfect himself in bookkeeping. He entered one of the principal business colleges of that city, and after several months of diligent application, he left the college an accomplished bookkeeper. He first stopped at Wheeling, W. Va., but he was not satisfied with that place and he came on to Atlanta. He arrived in that city in 1867. It was then suffering from the ravages of Gen. Sherman and was lying prostrate in the dust and ashes. He recognized the fact, however, that Atlanta was destined to become the business center of the south, and for that reason he decided to cast his fortunes in that city. Under the firm name of M. & J- Hirsch he and his brother organized a clothing establishment, and continued to operate in that line of business until the firm was recognized as the leading wholesale and retail clothing establishment in the city. In 1878 the retail feature of the business
was dropped and they entered the wholesale trade exclusively. The success of these sterling business men was achieved by the adoption and rigid enforcement of simple rules of faithful attention to business, and square, honest and open-handed methods in dealing with the large trade that came to them in the course of years. Mr. Hirsch first came into public notice as a friend of charity, at the beginning of the movement to erect a Hebrew orphans' home. In addition to a handsome sum of money, he gave to that enterprise the unstinted labor of a whole year. The success of this movement was no sooner assured than a similar enterprise was inaugurated for the erection of the Grady hospital. Mr. Hirsch had been a warm, personal friend of Mr. Grady, and no man in Atlanta was more anxious to per petuate the fame and memory of that lamented Georgian than Mr. Hirsch. The proposition to erect a city hospital pleased Mr. Hirsch, and he decided to do all in his power to insure the success of this movement Notwithstanding his contribu tion to the Hebrew Orphans' home he donated a magnificent sum to the Grady hospital and gave the movement a splendid start. But his interest in the hospital did not cease with this monetary assistance. He became the life and center of the movement; he engineered the work, and devoted himself night and day to the success of this great enterprise. He was frequently dismayed by the outlook, but in spite of discouraging circumstances, the building was finally completed and dedicated to the cause of charity. The hospital has grown into one of the leading
institutions of the south, and the fame of Mr. Hirsch has spread throughout the length and breadth of the country. A large crayon portrait of Mr. Hirsch is one of the ornaments of the public reception room of the Grady hospital. Among the distinguished men who have sounded the praises of Mr. Hirsch is Thomas Nelson Page, the brilliant author. In every part of the land the name of this good and useful citizen and friend of charity is mentioned with honor. Mr. Hirsch has always evinced a deep interest in the public schools of Atlanta, and for years has been an influential and active member of the board of education. He frequently visits the schools and is a great favorite with the teachers and children. Two or three years ago Mr. Hirsch was elected to a seat in the city council. He made a watchful servant of the people and espoused every movement that sought to pro mote the welfare of the city. He served on various important committees, and such was the excellent record made by him in that "body that recently, as a compli ment to his ability, he was elected to a seat on the aldermanic board. In this capacity Mr. Hirsch has continued to serve the city with marked zeal and fidelity. He is chairman of the committee on sewers, and is also a member of the commit tees on printing and schools. He is now interested in the erection of the Alabama street bridge, and proposes to agitate and urge the matter until the bridge is eventu ally erected. Mr. Hirsch is fond of his home fireside and has an interesting family, composed of a wife and three children, as follows: Lala, wife of A. L. Weil, of

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Savannah; Jacob H., and Milton. Surrounded by these he forgets the cares and vexations of the business world, and is conscious only of the happiness that belongs to an ideal and loving household.

F)R. ARTHUR G. HOBBS, a leading oculist and aurist of Atlanta, was born in the Blue Grass state of Kentucky, about forty years ago. His father, an
ardent student of medicine, and a long experienced practitioner, desired that his son should assume the responsibilities of the same profession. From his earliest
years he manifested an inclination for this science and that he should select it as
his life mission seemed only natural. After completing his academic studies he entered Center college, and then went to the medical department of the Louisville
university and after a three years' course, graduated with honors. His ambition
was to finally confine himself to eye, ear and throat work when he had gained sufficient experience as a general practitioner, so he moved to Petersburg, Ind.,
about fifty miles from his old home, where he prosecuted a general practice for
three or four years, when he.went to New York to perfect his knowledge of the eye, throat and ear. While there he had valuable experience in the hospitals of the city, for being a close observer his information rapidly increased. He studied
under the eminent physicians, Drs. Noyes, Agnew, Bosworth, Heitzman and Mittendorf. Dr. Hobbs came to Atlanta in 1881, a total stranger, unacquainted with any citizen of the state. His genial disposition and warm-hearted courtesy soon
attracted friends, and a character that association appreciates retained them. He built up, in an incredibly short time, a large, lucrative practice, and ranks to-day
with the leading physicians of the city. He was elected to the chair of the "eye,
ear and throat" in the Southern Medical college of Atlanta. For ten years he served in this capacity and resigned only because his practice occupied his full time. He was respected and esteemed by the faculty and students. Dr. Hobbs
was elected president of the American Rhinological association that met in Chicago during 1891, being the youngest of its presidents, and the only one from
the south. He is a member of many organizations and societies composed of the ablest physicians of the country, and all will testify to his thorough capability and superior skill. Dr. Hobbs possesses literary talent in connection with his many
mental inclinations. He frequently contributes articles to the foremost scientific publications of the day, and reads assiduously both current and classic literature. Leisure hours invariably find him in his spacious library.
In 1882 he was married to Lillie Hendricks, niece of Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks of Indianapolis, a sweet and charming lady who guides his home affairs with queenly grace and devotion. Dr. Hobbs rarely leaves his office to visit patients
except in cases of consultation or to perform operations. Scores crowd his reception room daily and an idle moment during his office hours is a rare thing. He has amassed a competency from his energetic endeavors. Dr. Hobbs is one
of the shining lights of the medical fraternity. His record in the past twelve years
has hardly a duplicate.

J OSES BILLINGTON SANDERS HOLMES. At irregular intervals of time
there appears in one or more of the fields of human thought and endeavor, individuals of conspicuously distinguishing characteristics--natural gifts of a high
order; and, like most precious and highly prized gems, they come from localities
and surroundings whence they were least looked for or expected. A moment's thought on the part of the intelligent reader will bring to mind scores of such instances. Joses B. S. Holmes, Atlanta, one of the most eminent physicians in Geor gia, if not in the Union, is the son of Dr. J. B. S. and E. J. Holmes, of Early county,

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

GIL, where he was born May i, 1852. His father was a physician of skill and success, and was held in the. highest esteem in his profession and as a citizen. Dr. Holmes received his elementary education during his boyhood days at the Blakely academy, and when about fifteen years of age engaged as a clerk in a dry goods store. A year or so later--early in 1868--he went to Morgan county, Ga., and remained there eighteen months as the private pupil of Col. Thomas A. Moody, paying for his tuition by superintending his instructor's farm. In 1869 he went to Rome, Ga., where he began the study of medicine under the direction of his uncle, Dr. G. W. Holmes, and Dr. J. B. Underwood, who were practicing together. In 1870-71 he attended lectures at the Jefferson Medical college, Philadelphia, but although he attained to extraordinary proficiency he was refused a diploma on account of his extreme youth (nineteen years), his age being under Jefferson's graduation limit Nothing daunted he proceeded to Atlanta and entered the Atlanta Medical college, from which he was graduated that same year at the head of his class--receiving the first honor. If his age was suspected it was not hinted, as the faculty were only too glad to graduate one so brilliant, and who then gave promise of that pre-eminence in the profession which he has already achieved, with the further promise of yet grander achievements in the future. Returning to Rome $2,500 in debt, he was accepted by his uncle as a partner, and they practiced together until 1873, when the distinguished Dr. Robert Barley was received into the firm, the style of which was Holmes, Battey & Holmes. This was unquestionably one of the strongest medical firms in the state, if not in the country; whose fame spread far and wide, but was dissolved by the temporary removal of Dr. Battey to Atlanta. Since then these three distinguished physicians have practiced alone. Not satisfied with what he had accomplished, and ambitious of attaining the highest excellence in knowledge, and in the practice of his pro fession, and also craving a diploma from Jefferson Medical college, he attended another course of lectures at that great institution in the session of 1876-77, and secured the diploma denied him six years before. After eight years of continuously successful practice in Rome, still hungry for more knowledge of the theory and practice of his profession, he went to New York, where, during the winter of 1884-85 he attended the New York Polyclinic, leaving there with the added distinction of an honorable diploma from that far-famed institution. He was now as completely equipped as he could possibly be with the profoundest theories and experienced practical application of them, and settled down, as he thought and purposed, permanently in Rome. His patients and his marvelous successes multi plied, his. fame spread, and prosperity crowned his intense devotion to his profession and assiduous attention to his patients. His success marks the triumph of superior intellectuality centered upon one object or pursuit, and well-directed persistent energy. His whole heart and soul were in his work. His one-time partner, Dr. Battey, himself one of the greatest of physicians, said of Dr. Holmes: "He would be a physician if there had never been a text book on medicine. Nature made him a doctor." Recognizing the endowment and the consequent responsibility, he has used his utmost exertions to perfect himself in his profession. The increase of his patients, scattered far and near, demanding a more central
position with greater facilities of intercommunication by mail, determined him to locate in Atlanta, which he did about two years ago, where he has established an infirmary, whose unprecedented success has demonstrated his sound business judgment, no less than his extraordinary skill.
His recent connection (1895) with the very critical case of Gov. W. Y. Atkinson of Georgia, in which he was a welcome co-laborer with some of the most distin guished physicians and surgeons in the south, corroborated the high estimate

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placed upon his scientific knowledge and practical ability. In Rome Dr. Holmes was not only highly esteemed as a physician, but as a sagacious, far-seeing, publicspirited citizen. He was prominently connected with the various enterprises calculated to build up the city--the land improvement and street railway com panies--and especially the Chattanooga, Rome & Columbus railway, to which President Williamson said he furnished the original inspiration. In the prime of mature manhood, possessed of robust health and the affection of the thousands he has restored to health, always learning, and ambitious to an extreme, he has before him a future of usefulness and the attainment of honorable fame seldom equalled. Dr. Holmes was married June 26, 1873, to Miss Addie M., daughter of Judge A. P. and Mary A. Allgood, of Trion, Chattooea Co., Ga., a union which has been blessed with one child, who bears the name of Andrew Allgood.

l-JOX. JAMES S. HOOK has had a distinguished career in law, literature and public life. Endowed with natural vigor of both body and mind and possess
ing a genial spirit, it was only necessary for him to cultivate these gifts and to have suitable opportunities in order to attain distinction. With considerable industry, he exercised himself through life in securing a large fund of knowledge, and has filled with ability all positions to which he has been called. His family on the paternal side, so far as can be traced into early English times, were called Hoces, then Hocks, then Hooke, die final letter of the last name being left off in the modern spelling On the maternal side, the Schley family, which has been con spicuous in Georgia history, came originally from a German house of distinction. Judge Hook's father was Dr. Daniel Hook, an eminent physician, minister, and one of the former mayors of the city of Augusta; and his mother was Catherine Schley, sister of Gov. William Schley. His birthplace was Louisville, Jefferson Co., Ga., and his early education was obtained in Richmond academy, at Augusta, Ga., a school of high grade, which still preserves its reputation. He then read law with George Schley, and after graduation from the law school of William Tracy Gould, was examined before Judge John Schley, presiding in the superior court of Richmond county; but as he was not yet eighteen years of age, his admission to the bar was secured by a special act of the legislature. Thus almost before the close of his boyhood he began to practice his profession in Sandersville, Ga. There were great men at the bar in those days. Crawford, Holt, Schley, Gould, Henry Cumming, Longstreet, and immediately after them Starnes, Johnson, Stephens, Toombs, Andrew Miller and the like. These great men were the immediate pre decessors of that distinguished bar which moved in column with Hook. The young attorney's first case was a suit in chancery, in which he drew a bill to force a settlement of an estate. This bill was filed in the Richmond supreme court before his removal to Sandersville. The case was somewhat noted by the complimentary remark of Judge Gould, his preceptor, that it was the shortest bill on record, and also for the protracted litigation for many years after it was gained. The State vs. Clark was another famous case in which the judge displayed in a marked degree his ability to move court, jury and court house audience. Clark was an Irish lad far away from home, friendless and poor, now charged in the indictment with larceny of $600. The evidence, his own confession, showed the money in the boy's possession, but he said he found the pocketbook in the road, and in defense it was urged that it was not stolen, but found and appropriated. The prosecutor was a man of wealth, the lad was friendless, the indications were that he would be con victed, but Hook believed the young Irishman to be innocent, and espoused his cause in a speech of such argument and appeal as to carry with him court, jury and crowd. The jury retired just long enough to write the verdict "Not guilty,"

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and when it was read the crowd applauded the decision. In the political divisions of 1860 Judge Hook followed the fortunes of Douglas, and was chosen one of the electors on the Douglas democratic ticket, canvassing a considerable part of the state for his favorite. Upon the secession of Georgia he was elected to the first legislature of 1861, under the new government, and served at the time when great wisdom was required in preparing the state for the existing war. One of the meas ures which he introduced and warmly advocated, and which passed the house, but was lost in the senate, was the bill providing for the purchase of all cotton by the state by an issue of state currency for that purpose. While a member of this legislature in the fall of 1862, he was unexpectedly nominated by Gov. Brown to the judgeship of the Middle Georgia circuit, and the senate confirmed the nomina tion, which office he filled with ability for something over four years, part of the time in the Confederacy and part in the United States. From the bench in 1867 he returned to the bar and resumed the practice of his profession. One other very noted case of this period in which he more than sustained his reputation for for ensic oratory was the State vs. Pounds; murder; Hook for the State and Alex.
Stephens for the defendant. The case was tried in Hancock superior court, and is well remembered OH account of the public interest in it, the court room being crowded with people, many distinguished persons being present, and also a large number of ladies. The speech of ilr. Stephens was as usual characterized by the uneqtialed abilities of that eminent juris-consult He was followed by Judge Hook in a concluding argument of three hours for the prosecution, which Linton Stephens, Bishop Pierce and other good judges pronounced to be one of the ablest and most effective speeches they had ever heard delivered before a jury. Col. Richard M. Johnston in a speech said of Judge Hook: "As a lawyer he early exhibited the genius he inherited from a distinguished family. A laborious stu dent and practitioner, a judicious counselor, an eloquent orator, the people elevated him to the bench when still in youth, and the career he made while there may be compared with that of the best of this or any former period of the judiciary of his native state. In the midst of purely professional work, he was ever fond of literary studies. In the interstices of a large practice he studied the literature of his own and foreign countries, and though one of the most distinguished lawyers of the state, he was never content with only the name of lawyer." The literary work referred to was chiefly in contributions on current questions for the public press, addresses and orations, with occasionally a poem. Among these may be mentioned his "Law and order letters,'' in which he took issue with Mr. Stephens on the policy of the democratic party as to the support of Greeley for president. Other important letters were a series on the financial situation, in which he showed why the agricultural classes were becoming poorer, notwithstanding their indus try. In these writings he vigorously opposed the national banking system, and as a democrat advised the issuance of currency commonly called greenbacks, but more properly redeemable treasury notes. About the date of these letters he was offered the "Greenback" nomination for congress, but declined on die ground that he purposed to discuss existing issues inside the democratic party. Two of his orations attracted special attention: one on "Woman and Truth," at the Wesleyan Female college: the other on the "Bible and Republicanism," at Oglethorpe university. A few years ago Judge Hook was appointed state school commis sioner, and filled the office for a term, during which his speeches increased the public interest of the people in public school education. Without retiring from the bar Judge Hook has given valuable attention lately to business entrusted to him by the general government. His home and office are now in Atlanta.

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JUDGE JOHN L. HOPKINS. One of the most distinguished members of the Georgia bar, noted alike for his extensive legal acquirements and for the purity
of his exalted character, is Judge John L. Hopkins, of Atlanta. A profound and accurate knowledge of the law, derived from years of patient study and application, have given to Judge Hopkins a commanding influence and prestige at the bar that few members of the profession have ever attained. Endowed by nature with a mind peculiar in its fitness both for the meditations of the law and for the main tenance, in controversial issues, of its great underlying principles, the success of Judge Hopkins at the bar was distinctly foreshadowed in the beginning of his practice, and his career of public and professional service has only fulfilled the prophecy of his talents. For several years Judge Hopkins occupied the bench of the Atlanta circuit, and the peace and good order prevailing in that community to-day is largely the result of his fearless and rigorous administration of the law. He had no sooner donned the judicial ermine and entered upon the discharge of his duties as the guardian of the rights and liberties of his fellow citizens, than he gave the violators of law to understand that all vice and immorality must cease-- at least in their external and flagrant manifestations--and that he would not leave a stone unturned until every criminal was brought to justice and punished. The courage, decision of character and tireless energy that marked the judicial conduct of Judge Hopkins during this critical period of Atlanta's history, have made him one of the greatest factors in the promotion of her peace and tranquillity. The memory of his service on the bench will be gratefully perpetuated by all the succeeding generations of that city. Judge Hopkins was born in the little village of Madisonville, in the state of Tennessee, on Sept. 24, 1828. His boyhood days were spent in that immediate neighborhood and his education was obtained in the common schools of that vicinity, including a term of three years at the Hiwassce college, located in Monroe county. After completing his literary studies he decided, in the gratification of a long-cherished desire, to enter the practice of law. Accordingly he began to read tinder the careful advice and direction of his uncle, H. H. Stephens, who superintended his preparations for the bar. Having access to a good library and to the sound legal information of his uncle, who was a learned and able practitioner, he soon acquired the elementary principles of the profession, and was admitted to the bar in 1847, at tne early age of nineteen. Forming a partnership with Hon. D. M. Key, who was subsequently appointed postmastergeneral of the United States, under the administration of President Hayes, he entered upon the active, and, from the start, successful practice of his profession. Tn 1857 this partnership was dissolved; young Hopkins removing to Chattanooga, Tenn., and locating, for the practice of law, in that city. He remained in Chatta nooga, practicing alone, until 1863. The vicissitudes of the civil war interfered for a while with the prosecution of his practice, but after its ravages had ceased and good order was again restored the young practitioner located in Atlanta in 1865. The poverty of the people at that time made clients scarce and remuneration uncertain, but patiently adhering to his profession he steadily forced his way to the front and soon controlled the largest general practice in the city. In 1870, on the resignation of Judge John D. Pope, he was elevated to the bench of the Atlanta circuit. At this time the city was disturbed and harassed by quite a number of lawless characters who made no secret of their evil doings, but openly defied the courts and sneered at the entreaties of law-abiding citizens. It required
a courage of no ordinary man to brave the perils of the situation, but the iron firmness of Judge Hopkins was equal to the responsibility of his position. . He met the ordeal with unflinching nerve and in cool defiance of the mob who threatened to visit him with personal violence and possibly assassination, he

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

administered the la\v without regard for persons. By his fearless conduct he earned the gratitude of all classes in the community and during his official tenure, the voice of criticism was never raised against him and no one could charge him
with a single motive that dimmed the splendor of his reputation. Judge Hopkins remained on the bench for six years in spite of the meager salary that was paid him for his judicial sen-ices. He then resumed the active practice of his profession. In giving up his large clientage to serve, the public on The bench Judge Hopkins made a great sacrifice of his personal and private interests, but no selfish motive ever swayed him when the welfare of the public needed his assistance and a sense of duty urged him to obey. If there is one characteristic that is more conspicuous
than another in the public career of Judge Hopkins, as emphasized by his long and faithful service, it is a cheerful willingness at all times to subordinate his own selfish interests to the higher good and happiness of the community. In this
respect his career should be an example and an inspiration. In 1893, as a compliment to his ability and learning, Judge Hopkins was appointed by Gov. Northen, under the advice and approval of the supreme court, chairman of the commission to codify the laws of Georgia. His associates in this important undertaking were Hon. Clifford Anderson, of Macon, Ga., ex-attorney-general of the state, and Mr. Joseph R. Lamar, of Augusta, Ga., one of the brightest of the younger members of the profession. The importance of the work assigned to this brilliant trio of lawyers is self-apparent. It required extensive information and the qualifications of the best legal talent in the state in addition to great physical strength and perseverance to meet the requirements of this important
legal duty. In spite of his rare qualifications for public service Judge Hopkins has never entered the political arena nor sought preferment of any kind. He has been content to serve in the ranks and to perform the duty of a private citizen
without display or ostentation. During the war, as a volunteer in the Confederate service, Judge Hopkins served under Col. R. J. Morgan for several months but his career as a soldier was not extensive. Judge Hopkins belongs to the member ship of the Methodist Episcopal church, and is also a Mason. In 1853 Judge
Hopkins married Miss Mary E. Cooke, the daughter of Dr. Robert F. Cooke, a native of Tennessee. They have four children living, two of them, Charles T. and Linton C. Hopkins. being in partnership with their father, under the firm name of John L. Hopkins & Sons. This firm is employed in much of the important litiga
tion in Atlanta. The father of Judge Hopkins, for whom he was named, was a man of liberal education and of great wealth. He was a native Georgian and a man of commanding influence in his day and generation.

QAPT. EVA\T P. HOWELL, who has for so long been identified with the
"Atlanta Constitution," is a native of Forsyth (now Milton") county, Ga. At the age of twelve years he moved with his father's family to Atlanta, and learned telegraphy under the direction of D. U. Sloan, and was the first student of this science in Atlanta. He entered and passed with distinction through the common schools of Warsaw and" Atlanta, entering the Georgia Military institute at Marietta in 1855. After completing a two-years' course he went to Sandersville, Ga., read law until the end of 1858. and was then enrolled among the Lumpkin law school matriculates at Athens, Ga. A year later his active practice was commenced, but continued only a few weeks before the bomb of disunion exploded. He enlisted in the First Georgia regiment as orderly-sergeant, and was appointed a lieutenant before the expiration of a month. Later he accepted the rank of first lieutenant, and before a second year had remodeled the company and was honored by election to its captaincy. From service under Jackson in Virginia he was transferred to

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the western army in time to engage in the struggle of Chickaniauga. In the retreat from Laurel hill Mr. Howell and his men realized that they were lost Their sufferings and anxieties were intense; hunger, thirst, and privations of every kind
menaced them. It was only the voice and courage and energy of Capt Howell that led them at last back to civilization and home. He served mainly in Claiborne's division of the western army until the war closed. When the conflict finally
ceased he began farming and pursued this vocation two years. In 1868 he became city editor of the "Atlanta Intelligencer," remained a year and resumed with
renewed ambition the practice of his profession. He was selected chairman of the democratic committee of Fulton county and gave vigorous efforts for the
reorganization of the party and the maintenance of principles. For two years he supported the municipal government as a member of the city council. During two years Capt Howell acted as solicitor-general in the Atlanta circuit, and with
the aid of the eminent and noble Judge John L. Hopkins succeeded in suppressing much of the lawlessness--murder, theft, and every form of guilt that could threaten and permeate a young and growing city. Capt. Howell was elected to the state
senate in 1873, an<l re-elected for a second term. He was a delegate at large to the St. Louis, Cincinnati and Chicago national democratic conventions, and in each served on the committee on resolutions. President Cleveland in recogni tion of his invaluable services tendered him the consulship to Manchester, England, which he declined. By Gov. McDaniel, in 1888, he was appointed capitol com missioner, serving on the commission which built Georgia's new capitol, complet ing the building and turning back into the state treasury a part of the appropriation
of $1,000,000. Capt. Howell's indomitable spirit in demanding that the state
capitol be located in Atlanta and his tireless efforts to effect this end will never be forgotten by the people. His editorials were able, his arguments clear and con
vincing, and his good humor irresistible. In 1876 Capt. Howell, after purchasing
a controlling share, became editor-in-chief of the "Atlanta Constitution." How this paper has prospered, and bears to-day the current topics of the world through out the south, materially develops Atlanta and incidentally all these states and
cities beyond our borders, is known to every child. He was elected to the legis lature in 1894 while absent from home and not a candidate for office, and is also director of the Cotton States and International exposition. Capt. Howell is not only a journalist of rare ability, but an orator whose eloquence is often heard
encouraging the youth of Georgia, and a patriot whose heart is filled with the love and devotion of his countrymen.

HON. CLARK HOWELL, editor-in-chief of the "Atlanta Constitution," was born in Barnwell district, S. C., Sept. 21, 1863. During 1820 his great-grand
father came to Georgia and located in Milton county. His father is Capt. E. P. Howell, one of the most prominent figures in Georgia politics, and one of Atlanta's pioneer citizens, who has been identified with her development and the growth of her many enterprises. His mother's maiden name was Julia Erwin, a woman possessing the attributes that form an ideal character. Young Howell came to Atlanta while a boy and entered the public schools, passing with credit through the successive grades. After completing his course here he became a student at the state university at Athens, Ga., applied himself diligently to the tasks assigned in the learning of literature and science, and graduated with distinction in the spring of 1883. Manifesting a decided talent for journalism, and wielding a pen of force and power even at that immature age, he went to New York and accepted the position of reporter on the "Times," and later served another newspaper apprenticeship on the "Philadelphia Press." A year or two later he returned south

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to his home in Atlanta and became in 1884 night editor of the "Constitution" under Henry W. Grady, whose assistant as managing editor he became in 1887, at a time when Mr. Grady was so occupied as an orator as to be away from home much of the time. When this patriot and peerless gentleman passed away Mr. Howell was made managing editor, and has held the position as a worthy successor of "the foremost Atlantian." Before reaching his majority Mr. Howell was nominated to the state legislature and elected a few days later. He was re-elected in 1888 and 1890, and chosen speaker of the house for the term of 1890-91, being the youngest legislative presiding officer in the United States. In 1892 he was elected as Georgia's member of the national democratic executive committee for four years, and in 1894, at the annual convention of the International League of Press clubs, he was unanimously elected as the president of that repre sentative press organization, succeeding Col. John A. Cockerell, of New York.
Having achieved these remarkable successes at so early an age is highly indicative of his intellectual stamina and indomitable energy. As a parliamentarian he js ready, concise and skillful, as a speaker, fluent and eloquent, and as a writer, bril liant and convincing. Mr. Howell was married in 1887 to Hattie Barrett, a charm ing young lady of Augusta, Ga. This union has been blessed with two daughters and one son. The Howells came over from Wales in 1650, settled in North Caro lina and their descendants fought gallantly in the revolutionary war.

QOL. W. H. HULSEY. One of the most distinguished citizens of Atlanta and a lawyer of marked professional attainments is Col. William H. Hulsey. Col.
Hulsey was born on a farm in De Kalb county on Oct. I, 1839. His grandfather, Jennings Hulsey, was a native of Virginia, but immigrated with his parents to South Carolina when still a mere child. He afterward came to Georgia and mar ried Miss Rebecca Pate. He died in De Kalb county in 1852. The pioneers of the Hulsey family in America came from England. Eli J. Hulsey, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Jasper county, Ga., in 1812. He spent the greater portion of his life in agricultural pursuits, though, for several years before the war, he was engaged in the mercantile business in Atlanta. He married Miss Charlotte Collier, the daughter of Merrill Collier, of North Carolina, and ten children resulted from this union: Mary J., widow of Marcus A. Bell; William H., the subject of this sketch; Rebecca, wife of William C. Sanders; Laura, wife of Thomas J. Flake; Charlotte E., wife of Henry H. Loften;-Augustus J.; Alice, wife of Eugene Flake; Lulu, wife of Thomas J. Hooks; John, and Hayden. Augustus J. Hulsey died in 1884. He was a gallant soldier during the late war, leaving the Georgia military institute at Marietta, Ga., in 1861 to enter the Confed erate army. He served under Gen. Johnston until the war closed, participating in all the engagements of that command. The mother of Col. Hulsey died in 1886. Tin's sore bereavement was closely followed by his father's death in 1888. After spending his early boyhood days in De Kalb county, obtaining his primary educa tion at the old-field schools of that district, the subject of this sketch came to Atlanta with his parents in 1850. The remainder of his education was derived from the schools of that city. He was preparing to enter college when financial dis asters overtook his father in business and prevented him from realizing his cher ished ambition. At the age of fifteen he began to clerk in a shoe store in Atlanta, occupied the position for about a year and then gave it up for a place in a clothing store. Leaving this position he clerked in a dry goods store for about a year, after which he commenced the study of law in the office of Ezzard & Collier, two of the most distinguished members of the legal profession, both of whom are now dead. The subject of this sketch was admitted to the bar in 1859. and moved directly to

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Mitchell county to engage in the practice of his profession. He was allowed to practice for only a few months, however, as the declaration of war between the states put a stop to business of every kind. In April, 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company F of the Sixth Georgia infantry, commanded by Col. Alfred H. Colquitt, subsequently United States senator. Soon after enlistment the young soldier was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant, and served in that capacity for about a year. In the spring of 1862, while at home on a furlough, he was elected major of the Forty-second Georgia infantry, and a year later he was still further promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel A short time before the close of the war Col. R. J. Henderson, who commanded the regiment, was made a brigadiergeneral, and Col. Hulsey was placed in command of the Forty-second Georgia, one of the bravest regiments in the field. The war ended, however, before he received his formal commission. At Perryville, Ky., Col. Hulsey commanded the rear guard, in the retreat through that state, and mounted his command by cap turing a regiment of Pennsylvania cavalry. He was in the battles fought at Big Bethel, Va.; Tazewell, Tenn.; Big Hill, Ky.; Chickasaw Bayou, Miss.; Baker's Creek; Siege of Vicksburg; Lookout Mountain; Resaca, in which engagement he was severely wounded; and the battle of July 22, near Atlanta. The capture of the famous De Grest Battery has caused the Forty-second regiment to be repre sented in the cyclorama of the battle of Atlanta, on exhibition at Grant park, near
the site of the old battle grounds. At the battle of Jonesboro, on July 28,1864, Col. Hulsey commanded a brigade on the left of Atlanta during the battle. In the fol lowing December he commanded the advance guard of Gen. Hood's infantry, driving the Federal pickets at Nashville to the shelter of the guns at Fort Negley. Col. Hulsey also participated in the bloody engagements at Franklin and Nash ville. He was severely wounded in the latter fight, but notwithstanding his disa bility he commanded the rear guard on Hood's retreat for a day and a night until
relieved. He was also in the fight at Binniker's bridge, S. C., a few weeks before the surrender. Though only a beardless youth during all these bloody encoun
ters, the comrades of Col. Hulsey describe him as a man who was absolutely without fear. While on the retreat from Baker's creek, Col. Hulsey and several of his command rode in the twilight into a party of Federals at Black's station. They called upon the little band to stop; but Col. Hulsey, fully realizing that refusal to obey meant almost certain death, defiantly refused, and riding off, under the fire of the enemy, escaped. While riding away from the Federal force at full speed, Col. Hulsey came suddenly upon his Own command, which had been augmented by about 400 stragglers--making altogether about 1,000 men, who, seeing him riding down upon them, thinking that he was a Federal officer lead ing a cavalry charge, opened fire on him, and he ran the gauntlet of hundreds of bullets, not one of which touched him. His horse having by this time become perfectly frantic, had the bit in his teeth, and as he went careering down the road a Confederate'soldier, belonging to an Arkansas regiment, seeing him and think
ing he was a Federal, fired at him from a distance of not more than thirty feet, cut ting a lock of hair from his head. Just then Col. Hulsey's identity was discovered, and a cheer went up from his men that testified their joy at his escape. Many
narrow escapes, similar to the foregoing, might be recorded. After the war Col. Hulsey was united in marriage to Miss Marion Bateman, daughter of Claiborn Bateman of Georgia. For several months he resided in Houston county, but sub sequently returning to Atlanta he formed a law partnership with his old pre ceptor, Hon. William Ezzard. He was soon after elected solicitor-general of the Coweta circuit, and filled that office for eighteen months. He was then removed by the republican governor, Rufus B. Bullock, for partisan reasons, after which

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he resumed the active practice of his profession with his law partner. In 1869 CoL Hulsey was elected mayor of Atlanta and held that office for one term, declin ing re-election. He was the youngest mayor and one of the best that ever pre sided over the affairs of that city. In 1878 Col. Hulsey was elected to a seat in the lower branch of the general assembly. During his term of service he was a member of the general judiciary committee, and the committee on railroads, which framed the famous Georgia railroad commission bill; Col. Hulsey being chairman
of the sub-committee that reported it In 1883 the subject of this sketch was again honored by his fellow-citizens by a seat in the legislature. During this session he
was chairman of the special judiciary committee of the house. In November, 1893, Col. Hulsey was prevailed upon to enter the race for congress in the Fifth dis trict. Though in the race for only ten days prior to the nomination he made a brilliant fight and was defeated by Col. L. F. Livingston by only 116 votes in the county which would determine the contest Col. Hulsey is a member of the board of education and one of the most active, influential workers in that body. He is the president of the National Railway Building and Loan association, and is interested in various other enterprises. He belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, is a master Mason, and a consistent member of the Methodist church. During his term of office as mayor of the city the present public school
system was established, the first established in Georgia, if not in the south. Col. Hulsey has six children living as follows: EH B., William E., Marion, Fred, Eula, and Luther. He lost his eldest daughter, Hallie, the wife of Clyde L. Brooks, only a short while ago. In public and private life CoL Hulsey has always been
a model citizen, and he has ever been ready, both in peace and war, to discharge the full measure of his patriotic duty.

QALVIN W. HUNNICUTT, hardware and stoves, Atlanta, Ga., was born in Mecklenburg county, N. C, in 1827. When he was six years old his father
moved to Montgomery county, N. C, and two years afterward migrated to Georgia and settled in Cobb county. Here he received a limited education--such as was obtainable at country schools at that period. At the age of twenty-one he came to Atlanta and engaged with the dry goods and clothing house of Haas & Levi as a clerk and continued with them five years. He then, with his fellowclerk, John Silvey, formed the partnership of Hunnicutt & Silvey, with $500 capital embarked in the same line of business. They purchased as much as
$15,000 worth of goods at a time on credit, and at once established a successful and profitable trade. At the end of six years the firm was dissolved, and Mr. Hunnicutt went into the drug trade with James A. Taylor, under the firm name of Hunnicutt & Taylor, and continued in the business five years. Retiring from this firm, he was detailed by the Confederate government to duty in the ordnance and medical departments at Cuthbert and Atlanta. In 1862, the firm which then consisted of Mr. Hunnicutt, Leonard, Bellingrath and James A. Taylor, com menced the manufacture of alcohol for their trade, and soon after the Confederate government took charge of their manufactory, or rather permitted them to operate it, but the alcohol they manufactured was taken by the government In 1863, Mr. Hunnicutt and Mr. Bellingrath bought out Mr. Taylor's interest and continued
the business until 1865. Returning to Atlanta early in 1866 he engaged in brick making. Shortly afterward he formed a partnership with Leonard Bellingrath, an elder brother of his present partner, Albert Bellingrath, and went into the
plumbing and gas-fitting business. Their combined capital was $350; and with this sum as a basis, one of the largest businesses in its line in the south has been established--to accommodate which a spacious, three-story store-house, besides

C. \V. HUNNICUTT.

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basement, has been built, and a stock averaging $70,000 carried. The firm does a
very large business, is wealthy, and financially impregnable. Mr. Hunnicutt is president of the Georgia stove works, established, and now in operation in Atlanta;
and vice-president of the Atlanta Banking company. He has been elected a
member of the general council of the city twice; and in 1881 was elected one of the county commissioners, and has been continued thirteen years, for eight of
which he has been chairman of the board. In these positions his sound judgment and public spirit have been recognized, and practically manifested in his advocacy of measures adapted to promote the material and moral upbuilding of the city.
Mr. Hunnicutt was married Dec. 3, 1857, to Miss Letitia A., daughter of Edwin Payne, who was a native of Virginia. Six children blessed this union: Luther L.; Mary, wife of A. H. Green, Atlanta; Joseph Edgar; Eddie P., wife of Dr. C. O. Tyner, Atlanta; Letitia A., wife of W. W. Drake, Atlanta; Sallie F.,
unmarried. Mrs. Hunnicutt died Sept. 24, 1886. Mr. Hunnicutt is a member of the Pioneer Citizen's society of Atlanta, a Royal Arch Mason, and a member of the First Methodist church, of which he is a steward.

J)R- MILLER B. HUTCHINS, joint-owner, business manager and associate editor of the "Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal" was born in Greensboro,
Ga., March 18, 1864, and very soon afterward was taken by his mother to Columbus, where she went to join his father, who was a Confederate officer. He spent the first six years of his life in Gwinnett and Forsyth counties, Ga., and then moved with his parents to luka, Miss., his parents both dying there within
two years of that time. Young Hutchins was subsequently taken by his guardian, Col. N. L. Hutchins to Lawrenceville, Ga., and lived with him until 1879, when he
went to the military school at Dahlonega, Ga., remaining there two years. He
was then at Emory college at Oxford for a year, but on account of ill-health was
obliged to leave before graduating. In 1883 he entered the Atlanta Medical college and graduated therefrom in March, 1886, with first honors, being also
elected valedictorian of his class. From this time until the fall of 1887 he practiced
his profession in his old home, Lawrenceville, Ga., coming at that time from that point to Atlanta and being appointed a demonstrator of anatomy pro tern in the Atlanta Medical college. Feb. 2$, 1888, Dr. Hutchins was married to Miss Addie
Davis, daughter of L. B. Davis, Savannah, Ga. Immediately after his marriage he went to New York and studied dermatology for three months in the schools of that city. He then served one year as assistant house physician in the New York Skin and Cancer hospital and as house physician for the following six months.
Dec. i, 1889, he returned to Atlanta and engaged in the practice of dermatology; and assisted in the business management of the "Atlanta Medical and Surgical
Journal" for two years. He then became active business manager. In 1889 he was appointed lecturer on dermatology in the Atlanta Medical college and three years later he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy and histology in the same institution, which position he still holds, together with the lectureship on der matology and syphilis. Dr. Huchins is a member of the State Medical association of Georgia, the Atlanta Society of Medicine, the Tri-State (Georgia, Tennessee
and Alabama) Medical society and also of the Presbyterian church. His father was Andrew Jackson Hutchins, a lawyer and Confederate officer, who was born in Gwinnett county, Ga., and died in 1872, aged thirty-three years. He was married to Jennie, who died September, 1870, daughter of James Word, a native
of Georgia, and a soldier in the war of 1812, who died in 1890, at the phenomenal age of ninety-four. Andrew Jackson Hutchins had four children, of whom three
suirvi' ve: Dr. M. B. Hutchins, J. Nathan Hutchins, Hartford, Conn., architect,

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and Amelia Hutchins Alexander, Atlanta. Dr. Hutchins' grandfather was Nathan L. Hutchins, who was born in South Carolina and moved to Georgia in 1820, at the age of twenty-one years. He died in 1870, having served in the Georgia
legislature; and as judge of the western circuit of Georgia for eleven years, which
latter office is now filled by his son, Nathan L. Hutchins.

CHARLES DAVIS HURT, one of the most successful physicians in Atlanta, is the son of Joel Hurt and was born in Russell county, Ala., July 26, 1843. His father was born in Putnam county, Ga., in 1813. He was a planter and owned large milling interests in Russell county, where he located in 1825.
He served as sheriff of that county in 1830, was in the Seminole war in 1836. In
1838 married Miss Lucy Long, daughter of Nimrod Washington Long, a native Georgian. They had eleven children, of whom six grew up and three now survive: Dr. C. D. Hurt, Elisha F. Hurt of New York city, Joel Hurt, president
of the Atlanta Street Railroad company, president of the East Atlanta Land company, secretary of the Atlanta Home Insurance company, which he organized, and engaged in many other business enterprises. Henry N. Hurt, one of the
brothers, served in the Forty-fifth Alabama regiment, and died at Tupelo, Miss., in 1862. E. F. Hurt was also in the Forty-fifth Alabama regiment, serving until July 22, 1864, when he was severely wounded at Atlanta. Dr. Hurt's grandfather was Henry Hurt, who resided in Putnam county, Ga. Dr. Charles Davis Hurt
resided in Russell county from the time of his birth until 1861, receiving his education in the schools of that district In the latter year he entered the Con federate service, enlisting in an artillery company, principally composed of Russell county men, commanded by Robert A. Hardaway, who was afterward promoted to the rank of colonel in the artillery. Young Hurt served as a corporal for nine
months, when he was discharged on account of illness. In April, 1862, he re-
enlisted in the Forty-fifth Alabama regiment, Company B. After serving as a private for a few months he was transferred to a cavalry regiment commanded by Col. Hannon, with whom he served until the close of the war. During most of his service with the cavalry he was quartermaster-sergeant, and took part in
the battle of Manassas and many minor engagements. At the close of the war
Dr. Hurt came to Macon county, Ala., and there engaged in farming until 1869, when he began the study of medicine with Dr. B. F. Johnson at Notasulga, Macon Co., Ala. A year later he went to the Atlanta Medical college, and in 1871 to the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, graduating there the same year. He located at Notasulga for one year, and then practiced at Hurtsboro until 1884, when he removed to Columbus, Ga., and lived there eight years. During his residence there he served as president of the board of health, for seven years was a member of the school board, and for the same number of years was chairman
of the board of stewards of St Luke's Methodist church. In October, 1892, Dr.
Hurt came to Atlanta and is now vice-president of the Atlanta Society of Medicine, having been elected to that position for the term of one year, at the annual meeting of 1894. He is also a member of the Medical Society of Georgia, of
which he is now a censor, chairman of the committee on programs, and very prominent in all its councils. He affiliated long ago with the F. & A. M., and was worthy master of Hurtsboro lodge, Hurtsboro, for several years during his residence at that point. He was also mayor of that city for one term. Dr. Hurt
was married in July, 1863, to Mary Louisa Grant, daughter of John F. and Frances (Pollard) Cone. They have had eight children, of whom six are now living-- three sons and three daughters: Charles D., cashier of Plant's bank, Macon, Ga., and partner in the insurance broking firm of Plant & Hurt, who married Anna

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33

Roe Gray, daughter of James M. Gray, Fort Valley, Ga.; George Nimrod, now residing in Macon, Ga.; Lulu, Lucy, John W., and Mamie Maud. Dr. Hurt was a member of the ninth international congress which met in Washington, D. C, in 1887, and is very prominent in professional as well as social circles, in which he is a universal favorite.

J)R. THOMAS HENRY HUZZA was born in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 12, 1863, and came to Atlanta with his parents, at the age of nine years. He was
educated at the public schools of Atlanta, and was graduated from the high school with the first honor. In 1879 ne entered Emory college at Oxford, Ga., from which he was graduated in 1883, having achieved the record of 100 in the standing of his class--the highest record for proficiency in study ever made in that institu tion. After finishing his course there he taught school for one year in Tennessee, and then came to Rome, Ga., where he commenced the study of medicine under I )r. Robert Battey. In 1885 he entered the Jefferson Medical college in Philadelphia, and was graduated in 1887. He returned to Rome, where he practiced one year, and assisted on the staff of Dr. Battey's private hospital. In the fall of 1888 he returned to Atlanta and entered upon the practice of his profession and has c< >:itinucd to the present time. Dr. Huzza is a member of the State Medical associa tion, the Atlanta Society of Medicine and the American Medical association. In 1889 ne served as "quiz master" in the Atlanta Medical college. In 1890 he was chosen secretary of the Atlanta Society of Medicine, and in 1890-1 he was lecturer on abdominal surgery in the Southern Medical college. In 1890 he commenced
the publication of, and edited, a medical journal in Atlanta, known as "The Dixie Doctor," which he conducted for three years. Dr. Huzza is a member of the F. & A. M., and is a noble of Mystic Shrine (Yaavab Temple). He is past
chancellor of Empire lodge, No. 47, Knights of Pythias, of Atlanta, and he is extreasurer of the Uniform Rank of Knights of Pythias, Gate City division, Xo. 5. He is a member of Capital lodge, No. 60,1. O. O. F., and of Empire Encampment, I. O. O. F., and he is a communicant of Trinity M. E. church (south). Dr. Huzza's father is Robert H. Huzza, who was born in Baltimore, Md. He came to Atlanta in 1872, where he established the first trunk factory in the south. He retired from business in 1891. At the commencement of the late war he entered the Confederate service, enlisting at St. Louis in Col. Kelly's regiment. He served during two years and left the army in 1863. Joseph Huzza., the grandfather of the subject of this sketch (whose father came from Wales), was born in Baltimore, Md., and was a soldier in the Seminole war.

MR. SAMUEL M. INMAN, perhaps the best known and most highly esteemed citizen of Atlanta, was born at Dandridge, Jefferson Co., Tenn., Feb. 19, 1843,
the son of S. W. and Jane Martin Inman. His parents were members of a strong, earnest Presbyterian family, and after attending the primary schools located in and near his home he entered Princeton university and graduated with distinction after a commendable course of study. Just after emerging from this academical institution the clouds of civil war gathered over the country and he immediately enlisted in Company K of the First Tennessee cavalry, a part of Gen. Johnston's
army. He served as a lieutenant of his company until the latter half of the war and
was then detailed to special duty on the division staff. His conduct throughout these numerous campaigns was resolute, fearless and daring--that which finds the wannest co-operation in noble hearts. He gained the affection of his comrades
and left behind a memory fragrant with deeds of gallantry and unselfish friend ship. With an honorable parole he went to Augusta, Ga., engaged in business for 1-53

834

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

..

a year and in the spring of 1867 moved to Atlanta and has since resided there. In the same year he formed a partnership with his father under the firm name of S. W. Inman & Son, but during 1869 the firm was changed to S. M. Inman & Co., which still exists. This is one of the largest cotton houses in the world, controlling
the majority of the southern states and the entire commonwealth of Texas, in which a branch office is located. Mr. Inman, with a rare discernment, has filled every department of his enormous business with capable, competent men, and with
a satisfaction of their integrity and faithful devotion to the interests of the enter
prise, he finds much spare time for outside, occupations. He has been connected with numerous important enterprises, and his encouragement is solicited in almost every new venture of importance. He is a large stockholder in the
Constitution Publishing company, owns a great amount of real estate, and has
nearly a half million dollars invested in other interests of the city. He is a promi
nent promoter of public projects, and to each of Atlanta's expositions has given
valuable support, both by wise counsel and broad liberality. He is a director in
the Inman system of railroads, stretching from Richmond to Montgomery, and Bristol to Savannah. He was largely instrumental in securing the appropriation
by which the Technological school was erected and equipped; gave 85.000 from his own private resources, and secured from Atlanta $75,000 and an annuity of $2,500. He was appointed a member of the board of commissioners, and by his
sagacious management the school has improved rapidly and acquired a powerful influence in this section of the Union. In an unassuming manner he gave $5.000
for the support of the Y. M. C A., offered $10,000 to a hospital for both white and colored, and accepts every opportunity for doing good and spreading the spirit
of charity among the people. Mr. Inman belongs to a family of financiers, embracing the qualities and virtues of greatness. His brothers. John H. Inman, of
the firm of Inman, Swann & Co., New York, and Hugh T. Inman. capitalist, Atlanta, are millionaires, admired and beloved by all who know them. Mr. Inman
was married, in 1868, to Miss Jennie Dick, of Rome. Ga. She died in 1890. leaving two sons and a daughter. He was married again, in 1893. to Miss McPheters. a
lovable lady of Raleigh, X. C. Mr. Inman is not an office-seeker, but any honor i? in his power. The people would unanimously place him in any public position.
His record as a pillar of Atlanta's prosperity and a gentleman of stainless honor is without reproach. High-toned, magnanimous, and with a heart that appreciates
the trials and sufferings of the poorer classes, he is loved by every station of society. He is an elder in the First Presbyterian church, and devotes much energy to religious labors. Mr. Inman is a wealthy man, but not sordid nor penurious, and
occupies the handsomest residence in the city. A noble. Christian nature has guided and controlled his life.

II UGH THEODORE IXMAX, of the firm of Inman, Smith & Co., wholesale shoes and notions, and capitalist, of Atlanta, was born in Jefferson county,
Tenn., and there he resided until eighteen years of age, receiving his early educa
tion in the town academy. In 1867 he removed to New York city, entered the cotton exchange, and was associated with Messrs. Inman, Swann & Co., cotton dealers, for six or seven years. By cautious yet numerous speculations in the
cotton traffic, he amassed a small fortune, and then came south again, locating in Savannah. Ga. He remained in the "Forest city" about three years, prosecuting
the same business, gradually increasing his finances, and moved to Atlanta in 1876. Mr. Inman has been engaged in many enterprises. He built the Exposition cotton mills, and conducted their successful operation, and at the same time was engaged in the fertilizer and the cotton compress business. In 1892 he formed the

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

835

partnership that is now recognized as one of the strongest in the state. For several years he was director in the Central railroad, of Georgia, the Atlanta National bank, and is- now director in the Home Insurance company, the Con stitution Publishing company, the Atlanta Trust and Banking company, president of the Franklin Publishing company, and controller of the Kimball House com pany, of Atlanta. He has never coveted public office, nor sought positions of notoriety. However, the people, knowing his ability as a financier and his power as a thinking man, insisted on his becoming a city councilman, and thereafter he was appointed chairman of the finance committee, and now wields the sceptre of economy and guarded policy over the municipal government Mr. Inman is a deacon in the First Presbyterian church and superintendent of the Sundayschool. He has always devoted much time to religious work, and has effected unlimited good by his generous endeavors. He was married, on May 23, 1871, to Miss Vandyke, of Athens, Tenn., daughter of Chancellor Vandyke. This union has been blessed with five children; those surviving are Josephine, Edward and Annie, wife of Mr. John W. Grant. Mr. Inman is generally considered the wealthiest citizen of Atlanta, owning immense tracts of real estate and maintaining vast interests in numerous industries and corporations. From a poor, humble country boy, he has, by thrift, tenacity and perseverance, combated the hindrances that confront the American youth, and acquired affluence and social prestige. His character, manly in every fibre, embraces the attributes that command respect and accumulate friends. Virtue, strength of mind and body, vigilance, piety and a will power that surmounts all difficulties, have made his fortune and his name.

F)R. WILLIAM CALVIN JARNAGIN was born in Macon, Miss., Aug. 28, 1850, was there brought up and attended an "old-field" school taught by a noted
Connecticut teacher named Hubbard, celebrated in that day and generation for
his educational ability. Young Jarnagin left this school when he was seventeen years old and entered the university of Mississippi at Oxford, where he reached the senior year in 1870, going from there to the university of Virginia at Charlottes-
ville, taking a medical course there and graduating in 1872. Then he took a summer and winter course at Bellevue Hospital Medical college, and returning to
Macon, Miss., practiced his profession until 1875. Returning to New York he took a post-graduate course at Bellevue and the College of Physicians and Sur geons. Going back to Macon, Miss., he remained there till in the spring of 1882, when he removed to Atlanta, Ga., where he has since practiced. Dr. Jarnagin belongs to the State Medical association and to the Atlanta Medical society. He has contributed articles to medical journals--one on typho-malarial fever, which was widely copied. He is surgeon for the R. & D. railway (Atlanta & Charlotte division) and the E. T., V. & Ga. railway (Atlanta division). He is also medical examiner for the Mutual Life Insurance company of New York and medical referee for the state for the same great insurance company. He is examiner for the Washington Life Insurance company of New York, and holds the same position
with the Maryland Life of Baltimore, the Connecticut Mutual, the Phoenix Mutual of Hartford, Conn., the Travelers' Insurance of Hartford, the Hartford Life and Annuity Insurance company of Hartford, and the Home Life Insurance company of Brooklyn, N. Y. Dr. Jarnagin is a member of the I. O. O. F. and encampment, the Knights of Pythias and of the Cherokee lodge, No. i, A. O. R. M. He is also
a member of the First Baptist church. He was married, first in 1873 to Sallie M., daughter of Col. L. J. Dupre, Memphis, Tenn., and in 1894 to Miss Erskine. daugh ter of J. L. Richmond, Atlanta, Ga. Dr. Jarnagin's father was Hampton L. Jarna
gin, a native of east Tennessee, where he was brought up. When a young man

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he removed to Macon, Miss., where he practiced law for forty years and died in 1887. Hampton L. Jarnagin went to school in Greeneville, Tenn., and Andrew Johnson, afterward vice-president, made his clothes for him. He was for twenty years a member of the upper and lower houses of the Mississippi legislature, and his brother, Spencer Jarnagin, was United States senator from Tennessee. The
Jarnagin family is of Huguenot ancestry.

JAMES CALDWELL JEXKIXS,a brainy Atlanta attorney, is a native of North Carolina, having been born in Gaston county, in that state, on May 22,
1853. Here he resided for eighteen years, and'in the fall of 1871 left home to attend college. He first entered Wake Forest college, and remained in this institute for three years. When the course was completed he matriculated in Princeton university, and was graduated in the Centennial class of 1876 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, but by a continued application as post-graduate he received the Master of Arts degree after the lapse of three sessions. On leaving Princeton, where he went through three classes in one year, he traveled through Europe for six months, visiting the famous resorts and places of interest to Americans. Re turning to his native country he took a course of study in the Columbian university of Washington, D. C, in the law department for two years, and there won the first
prize for the best essay. Finishing here he went to the Columbia law school in Xew York ,and received a diploma in 1881 with degree of LL. B. Soon after lie came south, locating in Atlanta, Ga., where he was admitted to the bar in 1881, to the supreme court and United States district courts, and in 1889 to the United States supreme court. From March, 1883, to June, 1884, Mr. Jenkins acted as assistant United States attorney for the northern district of Georgia, appointed by Benjamin Brewster, and made an efficient officer. Indeed the marked ability he displayed gave him a high reputation. Mr. Jenkins was married May 24, 1882, to Miss Susie M. Scruggs of Atlanta. They have six children, a happy household, as follows: James C, Jr.; Welling Field, Eleanor Marjorie, Lydia Louise, Theodore Dwight, and a daughter not yet named. He is a tender, affectionate husband and father, and enjoys no evenings like those with his little ones about him. He is a devout member of the Second Baptist church of the city. Mr. Jenkins' father was David A. Jenkins, of Xorth Carolina. He was state treasurer of his common wealth between 1868 and 1876, serving two terms. He was also two terms in the legislature from Gaston county, N. C. The Jenkins family is of Welsh descent. Mr. Jenkins is a thorough, conscientious and painstaking lawyer, who is never discouraged by obstructions in his path. He has managed with success a number of large cases, and his practice is constantly growing.

J-JOX. GEORGE E. JOHXSOX, the chairman of the board of police commis sioners, and one of Atlanta's most progressive and enterprising merchants, was
born in the city of Richmond, Va., on Feb. 14, 1855. His father, Joseph A. John son, who is still living, is also a native Virginian, and was born in Richmond in 1827. He resided in that historic city until the breaking out of the late \var,
engaged in the sash and blind manufacturing business. Prior to the war he was the captain of the National Grays. In 1862 he entered the Confederate service, and after a year's experience in the field he was detailed to take charge of the arsenal
at Tallassee, Ala., and remained there until the close of the war. He then came to Atlanta. Ga.. where he has since resided. For the first eleven years of his life the subject of this sketch lived in Richmond and enjoyed for two or three years the best primary instruction of that city. Moving with his parents to Tallassee, Ala..
where his father was stationed in charge of the arsenal, he remained there for two

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years and carried on his studies. In 1868, being still a mere boy, he came to Atlanta with his parents and went to school for three years. Leaving school he
accepted a position with Mr. G. W. Jack, the candy manufacturer, at $ro a month, and later as head clerk at $85 a month; holding the latter position for two years. He then decided to go into the manufacturing business for the purpose of making himself familiar with its details. He accordingly threw up his $85 a month job
and entered Jack's candy factory, working for nineteen months at the low rate of 40 cents a day. In 1874 Mr. Jack sold out to his brother, W. F. Jack, and the business was carried on for several years under the firm name of Jack & Holland.
Mr. Johnson was at once made general superintendent with a salary of $175 a month. He held this position for five years, after which he bought out the firm and has since carried on the business by himself. Mr. Johnson is now at the head of one of the largest candy manufacturing enterprises in the south. He employs thirty people for nine months in the year and fifty for three months. The capacity of the establishment is 25,000 pounds of candy a week. Mr. Johnson has never had a man to voluntarily quit his employ on account of dissatisfaction. This speaks well for the kindness of heart as well as for the splendid administrative ability of Mr. Johnson. He has men in his employ who have been with him ever since he started up in business. For a number of years it has been the custom of Mr. Johnson, just before Christmas, to give a package of candy to every poor child in Atlanta, thus making the season one of thankfulness and joy. Last year he gave away, in this manner, 3,500 pounds of candy. His trade extends into North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Florida and Georgia. He has two men on the road and two in the city and runs four delivery wagons. In March, 1894, Mr. Johrison was elected a member of the board of police commissioners and just one
year later on the five hundred and ninety-first ballot he was elected chairman of the board, defeating Capt. James W. English. Mr. Johnson belongs to the Order of Red Men, and also to the Odd Fellows. In 1885 he was united in marriage to
Miss Eleanor Morgan, daughter of Mr. D. Morgan of Atlanta. They have three children, as follows: Mabel G., Lillian, and Edgar M. The household is a happy one and Mr. Johnson is fond of spending his leisure hours with his wife and children. Though not by any means a politician, Mr. Johnson has always been a wide-awake and public-spirited citizen, devoted to the welfare of the community. He has been the friend and, to a large extent, the patron of all enterprises that have promised to eventuate in good to the city. His career as a business man has not only been one of phenomenal success, but one of marked honor and usefulness.

JOSEPH H. JOHNSON, president of the Atlanta Loan and Investment com-
pany, Atlanta, Ga., son of Rev. Marcus D. C. and Harriet R. (Long) Johnson, was born in Culloden, Monroe Co., Ga., Feb. 20, 1840. His grandfather, Aaron Johnson, of the same stock as Hon. Reverdy Johnson, of national distinction, was a farmer, a native of Maryland, whence in early manhood he migrated to Georgia and settled in Elbert county, where he farmed until he died. Mr. Johnson's father
was born in Elbert county in 1807, where he was raised on the farm. He was a Methodist minister, and died in Griffin, Ga., in 1849, a&ed forty-two years, after a ministerial service of more than twenty years. His mother was born in Savannah in 1810, and is still living (1894) at the advanced age of eighty-four years. Mr. Johnson's early boyhood was spent in Culloden; but when he was eight years old his father moved to Griffin, Spalding Co., Ga., where he was educated and grew
to manhood. At his death in 1849, n's father left nine children, the oldest of whom was only thirteen years old--our subject being the fourth child and only nine years old. When fourteen years of age Mr. Johnson entered the general merchandise

838

MEMOIRS OF GKORGIA.

store of Cherry & Bro., Griffin, as a clerk, and remained with them six years; commencing on a salary of $50 a year, and board, and, later, receiving $600, and privileges which brought him that much more. In August, 1860, he associated himself with E. P. Hill--their combined capital being about $5,000--to engage in the grocery business in Griffin. Purchasing a stock of groceries they run the busi ness prosperously until May, 1861, when Mr. Johnson, who was a member of the Griffin light guards, entered the Confederate service. The guards became Company B, Fifth Georgia regiment, and he served in it as a private for six months, when he was discharged on account of bad health. Not long after this he was detailed to service in the quartermaster's department, in which he served at
Pensacola and Mobile, Ala., and at Macon, Ga., until the close of the-war, acting as chief clerk of the post After the war Mr. Johnson, who (having made some fortunate investments) was about as well, if not better off, than when he entered the service, established himself in the banking and cotton business, which he conducted from 1866 to 1874. After farming two years he came to Atlanta--in 1877--and became connected with his brother, Mark W. Johnson, under the firm name of Mark W. Johnson & Co., in selling seeds and manufacturing and selling agricultural implements. In 1889 he sold his interest in this business and assisted in organizing the Atlanta National Building and Loan association, of which he was made general manager of agencies. He held this office two years
and then resigned. He is also a director in the National Railway Building and Loan association which he assisted in organizing in 1891. In 1890 Mr. Johnson was made vice-president and general manager of the Interstate Abstract company, Atlanta. He is also prominently connected with the National Mutual Relief asso ciation, of which he is a trustee and its treasurer. Mr. Johnson was married in November, 1865, to Miss Sarah E., daughter of James A. Beeks, Griffin, Ga., by whom he had six children, of whom five survive; Ella H., wife of J. A. Droege,
Savannah, Ga.; Mary B., wife of A. S. Hook, Atlanta; Joseph H., Jr., on the Atlanta "Journal" staff; Sarah E., and Fanny. Their mother was an exemplary
member of the Methodist church, and died in 1884. Mr. Johnson is a member of the I. O. O. F., a royal arch Mason, and a prominent and zealous member of
the Methodist church. Mr. Johnson had four brothers in the Confederate service during the war between the states: Marcus, now a seedsman merchant, Atlanta, quartermaster; Russell P., deceased, who was in the war but a short time, on account of ill health; Wilbur F., who at the age of seventeen was appointed a
lieutenant on the United States coast survey, resigned when Georgia passed the ordinance of secession, and enlisted and went to Virginia with the Macon, Ga., volunteers. Soon after he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Confederate navy, and assigned to duty at Pensacola, on the staff of Gen. Bragg, with the rank of captain of artillery. He was with Gen. Bragg at the battle of Corinth,
accompanied him through the Kentucky campaign, and, returning, was wounded at Knoxville. He was next made assistant chief of ordnance under Gen. Joseph
E. Johnston, and served with him until the latter part of 1864. At this time he was promoted to the rank of major and associated with Gen. Pillow (whose daughter he married) in Alabama in reorganizing stragglers, deserters, etc. After serving in this capacity several months he was assigned to the command of a battalion of troops in west Florida, where he was at the close of hostilities. He
died in 1879. Michael A., who was a cadet in the Georgia military institute, went into the service with his young comrades in 1864, and remained until the surrender.
He died in 1876.

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[)R. JOHN MILTON JOHNSON, now deceased, was a native of Kentucky, having been born in the "Blue Grass" state Jan. 15, 1812. His father was a
courteous Virginia gentleman, who fought with the spirit and fire that enthused American patriots in the revolutionary war, practiced medicine for a number of years and afterward, until death, devoted his labors to the cause of religion as a be loved Presbyterian divine. His mother was Jane Leeper, niece of Mr. Polk,
author of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. His brother, Gen. R. W. Johnson, belongs to the United States regular army. Dr. Johnson was taught by his father until prepared to enter college, then received a diploma from the Kentucky School of Medicine. He first located in Ramsey, Mecklenburg Co., during 1833 and there began active practice. In 1844 he removed to Fredonia, Ky. Remaining four years, he went to Marion, Ky., and in 1853 became a resi dent of southern Kentucky. From here, after three years' stay, he moved to Paducah, a small town in the same state, and came to Atlanta in 1862. His career as a practitioner and a learned student in the profession is far above the average and has been justly applauded. He was a member of the Georgia Medical asso
ciation and the Atlanta Academy of Medicine, acting as president of the latter in 1875. From 1868 to 1872 he held the chair of physiology and pathological anatomy in the Atlanta Medical college. During the civil war he served three years in the Confederate army, having charge of the hospital at Nashville, Tenn., and filled the position of surgeon to Gen. A. S. Johnson. After the fall of Fort Donelson he was field surgeon with Gen. Buckner's division and accompanied Patrick Cleburne in the campaign of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Later as medical director of Hardee's command he achieved new honors and commendation. Dr. Johnson did not confine his labors to the medical profession alone, but gave val uable service to the state of Kentucky as a pure-minded, conscientious and capable legislator. He represented his county in both houses of the state's general assembly, filling a seat in the senate chamber for four years consecutively. Dr.
Johnson was twice married, first in 1830, to Elizabeth Eaver of South Carolina, a lady of charming personality, who died in 1862. Subsequently, in 1864, he married Mrs. Mary Willis (nee Cobb) Envin, sister of Hcwell Cobb, of Georgia, who possesses the same mental qualities as her honored brother. Dr. Johnson died in 1887. He was a pioneer in Atlanta's medical circles. His Christian char acter was much admired, and his history is preserved as a precious legacy for future generations.

QOL. GEORGE HOYLE JONES, ex-principal keeper of the Georgia peni tentiary, was born on a farm in Gwinnett county, Ga., Oct. 23, 1833, and
remained there until twenty-one years of age, attending the "old field" schools.
He adopted farming as a profession and is still engaged in that occupation, though the farm has not his personal supervision. In March, 1862, he enlisted in Com
pany A, Forty-second Georgia regiment, but was soon transferred to the scouts, and in this capacity served under Gen. Braxton Bragg, Gen. Joe Johnston and Gen. Hood. Under Gen. Johnston he was made captain, and held that rank until the surrender. Capt. Jones figured conspicuously in the following battles: Walden's Ridge, Tenn.; Baton Rouge, La.; second battle of Murfreesboro,
Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Bethel church, Kennesaw mountain, Atlanta, Frankfort and Nashville, Tenn., and Bentonville, N. C. He was cap tured on several occasions, but each time effected an escape. On July 19, 1864, he suffered a severe, painful accident that caused the loss of an eye. It was the result of the explosion of a bomb-shell and occurred, near Atlanta. He returned to his farm in April. 1865, and there resided until 1870, when he was nominated

840

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and elected to the state legislature, serving two years. After the expiration of this term he again took up the labors of a planter, and was sent to the state senate during 1888, and while a member of the upper house served on several com mittees, among them the penitentiary and agricultural. In 1891 he was appointed principal keeper of the penitentiary. Col. Jones was married in 1857 to Anna H. Martin. By this wife he had four children: Willie Graham, R. H., F. T. and Clara, wife of Frank S. Howell, of Nebraska. Mrs. Jones died and for his second wife he married, in 1868, Miss Lollie L., sister of his first wife. To this marriage two children survive: G. L. and Mamie, wife of R. E. Skinner, of Milledgeville, Ga. Having the misfortune to lose his second wife he was married a third time, in 1877, to Miss Lula Trammell. Col. Jones is a member of the Norcross lodge of Gwinnett county, Ga., F. & A. M. and the I. O. O. F. He has always taken an active part in temperance work and organization, as did his father before him. Since 1869 he has been a steward in the Mt. Carmel Methodist church in Gwinnett county. Col. Jones' father was Thomas H. Jones, a native of Virginia, who came to Georgia during early manhood and died in 1876 at the advanced age of seventyseven years. He had five sons in the late war: George H.; Thomas Alien, a. pri vate in the Forty-second Georgia regiment, who died from exposure in 1866; Benjamin F., major in the last war and a member of the Third Georgia battalion, who served as division quartermaster in Bragg's division and now resides in Kansas City, president of the water works company located there; R. M., also of the Third Georgia battalion and sergeant of artillery, and Peter F., a member of the old Gate City guards, in which company he enlisted for one year of the war. Col. Jones' grandfather was Wylie Jones, born in Wales, who emigrated to America with his father, Alien Jones, in 1790, and settled in Virginia.

QAPT. W. R. JOYXER, chief of the Atlanta fire department, was bom in Cobb county, Ga., June 30, 1854, the son of R. \Y. and L. C. Joyner, his mother's
maiden name being Robertson. At the age of seven years he came to Atlanta in company with his parents and has since resided in that city. During the succeed ing five years he was a pupil in the public schools, but discontinued his studies in 1808 to take a position with W. F. Peck & Company, as retail clerk, and remained in their employ for eight years. Leaving this firm he traveled for W. H. Patterson & Company, a wholesale millinery establishment, for eighteen months, and on resigning this position entered the tailor shop of Jerry Lynch as salesman, and remained there two years. For a few months of 1878^79 he worked with C. W. Dninner & Company, a gents' furnishing goods house of Atlanta. In July, 1879, Capt. Joyner withdrew permanently from commercial life, and has held office in the city government continuously since. He was elected city marshal, and reelected for two terms, serving in all six years. In 1885 he was chosen chief of the fire department by the municipal council, and holds that position to-day. Two years before he had" been honored with this office, together with that of city marshal, but declined the former. In November, 1878, Capt Joyner was mar ried to Clio B., daughter of Dr. E. J. Setze. of Marietta, Ga. They have four children, as follows: Richard \V., Walthall R., Jr.. Harry S. and Ralph. Capt Joyner is a member of the Mystic Shrine, a Knight Templar Mason and is past sachem of the Tallulah Tribe No. 29, I. O. R. M. He also belongs to the Com mercial and Atlanta Driving clubs, and in both takes a zealous interest. Capt Joyner has cordially co-operated with the military since physically able to carry a gun. and from 1875 to 1878 acted as sergeant of the Atlanta cadets. Capt Joyner has made the Atlanta fire department what it is to-day; from a small vol unteer company he has gradually added mechanical apparatus, increased the

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number of stations and multiplied the first nucleus of members until it now ranks first among the similar organizations of the south. It is handsomely equipped with all the latest modern improvements, attached to harness, horses and engines. Capt. Joyner is regarded second to none in his efficient management and superior tactics of subduing and contending with the flames. His bravery is almost daily demonstrated. He is the idol of every member of the department, for his deeds of kindness and liberality toward them warrant their devotion. Under his regime the number of large and destntctive fires has diminished and the insurance com panies, as well as the general public, feel a satisfaction and security that proclaim
the truest attestation to his competency as a public official. With his little red wagon, drawn by a blooded steed, he is known to even- man, woman and child of Atlanta.

APT. JOHN M'lXTOSH KELL was born at Laurel Grove, Mclntosh Co., Ga., on the banks of the Altamaha river, in 1823, almost within sound of the
sea upon whose waves many years of his long, useful, and eventful life were to be passed. His great-great-grandfather, John Molir Mclntosh--or, as the Scotch write it, Mclntosh Mohr, the word "Mohr" meaning chief of a clan--came over
from Scotland to join Gen. Oglethorpe in 1735, bringing with him one hundred Highlanders and settling in that part of the coast country which still commemo
rates his name. These Highlanders sen-ed with great distinction in all the struggles with the Spaniards in those early days. At the attack of St Augustine. John Mclntosh was wounded, captured by the Spaniards, and carried in captivity to Spain, where he remained a number of years. Gen. Oglethorpe took his family under his immediate protection, appointed his eldest sons, William and Lachlan, cadets in the regiment under his own command. The blood of heroic sires could scarcely fail to produce men of military genius, and among the family names are to be found some that will adorn American history so long as we continue to honor brave deeds and hold patriotism as a sacred virtue. The father of Capt. John Mclntosh Kell was a lawyer of distinction, and was the junior partner of Gen. Anthony Wayne. He died at the comparatively early age of fort}', leaving
a widow and five young children. Taught at his noble mother's knee that life is
earnest and duty holy, the subject of this sketch soon took up his part in life, and became the stay and pride of his mother, thus foreshadowing the part he was to take in later years. Through the assistance of influential friends, he was
appointed a midshipman in the navy. At the age of sixteen he left the home of his childhood, and, as years went on, took his share in all the important events that illustrated his country at home and abroad. He served with distinction in the Mexican war. He was an officer in Commodore Perry's famous expedition to Japan, which opened to modern civilization that unknown and wonderful country. He volunteered for duty in the threatened trouble with Paraguay, but the intervention of Urquiza, president of the Argentine republic, prevented war.
Later, when in the zenith of his manhood, he sen-ed his own state and the Con federacy with all the devotion of his heart through the perils and disasters of the war between the states. In October, 1856. he married Miss Julia Blanche Munroc,
of Macon, Ga. A brief sen-ice at Norfolk and eighteen months at the Pensaco'.a navy yard constituted his only duties on shore. When the civil war began he was junior lieutenant at Pensacola. Upon the secession of Georgia from
the union he tendered his services to his native state, and was placed in command of the steamer "Savannah." for coast defense, where he remained till May l, 1861, when, acting under confidential orders, he proceeded to New Orleans and reported for duty to Capt. Raphael Semmes. The Confederate government

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842

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

had purchased a passenger steamer that had run between Xew Orleans and
Havana, and CapL Semmes, having been tendered the command, had just begun the rather difficult task--at that time--of. remodeling her and fitting her out as a war vessel. While the hull of the "Habana" was well built and she was quite fast, her upper works were too light, having been built for passenger
accommodation only. After some weeks of work, however, she was put into
shape for war purposes, and armed with one pivot 8-inch smooth-bore gun, and four thirty-two pounders (medium), in broadside. With this armament, and with a crew read}' to brave any danger, the "Sumter," as she was re-christened
in honor of the fort of that name, succeeded in running the blockade on June 30, 1861, in the face of the steam sloop-of-war, "Brooklyn," which chased her forty miles and nearly captured her. The winds and waves favored the daring little
craft, however, and with skillful management she made her way to the high seas, where she began her career to "prey upon the commerce of the enemy." The second day out she captured her first prize, the "Golden Rocket" This was the beginning of her brilliant record, for which history has not given her full honor, as she has been overshadowed by the marvelous career of the "Alabama," her famous successor. Capt Semmes' able and delightful book, Service Afloat, gives in detail the cruise of the "Alabama." Capt Kell was executive officer of both vessels, for which position Admiral Semmes says he applied for him, because, having known him as a youth, he discovered that he "had in him the making of a man," and knew that he would discharge this trust with fidelity and ability. His daring career is recorded in the history of his country. After the loss of the "Alabama" he returned to the Confederacy, and was appointed to the command of the iron-clad, "Richmond." At the close of the war, worn with service and saddened by defeat, he quietly withdrew to a lonely country
home, with no legacy but the-consciousness of duty well performed, and with no light save the star of love shining at his fireside, to begin life anew amid the desolation of his native state. The coast, almost deserted by his kindred,
had little charm for him; so amid the red clay hills of middle Georgia he found a refuge and a home, and reared manly sons and winsome daughters--"the world forgetting, by the world forgot"; until he was called by Gov. Gordon to be his chief of staff and adjutant-general of the state. He has since found congenial work, and a reward for past service and disappointments in the love and respect of
his fellow-countrymen.

f)R. WILLIAM S. KENDRICK, the subject of this sketch, has been for several
years the proctor of the Atlanta Medical college. By reason of his conspicuous
talents he is recognized as one of the leading exponents of the medical profession in the south. Dr. Kendrick was born on a plantation in Chattooga county, Ga.,
near the Alabama state line. He grew up among the furrows, so to speak, and his
early life was that of the ordinary country youth, diversified only by such pastimes as fishing, hunting, and other innocent amusements of the plantation.
He attended an old-field school, taught by Rev. F. C. Crawford, and later, by Prof. Dunlap Scott In 1858, under the principalship of Prof. Scott, the school was
transformed into a village academy, and became a local institution of rare merit
In 1862, young Kendrick enlisted as private in Company B, Ninth Georgia infantry. Although an immature stripling, he was full of the martial spirit and bent on shouldering his musket He was at once made orderly of the regiment, and
assisted in keeping the books and records. He did other valuable work and
served in this capacity with marked devotion throughout the entire war. He was in the battles of Gettysburg, Spottsylvania, the Wilderness, Petersburg, and quite a

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843

number of minor engagements. He was stationed at Petersburg for nearly six
months. Though never wounded, the young soldier had many narrow escapes. He was at home on a furlough at the time of Gen. Lee's surrender. For two years subsequent to the war young Kendrick managed his father's plantation and taught
school. He became the principal of the institute he had previously attended, and
for more than five years taught the young of that immediate section of the country. He commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Robert Battey, of Rome, Ga., and subsequently attended the Jefferson Medical college, at Philadelphia,
for one year. Dr. Battey, having accepted a professorship in the Atlanta Medical
college, the young student left the Philadelphia institution and came to Atlanta, graduating from the medical college, in which his patron was an honored preceptor,
in 1874. Dr. Kendrick commenced the practice of his profession in Atlanta, and,
after a successful experience of three years, he decided to prosecute his medical and scientific studies still further by attending the best institutions of London, Paris and Edinburg. He sailed for Europe accordingly, and entered upon the
laborious study of his profession, under the leading scientists of the old world. On account of the diligence and fervor of his application he impaired his eyesight,
and was forced to return to America. He remained for two or three years at his old home in Chattooga county, after which he spent three months in Bellevue
hospital, New York city, thus further perfecting himself for the practice of his profession. In the fall of 1877 ne came to Atlanta, and has since continued to practice medicine in that city. Dr. Kendrick is a member of the State Medical
association, and is recognized as one of the ablest men in that body. He is also a member of the Atlanta Medical society, having served as the executive head of this organization. Dr. Kendrick has several times been a delegate from Georgia to the American Medical association, and has always taken a prominent part in the
deliberations of the convention. As the proctor of the Atlanta Medical college,
Dr. Kendrick has entire charge of the finances of that institution. He is a con sistent member of the Central Presbyterian church, and is a man of deep religious
convictions, believing that no life is complete or well rounded that is not modeled
after the pattern of the Great Physician. Dr. Kendrick was united in marriage in
1877 to Miss Lula, daughter of Maj. W. L. Groves, who served as the gallant major of the Thirty-ninth Georgia regiment during the war. The father of Dr.
Kendrick was a plain, but successful farmer, possessing a strong mind and character. He believed in the simple maxims of truth and honesty, -and these he
constantly held up before the minds of his children. He was a native of York district, in South Carolina, and died in 1876, at the age of sixty-nine years. The
maiden name of Dr. Kendrick's mother was Martha Scott. She had nine children --four sons and five daughters. The only death in her family for nearly fifty years
was that of her husband. Dr. Kendrick has been the proctor of the Atlanta Medical college since 1887. During his administration the record of attendance has steadily
increased, and the institution has enjoyed great prosperity. No physician in
Atlanta has a stronger personal following than Dr. Kendrick. His talents, his
dignified bearing and his genial affability have made him not only a leading
and successful practitioner, but one of the chief ornaments of his profession.

J-I I. KIMBALL was a potent factor in Atlanta's prosperity. Much of his life * was devoted to her upbuilding and welfare. He was the son of a poor
carriage maker, and was reared to follow the same trade. He was born in Oxford county, Me., in 1832, and died April 28, 1895. Becoming dissatisfied with the narrow scope of opportunity in his native town, he left home at the age of nine teen years and went to New Haven, Conn., where a better position was offered in a

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

large carriage manufactory. He labored unceasingly, and soon was made manager of one of the most extensive factories in Xew England. But, although per forming his allotted tasks perfectly, nature had prepared him for higher things, and determined that he should rise to positions that would allow executive ability and open for the world's betterment the gates of his great, noble heart. He lived in Boston for a short while, and then was called to Chicago, in 1866, to accept a responsible position with George Pullman. Being assigned the duty of building street car lines in the southern cities, he made an extended tour through the south, visiting Atlanta among other places. He was fascinated with the thrift and enterprise here visible, and predicted a brilliant future for this section and city. He assumed the management of the southern branch of the Pullman Car company, located in Atlanta, and for the next twenty years we see evidences of his labor in behalf of progress. It was largely through his instrumentality that the state capital was removed to Atlanta; that the opera house was erected, and the union depot became a reality. He decided the wholesale section of the city by having the railroad tracks laid in their present positions at the rear of Alabama street, and encouraged the building of many additional railroads. At one time he was president of nine distinct companies. His activity secured the state bonds that enabled the Brunswick & Macon railroad to be built. In the Chicago fire of 1871 he suffered severe loss that "threw a damper" over his spirit for almost two years. Adversity greatly affects an ambitious man. Air. Kimball always believed that the south was the best locality for the manufacture of cotton, and stren uously urged the erection and operation of the Atlanta cotton mills. He also organized the Peters Park Investment company, and capitalized it at $200,000, and raised the Kimball house twice to completion. Mr. Kimball was a popular man, and having once formed a purpose, its consummation was inevitable. He was persevering, industrious, with personal judgment, coolness of decision and the courage of his convictions. He was a Methodist by faith, and a republican by political principle. He married the daughter of Mr. George Cook, of Boston, and left as his successors his wife and three children: Laura, the wife of Mr. Covall, of Boston; Mae, a charming young woman, and Hannibal I. Kimball, a rising young business man of Chicago.

ALEXANDER CAMPBELL KIXG, one of the leading members of the Georgia bar, and one of the most successful practitioners in the state, is a
native of Charleston, S. C. and was born in that aristocratic' old southern city
on Dec. 7. 1856. From Charleston the subject of this sketch moved with his parents to Greenville, S. C. in 1862. Here he remained for six years, attending the primary schools and gaining the rudiments of an education on which he has since built the superstructure of his life's work. In 1868 he left the palmetto
state in company with his parents and sought a home in Georgia, settling at Savannah, a city that resembled in many of its characteristics the city of his birth. In 1872 he went to Marietta, and two years later he came to Atlanta. Here his migrations ended. Since coming to Atlanta Mr. King has identified himself to such an extent with her busy life that he is looked upon as a typical Atlanta citizen. Leaving school at the age of fifteen the subject of this sketch
though possessed of an ardent thirst for learning, was denied the privilege of a college education. He made the best of his opportunities, however, and after beginning the skirmish of life he devoted himself to his books, at such intervals as
he could spare, with remarkable zeal and assiduity. He was determined, if pos sible, to supply by self-culture the deficiencies of a collegiate education; and the success to which he has carried this resolution is emphasized by the fact that

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

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no member of the Atlanta bar is more widely read or possesses a broader range of general information. In February, 1874, Mr. King began the study of law with Col. George T. Fry (now of Chattanooga, Tenn.), one of the leading mem bers of the Atlanta bar at that time. The young law student was admitted to the
bar on April 9, 1875, entering at once into a legal partnership with Col. Fry. This, however, was dissolved in December, 1877, Mr. King continuing the practice alone until 1882, when he became a member of the firm of Van Epps, Calhoun & King. This partnership lasted until 1885, when the legal combination of King & Spalding was formed, the younger member of the firm being Mr. Jack J. Spalding.
In January, 1887, the name of Patrick Calhoun was placed at the head of the firm, and for several years it was known as Calhoun, King & Spalding. The recent retirement of Mr. Calhoun from the firm gives it the original style of King & Spalding. Mr. King was chosen a delegate to the gubernatorial convention that nominated Gen. John B. Gordon for chief executive of the state in 1886. With this exception he has never occupied nor sought political position, and
has merely discharged the duties of a quiet citizen, maintaining a deep interest in political affairs, but entirely without selfish or personal ambition. Though a loyal democrat and pronounced in his views on all party questions, he has never taken the stump, preferring to discuss issues quietly and to use his influ ence in behalf of his principles or his friends without parade or ostentation. From 1888 to 1892 the firm of Calhoun, King & Spalding represented the terminal combination of railroads in the southern territory, embracing, at that time, the entire Richmond and Danville and Central systems. At the same time they were employed as general counsel for the Atlanta & West Point railroad and the Queen & Crescent system in Georgia, besides doing, a large general practice. The firm of King & Spalding is one of the best in Atlanta, and nearly all the
important cases tried before the courts of that city are represented, on one side or the other, by these enterprising attorneys. Mr. King argued alone in the supreme court of Georgia the case of Angier vs. the East Tennessee, Virginia
& Georgia railroad, securing a reversal of the decision of the court below, and in the report of the case (Seventy-fourth Georgia, page 642) Justice Jackson, in concluding his opinion paid Mr. King the following high compliment: "I desire
to express my obligations to Mr. King of counsel for the plaintiff in error, for the able and exhaustive argument and very complete brief he made in this cause." Mr. King was married on July 13, 1881, to Miss Alice M., a daughter of Mr. N. R. Fowler, of Atlanta. The success of Mr. King has not been restricted to his professional aspirations. He has demonstrated his ability in various directions. From 1881 to 1888 he served as a director of the Youn# Men's Library association, and took an active part in the promotion and upbuild ing of that institution. For a number of years Mr. King was the chairman of the library committee, and in this office had charge of the library and its extension. He is one of the charter members of the Georgia Bar association, and was
during the preceding year chairman of the executive committee. Before this body Mr. King has read- a number of papers, among which may be mentioned: "A Sketch of the History of Land Titles in Georgia," read in Atlanta in August, 1885, and "Reform of Pleadings in Georgia," read in July, 1894, at Rome, Ga. Both of these essays, by distinctly pointing out the defects in the law, have resulted
in various important modifications by the state legislature. No two papers ever read before the association produced a greater impression or resulted in such per
manent good. Mr. King is a man of social inclinations, and is fond of the compan ionship and association of his friends. Though fond of reading and research,
possessing a broad range of the best literature, as well as the current topics of the

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

day, he takes a special delight in conversation, and is always ready for a social chat. He is one of the original members of the Capital City club and the Atlanta
Driving club. As a lawyer, a man and a citizen, Mr. King has always commanded the respect and confidence of the community. Mr. King's father, Mr. J. Gadsden
King, is still living. He is a native of South Carolina, but for a number of years
has been a resident of Atlanta. Mr. King's grandfather, Mitchell King, was a native of Scotland, and emigrated to South Carolina in early manhood just after the war of 1812. He settled in Charleston, S. C., and immediately began the
practice of law. It will be observed that the legal profession in its successful practice, as well as in a theoretical knowledge of the law, has come to the subject
of this sketch by inheritance. Mr. King is still a comparatively young man. In the enjoyment of vigorous health, he has many years of activity before him,
and will no doubt continue to illustrate for years to come both the genius and culture of the Georgia bar.

P)R. JAMES JERROLD KXOTT was born in Henry county, Ga., June 16, 1839. In 1844 he moved with his parents to Griffin, Ga., where he received his pri
mary education, and resided until 1858. In 1851 he entered his father's drug
store in Griffin, and later commenced the stud}' of medicine under his father, Dr.
Edward F. Knott. In 1858 he came to Atlanta and entered the Atlanta Medical college, from which he was graduated in the spring of 1859. He then returned to
Griffin and practiced his profession for one year, after which he went to Paris,
France, where hejremained until the fall of 1860, visiting the hospitals of that cit\.
Returning to Griffin, he again resumed the practice of medicine. In the winter of
1860-61 he delivered a course of lectures on anatomy and clinical surgery at the
Georgia Medical college, at Griffin. In the spring of 1861 he applied for a position in the medical department of the Confederate army. Having failed in this, he enlisted as a private in an independent company which had been organized at
Atlanta, and was sent to Pensacola. At the latter place the company was assigned
to the First Georgia and Mississippi regiment, in which he served until October. 1861. After his discharge from the Confederate sen-ice he reported for duty to Gov. Joseph E. Brown, near Savannah, Ga., who assigned him to the Fourth
Georgia regiment (state troops), as assistant surgeon, in which rank he served six months, at the expiration of which he received a commission from the secretary
of war, as assistant surgeon in the Confederate army. He was immediately as
signed to the camp of instruction at Griffin, Ga., where he remained a month, and then went to Virginia, as assistant surgeon in the Fifty-third Georgia regiment, and served until the seven days' fight around Richmond, when he was made sur geon in charge, although still remaining assistant surgeon in rank. He was in the
Sharpsburg campaign, and was left in charge of the wounded after that memorable
battle, where he remained until November, 1862, and then rejoined his command at Culpeper Court House, Va. He continued with his command until just
previous to the battle of Fredericksburg, when he was placed in charge of the smallpox hospital of Gen. Lee's army, at Fredericksburg. He remained there until the battle of ChancellorsvilJe commenced, when he rejoined his command as
assistant surgeon in charge, and remained with it until the battle of Petersburg.
Va.. when he was commissioned as surgeon, and continued with the regiment until January. 1865. at which time he returned to his home on sick leave. After a month's rest he started to return to his regiment, but was taken sick at Augusta
and placed in a hospital. On his recovery, he went on duty there in charge of the officers' ward, and was there when Gen. Lee surrendered. He returned to Griffin and again entered upon the practice of his profession, pursuing it until the fall of

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847

1866, when he settled in Atlanta, where he has continued to engage actively in the practice of medicine and surgery. During the yellow fever epidemic in Chatta
nooga, Tenn., he volunteered his services, did magnificent work, and contracted the disease himself. Dr. Knott was first married, in 1868, to Fannie E. Ho\ve, by
whom he had four children, living: Edward L., Mary Eudora, wife of H. C. McCool, Atlanta: Frances A. and James P. In 1883 Dr. Knott was married a
second time, to Nellie J. McCool. They have one girl, Eugenia- In 1893 he made a trip of observation of two weeks' duration to Brunswick and Jesup, Ga., during the yellow fever epidemic at those places. Dr. Knott's father was Edward F.
Knott, who was born in Caswell county, N. C., and came to Georgia in his early
manhood. He attended a course of lectures at Lexington, Ky., and in 1859 he was graduated from the Augusta Medical college. He practiced medicine chiefly at
Griffin, and died in 18/8. At the age of eighteen he lost a leg, and was thereby incapacitated from active service in the army; but he was engaged in the hospital service during the war. Back in the 40*5 he was a candidate for the legislature from Henry county, Ga., and was beaten by one vote. He married Mary A. F. Crenshaw, and by her had nine children, of whom five survive and reside in this state: Dr. James Jerrold Knott, John S. Knott, of Spalding county, Ga.; Dr. David F. Knott, of Carrollton: Louisa, widow of H. Johnson, of Brooks Station, and Edmund F. Knott, of Pike county, Ga. The mother of Dr. James Jerrold Knott died in 1888. His grandfather was James \V. Knott, who was born in England, and came to America in his early manhood, with his brother; located first in Granville county, N. C., and came to Salem, Clarke Co., Ga., about 1830, and later to McDonough, Henry Co.. Ga., where he spent most of his life. He died within ten miles of that place, in 1865.

JWIR. CLARENCE KXOWLES. Perhaps no man in Georgia is more thor oughly identified with the insurance business in this state than Mr. Clarence
Knowles. Mr. Knowles was born in Pensacola, Fla., in December, 1853. He
resided in that state until the beginning of the late war, at which time he moved with his parents to Columbus, Ga., being then about eight years old. He received his early training from the schools of that city, but as soon as the war closed he returned to Pensacola, where his education was completed. In 1870, though still a mere youth, he decided to try his luck in New York, and accordingly embarked in the metropolitan life of that city. He secured a good position with one of the best insurance companies of New York, and soon developed in usefulness to such a marked extent that his employers could very easily foreshadow his success in the insurance field. Having acquired a thorough knowledge of the business, and made the acquaintance of all the leading insurance men of the country, Mr. Knowles decided that a wider field of success awaited him in the south, and, returning to this section, he located in Columbia, S. C. He shortly afterward came to Atlanta, acting at that time in the capacity of a general adjuster. His first
impressions of Atlanta were so favorable that he decided to cast his lot in that city. He found it the home of industrious and enterprising business men, whose pro gressive spirit prophesied for it a commanding place among the cities of the south. Hi? friendships rapidly increased, and he soon realized that he was building up a large and remunerative business in that city. At the present time Mr. Knowles is the southern agent for quite a number of fire insurance companies, and he has the reputation of conducting one of the largest and most successful agencies in Georgia. Mr. Knowles is a member of the Protestant Episcopal church, and is also a Knight Templar and a Shriner. Mr. Knowles was united in marriage, in 1882, to Miss Fannie Judah, daughter of Mr. William H. Judah, of Pensacola,

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
Fla., now deceased. They have only two children, Constance and Clarence, Jr. Devoted to his little household, Mr. Knowles spends much of his time in the enjoyment of his home fireside. He delights in entertaining his friends, and never appears to be so happy as when they avail themselves of his generous hospitality. Belonging to one of the best families of the south, the social and personal char acteristics of Mr. Knowles are peculiar to this section. Xo man in Atlanta possesses a larger or more loyal retinue of friends, and no one is more willing to serve them than Mr. Knowles. Few readers of southern literature are more familiar with the best publications of southern authors, or include a greater number of them among their warm personal friends. He has frequently enter tained at his home that gifted southern writer, Mr. Thomas Xelson Page, and is a very enthusiastic admirer of his books. Mr. Knowles has never courted political influence, and has always been careful to avoid the scramble for office. He is a close observer, however, and is always ready to discuss public questions in a conversational way. His views are maturely formed and always fearlessly ex pressed. Recently Mr. Knowles was drawn as a member of the United States grand jury. Judge Newman, recognizing his ability, designated him as the foreman of that body, and a careful review of the record will show that a more thorough or faithful officer never discharged the duties of that responsible position. In both his public and private life Mr. Knowles has always exemplified the qualities of a true man and a good citizen.
A XTOX L. KOXTZ, Atlanta, Ga., was born in the city just after the city itself was born, his parents having come here in 1848, a short time previous to his
birth. They settled on Marietta street, nearly opposite where the United States custom house now stands, and the spot where he first saw the light of day ever since has been his home. His father owned a small farm near the city on which young Atiton was an enthusiastic helper; the then "plow-boy" has since developed into one of the ablest financiers, and one of the most popular, influential and progressive of Atlanta's progressive citizens. His early education was obtaine-J in Atlanta, which, even then, could claim to have as good schools as any in the state. After the war he made the acquaintance of Alexander H. Stephens, who at once became deeply interested in him, and in 1871 induced him to go to Baltimore and enter Richard Malcolm Johnston's school for boys. He attended that school three years, then returned to Atlanta and engaged as a clerk in a leading tobacco store. In less than a year afterward he secured a position is conductor with the Pullman Sleeping Car company. After serving as such four years he was made assistant agent in the Atlanta office, then agent, and in 1879 lie was promoted to the superintendency of the Atlanta district, which comprised at that time almost the entire south, and was the highest position in their gift in this section. He held this position twelve years, and then, in 1891, resigned to accept the administratorship of several large estates and give closer attention to his own increasing capitalistic interests. He was regarded by Mr. Pullman as one of the very best of his able staff of officers; and had he not loved Atlanta so well, he might have gone higher, and held more responsible positions elsewhere. As evidence of his superior financial ability, as well as his conscientious fidelity to trusts confided, one instance may be cited: One estate he took charge of con servative business men valued at $65,000. In less than two years he wound it up and paid over to the three legatees $55,000 each, total $165,000, earning almost interest enough to pay the entire expense of administration. Although he had always been regarded as a man of sound business judgment and financial ability, his wonderful success in the management of this and other large estates, and

A. I.. KOXT/..

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

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of his own affairs, brought him into greater prominence, so that to-day Mr. Kontz is considered one of the soundest and safest of Atlanta's business men. Owing to his extreme modesty he has persistently refused public office, for which his peculiar abilities have often caused him to be suggested. When the Commercial
Travelers' Savings bank was organized Mr. Kontz, believing that the city needed such an institution, accepted the cashiership and active management, which he held for eighteen months, until it had been firmly established. Mr. Kontz is and has for some years been a director of the Southern Banking and Trust company. At present he is the treasurer of the Cotton States and International exposition, which is at present being held in Atlanta. In 1888 he was elected a member of the city general council, defeating his opponent, himself a prominent and popular citizen, by 1,900 majority, which was the largest majority given any candidate for city office at that election. He was made chairman of the committee on parks, and took great interest in the improvement of Grant park; was a member of the finance committee; and was one of the board of water commissioners, and chairman of the water works committee, when the preparations were begun for the city's splendid new water supply. The same year he was elected a member of 'the council he was elected a member of the city board of education, and is still a member, and chairman of the committee on teachers and examinations. He takes great interest in the public schools; and of all the positions Mr. Kontz has held, he prizes that of being member of Atlanta's board of education most highly. Although not a politician he takes great interest in politics; and when Alexander H. Stephens was nominated for governor in 1881, he and a few other friends organized the Stephens club, and so enthusiastic and efficient was its campaign that Fulton county gave Mr. Stephens a larger majority than any other county in the state. This club is still in existence as the Young Men's Democratic league, and is the strongest political organization in the county. Mr. Stephens' admira tion and friendship were such--for it increased from the time he first knew him as a boy--that when he was elected he wanted to give him a public office--an honor which Mr. Kontz declined. Poverty and distress arouse his profoundest sympathy. All organized charities find in him a cheerful and generous supporter and co-laborer. He is a member of the f. O. O. F. and Encampment, has held all the chairs, and is now grand warden of the grand lodge of Georgia. He affiliates with the Presbyterian church.

ERNEST C. KONTZ, lawyer, Atlanta, Ga., was raised in Atlanta and received his primary education in the public schools. He was afterward employed
for two years in the large wholesale house of John Silvey & Co., where he received valuable business training. In 1880 he began a four years' course at Neel's Kirkwood Military academy, where under the strict discipline of a graduate of the United States Military academy he was prepared for college, entering the univer sity of Georgia in the fall of 1884; here he was anniversarian of the Phi Kappa Literary society, by election of its membership, 1887; was president of his class 1887; and was public speaker in both his junior and senior years, as the reward of his scholarship. He graduated from the literary department 1887. In 1888 he took a course of law lectures under Prof. John B. Minor at the university of Virginia. In 1889 he graduated from the law department of the university of Georgia. Within a few months after his admission to the bar, which occurred in 1889, he was appointed sole counsel for Pullman's Palace Car company for Georgia and South Carolina. In 1890 he was, without more than the expression of a willingness to serve, elected over a strong opponent recorder of the city of Atlanta. As recorder he tried about 12,000 cases; of these only eleven were 1-54

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

appealed; none was ever reversed, and in one particularly hard fought case involv ing large property rights, which was twice carried to the supreme court, he was both times sustained. He has a large law clientage, and takes an active interest in all movements for the moral and intellectual advancement of the community; is a member of the board of directors for the Young Men's Library association, one of the foremost libraries of the south; a director of the Young Men's Chris tian association, and is the superintendent of one of the largest and most flourish ing mission Sunday schools about the city, as an adjunct to which is run a large free day school. His parents were both Germans and Judge Kontz highly honors tlie sturdy people of his ancestry, but himself born in this country and having a large acquaintance throughout the state and having traveled quite extensively throughout the various sections, has broad views of our country. In a literaryaddress delivered by him on the subject "Georgia" he said: "Oh, proud Georgia!
Mother of soldiers, scholars, statesmen, grand men and noble women, seated on your everlasting hills clothed in the rich drapery of forest and of plain; decked
in your rich rude jewels, and with lap well filled with amaranth of immortality, sheaves and choicest gifts for your children; in one hand cities, the other out stretched in benevolent deeds and ever ready for the protection of your people;
your feet resting at the sea, "mid orange blossoms, emblems of your worth; your tresses bound with mountain laurel, fit emblem of your virtue and your glorious achievements; palms strew your pathway: with your sisters go on in your majesty \vhile the nations wondering watch your sure and steady march to new victories and to greater glory." These sentiments illustrate his love both of state and of the indissoluble union. He is careful, thorough, scholarly, is himself his severest critic, and has the promise of a successful career.

CR LAWSHE, retired jeweler and optician, Atlanta, Ga., son of John and Mary Lawshe, was born in Union county, Pa.. March 27, 1824. His grandfather.
John Lawshe, was a citizen of New Jersey, and was a commissary in the army during the war of 1812. His father, also named John, was born in New Jersey, and died in Pennsylvania in 1845, aged 61 years. Mr. Lawshe was raised on the farm, and the only education he received was four terms of schooling of three months each. In 1828, when he was four years old, his parents moved to Louisburg, Union Co., Pa., where he lived until 1848, when he left home to build up his fortune in the south. He traveled by wagon from his home to Pittsburg, thence by boat down the river to Xew Orleans, coming from there to Bibb county, Ga., where his brother, William C. Lawshe, had been living some years. He remained there six months, and then came to Atlanta, where he located Aug. 16, 1848. Atlanta has been his home ever since. The first thing he did was to make some window sash, he having learned the cabinet-makers' trade in Pennsylvania. The following December he went to work for a jeweler, and made himself master of that trade. A year later, the latter part of 1850, himself and Riley Baker formed a partnership--Baker having $31.75 in stock, and himself $7.25 in cash. A year later Mr. Lawshe bought out his partner and continued in the business until 1884, being compelled to retire from active business life, on account of three years of sickness, from which he has fully recovered, and is now in the enjoyment of robust health, full of the vim and vigor which characterized his early manhood. With erect form, elastic step, and a bright eye twinkling with humor, he walks Atlanta's streets now as aforetime. During the early stages of the civil war he was in the state's service, and, later, in that of the Confederate States; on account of disability he was assigned to gathering supplies for the hospitals. He remained in Atlanta until the first shell was thrown into the city, when he was ordered to

JOHN R. LKVVIS.

FULTON COUNTY SKKTCHES.

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Augusta, Ga., to attend to the above duties. . Mr. Lawshe organized the first lodge
of Odd Fellows in Atlanta, in 1849; was noble grand four terms, and represented his lodge in the grand lodge three times, of which he has been grand senior
warden. He is now an Ancient Odd Fellow. He is also a member of the Im proved Order of Red Men. In 1851 Mr. Lawshe was made a Mason, and he has been exalted to the royal arch degree. In 1852 he united with the Methodist
church, of which he has been a liberal, consistent and working member ever since.
The church was then known as Wesley chapel, but is now known as the First M. E. church, south. He was chairman of the building committee which had in
charge the erection of the present spacious and imposing edifice; is chairman of
the board of trustees, and a member of the board of stewards. Mr. Lawshe was
married Aug. 8, 1854, to Miss Sallie W., daughter of Willis Peck, who, with his wife, was a native of North Carolina. This union was blessed with five children : John Z., prominent physician, Atlanta, rapidly rising to professional distinction; William P., died in 1892; Anne E., wife of Eugene Hardeman, Atlanta; Mar garet M., and Er, Jr. The estimable wife and mother--a lifetime consecrated and
zealous member of the Methodist church, died Nov. 9, 1894.

THOMAS JAMES LEFTWICH, lawyer, Atlanta, Ga., son of Rev. James Turner Leftwich, was born in Alexandria, Va., in 1861. His father was a
native of Virginia, and is a retired Presbyterian clergyman. He was a chaplain in
the Confederate service; and, in response to a call, came to Atlanta in 1868,
assuming the pastorate of the Central Presbyterian church. Later, he accepted a call to the First Presbyterian church in Baltimore, and removed to that city. He
is not now doing any stated work. Mr Leftwich was seven years old when his father came to Atlanta, where he received his boyhood schooling, including a
course at Neal's Military school at Edgewood, a delightful suburb of the city.
Later, he attended the Bingham academy, at Mebaneville, N. C., where he was prepared for college. He then entered Johns Hopkins university, Baltimore, where he took a special course, including law, graduating in 1880; immediately
after which he was admitted to the bar, at Annapolis, Md. Locating in Minne
apolis, Minn., he entered vigorously upon the practice of his profession, in which he was very successful, achieving many notable triumphs, established a fine repu
tation, and secured a good clientage. Believing that Atlanta would become the great city of the south, with a great future before her, he determined to remove to
the city; so, in 1890, he came to Atlanta. He has been singularly successful from the start, both in management of his cases and securing an influential clientage. In May, 1893, ne became associated with Capt Harry Jackson in the practice, a
partnership which still continues. Mr. Leftwich has an exalted conception of
his profession, conforms to its time-honored customs, and is scrupulously exact in his transactions with his clients and the profession. Enthusiastically devoted to the law, and of unquestioned ability, he has a brilliant future before him. He
possesses a delightful, magnetic personality, is a fluent and instructive conver sationalist, a fine writer and impressive speaker--in all things a perfect gentleman.
Mr. Leftwich was happily married in Bedford county, Va., in 1883, to Miss Camilla
S. Price, a member of a distinguished old family of Virginia. He is a member of the Presbyterian church.

QEN. JOHN RANDOLPH LEWIS, secretary Cotton States and International exposition, was born in Erie county, Pa., Sept 22, 1834, where he received his
education and lived until he was sixteen years old. Leaving there in 1851, he
went to Buffalo, N. Y., where he studied and practiced dentistry until 1856. That

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

\ear he went to Philadelphia, Pa., and graduated at the Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery, and then went to Burlington, Vt, where he practiced his pro fession, entered the university of Vermont, located there, and in 1860, graduated from the medical department He, however, did not engage in the practice. In
April, 1861, he volunteered in the Union service, and May 2 was mustered in assergeant of Company H, First Vermont regiment After three months' service he was discharged, but immediately re-enlisted, and on Sept 16, 1861, wa* mustered into the service as captain of Company I, Fifth Vermont regiment On July 16, 1862, he was made major of the Fifth Vermont regiment, and on October 6, following, was promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy of the regiment On May 5, 1864, he lost his left arm in the battle of the Wilderness; June 5, following, wa* made colonel of the regiment, and mustered out as such Sept. n, 1864. On Sept_ 8, he was made colonel of the First regiment, Veteran Reserve Corps. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for gallant services in-
the battle of the Wilderness, and on March 31,1867, was honorably mustered out of the volunteer ranks. He was made a major of the Forty-fourth United States infantry Jan. 22, 1867, and was retired April 28, 1870, with the rank of colonel. On March 2, 1867, he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel in the regular army--the first for "gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of White Oak Swamp, Va.," and the second rank (colonel) "for gallant conduct at the Wilder ness." Gen. Lewis participated in the following battles: Gelding's Farm, Savage Station, White Oak Swamp, Va. (where he was wounded in the leg), Second Bull Run (Manassas), Fredericksburg (first and second battles), Salem Church, Burkittsville, Sharpsburg, Gettysburg, and Wilderness, where he lost his arm. After the war Gen. Lewis was placed in command of the post at Elmira, N. Y., where he paroled about 5,000 prisoners of war; and in the fall of 1866, he was ordered south and assigned to duty as inspector-general on the staff of Gen. Clinton BFisk, at Nashville, Tenn. Six months afterward Gen. Fisk was mustered out of service, and Gen. Lewis was assigned to his position as assistant commander "Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands." He served here until January, 1867, when he was ordered to Georgia, and assigned to duty as inspectorgeneral on the staff of Gen. C. C. Sibley, at Savannah, Macon and Atlanta. In1868 Gen. Sibley was retired, and Gen. Lewis was appointed to his position asassistant commander of same bureau, as at Nashville, in which he remained until April 28, 1870, when he was retired. The succeeding fall he .was appointed by Gov. R. B. Bullock, and confirmed by the senate, as state school commissioner,, and organized the present admirable school system of Georgia. After serving eighteen months, he resigned and went to Des Moincs, Iowa, where he engaged in business with Gen. L. A. Grant, late assistant secretary of war. He remained in Des Moines until 1876, when he went to Buffalo, N. Y., and lived there until 1880, when he returned to Atlanta, and rendered valuable service in behalf of the International Cotton exposition in 1881. In 1883 he established a wholesale and retail rubber goods business in Atlanta, which soon assumed great proportionsand became very profitable. Having been appointed postmaster of Atlanta by President Harrison, Aug. i, 1889, he disposed of his interest in the rubber goodsbusiness, and devoted his time and superior abilities to the duties of the office. During his incumbency important and valuable improvements were made, cal culated to facilitate the transaction of business inside and outside: and duringhis administration the aggregate business of the office increased from $136,000 to1*207,000 per annum. Dec. i, 1893, Gen. Lewis was succeeded by Dr. Amos Fox, democrat In April, 1894, he was made secretary of the Cotton States and Inter national exposition, to be held in Atlanta in the fall of 1895. Gen. Lewis is a

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member of the G. A. R., of which he has been junior vice grand commander-in-chief, and commander of the department of Georgia. He also belongs to the Loyal Legion--his membership being in the Ohio commandery. He is also* president of the Summit Land company, Atlanta, which owns a very desirable tract of 600 acres of land about ten miles northeast of Atlanta, of sufficient elevation to command a view of the city. Gen. Lewis was married Aug. 17, 1856, to Miss Frances H., daughter of F. M. Mattice, of Buffalo, N. Y., and to them two children liave been born: Fred W., now in the United States Military academy at West Point, and Harold B., at home. He is a member of the First Church of Christ, Scientists.
)ANIEL HOWARD LiyERMORE, vice-president of the State Savings bank of Atlanta, Ga., and president of the Bank of Calhoun, Ga., was born in Sanger-
field. N. Y., in 1868. In this little town he was reared, received a primary in struction, and a liberal education, and graduated in Waterville, N. Y., in 1889. From here he went to the Rochester (N. Y.) Business university, and was grad uated from this thorough institution in 1891, and soon after, with a desire to test his efforts away from home and assume a personal responsibility over his growing ambition, he migrated to Georgia, locating in Calhoun, a small town in the northern portion of the state. Here he organized the Bank of Calhoun and was at once elected president. While still holding a controlling interest and the highest title in the bank, he removed to Atlanta in October, 1894, and was chosen vice-president of the State Savings bank, in which he had bought a large block of shares. In 1891 Mr. Livermore was tmited in marriage to Helen, daughter of A. J. Hale, of Waterville, N. Y. They have one child, Howard Jerome Livermore, a bright, happy-hearted little fellow. Mr. Livermore is a member of the Presbyterian church, and aids religious endeavor with an unstinted liberality. His father was Daniel Livermore, born in the state of New York, and a veteran captain of the late war. His mother was Ella Brigham, also a native of New York. Mr. Livermore is a very provident and practical man, who believes in anticipating the future by prudent forethought. He has handsomely fortified the pecuniary condition of his family by carrying a $100.000 policy on his life in the Mutual Life Insurance company of New York. This is a substantial attestation of sincere devotion. Mr. Livermore, when first elected, was perhaps the youngest bank president in the United States. The phenomenal success that has attended bis financial operations has fully justified the wisdom of his selection to positions of such importance and responsibility. He has large moneyed connections in the east which, coupled with his present affluence, indicate a flattering future.
F\R. WILLIAM ABRAM LOVE, one of the oldest and best-known physicians in the state of Georgia, has lived in Atlanta nearly a quarter of a century.
With the spirit and the blood of the old English cavaliers coursing through his veins, he has ever been a man of action and decided character, keeping the same even to his old age. Dr. Love, the only child of William and Sarah (Childers) Love, was born May 16, 1824, in that historic place, Camden, Kershaw district, S. C. His grandparents and his father were residents of that vicinity in colonial days and suffered much at the hands of the British and the tories during the revolutionary war. Indeed, though a mere boy at that time Dr. Love's father, for the sake of freedom and his loyalty to the colonial cause for which his father fought, carried a withered arm all his after life. It was through the cruelty of the tories that he suffered most. The facts are: He was captured one day while riding a very fine horse, when, after being deprived of his mount, he was bound hand and foot to the back of an old, worn-out army mule. The mule was then

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turned loose to graze in a desolate wood, and here after three days of intense pain, the exhausted, but patriotic boy was found by his friends. Little wonder that to this day Dr. Love despises and scorns the name and memory of tory. Notwithstanding the suffering thus endured by the elder William Love, he grew to a noble manhood and because of his affliction was most carefully edu cated, after which, for the greater part of a long life he held high positions of public trust in his native state. By the death of his father, Feb. 17, 1825, and the second marriage of his mother, William Abram Love became the special care of his grandmother Childers. This grandmother, previous to her marriage was Miss Sarah King, a daughter of that sturdy revolutionary soldier on whose property was fought and for whose honor was named that fateful and famous encounter known in history as the battle of King's mountain. The daughter of this soldier inherited the stern and sturdy characteristics of her revolutionary father, with all .his vigilance and high sense of honor and justice. So the life of her young charge was closely guarded, but the thrilling accounts of his adventures in childhood, which he often relates to his children and grandchildren stamp him as a character of strong individuality, even in early youth. In his boyhood Dr. Love attended the schools of Camden and afterward Russell Place academy, but at a very early age he chose his life's work and when twelve years old, with a view to the study of medicine, he entered the drug store of Dr. George Reynolds, continuing his other studies under private tutors. Later, as a regular medical student, he was for four years under the preceptorship of Drs. E. H. Anderson, senior and junior, then of Camden, S. C., the latter now in Kirkwood, Miss. In 1844 Dr. Love entered the medical department of the university of Pennsylvania, and as a private pupil in the office of Dr. Samuel George Morton of Philadelphia. With a view to ultimate special work he entered at the same time the Obstetrical institute, under the supervision of Dr. Joseph Warrington. He served his full time also under the direction of the lady managers of lying-in and charity and nurse societies and was graduated by this institution in 1845. Through the summer of that year he remained in Philadelphia, devoting his time to ward and clinical services in Blockley and Pennsylvania hospitals and attending lectures at the Locust street schools. April 3, 1846, he received his degree of doctor of medicine from the university of Pennsylvania. July, 1846, he came to Georgia and located at Locust Grove, Taliaferro Co., and there began his lifelong friendship with Alexander H. Stephens. Jan. n, 1849, ne was married to Marion Louisa", daughter of Hon. Abner Darden, who then and for many years represented his people in the legis lative halls of his state. During the following winter Dr. Love, with a colony of friends, passed through Atlanta, then a young city, and made a home in Cave Spring, Floyd Co., where in 1850, he was elected superintendent and physician of the Georgia asylum for the deaf and dumb. He accomplished much in the up building of this institution; but preferring to give his entire time to his profession he remained with the school only a few years. In 1858, the winters of north Georgia having made a change of climate necessary for himself and his family, he removed to southwest Georgia and located at Albany. There he soon estab lished himself as a physician, surgeon and gynecologist and was regarded as the leading practitioner of that section. From Albany Dr. Love went as a volunteer with the first troops enlisted for the defense of the Confederate states. Very early in the war he was discharged from the regular army on the score of ill health, but nothing deterred him from duty and he served till the latest hour of that eventful struggle on the medical staff of the Confederate states army on the field and in the hospitals. Doubtless many southern soldiers remember him most kindly, especially in connection with Ocmulgee hospital at Macon. Ga. The

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result of the civil war having changed very largely the environment of his ante
bellum field of practice, Dr. Love, in 1870, removed from Albany to Atlanta for the purpose of devoting himself more exclusively to the practice of gynecological medicine. In this he has been so eminently successful that he, by result of work, has established a reputation which extends his field of usefulness over Georgia and through all the adjoining states. In 1871 he was elected to the chair of physiology in the Atlanta Medical college and with scarcely a day's notice he entered upon his work in this school, which is one of the best in the south. He is now (1894) senior professor and president of the faculty. He has always taken much, interest in his State Medical association; he devoted much time and labor to its revival and up-building immediately after the close of the war and has occupied the position of vice-president in that body. He is a member, too, of the . American Medical association, and in the International Medical congress held at Washington, D. C, he was vice-president of the physiological section. In con
nection with his professional work he has made some valuable contributions to the medical literature of his age, and as a practitioner, writer, speaker and teacher he has ever been an earnest and strong advocate for principles in medicine and conservatism in practice. With all his labor for the benefit of humanity, Dr. Love has lived a quiet, retired life, devoted and indulgent to his family, caring little for wealth and avoiding at all times political preferment, desiring the rather to live for the good of mankind and bending his energies to the study and ad vancement of his profession. This he has done indeed, directly through his own efforts, and indirectly through the result of work by hundreds of his students. For his students his interest never wanes. Even at the age of three score and ten, with pencil and brush, he has illustrated his lectures on physiology, making for his classes almost hundreds of illuminated life-size and magnified microscopic draw ings. In the order of Free Masonry Dr. Love has evinced a lifelong interest. From his earliest manhood he has been a past deputy grand master of his grand lodge and for more than a quarter of a century he has held in supervision the masonic jurisprudence of that body. In national and international masonic meetings he has been highly honored with official positions. In the world's masonic congress at Chicago, 1893, he was elected vice-president and there he carefully guarded "the old landmarks," casting Georgia's entire vote on all de cisive questions. In fact, in his own state he has taken high rank in symbolic, capitular, cryptic and templar masonry and in the Scottish rite of the southern jurisdiction he has risen to the prince of the royal secret or thirty-second degree. By Georgia's sister jurisdictions he has been highly honored, being the grand rep resentative in Georgia of the grand lodge of Alabama, the grand lodge of New York, the grand chapter of Alabama, the grand council of Ohio, the grana council of South Carolina and the grand council of Vermont He has also con tributed to the literature of the masonic order. Many of his masonic addresses have been published and as chairman of the committee on foreign correspond ence for the grand chapter of Georgia he was most cordially and courteously wel
comed by the reportorial corps of the grand chapters of the world.

QAPT. WILLIAM B. LOWE, manufacturer, Atlanta, Fulton Co., was' born at Greenville, Ga., in Meriwether county, on the loth of July, 1839. His father.
a gallant soldier of the war of 1812, having entered the struggle a beardless boy. came to Georgia when quite a young man. He was a native of Edgefield district. S. C. His parents were of English descent, and illustrated all those sturdy qualities which belong to the English character. He died in Georgia in 1882, at the advanced age of eighty-six years. The first twelve years of Capt. Lowe's boyhood

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were passed in Meriwether county. Like other boys, he was fond of outdoor life, and delighted in all the sports and pastimes which make up such a large part of a boy's happiness. From Meriwether county he moved to Baker county and remained there for two or three years. He then went to Co'weta county, where he clerked for about four years, after which he went to New York. He became a clerk in the great metropolis in 1856, securing a position in a large clothing store. At the expiration of three years he bought an interest in the firm and continued in business until the breaking out of the war. He then came to Atlanta, and in July, 1861, entered Cobb's legion as first lieutenant He was subsequently promoted to the rank of captain in Company F, and received a severe wound at South moun tain, Aid., in 1862. Here he was captured and held as a prisoner for two or three months. On being paroled at Baltimore he rejoined the Confederate army at Fredericksburg, Mcl. His health began to fail at this juncture, and on the recommendation of medical advisers he was transferred to the Georgia state service. He was stationed in Atlanta, where he supervised the transportation department of the Atlanta & West Point railroad, and served in this capacity until the war closed. Capt. Lowe demonstrated the qualities of a superb soldier during his campaign in Virginia, and his military record is one of the best to be found on the muster rolls of the Confederacy. He was in several of the hardest-fought battles of the war, and acquitted himself in each engagement with soldierly courage and behavior. After the war Capt. Lowe settled in Atlanta, and entered the clothing and dry goods business. He continued in this line for about ten years, and then, m connection with Gen. John B. Gordon and others, became the lessees of the state convicts for a term of twenty years. He commenced a general con tracting business and devoted himself exclusively to the building of railroads and bridges. Capt Lowe has since been occupied in this line, and his marvelous energies have chiefly been expended in the material upbuilding of the state. He has been a strong and influential factor in the development of Georgia's railroads. Capt. Lowe is the vice-president of the Enterprise Lumber company, president of the Columbus Southern Railroad company, vice-president of the Parrott Lumber company, director in the Chattahoochee Brick company, and president of Peniten tiary company Xo. 2. The political arena has never had any charms for Capt. Lowe. and his friends have never prevailed upon him to accept political office from their hands. He has always preferred the quiet life of a private citizen, believing it to be conducive to his best interests, as well as to his own happiness and that of his household. Capt. Lowe was married, in 1868, to Miss Douglass, daughter of the late John Douglass. of La Grange. Ga. They have two children, a son and a daughter: \Y. P.., Jr.. and Rebecca. Capt. Lowe has an elegant home on Peachtree street, in Atlanta, and his domestic life is sweetened by all those social ties that make home bright and beautiful. While not a member of any church, he believes in the spiritual as well as the practical and business side of life. His reputation for integrity and honor has long been established among his friends and neighbors, and no one envies him the success in life which he has patiently achieved.

JUDGE J. H. LUMPKIX, a scion of one of the most illustrious families in the state, the subject of this sketch, has added new laurels to a name already richly
blended with the associations of the bench and bar of Georgia. A grandson of the great and gifted Chief Justice Joseph Henry Lumpkin, and bearing the name of his lamented forefather, it is not improper to observe that in the brilliancy of his judicial talents, as well as in the probity of his unsullied private life, the subject of this sketch is worthy of the honored name he bears. Judge Lumpkin was born at Athens, Ga.. the scat of the state university, and a center of learninsf and culture.

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receiving both his primary and collegiate education in that city. Athens has always been distinguished as the home of honored and illustrious families, among the number being the Cobbs, the Lumpkins, the Hills, the Lipscombs, the Hulls and the Gradys. As a student at the state university, young Lumpkin acquired the distinction of being the finest Greek and Latin scholar in the institution. Gradu ating from the university with the 'highest honors of his class, he moved directly to
Atlanta, in 1875, and applied himself with diligence to the study of the law, for which profession he was fitted by discipline, preference and heredity. After passing a rigid examination on all the fundamental principles of the law, he was
admitted to the bar in 1876, and immediately formed a partnership with Capt. Harry Jackson, a kinsman, and one of the leading practitioners at the Georgia bar. He was subsequently appointed assistant supreme court reporter, in 1877,
and after filling this important position to the satisfaction of the bench and bar he
was promoted to the office of supreme court reporter, in 1882. He held this office until 1888, when he tendered his resignation and returned to the active practice of his profession. Chief Justice Logan E. Bleckley, who then presided over that
tribunal, in accepting the resignation of Mr. Lumpkin, said: ''In directing that this resignation be accepted and recorded on the minutes, I will observe, for the court, that it is with great regret that we part with an officer whose services have been so faithful and efficient. Every public servant who discharges his duty is worthy of high commendation, and this Mr. Lumpkin has done with remarkable fidelity and with great skill and ability. In some respects his faculty for reporting is remarkable. He can, with more facility and expedition than almost any other man I have ever known, arrive at the true contents of a record or opinion, and present them in a condensed form, making a sort of miniature of any case, however large its proportions, and yet a miniature that reflects its features accurately. I repeat,
that we part with him with very great regret, and--as numerous as the bar of Georgia is--with scarcely a hope that we will find a successor equal in all respects to himself for the functions of this important office." This is high praise, coming
from a man of such pronounced conservatism and established probity as the then chief justice, Logan E. Bleckley. Returning to the practice of his chosen
profession, Judge Lumpkin found a large clientage awaiting him, and he stepped into a lucrative and growing practice in both the state and federal courts. The familiarity with the judicial rulings of the supreme court made him a favorite
oracle with the members of the bar throughout the state, and he was frequently called into consultation where important and far-reaching issues were involved.
Among the noted cases in which he figured after returning to the general practice
was that of the Southern Mutual Insurance company, involving hundreds of thousands of dollars, and bringing in question the determination of important legal issues affecting the rights of policy holders and the distribution of accrued profits. He was also employed as counsel in the Cotton States life insurance case, one of the most intricate issues ever tried in Georgia. In numbers of criminal pro
ceedings he has represented the attorney-general of the state, and given aid to the solicitors in the prosecution of criminals. In one volume of the supreme court decisions alone twenty cases are reported in which he figured. On the resignation
of Hon. Marshall J. Clarice, as judge of the superior court of the Atlanta circuit, Judge Lumpkin was appointed by Gov. Northen to succeed him. His term of office began on Sept. 16, 1893. He was subsequently elected to that office by the general assembly. In addition to his legal qualifications, Judge
Lumpkin is a student of general literature, and is one of the. best informed men in the state on all subjects pertaining to his favorite study. He has written several compositions of superior merit, and his talents, had he chosen literature as his

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profession, would no doubt have advanced him to the front rank in that field. Judge Lumpkin has traveled extensively, both in Europe and this country, and his powers of observation, brought to bear upon the opportunities for study afforded by his travels, have made his mind a treasury of information, all of which enrich his conversation and serve to increase his usefulness at the bar and on the bench.

JUDGE SAMUEL LUMPKIX, associate justice of the supreme court of Georgia, was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga., Dec. 12, 1848. His boyhood
was spent in this locality, training his intellect in the schools close by for the great mental labors that awaited his coming manhood. His mother was Sarah E. Johnson. His father died at the early age of twenty-six, and yet before that time had established an enviable reputation as a lawyer of remarkable powers. Judge Lumpkin attended both Mercer university and the university of Georgia, graduating from the latter institution in July, 1866, with the highest honors of his class. In the following fall he taught school in one of the middle counties of Georgia, and through 1867 conducted a small school in Mississippi. Soon after graduation he undertook the- study of law in connection with his other duties, and after a splendid examination was admitted to the bar at Lexington, Ga., in 1868. He began his first practice in Elberton, Ga., with Col. Robert Hester, ?nd later removed to Americus, Ga., resuming practice during 1870-71 with Col. C. T. Goode After the expiration of that time he returned to his home in Lexington. In 1871 Mr. Lumpkin was appointed journalizing clerk of the house of representatives, and a year subsequently was appointed solicitor-general of the northern circuit of Georgia by Gov. Smith, being reappointed in 1873 fr a term of four years. In 1877 ne was made postmaster of Lexington and in the same year was elected state senator. As chairman of the committee on railroads he greatly aided in framing the excellent railroad commission law, which has been
enforced since that clay. In 1884 he was elected judge of the superior court of the northern circuit by the state legislature, and was unanimously re-elected for a second term. In 1890 he was chosen an associate judge on the supreme bench. In this tribunal he is distinguished as accurate, amiable and wise, and has given the highest satisfaction by his methods of honorable justice. It has been said of him: "Judge Lumpkin's manner on the bench will always afford that mitigation to counsel disappointed by a decision." Judge Lumpkin was honored in 1891 by having the degree of LL. D. conferred upon him by the South-western Baptist university at Jackson, Miss. He was married in 1888 to Kate, daughter of Walker Richardson, and granddaughter of Col. A. M. Stanford of Alabama. She is a lady of beauty and accomplishment, and has blessed his life and shared with him the true reward of greatness. Justice Lumpkin is of noble lineage. His ancestors without exception have been the pride and flower of the state. He is a grand nephew of Chief Justice Lumpkin of the Georgia supreme bench, and of Wilson Lumpkin, one of Georgia's brainiest governors. He is respected and loved by even- practitioner in the state.

DGAR P. M'BURXEY, banker, Atlanta, Ga., son of J. C. McBurney, was born in Tompkins count}', X. Y., Jan. 31, 1862. His father is of Scotch-Irish
lineage, whose home is in Jersey City, N. J., but who has large financial interests in the south. Mr. McBurney was raised in Jersey City, spending his winters in Macon. Ga., attending school in both cities. After graduating from the Jersey City high school in 1878 he came south, and engaged as bookkeeper at the cotton factor}- of Hollingsworth & McBurney (his father), at Hawkinsville, Ga.

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A year later he went to Macon as clerk for W. A. Duty, dry goods merchant, with whom he remained a year. The year following, 1880, he came to Atlanta as bookkeeper for Hendrix & McBurney, real estate men, and was with them two years. He then went into the real estate business with his father under the firm name of McBurney & Co., and continued the business until 1887, -when he com menced organizing a series of development and investment enterprises, all of which have proven to be phenomenally successful. In 1886 he organized the People's Mutual Loan and Building association, of which he is now secretary and treasurer. This is the most successful local building and loan association in the United States, having paid as high as 19 per cent, per annum. In 1887 he organized the West View Cemetery association, of which he was made secre tary, and two years later general manager, a position he still retains. That same
year he organized the Mechanics' Loan and Building association, of which he is secretary and treasurer. The next year, 1888, he organized the Mutual Loan and Banking company, of Atlanta, with a paid-up capital stock of $72,000, of which Mr. McBurney was made cashier. The bank is now operating on a capital of $200,000. In 1890 Mr. McBurney organized the West View Floral company, of which he is secretary and treasurer and general manager, and in which he owns a controlling interest. The company ships flowers to all parts of the southern states, from Richmond to Jacksonville, Mobile and New Orleans, and has built up a business of almost incredible extent and value. The organization of these various enterprises, and so successfully managing them, evidences remarkable versatility of business qualifications, untiring well-directed industry, and financial ability of a remarkably high order--especially in one so young, just on the threshold of life. Mr. McBurney was married in Atlanta Jan. 25, 1888, to Miss Maggie Berry, daughter of M. R. Berry, one of Atlanta's most highly esteemed, as well as one of her most solid, citizens--morally and financially. Mr. McBurney is a member of the Capital City club, of the masonic fraternity, and of the First Presbyterian church, Atlanta.

JOSEPH A. M'CORD, cashier, Atlanta, Ga., son of Stewart McCord, was born in Newton county, Ga., Oct. 6, 1857. His father, who was of Scotch descent,
the family having come to this country before the revolutionary war, was born in Abbeville district, S- C. in 1794, and died Aug. 31, 1868. He was a farmer, was a soldier in the war of 1812, was sheriff of Abbeville district, S. C., and came to Georgia in 1824, Mr. McCord was reared on the farm, and was educated in the country schools in Newton and Rockdale counties. When twelve years old he commenced clerking in a store at Conyers, Ga., and clerked a number of years. In 1874 he was appointed deputy clerk under T. J. Treadwell, clerk of the superior court of Rockdale county, retaining the position about four years. He then went t' Carrollton, Ga., and engaged in a general merchandise business, conducting it with success and profit until 1890. In 1887 he was elected a member of the city council of Carrollton, was re-elected, and served three years. At the same time he was elected a school commissioner of Carrollton By the general assembly and served two years. In 1890 he came to Atlanta and entered the employ of the Western & Atlantic railway in the general freight office, having charge of the adjustment of all city claims for damages, etc. He remained in this office until November. 1892, when he was elected assistant cashier of the Atlanta Trust and Banking company, and on May n, 1893, was elected cashier, a position he now holds, discharging its responsible duties with conspicuous ability. Mr. McCord was married in Carrollton April 24, 1889, to Miss Lillie, daughter of Capt David
Croft His wife died, leaving no issue, June 21, 1890. He is a member of the

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Capital City club, of the I. O. O. R, and of the Methodist church, south. Mr.
McCord has the entire confidence of the commercial element of Atlanta, ranks well in financial circles, and, being a young man, may be regarded as having a bright future before him.

CLOYD WILLCOX M'RAE, physician, Atlanta, was born on a farm in Telfair
county, Ga., Dec. 6, 1861. He is of Scotch descent on his father's side, while his maternal grandfather was of English extraction. His grandfather was Alexander McRae, who was a native of Scotland and was there married to Abigail Bain. They came to America and settled in Telfair county, Ga. Dr. McRae's
father was Murdoch H. McRae, a well known farmer of Telfair county, where he was born in 1826.' He was married to Elizabeth Willcox in 1852. She was
the daughter of Thomas S. Willcox, who was a native of Georgia, and well known in its political circles, liaving been a member of both upper and lower branches of the state legislature from Irwin county. Dr. McRae lived at home until eighteen years old, passing the usual life of a farmer boy, and receiving his early intel
lectual training at the hands of private tutors. He then attended Robert.E. Lee institute at Thomaston, Ga. He was obliged to leave here on account of his health, just before he was to be graduated, and after he had gone through the course and
occupying an advanced position in his classes. In 1881 he located in Jesup, Ga., and engaged in the drug business until the summer of 1884. He had in the mean time taken one course of lectures at the Atlanta Medical college, and after selling his business he returned to Atlanta, and pursuing his studies was graduated from tin's college with second honors in March, 1885. He began to practice his profes
sion in Talbotton, Ga., at once, but three months later was elected to the chair of demonstrator of anatomy in the Atlanta Medical college, which position he
held until the spring of 1892, when he resigned, and was elected in the fall
professor of physiology and clinical medicine in the Southern Medical college of Atlanta, which chair he now holds. Dr. McRae belongs to the American Medical
association, the Southern Surgical and Gynecological association, and the Atlanta Society of Medicine. He has been honored with the offices of president and secretary of the latter society, and is at present secretary of the surgical section
of the American Medical association. Since he was called back to the city to take a place in the faculty of the Atlanta Medical college Dr. McRae has made this city his home and has practiced his profession in connection with his college work. He is a frequent contributor to medical journals and some of his papers
have evoked wide discussion. Dr. McRae is a thirty-second degree Scottish rite Mason. He belongs to the Methodist church, south", and is a member of the board of stewards of Trinity Methodist church of Atlanta.

f)R. MANNING WILLIS MANAHAN, who has his elegant offices in the "Grand," is one of the most popular and successful of Atlanta's splendid corps
of physicians'. He was born in Hartland, Ohio, from which place he removed to Nonvalk, where he resided many years. He received a thorough education, graduating with honor; after which he was for several years, deputy clerk in the office of the probate judge of that district. Being strongly inclined to the
study of medicine, he then entered the Homeopathic Hospital college, at Cleveland, Ohio, from which he graduated in due course with high honors: among them being the first clinical and obstetrical prizes. He married the daughter of George R. Walker, a prominent lawyer of Xorwalk, and in 1882, located in Atlanta, forming a partnership with Dr. F. H. Orme. an experienced and prominent physician. This partnership continued until the close of 1887, when it expired by

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limitation, since which time he has conducted personally his large and increasing practice. Dr. Manahan conies of a distinguished lineage which has contributed in no small degree to the making of the history of this country. His father, George W. Manahan, was a successful business man of broad views and systematic habits, who amassed quite a competency with which he gave his children the best educa tional advantages, and on which he and his family lived comfortably during his
declining years. His mother, Mrs. Lucy Sophia Manahan, was a daughter of Isaac Morse, of New Haven county, Conn., and a near relative of Jedediah Morse, the geographer; Prof. Samuel F. B. Morse, the inventor of the American
telegraph; Sidney E. Morse, the author of Modern geography, and of Lieut-Gen. Scott, while Mr. Isaac Morse was himself a man of fine talent and education, and much respected. She was a consistent member of the Presbyterian church, and a
Christian woman in the best sense of that term, as evidenced by an even temper and
an example of the virtues of charity, forbearance and love, and died in 1894. Dr. Manahan stands high in the medical world, is zealous in all things pertaining to the
ethics and practice of his profession, and has held many offices of prominence and consideration. He was president'of the board of United States pension examiners of Atlanta from 1891 to 1893, is a member of the American Institute of Homeopathy, a charter member of the Southern.Homeopathic Medical association, a
member of the Atlanta Medical club, and has served both as secretary and president of this organization. Dr. Man'ahan is a successful physician, a skillful surgeon, and a genial gentleman, possessing a large share of personal magnetism and commanding confidence in his professional ability, as is evidenced by a host of devoted friends, and a large practice in the very best families of the city.

CDMUND WELLBORN MARTIN, lawyer, Atlanta, Ga., son of Col. John M.
Martin, was born on the plantation of his maternal grandfather, Alfred Well born, near Warm Springs, Meriwether Co., Ga, July 23,1854. His paternal great
grandfather, Gen. John Martin, was born Oct. 6, 1749, and was a general in the
revolutionary army. His grandfather, Edmund Martin, was a native of Edgefield district, S. C., which he represented many years in the legislature of that state. Mr. Martin's father was born in St. Peter's parish, Beaufort district, S. C. He
entered the Confederate service from Marion county, Fla., as captain of the Marion Light artillery. At the battle of Richmond, Ky., during the effort of Gens. Bragg and E. Kirby Smith to unite their forces, he was seriously wounded and taken to a hospital. When recovered he rejoined his command; but, in the meantime, the people of his congressional district, in consideration of his gal
lantry in the battle of Richmond, elected him to congress. Being in robust health, he felt it to be his duty to return to active service in the field, and declined a re-election. He was elected colonel of the Ninth Florida regiment, Finegan's brigade, and continued in active service until the surrender. After that event he returned to Florida, and is now a citizen of Ocala, in that state. Mr. Martin was
born while his mother, whose home was in Marion county, Fla., was on a visit to her father; as soon as she was able, she returned to her home in Florida. In 1858 his mother died of yellow fever, and Mr. Martin was taken to the home of his uncle, Dr. E. H. Martin, Savannah, Ga., where he remained until 1865; and he then, when eleven years old, returned to Florida, where he lived until 1871. In February, of that year, he entered the preparatory department of Wofford college,
Spartanburg, S. C, and in the summer of 1875 graduated from that institution
with first honors and valedictorian of his class. Late in that year he was elected principal of Greenville Masonic institute, and held it during 1876-77. During this time he commenced reading law; and in the fall of 1877 ne came to Atlanta, and

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continued his reading with McConnel & Heyward. In 1878 he was admitted to the bar in Fulton county superior court, Judge George Hillyer presiding. Since then he has done a successful and constantly growing general practice. On March i, 1886, Mr. Martin was elected police commissioner, and served acceptably three years. In 1890, and, again in 1892, he was elected to represent Fulton county
in the general assembly. During his two terms in that body he was one of the most active and laborious of its members; being chairman the first term of the committee on privileges and elections, and a member of the committees on edu cation, finance, general judiciary and penitentiary. His first term was one of almost incessant, arduous labor--in the committee-room on details, and on the floor of the house in discussions, himself the leader in very many of the most important of them. His colleagues were Clarke Howell, Jr., editor of the "Con stitution," and ex-Mayor John B. Goodwin. The first-named having been elected
speaker, devolved unusual labor on Messrs. Goodwin and Martin. The latter, during his first term, introduced fifty-five bills of a general and local character, three-fourths of which passed. Among them was a bill to improve the capitol grounds; also, a bill making an original appropriation to the Technological school,
and another making a supplementary appropriation, necessitated by a former deficiency. Both bills were vigorously, not to say viciously, attacked, and as vigorously and ably and successfully defended by Mr. Martin. The supplementary bill was introduced by him, and he had the leadership and bore the brunt of the
assault; but after a hard-fought contest, he won, and both appropriations were made. They saved the school--but for them it would have been killed. He was also the author of the bills making uniform and clear the mode by which the superior courts of Georgia were authorized to grant charters to corporations according to the terms of the constitution of the state. These bills passed, and
have proved of great benefit He supported with all his earnestness, ability and energy the proposition to accept the Soldiers' home, but the proposition failed. Mr. Martin performed an immense amount of hard work on the various com mittees, and made many speeches, this first term. During his second term-- 1892-93--he served on the committees on corporations, finance, general judiciary
and enrollment The amount of work to be done this term by the Fulton county delegation was as large as that of the preceding term, and Mr. Martin was quite as conspicuous, doing his full share. He introduced a bill.to establish a state reformatory for juveniles; and, also, a bill to allow counties and municipalities in Georgia to establish reformatories by a vote of the people of each locality interested.
After a hot and exciting debate, lasting two days, the deep-seated prejudice and want of information, generally, on the part of members, caused the first bill to be
defeated. It, however, received a majority of the votes cast, and lacked only nine votes of receiving the needed constitutional majority. This action was afterward
reconsidered, but on account of the constitutional limit of the session, did not reach a vote. The other bill, to allow counties and municipalities to establish reformatories for juvenile criminals, passed both houses and is now a law--
recognized everywhere as a wise and beneficent one. In the matter of the passage of this, as well as that of the other bill, Mr. Martin was the leader of the debate on the floor, and the head and front of the work in the committee. During the session the bill for the acceptance or non-acceptance of the Confederate Soldiers'
home came up, and Mr. Martin again strongly favored the passage of the bill
accepting the same. The bill passed the house, but was defeated in the senate. During the session of 1893, Mr. Martin introduced a measure amending the constitution, so as to allow counties to raise revenue for sanitary purposes, to
protect the public health; but it was defeated. He ably championed a bill intro-

JOHX MILLEDGE.

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

863

duced at this session giving the election of the municipal officers of Atlanta (with certain exceptions), to the people, instead of their being elected by the council. This bill became a law. Of a large number of other important general and local bills, of some of which he was the author, he was the ardent, hard-working champion. Mr. Martin is a man of untiring industry, persistency of effort and unswerving integrity, and will unquestionably be again called into the public service. Mr. Martin was married in April, 1879, to Miss Sallie, daughter of Alexander F. Hill, of. Meriwether county, and granddaughter of the late Chief Justice Hiram Warner, who was elected associate justice when the court was first organized. Mr. and Mrs. Martin have three children: Willie Wellborn (daugh ter), Hiram Warner, and Frank Hill. Mr. Martin is a member of the I. O. O. F., and a member of the Methodist church, and is on the board of stewards of Trinity church, South Atlanta.

CDWIN W. MARSH, of the firm of Moore & Marsh (now dissolved), is a native of Chatham county, N. C, having been born in the "tar-heel" state, Dec. 27,
1824. When eight years of age he came to Georgia with his father's family, and located in Covington, where he lived two or three years, and in 1836 moved to La Fayette, Walker Co., Ga., and there resided until 1853, studying the elementary branches and completing the course at the high school, in Chattooga county, taught by Rev. James Gamble. This was the extent of his education. When ten years old he entered his father's store, worked hard and conscientiously, and was admitted to the firm after the expiration of ten years. In 1853 Mr. Marsh went to Chattanooga, Tenn., formed a partnership with W. A. Moore (whose sketch appears on another page of these Memoirs), conducted a general business, and there remained until 1863, when Federal troops and the disasters of war forced them further south. Mr. Marsh came to Atlanta, where he purchased an interest in the "Southern Confederacy," a newspaper edited by the brilliant Henry Walterson, now of Kentucky, and J. F. Hanson. He maintained an interest in this publication until the close of the war. During 1864 the paper was transferred to Macon, Ga. A few months later he again entered a partnership with Mr. Moore. They established the first and largest wholesale dry goods house in Atlanta, and conducted this with unparalleled success until the death of Mr. Moore, in 1891. Mr. Marsh continued the business three years longer and then sold out. He was married, in 1853, * Louisa Adelaide, daughter of McAllen Betts, a native of Georgia. This tie was blessed with four children, one of whom, Edwin W., died in 1889. Those surviving are: Spencer S., Adelaide, wife of G. B. Adair, and McAllen B., who lately married the beautiful and accomplished Miss Louise Bigby. Mrs. Marsh having died, he was again married, in 1868, to Achsach, daughter of James Turner, of La Grange, Ga. They had one daughter, Mary, who was married to Charles Crankshaw, of Atlanta, and died in May, 1895. Mr. Marsh is a demitted Mason. His ancestors were Baptists, and he is inclined to this faith. He is president of the Trion Manufacturing company, a large cotton mill of Chat tooga county, and owns immense iron properties in north Georgia, which are rapidly developing and yielding valuable products, and has a controlling interest in the Sweetwater Park hotel at Salt Springs, Ga. Mr. Marsh is one of Atlanta's wealthiest citizens, who has been closely identified with her growth since he made
the city his home.
MILLEDGE. There is not among the many patriotic and historic families of Georgia any one more truly deserving of being held in grateful remembrance
than the Milledge family. The first John Milledge, of Georgia was born in Eng land, and came to America with Oglethorpe. He became a man of affairs in the

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
new colony, and held several important trusts, civic and military. His commission as commander of a troop of rangers, dated March 29, 1742, was signed by James Oglethorpe. In 1768, while a member of the colonial assembly, he was one of a committee to correspond with Benjamin Franklin, agent "to arrange the affairs of Georgia with Great Britain." The captain and his family had a pew in Christ church, Savannah, "in consideration of six pounds and ten shillings," receipted July 5, 1763. His son, Gov. John Milledge, was born in Savannah in 1/57. He commenced the study of law with the king's attorney. He was so engaged at the breaking out of the revolutionary war. When but sixteen years of age he was one of the six who broke open the magazine at Savannah and took away a large quantity of powder. Some of it was stored in Savannah, some sent to Beaufort and a part of it to Boston, where hostilities had commenced, and with it the battle of Bunker Hill was fought The royal governor, Wright. offered a reward of 100 for the capture of each of the raiders; but they, instead of inviting arrest, waited a month and then captured the governor in his own house, wherein they confined him. In this he was a leading spirit. He was in Savannah when it was taken by the British, but escaped. In January, 1780, when only twenty-three years of age, he was appointed attorney-general--this was the beginning of his civil career. Subsequently he served in the general assembly, and then was elected a repre sentative in congress, serving as such in 1792-93, from 1795 to 1799, and again in 1801-02. He resigned in 1802 to accept the governorship; was inaugurated Nov. 24 of that year, and held.the office until Sept 23, 1806. He was immediately elected to the United States senatorship, where he served three years--the last year as president pro tern. That year, 1809, although only fifty-two years old, he resigned his seat and retired to private life. Milledgeville, the former capital of Georgia, was named in honor of Gov. John Milledge. In April, 1802, he was one of three commissioners on the part of Georgia who negotiated with three appointed by the president, a treaty by which Georgia ceded the most of her western territory to the United States for $1,250,000, and other considerations. Although confronted by three statesmen of the highest national reputation, the Georgians made so satisfactory a settlement of a bitterly contested question that they received, by a unanimous vote, the thanks of the legislature. Gov. Milledge retired to his plantation on the Sand hills, near Augusta, where he died in 1818. While Mr. Jefferson's epitaph on his tomb is inscribed the "Father of "the University of Vir ginia," Gov. Milledge was the "Benefactor of the University of Georgia." Gov. Milledge bought and conveyed to the university at Athens nearly 700 acres of land. Upon this land the college buildings and a great part of Athens now stand." Its first 'commencement was held in 1804. There hangs in the state library, Atlanta, a handsome painting of this eminent Georgian. It is the work of the late Miss Kate Elliott Milledge, the only granddaughter of Gov. Milledge. She was the daughter of the late Col. John Milledge, and a sister to the present state librarian, Capt John MiUedge. who was a Confederate soldier, serving as first lieutenant and captain in the First Georgia regiment, and afterward captain of artillery under Gen. Lee.
Col. John Milledge, the genial gentleman and present popular and efficient state librarian of Georgia, was born in Richmond county, and, as will be observed, is of distinguished historic lineage. In 1857 he graduated from the Georgia Military institute, with the rank of captain. He was commissioned first lieutenant, Feb. i, 1861, in the First Georgia regulars. From 1862 until the close of the war he was captain and commanded a battery of artillery in Nelson's battalion. The battery was known as the Milledge artillery, and formed a part of the army of northern Virginia. At the second battle of (Told Harbor he was severely wounded.

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Col. Milledge, by his courageous deeds and soldierly bearing, gained a strong hold in the hearts of his comrades and superior officers. In 1866 he came to Atlanta, just after the desolation of fire and plunder had laid waste all budding enterprises, and opened a law office. He took a high stand in his profession, and was city auditor and recorder from ]uly, 1877, to July, 1881. He won the hearty favor of all in performing the duties of this office. For many years he served as president of the Benevolent home, and he was mainly instrumental in having the home property, over $20,000, transferred to the Grady hospital. He called together and presided over the first meeting of the Confederate Veterans' association. He was appointed commissioner from Georgia at ihe Yorktown centennial; com manded the Governor's Guards infantry, of Atlanta; organized the Governor's Horse Guards in 1883, and was its captain seven years; was lieutenant-colonel of the First Georgia battalion of cavalry, arid retired in 1891 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was appointed state librarian in 1888, and has held that position with great credit to himself and to the universal satisfaction of the bench and bar of the state. The state library of Georgia is now one of the best in the country. Col. Miiledge is chivalrous, kind and cultured, and brings into this younger generation the virtues of the ante-bellum southerner. Everybody loves John Milledge because of his bravery and magnetic charms. Soon after the war he married Miss Fanny C. RobinsDn, a charming, cultivated lady of Virginia. She was president of the Ladies' Memorial association of Fulton county, and it was during her administration, and due to her efforts, that the beautiful monu ment to the unknown dead was erected. The funeral of Mrs. Milledge was perhaps the most noted occasion in the record of the state to her many honored women. The governor, the judges of the supreme court and state house officers were honorary pall-bearers. The military of the city attended as a special escort. P)R. H. V. M. MILLER. It rarely happens that a man eminently distinguishes
himself in more than one profession. An exception to this rule is furnished' by the versatile and commanding genius of Dr. H. V. M. Miller. Dr. Miller is one of the most remarkable men that Georgia has ever produced. His memory is simply prodigious, and no impression once made upon his mind has ever been forgotten. He recalls with the greatest ease >vents that happened more than three-quarters of a century ago, and names, faces, public issues and personal reminiscences are still retained by him as vividly as when they were first stored away in his brain. Profoundly read in all departments of thought, especially that pertaining to the science of medicine, Dr. Miller has possibly no equal in Georgia, and perhaps no superior anywhere. Early in life he acquired the sobriquet of "the Demosthenes of the mountains," and this distinction has followed him through life. He is looked upon with esteem and reverence by all Georgians as one of the lingering landmarks of a past generation, a generation made illustrious by the statesmanship of Toombs, Howell, Cobb, Stephens, Hill and Walter T. Colquitt. Homer Virgil Milton Miller was born in Pendleton district, S. C., on April 29, 1814. Of Welsh extraction on his father's side of the house, and of Huguenot ancestry on his mother's side, he combined the qualities of noble blood, and, in the light of such lineage, his success in life is not surprising. His father, Maj.-Gen. Andrew Miller, moved to Rabun county, Ga., in 1825, at which time his son was only eleven years old. The maiden name of Dr. Miller's mother was Rebecca F. Cheri. She was a lady of rare culture and profound piety, and the influence of her parental discipline was a very potential factor in giving shape to her son's character. His early training was derived from private tutors, supplemented by his mother's instruction and his father's chivalrous example. Though living in the heart of the North Georgia mountains, remote from the refining influences of 1-55

866

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

social life, the young student acquired a knowledge of the classics and a general culture that was strikingly at variance with the rugged character of his surround
ings. One of his preceptors was a graduate of the university of Dublin. Begin ning the study of medicine, for which department of science his predilections were quite decided, he graduated in 1835 from the Medical college of South Carolina, located in Charleston. Though the youngest member of his class, he received the silver goblet awarded for the best English dissertation. Two years were subsequently spent in the city of Paris, after which he located at Cassville, Ga., for the practice of his profession. In 1846 he was made professor of obstetrics in the Medical college of Memphis, Tenn. He returned to Georgia, however, in 1849, accepting the chair of physiology in the Medical college of Georgia, Augusta. His lectures at this institution became famous throughout the state, and steadily advanced its popularity. In 1861 Dr. Miller was assigned to duty at Harper's Ferry as surgeon of the Eighth Georgia infantry. He was afterward promoted to brigade surgeon and then to division surgeon. For quite a while he served under Gen. Beauregard's command at Charleston, S. C. He was appointed medical director for the state of Georgia, and was further desig nated as surgeon of posts and inspector of hospitals. After the war Dr. Miller located in Rome. Ga., but did not remain long in the hill city. In 1867 he was elected to a professorship in the Atlanta Medical college, one of the foremost
institutions of the south, and during the year following lie was elected to the senate of the United States.. This high office had been vacant ever since the war. Dr. Miller at once entered upon the discharge of his senatorial duties, and acquired a national reputation for eloquence, patriotism and ability. During the war Dr. Miller was made a trustee of the state university, and since that time he has rarely failed to attend the annual meetings of the board. He has always been a loyal friend of that institution, believing that every Georgian ought to support
and uphold the university of the state. In 1890 Dr. Miller was appointed by Gov. Gordon as principal physician, to succeed Dr. Willis F. Westmoreland. He has rendered valuable service to the state in this capacity. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon Dr. Miller by Emory college several years ago. Dr. Miller's first appearance in public life was c-uring the heated contest of 1844. He met in joint
debate with such men as Walter T. Colquitt, John H. Lumpkin and others, and proved himself a foeman worthy of their steel. His fame as an orator was not confined to Georgia, but spread to the frontiers of the nation. He took an active part in all the political campaigns preceding the war, and was recognized as one of the ablest of Georgia's public men. He refused the nomination of the
American party for congressman in 1857. Dr. Miller was a member of the famous reconstruction convention of 1867, and was an influential delegate on the floor of the convention. In 1881 he traveled over Europe as the agent of the International Cotton exposition, and contributed greatly to the success of that enterprise. Dr. Miller was united in marriage to Miss Harriet Perry Clark in 1835, and, after a wedded life of nearly fifty years, that noble lady has recently been called to her reward. Since leaving the senate of the United States, Dr. Miller, until overtaken
bv the growing infirmities of old age. has been actively engaged in the practice of his profession. His interest in public matters has never left him, and his familiarity with the principles of the government and the rise and fall of political
parties is still fresh and vivid. Dr. Miller is richly endowed with conversational rosources. and is able to discuss any subject with ease and accuracy. No man, in his old age. has preserved his intellectual faculties so unimpaired, or better illus
trated during his long life the state of his adoption, than the brilliant subject ot this sketch.

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867

JOHN T. MOODY. Ranking among the leading business men of Atlanta, and strictly a self-made man, is John T. Moody. Though three decades have not
yet passed over his head, he has lived long enough to make a place for himself in the business world that even in this country, renowned for energy and enter prise, is one to excite the ambition of the rising generation. Mr. Moody was born
in Etowah county, Ala., May 25, 1868. There he lived until sixteen years of age, attending the public schools of Gadsden and preparing himself for the line of work he has so successfully followed. At the age of sixteen, with a brave heart and firm determination, he left his native state and came to Rome, Ga., taking a position with Batty & Hamilton, wholesale grocers. He began at the bottom of the ladder, but soon found himself promoted to a responsible position, with a thorough knowledge of the business. In 1888, when twenty years old, he deter
mined to come to Atlanta, where his keen business perception told him was a wider field for a young man. He associated himself with Maddox, Rucker & Co., and was employed in the fertilizer and cotton department. Having mastered the de
tails of this branch of the trade, he entered into business for himself in 1890, forming a partnership with Mr. G. S. Brewster, in the manufacture of fertilizing products, and also in the private banking business, which business is now conducted under the firm name of the Moody Loan and Banking company. The career of this enterprise has been distinguished by success from the first, and holds a prominent part in the commercial interests of the city. Mr. Moody was married in Atlanta, Oct. 30, 1888, to Miss Mabel, daughter of Mr. G. H. Holliday, president of the Holliday Lumber company, of Atlanta. They have one child, Mary Helen Moody. Mr. Moody is a member of the I. O. O. F., and with his wife belongs to the First Methodist church. Mr. Moody has, by his care, industry and perseverance, succeeded in accumulating a comfortable supply of this world's goods. Candid and straightforward, systematic and punctual in his business, and upright and clean in his dealings, he has established a career honorable to himself and to the community in which he lives.

\Xf ILLIAM ADOLPHUS MOORE, who passed away on July 31, 1891, has won the enviable distinction of being the foremost wholesale merchant in
the southern states. He was born at Kingston, Tenn., Nov. 19, 1819, the grand son of Samuel Moore, of Scotch origin, who was a native of Pennsylvania, residing in Lancaster as inn-keeper for some years, and then moved to Tennessee, married Ann White, of German descent, and taught a small school. His father and mother were John Moore and Susan Moore, respectively. Her father was a son of Scotland, who came to America and settled in South Carolina, going subse quently to Tennessee. Her mother was Barbara McCulIough. While yet a boy Mr. Moore was left an orphan and he, with the aid of his brother, was compelled to support the younger children. This was the severe school in which he was taught frugality, patience and perseverance, and developed the noble traits of manhood that breathed a calm and gentle satisfaction in his latter days. When sixteen years of age he accepted a humble position that paid the meager salary of thirty-six dollars per annum and his board. In 1845 he went to La Fayette, Walker Co., Ga., but removed to Tennessee again shortly after, locating in Chattanooga. His employer opened a branch house in La Fayette, Ga., and placed him in charge of it, the firm being Moore & McLendon, but he soon sold his interest for a small cash consideration and the balance on time. In 1853 he entered into partnership with Edwin W. Marsh, the firm being Moore & Marsh, and was familiar to every southern merchant. In the same year they returned to Chattanooga and conducted a mixed dry goods and grocery business with

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
success until the Union army put them to flight Mr. Moore, with his family,, refugeed first to Cassville and then to Decatur, Ga., he being in such feeble health that his services were refused by the Confederate government His sympathy \vas with the south from first to last, but hjs better judgment caused him to advise against secession. He remained at Decatur through the dark and destructive period, suffering the direst hardships and privations. Immediately after the war Messrs. Moore & Marsh located in Atlanta, established the first wholesale dry goods and notion house in the state and in time the largest below Mason and Dixon's line, shipping their goods into Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mis sissippi, Florida and the Carolinas, and made Atlanta the recognized agent for all northern products. In 1867 they erected a large building, and in 1880 a magnifi cent structure to facilitate their growing industry. This firm, by its perfect: integrity, energy and judgment, easily won decided supremacy. Mr. Moore wasa model man, with the great and imitable attributes, exceptional business ability, simple, engaging manners and a heart that beat in unison with all that is true and noble and just In the commercial sphere he is Georgia's pioneer and pattern. He made religion the staff for his support and comfort, and carried it into his everyday life. He was a Presbyterian deacon in Chattanooga and an elder in Atlanta. He gave generously to the Christian cause, and erected the Moore Memorial church of his own denomination and left bequests for various charities, among them a liberal donation to the Henry W. Grady hospital; the founding of a scholarship at the Agnes Scott institute, located at Decatur, Ga., and a fund for the assistance of weak churches of the Presbyterian church,, south. He was a complete man, wise, honorable and just In 1850 he married Miss Euphemia Barry, who survives him.
MURPHY. This name, though seemingly so inconsequential because so wellknown, has an origin and an ancestry quite as remote and royal as any in this-
country. Irish history and heraldry give it high rank and eminently noble and chivalric characteristics. According to the most reliable historical authorities the Murphy's are direct descendants of Cathoire (Cahire-More), king of Leinster, Ire land, in the second century, who finally became king of Ireland. Two out ot c large family of sons--Rossa Failge and Fiacha Baikeada--became most dis tinguished. From the last-named descend the MacMorroghs--Murchada, or O'Murphy--anglicised as Murphy, and the Cavanaghs. From this distinguished ancestry are descended those so widely scattered who bear the name of Murphy. Through diverging lines the parents of the subject of this sketch were lineal de scendants of Fiacha Baikeada, son of Cathoire, king of Ireland in the second century. But Mr. Murphy needs not this or other distinguished ancestry to com mend him; his own estimable character and unostentatious life-work do that. The family coat of arms is ancient and denotes authority and royalty, and the motto: "Fortis et Hospitalis," the highest type of chivalry and hospitality. And the ancestral home of the family is in the valley, where meet the water of the Avon and Avoca, which inspired Moore's beautiful poem, "The Meeting of the iWaters:
"There is not In the wide world a Valley so sweet AB that Valley in whose bosom the bright waters meet."
* *****
"Sweet Vale of Avoca! how calm could I rest In. thy bosom of shadows with the friends I love best."

ANTHONY MURl'HY.

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869

Anthony Murphy, capitalist, Atlanta, Ga., son of Thomas and Elizabeth <Keyes) Murphy, was born in County Wicklow, Ireland, Nov. 6,1829. His father was born in County Wexford, Ireland, in 1804, and his mother in County Wicklow, adjoining. They emigrated to the United States in 1838, and settled first in Schuylkill county, Pa. Subsequently he went with his family to Iowa, where he lived many years, came south in 1878, and died June 18, 1879. His widow is still living. Anthony was nine years of age when his parents emigrated to this country; he lived with them until he was eighteen years of age, and was educated at the public schools. At the age mentioned he went to Trenton, N. J., where he was apprenticed to the machinist's trade. After serving three years he went to Piermont, N. Y., worked there a year in the Erie railway shops, and then went to the Pittsburgh (Pa.) shops, where he worked at his trade another year. ]n 1854 he came to Atlanta, and after working four years as a machinist, he ran on the road as a locomotive engineer eighteen months. After this he was made foreman of motive power and machine shops of the Western & Atlantic (state) railway, which position he held until 1861. That year he went into the employ of the Confederate states, but at the end of six months he went to Columbia, S. C, as master machinist of the Columbia & Charlotte railway. After a short stop in Columbia he returned to Atlanta, and soon afterward went to Montgomery, Ala., and took charge of the motive power of what is now the Louisville & Nashville railway, and remained there until driven out by Gen. Wilson's raiders. After the war he came back to Atlanta and engaged in the saw-milling and lumber business. In 1869 he built a saw-mill in Dodge county, Ga., with headquarters in Atlanta, which he continued until 1882. In this venture he was phenomenally prosperous, and at the date last named retired from active business and has since operated as a capitalist. It was during Mr. Murphy's connection with the Western & Atlantic railway (April 12, 1862) that the famous "engine chase" and capture of the locomotive "General" occurred. He was foreman of the machine and motive power, which was absolutely under his control. That morning he was called to examine an engine which supplied the power to cut wood and pump water for the locomotives at Alatoona. While at breakfast at Big Shanty (now Kennesaw) he heard a noise as of escaping steam, and at the same time noticed that the engine was moving, and remarked to the engineer and fireman, "Some one is moving your train." On reaching the door he saw the engine with three cars moving out of sight. Sending a man on horseback to Marietta to wire the superintendent, he started with the conductor and engineer on foot, knowing there was a squad of section hands with a hand, or pole-car, just ahead. Taking this the pursuit was continued until farther on they obtained an engine, with which, after overcoming all obstructions they overtook the engine just north of Hinggold, where the raiders had deserted and taken to the woods. But for his knowledge of the road and his control of the motive power which he utilized, the result might have been very different Mr. William Pittinger, one of the Federal raiding party who escaped, in a book published by him, says: "The presence of Anthony Murphy that morning was purely accidental. As an officer of high authority on the road, commanding all engineers and firemen, knowing all the engines and everything about the road perfectly, his presence at that time was most unfortunate for us. He was a man of great coolness and good judgment. His first act was far-sighted. He sent a man on horseback to Marietta to notify the superintendent at Atlanta by wire." To Mr. Murphy, more than to any other man, is due the successful termination of that exciting "engine chase." In 1866 he was elected a member of the city council of Atlanta, and served by re-election nearly three years, and was again elected in 1870. This service was rendered

870

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

during the most trying period of Atlanta's history and rendered efficiently. He originated the water works movement in 1866, was president of the water works board for some years, floated the bonds issued for their construction--the work being completed in 1874. During this period he originated and superintended the construction of immense cisterns for saving water for fire extinguishment, was the principal mover in the matter adopting steam fire-engines and purchased the first steam fire-engine, and actively co-operated with Dr. O'Keefe in establishing the present magnificent public school system. Mr. Murphy's early training, together with his practical common sense and strictly business methods, made his service* at this time of inestimable value to the city. Mr. Murphy was a jury commissioner a number of years, and served two terms on the county board of roads and rev enues, of which he was chairman of the committee on buildings, and built the
present model alms-house. He advocated the building of the Georgia Air Line (now R. & D.) and represented the city's stock, was an important factor in saving what is now the Georgia Pacific railway, was one of the promoters of the building of the Atlanta Cotton factory and as one of its board of directors was an earnest and watchful worker during its construction, was one of the committee of fortynine who formulated the present city charter which saved the city from threat ened bankruptcy, and was appointed by Gov. Gordon one of the commissioners to appraise for the state the value of the road, rolling stock and betterments of the Western & Atlantic railway. Quiet, reticent, undemonstrative, he is yet an almost invincible power when brought into action--it is only then that his true value is developed. A more evenly balanced mind is rarely found. While his head is coo!, a warmer heart throbs not in the breast of man. Blessed with a sound judg ment, of unbending integrity and governed by the most scrupulous exactitude in all business transactions, it excites no wonder that he has been deservedly financially successful and is held in the very highest esteem by all who know him. Mr. Murphy was married in 1858 to Miss Adelia McConnell, who, and her parents before her, are natives of Georgia. Her mother was a Bell on the paternal side and Hampton on the maternal side--connected with the distinguished South Caro lina family of that name. This union has been blessed with eight children, seven of whom are living: Annie E., wife of G. H. Tanner, clerk of Fulton county superior court; Kate F., wife of Charles E. Sciples, of Sciple Sons, Atlanta, Ga.; Robert E., John K., Adelia, Anthony, Jr., and Charles C. Mr. Murphy is not a member of any church (though he was raised a Roman Catholic), but is Catholic "in spirit and in truth," liberally contributing to the dissemination of Christianity irrespective of the agency. He keeps fully abreast with the progressiveness of the age, is fully alive to the highest interests of Atlanta and is an earnest and energetic worker in promoting those interests.

PRYOR L. MYNATT, a talented lawyer of the Atlanta bar, was born in Knox county, Tenn., in 1829. Here he was reared and received his early education, preparing himself for the seminary at Maryville, Tenn., in which insti tution he took a full course, graduating in 1849, before arriving at his twentieth birthday. He then returned to his home, worked on the farm for one year and went to Clinton, Addison county, to assume charge of the academy located there. In 1850 he removed to De Kalb county, Ala., still following the calling of a school master; but after a year, on account of his father's declining health, he thought best to be near him, and returned to his home. With the late Horace Maynard, at one time minister to Turkey, he studied law for four years, and was admitted to the bar in 1855, after having also completed a law course in Cumberland university at Lebanon, Tenn. After being recognized as a practitioner he went to-

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Jacksboro, Tenn., near the Kentucky line, and began active practice. Two years later, by reason of his father's death, he found himself in his old home, settling his father's affairs and winding up the estate. When this was satisfactorily done he went to Knoxville, Tenn., resumed the practice of law, and in 1858 entered into partnership with C. F. Trigg, who was afterward appointed a judge of the United States district court by President Lincoln. Air. Trigg was an out spoken supporter of the Federal cause, and when about to be arrested, escaped, through a stratagem devised by Col. Mynatt. In 1861 Mr. Mynatt enlisted in
Company I of the Third Tennessee cavalry as a private, and fought in the ranks for two years. During 1863 Col. Carter, an old friend and neighbor of the Mynatt family, offered him the post of commissary" of his regiment with the rank of captain, and later was appointed commissary of the brigade. A splendid service in this position soon elevated him to division commissary, which he held until the surrender. Col. Mynatt was often and desperately exposed in the almost daily raids and forages, but escaped safely through them all. When the war closed he came to Atlanta, Ga., took up again his legal duties and has since resided and practiced there. He was married in 1860 to Alice L., daughter of the late honored and beloved Campbell Wallace, of Atlanta. Col. Mynatt was a member of the constitutional convention of 1877, appointed chairman on the homestead committee. To the next legislature he was elected and placed on the general judiciary committee and made chairman of the committee on corpora tions. His career as a citizen, a soldier, a lawyer and a legislator is exemplary and worthy of imitation.

JOSEPH VAX HOLT NASH, JR., is a native of Petersburg, Va., having been born in the year 1868. He resided in that city until eight years old, and from
there moved to Baltimore, Md. On arriving at the age of matriculation he en tered Randolph-Macon college, located at Ashland, Va., and after graduating came with his parents to Atlanta, Ga. In 1880 he went to Savannah to become a student at the Georgia Military academy, and after a course in that school, returned to Atlanta. To perfect himself in commercial transactions he studied
a short time in a business college and later took a position with an insurance agency of Atlanta. In September, 1894, he was tendered the office of assistant general manager of the American Book company of New York, which he accepted and now occupies with much credit. He was married Nov. 9, 1894, to Josephine, daughter of the late Samuel Hoyle, of Atlanta. Mr. Nash is a member of the order of Knights of Pythias and affiliates with the Roman Catholic church. In 1886 he joined the Atlanta rifles, one of Atlanta's military companies, has experienced a celebrated past record as a private and has filled every rank by successive promotions until he was honored by the captaincy in July, 1893. Mr. Nash is an agile athlete and before the cares of business accumulated on his shoulders he took great interest in the Atlanta gymnasium, and is now a warm supporter of lusty sports and robust, healthful exercise. He is exceedingly popular among the young men of the city, being admired for his sterling qualities, for his cordial, cheering characteristics, and the manly attractions that fasten friends as magnetism induces bits of steel. He is achieving deserved success.

THOMAS B. NEAL. Perhaps no city in the south can boast of a stronger or more thorough banking system than Atlanta, and prominent among the
bankers to whom this credit is due is Capt. Thomas B. Neal. Capt. Neal is a native of Pike county, Ga., and was born in that county on Oct. 21, 1838. His grandfather, David Neal, came from South Carolina, and was a gallant revolu-

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tionary officer in the struggle for independence. The father of Capt. Neal was born in what is now Pike county. He came to Atlanta after the war and became one of the leading financiers of that city. He died in Atlanta a few years ago at the advanced age of ninety years. The Scotch-Irish ancestry from which Capt Neal sprang explains, in a measure, the secret of his commanding influence, as well as the sturdy characteristics of his family. Until his nineteenth year the subject of this sketch lived in the little town of Zebulon. He received only a common school education, but made the best of his advantages. Leaving Zebulon, he went to Minden, La., where he clerked for two years in a general store. In 1860 he went into business for himself, and was just beginning to realize his first profits when the war commenced. Although opposed to secession as a remedy for the existing evils, of which the south complained, he entered the Confederate service, enlisting as a private under Gen. N. B. Forrest. He served under this gallant officer throughout the entire war, surrendering at Gainesville, Ala., in 1865. While in the service the subject of this sketch participated in the following battles: Shiloh. Murfreesboro, Corinth, Holly Spring, the siege of Vicksburg, Jackson, Miss., the first and second battles of Franklin, Tenn. He was also in the heavy fighting between Dalton and Atlanta, and in front of Wilson on the retreat from Nashville, Tenn. His career of service ended at Gainesville, Ala. On the retreat from Corinth, Miss., the subject of this sketch was captured by the Federals and taken to Alton, 111., where he was kept in prison for four months. After the war he returned to Minden, remaining there until 1885. The progress of his native state since the war had been so marked in commercial and industrial lines that he turned his face in this direction and came to Atlanta. In 1886 he organized the Neal Loan and Banking company, with a capital stock of $100,000, becoming the president of that institution. Under his able financial management the bank has steadily grown in popularity and strength, and is to-day recognized as one of the strongest banking institutions of the city. Since Capt Neal has been a resident of At
lanta he has been a strong advocate of all enterprises that have sought to advance her true interests, and has been, since the inception of the movement, an ardent promoter of the Cotton States and International exposition, being at the present time a member of the board of directors. Capt Neal was married in 1866 to Miss Mollie Cash, the daughter of Mr. P. B. Cash, of Louisiana. Though seven children have blessed the union thus happily formed, only one of them survives, Emma, the wife of Mr. Lee Douglas, a successful young dry-goods merchant of Atlanta, and a member of the firm of Douglas, Thomas & Davison. Capt. Neal is a member of several mystic brotherhoods, being a Knight of Pythias, a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and a master Mason. A consistent member of the Second Baptist church of Atlanta, Capt Neal has not been careless of his spiritual interests, and he has faithfully performed all the duties enjoined upon him by his church. His life is that of a man whose purpose seems to be the attainment of a lofty ideal and whose business integrity has always been above reproach.

I EVI B. NELSON, one among the many able financiers in Georgia, was born in Chemung county, in the lower part of the state of New York, on May 4,
1838. At a very early age, however, he moved with his father into Tioga county,
settling in one of the most delightful portions, the village of Newark Valley.
This region of the state is famous for its picturesque scenery, and the quiet, subtle influence of this charming locality may have been a potential factor in shaping his life. At the age of thirteen he sustained the severe misfortune of losing his father, \vhr> was quite an eminent physician, and who. prior to his long illness, enjoyed

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a monopoly of the best practice in that immediate section of the state. The bereavement occasioned by his sad death was aggravated by the helpless condi tion in which he was forced to leave his family, consisting of a wife and two small children. This was due to the fact that, for nearly three years preceding his death, Dr. Nelson was a confirmed invalid, unable to carry on the practice of his profession. During his long illness the little money that had accumulated from his practice had been completely exhausted, and at the time of his death he had no patrimony to leave his children save the good example that he had always set before them, and a father's parting benediction. The educational advantages enjoyed by Mr. Nelson were extremely meager. He was forced to begin the skirmish of life at a time when most boys are in the schoolroom, and the knowledge of books which he subsequently acquired was gathered entirely from his own self-instruction. Soon after the death of his father he entered a store at Cortland, N. Y., and received his first lessons in the art of making money. In order to get a start in business he agreed to board himself and after the expiratkm of the first year to receive, as compensation for his services, the sum of $100. This was not a large sum of money, but to a. young boy who was just starting out in life it looked like a great deal. The labor expended by the young clerk in earning his year's salary impressed upon him the need of saving every dollar that he could possibly keep back after paying his honest debts. This became the fixed maxim of his life and he made it his inflexible rule never to allow his expenses to exceed his income. In a large measure this simple maxim explains the success attained by Mr. Nelson in the financial world. After one year's service in Cortland a better position was offered him in Oswego, N. Y., which he accepted and retained until the spring of 1856, and then decided to adopt the advice of Mr. Greeley, and turned his face in the direction of the undeveloped west. Suc cess awaited him at the destination of his journey. He selected the little village of Toledo, in Iowa, as his starting point, and became one of its citizens on the
last of March, 1856. His financial affairs were not by any means in good shape, as his cash assets at the time amounted to only $2.50, and he was indebted to a generous friend in the sum of $75 for the expenses of his trip. In a short time, however, by reason of his push and energy, he obtained a position as deputy recorder and treasurer of the county. He retained this position until June, 1861, when he left the office to enlist as a private in the Union army. He entered the service as third sergeant in Company C of the Tenth Iowa regiment volunteer infantry, but was subsequently detailed as lieutenant and acting assistant adjutantgeneral, performing gallant service, until June, 1862, when, before the receipt of a promised commission as lieutenant, he was compelled to retire on account of injuries received. The operations of the regiment were confined to the west, and the scenes of the campaign in which the young officer figured were pitched in Mississippi, Arkansas and Missouri. After the war Mr. Nelson returned to Toledo and resumed his old position. He soon resigned it, however, to engage in the real estate business and subsequently in the business of general merchandise,
in which vocations he remained until 1869, when he organized the Toledo Savings bank, with a capital stock of $50,000, and became the cashier of that institution. During the same year he was elected a member of the town council of Toledo, and was subsequently in 1873 elected to fill the office of mayor. From 1870 to 1874 Mr. Nelson was a member of the board of education. During the latter year and for five subsequent years he was elected school treasurer. Leaving his western home in 1881 Mr. Nelson decided to cast his lot in Atlanta. Accordingly he moved to that enterprising city in September of that year, engaging in the
farm-loan business, with Mr. C. P. N. Barker, as a partner. Mr. Barker had been

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associated with him for several years in the west This firm was the pioneer in this line of business in Georgia, and several million dollars were brought into the state by them for the benefit of the farming classes. Mr. Xelson had not been a citizen of Atlanta long before he was elected by the city council as street com missioner. His zeal in behalf of the city's interests made itself apparent to such a degree that in 1886 he was elected, by a handsome vote, to a seat in the city council, as a representative from the fourth ward. During his term of service he was appointed by Mayor Tyler Cooper as chairman of the relief, water works, and member of the finance, sanitary and sewer committees, positions of grave responsibility. His fellow members give him the credit of having carefully and faithfully performed every duty delegated to him and of being one among the best members of that body. He was largely helpful in the preparation of the report recommending the erection of a city hospital, presented to the council in 1888. The efforts of this relief committee in connection with those of a com mittee of physicians and citizens, Dr. Hunter P. Cooper, chairman, whose report was embodied in that of the relief committee, was greatly helpful in creating the sentiment that resulted in the erection of the Grady hospital. Mr. Xelson has always been a true friend to charity. He is at present a trustee for the Home for the Friendless, the institution of which Mrs. Xelson has been, since its organ ization, the president. He belongs to the masonic fraternity, is a member of the Central Congregational church of Atlanta, and was recently elected commander of the department of Georgia of the Grand Army of the Republic. Mr. Xelson was united in marriage on Oct. 20, 1866, to Miss Eliza M. Hendry. They have five children living, as follows: Levi D.; Frances, the wife of Charles G. Beck; Edith M., George and Adelaide, and their oldest and youngest sons. Herbert and Charles, are buried in Iowa. Mr. Xelson has one of the most elegant homes in Atlanta. It is situated on the boulevard and is surrounded by extensive grounds, delightfully shaded. The success achieved by the subject of this sketch has been earned by diligent and persevering work, and his influence in the com munity is that of a loyal, upright and conscientious citizen.

DOBERT TAYLOR XESBITT, present state commissioner of agriculture of Georgia, was born in Savannah, Ga., April 2, 1840. His father, Dr. H. O'K.
Xesbitt. of Augusta, was a thoroughly educated physician, having spent several years abroad, principally in Paris, preparing for his life-work. Returning to this country in 1838 he met and afterward married Martha Deloney Berrien, which event changed the whole tenor of his life. Miss Berrien was the daughter of
Dr. Richard M. Berrien of Savannah, youngest brother of John McPherson Berrien. Dr. Berrien, already distinguished in his profession, died at the early age of twenty-five, a victim to the yellow fever scourge of 1820. He remained at his post in Savannah and after ministering to many sufferers of that fearful epidemic, himself fell, a sacrifice to duty. At the time of Miss Berrien's marriage to Dr. Xesbitt the bulk of her property was in lands and negroes and, as was so often the case, the responsibility of their charge caused an entire change in Dr. Xesbitt's plans. He gave up his cherished project of becoming a distinguished
physician and devoted himself to the care and development of his own and his wife's estate. It will thus be seen that R. T. Xesbitt, the subject of the present sketch, was from his earliest infancy associated with agricultural pursuits, and the tastes which he developed for a planter's life were thus fostered by both education and environment. The earlier years of his education were conducted in Athens. Ga. Aftenvard his parents moved to Marietta, where his studies were prosecuted under the most competent teachers. His father died while he was

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still a youth, leaving him the protector of his widowed mother and his two sisters. Under the care of a tutor he was prepared for college. Entering college at Davidson, X. C., then under the presidency of Dr. Morrison and during the professorhip of Maj. (afterward Gen.) D. H. Hill, he spent two years. He then took charge of the planting interests of his mother, his sisters and himself, in Early county, Ga. At the beginning of the war between the states he had just attained his majority. Leaving his business in the hands of agents, he enlisted in the army, and in July, 1861, went as a private with Cobb's legion to Virginia. The terrible
experiences of the campaigns during the four years of bloodshed and suffering almost shattered his health, which had been gradually undermined by hardship and exposure, and he has always suffered from its effects. On May 4, 1865, he
was married to Rebecca Lanier Saffold, daughter of William O. and Mary L. Saffold, and granddaughter of Judge A. G. Saffold and Gen. Jeptha V. Harris. From the time of his marriage until 1882 he planted in Early count}-, Ga., and a part of that time also in Henry county, Ala. In 1882 he moved with his family to Cobb county, Ga., where he has farmed ever since. He was elected in 1868 to and served a term in the state senate from the ninth district. In 1890 he was
elected to the office of state commissioner of agriculture, which he now holds and to which he has been twice re-elected, having performed its responsible and intri cate duties with credit to himself and satisfaction to the people.

IUDGE WILLIAM T. XEWMAX. The grave responsibilities of high judicial office impose a burden upon the wearers of the ermine that few can measure
or appreciate; but these responsibilities only increase the dignity and honor of the bench when associated with a fearless administration of the law and a rigid
personal integrity. It is not invidious to say that an abler, purer, or more con scientious judicial officer never adorned the Federal bench in Georgia than Judge William T. Newman. Judge William Truslow Newman was born in Knoxville,
Tenn., on June 23, 1843. His early youth was spent in the neighborhood of this
cultured and progressive center, and from the private schools of that city he chiefly derived his education. He was still a mere youth at the time hostilities were declared between the north and the south, but being an ardent young southerner he
enlisted in the Confederate service before he attained his eighteenth year. He joined the Lookout Rangers, a cavalry company, organized at Chattanooga, Tenn., under
the command of Capt. W. F. Ragsdale. This company was subsequently assigned to duty, and known as Company H, in the Second Tennessee regiment of cavalry. Though mustered in as a private, the martial spirit of the young soldier was not long in making itself apparent, and he was soon promoted to the rank of lieutenant.
His career of active military service ended in July, 1864. It was not the wish of the young soldier to abandon the service of his country, but a serious wound received at Jonesborough, Ga., causing the loss of his right arm, forced him to retire involuntarily from the field. As soon as he was able to mount his horse he started for the front, regardless of his disabilities, and was on his way to rejoin his command, when Gen. Lee surrendered. Lieut. Xewman, during the period of
his active service, made a gallant record as a fighter, and participated in quite a number of engagements. Among these may be named the battle of Fishing Creek, in Kentucky, where Gen. Zollicoffer was killed: the engagements attendant upon the occupation of Cumberland gap by the Federal troops under Gen. Morgan, of Ohio; and the fighting at Perryville, and the other engagements, resulting from Gen. Bragg^s invasion of Kentucky. After his campaign in the blue grass state the young lieutenant served in the army of Tennessee, taking part in the battle of Murfreesboro. He then served for several months in Tennessee

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
and Kentucky, in the cavalry brigade, commanded by Gen. John Pegram. This brigade figured in quite a number of lively skirmishes during the course of its raid, and Lieut Newman, who kept at the front of the column, received a severe wound in the leg and was captured at Somerset, Ky. He was first sent to Lexington, Ky., and afterward to Camp Chase, at Columbus, Ohio. His prison experiences terminated on Johnson's Island, in Lake Erie. Here he remained a prisoner of war until August, 1863, when he was exchanged at City Point, arriving in Rich mond, Va., a short while afterward. From Richmond he returned to Knoxville to rejoin his command. It was just retreating from Knoxville with the troops evacuating that city at the approach of Gen. Burnside. He participated with his regiment in all the engagements leading up to the battle of Chickamauga, one of the bloodiest encounters of the war. Lieut. Newman's command opened the engagement, and during the subsequent encounter with the enemy suffered the severest loss, both of officers and men. Lieut. Newman then accompanied Gen. Wheeler on his famous raid through Tennessee, fighting with him almost daily. Soon after this he went into winter quarters at Dalton, Ga., though his command was often engaged in active service in that immediate vicinity. Gen. Johnston's celebrated retreat from Dalton began in the spring of 1864, and daily engagements followed each other in quick and fatal succession. Lieut Newman was in the fights at Dalton, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, and the battles around Atlanta. On July 29 Lieut. Newman was sent with Gen. W. H. Jackson's brigade to intercept the raid of Gens. Stoneman and McCook. It was on the following day, in the execution of this order, that he lost his right arm. His command came upon the Federal cavalry- between Jonesboro and Lovejoy's Station, and found them engaged in tearing up the track of the Macon & Western, now the Central, railroad. It was in this engagement that Lieut. Newman received the wound that disabled him and caused the loss of his arm. At the close of the war, having recovered from his wounds, he was on his way to rejoin his command when he heard of Gen. Lee's surrender. He remained with relatives in Virginia until the surrender of Gen. Johnston's command at Greensborough, N. C. In June, 1865, having received his parole at Liberty, Va., he started for his home in Knoxville, Tenn., walking the greater part of the way. He remained in Knoxville for two or three months, and during this time he carefully considered the future, and reasoned with himself as to the best means of earning a livelihood. He had lost his right arm, and this only increased the embarrassment of the situation, and made the outlook more uncertain. Atlanta, at that time, was just beginning to emerge from the.smoke and ashes to which she had been reduced by the invading army of Gen. Sherman, and he decided to cast his lot in that city. Soon after his arrival in Atlanta he began the study of law in the office of Judge John L. Hopkins, a native Tennessean who had preceded him to that city by only a few months. In November, 1867, the young law student was admitted to the bar in La Grange, Ga. He began the practice in Atlanta, and has since enjoyed the emoluments of his profession in that city, advancing rapidly until his final promotion to the Federal bench. In 1871 he was elected by the city council attorney for the city of Atlanta, and filled that position with distinguished ability until 1883, a period of twelve years. In 1886, on the death of Judge McCay,"he was appointed by President Cleveland as judge of the United States court for the northern district of Georgia. Judge Newman has since continued to occupy this position in the display of talents that have demonstrated his fitness for the bench, and in the spirit of a blind impartiality that no one has ever been able to impeach. Judge Newman is connected with the First Presbyterian church, of Atlanta. In September. 1871, he was united in marriage to Miss Fanny Percy Alexander, daughter of Hon.

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Ebenezer Alexander, for many years the judge of the Knoxville circuit court, of Tennessee, and one of the most honored and distinguished citizens of that state. Judge Newman has six children--two sons and four daughters--and his home life is one of ideal charm and felicity. Judge Newman's father, Henry B. Newman, was a native of Tennessee. At the time of his death, which occurred in 1849, ne was the register of deeds for Knox county. He was a gallant captain in the Mex ican war, and was a man of unswerving fidelity and patriotism. Judge Newman was only a small boy at the time of his father's death.
F)R. WILLIAM PERRIN NICOLSON was born in Middlesex county, Va., Feb. 4, 1857, there received his early education and lived until he was seven
teen years old. Being the son of a physician, young Nicolson naturally desired to devote himself to that profession, and in 1875 entered the medical department of the university of Virginia, graduating there a year later. He then attended the Medical college of Virginia, at Richmond, from which he received a diploma in 1877, and was subsequently interne at the hospital at Richmond for two years. In 1879 the Southern Medical college, of Atlanta, was organized and Dr. Nicol son elected to the chair of anatomy, to which clinical surgery was added in 1882. In the latter year he was elected dean of the faculty, and still holds both offices. Dr. Nicolson is a member of the Georgia State Medical association, the Atlanta Medical society, the Southern Surgical and Gynecological association, he Ameri can Medical society, and the Medical society of Virginia. He is chief medical examiner for Georgia for the Equitable Life Assurance society of the United States, and chief medical examiner for the same company in Atlanta. He is also medical examiner for the Connecticut Mutual and the Travelers' Insurance com panies, of Hartford; the United States Life, the Manhattan Life, the Germania Life, the Home and the Washington Life Insurance companies, of New York, and the Union Central, of Portland, Me. He takes an active part in the orders of I. O. O. F. and the Knights of Pythias. Dr. Nicolson is a prominent member of St. Philip's Episcopal church. He was married twice, first to Kate, daughter of Col. H. D. Whitcomb, and had no children by this marriage. In 1891 he was married to Miss Caroline, daughter of Maj. Benj. E. Crane, who served as a major in the Confederate army and was later a prominent merchant in Atlanta and president of the chamber of commerce when he died, in 1887. Dr. Nicolson's father, Dr. George L. Nicolson, a direct descendant of the Wormleys, of Rose Gale, Va., was born in Middlesex county, Va., and received his medical education at Jefferson Medical college, in Philadelphia, of which he was a graduate, and in Paris, where he studied three years. Dr. George L. Nicolson practiced all his life in his native county in Virginia, dying there in 1883, at the age of sixty-four years. He was for many years a member of the state legislature from his county. He married Betty, daughter of Charles C. and Mary (Stiff) Wellford. They had eight children, of whom seven are living. Dr. Nicolson's grandfather, George Nicolson, was a native of Scotland. From his excellent ancestry, Dr. Nicolson inherits many commendable traits, and has won for himself an enviable position in professional and social circles.

r\R. G. H. NOBLE. Atlanta is second to no city in the United States of its size in the rank of its physicians. The number of its doctors and surgeons
who enjoy a national reputation through professional skill and contributions to the journals of science are many. Among this brilliant array is Dr. George H. Noble, who was born in the city of Atlanta Feb. 25, 1860. He is the son of James Noblr. a native of England, who was for years a well-known resident of Atlanta,

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a leader in business and social circles. He is now a large iron manufacturer at Anniston, Ala., and was one of the founders of that thrifty city. Dr. Noble attended the public schools of Rome, Ga., in his youth and finished his education in Atlanta. He commenced the study of medicine in 1879, under the late Dr. V. H. Taliaferro, whose fame as a physician extended throughout the entire country. In iSSi'Dr. Xoble was graduated from the Atlanta Medical college. He began the practice of his profession at once, being associated with Dr. Talia ferro, but in a few months left Atlanta to take a special course at Bellevue Hospital Medical college, and at the Women's hospital, in the state of New York. He then received clinical instructions at Mt. Sinai college and at Manhattan Eye and Ear hospital, and personal instructions by many of the leading men in the
city of Xew York, such as Sims, Emmet, Fordyce, Barker and others. Thor oughly equipped for resuming his place in the Atlanta field, Dr. Noble returned and has continued to practice here. A close student and indefatigable worker, possessing a calm and placid temperament and fine mental attainments, he has achieved a great success. He makes a specialty of diseases of women. He is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia, the Southern Gynecological association, Atlanta Medical society, Atlanta Obstetrical society and the TriState Medical association. Notwithstanding his busy life Dr. Noble finds time to
write some interesting papers, which have been read before the associations to which he belongs and published in leading medical journals of the country. These articles, showing a remarkable research and advancing important ideas, have attracted the attention of leading members of the profession in various states. Among these papers were: "Abortive Treatment of Mammary Abscess by a New and Effectual Compress." This paper received very high compliments from the
leading members of the profession, both in this country and in Europe, and from the late Dr. J. Marion Sims especially. The "New England Medical Monthly," and the "Birmingham Medical Journal" of Birmingham, England, gave it very high endorsements. "Suspension or Inanition of Blood to the Brain in Asphyxia Pelidum of the New-born" was favorably commented on, one of the French medi cal journals saying that the doctor was an "original thinker." Then followed ether papers, all of which attracted much favorable attention, viz.: "A More Rational Method of Treating Flexions of the Uterus;" "The Use of the Tampon in Pregnancy," and much aid and contribution to a paper by the late Dr. Taliaferro on the "Uterine Tampon," which was the means of much improvement in the treat ment of diseases of the womb. The doctor presented to the Southern Surgical and Gynecological convention a paper on "A New Operation for the Relief of Prolapsus and Procidentia of the Womb," which was pronounced by the leading
members as a very ingenious operation and the best they had seen for the purpose intended. He then gave to the Medical Association of Georgia a paper entitled, "The Removal of Septic or Infectious Materials with a View of Relieving Phlegmasia Alba Dolens," and later a report of the first and only successful case of removal of cancerous womb in confinement, the title being. "A Case of Carcimonia of the Parturient Uterus Removed Three Days After Confinement--Recover ing." This new departure was received with praise by many of the leading members of the association. The doctor was also the first man to deliberately
remove with success the pregnant uterus for cancer. Other papers and reports of heroic operations with success attained, have been presented from time to time, all possessing some degree of originality. The marriage of Dr. Noble to Mary L,., daughter of Dr. Taliaferro, Jan. 25, 1884. was an important event in Atlanta society. It was the union of two old families of that city, well known throughout

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the state. Dr. Noble belongs to the St Phillip's Episcopal church, and is a vestryman of that organization.

JONATHAN NORCROSS, known as Atlanta's most historic citizen, has been identified with her interests and gradual development since the city was but the
humble terminus of a railroad. He was not only one of the earliest residents, but mayor when the settlement was assuming the proportions of a large town. He has been a potent factor in almost every enterprise. He came to Atlanta in 1844, when no streets had been built, only four roads converged, known as Peachtree, Decatur, Marietta and McDonough, and opened a general store, but soon after started a saw-mill and had his time wholly occupied in sawing cross-ties and "string-timbers" for the state road. In a few months he built a home on the
site of the present air-line depot. In the latter part of 1850 he was nominated by the citizens for mayor. His opponent was L. C. Simpson, a lawyer. These factions were known respectively as the "moral" and "rowdy" parties. The campaign was heated. Mr. Norcross gathered votes by the distribution of fruit and candy, while his opponent offered whiskey and like stimulants. The "moral" clan bore off the prize. Mr. Norcross was not only mayor, but chief of police and superintendent of the streets as well, and considering that the population was but a conglomeration of railroad hands out of employment, and gambling and murder of daily occurrence, had his hands full enforcing order and maintaining peace. In the same year he established a general merchandise store. Groceries and dry goods formed the bulk of his stock, but a sign over the front door an nounced that "shingles and feathers" were his specialty. His labors in this undertaking were productive of merited success. While in the saw-mill 'business Mr. Norcross invented a vertical saw, consisting of a circular wheel forty feet in diameter, and adjusted in an almost horizontal position, with which he was able to saw about 1,000 feet of lumber per day. The timber thus prepared was utilized in building the Georgia railroad, the first locomotive of which came into the city Sept. 15, 1845. The Norcross building on Marietta street was destroyed recently because of an insecure foundation. This is now supplanted by a magnificent structure that is a fitting monument to its owner's enterprise.
Air. Norcross has not been so deeply engrossed in his daily labors but that he could spare much time for literary pursuits, and spends many hours in his library. He has displayed remarkable authorship in The History of Democracy, The Conflict of Labor and Capital, Common Sense Views of State Sovereignty vs. United States Supremacy, and Democracy Examined. He is one of the pioneer citizens of Atlanta, possessing a vigorous intellect, a true, untarnished patriotism, and the spirit that knows not defeat Mr. Norcross was married in April, 1845, to Mrs. Montgomery (nee Harriet N. Bogle), of Blount county, Tenn., who died in August, 1876. One son blessed this union--Rev. Virgil C, an eminent Baptist minister of Atlanta. Mr. Norcross contracted a second marriage Sept 4,1877, with
Miss Mary Ann Hill.

WILLIAM J. NORTHEN, the thirty-sixth governor of Georgia, was born in Jones county of this state, on July 9, 1835. The sturdiness of character and
the high sense of honor that have distinguished him in private and in public life are largely due, perhaps, to his Scotch ancestry. His grandfather, William Xorthen, settled in North Carolina. From this first American home, his father, Peter Northen, moved into Georgia, then a frontier state. He settled at Powelton, about the year 1800, and the family lived in that part of Georgia up to 1890, when his son, William J. Northen, was elected governor of his native state and removed

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
to Atlanta. Peter Northen married Louisa M. Davis. The result of this marriage was several children besides the subject of this sketch. With true Scotch appre ciation of the value of a thorough education, Peter Northen kept his son at school or college from his early childhood until he graduated from Mercer university in 1853, in his eighteenth year. His health had been somewhat injured by his .long and continuous application to study, but he had become so fond of his books that the scholar almost immediately became the teacher. In 1854 he began teaching, and in 1856 he was assistant to the famous instructor, Dr. Carlisle P. Beman, in the ML Zion high school. In this capacity he served from 1856 to 1858, when, upon the retirement of Dr. Beman, he assumed the management of this noted school, and raised it to still higher efficiency and reputation. When war was declared between the northern and southern states Peter Northen, then nearly seventy years old, took command of a company, and William J. Northen enlisted under him as a private. At the close of the war he returned to Hancock county and reassumed control of the Mt. Zion school. Here he labored faithfully and with the greatest success. The school, under his management, became famous as an institution for the preparation of boys for colleges and universities. Young men were sent to him from every part of the state and from other states. His thorough method and the fine results of his teaching made his school as famous in Georgia and neighboring states as Eton and Rugby are in England. One inter esting result of his long and successful career as a teacher was brought out in his candidacy for the governorship in 1890, and may be most appropriately mentioned here. As soon as his name was authoritatively published as a candidate for nomination, the boys who had gone to school to him immediately flocked to his standard, and it was found that in every part of the state he had strong sup porters in the former scholars of Mt Zion. These boys had now become voters and men of intelligence and influence in their respective communities. Their weight was irresistible, and the people of Georgia witnessed the rare spectacle of a teacher so honored and beloved by his pupils that they were ready to give to him their time and their labor to elevate him to the highest office in the state. It was remarked during the campaign that every man in Georgia had either gone to school to Mr. Northen or with him. In 1874 his health, which had not been strong since his school days, gave way under the severe strain to which he sub jected himself as a teacher. To rebuild his constitution, he began farming, turn ing his attention largely to improving the methods of butter making and to the raising of a fine breed of cattle. His thoroughness in this pursuit, as in all others, made him successful. He became one of the most prosperous and advanced farmers in the south. He made a study of all the conditions of farming, the nature of the soil and the best methods of agriculture, and he was soon recognized as the very highest authority in the state on all branches of his vocation. He has always taken the highest interest in the condition of the agricultural class, and has always been ready to serve for its improvement and progress. From the origin of the Hancock County Farmers' club he was its president and most efficient member. He was chosen as vice-president of the State Agricultural society, and shortly afterward became its president, serving in this office in 1886, 1887 and 1888. His labors in these positions have had a wide and beneficial effect upon agricultural methods throughout the state. He also served as president of the Young Farmers' Club of the Southern States, thus broadening the field of his work and influence. The first part taken in politics by the future governor was in 1867, when he was elected a member of the state democratic convention, which was the first political foodv to organize in Georgia after the war. He was again called upon to serve his county and state, and elected as a member of the legislature of 1877-78. In 1880,

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during the gubernatorial convention, he was chosen as a member of the committee to investigate the bonds of the Northeastern railroad. He was elected to the house of representatives the second time for 1880-81. In 1884-85 he was senator in tht legislature of the state, and was appointed chairman of the educational committee. Throughout his legislative career he devoted himself with great ardor and thor oughness to the cause of education. Indeed, this may be called his life work, and he has given to it his best labor and his best thought. As scholar, teacher, legislator, governor, and as private citizen, he has been enthusiastic in his devotion to this cause. He has striven to make the public school system of the state more efficient, and has perhaps accomplished more than any other public man toward forming a strong sentiment on the part of the people in favor of longer terms in the free schools and a higher degree of ability in the teachers. He has been the most ardent advocate of normal schools, and as governor did not cease in his efforts with the legislature and before the people until partial success crowned his labors in the securing of an appropriation for the establishment of a state normal school. He has served his alma mater, Mercer, as trustee for twenty years. In 1892 this university recognized his great services to the cause of education, as well as his mature scholarship, by conferring upon him the degree of LL. D. This degree was also conferred upon him in 1894 by Richmond college, of Virginia. Up to 1890 Mr. Northen had found his farm and home near Sparta, in Hancock county, a happy retreat after public life and cares. He had gone from his farm to the halls of legislation and had returned, after the full and fervent discharge of his duty, to his peaceful life and the quietude of his country home. He was happy to serve his state, and he was happy to find rest awaiting him in his fields and amid his stock and in his library. In 1890, however, he was summoned by his people to his longest period of public service. There was a general call for him to enter the race for the governorship, but he would not consent to have his name presented to the people as a candidate until he felt assured that the people, and not the politicians only, wished him to take this position. As soon as this was clear to him he announced himself as ready to go before the voters for their decision. It was plain to every observer, from the very commencement of the campaign, that the people were overwhelmingly in favor of Mr. Northen. County after county instructed for him, and all opposition soon ceased. He received the nomi nation, and was elected governor in October, 1890. On Nov. 8 he was installed in office. The most striking characteristic shown by the new governor was plainly brought before the knowledge of all in his straightforward inaugural address. This was his open sincerity of purpose. At no time and under no pressure of circumstances was it ever doubtful as to where the governor stood upon all questions that involved the welfare of his people. There was no equivocation, no evasion, no temporizing. Anyone whose mind was clear enough to see the proper and just course could tell exactly what would be his conduct in any emergency. His first address was warmly praised by the people and by the press for its plain and practical utterances, directly to the point, and touching the needs of the state with the sure hand of the careful student of public affairs. He warned the people against the miserable economy which, to save a few dollars, had enrolled Georgia among the illiterate states, and had deprived thousands of her children of the benefits and great moral influence of education. He called attention to the great excess of legislation, and the filling of volumes with unnecessary laws. He took occasion, also, to direct the attention of the legislature to the heavy burdens already borne by the people, and urged wise laws that would relieve and not add to their distress. The practical wisdom of the governor was shown in the following sentiment: "Whatever encourages general industry in the state marks the state's

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progress in power and wealth. Whatever makes fertile its fields, prosperous its manufacturers, thrift}- its business and secure its capital, advances the enlighten
ment of its people and makes the stability of their institutions." Among the many important questions that came before Gov. Northen during his two terms as chief executive, only a. few can be mentioned in this brief notice. The famous "better ment claim" of the lessees of the state railroad known as the Western & Atlantic railroad, came up for settlement through the action of a commission to be appointed by the governor. The high character of the men he selected for this important work placed the result of their deliberations and findings beyond censure. The claim was for $711,890, and was adjusted for $99,644. His firm stand in the dispute with the secretary of the interior, Mr. Noble, over the proper division of funds appropriated by congress to purposes of education of the two races in Georgia had the good effect of securing a just distribution of the funds. The secretary demanded that it be equally divided; the governor insisted that justice could be done both races only by a division according to the relative num ber of each race. He carried his point, and the fund was divided between the two races according to their numbers. The geological survey of the state, as promis ing to aid very greatly in bringing to the knowledge of the world the wonderful natural wealth of Georgia, always received his ardent support. Had it not been for his strong advocacy and constant work, the survey would long since have been abandoned. The attempt had been made several times to push a survey to com pletion, but disagreements, lack of appropriations and some sectional jealousies had invariably wrecked all work of this kind. The gratifying success of recent work by the survey testifies to the wisdom of his efforts to carry out the original purpose of establishing the geological biireau. His earnest appeals to successive legislatures for the establishment of a state board of health, for the making of good roads, for the establishment of a reform school, and for the better care and protection of convicts of the counties, were of no avail, so far as legislation is
concerned, although it is believed that they have served to bring to the con sideration of these important matters the best and most public-spirited citizens of the state. In reference to a reformatory, he took the high stand in his message to the legislature that ''It is is far more in harmony with good government to prevent crime than to punish the criminal." A number of reforms in the man agement of the penitentiary were enforced by Gov. Northen. The sexes were separated, the women being placed in a special camp, which materially improved the discipline and morality of the penitentiary. He also secured for the convicts more nourishing food and more humane treatment. Escapes from the camps had been frequent, and the law imposing a fine upon the lessees had not been carried out. Gov. Xorthcn enforced the law and made the diligence of the lessees much more wakeful. A sum of nearly $10,000 was collected in fines, which were imposed, according to law. at the rate of $200 for each escape, where due diligence had not been exercised. In connection with these reforms in the care of the state's criminals may be mentioned the unceasing efforts of the governor to suppress mob violence. He urged upon the legislature the passing of suitable laws, and part of his suggestions were acted upon and a statute passed looking to the better protection of accused persons. Whenever there was danger of mob violence he at once summoned the civil and military power to protect the prisoner, so that he could have a fair trial by due process of law. His words and his conduct tended very greatly to strengthen the best sentiment of the people against this
relic of savagery. The encouragement of the volunteer militia of the state and their efficient organization was one of the governor's special cares. Through his influence an officer was detailed by the United States war department to drill and

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organize the state troops. The forces have been well equipped and drilled, and are a fine body of citizen soldiery. Perhaps the work in which he took most interest, because it has been his life work, was in the cause of education. He strove successfully to extend the scope and power of the common schools. To
secure better teachers, he urged the establishment of normal schools, and during his administration had the happiness of seeing two such institutions opened in the state--the Georgia Normal and Industrial college, at Milledgeville, which had been decided upon prior to his term of office, and the Normal school, at Athens, which
is largely the result of his untiring and zealous work. He saw, while governor, and mainly because he was governor, the school year almost doubled,
the establishment of the two institutions already mentioned, the opening of an industrial college at Savannah for negro students. The teachers have been better
and more promptly paid, and have been more efficient, and a school has been opened nearer to almost every home in the state. He was elected governor for the second time in 1892, when his splendid services in the cause of education and in the protection of persons accused of crime received recognition, on the part of the negroes, by 40,000 of them casting their ballots for him, regardless of their
usual political faith. Among prominent offices conferred upon Mr. Northen
should be mentioned the presidency of the trustees of Washington institute, which
he held for six years; he was moderator of the Washington Baptist association for eight years; he was elected vice-president of the Southern Baptist convention
in 1894, and president of the American Educational society. His two terms as
governor embraced the period between Nov. 8, 1890 and Oct. 27, 1894. Immedi ately upon his retiring from office, he organized an immigration and investment
bureau. In this work he has utilized the vast knowledge of the conditions, resources and advantages of this state and has already, 1895, succeeded in bringing
to Georgia thousands of thrifty people to aid m the upbuilding of the common
wealth. It is quite possible that his labors as a private citizen will excel in real
value to the state his services while governor. He has proved himself a wise and
efficient leader, and has achieved success equally as legislator, educator, farmer and governor. His sterling qualities have shone conspicuously in public and in
private life and he has steadily advanced in the esteem and confidence of his fellowcitizens. Perhaps he showed himself greatest when he deliberately sacrificed his personal interests in the appointment of a successor to Senator Colquitt, who
died in the last year of his second term as governor. Mr. Northen was regarded as the only probable successor at the expiration of Senator Colquitt's term and a
less honorable man and even a "practical" politician, would have appointed a nonentity to hold the seat until the regular election of a senator by the legislature.
Gov. Northen, however, did not hesitate to sacrifice himself and place himself in his just attitude before the people. He appointed, a thoroughly competent man.
Mr. Patrick Walsh, and announced that he would support Senator Walsh for the
succession to the long term. Friends and enemies alike applauded this generous action and declared that he had risen above the ideals of politicians and statesmen.
Mr. Northen was married to Miss Mattie M. Neel, of Mt. Zion, Ga., Dec. 19, 1860.
He has two children, a son and a daughter. His present home is Atlanta.

P)R. JOHN COOKE OLMSTED, one of the most erudite physicians of the south, was born in Pittsburg, Chatham Co., N. C, Aug. 25, 1851. Five years
later he was taken by his parents to South Carolina, they settling near Society hill, where they stayed two years, and then moved to Yorkville, remaining there about a year and then going on to Chester, S. C. At the last-named :point Dr. Olmsted began his education, but his studies were cut short, for his parents again removed,

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this time to St. John's parish, Berkeley district, where he lived until the war closed. During the time he lived in St John's parish he had a private tutor. In 1865 he accompanied his parents to Rondout (now Kingston), on the Hudson river, in New York, and a year later to Rhinebeck, at which point the father is now rector of the church of the Messiah. Dr. Olmsted remained in Rhinebeck until 1869. when he went to New York city, and there accepted a mercantile position, which he held until 1872, at which time he returned to Rhinebeck and began the study of medicine with Dr. I. F. Van Vliet, with whom he stayed one year. He then matriculated at the University of Virginia and graduated in medicine there in 1876, when he returned to New York and attended lectures at the university there one year. In the fall of 1877 he moved to Atlanta, and has there practiced his profession ever since. Dr. Olmsted is a member of the American Medical association, the Atlanta Society of Medicine and the Ge'orgia State Medical association. 'He was made a permanent member of the American Medical association in 1879 'n honor of his volunteer service in the yellow fever epidemic at Chattanooga, Tenn., in 1878. For two years he held the chair of genito-urinary and venereal diseases in the Southern Medical college at Atlanta, and was professor of physiology in the same institution from 1889 to 1891. He was also surgeon for the Georgia railway for four years, but resigned that post. Dr. Olmsted is well known in the medical journalistic world, having contributed many valuable articles to the magazines. Notable among these was one entitled "A Plea for the Meatus Urinarius," which appeared in the "Universal Annual of the Medical Sciences," published in New York, and attracted great attention at the time of its appearance. He is vestryman in St. Philip's Episcopal church. In 1879 Dr. Olmsted was presented by the city of Chattanooga with a gold medal as a recognition of his valuable services in the yellow fever epidemic, for which he had refused compensation, notwithstanding that he nearly lost his life while on duty, the physicians attending him having given tip all hope of his ever recovering. He was married in 1881 to Sally, daughter of ]' 'ederick G. Edwards, Louisville, and a grand-niece of Zachary Taylor. Dr. Olmbied's father is Aaron F. Olmsted, who was born in Hartford, Conn., and married in 1844 Caroline E. Cooke, a native of Catskill, N. Y. They had nine children, four of whom were sons, Dr. Olmsted being the eldest. The father served in South Carolina as a member of the reserves, doing patrol duty. Dr. Olmsted was ap pointed president of the pension board of Atlanta by President Cleveland.
)R. FRANCIS HODGSON ORME, physician, Atlanta, was born in Dauphin county, Penn., Jan. 6, 1834. For five generations his paternal ancestors lived
in Mary-land, the first of the name, Robert (father of Rev. John Orme, 1691-92), having emigrated from England to the then colony of that name in the seventeenth century. His maternal great-grandfather, Dr. Joseph Priestly, the discoverer of oxygen, also emigrated from England, so that he is of English stock. His great grandfather, Col. Archibald Orme, was a colonel in the revolutionary war, and on account of this connection, as well as his descent through his grandmother from Col. Richard McAHister, of Hanover, Penn., also of revolutionary fame, Dr. Orme is one of the Sons of the Revolution. His father, Archibald Orme, having died when he was six years old, his mother with her family moved to Milledgeville, Ga., where he was under the care of his uncle, R. M. Orme, well known as the editor of the "Southern Recorder." Having received a preparatory education through various academical institutions and at the hands of private tutors, he entered the office of Dr. James B. Gilbert, of Savannah, in 1850, as a student of medicine. After a four years' course of assiduous study, embracing courses of lectures in the medical department of the university of New York, he received his diploma as a doctor of

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medicine from that college in 1854. He returned to Savannah and formed a part
nership with his preceptor's successor, Dr. W. H. Banks. The very first year tested the metal of the young physician and found it of a satisfactory temper. It was the year of the most violent epidemic of yellow fever ever known in the city.
But two physicians escaped the fever, both men of advanced years, while eight physicans and two medical students lost their lives, a fearful mortality in a city of about 20,000 souls--one-half absent. Dr. Orme was prostrated ten days with the fever. During two weeks of the worst of the plague he was the only one of
five homeopathic physicians of the city who was able to attend to patients. The responsibility was fearful for one of his years. His successful application of homeo
pathic remedies, and his faithful adherence to his professional duties, fully estab
lished his practice, and he had no protracted novitiate period to pass. Family considerations and health caused him to move to Atlanta in 1861, where he has
continued in his profession. Although a graduate in old-school medicine, he early became a disciple of homeopathy, and in his practice has done as much for the spread of this branch of the profession as any physician in the south. He is liberal in his views, however, and while being aligned with this school has never professed
to exclude from his practice any measures which he might consider conducive to
the welfare of his patients, so that a charge of inconsistency cannot be made in his case. At the time he accepted the system there were a mere handful of homeo pathic physicians, so Dr. Orme has lived to see an increase of over 12,000 practi-
tioners. He became a member of the American Institute of Homeopathy in. 1859, and for more than forty years has been active in its doings, contributing papers,
joining in discussions, and holding important positions in connection with the organization. This is the oldest national medical organization in the country, and numbers among its members some of the first physicians in the country. That
this association has a just appreciation of Dr. Orme's efforts in behalf of homeo pathy is shown by the unusual compliment which was paid him in 1887, when his
colleagues elected him to the presidency of the body while he was prostrated on a bed of sickness at home. The election of a man to the presidency of the highest body known to his profession is admittedly placing him at the head of the profession,
there being no higher distinction in the way of conferred honor for him to achieve. His address upon the opening of the annual session was a masterful defense of homeopathy, abounded in practical and valuable suggestions, and characterized by
fairness, good taste and scholarly finish. In 1878 the president of the American Institute of Homeopathy appointed a committee of eleven prominent physicians of this school, chiefly yellow fever experts, to meet in New Orleans and investigate the subject of the fever, and the effect of its treatment by homeopathy. Dr. Orme
was one of the commission, five of whom are now ex-presidents of the institute. In 1867 Dr. Orme was married to Miss Ellen V. Woodward, of Beaufort district,
S. C. His family consists of a daughter, Miss Elizabeth Woodward, and a son,
Frank. He has one living brother, A. J. Orme, and a sister, Mrs. J. W. Culpepper, both of Atlanta. Dr. Orme has been earnest in devotion to his profession and has never allowed politics, speculation or other pursuits to interfere.with his duties.
He enjoys the respect and friendship of physicians of different schools from his own, having been always liberal and fair in his dealings with them. An unsullied record has firmly established him as a man of probity, and as a friend his reliabil ity is unconquerable. Dignified, and yet always courteous in private life, he is
one of the most genial and interesting of companions. He is a man broad in his views, of liberal opinions, a man of taste and culture, without pedantry. Besides his professional accomplishments he is a thinker and writer, who in public
addresses and contributions to medical journals has shown himself possessed of

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literary qualifications of a high order. A distinguished colleague has referred to him as "a very able, influential man, who, by exemplary character, exceptionally clear and forcible writings and devotion to his work, to his family and friends, is a worthy representative of a noble profession." Dr. Orme's personal character, his marked professional success and his general usefulness, have placed him among the representative men of Atlanta. A physician cannot be measured like a soldier or a statesman by special brilliant achievements. He must be judged by his gen eral success and integrity, and there are few titles more honorable than the family physician or the good doctor.

JOSEPH THOMPSON ORME, city treasurer of Atlanta, Ga., was born in Atlanta, July 28, 1860, and has since resided in this city. He passed with
distinction through the public schools and also received instruction from a private tutor. Leaving school at the age of fifteen years he became collector in the private bank of W. M. & R. J. Lowry, now known as the Lowry Banking company. From this lowest position he has risen by successive appointments to his present office of cashier--having assumed this duty in 1888. He has also been honored by election to the place of director in the same institution. In 1890 Mr. Orme was united in marriage to Mary A., daughter of Charles H. Dickerson of Detroit, Mich. They have two children: Annie Ashley and Joseph Priestly, who was named after his great-great-grandfather, Dr. Joseph Priestly, fellow of the Royal Society of England.
Mr. Orme is treasurer of Atlanta, of the West End Cemetery association, the Young Men's Democratic league of Fulton county, the Fulton Loan and Building association, and director in the Bankers' Guarantee Fund Life Assurance company. In 1889 he was first elected city treasurer for the term of two years. For the succeeding term he was defeated, but re-elected in 1893 and 1894. Mr. Orme is a member of the Georgia chapter of the Sons of the Revolution. He has been for twenty years identified with Atlanta's banking system, and the highest confidence is reposed in his integrity. Mr. Orme's father was William Priestly Orme, a native of Dauphin, Penn., the son of Archibald Orme, supervisor of the Pennsylvania canal, and the grandson of John Orme, a rice planter in Mclntosh county, Ga. He came on a visit to Georgia in 1840, and soon after was connected with the Georgia railroad, and acted as agent in Atlanta. He was subsequently engaged in manufacturing enterprises with Richard Peters, J. F. Alexander and W. P. Harden. He was treasurer of both the A. & W. P. R. R. and the old Western railway of Georgia. After the war he was a member of the cotton commission firm of Wilson, Calloway & Co., New York, which was afterward succeeded by R. T. Wilson & Co. He was a director in the Atlanta Savings bank, the rolling mill and other enterprises. He retired from active business in 1886, and settled on his farm near East Point, Ga., where he died in April, 1893. His farming operations have been highly approved--especially the system of terracing and grading, which has been extensively copied. His wife was Miss Julia Thompson, a daughter of Joseph Thompson, also one of the earliest of Atlanta's citizens. His life was one of unquestioned probity, free from the slightest scandal. In disposition he was modest and retiring. Judge Bleckley once paid him this glowing tribute: "He possessed in a marked degree the instincts, sentiments and principles of a gentleman, and his bearing and deportment were always in harmony with these characteristics. Both internally and externally, both in fact and in appearance he was a true gentleman of the purest and most elevated type. None could know him at all without respecting him, and those who knew him well added to their respect the double tribute of admiration and affection." His mother was a Miss

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Priestly, a granddaughter of Dr. Joseph Priestly, the eminent scientist and dis coverer of oxygen. Mr. J. T. Orme's mother was a native of South Carolina, who moved to Atlanta with her parents when that city was but a village, and for many years her father was president of the Atlanta Medical college. She died in 1885. Mr. Orme is one of six children, the others surviving are: Richard W., Joseph T., Julia C., and Jane, wife of W. H, Harrington of Rome, Ga.
LION. HOWARD E. W. PALMER of Atlanta, Ga., has lead an active life, which is now at the beginning of its prime, with the promise of increasing
usefulness. His ancestors on both sides came to Georgia from Virginia and the Carolinas. His paternal grandfather was Edmund Palmer, a planter of Burke county, Ga., and his grandmother was Jane Alien of Richmond county, in the same state. Prof. James E. Palmer, his father, was educated at Emory college, Oxford, Ga., and graduated with distinction. After his graduation he established a boarding school at his home in Burke county known as Grove Mount, and which some called "Rugby." After conducting this school awhile Prof. Palmer was. elected to fill the chair of Latin in Emory college, in which he displayed the abilities of a true educator until December, 1861, when his highly useful life was cut short by death, when he was only about thirty-three years of age. The mother of Judge Palmer was Mary M. Weaver of Greensboro, a descendant, in the paternal line from the Weavers and Daniels of North Carolina. Her connections, by blood and marriage, extended among the Mounger, Wingfield, Eve and Grimes families of Georgia, forming a very wide and influential relationship. His mother is still in life and graces the home of her son as a member of his family. Judge Palmer was born in Burke county, Ga., Oct. 19, 1854, but on the election of his father to the professorship of Latin in Emory college, the young family moved to Oxford, where the father died; and after this bereavement, Judge Palmer's -boyhood was spent in Greensboro and Burke county, Ga. At Greensboro, when but a lad he learned the printer's trade in the office of the Greensboro "Herald." His education was secured in Emory college where he was graduated in the class of 1872, and afterward he taught school for two years. This was followed by his entering the law office of Judge P. B. Robinson as a law student, and his admission to the bar in the superior court at Greensboro during the September term, 1874, Judge George T. Bartlett being then the presiding judge. His first office and prac tice as a lawyer was in Greensboro, where he was admitted, but in 1876 he moved to Waynesboro, Ga., and in 1877 was appointed when only about twenty-two years of age to the office of judge of the county court of Burke county by Gov. Colquitt. After discharging the duties of this honorable position nearly a year, he resigned in order to form a law partnership with his uncle, by marriage, Judge S. A. Corker, under the firm name of Corker & Palmer. His course of life was changed a few years later when, in 1883, he accepted the voluntary tender to him, by Gov. McDaniel, of the position of secretary of the executive department, and moved to Atlanta, where he has remained to this date. This important position was held for nearly five years, and terminated by his resignation and appointment as assistant United States district attorney for the northern district of Georgia, during the first administration of President Cleveland. This office, however, he resigned after holding it about a year, to accept a responsible and new position as the southern manager of the Thomson-Houston Electric company, which he held for several years. The electric business was then somewhat of a novelty, but Judge Palmer entered with his natural, enterprising spirit into the work, and to him is due the credit of a pioneer in establishing the electric system, which is now in such successful operation in Atlanta. The Edison company and the

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Thomson-Houston Electric company afterward combined and formed the General Electric company, which Judge Palmer represents in Atlanta as attorney. Having resigned the place of general manager to resume his profession, the firm of Palmer & Read was formed, and does a successful general practice. Judge Palmer, since his removal to Atlanta has been influentially interested in many business enterprises besides those above mentioned. He was among the earliest and most earnest advocates of the Cotton States and International Exposition. Without any solicitation on his part, he was unanimously elected to the position of director-general, when this important work was organized, but unfortunately,
and unexpectedly, he was stricken with a serious and protracted illness--typhoid fever---which caused him to resign. He has, however, done very efficient work
on several committees. Judge Palmer has been an active friend of general education and, in appreciation of that interest, he was elected the alumni trustee of his alma mater, Emory college. The present successful movement to endow a chair of history and political economy in that college, through the voluntary donations of alumni, was inspired by him, and he is practically at the head of the
enterprise. Recently he was elected president of the Atlanta branch of the Alumni association, and may be relied on for intelligent activity in promoting the general interests of education as well as the particular welfare of his college. In his church relations he has confided to him the positions of superintendent of the Sunday school of the First Methodist church south, in Atlanta, and is also chairman of the board of stewards. He has a delightful home in the suburbs of Atlanta. Early in life he married Miss Emma Stone, daughter of Prof. G. W. "W. Stone, who for nearly twenty-five years, and to the date of his death, was professor of mathematics in Emory college. Mrs. Palmer is the granddaughter of the distinguished and lovable Bishop William Capers, who, as is well known, devoted his great life -with singular consecration and eminent ability to the Christian ministry. She is as earnest in church work as her husband, and is
constantly found in association with others in active benevolence. Judge Palmer, now just past forty years of age, enjoys a fine physique and has strong vital force, which he employs in a great deal of hard work. He speaks forcibly, often eloquently. Cordial in manners, earnest in whatever he undertakes, with his
equipment of natural abilities and educational attainments, he is destined to large success in life. In politics he is a democrat and always active in siipport of his party, but has never aspired to office.

F)R. WILLIS B. PARKS was born on a farm in Forsyth county, Ga.. in 1853, there grew up and received his early education. At the age of nineteen he
entered the academy at Gainesville, Ga., remaining there two years? during one of which he studied medicine with Dr. Henry Long. In 1874 he went to the Georgia Military school, at Marietta, and a year later located at Neosho, Mo., where he took up educational work, pursued his studies and read medicine with Dr. J. W. Weens until 1878. when he returned to the state of his nativity and entered the Southern Medical college at Atlanta, graduating therefrom in 1881. He immediately began the practice of his profession which now so fully attests his skill and aptitude in and for it. Dr. Parks is a member of the Georgia State Medical association, the Atlanta Society of Medicine--having served as treasurer of the latter institution for tvvo years--and holds the chair of diseases of children in the Atlanta polyclinic. He is medical examiner to the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and surgeon
to the Atlanta Gas company in addition to being retained by several large factor}' companies. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church (south). He was married in 1886 to Annie, daughter of Dr. S. E. White. Carrollton. Ga. They

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have one daughter, Sarah A. Dr. Parks' father was Rev. J. W. Parks, who was born in Franklin county, Ga., and died in 1889, aged sixty-seven years. His wife was Sarah F. Newton and they had eight children, six of whom are now living. Rev. J. W. Parks was a Methodist Episcopal clergyman and served as a captain in the war of 1812. His eldest son, W. A. Parks, also a clergyman, was chaplain to the Forty-third Georgia regulars, and his second son, Isaac G., was a soldier in Capt. Rufus Kolb's legion during the late war. Sarah F. Parks died in 1883. Dr. Willis B. Parks and his wife are great social favorites, an enviably successful future stretching out before them.

QEORGE W. PARROTT, president of the Capital City bank of Atlanta, Ga., was born on a farm in Jefferson county, Tenn., Jan 4, 1843. He lived on this
farm until he was about fifteen years of age, going to school there one year. In 1858 he went to Knoxville, Tenn., and entered the East Tennessee & Virginia railway office as an office boy, remaining there until 1862, when at the age of nineteen he was made agent of the company at Knoxville, which position he held until 1863, when he came to Georgia and took service with Maj. Campbell Wallace as general agent of the East Tennessee & Georgia railway, with headquarters at Augusta, Ga., where he remained until the war closed. In July, 1865, Mr. Parrott began a small grocery business in Decatur street, Atlanta, in connection with C. I. Brown. This partnership was dissolved in 1866, Mr. Parrott continuing the business alone until a year later, when, with W. D. Fain, he organized a wholesale grocery business under the firm name of Fain & Parrott, which was continued until the fall of 1870. Then, Mr. Parrott's eyesight failing, he gave up business for three years and removed to his farm in Jefferson county, Tenn. In the autumn of 1873 he returned to Atlanta and engaged in the cotton trade with his two brothers, Theodore F. and' Samuel F., until 1879, when they gave up the cotton-buying business, and Mr. Parrott associated himself with Dr. J. D. Turner and H. T. Inman in organizing the Atlanta Compress and Warehousing company, of which he was then made and is still the president. After this mercantile enterprise had been thoroughly organized he retired from its active management, and with J. W. English, A. B. Steele and W. B. Lowe, in 1885, organized the Chattahoochee Brick company, of which Mr. Parrott was also made, and still remains, the vice-president. In December, 1889, in company with J. J. West, W. B. Lowe, J. W. English and I. Cheeves, Mr. Parrott established the Parrott Lumber company at Richwpod, Ga., of which he was made president. He still holds that position and is the principal stockholder. This lumber company was organized with but $50,000 capital and has continued to grow until now it has $200,000 of capital and employs 250 men. Its annual product is about 24,000,000 feet. In October the Capital City Land and Improvement company was converted into a bank, and Mr. Parrott was asked to take a directorship, which he did, and a year later was made vice-president. He is now president. In 1887 the Chattahoochee Brick company built the Columbus Southern railroad, from Columbus to Albany, Ga., the brick company being the principal owners. Mr. Parrptt was made secretary and treasurer and still holds these offices. In 1881 after the exposition was held in Atlanta, Mr. Parrott, with twenty-four other associates, bought the exposition buildings, and afterward agreed 10 build on the land which was owned by the city, provided the municipal officers would grant them title to the realty, a cotton mill of 10,000 spindles. The city fathers agreed to do so and sold them the land. They erected the mill of 17,000 spindles, which is now in operation, employing 500 hands. Mr. Parrott has never taken any part in politics,

890

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

belongs to no secret orders, but is a member of the Presbyterian church. He was married first in 1867 to Miss Fain, who died in 1876, leaving one son--George W.
Parrott, now living. He was married again in 1881 to Miss Martin, daughter of the late Rev. J. H. Martin, for many years pastor of the first Presbyterian church of Atlanta.

P. PATILLO was born on Jan. 27, 1837, in Harris county, Ga., the son of
* John and Mary Patillo. He passed the first sixteen years of his life on a farm,
entered Emory college when his age permitted, and was graduated from that
institution in 1857. One year later he taught school in Alabama, removing there
after to Texas, was admitted to the Eastern Texas Conference of the Methodist church, and three years followed the calling of an itinerant preacher. In 1860 he
was made assistant principal of the Fowler institute of Henderson, Texas. He resigned this position seeing that its requirements were incompatible with his other
duties. Soon after he moved to Hickory Hill, Cass Co., assumed charge of a
private school and remained there until the civil war began. When the call was
made for volunteers, he enlisted in the Third Texas cavalry in June 1861, and in Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas and Indian Territory did valiant service for the
cause. He was appointed chaplain of the regiment, but resigned just after the
fall of Vicksburg and left the regiment at Jackson Miss, July 6,1863. He returned to his home in Georgia, and was made pastor of a colored church in Athens, Ga. Just after the war the Methodist church was financially reduced to an enormous
extent, and it was decided to withdraw a number of the regular pastoral charges. Mr. Patillo's was among those selected. With a dislike for idleness bred of energy,
and with determined will he moved to Atlanta in January, 1866, and accepted the
agency for the Southern Mutual Insurance company of Athens, of which his father-in-law was then secretary. Coming to a city that was just recovering from
the ravages of war, and having to combat and oppose the large companies and corporations of the north, he found it difficult to overcome instantly the obstacles
that confronted him. But with a never-failing heart and a persistency that not only
anticipates but wins success he has pressed on and by a yearly increase in the volume of his business has widened its dimensions until to-day none is comparable
to it The Aetna and other fire insurance companies were added in 1868, and it has been estimated that Mr. Patillo controls one-fifth of the fire insurance of the city. W. F. Patillo, a nephew, was admitted as a partner in 1878. They represent
the Southern Mutual, of Athens, Ga.; Georgia Home, of Columbus, Ga.; Home, of Xew York: Phoenix, of Hartford, Conn., and the Hamburg-Bremen, of
German}'. For the last-named company they are general agents for the south.
Mr. Patillo has achieved a remarkable success; one due wholly to dealing impartially with competitors, to perseverance and exceptional business ability.
He is a gentleman of affable manners, engaging presence, and a friend to be cultivated. His religious inclinations have prompted him to a broad mission work
in Atlanta, and large, liberal contributions to the cause of religion. The com munity respects and feels toward him a gracious confidence.

WILLIAM H. PATTERSON, a successful broker of Atlanta, was born in Paulding county, Ga., in 1850, and has lived in various sections of both Ala
bama and his native state. In 1860 his father came to Atlanta, and here William re
ceived his education at the public schools of the city. That same year he began work in a brick yard owned by a Mr. Whaley, remaining there one year, and then in a grocery store owned by Mr. J. Pitts, and clerked for the same length of time.
After leaving this position he was employed in a factory, located in Atlanta, and

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

89!

managed by the Confederate government, employed in the manufacture ot gun
caps. From the latter part of 1863 until July, 1864, he acted as salesman in a
cigar store. In this month he was captured by General Sherman and taken to Nashville, Tenn., where he was held several months. After being released he
remained in Nashville until July, 1865, and then returned to Atlanta to follow the
occupation of newsboy and clerk for a year, after which he entered the office of John H. James, broker, banker, and continued in his employ for seven years. Resign
ing this position he became teller and general bookkeeper of the Citizen's Bank
of Georgia (now defunct). In February, 1880, he was made cashier, and acted as such for fifteen months. In April, 1881, the bank failed. After this misfortune
Mr. Patterspn, having held since 1875 tne office of treasurer of the Dade Coal company, proffered his resignation and was appointed superintendent of the iron
mines and railroad controlled by this firm in Bartow county. A year later he
returned, after severing connection with the coal company, and engaged in his present business. For several years Mr. Patterson was manager and treasurer of the Metropolitan Street Railroad company of Atlanta, which was purchased finally by the Consolidated company. In the latter company he was a director until 1894. From April, 1893, to September, 1894, he was manager for the Venable Bros. Stone company of Lithonia, Ga. Mr. Patterson is an ex-member of the city council of Atlanta, having served in that body as representative of the fourth ward during the term of 1879-1880. Throughout the term he was chairman of the finance commit tee. When he became a member of the council the city was struggling under a floating debt of $400,000, paying 10 and 12 per cent interest thereon. In the first year Mr. Patterson funded the loan at 6 per cent. He was in the legislature of the state during the years 1880 and 1881. Also a member of the finance committee
of the house, being third on the list. Mr. Patterson was married in 1872 to Flora, daughter of Perino Brown, of Atlanta. They have five children, as follows: Eva, W. H., Jr., Dumont C, Ernest B. and Baxter H. Besides being a member of the Methodist church, he has received election to the
stewardship, and is secretary of the board of stewards. Mr. Patterson gives much of his attention to real estate, and its relative worth. He is director and
treasurer of the Atlanta Suburban Land company. He does an excellent business in his chosen line. He has the city's welfare at heart, and as his record in the municipal council attests, needs but the opportunity to display true loyalty.

QEORGE F. PAYNE, M. D., Ph. G., F. C. S., state chemist of Georgia, was
born in the city of Macon, Ga., April 7, 1853, residing there and receiving a common school education and training in his father's drug store, until 1873,
when he entered the School of Mines, Columbia College, of New York city, and took extensive special courses in all its branches of study during the years 1873 and 1874. At this institution he passed all the examinations with much success, making a specially high record in analytical chemistry and mathematics. In 1876 he was graduated from the New York College of Pharmacy after taking a two years' course. During 1876 he returned to his native city and immediately entered his father's well-known pharmacy which had then been in active operation for thirty-six years. He also opened a fine analytical chemical laboratory at the same time, which he operated with great success. In 1882 he assumed entire control of his father's business, becoming a partner, and in 1884, after the death of his father, became complete owner. In 1890 Dr. Payne was appointed state chemist of Georgia, which high scientific position he still holds. In 1891 he was appointed a member of the Georgia state board of pharmacy, a board of five members who examine all applicants who wish to obtain licenses to operate drug stores in the

892

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

state. During his residence in Xe\v York, covering the period from 1873 to 1876, Dr. Payne attended medical lectures at the University of the City of New York, and also at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of that city On his return to Macon he continued the study of medicine, and in 1891 was graduated at the Atlanta Medical college. Since 1891 he has held the chair of materia medica and toxicology in the Atlanta College of Pharmacy, and since 1894 the chair of phar macy in the Atlanta Medical college. At both these institutions he only lectures in the evenings after office hours at the capitol, being very conscientious in regard to letting anything interfere with his state work. Dr. Payne is a prom
inent member of the Georgia Pharmaceutical association, being elected first vicepresident in 1894: is a member of the American Pharmaceutical association, an influential body of about 2,000 prominent pharmacists. He represented his state at the last decennial revision of the United States Pharmacoepia, which was accom plished at Washington, D. C., in 1890. He is a life member of the Georgia State Agricultural society; a member of the Medical Association of Georgia; a mem
ber of the American Chemical society; a member of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, and a fellow of the London Chemical society. He is a member of the Episcopal church. In 1884 he married Anna Ruby Nichols, daugh
ter of Colonel J. H. Xichols, of Nacoochee, White Co., Ga. They have one child, a daughter. Gladys Xichols Payne. Dr. Payne's father was by birth a South Carolinian, who came to Georgia in 1840 and located in Macon, where he estab lished the drug store mentioned above, where his son had his first chemical train ing. He continued in this business until his death, in 1884, at the age of sixty-seven year*. He was the first pharmacist licensed by the state of Georgia. During the late civil war he served as lieutenant in the Silver Greys, a company of men past military age. which was organized in Macon at that time, and in this position took an active part in the battles fought around that place. He married Emily H. Sims, a daughter of Frederick Sims, a prominent citizen of Georgia, who resided at the
Indian agency on the Flint river, and at one time represented Crawford county in the legislature. He eventually removed to Macon. becoming one of the influential men of the place, serving in many honorable positions, that of postmaster and of mayor being among them. To the marriage of George Payne and Miss Sims were born five children, two of them boys, of whom Dr. Payne was the elder. Dr. Payne's paternal grandfather was William Rex Payne, one of the younger sons of a wealthy English family. These younger sons came to the United States to make a career for themselves, as all the property was entailed upon the eldest son. From these brothers sprang many of the Paynes of Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Caro lina and Georgia. William Rex Payne settled in Charleston. S. C., and there married the widow of a German officer named Sharden-Weaver, the widow having fled from Germany to this country upon the death of her former husband, who was killed during the religious persecutions in Germany and France. She was one of the ladies who aided in the first establishment of the orphan asylum in Charleston. Dr. Payne's maternal grandparents were Frederick Sims and Katherine Wellborn, his great-grandparents were Copley Wellborn and Martha Cleve
land, his great-great-grandparents were Cleveland and Katherine Stone: his greatgreat-great-grandfather was Gen. Ben Cleveland of revolutionary fame, who commanded the continental forces at the battle of King's Mountain, N. C. On the Sims side of the family his great-grandparents were John Sims and Mildred Wingfield : his great-great-grandparents were Thomas Wingfield and Elizabeth Terrell, and his great-great-great-grandparents were John Wingfield and Sarah Garland. The coat of arms of the family is an interesting one. with the motto "Fidelite est
de Dicie.'*

FL'LTOX COUNTY SKETCHES.
MR. J. CARROLL PAYXE. It has been observed of the Atlanta bar that it contains more of the younger element of the profession than any bar in the
state. That may be due to the fact that Atlanta is comparatively a young city, being only a little more than a half century old, but the talents and legal acquire ments of her professional men place her in the front rank of American cities. Among the younger members of the profession in Atlanta, whose success at the bar has suggested the foregoing reflection, is Mr. J. Carroll Payne. Though Mr. Payne has resided in Atlauta for only ten years, he has thoroughly identified himself with the social and professional life of this city. The subject of this sketch is a native Virginian. He was born at Warrenton, in that state, on Sept 24, 1856. His father, Rice \Y. Payne, was a lawyer of legal scholarship and of eminence in the profession. He was a native of Fauquier county, Ya., and was a loyal citizen of that state until the time of his death. During the late war he was a captain in the Black Horse cavalry, and made a gallant Confederate officer. He aftenvard served under Gen. Longstreet with the rank of major, and remained in the field until peace was finally declared. Maj. Payne died in 1884. He was engaged in the practice of his profession before and after the war. Between the ages of fourteen and twenty the subject of this sketch, having received a good preliminary training, entered the Georgetown university, graduating from that institution in 1876, the year of the American centennial. Environment, and possibly inheritance, has contributed to form an ambitious desire in the heart of the young student to enter the practice of law. He took an interest in all the debates of the college, and manifested a decided preference for those studies that tended to develop his mind in that direction. Having reached a conclusion on this point he entered the university of Virginia, immediately after graduation and commenced the study of law at that institution. After a course of lectures at the law school of the university he decided to further equip himself for the practice of his profession by a course of legal studies, supplementary to those already prosecuted, at the university of Louisiana, at New Orleans. Graduating from this law school in 1878 he entered the law office of his uncle, Hon. Thomas J. Semmes, in the Crescent city, and remained with him in the general practice until 1885. Believing that a better field awaited him in the capital city of Georgia, he came to Atlanta in the fall of that year. The wisdom of his choice has been happily demonstrated by his marked success in the profession. Shortly after coming to Atlanta Mr. Payne formed a legal partnership with Mr. Alexander Hull, a bright and promising young member of the profession. This combination lasted for about two years and was then dissolved. In 1890 the present partner ship was formed, the junior member of the firm being Mr. John L. Tye, whose sketch also appears in these memoirs. This firm has been interested in much of the litigation of Fulton and adjacent counties since the time of its organization. For two years they represented the Atlanta & Florida railroad and since 1890 the firm has been counsel for the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis railroad. Messrs. Payne & Tye also represent the Equitable Mortgage company of Ne\v York, the Atlanta Banking company, and the Atlanta Trust and Banking cpmpany, in addition to various other local institutions and a large miscellaneous clientage. Mr. Payne has never courted political office and has never taken an active part in any local campaign, except in behalf of his immediate friends. He has been satisfied to merely discharge the duties of a good citizen and has steadily adhered to the practice of his profession, believing that the interests of his clients could be best served by devoting himself strictly to business. For the last two or three years the demands of his practice have been quite heavy and the time that might have been devoted by him to pleasure and recreation has been occupied

894

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

by his professional engagements. Mr. Payne was united in marriage in 1885 to Miss Helen F. Hill, the daughter of Mr. W. Rhode Hill, one of the most successful business men of Atlanta. They have three bright and promising children, two girls and one boy: Helen H., Laura H., and John Carroll. The family group is an interesting one and Mr. Payne has much in his home life to make him
contented and happy. Mr. Payne is fond of good reading and possesses a con siderable amount of literary culture, in addition to a wide range of general informa
tion. He keeps himself thoroughly posted on current topics and is a close observer both of men and events. He is a member of several social organizations and has a host of warm personal friends. The inherent manliness and culture of the Virginia gentleman are distinctly portrayed in the character of Mr. Payne.
Polite, chivalrous, dignified and obliging, he embodies in his charming manners
the knightly traditions of the old dominion. Mr. Payne is a member of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, and is loyal in his adherence to the Catholic faith.

MR. JOHN7 CALV1X PECK was born at Sharon, Litchfield Co., Conn., Aug. 25, 1830. He passed his early years on a New England farm, attending a common
country school two terms (of four months each) during the year. When nine years old his manual services became indispensable, and consequently he could spend only one term in school, but even with these slight advantages developed into an excellent speller and mathematician. Later he entered the Watertown academy to pursue the higher branches of science and literature, and won the
first prize in each class of this college. In the spring of 1850. receiving an offer to go to Catskill. X. Y., as a carpenter, having acquired great proficiency in
this occupation, he removed his residence and remained there three years, with
remarkable success. May 4, 1853, while still in New York, he married Frances Josephine Hoyt, daughter of Starr Hoyt, of Huron county. Ohio, and imme diately thereafter removed to Stamford, Conn. He was there employed as foreman and contractor, but having developed an asthmatic trouble, determined to move south. The first town to which he came was Atlanta, then small and almost unknown. But obtaining no work, continued on to Knoxville, Tenn., where no better opportunity offered, so he returned in the spring of 1857 to Connecticut. The asthmatic affliction again became a source of deep annoyance, and in January, 1858. he migrated south a second time, locating in Atlanta. Mr. Peck readily found employment with a Mr. Boutell, rose rapidly in this gentleman's esteem, and was soon placed in a responsible, lucrative position. He directed the con struction of some of the most important buildings in Atlanta, and displayed a skill that recommended him as the leader of his trade. This has been his home since that year. His wife and two children joined him on April i, 1858. In 1859 he associated himself with A. H. Brown and Edwin Priest, under the firm name of Brown, Priest & Peck, and erected on Decatur street the second of Atlanta's planing mills. At the end of the year the interest of Brown was purchased by the other partners, and in the summer of 1860 Mr. Priest sold out his share to John T. Bowman. The political condition of the country- was unsettled and boisterous. Mr. Bowman volunteered in the Confederate army, and Mr. Peck, at Gov. Brown's request, began the manufacture of pikes to aid the secessionists. Soon after a reward was offered for twenty-five rifles made after a certain mould, of given length and calibre. Having never had any experience of this kind, yet believing
that he could accomplish the task satisfactorily, he set to work and in a short time had completed the desired number. But money had depreciated, and the sum offered by the Confederate government would not defray the expense. There fore he sold tliem to the Roswell factory. They were afterward captured by Gen.

"NDH.I "3 XHOf

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

895

Sherman, and two are now in the museum at Washington, and were on exhibi tion at the Atlanta exposition in 1895. Air. Peck was employed as superintendent of wood work in the Atlanta arsenal a few months, but finally his health, fail ing, went to Thomasville, Ga., and from here worked his way through the lines to Minnesota. Recovering strength and vitality he returned to Atlanta in August,
1865. In connection with Mr. Schofield, Mr. Peck rebuilt his planing mill and conducted this until 1873, when it was substituted by a finer and more complete plant, the firm being J. C. Peck & Co. It was sold in 1875 to Wm. Markham. Mr. Peck converted the mill into the present Markham house Nov. 16, 1875. In 1866 he erected the old capitol-building, and four years later the old Kimball house, at a cost of $643,000. He was superintendent of construction of the Inter national Cotton Exposition, and a member of the executive committee. He was an original promoter and stockholder in the Atlanta cotton factory. At the Pied mont exposition Mr. Peck held the same office, creditably and well, and had the
contract for the wood work of the custom house. He was an organizer of the Fulton county spinning mills. In religious belief Mr. Peck is a Unitarian, and belongs to the royal arch Masons. He has had six children, those who survive are: Frank H., of Atlanta, who married Reba G. Pierce; Cora B., the wife of E. M. Williams, and Lily L., wife of A. P. Davis, of Atlanta. Those who died were
George S-, Charles C., and Arthur J. The latter died in 1886, leaving two children, John C. and Arthur J.

UENRY CABANISS PEEPLES, junior member of the prominent law firm of Harrison & Peeples, was born in Athens, Clarke Co., Ga., the seat of Georgia's
university, Oct. i, 1856, and a few months afterward was taken by his parents to Forsyth, Ga., and at the age of nine years to Griffin, Ga., where he resided until he was fifteen years of age, attending school and imbibing the elementary branches of learning that make the foundation of a successful professional career. He came with his parents to Atlanta in 1871, and in 1873 entered Mercer university
at Macon, Ga., and was graduated in two years with the degree of A. B., sharing with Rev. E. A. Keese the first honor in his class. He returned to Atlanta and began reading law with his father, the late illustrious Cincinnatus Peeples, judge of the Atlanta circuit, who died suddenly while at work in his office, in 1877. This sad termination, when in the midst of his labors, was characteristic of his life. His devotion to duly in everything was untiring and earnest to the end. Henry Peeples was admitted to the bar in October, 1876, and went to Forsyth, Ga., and formed a partnership with his uncle, Thomas B. Cabaniss, late member of con gress from that district. This partnership continued until his father died. He then returned to Atlanta, practiced alone for four years, and later became associated
with his present partner, Col. Z. D. Harrison, clerk of the supreme court of Georgia. Mr. Peeples was assistant clerk of the state supreme court from 1881 to 1887, and was at that time appointed to the reportership to fill the unexpired
term of J. H. Lumpkin, now judge of the superior court of the Atlanta circuit.
He was re-elected by the supreme court in January, 1893, for a succeeding term of six years. Mr. Peeples was married in December, 1885, to Lillie D., daughter
of Gen. W. S. Walker, of Atlanta, Ga. They have a happy household of four children, two sons and two daughters. He attends and leans toward the Baptist church, though he is neither a member of the church nor of any secret order, except his college fraternity, the S. A. E. Mr. Peeples' father was born in Edgefield district, South Carolina, in 1816. and when a child came to Georgia with I'.is parents and located in the upper part of Hall county. In 1856 he was elected to the state senate from Clarke county. Ga., and served one term as mavor of

896

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Athens, Ga. His record as a soldier is stainless, and in the battles around Atlanta in July, 1864, he was on the staff of Gen. Gustavus W. Smith. Mr. Peeples' mother was Eliza Cabaniss, daughter of Elbridge Gerry Cabaniss, a native of Virginia, and of French descent He was an ardent whig before the war, and a strong advocate of Henry Clay. Mr. Peeples' grandfather was a lawyer by profession, and at one time judge of the Flint circuit. Mr. Peeples inherits the principles that led his ancestors into eminence and renown. They were eloquent, kind, and generous. He inherits the virtues that not only promote his business relations, but recommend him as an invaluable friend.

IOHX T. PEXDLETOX, a practitioner of the Atlanta bar, was born in Hopkinsville, Christian Co., Ky., March 24, 1845. After his earlier years were past and
his mind instructed in the simpler branches of literature and science, he became a student in Bethel college, Russellville, Ky., and there remained until the outbreak
of the civil war interrupted his senior year, and the Confederacy summoned him
to service. In May, 1861, he enlisted in Company A of the First Kentucky cavalry as a private, and until captured in the battle of Missionary ridge, continued in this station. In the enumerated engagements Mr. Pendleton took active part and
established a reputation for valor and prowess: Murfreesboro, Tenn.; Perryville, Ky.; Shiloh, Chickamauga and Missionary ridge. He was with Forrest in the memorable raids, after the battle of Chickamauga, and in West Virginia, including the fight at Trenton. He supported Bragg in 1862, and was with Wheeler bringing up Bragg's retreat in eastern Kentucky after the battle of Perryville. In this campaign he was captured by bushwhackers, but escaped, and by forced marches
night and day, reached Knoxville, Tenn. He received but one injury during the war. In the battle of Perryville a canister ball inflicted a painful wound, from which he suffered severely. After his release from prison Mr. Pendleton returned to his home in Hopkinsville, Ky., where he was occupied about two years in wind
ing up the estate of his father, who died in the army. Having accomplished this
task he entered Washington and Lee university in 1868, studied law for nine months and was graduated in the spring of 1869, delivering the valedictory to his class, and
received a diploma signed by Gen. R. E. Lee. The latter has been sacredly pre served. In April, 1870, he moved to Atlanta and was admitted to the bar-during the same month. Mr. Pendleton was elected auditor and recorder of the city of Atlanta in 1874, for the term of four years. He also served five years as assistant city attorney from 1883 to 1888. In 1889 Mr. Pendleton represented the Central Railroad & Banking company of Georgia, and the Atlanta & West Point railroad in Fulton count}', under Calhoun, King & Spalding, general counsel. In 1891-92 he represented as division counsel the Richmond & Danville railroad. Mr. Pendle ton was associated with Hon. Hoke Smith until the latter's appointment as secretary of the interior. Mr. Pendleton affiliates with the Second Baptist church; for ten
years has held the office of deacon, and lately was superintendent of the Sunday school and Bible class teacher. He is a member of the Barnes lodge I. O. O. F., No. 55, and the Empire encampment, I. O. O. F. He married Ella J., daughter of Walter Bowie, of Westmorland, Va., in 1870. They have two children: Kate, and Mary B., wife of E. C. Stewart, of the firm of Stewaft, Cole & Callaway, Atlanta, Ga. Mr, Pendleton possesses a pure, moral character, and is deeply learned in the varied divisions of his profession. His father was William Henry Pendleton, a native of Christian county, Ky., born in 1825. He was a merchant in Hopkins ville, Ky., and when the war first began was made commissary of the First Ken tucky cavalry, and died in harness during 1862. His wife was Isabel Major, of Christian count)-. They had three children, the surviving ones being John T. and

PL'LTON COUNTY SKETCHES.
McCallum Dawson, of Atlanta. The mother passed away on May 21, 1891. Mr. Pendleton's grandfather was Rev. John Pendleton, a Baptist minister of Spottsylvania county, Va., married there, and about 1812 emigrated to Christian county, Ky. His great grandfather was a native of Virginia, the son of Henry Pendleton, who served in the revolutionary war. (Vol. 1,4th series of American Archives, pub lished by order of congress.)
COWARD CONYNGHAM PETERS, capitalist, Atlanta, Ga., son of Richard and Mary J. (Thompson) Peters, was born in Atlanta, Oct. 23, 1856. Mr. Pe
ters received his primary education in the city of his birth and then went to Penn Lucy institute, near Baltimore, Md. When nineteen years of age he was appointed on the United States coast survey, and was assigned to duty in Texas. Returning to Atlanta in 1876 he was appointed cashier's clerk of the Atlanta Street Railroad company, of which a short time afterward he was made superintendent. In 1889 he was elected president of the company, which office he retained until the system was sold to the Thomson-Houston syndicate. In 1890 Mr. Peters was made president of the Peters Land company, which was organized in 1890. He is also president of the Atlanta Savings bank, a director in the American Trust & Bank ing company, the Southern Loan & Banking company, the Exposition Cotton Mills company, the Cotton States and International Exposition company, and a member of the general council of the city of Atlanta. Mr. Peters early practical training and his subsequent extensive and varied business and financial experience makes him a much sought and valuable accession to any undertaking requiring enterprise and superior financial and executive ability, especially if the best and highest interests of Atlanta and her advancement are involved.
JOSIAH SEAMANS PETERSON, journalist, Atlanta, Ga., only child of John P. and Rebecca B. (Seamans) Peterson, was born in Providence, R. I., May 15,
1820. His father was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1790, and left there a sailor boy at the age of fourteen, and followed the sea all his life. He was in the employ of Brown & Ives, New England ship owners, and died of cholera, about 1832, leaving the son with not a relative of the paternal family on this side of the ocean. On his mother's side, Mr. Peterson is of Welsh Puritanic lineage, and her father and grand-uncles were soldiers in the patriot army during the revolution. At the age of thirteen Mr. Peterson began to earn his.living, entering a grocery store as clerk and bookkeeper. His schooling was consequently meagre, though about this time his grandfather proposed to send him to Brown university, but knowing his grandfather was dependent on his earnings at his trade he declined, an action showing a trait of character that is found in his whole life. In the fall of 1836 young Peterson went to Savannah, Ga., and thence to Augusta, where he arrived on Christmas eve. He obtained a temporary position with George H. Metcalf, and later obtained a situation with a wholesale grocery house, which failed during the panic of the summer of 1837. One of the partners went to Athens, Ga., taking Mr. Peterson with him and opened a fancy grocery store, which also closed the next August, leaving the seventeen-year-old youth a thou sand miles from home, unknown and a stranger among strangers. For the next three years he was employed by Mays & Clayton, a leading dry goods firm. Mr. Mays' wife was a sister of the wife of Hon. Charles Dougherty, and while here lie was a member of Mr. Mays' family and was treated as a son. In 1841 he was associated with the "Chronicle and Sentinel" as traveling agent, and the following year found him a clerk at Lexington, Ga., during which time J. H. Lumpkin and William McKinley urged him to read law and Drs. Sims and Hanson urged him 1-57

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
to read medicine. Having conscientious scruples as to law, he began the study of medicine under Dr. R. D. Moore; but later relinquished his purpose to accept a position as bookkeeper of the Scull Shoals factory, where he remained until the same was burned down in 1845. Under his direction the factor}' was conducted during these years with a handsome profit, a marked contrast with its operation of a few previous years. In 1846, by special request of the editor of the "Chronicle and Sentinel," he wrote a series of articles on cotton manufacturing which attracted the attention of Col. H. H. Cummings and largely influenced the establishment of the great manufacturing interests whose benefits to Augusta are incalcuable. Mr. Peterson embarked in business for himself in Athens in 1850 as a partner in a book store under the firm name of Chase & Peterson. During this time he was instrumental in organizing the first loan and building association formed in the state and was its treasurer. He was a member and secretary of an association, of which Dr. Alonzo Church of Franklin college was president, organized to support a free school. He was also-a leader in the Sons of'Temperance; an organizer of the lodge of Knights of Jericho and held the office of grand chief of the state lodge for ten years. Again Mr. Peterson was strenuously urged to study law, Hon. Cincinnatus Pecples, afterward judge of Fulton circuit, present ing him with an excellent opportunity; but the offer was declined. The book business having been a failure Mr. Peterson was employed as an agent of the Lawrenceville Manufacturing company of Gwinnett county, until August, 1857, when he came to Atlanta as associate editor of the "National American," a newspaper owned by Col. C. R. Hanleiter. While here he, unexpectedly to himself, developed great strength and versatility as a political writer. His early training as a business man and bookkeeper fitted him particularly for the commercial department of the paper and as statistical writer, and along these lines he made a very enviable reputation, which he still holds. As associate editor he advocated the public school system for Atlanta, the Georgia Air Line railroad, and Georgia Western railroad, cotton manufacturing in Atlanta and direct trade for the south. In 1861 he organized the Commonwealth Publishing company, which published a twenty-four column paper, of which he was editor, reporter, business manager and sometimes carrier. The paper achieved considerable success, considering the conditions existing at that time and grew into influence and standing. He sold the paper in 1863. In 1866 he accepted service on the "Daily New Era," in which paper he pressed the organization of the chamber of commerce and was its first secretary. He was secretary of the executive committee of the representatives of the thirty-three southern railways, who gave a two-cent a mile prospecting rate over their lines in 1869. Mr. Peterson prepared an elaborate pamphlet demon strating the necessity and prospective and financial value of the Brunswick & Albany railway and the Cartersville & Van Wert railway. In 1871 he was the author of a review exhaustively presenting statistics and arguments in support of the construction of the Bainbridge, Cuthbert & Columbus and the Columbus & Atlanta Air Line railway, with extensions almost due north to Cincinnati. From 1875 to 1889 he was engaged in various publications, preparing sundry pamphlets and doing correspondence, nearly all of which Georgia and Atlanta were the paramount themes. In 1889, as assistant secretary of the Manufacturers' associa tion, he prepared a pamphlet of nearly 100 pages, entitled, Atlanta, the Coming Metropolis of the South, which represented incontrovertible facts on which an unanswerable argument is based in support of the proposition. Although this is his last work of importance he has not been idle and is now well equipped and stands read}- for more effective work in Atlanta, in the advocacy of advanced and improved traveling' facilities; of the multiplication of manufacturing industries and

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the development of Georgia's resources. Charged years ago with being "wild and visionary" when advocating railway construction over what seemed to others to be impossible routes, and particularly for his forecast for Atlanta, whose growth her envious rivals quoted as "mush-room," he has lived to sec every railroad he advocated to be a prosperous reality and to see Atlanta a queen of growth and prosperity far beyond everything he ever claimed. Unselfish and generous to a fault, as the world goes, it has ever been a greater pleasure to him to aid and promote the interests of friends and the community in which he lives than his
own. Busy in helping the interests of others he neglected his own. His charac teristics are those which make him invaluable to others, while perhaps almost valueless to himself. He is probably one of the few men who might be bought for
his own price and sold at profit. It is safe to say that few citizens of Georgia, even those in public life, are more extensively or accurately informed as to the general
history of the state, its prominent citizens, past and present, than Mr. Peterson; and it is even safer to say that none has a greater conception than he of the extent, variety and value of these resources, and the possibilities of the state under favorable legislation as a great manufacturing commonwealth; as a conductor and controller of commerce, within and without her borders; as to intellectual and religious advancement in every field and along all lines of human endeavor. Mr. Peterson was married June 6, 1844, to Miss Matilda Truly Manley, who died Oct. 16, 1882. Nine children were the fruit of this union, of whom five survive: Seamans Manley, locomotive engineer; Rebecca Matilda, widow of Robert S. Jackson; Mary Ann, unmarried, living in Spalding county; Albon Chase, mechanic; Virginia Lee, wife of Clinton Gunby, Tampa, Fla. He was married to his second wife, Catherine Anna, daughter of Col. C. R. Hanleiter, April 25, 1889. Before the war Mr. Peterson was an old line Henry Clay whig, an uncom promising anti-secessionist, consequently a stanch republican on all lines of national policy, a dyed-in-the-wool protectionist. He is a royal arch Mason, and working Methodist. He has been three score and two years in active business life and cannot recall as many as thirty days that he has been kept from labor by sickness.

fHOMAS S. POWELL, a public benefactor, whose life has been devoted to his fellow-men, and one whose faithful services are destined to survive him in
the grateful appreciation of the people of this state, is Dr. Thomas S. Powell, the
president of the Southern medical college. As the executive head of this famous institution Dr. Powell has equipped hundreds of young physicians for the practice of their profession, besides devoting a large part of his own time to alleviating the ills of suffering humanity. His name has become a household word in every part of the country, and no man is more highly honored for his professional attainments, or more sincerely beloved for his true nobility of character. Dr. Powell has always occupied a high seat in the confidence and esteem of his medical brethren, and this is due to the fact that he has not only been a skillful practitioner, but that in spite of the seductions of a large and growing patronage, he has never bartered his principles for gain or overlooked for a single instant the moral ethics of the profession. Dr. Thomas S. Powell is a native of Virginia, and was born in Brunswick county in that state." His parents were both of Welsh descent, and illustrated the hardy characteristics of that splendid stock. After completing his primary studies he commenced his collegiate education at Oakland academy, in Brunswick county, under the able direction of Prof. J. P. Adkinson. He subse quently attended the Lawrenceville Male institute, then in charge of the celebrated Prof. Brown, of William and Mary college, graduating, in due course of time, with the highest honors of that institution. Coming to Georgia at an early age.

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and shortly after beginning the practice of the medical profession, Dr. Powell hasbeen identified with the practice in this state for more than forty years. He has been a member of the State Medical association since 1856, and has also, for a number of years, been a member of the National association. Making Atlanta his home, Dr. Powell has always been a loyal and public-spirited citizen of that community. The genius of enterprise has been one of his distinguishing charac teristics, and his mind has been constantly active in devising new plans and methods for promoting the welfare of his profession. In 1870 he founded the
"Southern Medical Journal," one of the best edited and most influential magazines of this section of the country. The scientific productions that have come from the pen of Dr. Powell have been widely copied and extensively read by the mem bers of the profession, beyond the immediate circulation of the journal. For sev eral years Dr. Powell occupied a professorship in the Atlanta Medical college, and was recognized as one of the ablest preceptors in the faculty of that institution. His connection with the college terminated in 1866. Immediately his friends suggested to him the advisability of starting a new college, urging upon him as a reason that Atlanta was sufficiently well known as a medical center to warrant the establishment of such an institution, and that every state in the south would contribute to its support. The idea grew upon Dr. Powell as he revolved it in his mind, but he preferred to move slowly in the matter, rather than suffer the con sequences of anj' hasty action that he might take. Finally in connection with Dr.
Robert C. Word and Dr. W. T. Goldsmith, he decided to establish the college, and after a brave effort in subduing unexpected and almost overwhelming difficul ties, the following board of trustees were selected: T. S. Powell, M. D., R. C. Word, -M. D.? W. T. Goldsmith, M. D., Hon. A. H. Stephens, Judge S. B. Hoyt, G. T. Dodd, C. M. Irwin, D. W. Lewis, A. F. Hurt, Rev. A. J. Battle, Rev. H. C.
Hornady, Geo. M. McDowell, D. D., W. W. McAfee, and J. J. Toon. A charter v as subsequently obtained and the first meeting of the board of trustees was held
} r . b. 21, 1879. At this meeting Dr. Powell was elected president, Col. J. J. Toon \ ice-president, and Dr. R. C. Word secretary. A building committee was appoint ed, consisting of Dr. T. S. Powell, Judge S. B. Hoyt, G. T. Dodd, W. W. McAfee. and Dr. W. T. Goldsmith, whose duty it was to select a lot and secure bids for the erection of a college building. A lot was purchased on Porter street, in the rear of the present Equitable building, and the erection of the building commenced as soon as the funds couid be raised by Dr. Powell. For this purpose a stock company, was organized. On June 25, 1879, tne following faculty was elected: A. S. Payne, M. D., professor of theory and practice of medicine; William Rawlings, M. D., professor of the principles and practice of surgery; T. S. Powell, M. D., professor of obstetrics and diseases of women, and lecturer on medical ethics; R. C. Word, M. D.. professor of physiology, and lecturer on medical litera
ture; G. M. McDowell, M. D., professor of materia medica and therapeutics: professor of chemistry (to be filled); William Pen-in Nicolson, M. D., professor of general and pathological anatomy; W. T. Goldsmith, M. D., professor of dis eases of children, and lecturer on clinical gynecology; H. F. Scott, M. D., profes sor of medical and surgical diseases of the eye and throat; G. G. Crawford, M. D.. professor of operative and clinical surgery; Lindsay Johnson, M. D., demonstrator of anatomy. Auxiliary professors: J. F. Alexander, M. D., auxiliary professor of practice of medicine, and lecturer on clinical medicine; W. G. Owen, M. D., auxiliary professor of physiology, and lecturer on diseases of the nervous system; G. G. Roy, M. D., auxiliary professor of materia medica, and lecturer on toxi cology and medical jurisprudence; H. B. Lee, M. D., auxiliary professor of obstetrics and diseases of women; J. C. Olmsted, M. D., lecturer on the genito-

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iirinary organs and venereal diseases; Lindsay Johnson, M. D., auxiliary professor .of surgery, lecturer on minor surgery, and instructor on splints and bandages; A. J. Pinson, M. D., assistant to the lecturer on minor surgery. The college build ing was completed in November, 1879, and the school opened with sixty-four matriculates. The growth of the institution, commencing under such favorable .auspices, has never relaxed, and the college, under the administration of Dr. Powell, has become one of the greatest medical institutions of the south. In October, 1882, Dr. Powell decided to erect a hospital to be operated in connection with the college. The ladies of Atlanta organized an association, and funds were raised by them for this purpose. The Central Hotel on Ivy street was subse quently purchased, and after being improved to the extent of $2,000, was opened for the reception of patients. For several years the hospital took care of all the city patients, and managed to be self-sustaining. In 1879 a dental department was added to the college. This department for several years was under the direction of Dr. L. D. Carpenter, one of the ablest exponents of dental surgery in the south. He resigned in 1895, and was succeeded by Dr. C. V. Rosser. On account of the rapid growth of the institution it was found necessary to erect a new building for the accommodation of the students, and accordingly a magnificent brick edifice was erected a few years ago, directly in front of the Grady hospital. A separate building for the dental department was subsequently erected. The college is one .of the best organized and most thoroughly equipped in the south; and its faculty, composed of the leading practitioners of Atlanta, is one of the ablest in the coun try. The services that Dr. Powell has rendered the community and the medical profession in the establishment of this institution cannot be estimated. In life it lias been to him a source of pride and delight, and in death it will prove a lasting monument to his memory. In 1847 ne married Miss Julia L. Bass, daughter of Rev. Dr. Larkin Bass, and granddaughter of Gov. Rabun. She was a highly educated and accomplished lady, beloved by all who knew her for her beautiful traits of character. In December of 1882 Dr. Powell was united in marriage the second time to Mrs. Jennie Miller, of Virginia, a lady of rare beauty and mental attainments. She was a lineal descendant of a renowned Scotch family, "Roxboro," from whom the town of Roxburough was named. In the archives of the Historical Library of Philadelphia may be found the family history from 1724 to 1880. The work is entitled "Rosebrugh," the name at present Mrs. Powell's grandfather was a most eminent Presbyterian minister, born and educated in Scot land, but spent the greater portion of his life in and around Philadelphia. His sons have all attained positions of honor and distinction wherever they have become citizens. His eldest son, Robert Rosebrugh, who went to Virginia in early boy hood, was the father of Mrs. Powell. Dr. Powell is a royal arch Mason, and a member of the M. E. church.

/"^HARLES A. READ, the son of a prominent Virginia physician, was born in Rappahannock county, Va. He resided in the neighborhood of his birth
place until he completed his primary and high school studies, and then went to the university of his state to continue his education and pursue the higher and classic branches of literature and science. He took the degree of bachelor of law and bore triumphantly the honors of his class. In 1881 he came to Atlanta and opened a law office, and since then he has followed the practice of his chosen profession with exceptional success. Mr. Read possesses a philosophical and analytical mind, delights in research and investigation, and devotes much time to solving intricate and vexing problems that occur in all the fundamental branches of science. In 1888 he formed a partnership with H. E. W. Palmer, a

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progressive and popular lawyer of the Atlanta bar, which still continues. Mr. Read is an officer of the Young Men's Library association, a member of the Philosophical society, and secretary of the vestry and junior warden of St Luke's Episcopal church. He has shown a conscientious devotion in laboring for church organization, and encouraging the performance of religious and moral obligations. Mr. Read was married in 1882 to Mary Brent, daughter of the late George W. Brent of Alexandria, Ya. Her mother was Miss Goode, of the same city. They have one son, Herbert Read. Mr. Read is an untiring worker. He has an eager ness for knowledge and a perseverance in obtaining it that brooks no failure, and is .without limit. The demands of his profession and its duties have not prevented him from devoting a good deal of attention to literature. He contributes poetic and prose originals to the press frequently and these articles always command the respect of the best scholars. In the pursuit of his profession he is earnest and practical. He excels in orthography and in numerous competitive "spelling bees" has outclassed all opponents. Mr. Read is yet a young man and a highly esteemed member of the Atlanta bar. His profound knowledge of the fundamental princi ples of law and his ripe scholarship entitle him to a conspicuous position among his contemporaries. This position is accorded him heartily by the entire bench and bar.

JOHN CALYIX REED, one of the lawyers of Atlanta, prominent in civil business, was born at Appling, Columbia Co., Ga., Feb. 24, 1836. He was
thoroughly prepared for college by his father, a famous teacher, and, having spent three years at Princeton, X. J., he graduated, in 1854. The next three years he taught Greek and Latin in his father's school at Woodstock, in Oglethorpe county, Ga., and, in the meanwhile, under the direction of Mr. T. R. R. Cobb, he read all the books in the course of the law school of Virginia university. Havingspent a few months in Air. Cobb's law office he was called to the bar in 1857, and commenced practice at Lexington, Ga. In 1859 he removed to Greensboro, Ga., where he stayed until he entered the service of the Confederate states as second lieutenant in Company I, of the Eighth Georgia volunteers, the famous regiment of Bartow. He rose to the captaincy of his company at the Wilderness. Omitting innumerable minor engagements, he was in the first and second Manassas, Gettysburg, where he was wounded severely, the assault on Fort Loudon, the Wilderness, the fighting immediately afterward until Spottsylvania court house, the operations around Petersburg, Puzzle's Mill, and in the last fight of his
regiment, at Farmville, Va., two days before Gen. Lee's surrender. Paroled at Appomattox court house he walked home, and resumed practice as soon as the courts were opened, settling at Lexington, Ga., where he remained till Jan. 7,1875, and, from then till the spring of 1882, when he settled in Atlanta, he was engaged as counsel in many celebrated cases in Oglethorpe, Wilkes and Taliaferro counties, of the northern circuit, and also in Clarke and Greene. His detection in December, 1868, of the thieves who had stolen some $10,000 from Dalton, and recovery of $7,000 of the money; the prosecution and conviction, in 1871, of Reese, the leader of a band of dangerous outlaws in Taliaferro; the Deupree will case, in which he v.-as original counsel for the executors, and earned a fee of almost $5,000; his success in eight or nine homicide cases, always winning, whether he was for the prosecution or defense, are some of the experiences of his large and varied practice before he became a member of the Atlanta bar. He had a memorable political career in Oglethorpe county. Nominated by the democrats, in 1868, as candidate for the legislature, the bayonet supporting the other side, he failed of election. In the presidential election in the following November, the military being withdrawn, under his lead defaulting taxpayers were excluded from the

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polls, which resulted in a democratic victory, vinexpected by all except his few chosen assistants, pledged to stand by the execution of Ia\v. For this day's good work he was reported to the reconstruction committee. In 1870 the republicans had planned to perpetuate their plunder and riot in the public property of the state. Under their new law the managers were to be of their own appointment; there were to be different polling places, and a three-days election, to give large opportunity for repeating; and the military was to be used in aid of the statute. Shortly before the election, the democratic club, bearing in mind the victory of 1868, made (to use the words of their unanimous resolution) Mr. Reed dictator, to conduct the party in the election. He provided picked men with alphabetical lists of the disqualified voters, who kept watch at every voting place, and whoever voted illegally was at once arrested on an affidavit sworn out by Mr. Reed, per sonally. After two or three arrests the disqualified voters staid away from the poles, and the democratic victory was more decided than it was at the former
election. Some two years later Mr. Reed seemed to be sure of a nomination to congress by the democrats of his district, but he succeeded in securing it for Mr. A. H. Stephens, who was not then expecting or seeking it. After this Mr. Reed turned his back on politics and devoted himself to the law more assiduously than ever. When he removed to Atlanta, in the spring of 1882, Gen. Toombs being practically out of the local practice, Mr,, Reed was really the leader of the northern circuit, a circuit illustrated by W. H. Crawford, J. H. Lumpkin, Toombs and Stephens, T. R. R. Cobb, Thomas W. Thomas and other distinguished lawyers. He does a general practice in Atlanta. He is virtually out of the criminal practice, but he is engaged as counsel on some of the cases involving the largest interests in the courts. In 1873 appeared his first book, Georgia Criminal Law; in 1875 the first edition of his Conduct of Lawsuits; and in 1882 his American Law Studies. In 1876 he published, in the "International Review," his article, entitled, "The Old and New South," which was the origin of the now much-used phrase. He has by him The Life of Gen. Toombs, in manuscript, but has not yet decided to publish it. His father was Rev. John W. Reed, a Presbyterian minister, a native of North Carolina, closely related through his mother to some of the prominent signers of the Mecklenburg declaration of independence, while his paternal grandfather, a native of northern Ireland, was wounded in the leg at the battle of Brandywine while serving in the American army. Rev. John W. Reed was very famous as a school teacher, especially while he lived at Woodstock. Before this he had prepared Lyon and Benning for college, each one of whom afterward became a judge of the supreme court of Georgia. While he kept school at Woodstock, Mr. A. H. Stephens assisted many poor boys to get an education by sending them to this school, and this great man was in the habit of attending public examinations. In July, 1862, Mr. John C. Reed came home with the body of his brother, who had been mortally wounded at Seven Pines, and before his return married Gennie James, who died in 1865 without issue. He married Sarah Platt in 1880, and by
her has a son, Prentiss B.

WALLACE PUTNAM REED, an editorial writer on the staff of the "Atlanta Constitution," a position which he has held since 1883. is a native of Wilcox
county, Ala., where he was born in 1849. His early boyhood was passed in Mont gomery, but in 1859 his parents moved to Atlanta, Ga., where he has since resided. His education was interrupted by the war, but two years' hard reading in a book store, where he held a clerkship, fitted him for his chosen profession of journalism, which he entered before he was twenty. At the age of fifteen his first story appeared in the "Southern Field and Fireside," and during the past twenty-five years him-

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dreds of his sketches and short stories have had a wide circulation. He was admitted to the bar before he was twenty-one, and during a brief period of .prac
tice he held the office of solicitor of the Rockdale county court. The law proving1 unremuncrative, young Reed gave it up and devoted himself to journalism. He edited two country papers, the "Rockdale Register" and the "Conyers Weekly,"
and at various times lias held reportorial and editorial positions on the "Intelli gencer," "Xe\v Era," "Post Appeal," "Journal" and "Constitution" in Atlanta,
besides contributing to the "New York Independent," "Detroit Free Press," and several other periodicals and magazines. He is also the author of a History of Atlanta, a large volume of 700 pages. Mr. Reed is of northern parentage, and is a great-grand-nephew of Gen. Israel Putnam, and a lineal descendant of John
Rogers, the martyr. He married Miss Kate Shaver, of Virginia, the daughter of Rev. Davirl Shaver, D. D., a famous Baptist divine who was for many years the editor of the ''Richmond Religious Herald," and the "Atlanta Christian Index.'" Mr. Reed gives most of his time to his editorial work, and rarely ever takes a
vacation. He is a lover of art and literature, and his books and a few congenial friends make his ideal world.

UARRY. MAURRELLE REID, lawyer, Atlanta, Ga., was born in Blairsville, Union Co., Ga., Feb. 15, 1853. and lived there until he was seventeen years old,
receiving his primary education at the schools at that place. In 1870 he entered Meson academy at Lexington, Ga., for the years 1870-71, and from there he went
to Atlanta, studying one term at old Oglethorpe university, now extinct, and leav ing in his junior year. Immediately afterward he commenced the study of law
with a relation, Marshall L. Smith, at Dawsonville, Dawson Co., Ga., and was admitted to the bar in 1873. He located in Campbell county, Ga., and began to practice his profession in 1875, being six years later elected by the state legislature solicitor-general of Coweta circuit for the term of four years. His term of office expiring he was re-elected for four years more, and soon afterward removed to
Carrollton. Ga., a citv in the same circuit. In January, 1889, he came to Atlanta and very soon entered into partnership with J. B. Stewart, with whom he was asso ciated under the firm name of Reid & Stewart until April i, 1894. Since that date
he has practiced alone. In 1887 Mr. Reid was chairman of the board of commis sioners of Palmetto, Ga., and while a resident of Carrollton he was a member
of the board of school commissioners. Up to a late date he has always taken a very active interest in democratic politics. He is a master Mason and a member
of the Presbyterian church. In 1877 he married Gertrude, daughter of John Carlton, of Campbell county, and they have two sons and two daughters: Willie Katherinc and Jessie Cicely ("twins), Arthur M., and Carlton. Mr. Reid's father was Simpson Reid, and was a native of North Carolina, and was serving as a member of the Georgia state senate from the Fortieth senatorial district at the time of his death in 1864. Simpson Reid was a lawyer by profession, the principal field of
his practice being the old Blue Ridge circuit.

gVERARD HAMILTON RICHARDSON was born in Cedar Valley, in what
is now Polk county, Ga., upon the plantation of his father, Dr. E. H. Richardson, Sr., a few miles from the village of Cedartown, Jan. 16, 1850. He is the product
of widely dissimilar strains of blood. His paternal ancestors were cavaliers and his maternal stock were Puritans. It has often been remarked that this blended blood of the sturdy, uncompromising Puritan, and of the gallant, aggressive, warm hearted cavalier, has produced a stock of men in America in whom all the elements of manhood are well mixed. The Puritan and the cavalier were both English, with

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all of English purpose in each type; but they were representatives of views that for centuries had disturbed the public peace. In the settlement of America the north half, with Massachusetts as the center, 'was peopled mainly by Puritans, and the south half, with Virginia as its center, was occupied by cavaliers. But in the long run of the years these have so co-mingled throughout the Union as to produce the energetic, determined and gallant class of American citizens to which the Richardsons belong. His paternal great-grandfather, Daniel Richardson, came from England, settled in Virginia, served as a lieutenant in the revolutionary war three years under Washington, and received a large tract of land from the United States government for services in the war. He married Fanny Long, who had
seven brothers in the revolutionary war, most of whom were officers of distinction. His grandfather, Armistead Richardson, was born near Raccoon ford on the Rapidan river, Culpeper county, Va., in the year 1788. In the early portion of the nineteenth century he moved from Virginia to Georgia, settling at Eatonton, Putman Co., where he owned a farm, living in Eatonton, and marrying Elizabeth Griggs. Being more than six feet in height, a born commander of men, and of strong mentality, he was a conspicuous figure in any presence. He was a major in the Indian war of 1813, under Gens. Floyd and Andrew Jackson. In 1834 he removed to Cave Springs, Ga. During his entire life he was a prominent and conspicuous member of the Baptist church. Notwithstanding he was more than seventy-five years old, he held a commission of colonel of state troops under Gov. Brown during the four years of war between the states. He was a knightly char acter, and possessed in a very eminent degree the martial and independent spirit of cavalier ancestry. From his loins sprang many eminent families in Georgia.
Among them are the Hamiltons, Harpers, and Wrights, of Rome, Ga. Dr. E. H. Richardso'n, Sr., the second son of Armistead and Elizabeth Richardson and father of Everard H. Richardson, Jr., was born in Eatonton, Ga., 1814. In 1834 he was a private student of medicine in the office of the distinguished Dr. N. Chapman ot Philadelphia, professor in the university of Pennsylvania. Graduating there he
returned to Georgia, beginning the practice of medicine in Crawfordville, Ga., in 1835, thus starting his professional life at the same time and at the same place with
his warm personal friend, Alexander H. Stephens. On April 6, 1837, E. H. Richardson, Sr., was married at Penfield, Ga., to Mary A. Frances Janes, daughter of William and Silah Janes. The product of this union was nine children: Jane Thomas, Lavinia, Rosaline, Absalom Janes, Susan, Everard H., William Janes, Mary Silah, and Armistead Richardson. The last mentioned, Armistead Richard son, is a prominent lawyer of north Georgia. For four years he was solicitorgeneral of Tallapoosa circuit, and his ability and zeal in the fearless discharge of the functions of his office made him a terror to malefactors against the law. He has been mayor of and attorney for the town of Cedartown. He is a man of affairs. He is a democrat, but politics are thoroughly distasteful to him. His
lofty integrity of character, his loyal devotion to truth and the right, his uncompro
mising hostility to shams and frauds and dishonesty in high places, have made him a tower of strength in his community. Brave, true and chivalric by nature,.the crowning glory of his character known by all men is that he is unimpeachable.
Mary Frances Janes was the daugfhter of William and Silah Janes, of Greene county, Ga., and the mother of E. H. Richardson, Jr., was born and reared in luxury's lap. The youngest child of wealthy parents, she was the indulged and idolized pet of the
home circle. Endowed with a brilliant mind, beautiful in person, sweet and gentle in spirit and soul, she was the impersonation of those virtues and charms that made the ante-bellum southern woman the grandest type of woman that any civilization in the world's history has ever produced. Her beautiful life was the inspiration

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of her children. Her lofty conception of the Christian religion and her Spartanlike devotion to the Christ she adored, led her gently and sweetly through the sun set of life, and triumphantly her faith bore her through the valley and shadow of death to heaven's portal, into a blissful immortality beyond the stars. William Janes, her father, was born in Virginia. His ancestors, however, settled in 1637 in Connecticut, coming originally from Xormandy with William the Conqueror. In the beginning of the present century William Janes moved from Virginia and
settled in Wilkes county, Ga. He was a shrewd financier, and in his day was one of the wealthiest men in Georgia and a pillar in the Baptist church. He reared twelve children, educating his boys at the state university (then Franklin college),
and his girls at Augusta, Ga. He left a large fortune to each of his children. In 1839 E. H. Richardson, Sr., and his young wife purchased a large tract of land in the fertile Cedar valley, in what is now Polk count}-, Ga. For some years after Dr. E. H. Richardson, Sr., practiced his profession there, at the same time conduct ing his large planting interests. Owning a large number of slaves, he gradually ceased the practice of medicine, and lived a life of elegant ease, educating his children and exercising general supervision of his estate. He was always fearless and outspoken in his convictions, priding himself in being void of policy and freedom from hypocrisy. The subject of this sketch, Everard H. Richardson, received a common school education from the schools of Cedartown and Cave Springs, Ga. In 1869 he began the study of medicine, attending his first course of lectures at the medical department of the University of Louisiana, at New Orleans, 1870-71. In March, 1872, he was graduated at the medical department,
University of Georgia, at Augusta, Ga. He entered upon the practice of medicine at Cedartown, Ga., practicing there five years. Young, ardent and ambitious, by this time he had paid, being necessitated by the vicissitudes of war and" the conse quent wrecking of his father's fortune, from his earnings for his medical education, and he accumulated a sufficiency to spend five months in New York city, taking
a post-graduate course in the further preparation for his life's work. There he took private courses under Darby, Bryant, Loomis, and Austin Flint, Sr. Return
ing to Cedartown, he resumed his practice, accumulating property and constantly
enlarging his field for usefulness. During the succeeding years, till 1889, he worked assiduously and constantly in his profession, without a break for recreation, except occasional trips to New York and Philadelphia, to go to medical fountains to acquire fresh knowledge in his profession. In 1878. Dr. E. H. Richardson married the daughter of Dr. E. C. Jones, of Madison, Ga.. who is a lady of rare loveliness of character, cultivation and attainments. Three children have come from this union--Everard Dugas. Marion Sims, and Florine E. Richardson. In
1889, Dr. Richardson had accumulated, by long toil, a comfortable competency, and had arrived at the top of his profession in his section. His clientele extended as far as Broken Arrow, in Alabama, and Chattanooga, in Tennessee, and to Rome,
Ga. At this time Dr. Richardson decided to enlarge his stock of medical lore by an extended sojourn in Europe. Beginning his studies in Vienna, he remained there several months, attending the great clinics of Billroth, Albert Dittol and
Kapoosa, after leaving Vienna, going to Paris and studying under such teachers and distinguished savants as Guion. Charcot. Pdean. Apostolli. Rene Appert and Tarmier. His longest stay was in London, where he was a member of Guy's hos pital club for the year 1890, and was an interne of Guy's hospital, enjoying the matchless advantages from the greatest English teachers of this century. There he enjoyed the friendship and kindly interest of Mr. Tacobson. Mr. House, Davies Colley, Mr. Lane-Golding Bird and Clement Lucas. During the year 1890 he at tended the British Medical association at Birmingham, England, and visited that

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great seat of learning, Edinburgh. Before returning to America, he traveled extensively in Europe, going to Lyons, Marseilles, Cannes and Nice, in France; Monte Carlo, in Monaco; Mentone, San Reno, Genoa, and Rome, in Italy--going as far south on the Mediterranean coast as Naples and Pompeii, and Venice, on the Adriatic. Returning to America, and, determining to still further enlarge hisfield of work, and to give his children superior advantages, he purchased a home in the capital city of his native state and settled at Atlanta, Ga. Here, devoting himself to the general practice of medicine, he has built up an extensive clientele, being called frequently to the adjoining states of Tennessee and Alabama. An indefatigable student, he has kept fully abreast with all the real advances in the science and art of medicine; but, possessing a level head and sound judgment, he has never been one to ardently embrace even- new fancy and fad that would-be promoters in the ranks of the medical profession are constantly seeking to foist upon the credulous and unwary.' -Dr. Richardson expresses himself as having no other ambition than to have the privilege of working in his chosen profession and equipping his children for the battle of life- He is a member of the American Medical association, the Medica'l Association of Georgia, where he has served as vice-president, orator and censor; the Atlanta Society of Medicine, and the Capital City club, of Atlanta, Ga. Dr. Richardson has always voted with the democratic party, but being independent in spirit and thought, he has never endorsed unqualifiedly the dogmas of any political party. Dr. Richardson i widely known in the journalistic"branch of his profession, the following being a partial list of some of his contributions to current medical literature: "Congenital Pheniosis, Producing Paralysis of Motion and Dementia, Operation and Per manent Relief." "Radical Surgery, the Best .Surgery in the Treatment of Ex tensive, Lacerated and Contused Wounds of. the "Extremities." "Treatment of Hydrocele by Injection of Carbolic Acid." "Removal-of--Portion of Cranium Resulting from Traumatism "of Long Standing." "When Should We Interfere in Threatened Puerperal Convulsions?" "Treatment of Compound Commitnatecl Fracture with Plaster of Paris." "Continued Fever Occurring in This Climate." "Cholera Infantum." "The Medical Side of Appendicitis-." "Report of a Case of Atresia of Cervix Uteri, Produced by Nitric Acid, Relieved by Bilateral Division of Cervix." Dr. Richardson ranks high in the medical profession, and as a physician and a man of affairs, his views and opinions have always challenged respect. He has never sought office. He was director in the C. R. & C. R. R., surgeon for the same, and of the E. &W. R. R. of Alabama; also, one of the directors of the Cherokee Land company, which has done so much for north Gorgia. He is now in the prime of mental and physical manhood. Ambitious, capable, learned, and skillful in his profession, inspired by hope and faitli in the power of work, the future is bright with promise for him.

pRANK P. RICE, was born in Claremont, N. H., Oct. 28, 1838. His parents who were of English and Welsh extraction and descendants from revolutionary
ancestors, were natives of Vermont. They came to Georgia when their son, Frank P. Rice, was only nine years of age, and located in Atlanta, which was then in its infancy, having a population of about 1,200 or 1,500. Impressed by his father with the necessity and the duty of industry, he began, when a mere boy, to grapple with the stern realities of life as a vender of newspapers and such other articles as were readily sold about the passenger depot and on the streets of Atlanta. Many of the old people who knew him in his boyhood bear testimony to his energy and industry. The quality of a business man, exemplified in his childhood, has proved a distinguishing characteristic of his subsequent life. When eighteen years of age

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he conceived the purpose of learning a trade, and soon, with the consent of his
father, bound himself for three years and a half to Mr. William Kay of Atlanta, to acquire a knowledge of the art of book binding. The contract of apprenticeship was signed in due form, placed properly on record, and faithfully obeyed until
the term of his service ended and he was an acknowledged master of his trade. His faithful observance of every obligation as an apprentice was illustrative of
his future life, in which he has been true to all of his contracts, never having suffered a debt to remain unpaid a day beyond its maturity, or violated any agreement into which he has entered at any time. The skill he had attained, and his habits of industry and temperance, soon secured him a good situation at fair
wages. Atlanta was then making her first strides in the path of her "manifest destiny," and Mr. Rice, with keen perception, saw opportunities to accumulate
money more rapidly by abandoning his trade. He, therefore, decided to hold it in reserve for possible emergencies, and engaged in the business of contracting for
stone masonry and other work of material improvement, then greatly in demand in the growing young city. In this business he exercised a faultless judgment and realized good profits on all of his contracts. When scarcely arrived at manhood he undertook, by contract, to construct all of the stone work required on the line of the Savannah, Griffin & North Alabama railroad, and carried out his agreement with fidelity and to the satisfaction of the railroad company. On Aug. 2, 1861, he
was most happily married to a daughter of the Rev. I. G. Mitchel! of Atlanta, who has ever proved a noble and devoted helpmate. Their first child, a son, died in early infancy. Their second son, Mr. Charles F. Rice, a young man of true
promise, and their only surviving child, occupies the position of deputy clerk of the city of Atlanta. Every dollar that Mr. Rice realized, in excess of his family
expenses, was invested in Atlanta city property. With his habitual foresight he discovered her future prospects and felt safe in putting his surplus earnings in her real estate. When the war of the states came on he joined the Third regiment of state troops, and was chosen lieutenant of Company B of that regiment. At the
conclusion of liis military services he was appointed special agent of the Atlanta & West Point railroad, in which position he was vigilant, faithful and successful.
As a consequence of war, Atlanta was laid in ruins. Thousands returned to find their once fair city a literal mass of bricks and ashes. Among the number who resolved to rebuild and advance the city far beyond her previous attainments
was Frank P. Rice. Still confident of her great future he went to work with energy, and from that day to the present has labored to promote her varied interests, material or otherwise. No citizen has accomplished more in this respect
than Mr. Rice. Considering the contemplated Air Line railroad (now the Rich mond & Danville) an important auxiliary to the growth and general prosperity of Atlanta, he gave his influence freely to the success of this enterprise, and before
its completion purchased large bodies of land along the surveyed line of this
road, giving the right of way through his purchases. When this road was finished he embarked extensively in the milling and lumber business on its route, and for eighteen years prosecuted this enterprise with great profit, furnishing a large portion of the lumber used in building up the city. The Georgia Western
railroad, designed to connect Atlanta with the coal fields of Alabama, and to constitute an artery of general travel and transportation, had been chartered and
was a hopeful project for the Gate city. After years of delay and doubt as to its completion, the charter became the property of a syndicate interested in its defeat. Mr. Rice comprehended their plan and determined, if possible, to checkmate it.
To accomplish this purpose he, with some others, prepared and procured a charter
for a railroad passing from Atlanta to Alabama in the same general direction, and

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having corresponding privileges to those granted the Georgia Western railroad. When the syndicate owning the old charter saw that a road would be built under the new charter, they sold their franchise and the Georgia Pacific was completed under the latter grant, accomplishing for Atlanta all that was anticipated from the Georgia Wesern. Mr. Rice contributed largely to this splendid result. The entry of Mr. Rice into the political arena was mainly due to the fact of having devoted his influence for years to political advancement of friends. Anxious for their success, he applied himself to the study of "men and measures," and soon became one of the best informed citizens in regard to the material, financial and
political questions of the da)'. Naturally modest, he regarded the knowledge he had acquired and the influence he possessed as the property of others who sought political preferment, and was always ready to aid in the election of those whom he considered most devoted to, and most able to promote the interests of the city,
county, state or republic. He was, therefore, frequently appointed as a delegate to political conventions to nominate candidates for city, county, state and federal offices. It is a known fact that his friends were always successful. But the time
came when observant men, impressed with his popularity and capacity for use fulness as a representative citizen, urged him to become a candidate, in 1871, for councilman of the city of Atlanta. He consented and was elected triumphantly.
In 1873, ^75 and J887 he was re-elected to the same office. His majority over his opponents was in each instance large, for he received the support of the people without regard to color, condition or party, although he had always been an avowed democrat. This demonstrated the high esteem in which he was held, an
esteem resulting from his just, charitable life. Mr. Rice assisted in establishing the splendid system of public schools which has proved so great a blessing to the children of Atlanta, and so important a factor in the increase of her
population and wealth. The first appropriation of $100,000 to this grand educa tional conception received his favor and his vote. No one has been more in sympathy with the policy of general education, nor has any one proved a more
earnest advocate of the most liberal system of free schools that could be supported by the people. He has uniformly given his influence to Atlanta's educational system, so adjusted as to distribute its benefits equitably to the children of the several wards without respect to race or color. As councilman he has always been placed on the most important committees, such as finance, tax, public prop erty and others, involving the greatest amount of practical work in behalf of the material interests of the city. He has invariably favored the judicious application
of available funds to the solid improvements, embracing streets, water works, sewerage, etc., and has also given his aid to the organization of an efficient fire department and an effective police force. Mr. Rice was one of the organizers of
Atlanta's board of health, and was a member of that board continuously for nine
years. During this long period of service no one was more vigilant in looking after the healthfulness of the city, and no one evinced greater wisdom in sug gesting and enforcing hygienic rules to preserve the public health. When the question of locating the state capital was submitted to the people of Georgia, Mr. Rice, as a member of the citizens' committee, labored most zealously in behalf of Atlanta, and deserves, with others of that committee, credit for the result that
followed, viz.: the selection of Atlanta as the capital of the state. In the year 1880 he was elected to the house of representatives from Fulton county, defeating his opponent by a very large majority, and leading all other candidates in the race
by several hundred votes. He was regarded as one of the most industrious and
practical members of the house and pursued a course that gave him the highest standing with the members of that body, affording by all his actions and votes

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great satisfaction to his constituents. As a consequence he was elected to suc ceed himself in 1882, the term of service being two years. During his member ship of the house of representatives, he was placed upon many important standing committees, among which may be mentioned the committees on finance, corporations, railroads, public property and military affairs. He was also ap pointed as a member of several special committess of importance, such as the committees to draft and report a general railroad law and to redistrict the state. During the session of 1880 a bill was introduced by a member of the house to provide for the building of a new capitol of the state in Atlanta. This measure was defeated, notwithstanding the ability with which it was advocated. Its defeat
had the effect to place the location of the capital again in a condition of uncertainty, many regarding the action of the house as an expression of public sentiment, indicating danger to Atlanta. In 1882 Mr. Rice, impressed with the very great importance of finally settling the capital question in favor of the Gate
city, resolved to devote all of his influence to the passage of a bill providing for the building of a state capitoi which would satisfy the people and prove equal to the demands of the commonwealth. Actuated by this purpose, he went into council with his own mind, studying the question earnestly and critically. He then, unaided by any one, prepared a bill which commanded the approval of his judgment and introduced it in the house of representatives on Nov. 3, 1882. For this measure he labored day and night until it received the executive sanction on Sept. 8, 1883. To say that he was untiring in the advocacy of this bill and that he watched every step of its progress with sleepless vigilance is but to state an un deniable truth. Although unaided in the preparation of the bill, in the work of
passing it to a law, it became necessary to command the support of a majority of each branch of the general assembly, and it was for this object that he gave his influence. He followed the measure to the finance committee of the house, to which it was referrred, urging a favorable report with all the zeal and ability possible, and having gained his point there, followed it back to the house, where its passage was secured by his able advocacy. Still inspired by his resolve to make this bill a law. he pursued it into the senate, and having no voice or vote in that body, he used even- influence in his power with the finance committee and with individual senators to insure its success. It was the offspring of his own brain which he was determined to foster and conduct to final triumph. In the interims
of legislative sessions he called upon members of the house and senate, in detail, urging the importance of settling the capital question and passing his bill. If any legislator ever deserved credit for a legislative enactment Mr. Rice deserves the gratitude of the people of Atlanta and the state at large for his achievement in this case. It gave to Georgia a splendid capitol which is the pride of even' citizen and the subject for the admiration of all visitors. It was built at smaller cost than any similar building on this continent and without any extra appropria tion. The history of this bill from its preparation to its introduction into the house, and its passage by both branches of the general assembly, shows the
capacity of its author to conceive its many details and his power to conduct it
over strong opposition to ultimate success. To accomplish this result it was necessary to combat a multitude of arguments based on sectional prejudices or timid fears. It was known that the passage of the measure would fix the capital in Atlanta, thus defeating the hopes of all rival localities, and many were fearful that the taxpayers would disapprove the imposition of an additional tax to meet the expenses of construction. Mr. Rice, convinced that the interests of Atlanta and of the entire state would be advanced greatly by deciding the question as to the location of the capital at the Gate city, worked as if inspired to accom-

FULTON COf NTY SKETCHES.
plish the result. He was resolved that the decision of the people in favor of Atlanta should not be revoked. It is now known and appreciated how ably ami triumphantly he served Atlanta and Georgia in this emergency. Mr. Rice also introduced and conducted to a successful issue, the bill by which that great corporation, the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia railroad, was chartered. The importance of this road and its vast benefits to Atlanta and the state cannot be overrated. He was a member of the special committee that framed and reported to the house the present railroad law of Georgia, and gave him his influence to its enactment. During both of his terms of service in the house of representa tives he answered to every roll-call and was present at every meeting of the com mittees of which he was a member. All who were associated with him then will bear testimony to his constant industry, his keen perception of every measure of legislation and his watchfulness of everything which directly or indirectly affected the interests of his constituents or the people of the state at large. On questions of finance, taxation, education and internal improvements his opinions were always sought, for his judgment was considered an unerring guide. As a con sequence his views were generally impressed on the reports of the committees of which he was a member. In 1882 he was one of a committee of the general assembly appointed to visit and report upon the technological schools of the north. For some time he had considered the establishment of such a school for Georgia. When the committee returned his zeal in behalf of this measure was greatly increased. The visit referred to was the beginning of a movement by the legislature which resulted in the establishment of a technological school in Atlanta for the state. This institution has proved of great practical benefit to Georgia. The young men who graduate from this school go out as thoroughly educated and scientific mechanics and engineers, capable of supervising mining, manufacturing and other enterprises of their state and the development of her varied resources. The history of Mr. Rice is intimately joined with that of this great educational institution and he feels a just pride in the fact that he so earn estly and successfully labored for its establishment. On Oct. 3, 1888, Mr. Rice was elected to the state senate from the thirty-fifth senatorial district, composed of the counties of Cobb, Clayton and-Fulton, and served in the capacity of senator during the years 1888 and 1889. In this campaign he had a severe contest. He defeated his opponent in the primary election by a majority of more than 500 votes. Although placed before the people as the democratic standard-bearer of the dis trict, he was opposed by an independent candidate who used every effort in his power to secure his own success. The election of Mr. Rice by a majority of about 1,500 votes was the result. Entering upon his senatorial duties he was appointed as chairman of the committees on corporations and public property and as a mem ber of the committees of finance, railroads and auditing. The committee on corporations did more work during the sessions of 1888 and 1889 than any other, and much of the business that came before it was of great importance, involving in many cases intricate questions of law. He evinced his customary industry and sound discretion, acquitting himself with distinction. Many of the bills which were referred to that committee were in conflict with the constitution of the state. None of these escaped the critical observation of the chairman, but were reported back to the senate, with a clear expression of his views, which in even" instance were approved and confirmed by that body. Always present at the meetings of ihe committees of which he was chairman or a member, the impress of his opin ions was generally stamped on every report. He was a member of the special committee that framed the bill providing for the present lease of the Western & Atlantic railroad, and aided in its passage through the senate. This was a meas-

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ure of importance to the people of Georgia, resulting in a lease of the Western & Atlantic, or state road, for a term of twenty years at an annual rental of $420,000. In 1891 Air. Rice was elected an alderman of the city of Atlanta and served as such for three years. During this period he rendered most efficient and beneficial service to the city. As chairman of the finance and tax committees he was un tiring in his efforts to advance the financial interests of Atlanta. His reports as chairman of the committees mentioned, submitted in 1892, show a perfect
familiarity with the city's resources. A fund of information is contained in each of these reports, which could have been obtained only after a degree of investi gation which no other person but Mr. Rice was likely to have performed. Thest reports are tabulated and comparative, showing the property, resources, etc., of the city, not only for the year of the reports, but of previous years, so that at a glance the true financial status of Atlanta could be known. The report of the
tax committee presents a comprehensive view of the material improvements oi the city, such as street paving, sewerage, the amount of taxes levied and collected, amount of taxes in default and contains many wise suggestions in regard to tho policy which should be pursued by the municipal authorities. It is a most cred itable fact that under his administration as chairman of the finance committee all of the current expenses of the city in 1891 were paid from her income, leaving a clear surplus of $16,300. The current expenses of the year 1892 were also paid from the city's income, leaving at the end of the year a surplus of $6,300. During his aldermanic term, as chairman of the tax committee, large sums were added to the annual receipts of the city treasury. The splendid bridge which spans the railroad excavation on Forsyth street is mainly due to the influence of Mr. Rice. It was his conception and he gave his advocacy to the measure. As one of the committee to whom the execution of the plan was confided, he worked with his usual zeal and energy until its completion and formal delivery to the authorities of Atlanta. Mr. Rice is a member of the board of directors of the International and Cotton States exposition, and also a member of the executive committee. No one connected officially with this grand enterprise is more thoroughly determined
to make it an eminent success, and no one is doing more to insure this result He is devoting his entire time during the year 1895 to the advancement of the various details of the exposition and all who know him will be more hopeful because of this fact The parents of Mr. Rice were educated, intelligent and moral. They took special care to impress him with correct rules of life. Yielding cheerfully to their advice and instruction, he has pursued a moral, honorable, conscientious and charitable career. About ten years ago he became a member of the First Methodist church of Atlanta, and very soon thereafter was chosen as one of the stewards of that church. He often expresses regret that he deferred this step so long, but since his membership has been a zealous worker in the cause of Chris tianity. By frequent judicious investments and close attention to business, Mr. Rice has become one of the most wealth}' men of Atlanta. He owns a large amount of central and well-improved city property, from which he derives a handsome income, and has invested much money in lands near, but beyond the corporate limits. A strong faith in the future growth of Atlanta, which he still entertains, caused him to invest in suburban lands. It is a remarkable fact that although he has made a great number of sales of real estate in and around At lanta, there has never followed therefrom a single legal controversy. This indi cates his customary care in the examination of titles and an integrity that avoids everything that savors of unfairness. He has certainly demonstrated that a man may become rich while scrupulously preserving his honor. For many years he has been a close student. He has one of the best selected libraries in Atlanta.

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Every volume is a treasure, while the whole comprises all that a gentleman may need to fit him for usefulness in social, business or political life, or to gratify his taste for history, poetry and romance. All of his books are printed and bound in elegant and substantial style, so that they will last for generations with careful use. He is devoted to his library and has already gained therefrom a fund of varied and useful information, constituting him one of the best posted men in
Georgia. Naturally modest, he makes no display of knowledge which is not necessary for practical purposes, though versed in all matters pertaining to the past or the present Mr. Rice has been quite an extensive traveler, and has learned much by this means. A close observer and strong thinker, he has gath ered information in passing from place to place and country to country. As a financier and politician, as well as a legislator, he deserves to he ranked with the most distinguished citizens of Georgia. By his life work he has demonstrated intrinsic virtues and powers that challenge the respect, approval and admiration of all worthy and appreciative people. Already he has accomplished as much real good for Atlanta and the state as any man who can be mentioned, and he is still in the meridian of life with the prospect of many years of usefulness. His familiarity with the financial and political history and interests of state and na tional governments fits him for great achievements and higher honors. It is no exaggeration to say in a quaint and popular phrase, that he is the "best all around man" in Georgia. From the beggar on the streets to the president in his mansion, he is the same--always genial and cordial, and ready to speak or act as becomes an intelligent and noble man. Promotion makes no change in his demeanor, and whether he meets the rich or the poor, he wears the same kindly expression, willing to listen to the wants of all without discrimination. As councilman, alder man, representative or senator, he could be approached by all of his constituents
with perfect freedom, and with full confidence that he would hear and consider their wishes carefully and practically. To the reader is left the work of collating his excellencies as they may appear in this imperfect sketch. An impartial review
of his record will reveal him as an honorable, good and eminently useful man, who has done his utmost to serve his city, county and state, and advance the welfare of each. Those who know him best have unlimited confidence in his integrity and judgment, and many consult him on all questions affecting their interests. Such a man cannot hide himself from an intelligent and appreciative public, nor should he resist their call to higher political positions.

WILLIAM GILKES RICHARDS was born in London. England, Feb. ir, 1837 (the year of Victoria's coronation). In 1843 tne family emigrated to
Penfield, Ga. There were four boys and one girl--William being next the young
est; the eldest being the late Robert H. Richards, one of the founders, and at the time of his death vice-president of the Atlanta National bank. In his younger days William was a clerk in a book store, then being kept by his elder brother in La
Grange, Ga. In 1856 he entered the Georgia railroad shops in Atlanta as an
apprentice to the machinist trade. In 1859 he went on the road, and excepting short intervals in the shops, his life was on the foot-board of a locomotive until 1875, when he was elected engineer of the water works then being erected at South
River. In 1878 he was elected superintendent, a position which he has held ever since. He has devoted the best twenty years of his life in earnest labor for the wel fare of this department. In 1860 Mr. Richards married Miss M. J. Haynes, whose
parents were among the very first to settle in Atlanta, having located here in Feb ruary, 1843. His family consists of Robert H. Richards, residing in New York city; Mrs. Charles B. Wallace, Jr., of Atlanta, Ga.; Mrs. Wm. Lyon Wallace, Jack1-58

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

sonville, Fla.: Charles H. Richards, Atlanta, Ga.; Airs. George A. Clarke, Atlanta,
Ga. One daughter, Mrs. Charles T. Wurm, died in 1885. Mr. Richards' work in the construction of the new water works plant is well known to the public. It may be said that its successful completion with the scant means provided for the work is almost a miracle and redounds much to the credit of himself and his intimate associate, Mr. Robert M. Clayton, the able city engineer.

]y\ R. FRAXCIS MARIOX RICHARDSOX, who died Nov. 13, 1804, was a pioneer citizen of Atlanta, and gave his efforts to her expanding prosperity
when only a "handful" of houses were grouped about the railroad station, where now the Union depot stands. He was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga., June 17, 1827; passed his youth in Upson county, and at one time was a prominent mer chant in Thomaston, Ga. Moving to Atlanta in 1858, he entered the employ of Rawson, Gilbert & Burr. About 1861 he formed a partnership with Robert Faulkner, and this firm gave valuable aid to the Confederate army, in furnishing and forwarding supplies. Mr. Richardson received frequent letters from Gens. Hood and Joseph E. Johnston, commending his loyalty in the efficiency with which he promoted the cause of the south. After the desolation of war had interrupted Atlanta's development, he was among the first to become identified with the re building of the city. During the destructive smallpox epidemic of 1866 Mr. Rich ardson displayed a devotion and sacrifice that the people of his city will never forget. He was chairman of the relief committee of the municipal council, and worked with untiring energy for the thousands of suffering souls. The city treas ury was depleted, and could render no assistance, but this fact did not discourage him, for after gaining the consent of the council he applied to other cities for aid and succeeded in raising a large sum of money and many supplies for the dis
tressed, stricken victims. Mr. James E. Williams, mayor at that perilous time, says ot his conduct: "During the whole of Mr. Richardson's term of office no man could, iii my opinion, have discharged his official duties more efficiently. I shall never forget his noble work during the smallpox epidemic of 1866. I have known
him nearly forty years, and I do not know of anyone who has done more both for the moral and physical welfare of Atlanta than he." Mr. Richardson from his early youth was a member of the Methodist church, and labored in the field of Christianity with a true appreciation of the Gospel's teaching, and a love of morality
and honor that bestowed on his endeavors the respect, confidence and admiration of the people. For many years he served as superintendent of Trinity Sunday school. He founded a Sunday school on Fair street, which grew into St Paul's church, and gave years of ardent labor in that field. He also, with Dr. T. A. Kendall and Miss Laura A. Haygood, established Trinity Mission Sunday school, for which he labored as superintendent twelve years and up to his last illness. His especial delight was to help the poor and friendless, and no man in Atlanta was ever more beloved among that class of its population. A beautiful evidence of their devotion to him was given at his funeral, when hundreds of poor children marched past his coffin, each laying thereon a simple flower as token of their love for their dead superintendent. Miss Laura A. Haygood, who was associated with him in much of his Sunday school work, has said that she does not know of any man in Atlanta's history who has done so much good among the poor as did Mr. Richardson. He was one of the most active factors in building up Methodism to its great strength in Atlanta. Mr. Richardson for many years was engaged in the stove and house furnishing business in Atlanta. In 1882 he accepted a position as
general southern agent for Jones & Abbott, stove manufacturers of Zanesville. Ohio, and held it with marked success until his death. He left a widow and four

FULTON COUNTY SK3TCHES.
children. The eldest of these is F. H. Richardson, editor of the Atlanta "Journal." The others are: Airs. R. W. Rood, Atlanta; Edward Richardson, of the United States pension office; and W. W. Richardson, an Atlanta journalist Mr. Rich ardson was of Scotch-Irish stock. His father, Rev. Alien Richardson, served in the war of 1812 and moved from Virginia to Georgia in 1825.
T\R. ROBERT BEMAN RIDLEY, one of the most successful and distinguished medical practitioners of Atlanta, belongs to a family of physicians--all eminent
in the profession, he having two brothers, Dr. Charles B., and Dr. Frank M. Ridley, both located in La Grange, Troup Co., Ga., the last named having been in 1895 elected president of the Georgia State Medical association. Dr. Ridley was born in LaGrange in October, 1842. His father, Dr. R. A. T. Ridley, was a man of unusual prominence, and was equally distinguished in his profession and in public affairs. He was born in the historic village of Mecklenburg, N. C., and was graduated with distinction from the Charleston Medical college. For a number of years he practiced his profession, with lucrative results, in Troup county; and taking an active part in politics he represented his county in the legislature and also served the district for several terms as state senator. He was a man of blameless character and of wide personal influence. His wife, whose maiden name was Mary E. Morris, was a daughter of John Morris, of North Carolina, and was born in that state in 1812. Dr. Ridley, the elder, died at LaGrange in 1872. The subject of this sketch spent his boyhood days in Troup county and derived his academic education from the LaGrange high school. He was just preparing to enter the junior class at the state university when the declaration of war, calling the south to arms, prevented him from carrying out this cherished intention. In May, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the LaGrange light guards, which was subsequently attached to the Fourth Georgia Confederate regiment, commanded by Col. George Doles. This regiment performed its first service at Norfolk, Va., going to Richmond after the evacuation of that city, and participating in nearly all the important battles of the Virginia campaign, among them the following: Seven days' fight around Richmond, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilderness (May 5 and 6). Spottsylvania court house, where he received two wounds, one in the leg and one in the shoulder; Winchester, Cedar creek, Sailors' creek, and Appomattox. The regiment during this campaign formed a part of Gen. Rodes' division in the celebrated corps of Stonewall Jackson. On the death of this lamented leader Gen. Ewell succeeded to the command. The young soldier for his gallant behavior was promoted to the rank of lieutenant After a furlough of sixty days he rejoined his regiment and remained in the active service until Gen. Lee's surrender. After the war the subject of this sketch returned to his home at LaGrange and was soon after unanimously elected captain of the La Grange light guards. He subsequently engaged in mercantile pursuits at Augusta, but finding this sort of life distasteful to him he decided to adopt his father's profession, and thereupon commenced the study of medicine. Under his father's supervision he commenced his studies and was soon prepared to enter the Jefferson Medical college at Philadelphia. Grad uating from this institution in 1869, with such men as Dr. A. W. Calhoun and Dr. J. S. Todd, he returned to LaGrange and entered upon the practice of his pro fession. Leaving LaGrange in 1874 he decided to spend a winter in the hospital practice in New York, after which he located in Atlanta. Since coming to this city he has enjoyed a large and constantly growing practice. For two years he was associated with Dr. J. S. Todd, the style of the firm being Ridley & Toddr but since that time he has practiced alone. Dr. Ridley has devoted himself in

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recent years chiefly to obstetrics, in which department of the practice he occupies the leading rank. He is held in the highest esteem by his professional brethren and is regarded in the community as a man of talent, uprightness and integrity. Dr. Ridley is a member of the State Medical association of Georgia, and also of the Atlanta Medical society. In 1892 he was appointed one of the visiting physi cians of the Grady hospital. Dr. Ridley was united in marriage on Nov.. 23, 1875, t Miss Emma Leila Hill, a daughter of the late Senator Benjamin H. Hill, a lady of rare beauty and culture, who died on May 19, 1883. Five children were lx>rn to them, of whom three are living. In February, 1886, Dr. Ridley was married a second time, to the widow of Capt John F. Kiser, of Atlanta, and five children have been born of this union, two sons and three daughters. Possessed of a genial and attractive disposition, the personality of Dr. Ridley is magnetic and engaging. He is extensively read not only in his profession, but in general litera ture, and his conversation is rich, fascinating and instructive. He is a man of pro gressive ideas and believes in keeping abreast of the times. In his private life his reputation has always been that of a just, conscientious and upright man. J)R. ULOF O. ROBERTSOX, an eminent and learned physician of Atlanta,.
is a native of north Europe, having been born in the kingdom of Sweden July 12,1846. In that country he passed his first two decades attending the schools that afforded a liberal education and later entered the university, graduating a few years afterward. In 1865, when peaceful relations were resumed between the contending sections of the Union, he decided to try his fortune in the new world, and embarked for America, landing in New York city, and remained in this, his first destination, for a few months, and subsequently moved southward, locating in middle Georgia. Having received a scientific and technical education, and being thoroughly acquainted with the practical working of machinery, he easily found a desirable position in a locomotive shop, and a few years later in a large saw mill, and began his labors immediately; but being unaccustomed to the warm climate, and as yet not acclimated, contracted a contagious malarial fever. There were no physicians in the neighborhood to whom he could apply for relief, and in fighting the disease himself, and in aiding and restoring his associates, who were alike attacked with the malady, he became interested in the science of hydrotherapeutics, and began investigations in this system. He was fascinated with the study, and resolving to prosecute medicine as a life-work went to New York, enrolled as a member of the Hygeio-Therapeutic college of that state, and \\as graduated in 1875. He then returned to Bartow county, Ga., practiced his profession for four years, and in 1879 removed to Atlanta, where he has since resided. Dr. Robertson was married in Chicago May 21, 1879, to May B., daugh ter of C. H. Horine, a native of Kentucky. They have no children. He affiliates with the Episcopal church of Atlanta. Dr. Robertson controls the only Hydro pathic institute in the city. As manager and professional director he has encoun tered and effected cures in some of the most difficult cases on record. The method of water treatment frequently proves the agent to combat disease when allopathy, homeopathy, the eclectic, and the various additional schools of medicine, have fruitlessly exerted their curative properties. To have established this boon to the sufferer in a city where no similar treatment is available is an act laudable and commendable. Dr. Robertson has a large, steady and growing practice, such as his skill and knowledge warrant; and his future prosperity, as indicated by his present increasing success, is undeniably assured.

FCJLTON COUNTY SKETCHES.
REV. JOHN B. ROBINS, D. D., is the son of T. S. Robins, and was born in Putman county, Ga., Sept 21, 1851. His parents were of Scotch descent,
and have transmitted to their son the peculiar traits of this vigorous and pros perous race of people. His father was a prosperous planter and slave owner before the war between the states. At its close his property was all gone, and in common with the survivors of "the lost cause" he had to struggle to maintain his family. As a result John B. was brought up on the farm, where he learned those habits of industry and self-reliance that have marked his career in subse quent life. In 1872 he graduated from Emory college, and in 1873 he was admitted to the bar in Greensboro, Ga., with a bright future before him. On Jan. II, 1874, he married the sweetheart of his boyhood, Miss Mason A. Alford, and in September of that year lie removed to Putman county, Ga., and entered his chosen profession in the town of Eatontcn, with great energy and bright hope of brilliant success. But God had better things in store for him. He was -converted and called to preach in 1871, while in school, but was disobedient to the heavenly calling, and for six years he played the roll of Jonah, and came near being swallowed by worldliness. To use his own language, in 1877 he "abandoned forever a life of sin, and gave himself to his church." He was licensed to preach Oct. 27, 1877, and was admitted on trial in the north Georgia conference, M. E. church, south, in December of the same year. He entered the work of the ministry with great energy and enthusiasm, and in three years' time he was trans ferred from the country to the city charge. After ten years' successful labor as a stationed preacher he was made presiding elder of the Dalton district, and such was his popularity in the district, and such his devotion to the work, that he regarded it as a great trial to leave Dalton, and to go to First church, Atlanta; but on his arrival in Atlanta his reception was so cordial and the co-operation of his people so heart}', that he at once entered on the labors of the year with his characteristic energy and devotion, and was soon recognized as one of the most popular preachers and pastors in this great city. His brethren in the pastorate gave expression to their confidence and esteem by electing him president of the Pastors' conference. As pastor of the First church he occupies one of the most honorable and responsible positions in the M. E. church, south. He is a terse and forcible writer, and a frequent contributor to the periodicals of his church. In 1895 he received the honorary degree of doctor of divinity from his alma mater, Emory college, and the week following the same degree was conferred on him by the university of Georgia. His pastorate of First Methodist church will end Nov. 20, 1895, at which time he will, under the law of his church, be appointed to another field of labor. For four years this church has been crowded Sunday after Sunday, and several hundred persons have been added to its membership. It is one of the largest, most influential and most intellectual churches in southern Methodism. Such a son is an honor to his parents and a blessing to his church. In addition to newspaper and periodical work he has written several books. His famous book, Christ and Our Country; or, A Hopeful View of Christianity in the Nineteenth Century, has given him rank among the best thinkers and writers of to-day. He is a ripe scholar and profound thinker, a finished writer and forcible speaker, and enjoys the confidence and esteem of all who know him.
DAUL ROMARE, vice-president of the Atlanta National bank, is a Swede by birth, having been born on the shores of the Cattegat, in the town of Torekov,
province of Skane, Sweden, Nov. 20, 1828. His history is a most interesting one. His father was a sea captain and when a small boy he delighted in accompanying Iiis father on long and difficult voyages. He came to America several times both

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with his father and brother, who followed the same occupation. Once when in the harbor of New York and an opportunity given to view the surrounding city and compare its attractive features to the towns of the old world, he became enamored of its charms, felt that liberty was the inspiring sentiment that governed its people, and believing that this was the place for the display of ambition and the field for individual accomplishment, he escaped from the ship in which he had crossed the sea, having had a difficulty with the captain the previous day, and eluding the search that was made, led by his brother, he remained securely concealed until all danger was past, and then emerged from his place of hiding to find a new world before him. Without a word of English at his command he was at first baffled by his condition, but seeing a brig bound for Mobile he boarded it and during the journey acquired a small vocabulary with the aid of Two Years Before the Mast He made several trips after this, going to Cuba, Mexico and the West Indies. He soon after obtained a position with a fellowcountryman in the iron works of Cooperville, S. C., as interpreter, and later as clerk and bookkeeper, remaining here from 1850 to 1854. It was a prosperous industry, manufacturing pig iron, bar iron and hollow ware. In the summer of 1854 he revisited his old home, being warmly received after a long absence, and returned to his adopted land after a short visit Through the personal friendship of George S. Cameron he secured a situation in the bank of Chester, S. C., and here the opening of the war found him. He enlisted in the Confederate service and contended with the same patriotism as a.native-born southerner. The war over he returned to Camden, S. C., but in the fall removed to Atlanta to accept a position in the Atlanta National-bank. 'This was also through the instrumentality of his old friend, Mr. Cameron. -He received the first deposit ever placed in this bank. Here he has labored ever since. These are his noble words: "I have made my home in Atlanta; here I expect to spend the rest of my life, and-depart ing bequeath to this city and "her people my fondest wishes and blessings." Mr. Romare was married in Grace church, Camden, in 1863, to Miss Lucy Fisher. They have an accomplished, interesting family.

CIDNEY ROOT, retired capitalist, Atlanta, Ga., son of Salmon and Elizabeth (Carpenter) Root (of Puritan ancestry), was born in Montague, Mass., March
II, 1824. The family genealogy shows that it went from Normandy, France-- whence it fled to England on account of the persecutions of the Huguenots. The original name was Racine, was afterward anglicized to Rootes--a spelling still preserved in Virginia. He was educated in the public schools, but never went to school more than three months in any one year, having to work the other nine. His father was a farmer, and about 1836 moved to Vermont, and bought a farm in Craftsbury of an ex-governor in whose honor the town was named. He early manifested a strong taste for architecture (inherited from his mother), and begged to study it; but his practical father decided he had better make a living, so apprenticed him to a jewelry concern at $2.50 and board per month, where he became an expert in the watch-making industry. In 1843 he borrowed $60 from his brother-in-law, W. A. Rawson, late of Atlanta, and came to Lumpkin, Stewart Co., Ga., where he entered his general merchandise store as a clerk at $250 a year. Two years later, at the age of twenty, he was admitted to a partnership, and three years afterward bought his partner's interest and assumed control of the business. Superior business capacity and methods, and the high standard of commercial honor he fixed for his guidance and observance, secured for him a large and lucrative business and phenomenal financial success. His great capa bilities and largely augmented capital demanded a broader field for profitable and

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.
useful employment, he set about seeking it. He visited several large cities, and after careful investigation and profound thought he decided that Atlanta presented the most advantageous field for his ambitious commercial aspirations; so, in 1858, he came to Atlanta, and was largely instrumental in inducing his cousin and brother-in-law, the late E. E. Rawson, to come to Atlanta also. Entering into partnership with Mr. John N. Beach, a gentleman of capital, and engaged in the dry goods business under the firm name of Beach & Root. Their business soon exceeded in amount that of any other house in Atlanta, and was the first to engage in direct importation and the wholesale trade. Before the war they whole saled goods to merchants in the southern part of Alabama and Mississippi, and filled orders for goods at retail to middle western Georgia and eastern Alabama. When the "unpleasantness" was "precipitated" Mr. Beach went to England, and with the confident expectation of southern independence three houses were established: Beach & Root, in Atlanta and Charleston, and Beach, Root & Co., in Liveqiool. A prodigious business resulted, chiefly in exporting cotton and importing supplies through the blockade for the Confederate states. During the four years of "the \\ar between the states" this firm did, perhaps, the largest business ever done by one firm in the south. In the autumn of 1864, charged with an important and delicate mission of the Confederate government to the govern ments of Europe, he went abroad and remained about eight months, visiting Eng land, Ireland, Scotland, France. Spain, and many of the West India islands. His business, especially his confidential relation witli the Confederate government, brought him into direct contact with all its prominent officials, and enabled him to become pleasantly acquainted with many of the most distinguished men of Europe and other foreign realms, giving him advantages in this respect probably not surpassed by any other American citizen. On his return in July, 1865, Mr. Root found his property in ruins, his servants gone, his children uneducated, and himself under arrest. He was held for three weeks on the charge of holding Confederate property, while the fact was that the government owed his firm a vast sum. The value and magnitude of his business transactions, and his losses, may be inferred, when it is stated that the firm had thirteen or fourteen stores con sumed by the destruction of Atlanta, immense stores of merchandise and war supplies and two thousand bales of cotton in various places in the south, besides several ocean craft. In 1866 he sold most of his Atlanta property (his dwelling house to ex-Gov. Joseph E. Brown), and went to New York. There his business connection was maintained with Charleston and Liveqjool for two years, when the firm was dissolved. Although his office was in sight of the stock exchange and the gold board, Mr. Root never speculated to the extent of a dollar, although in the thick of the "black Friday" he saved himself and all his friends from loss. A curious, but exceedingly interesting episode occurred in 1875. O"e day several negroes came to him at his office, 42 Broadway, and said they had been turned out of church for starting a mission on Twenty-sixth street, and asked him to preach for them. He demurred, telling them he was no preacher, that he had been a slave holder, a rebel, etc. They said they knew all that, but he came from their country (the south), they had but few friends and wanted his aid. He consented to try the experiment. The first meeting there were six in the congre gation; but he persevered in the "experiment" until the hall was crowded, and. after great difficulties, he finally organized Mt. Olive (colored) church, which now has 1,000 members, who worship in a marble church on Thirty-third street, toward the building of which Mr. Root's friend, J. D. Rockefeller, gave $12,500. Mr. Root remained in New York until he returned to Atlanta in 1878. since when his time and valuable services have been devoted to general public and special educa-

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MEMOIRS OP OKOUOIA.

tion and religion? development. When it was determined to hoKl the Interna tional Cotton exposition in Atlanta in 1881 Mr. Root was commissioned to travel in furtherance of its objects and visit the principal cities of the I'nited States and
Canada, and during the exposition he had charge of the public comfort and foreign departments. In his final report Director-General H. I. Kimball makes the following voluntary complimentary mention of the services rendered by him:
"Probably none of the officials will be better remembered by visitors to the exposition than Mr. Root, whoso painstaking ami earnest efforts to accommodate and oblige all \\lio fell within range of his official duties, made him deservedly popular." When in 1883 Col. Lemuel P. Grant made his munificent donation of 100 acres of land to the city fora public park. Mr. Root was made president of the park commissioners, which he continued to be for many years, and is now serving as secretary. It is tine to his tasteful suggest ivcnoss and intelligently enthusi astic co-operation with the landscape engineer that the drives and walks are so artistically laid out and appropriately christened, that the park to-day is so well oiiuippod ami so delightfully attractive as a recreative resort, of which the city is justly proud. For many \e.'.rs Mr. Root has taken a lively interest in the efforts to preserve ami extend American forests. V.as attended many meetings held by the International American Forestry congress, and is an enthusiastic member of the Sout'iern Forestry congress, of whose meeting in 1887 he was president pro tern. His literary tastes are critical and very refined: his reading extensive. while select, nud his scholarly attainments far beyond those of most persons engaged in commercial affairs, while he is a writer of unusual brilliancy and ability. lu 1865 he wrote a much-admired book of travels, which was published in London, ami he also wrote a short story founded on incidents of the war. entitled History of a I'nion Soy. which was reprinted in London, and has con tributed numerous interesting articles to various publications on different subjects. In religious and educ.itional nutter* Mr. Root has 1-een equally industrious, earnest and useful as in other fields where hi* services have been so efficient and valuable. In this work, particularly as connected with Sunday schools, his labors have been lov.g continued and self sacrificing. For ten years he was superintend ent of the Second P.aptist Sunday school. Atlanta, and during his twelve years' residence in Xow York he wr.s superintendent of the Fifth Avenue Baptist church Sunday school, was socrevary of the board of trustees, a trustee of Rutger's Female college, and a member of -several benevolent societies. He prepared a work. A General P.ihle Onestior. F.ook. which had a very extended sale. For about fourteen years l,e has had largely undtr his care the Atlanta Baptist seminary for the theological and normal education of colored young men. For some twelve years he ha* beet' resilient trustee and general supervisor of the famous undenominational Spc-huan seminary, which has grown from eleven
pupils, two teachers, no property ar.d few friends to nearly nine hundred pupils. thirty-eight teachers and property worth S*5O.OX>. This institution for the indus trial and Christiar education of colored girls is favorably known all over the country, and is the largest institution of the kind in the I'nion. He has acted ir. Atlanta as the fiduciary agent of Mr. J. D. Rockefeller in the disbursement of ir.ore than Sico.oco ir building Rockefeller hall aid other extensive improvements connected with, and a pan o: Spelman seminary. It is safe to affirm that no man more fully enjoys the unreserved confidence of this distinguished philanthropist thnr. Mr. Root. Of education Mr. Root V.as been an ardent, persistently working friend all his life. His life-long useful career is rearing its end. Its vicissitudes he ha? met as it became a true mau. He lias experienced its greatest extremes-- a poor boy starting alone zr,C. moneyless to solve life's problem: then a million-

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airc iii the flush of a sturdy young manhood; now comparatively stripped of wealth, bereft of wife and his beloved oldest boy. advanced in years and infirm in body, though strong in will and faith, he calmly awaits the final summons. I'.ut he docs so with a mind unimpaired and a spirit joyously buoyed with the unshaken belief in an endless reunion in the great hereafter. Mr. Root's dis tinguishing characteristics arc unswerving honesty, lofty conceptions of and selfsacrificing devotion to duty, ungrudging contribution jf time, talents and money in furtherance of all movements calculated to promote local interests and advance intellectual and religious progress, regardless of locality and boundaries. The world is better for his having lived in it--will miss him when he leaves it. He would not swerve from a firm conviction as to what he felt to be his duty to gain the most cherished object of life: and it is, therefore, no wonder that he has the unstinted esteem, the implicit confidence of all who ever came in contact with him. Mr. Root was happily married in 1849 to Miss Mary It., dr.ughter of Judge James Clarkc. of Stewart county. Ga., sister of the late Judge John T. Clarkc. and of ex-Judge Marshall J. Clarkc (of Fulton superior court), and a niece of the late Judge Marshall J. Wellborn. It was an exceptionally happy union, from which sprang three children: John Wellborn, who became the world-famed architect of Chicago, and chief architect of the World's (or Columbian) exposition, who died just as he had planned the stupendous exposition, and to whose memory a tablet has been erected at the university of New York; Walter, a. leading architect of Kansas City, Mo., and a daughter, wife of James E. Ormond, Atlanta, who graduated from Rutger's college. New York, taking the first and second honors, the first instance of the kind in the history of the institution.

JOHN WELLBORN ROOT, architect, deceased, son of Sidney and Mary Harvey (Clarke) Root, Atlanta, Ga., was born .in Lumpkin, Stewart Co., Ga.,
Jan. 10. 1850. and died in Chicago, 111., Jan. 15, 1891. His grandfather. Salmon Root, was a fanner, first of Massachusetts, and afterward of Vermont. Mr. Root's father was bom in Massachusetts, where he lived until the family moved to Ver mont. When fourteen years old he was apprenticed for four years to a jeweler, at the end of which time, when eighteen, be came south and clerked for W. A. Rawson. Lunikpin, Ga.: and at the end of two years was admitted as a partner. In 1858 he came to Atlanta and engaged with J. N. Beach--firm name. Beach & Root--in the dry-goods trade. They soon built up the largest trade then known to Atlanta, and theirs was the first house to do a wholesale business, and to import direct from Europe. Mrs. Root, a most excellent and exemplary Christian lady, died some years ago; but Mr. Root, honored and loved by all who know him, yet lives, delighting in offices of kindness, charity and usefulness--calmly awaiting the summons that shall call him to join the loved ones who have gone before. John Wellborn Root received his primary schooling in Atlanta: but in 1863 he was sent through the blockade to England to complete his education. He attended school at Birkenhead--opposite Liverpool, England--three years, and passed an examination for Oxford; then returned to the United States and entered the uni versity of New York in 1868. whence he was graduated as a civil engineer and architect. In 1872 he entered the office of Drake. Carter & Wright, Chicago. About the same time, D. H. Burnham, another young architect, entered the office, and the following spring the two young men formed a partnership. They com menced business immediately after the disastrous conflagration left such a large portion of Chicago in ruins; and business and reputation increased apace and together. The ambitious and progressive city called for greater and grander structures--structures that should surpass others elsewhere in magnitude and

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
eclipse them in beauty. This demanded originality'and genius of the highest order, and these young men so developed as to prove equal to the emergency. Mr. Root was soon recognized as the foremost architect of Chicago: his fame spread, and his sen-ices were in demand in all he principal cities, from Chicago to San Francisco, inclusive. Some of the largest and most beautiful and imposing buildings--private residences and public buildings of every kind--in Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City. San Francisco and Atlanta, and residences innumerable in hundreds of places, were designed by him and built under his direction. If not at the time of his death at the head of his profession in the I'nioii. that honorable distinction, by general consent, would soon have been his. The high estimation in which he was held, professionally and socially, is best shown by the following extracts from editorials, resolutions, and the discourse delivered on the occasion of his funeral. He was consulting architect of the great World's Columbian expo sition, and had called a meeting of architects from other cities for consultation. His death occurred just before the meeting, at which, after stating that they had been "met by calamity in the death of John Wellborn Root," they resolved that, "We formally put on record our sense of professional loss, because his professional genius, his well-trained intellect, and his large artistic resources were doing unusual service in advancing the architecture of the country. That to the public, in a national sense, is clue our testimony that in this event a loss has occurred which can hardly be remedied." The buildings and grounds committee of the exposition, by resolution, said: "Possessing high genius, exquisite taste, and a genuine love of all that is true and beautiful in art. we had looked up to him confidently to select with masterly skill the best designs. But the quick intellect, the skillful. unerring judgment of this architect and designer are lost to us forever. It will be difficult, if. indeed, possible, to fill his place." Mr. Van Brunt, the eminent Kansas City architect, said: "I doubt if there is a man in our profession who can do the work he had in hand as acceptably as he would have performed it." Eugene Field, of Chicago, wrote: "Genius is rare! Vet a man of genius, we, in our brief day. have had with us. Has he been too close to us for us to perceive what he was? John Wellborn Root is dead, and this city of triumphs and mis fortunes which had high triumph in his work, has suffered in his death profoundest misfortune. The city will still be great, powerful, prodigious: the hands --the two hands which could mold its ambition into beauty, its greatness into grandeur--are done with work. One may look over the earth and say that no architect of immortal name in any age did more for his own fame or for the world of beauty than he. who twenty years ago was a boy. and who now is dead.
'Till wasteful war shall statues overturn, And broils throw down the work of masonry.'
he will be remembered. As long as one stone remains above another, those stones will have a tongue to proclaim his genius! The ruins will furnish examples for newer days." Mr. Root was not a member of the masonic fraternity--yet so closely did he symbolically and practically work to the "Square." the "Level." and. the "Piumb." in his planning and supervision of the Masonic Temple, that Chicago Oriental Consistory volunteered the following "tribute: "We join with our citizen* generally in the deep sorrow felt at the loss of this prominent citizen, whose personal worth and professional skill brought him in close contact with this ancient fraternity as a designer of the great Masonic Temple, the erection of which had so auspi ciously begun under the direction of his master mind." In his charming discourse on the occasion of the funeral. Bishot) Chenev said: "Onlv here and there is t<>

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be found a man who can successfully organize the work of others. And when,
as in the case of him who sleeps yonder, the two--industry and executive ability-- are cojoined in the same individual they constitute a consummate flower of intellectual supremacy. He who thus unites them is a king of men! This was a man who only can be compared in his intellectual development to a crystal of many facets, all reflecting the light. He possessed a varied, yet not a superficial scholarship. His professional attainments were those which place a man in the forefront of his contemporaries. His business aptitude was recognized by all. Social grace added to his influence. His acquaintance with every branch of art
broadened his devotion to that department of artistic work to which his talents were given. Even in the realm of music his singularly refined taste added to the charm which he carried into the social circle." Mr. Root possessed an exception ally active and powerful intellect--his mental grasp was wonderfully broad, farreaching, retentive. These great gifts were fostered by years of study, sup plemented by travel, reading and observation. His capacity for work was pro digious--his work was done well--done quickly. Thorough intelligence char acterized every performance. Splendid monuments to his professional skill stand
in every prominent western city; and in every part of the country where architecture is appreciated, his name is known. In every-day life he was essentially
a social and winsome man. He was secretary of the National Institute of Architects, corresponding member of the Royal Institute of Architecture of Bel
gium, one of the only two honorary members of the Art institute, was a member of
the Union league, and of quite a number of other unions and clubs. He con tributed many valuable papers to these various bodies, and published many
articles on architecture and kindred topics in various magazines, the article in "The Century" on "Architecture in the West" attracting wide attention. He
married a daughter of Henry S. Monroe, a lawyer and old citizen of Chicago, and left three children--two daughters and a son.

I UTHER ZIEGLER ROSSER, one of the leading attorneys of the Atlanta bar, was born in Gordon county, Ga., Dec. 30, 1858, and here remained until
four years of age, removing after this interval to Randolph county. His boyhood
and early youth were spent on a farm. He attended school in the neighborhood, learning the elementary brandies of an education. The rugged life of the farm strengthened his nerves and muscles and gave him the sturdy constitution that has proven a valuable aid to his professional labors. In 1873 he left home to pursue a course of study at Emory college, located at Oxford, Ga. He applied himself diligently to the mental tasks imposed by his professors and graduated in 1879. -Mr- Rosser, after receiving his degree, thought the experience of a peda gogue would prove of vast merit in disciplining his mind and faculties for future use, and went to Mitchell county, Ga., where he obtained a small school and taught successfully for eighteen months. In the fall of 1879 ne began the study of law with Mr. L. S. Roan, in Fairburn, Ga., and was admitted to the bar in 1880. He followed his legal practice in connection with Mr. Roan until 1884, and then came to Atlanta, still continuing the partnership. Mr. Roan, however, remained in Fairburn. During 1886 this joint interest was dissolved and Mr. Rosser formed a partnership with Mr. E. V. Carter, of Atlanta, which still exists. Mr. Rosser was married in 1887 to Miss Julia, the daughter of Thomas VV. Conally. To them have been born one son and two daughters. Mr. Rosser is prom inently connected with the local secret organizations, and is a loyal member of the I. O. O. F. and the Red Men. His father is Rev. James A. Rosser, a minister of the Methodist church, who was born in Henry county, Ga., in 1834. He

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MKM01KS OF GEOROIA.

married Temperance Ziegler. a native of Scrcven county, Ga. They were blessed with five children, one of whom diet!. The surviving ones are L. /.. the subject of this sketch: Dr. U'arren A., of DcKalb comity. Ga.: Dr. C Y. Rosser, of Atlanta: and Xora ]". Mr. Rosscr's mother died in 189.2. His grandfather. Aaron Kossor. a native of Georgia. <h'cd a short time before the civil war. Mr. Rosser has practiced his chosen profession profitably and prosperously in the city of Atlanta. He is looked upon by his associates and the people at large as possessing a thorough knowledge of the law. and in his construction of it exercises nice discriminations. He has figured as counsel in a number of important cases, ilis speeches and the manner of conducting the testimony indicate deep applica tion anl research. He is exceptionally shrewd in the examination of witnesses. and frequently defeats an opponent an<l receives a verdict by virtue of his skill. As a fluent, convincing speaker Mr. Rosser has few equals.

GBFRT R ROSSFR. president of the Exchange bank of Atlanta. Ga.. was horn on a farm in YValton county. Ga.. Xov. 7. iS^S. He was instructed in the
country sduvMs in the neighborhood of his home, and there, surrounded only by the charms of nature and its valuable lessons, cultivated the sturdy precepts that nave guided iiis life in a prosperous and honorable channel. He resided here
rmil the age of eighteen and then went to Oec.itnr. Ga.. remaining a year as cierk for his uncle. Elijah Rosser. Leaving Pccatur he removed to Covington. Ga.. and having saved a few hundred dollars, he invested this as capital in a genera' store and conducted this business with success until March. iS6j. when t!v cause of secession summoned supporters from every state in the south. He left his mercantile interests and enlisted in the first available company. This \\a< Company V of the Forty-second Georgia regiment. He was contented to UMr.ain a private throughout the four years, for it was principle and not personal v.otorieu that he was fighting for. This spirit has characterized his after life. For fourteen \ears after the restoration of peace lie prosecuted the occupation of
r. erehar.dising in Conyers. Ga.. having re-established his old business. He came ! Atlanta in t$7) and engaged in the cotton warehouse and storage industry for the succeeding ten years. For a year or two following lie conducted a general ivadiug business, until iSoj. when the F.xchange bank was organized and he v.i< chosen its president, which position he now occupies with notable credit. 1 i;:ring Gov. A. H. Colqnitfs administration Mr. Rosser was appointed judge of Rockdale county conn, but resigned after two years* excellent service. In 1877 hi was elected a delegate to the constitutional convention from the twenty-seventh senatorial district of Georgia, but with tin's exception he has never taken active interest in politics, having no inclination in this direction. It was through the <iistiug-.:is?'.ed efforts of Mr. Ros.-er that the clause protecting the present school s;> stem in Georgia was inserted in the Georgia constitution. He has always been a strong advocate of education. Mr. Rosser was married in iS6j to Sarah, daughter o; William Greer. of Chambers countv. Ala. To this union three children were given: R. M. R.. \V. G. R.. and Relic Rosser. Mr. Rosser affiliates with tV.e Christian clr.-.rch and has accomplished untold good by his Christian charity anil unselfish labor. His father is lohn \V. Rosser. a native of Georgia, now living at the ripe old age of eighty-one >cars. He has fanned all his life and for many v -.-ars held the office of justice of the peace in various counties in Georgia.

P)R. G! TSTAYl~< GARXFTT ROY. one of the most successful practitioners of medicine in Atlanta, is a native of Yirginia. and was born in Essex county
r. that str.to or. Jr.no S. 18^6. The talents of the family for generations have been

AON '.) '[) Nil

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.
identified with the medical profession. Dr.- A. G. D. Roy, the father of the subject of this sketch, was a very eminent physician, and enjoyed, for more than forty \ cars, the lucrative practice of his profession. He was born in King and Queen county. \'a., on Nov. 12, 1804. His marriage with Miss Lucy Carter Garnett on March 6, 1834, inaugurated a most happy alliance and one that supplied him with all the encouragement that lies within the range of a noble woman's influence. Miss Garnett was a member of one of the oldest and best families of Virginia, being a daughter of Col. John 1. Garnett, of that state. She was born on July 8, 1816. After sixteen years of wedlock this gentle lady died on Feb. 16, 1850, mourned by everyone who knew her. Dr. A. G. D. Roy died on Nov. 23, 1873. Dr. G. G. Roy. the subject of this sketch, passed his boyhood in his native county. He was prepared for college by private tutors, completing his literary education at Richmond college, one of the most thorough institutions of learning in the south. After reading medicine under his father, who took a paternal pride in giving direction to the studies of his young son, he attended, for a short while, tlie medical department of the university of Virginia. He then took a special course of study at the Jefferson Medical college of Philadelphia, graduating from that institution in the spring of 1857 with high honors. By virtue of his excep tional qualifications he was chosen, in the absence of the regular appointee, to serve as resident physician of St. Joseph's hospital, Philadelphia. Returning to his native county in Virginia he practiced medicine with his father until the breaking out of the late war. In the spring of 1861 he raised a company of volun teers, subsequently known as Company D of the Fifty-fifth Virginia regiment, in Field's brigade of Gen. A. P. Hill's division. He served as the captain of this company, and afterward as major of the regiment until the second battle of Manassas, after which he resigned the command and came to Atlanta, accepting the position of assistant surgeon. He was acting as post surgeon, in charge of the hospitals of the city, at the time of its destruction by Gen. Sherman. He was subsequently ordered to Andersonville for the purpose of organizing hospitals at that point. Having been promoted to the full rank of a surgeon he remained in charge of the hospitals until the close of the war. Dr. Roy was in quite a number of bloody engagements during his military experience. At Urbana, Va., he participated in the hostile encounter by which the Federals, in making an effort to land troops from their gun boats on the Rappahannock river, were dis astrously repulsed. He was also in the seven days' fight around Richmond, taking part in the battles of Mechanicsville, Games' mill, Frazer's farm, and Malvern hill. It was during the siege of Atlanta that Dr. Roy was promoted from the rank of assistant surgeon to that of surgeon. As a soldier Dr. Roy was noted for his gallantry on the field of battle, and as a surgeon for his skill and tenderness in binding up the wounds of his comrades who had suffered from the bullets of the enemy. After the war Dr. Roy moved to Bartow county, Ga. He remained in .the county for three years, spending the last year in the town of Cartersville. He enjoyed a very successful practice in that county, and might have remained longer had not peculiar circumstances interfered. In 1869 he paid a visit to his old home in Virginia, and finding his father broken in health and wholly unable to give any attention to his practice, he decided to remain in Virginia as long as his father lived. His father died in 1873, and after winding up the estate he came to Atlanta in 1875, where he has since resided in the successful practice of his profession. Dr. Roy was united in marriage on Nov. 21, 1860, to Mrs. Flora Fauntleroy, a native of Greenesboro, Ala., and a daughter of John W. and Priscilla (Carlton) Dillard. Miss Ella Fauntleroy, the daughter of Mrs. Roy by her first husband, is now the wife of Dr. C. S. Webb, of Atlanta. Three children

926

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

S* .ang from her subsequent union with Dr. Roy: Charles Dunbar Roy, Rosa G.. i:id Jennie T.. the latter two. who were twins, dying at the age of sixteen. Dr. Charles Dunbar Roy is one of the brightest young practitioners in Atlanta. In 1879 l^r- Roy assisted in the organization of the Southern Medical college. He was made a member of the faculty, and now occupies the chair of materia medica and therapeutics. He also lectures on clinical gynecology. Though Dr. Roy has never taken a very active part in politics he was elected to a seat in the city council in 1886. and served as the chairman of the sanitary and relief committees of that body. Dr. Roy is a master Mason, a member of the Legion of Honor and the Royal Arcanum, and also a member of the First Baptist church. In coT'rtesy Dr. Roy has always illustrated the manners of the typical Virginia gentleman. The sterner qualities of his nature have come to him from his Scotch ancestry and these have never failed to command for him the loyal respect and confidence of his fellow citizens.

[) R. CHARLES DUXBAR ROY, the only son ofttie foregoing, is considered
one 01 the most intellectual and promising members of the medical profession in Atlanta. He was born in that city in 1866. During his early infancy, however, lie accompanied his parents to Essex county, Ya., the boyhood home and birth
place of his father, and remained at the old family homestead in Virginia until attaining his eighth year. He then returned to Atlanta, where he completed his primary education in the public schools of that city. He subsequently graduated from Richmond college, Richmond, Ya., in 1887, with the degree of bachelor of arts. In the following year he graduated from the medical department of the university of Virginia, completing his course of lectures in that institution in a wonderfully short length oft time. After this he went to New York and stood a competitive examination, securing the fourth place among a large and brilliant number of professional applicants. He entered the Charity hospital of Xew York city and was also at the same time assistant in the Xew York Polyclinic institute. He remained in the Charity hospital for eighteen months and in the Polyclinic for the same length of time. Returning- to Atlanta he entered upon the practice of his profession as a specialist. In order to perfect himself thoroughly for the practice, and to gain the advantage of the best instruction, he decided to spend a year in Europe and devote himself to the study of his profession under the cele brated instructors of the old world. He became the assistant in the Eye and Ear hospital at Leipzig and also studied in Vienna, becoming assistant in the Royal Ophthalmic hospital. Returning to America he immediately resumed the success ful practice of his profession in Atlanta. In 1893. while a student in Europe, young Dr. Roy was elected professor of ophthalmology and otology in the South ern Medical college of Atlanta, which chair he accepted and now fills with credit.
Dr. Roy belongs to the Georgia State Medical association and also to the Amer ican association and to the Atlanta Medical society. Recently before the state and national associations he read two interesting and remarkably well written papers, which elicited the wannest commendations of the fraternity. Xo young phvsician in Atlanta enjoys a higher degree of prominence or has a more inviting future awaiting him in the practice of his profession. Socially Dr. Roy is a man of universal popularity, due to his personal and intellectual graces and to his genial
and sunny disposition. He is a member of the First Baptist church of Atlanta.

TINSLEY W. RUCKER. assistant L*nited States district attorney, was born in Elbert county, Ga., on March 24. 1848. In this county he was reared and
instructed in the primary branches of an education. AVhen nine years of age he

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

927

moved to Athens, Ga., with his parents, and there prosecuted his studies still further, and in a short time entered the state university located there. After attend ing here two years he went to Priuceton, N. J-, and continued through the junior
year. When this term was completed he returned to Athens, Ga., and began reading law with Col. W. L. Mitchell, a distinguished practitioner, now deceased.
He was admitted to the bar in Atlanta, Ga., during 1871, by Judge John L. Hopkins, and first undertook the practice of his chosen profession in Athens, remaining there
twenty-two years. In 1893, he was appointed assistant United States district attorney, and then moved to Atlanta. Mr. Rucker was city attorney of Athens, Ga., for eight or ten years. He was married on Sept. 27, 1876, to Miss Sarah M. Cobb, daughter of Gen. Howell Cobb. This union has been blessed with five children: Tinsley W., Jr., Lamar Cobb, Mary Ann, Kate Baxter, Sarah Mildred. Col. "Tinney" Rucker, as he is popularly known, is a favorite with the other members of his profession and every one who is so fortuntc as to be numbered among his friends and acquaintances, for a jolly nature surrounds a big, noble heart. He is noted for his gift of sparkling repartee, and is considered a brilliant repre
sentative of the Atlanta bar. In the cross-examination of witnesses, his keen, penetrating and sagacious interrogations rarely fail to reveal to him a vantage point: and before a jury, with a ready command of wit, sarcasm, eloquence and forceful argument, he is virtually invincible. During the trial of the Georgia Ku Klux, in March, 1895, as assistant United States district attorney, he conducted the cases with sucli marked ability that all of the accused were convicted. Mr. Rucker, as a vigilant legal officer for Uncle Sain, is convincing in debate, vigorous in ferreting out crime, and powerful in asserting the principles embraced in the statutes.

CRANK THEODORE RYAN, ex-city clerk, Atlanta, Ga., son of Lewis and Huldah Ann (Whitney) Ryan, was born in Talbotton, Talbot Co., Ga.,
July, 1838. His father was a native of Philadelphia, Pa., who came to Georgia in early manhood, was a merchant and sold goods all his life, and died in 1847. He was a soldier in the Creek war, 1836. Mr. Ryan's mother was a native of Connecticut, daughter of Stephen Whitney. They had two children: Frank T.,
the subject of this sketch, and Charles Roscoe. Mrs. Ryan is still living and makes her home with her son.' Mr. Ryan was raised in Monticello, Ga., to which. place his father moved from Talbotton when he was an infant. During his boy
hood he attended school in Monticello--which, when the famly first went there, was a relay station for the United States stage line between New York and New Orleans. At the age of twelve years he was sent to Reading, Conn., where he attended a high grade preparatory school three years, returning home in the fall
of 1852. In 1853 ne came to Atlanta, where he continued his studies until 1855, when he entered the machine shops of the Georgia railway. He worked there until 1859, when he went to Arkansas as a journeyman machinist. There he ran a steamboat until March, 1861, when he enlisted in Des Arc, Ark., as a private in
an independent company, which, with other companies, captured the United States arsenal at Little Rock, and the fort at Fort Smith, Ark. In May, following, these independent companies rendezvoused at Mound City, Ark., and formed what was afterward known as the Twenty-fifth Arkansas regiment, commanded by Col. (afterward Gen.) Pat Cleburne. He served with his regiment until August, 1861, when he joined the First Arkansas Mounted Rifles, as a private, sharing in all the battles in which it was engaged until Sept. 20. 1863, when, at Chicka-
mauga, he lost his left leg. In consequence of this he was out of active service about a year. In October, 1864, he was assigned to duty at Quitman to collect the

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
tax-iu-kiml and to purchase supplies for the army, and in December following was transferred to Thomasville. in the same sen-ice. Here he surrendered, with all his supplies, when the war ended. During his sen-ice he was in the following among other battles: F.lkhoni. where he was captured, and a week later escaped Incrawling between the pickets: Farmingtou, Miss.: six weeks' fighting around Cor inth: the Kentucky campaign under Gen. F,. Kirby Smith, participating in the fight at Richmond. Murfrecsboro. Tenn.: Jackson. Miss, (a week of fighting), and Chickamauga. After the surrender he returned to Atlanta to render what aid he could in rebuilding it--and-his appreciative fellow-citizens kept him pretty busy for many years. In 1867 he was elected clerk of the market, and held the office until 1870. when he was elected city tax receiver and collector, and sensed one year. In 1871-2 he was assistant city clerk, and in 1873 was elected city clerk, ami was continuously re-elected--sen-ing seven years--until 1880. when he went into the plumbing and gas-fitting business, continuing it three years. In 1882 he was elected a member of the city council and senvd one term, and in 1883 was elected assistant clerk of the superior court, filling the position two years. Retiring from the public sen-ice, he has since given his attention to his private interests and private financial and improvement organizations. Mr. Ryan was married, in Memphis, Tenn.. in 1872. to Miss Elizabeth C.. daughter of the late Frederick Fisher. Ironton. Mo., by whom he has had three children: Frank T.. Jr.: Anne Louise, and Paul. He is a member, and in 1880. was elected vice-president of the Fulton County United Veterans" association: a member of Tullulah tribe. Xo. 20. I. O. R. M.: a member and vice-chancellor of Empire lodge. Xo. 47. K. of P.: a member of the lodge and encampment. I. O. O. F.. and has sen-ed as state grand representative: is a member of the Scotch-Irish society, and a liberal, zealous and exemplary mem ber of the Presbyterian church.
Charles Roscoe Ryan. his brother, enlisted as a private in an Arkansas regiment and did gallant service through the war. After the war he was prosperously en gaged in merchandising in Memphis. Tenn.. for many years, but died in Colorado. where he had gonejor his health, leaving a widow and four sons: Charles R., Lewis \Y.. William H.. and Baxter.
("^EORGE W. SCIPLE. of the firm of Sciple Sons, dealers in building materials and coal, of Atlanta, was born in Mobile. Ala.. Jan. 14. 1855, where he lived
for only two or three years, and then, with his father's family removed to Columbus, Miss., living there until the civil war opened. They then settled in the neighbor hood of Columbia. Tenn.. on a Isrge plantation, and remained for eighteen months. Then, returning to Mississippi, located in Macon. and came to Atlanta, Ga., in Xovember. 1865. In this city George W. attended school irregularly until the age of clever years, when he began work in his father's grist mill (now the old Atlanta water worksV located near Atlanta. In 1866 the father opened two general stores in Atlanta, and our subject assisted in these enterprises. Throughout his boyhood and early youth he had a decided inclination to barter, and even when eleven years old purchased old junk, comprising iron, brass, and lead, obtained from the local batQe-fields. with $1.50 capital, and sold the same at 300 per cent, profit. This encouraged and whetted his eagerness to buy and sell. He secured a second lot. which he disposed of at $12.50. Suddenly occurred to him the feasibility and financial gain in cornering the chestnut market. He carried out the idea, bought al! that were offered by all sellers, and held them, at the same time watching the eastern quotations until the price advanced sufficiently, and then sold them at $5.00 per bushel, clearing several hundred dollars. He continued trading until his father bought the grist mill, which stood on the site that the water works now

FULTON COUNTY SKKTOHKS.

929

occupy. Mr. Sciplc aided his father in this industry two years. About this time he received an intimation that luck and good fortune would attend his days, for, investing $30 in the Georgia state lottery, he drew out $500, and magnanimously gave it to his father. In 1869 the family bought a farm, embracing 600 acres, in Bartow county, Ga., but after living here two years the father and son returned tr> Atlanta, with the intention of establishing a dray line, but finding the conditions unfavorable, abandoned their determination. Jt was in February, 1872, that George, his father, and brother, Charles K., founded the firm of Sciple & Sons. Having no capital, they purchased a train-load of wood on credit, borrowing $50 to pay the freight, and upon this base, industry, energy and integrity have built a considerable fortune. Later they added coal and different kinds of building ma terial to the stock. In 1880 the firm began the manufacture of lime at Rogers' Station, Ga., and Rockmart. The former was discontinued in 1883: the latter is still in operation. Mr. Sciple's father, a pioneer of Atlanta's history, who aided her in establishing commercial intercourse with other cities, and strove earnestly for her advancement and progress, died in 1885, the stricken mother surviving her husband only one week. This sudden passing away of both parents was a severe shock to the sons. The firm has since continued as Sciple Sons. Mr. Sciple was united in marriage on October 22, 1884, to Lidie, the accomplished daughter of the late Col. Samuel Elam, of Americus, Ga. They have had five children, three of whom are living: Marie Alma, George W., Jr., and Carl Ellsworth. Mr. Sciple co-operates largely with religious organizations and is steward in Trinity Methodist church, of Atlanta. In 1892 he organized the Young Men's Real Estate Investment company, and was elected and is now president of the same. The company paid in its first year a dividend of 65 per cent. Mr. Sciple is now and has been for a number of years a director of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. He is not a politician. nor does he care for notoriety. He is a business man, pure and simple, and ha? the pluck and genius that achieve laudable ends. He is a useful and honored citizen, modest and retiring, and is esteemed by the entire community.

F)R. HENRY FORT SCOTT, a very prominent physician of Atlanta, was born in Fredonia, Chambers Co., Ala., June 26, 1853, and lived there until he was
about four years old, when his parents removed to Marietta, Ga., and from that point to Lexington, Ga., in 1865. One year later they located in Augusta and finally settled in Atlanta late in 1867. Young Scott attended school in Lexing ton and Augusta, his preceptor in the latter city being Maj. Capers, a noted educator of that day. When his parents removed to Atlanta his education was resumed at a private school conducted by James A. Richardson and E. G. Moore. In 1870 he entered Bowdon Collegiate institute, which was situated in Carrol! county, Ga., and from there he went to Oglethorpe university, from which lugraduated in 1872. After his graduation he began the study of medicine with Drs. H. V. M. Miller and John M. Johnson, going subsequently to the Atlanta Medical college and graduating in 1874. He was the youngest of his class, which numbered forty-two members, stood the highest in his examinations and took the only prize offered. In the year in which he graduated he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy in his aima mater and served in that capacity in 1874-5, acting as city physician at the same time. Determined to broaden the field of his observation and professional experience. Dr. Scott sailed in the spring of 1876 to the European continent, visiting Paris, London, Vienna and Berlin, spending the most of three years at the German capital, and graduating (magna cum lauda) in 1877 from Frederic William university--the second highest grade attainable. Returning to Atlanta he resumed the practice of general medicine, 1-59

930

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

but two years afterward contracted the field of his work and adopted as a specialty the treatment of the eye, ear and throat For two years lie lectured on diseases of these organs in the Southern Medical college, holding a full professorship. His eyesight failing and rendering difficult the inspection of delicate organisms, Dr.
Scott resumed the practice of general medicine, which he now enjoys. He is a member of the Georgia State Medical association, the Atlanta Society of Medi cine and the American Medical association, in addition to holding the office of medical examiner to the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. He was orator for the State Medical association when that body met in Thomasville in 1875, ad has contributed several widely-read articles and papers to professional maga zines. He is a Knight Templar Mason and an honored member of the Methodist Episcopal church south, having also served as a steward of that denomination. Dr. Scott was married in 1879 to Lula S., daughter of Stephen Felker, Monroe, Ga., and they have two sons: Henry P., Jr., and Hugh M., and one daughter,
Lula Belle. His father was Henry M. Scott, a native Georgian, who has had a remarkably successful mercantile career; has now retired and lives in Atlanta. Henry M. Scott enlisted in the Confederate service at the outbreak of the war and served until 1863, when he was discharged on account of physical disability,
but afterward was engaged in supplying stores to the army of the south. His wife was Sarah J., daughter of Burrell Kagland. and Henry Fort Scott is their
only living child. Archibald, the great-grandfather, was of the famous family of Scott, was born in Scotland and emigrated to Pennsylvania about 1770. He was educated in part by Dr. Ramsey, a distinguished physician of that state, whose daughter he subsequently married. He completed his education at Liberty Hall, in Rockbridge Co., Ya., from which afterward sprang Washington college and still later Washington and Lee university. About 177.2 Archibald Scott was licensed to preach by the Lexington presbytery, of which he was an honored mem ber until his death in 1798. He settled in Middlebrook, between Staunton and Lexington. Ya., and, a thorough whig during the revolutionary period, did much by his patriotic counsels to sustain constitutional liberty. As a Presbyterian minister he established some of the leading churches in Augusta and Rockbridge counties. Ya. A number of his male descendants have been distinguished min isters in both the Presbyterian and Methodist churches. Among them were Dr.
W. A. Scott. Winchester, Ya.: Rev. W. C. Scott. Farmville, Ya., celebrated as a minister and as an author: Rev. Joseph Morton Scott, of Missouri; Rev. Dr. Scott, Galveston. Tex.. and Rev. Dr. Scott. Atlanta, a veteran of the North Georgia conference, who have all occupied prominent appointments, the lastnamed being especially famous, both in his ministerial capacity and as an author. This venerable clergyman's eldest son, Archibald Henry Scott, was a graduate vf Washington college and was afterward greatly distinguished as a classical teacher throughout the length and breadth of Georgia, having presided at the academies of Greensburg. Salem, Milledgeville and Hamilton. At these points he educated a very large number of the most eminent statesmen and jurists of Georgia. Alabama and several of the western state?. Judges Harris, Crawford and Stephens, of the Georgia supreme court: Hon. Alfred Iverson. United States senator from Georgia: Hon. L. Q. C. Lamar and Hon. John A. Campbell, of the United States supreme court: Bishop Pierce, of Georgia, and other celebrities were among his favorite pupils. This great scholar and educationist died in Ala"bama in 1852. and was borne to his grave by the students of the Southern Military university at Fredonia. Ala. His wife, not less esteemed for her Christian char acter and scholarly attainments, followed him a few years later, dying at the house of her daughter, who was the wife of Chancellor Footer, of northern Alabama.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

931

\tyILLIAM LINDSAY SCRUGGS, journalist and diplomat, of Atlanta, Ga., is a native of east Tennessee, where he was born Sept 14, 1834. His remote
paternal ancestor, Schroggs, came to England with William the Conqueror, where the name became anglicized first to Scroggs and then to Scruggs. In one term
of the Cromwellian protectorate two of the brothers Scruggs emigrated to America and settled in Eastern Virginia as tobacco planters. The great grandfather of William, whose name was likewise William, was a gallant soldier in the patriot army during the war of independence. He subsequently liberated his slaves (whom he established in the Northwest Territory) and migrated to east Tennessee, then a portion of North Carolina, where he settled in what is now
Jefferson county. He was a successful farmer and stock-raiser, and filled many positions of civic honor and trust. William's grandfather, Frederick, as also his father, Frederick, were likewise successful planters and stock-raisers, and men of exceptionally high character. The maternal ancestors of the subject of this sketch were the Kimbroughs, the Lindsays, Hales, Conways and Macintoshes, all of Scotch extraction. They settled in Virginia in the early colonial days; one of them was William Lindsay, an Episcopal clergyman who figured prominently
in the struggle for independence. Mr. Scruggs was sent to college at the age of fifteen, and admitted to the bar when twenty-one years of age, but did not enter upon the practice. In 1856, at the early age of twenty-two, he was appointed a
school commissioner of Tennessee, and six months later he was elected principal of Hamilton Male academy, where, young as he was, he won merited distinction as an educator. In 1861 he came to Georgia and settled in Columbus, where he was made editor-in-chief of the "Daily Sun," which, through his able and forceful editorials and sagacious management, attained to commanding influence. In 1866 he came to Atlanta, and in conjunction with Col. John S. Prather, established the "Daily New Era." He was the editor of the ''New Era" from that time (with the exception of eighteen months) until 1872, when he was appointed by President Grant to the uncongenial office of United States assessor of internal revenue. He was one of the founders of the Young Men's Library association, and largely in strumental in establishing the present admirable public school system of Atlanta, his practical experience as an educator being of great service in this direction. In 1873, in recognition of his efficient service as an official, the government
honored him with the appointment of minister to Colombia, South America (succeeding Gen. Stephen A. Hurlburt, of Illinois), in which position he developed an aptitude for diplomatic service which attracted the attention of the government and commended him for promotion. In 1878 he was appointed United States consul to China--first at Chin Kiang, and afterward at Canton. In 1882 he was tendered the consul-generalship at Panama, which he declined. Two weeks later, without solicitation on his part, he was appointed minister to Colombia a second time. He resigned this position in 1886, and in 1889 was, at the instance of Secretary Blaine, appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the republic of Venezuela. Mr. Scruggs has developed a remarkably decided capacity for diplomatic service, and the government's appreciation of it was manifested by his almost continuous retention and rapid promotion. Tactful, courtly and well-versed in international law and diplomatic usage, he made an unusually able minister, and during his twenty years of diplomatic service he negotiated several important treaties and adjusted many long-standing and vexa tious disputes. While first at Colombia he was selected as arbitrator in an old and vexatious dispute between that republic and Great Britain. His arbitrament greatly pleased both governments and was highly commended by his own, and established a precedent for the amicable settlement of similar disputes between

932

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

the South American republics and European powers. In consideration of the timely service thus rendered, and as a token of their high appreciation, the Colom bian and British governments gratefully presented him silver souvenirs, which
he accepted in 1877 when he was temporarily out of commission. It was in his editorial capacity Mr. Scniggs attracted public attention and became influential while vet a very young man. Intellectual, unusually well-informed on all sub jects, and always scholarly, his editorials were strong, logical and finished. In politics he was a Federalist-whig, uncompromisingly opposed to Jeffersonian de mocracy--hence he has found his views rather inconvenient in Georgia; never theless, he has firmly maintained and ably defended them, always with courtesy, power and dignity, so as to command the respect and friendship of his political opponents. Of late years he has been an able and welcome contributor to the local press, and many leading American and European magazines, such as the "Law Review." "Magazine of American History," "North American Review." Political Science Quarterly." etc.. and has now, it is understood, ready for publi cation, two volumes of his writings on political, judicial and international subjects. Mr. Scniggs was married early in life to Miss Judith Ann, daughter of the late Col. John H. S. Potts, of Stafford county, Va.

MR. ROBERT F. SHEDPEX. one of the youngest as well as one of the most successful general agents of the Mutual Lite Insurance company of New
York. \vas bom in New York city on June 28. 1867. His early education was received in a school near his home, and his youth and early manhood passed in that great American metropolis. When fifteen years of age lie entered the service of the Mutual Life a? a clerk in the actuary's department, and displayed such receptive ability That he was soon transferred to the supply department and subsequently became secretary to the vice-president of the company, remaining in this position until 1887. At this time he began active agency work as assistant general agent with Mr. E. C. Benedict, and later was associated with Mr. A. T. i "unningham in Atlanta. Ga.. under the firm name of Cunningham & Shedden.
aii January. 1803. he became sole agent for this company in Georgia, and in that position ha* added materially ;o the bulk and effectiveness of the business. It is a responsible office, requiring a thoroughly posted man to conduct its interests and multiply it? influence. Since 1888 the amount annually collected in premiums has increased from $22^.862 to 8538.407. while the insurance in force has grown from 6.037.330 to Si5.8o=.635. The "Weekly Statement," published by the Mutual
company, compliments Mr. Shedden highly, and closes by saying: "He is a bright, active, clear-headed young mr.n. and if his success in the past can serve as a criterion, he has a most promising future." Mr. Shedden is a member of the Capital City club of Atlanta, and a potent factor in the circles of society. No one i# more popular nor enjoys the pleasure of so many social functions as lie, for being clever personally and a happy conversationalist, his companionship is desired and sought. \Vith a vim and perseverance that accompany inherent merit, he has worked with a never-failing spirit or ambition from boyhood, until to-da\, achieving on<_ success after another, and is as familiar with the principles of insurance as others of longer experience and more advanced years. His upward progress from an humble position to that of agent, controlling vast southern
territory, has been steady and pronounced, for promotions invariably follow when capacitv. integrity and devotion to obligation are revealed. Mr. Shedden has a magnificent business, and the company with which he is connected has on numerous occasions manifested its sincero appreciation in a substantial manner.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.
JUDGE T. J. SIMMONS, chief justice of Georgia's supreme court, is a native of Crawford county, Ga., born June 25, 1837. His early education was received
in the common schools of the neighborhood and completed at Bromwood institute at La Grange, Ga. He read law under Col. A. D. Hammond of Forsyth, Ga., was admitted to the bar in August, 1857, and began the practice of his profession in Knoxville, Ga., near his home. He prosecuted this with prosperous results until April, 1861, at the commencement of the war. He enlisted with the first company that was organized in his county, and was elected lieutenant at once. He came first to Atlanta, where his company was made a part of the Sixth regiment, com manded by Col. A. H. Colquitt, and from there was ordered to the Virginia frontier. In 1862 he was elected lieutenant-colonel of the Forty-fifth Georgia regiment, of which Col. Tom Harcleman was colonel. In the fall of the same year he was promoted to colonel. A few months before the war closed he was recommended as brigadier-general of infantry by Gen. Lee, but his commission was never received because of the immediate surrender. After returning home he was chosen a delegate to the constitutional convention In November, 1865: when this duty was fulfilled he was elected senator from the twenty-third senatorial district. He was elected solicitor of the Macon circuit in 1867. but after a few months' service was displaced by Gov. Bullock appointing a republican to the office. In 1867 he removed to Macon, and four years after was made senator from the twenty-second district He filled the chairmanship of the finance and bond committees. On the latter his suppression of fraudulent bonds was loudly commended. The state was saved an unnecessary expense of $11,000,000. While in the senate he served for two terms as its president. He was again elected to the constitutional convention in 1877, was appointed chairman of the finance committee, reported the financial scheme of the present constitution and saw it adopted without material change. During November. 1878, he was elected judge of the Macon circuit superior court, and held that office nine years. In September, 1887, he was chosen to fill the vacancy on the supreme bench caused by the death of Judge Hall. He was re-elected the following year without opposition, and unanimously nominated to fill the unexpired term of Judge Bleckley, chief justice, by the democratic caucus. "The Green Bag" says of him: "His mind is characterized by that rare and valuable faculty 'the genius of common sense.' His intellect intuitively perceives the substance of the case and is under no temptation to get away from it. This is the temperament that makes safe and conservative judges." This compliment is just, for Judge Simmons is able, con scientious and generous. JWl AJ. W. F. SLATON, the efficient superintendent of the Atlanta public schools,
was born in Meriwether county, Ga., March 6, 1831. After a thorough home training, where the principles of truth, integrity and honor were instilled in his young heart, he entered a school in Autauga, AJa., whither the family had moved, and here he obtained the foundation for higher and more difficult studies. Leav ing this primary institution he was for a long time under Dr. Charles P. Ueman, the most distinguished educator of the day, and one who has. above all others, inspired the minds of Georgia youths with patriotism and true greatness, and prepared their intellects for high positions in both state and national governments. Under this famous tutor the young student advanced rapidly. His excellence was not confined to a single topic, but seemed to grasp with a ready comprehension and unravel the knotty problems of every branch of learning. All his faculties were developed simultaneously, and he found a delight in mastering every science. Dr. Reman often complimented him upon his ripe and scholarly attainments.

934

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

Thus intellectually armed to meet life's conflict, he began his first professional labors in a small school located in Oak Bowery, Ala. Seeing the discipline he maintained and the ability displayed, the parents placed their children under his tutorship. The members increased daily and the success of the school was established. About this time he met Miss X. J. Martin, a j'oung lady of wealth, beauty and accomplishments, the daughter of an influential southern family. He became at once enamored of her charms, and they were united in marriage Dec. 6, 1853. With his bride he went to Auburn, Ala., established a large, prosperous high school, and was instrumental in founding the military college at Auburn. \\Tien the south took arms against her northern brothers he was among the first to enlist in her ranks. He fought with intrepid courage at Corinth, luka and Vicksburg. As an officer he was commended by his generals and lauded by those who touched shoulder to shoulder with him in the fierce engagements. Prudence, honor and bravery characterized his career. During the war Maj. Slaton was twice captured, once at Vicksburg, but was soon after exchanged and returned to
his command, and once at Lookout Mountain. From here he was taken to Johnson's island, Lake Erie. In 1871 Maj. Slaton moved to Griffin, Ga., accepted
the printipalship of Sam Bailey institute, won cordial praise for culture and management, and remained until 1874. At that time he was elected principal of the boys' high school of Atlanta, Ga. He popularized the school by his industry and skill and built it gradualy from an inefficient factor of education to its present flourishing state. In 1879 ne was elected superintendent of the public
schools above a great number of competitors, and has since occupied this position. By magnetism, discipline and new methods he invigorated the school system, infused a popularity that has never waned and made of them the educational standard of the south. Maj. Slaton has delivered numerous addresses that pro nounce him an earnest, erudite leader. Chief among these were lectures before the Peabody institute and the National Association of Superintendents in New York. In personal appearance Maj. Slaton is erect, soldierly in bearing, with noble and attractive features. He is an orator, eloquent and persuasive. By a genial disposition and magnetic personality he has gained innumerable friends; by energy, strength of character and indomitable will he has perpetuated a reputation for powerful mental attributes. Maj. Slaton's father was a resolute, industrious planter and influential citizen of Georgia. His mother is a member of an honored Georgia family, possessing practical judgment, benevolence and a guarded, kindly love in the rearing of her children.

JOHX MARSHALL SLATOX, of the law firm of Glenn, Slaton & Phillips,
was born in Meriwether county, Ga., Dec. 25, 1866, and lived for five years on a farm, consisting of 2,000 acres, that had belonged to the family more than one hundred years. From this extensive plantation he moved in 1871 to Spalding countv. Ga., and during the four succeeding years attended a small school of that neighborhood. In 1875 ne came to Atlanta, passed with distinction through the grades of the public schools, and received a diploma from the boys' high school in 1880. He then entered the sophomore class of the university of Georgia, Athens, at once asserted a leadership, which continued throughout his entire course, and was graduated with first honors and a M. A. degree in July, 1886. He returned to Atlanta, and, having determined from early boyhood to become a lawyer, entered upon his studies with this intention in the office of Hopkins & Glenn. After thorough study he was admitted to the bar in July, 1887, and began practice alone, continuing until February, 1893, when he formed a partnership
with John T. Glenn. When Mr. Glenn succeeded Hon. Hoke Smith in the firm

BURTON SMITH.
^

PULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

935

oi Snmii, Glcnn & Smith, tlic partnership of Glenn & Slaton was dissolved, and Mr. Slaton resumed practice alone. Mr. Slaton is a democrat of the old Jefferson type, and amid the political tumult of to-day maintains and espouses the principles that have guided and controlled the party in the past. In 1891 he was honored by election as president of the Young Men's Democratic league, an organization composed of 1,200 members, representing the leading professions and occupations of the city. Mr. Slaton is a Mystic Shriner, past grand of the I. O. (). I1'., past sachem of the Comanchc Tribe Independent Order Red Men, and a member of the Capital City lodge Knights of Pythias, lie is a Methodist by religious faith, and belongs to the Trinity Methodist church of Atlanta. Jn April, t894, Mr. Slaton again entered partnership, this time with John T. Glenn and T>. X. Phillips. The firm is Glenn. Slaton & Phillips. He is a young attorney, who is rapidly forging to the front. With zeal and energy, integrity and perseverance, his suc cess has steadily emerged from the domain of doubt, and is now decidedly assured.

^LEXANDER WYLY SMITH, one of the most prominent young lawyers of Atlanta, was born in the rural district of Habersham county, Ga., June 24,
1861. and lived in that county until he was seven years of age, when his parents removed to Athens, Ga., and he subsequently attended school in that city for four years. In September, 1872, he entered the public schools of Atlanta, com pleting his course with first honors in June, 1876, and winning a prize scholarship in the university of Georgia, Athens. He studied at the latter institution until the completion of his junior year in 1878, when he left the university and returned to Atlanta, engaging in the wholesale grocery business with his father, Henry Lamar Smith, until June, 1883. At this time he began the study of law with Judge Marshall J. Clarke, was admitted to the bar Oct. 2 of the same year, and immediately commenced the practice of his profession. In June, 1885, Mr. Smith formed a partnership with B. F. Abbott, which continued until March i, 1891, when he retired and associated himself with his brother, Victor, in company with whom he still practices. He is a democrat but not an active politician; never theless taking the greatest interest in his party's success. Mr. Smith was married September, 1885, to Ida, daughter of the late Samuel S. Kendrick, a native of Vermont. They have two children, a son and a daughter. Mr. Smith's father. Henry L. Smith, is a Georgian by birth and has been cne of Atlanta's most prom inent business men, having been engaged in the wholesale grocery trade for many years before his retirement. He served as captain of Company I of the Sixty-fiftli Georgia regiment in the early part of the late war, and was afterward made judgeadvocate-general, acting as such until the cessation of hostilities. Alexander Wyly
Smith is a great favorite professionally as well as socially, and has been connected in his practice with many famous causes. As auditor of the Cotton States and International exposition, and chairman of its committee on privileges and con cessions, he has contributed largely to the successful management of that great enterprise.

PURTON SMITH. The Atlanta bar is indebted to its younger members for much of the legal scholarship, judicial learning and forensic eloquence that
have made it luminous in recent years. Conspicuous among these members as a talented and successful advocate is Mr. P.urton Smith. Though aiming at results, rather than display, Mr. Smith has rarely ever failed to carry his point before the jury and his record in this respect is a happy exemplification of the fact that juries are more easily persuaded by the logic of plain facts than by passionate appeals to sentiment or prejudice. Mr. Smith was born at Chapel Hill.

936

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

X. C. on Sept. 18. 1864. His fathtr. Prof. H. H. Smith, is one of the most cultured citizens of Georgia, and a man of robust mind and character. At the time of his son's birth he occupied a professorship in the university of North Caro
lina, located at Chapel Hill. Surrounded by these refining influences the life of \ L>ung Burton Smith received its rirst impressions and he lost no time in the selec tion of a definite ideal. His mind was essentially legal in its operations even as a hoy and his future career was not only revealed distinctly to himself but plainly foreshadowed to all who came in contact with him. His father's connection with the university of Xorth Carolina ended only when the institution was closed as a result of reconstruction. He then organized the public school system of Shelby\ille. Tenti.. and Houston. Tex.. and afterward became president of the Texas State Xonr.al school. Young Burton attended school at these several places, receiving very thorough training under his father, and was finally prepared to enter the state university at Athens. Ga. Graduating from this institution in 1882 ;is one ef the leaders of his class and honored with a speaker's place at commenceliiint. Mr. Smith came to Atlanta and entered the law office of his brother, Hon. Hoke Smith, the present secretary of the interior. After reading law he was admitted to the bar in June. 1883. He and his brother remained together under the firm name of Iloke & Burton Smith until 1892. when the partnership dissolved, Mr. Smith branching out by himself. Surrounded by a well organized force of associates Mr. Smith controls a large and lucrative practice and one that is steadily growing. A conscientious advocate, as well as a profound student of the law. Mr. Smith feels it incumbent upon himself to give each client, regardless of the i>^i:e involved and blind to all thoughts of compensation, the benefit of his legal skill and research. He has never been known to surrender or abandon the interests of his client, and his loyalty in this respect is largely the explanation of l\i~ phenomenal success at the bar. Mr. Smith, in addition to a large practice, i'ncluding his connection with the M. & X. G. railroad receivership of the G. C. o. X. railroad and the celebrated Ryan case, has been chiefly distinguished at tlv bar by his successful prosecution of suits for personal injury. He is the : uorney for the Atlanta "Journal." the Southern Bell Telephone company, and the Atlanta Accident association, together with several smaller corporations. A firm believer in Atlanta's assured destiny. Mr. Smith as made large investments in Atlanta real estate, and he has always been loyal to the interests of the city, iiiu. though he has never in any way sought office, he has always taken interest in municipal affairs. He is posted on all questions of local and national interest ;u:d possesses a rich store of political and general information. Mr. Smith was the temporary chairman of the meeting called for the purpose of organizing the Young Men's Democratic league, and he has ever since been a devoted, though an unofficial, worker in the ranks of that organization. From 1884-88 IK- served as a member of the board of directors of the Young Men's Library ::s*ociaiion. He was a member of the board of curators of St. Luke's church for six years, serving four years under Bishop Beckwith and two under Bishop Xelsor.. and resigning in June last. He is on the executive committee of the State Bar association, a member oi the American Bar association, and delegate from Georgia to that association. In June. 1888. Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Fanny Gordon, daughter of United States Senator John B. Gordon. Thev have only two children--a boy of six and a little girl of two years. In his h-.>nie life Mr. Smith is supremely happy and from the rosy faces that gather about the fireside his successful career at the bar has received its crowning inspiration.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

0,7

LIOKE SMITH, secretary of interior, lawyer, Atlanta, was born at Newton, N. C, in September, 1855. His great-grandfather was a colonel in the revolu
tionary war, and his grandfather, William True Smith, was a graduate of Dart
mouth college, and a man of prominence in New Hampshire. Prof. H. H. Smith,
LL. D., father of Hoke Smith, was born in New Hampshire and is a graduate of Bowdoin college. He moved to the south about forty years ago, and was president of Catawba college at Newton for several years. In 1858 he moved to
Chapel Hill and became a professor in the state university at that place. In 1868
he located in Lincolnton, and in 1871 he became connected with the public schools of Atlanta. From 1873 to 1878 he was superintendent of the Shelbyville high
school and then moved to Texas, where he organized the public schools of Hous ton. He then succeeded Prof. Bernard Mallon as president of the State Normal school at Huntsville, Tex. He returned to Atlanta in 1882, where he is now
principal of the girl's high school. Prof. Smith married Miss Man,' (Brent) Hoke,
a lady of English and German descent, the daughter of Michael Hoke, of Lin colnton, N. G, a lawyer of great powers. Mrs. Smith comes of a family, nearly all of whose male representatives were public men. Her grandfather owned the
first iron furnace and cotton factory in North Carolina. Her brother, R. F. Hoke, was one of the youngest major-generals in the Confederate service. Hoke Smith was educated at Chapel Hill until his thirteenth year, and from that time
was continued under the direction of his father till he commenced the study of law in the office of Collier, Mynatt & Collier, in Atlanta, in May, 1872. He taught
school for one term in Waynesboro, and in 1873 was admitted to the bar at the age of seventeen. At this early age he exhibited the characteristics of selfreliance, earnest acquisition of knowledge and industry, inherited from his an
cestry, and before he had attained his majority he was in possession of a lucrative practice. He began his career in a strange city, where he was practically
unknown, dependent entirely upon his own resources, which makes his rare success the more remarkable. He first gained distinction in the Stafford murder case, appearing as assistant prosecutor; then three years later he aided the prose cution in the Hill murder case, securing conviction in both cases. Among his earlier civil cases was that of Tanner vs. Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line railroad, a case of personal injury, and involved legal questions then undecided in Georgia. Mr. Smith secured for the plaintiff a verdict for $16,000. From this time Mr.
Smith's practice has been unsurpassed by any lawyer in the state. It has been general in character, but in late years has been largely corporation and com mercial litigation. Mr. Smith's debut in politics was made in 1876. When only twenty years old he was chairman of the democratic executive committee of Fulton county. In the contest relative to the removal of the state capital from
Milledgeville to Atlanta lie was sent on the stump to represent his home. He espoused the cause of tariff reform in the campaigns in his state since Mr. Cleve land's first administration, and was called to the cabinet of the president on his second election. For the first ten years of his practice Mr. Smith was alone, but
in 1883 ms brother. Burton Smith, became associated with him. Mr. Smith was
president of the Young Men's Libary association in 1881-83: was among the found ers of the "Atlanta Evening Journal," and is president of the Journal Publishing company. Mr. Smith was married in 1883 to Miss Birdie Cobb, daughter of Gen. T. R. R. Cobb, of Athens, Ga. As a lawyer Mr. Smith is noted for clear and forcible presentation of argument. He is practical in his order of thought
and work, and in his talk goes to his object with incisive directness. Few lawyers of his age have been so many years in practice or have had such successful ex
periences in all the avenues of litigation.

038

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

QOL. HEXRY FRAXKLYX STARKE, of Atlanta, Ga., would attract atten tion anywhere on account of his commanding- figure and martial bearing. Six
feet three inches high and very erect, he was just such a man as Napoleon would have selected for a place in the Old Guard. His father, J. H. Starke, resided in Richmond, Va.. where Col. Starke was born in 1841. Eben Starke, his grand father, was a citizen of Xew Hampshire, and his great-grandfather was the dis
tinguished Gen. Starke of the American revolution, a friend of Washington and a hero of many hard-fought battles. This gallant revolutionary soldier distin
guished himself as lieutenant of rangers in the old wars with the French and Indians, during all the campaigns of Abercrombie and Amherst. On the first
news of the battle with the British at Lexington he hastened with a party of New Hampshire men and fought at Bunker Hill. He joined Washington's forces in 1776, and took a part in the battle of Trenton. He afterward won great dis tinction and was commissioned brigadier-general with a vote of thanks by con gress for the brilliant victory won by him at Bennington. Subsequently he served most gallantly under Gates and Washington, and at the close of the revolutionary war had command of the northern department. The people of Xew Hampshire in reverence for his memory have erected a fine granite monu
ment in his honor, which is said to be exceeded in height only by the Washington monument, and his statue was recently placed in the capitol at Washington as
a tribute to the worthy braver}- of one of Xew England's greatest sons. "A man with a noble ancestry," says Pauline in Bulwer's Lady of Lyons, "is like a
representative of the past" But like the supposed prince to whom this was applied, though possessed of an honored ancestry, Col. Starke is not "a pen sioner on the dead." He has carved out a character of his own and his fame rests on personal merit. Depending on his own resources and energies, he has made fame on the battle-field and won success in many business achievements. His own luster mingles gracefully with the glory of his ancestry. Col. Starke was sent at an early age to England, where he was carefully educated, principally by private tutors, and after several years thus profitably spent in Europe, returned in 1857 and made his home in Texas. About this time he conceived a passion for the legal profession, read law and, though young, stood a brilliant examination and was admitted to the bar. He was in Dallas, Tex.. when the civil war began, and enlisted in the spring of 1861 in the Sixth Texas cavalry regiment, of which he was made color-bearer. He served in this position about a year, after which he was gradually promoted, until at the time of the surrender he was a lieutenantcolonel of a separate cavalry command. His entire record was brilliant and on the field of Corinth he was promoted for gallant conduct. He participated in the following battles, sen-ing under Gen. Ross, the brave Texas leader, viz.: Chaustenalla. I. T.: Elkhorn, Ark.; Springfield, Mo.: Corinth, luka and Farrington. Miss.: Murfreesboro, Resaca and Atlanta, Franklin and Nashville, and was also in many other engagements in several states on both sides of the Mis sissippi river. At the battle of Hatchie bridge, just after the battle of Corinth, Col. Starke was wounded, and left for dead on the field, where he was found by the enemy and held as a prisoner two weeks. After the war Col. Starke went to Egypt and served in the Egyptian army for a year, holding a commission in the
army of the khedive as bey. answering to that of captain in the United States army, and was assigned a position on the staff of Sir Samuel Baker, with whom he served in Egypt, Syria. Dorfer and Khartoum. He resigned his commission in 1866. and after traveling through Africa. Europe and Asia, to increase his knowl edge of the world, returned to the United States. He went to Canada, and arriving there during the oil excitement, operated boldly and successfully. He then

MMMV.l.S '} ']]

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

939

engaged in the lumber and mercantile business in Chatitaviqua county, N. Y., and after continuing there two years moved to Canandaigua, N. Y., and went into the insurance and mercantile business. Col. Starkc came to Atlanta in 1885, and soon after locating here went into the real estate business, and has been interested in
many large and successful enterprises. He is now president of the Henrico Land company, and of the Georgia Hedge company, and was the president of the Ingleside Land company. Col. Starke was married in Canandaigua, N. Y., in 1876, to Miss Cornelia B., daughter of Hon. W. H. Lamport, then a member of congress. He is a member of the Virginia society, of the Confederate Veterans' association, of the Sons of the Revolution and of the Scotch-Irish society, of which he is vice-president. He is a Knight of Pythias, a Mason and a member of the Presbyterian church.

ANDREW PERRY STEWART, the present tax collector of Fulton county,
was born in Jackson, Butts Co., Ga., Dec. 14, 1848. His father was Frederick S. Stewart, a native of Oglethorpe county, Ga., who, by profession, was a con tractor and builder. He served in the last war as a member of the Sixth Georgia battalion of artillery, led a Christian life of charity and benevolence, and died at Charleston, S. C, in 1887. Mr. Andrew P. Stewart remained in Jackson for ten years, receiving instruction and gaining the elements of an education. From
here he removed to Griffin, and then to La Grange, Ga., where public schools afforded better facilities for learning. When the curriculum of the schools was completed he left home for Atlanta, seeking a position where he might gain a livelihood. He secured one with the late F. M. Richardson, working for him constantly for three years. He then, finding a more profitable opening with L. B. Langford, the hardware merchant, entered his employ and remained there for ten years, after which time Mr. Stewart purchased the stock of Mr. Langford, who was desirous of withdrawing from business, and pursued this mercantile occupation until 1888, when he sold out to Mr. C. A. Conklin. Mr. Stewart has taken a close interest in municipal politics throughout his residence in the city. In 1878-79 he represented the fifth ward in the city council. In 1889 he was honored by election to the office of tax collector, and re-elected in 1891, 1893 and 1895. The re-elections signify the confidence expressed by the community in his capability, integrity and honor. Mr. Stewart was married in-the year 1872 to Miss Fanny S., daughter of the late Judge Jetho W. Manning of Atlanta, and one child --a son, Ovid--has blessed their marital life. Mr. Stewart co-operates largely with the secret organizations and societies. Believing that they are productive of
unlimited good, he gives them a broad encouragement and support. He is a. Mystic Shriner, and a Knight Templar Mason, also a member of the I. O. O. F.r and a deacon in the First Baptist church. In the past he has served as superin tendent of the Sunday school. Mr. Stewart is a conscientious, pious worker for that which is loved. As a sturdy guardian of the county's finances and a pro nounced pillar in the city government he is respected and admired.

JUDGE G. H. TANNER. Perhaps no county in the state can boast of a more efficient lot of public servants than the county of Fulton. Faithful, conscien
tious, public-spirited, devoted to the welfare of the county, they are model office holders, and, as such, deserve the recognition and respect of all who admire fidelity in the discharge of high official duty. Among this number of devoted and trustworthy public servants may be mentioned Judge George H. Tanner, the popular clerk of the superior court of Fulton county. Judge Tanner is a native of the adjoining county of Clayton, and was born not far from Atlanta in the year

040

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

1855. His lather. Mr. J. 1>. Tanner, was a native of this state, and was a man of influential standing and of high respectability. He believed in giving his children the benefit of a good start in life and of setting before them, in his own personal conduct, a pattern of sobriety and independence. The subject of this sketch passed his bo\hood days in Oayton county, receiving his primary education from the schools of that vicinity. Emulous of all that was noble in the characters of
those who won his admiration, and dcsiunis of making a name for himself in the world the young student devoted himself to his books with a zeal for learning that was rarely displayed by a boy of his age. He was soon far enough advanced to enter the university of Georgia at Athens, and. leaving home for the tirst time.
lie became a student at that institution. Graduating from the university in 1875 with the degree of Rachclor of Arts, he came directly to Atlatvta for the purpose of making a start in life. His first efforts at earning a livelihood were exerted as a member of the local statif of the "Atlanta Herald." He remained with the paper tor several mouths, during which time he became familiar with all public questions and cultivated a wide personal acquaintance. Having made up his mind to enter the- legal profession he retired from the journalistic field lo enter the law office of Col. Luther ]. dlenn. one of the oldest and most successful practitioners in Atlanta. After se\c.-ral months of sttidious application, directed by the advice of
his friend and counsellor, the young student w:.s formally admitted to the bar. having passed an exceptionally fine examination. He enjoyed a lucrative practice from the start, and. by virtue of his legal attainments, unusual for one of his years
and brief experience at the bar. lie was appointed justice of the peace and notary public, sen-ing m that capacity for iv.ore than ten years. During the period of his
public sen-ice as a justice of the peace. Judge T.ir.ner enjoyed the confidence and esteem of all classes in the cenunnnitv. Justice, without fear or favor.could always be obtained in his court, and no one hesitated to carry their legal business before him. A thorough knowledge of human nature, and a quick intuitive perceptionM the motives influencing \\itnesses on the stand, enabled him in nearly every case to arrive at the truth of the issue before him. The respect oi the community, and especially the business public, for his rulings, was based not only upon his legal qualifications but upon his stainless personal integrity. A high sense of honor
characterized him in all his dealings both private and official, and no one ever charged him with injustice or viewed his conduct with suspicion. In 1888 Judge Tanner, ha^-ing retired from his magisterial office, became the clerk of the superior court of Fulton county, to which position he was elected by a vote that emphasized his popularity in a very gratifying manner. I5y the exercise of the same zeal av.d fidelity that characterized him in the discharge of his duties as a magistrate he proved himself an acceptable clerk of the superior court, and he con
tinues to hold that ofiice in the security of one who is conscious of having faithfully discharged his duty. Each year adds to his increasing popularity, and he will no
doubi continue in office as long as he possesses the inclination to serve the county.
For one term Judge Tanner served as a member of the city council, representing the first ward in the deliberations of that body. Imbued with a deep love of brother hood, the spirit of fraternity is strongly developed in Judge Tanner's nature. He is
intensely social in hi* disposition, and is a member of the Knights of Pythias, the brotherhood of Red Men. the Odd Fellows and the Masons. In each of these organization? he occupies a high stand and enjoys the esteem and respect of all his brethren. Judge Tanner was united in marriage in 1882 to Miss Annie E. Murphy, daughter of Mr. Anthony Murphy, of Atlanta, and has two promising bovs. WiniarrTand Henry. Genial, open-hearted, generous and faithful, the career of Judge Tanner ha? been one of r.nblemished usefulness, and his influence in the

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

941

community is that of a man whose example, in every respect, is worthy of emulation.

.OSEFH MKRIWKTHER TERRELL, the present attorney-general of J Georgia, was horn in Menu-other county, Ga., June 6, 1861, in Greenville, a little village of seven or eight hundred inhabitants, where he has resided all his
life, with the exception of five years--from 1876 to 1881--when he lived on a farm
in the same county. His father, Dr. Joel K. G. Tcrrell, was born in Wilkes county,
Ga.? in 1834, and moved to Mcriwcthcr county with his parents when a child. 1 le studied medicine in Greenville with Dr. J. W. Anthony, and was the first gradu
ate of the Atlanta Medical college. He is also a graduate of the Jefferson Medical college of Philadelphia. He practiced medicine in Greenville to the day of his death, Nov. 30, 1886. He was one of the most prominent physicians in that section of the slate, and was stricken with paralysis while at the bedside of a patient and died the same day. He suffered from physical disability, which prevented his acceptance for service in the late war. Joseph Meriwethcr Terrell's grandfath'T was David Meriwethcr Tcrrell, a native of Wilkes county, Ga., where he lived until after his marriage, when he moved to Meriwether county, where
he died Xov. .29, 1882. aged over seventy years. David M. Tcrrell married first Miss Chapman, and they had two children, Dr. Joel and Ann. His second mar riage was to Mrs. Russell, nee Boozer; they had one daughter. He was a soldier
in the Confederate service during the late war, serving with the state troops as
long as they were in the field. His father was Joel Terrell, who was born in
Virginia and emigrated to Wilkes county, Ga., where he died, having been a farmer all his life. His wife was Frances Butler. Joseph M. Terrell's maternal great-
grandmother was a Hamilton, of Scotch descent, and his maternal grand mother was a Render, who belonged to one of the oldest and most prom inent families of Mcriwether county. Joseph Meriwether Terrell attended school up to the age of fourteen in Greenville, Ga., at which age he took charge of his father's farm, managing it for five years. He then studied law with Maj. John \Y. Park for a year and in February, 1882, was admitted to the bar by Judge S. \V. Harris of the superior court of Coweta circuit. Since that time he has practiced his profession in Greenville, meeting \vith success from his initial effort. In 1884 Mr. Terrell was elected to the state legislature from Meriwether county, being the youngest member of the house. He was re-elected in 1886, defeated by the alliance wave in 1888, but was elected in 1890 to the state senate, defeating the alliance candidate after one of the most hotly contested campaigns ever held in the state, Mr. Terrell having not only to defeat his opponent in the convention
but also in the election following. In 1892 Mr. Terrell was nominated and elected to the office of attorney-general for two years, and was re-elected in 1894. Ho first received the nomination for attorney-general by a two-thirds vote of the
convention against the opposition of two prominent lawyers and was unanimously
indorsed in 1894 by the democratic convention for re-election. In 1884 he, while in the legislature, was a member of several important com
mittees: judiciarv. local bills, and temperance. In 1886 he was chairman of the committee on county affairs, and a member of the committee on judiciary. In 1890 while in the state senate he was made chairman of the finance committee, member of the committee on rules, of the judiciary committee, of the committee
on congressional districts and committee on public schools. He is a member of the masonic fraternity and of the Baptist church. He was married Oct. 19, 1886, to Jessie Lee, daughter of Thomas Spivey, a native Georgian, now living in Texas.
Mr. Terrell's mother was Sarah R.. daughter of Dr. Anthony, his father's medical

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

preceptor. He is one of eight children, of whom two died in infancy and six survive--five sons and one daughter. The eldest son. Dr. E. B. Terrell, is nowpracticing in Greenville. Another son. \V. A. Terrell, is a farmer in Meriwether
county. J. R. Terrell. another son, is a partner with his brother in the latter's
office in Greenville. Dr. Henry W. Terrell, another son. is also a practicing phy sician in Greenville. The only daughter is Annie L., wife of Hines Holt. Colum
bus. Ga. The Terrell family is of English descent and the name was original! v spelled "Tyrell."

. L. M. TERRELL is a native of Indiana. He served as an officer of the Union army in the late war. and in 1869 entered the railway mail sen-ice as postal clerk between Louisville. Ky.. and Nashville. Tenn. He was promoted to head clerk in 1870. In 1871 he was appointed a special agent of the postofficc
department, and assigned to the- duty of organizing the railway mail service of
Tt.-x.as. The following year he was transferred to Xashville in connection with :he same sen-ice. In 1874 he was appointed superintendent of the fourth divi sion. comprising the states of Florida. Georgia. Alabama. Mississippi, Louisiana
and the Carolinas. with headquarters at Chattanooga. His headquarters were moved to Atlanta in 1876. He held that position until 1883. when lie was trans ferred and assigned to the superinttndency of the third division, at Washington.
D. C.. where he remained for one year. when, at his own request, he was returned to the fourth division, with headquaiters at Atlanta. He resigned this position April i. 1887. and was reappointed April I, 1889. In all he has served a period of over twenty-five years in the railway mail service. On Dec. 18. 1894. a banquet
was tendered Mr. Terrell by his co-workers and the tributes that were paid this true and tried official, now gray in the service of his government, were eloquent.
fervid and spontaneous, and the manner of their utterance clearly evinced the
sincerity of their expression. The Atlanta "Constitutionr of the following morn ing. after narrating the honor? paid Mr. Terrell. closes with this deserved coniplir.ient to the gentleman : "Col. .Terrell is perhaps the best-informed man in tin:
United States mail sen-ice to-day. He has lived his entire life practically in the
M-rvice. has held offices from the humblest to the highest, and has enjoyed sucli experience a? enables him to be a perfect master of the situation under any and all emergencies and conditions. He is a splendid disciplinarian, and with more
than five hundred mail clerk; under him as superintendent of the division, he has brought about one of the most perfect systems of railway mail service to be found
in the United States. All of the men like Col. Terrell, and admire him for his strict business methods and for his personal magnetism as well. He has been gradually improving the mail service of the south for years past and receives, as he deserve?, the unstinted praise of the public generally throughout tlie entire
rtgion of the country. Everybody feels like congratulating him upon the anni
versary of his twenty-fifth year in the service of L'ncle Sam, for everybody in Atlanta and this section of the country feels gratitude for his untiring work-
looking to the perfection of the system which he has so signally accomplished."
Col. Terrell is a gentleman of the highest order of intellect, is civil, uniformly accommodating, and is methodically industrious and accurate. He is beloved
by all his subordinates and commands the respect of all with whom he is thrown in contact. Col. Terrell was married to Miss Mattie Bell Hamniond, in Louisville, Ky.. Sept. 15. 1874. she being a daughter of William Harvey and Virginia B. Hamniond. of that city. I'our children have blessed this happy union: French
lav. Una Sever son. W. H. H.. and Xorwood Lvncli.

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943

. LOVICK P. THOMAS, a prominent dealer in real estate and a citizen who has identified himself with Atlanta's prosperity and development, is a native Georgian, having been born in Clarke county, March 24, 1835. Here he passed his boyhood days, learning from the simplicity of his rural surround ings the great truths taught by nature, which lend strength and fortitude to character. At the age of fourteen years he began the study of text books and advanced rapidly, displaying a superior talent and ability. In 1851, Mr. Thomas, becoming imbued with the "gold fever" so prevalent among the young men of the .south, and fascinated by the love of travel and adventure, left his native home and state, and in company with a number of friends embarked for California. The ship was an old-fashioned sailing-vessel and consumed much time in traversing the distance from Georgia's coast to the isthmus of Panama. Landing at this point the adventurers continued their march until they arrived at the city of Panama, and came in sight of the placid waters of the Pacific. Among the gold fields, along the rivers, in the mines, up and down the canons he labored con tinuously for four years with moderate success. Large "finds" were occasionally made, but the time elapsing between them served to depress the buoyancy of his hopes and discourage further efforts. Great privations and sufferings were en dured and the exposure which the work necessarily entailed, tended to cause the undermining of health and strength. Consequently in 1855 ne returned to Georgia, locating in Gwinnett county, and with the intention of making his western gains the nucleus of a fortune, opened a general store in Lawrenceville, and conducted it with profit until 1862. When the tocsin of war was sounded and the south rallied to the support of her honor and the assertion of her rights, Mr. Thomas, in the spirit of loyalty and justice raised a company of soldiers from the neighboring country, and drilled their awkward ignorance into order and discipline. Gov. Brown, in recognition of his martial ability, and the control possessed over his comrades, appointed him captain. The company, when ready for marching, was assigned to the Forty-second Georgia regiment and known as Company A. In the engagement at Resaca our subject commanded the entire regiment and in the deference of fortitude here displayed was promoted to major. As the war progressed his superiority became more thoroughly manifest, and a short time before the battle of Bentonville. X. C., he was made lieutenant-colonel of the regiment. Col. Thomas remained in the war until its close and fought bravely in the following battles: Cumberland Gap, Tazewell, Tenn.. the campaign around Vicksburg, lasting forty-seven days, including Baker's creek. Big Black and others: Missionary Ridge, Dalton. Ga.: Resaca. Xew Hope church. Kennesaw Mountain, the defense of Atlanta and fights in the adjoining vicinity: Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville, Tenn.; Kingston, Goldsboro and Bentonville, X. C. Through them all he passed unscathed, except at Kennesaw Mountain, where he was slightly wounded by the explosion of a shell. During the siege of Vicksburg the subject of this sketch was captured and held a prisoner within the Federal lines for about one week. When the surrender of Gen. Lee's sword pronounced the cessation of hostilities, the forces of the south were disbanded and her cavaliers, with heavy hearts, returned to their desolate homes. Col. Thomas came to Atlanta with only a tattered uniform, his horse anil twenty dollars in gold. With these limited possessions, but a determination and indomitable will that assured the triumph of ambition over the gloom of environment, he began anew the struggle of life. For twelve years succeeding the close of the war our subject acted in the capacity of traveling salesman for a number of firms throughout the state with marked success, and in 1879 was honored by election to the office of chief of the Atlanta police force, which position he held for one

944

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

term and then resigned to accept the office of deputy sheriff. In 1884 lie was elected sheriff of the county of Fulton and as such served three consecutive terms. Since vacating this office he has been engaged in the real estate business in At
lanta. Col. Thomas' private life, as his public career, has been one of perfect felicity and happiness, yet seasons of sadness and grief have crept in to add melancholy to pleasure. He was first married in 1857 to Jennie J., daughter of
AY. J. Peeples. of Gwinnett county. Ga. She died in 1844. leaving seven children, of whom the following survive her: Lovick P.. Jr.: Fannie J.. wife of C. S. AViiin: AYalton L.. and Eugene P. Afterward he was married again to Jeannette R. Payne (nee AA'agnon'i. and by the last wife he has three children: Annie O., Alice L. and
Edward L. Col. Thomas is now president of the Peachtree Park association. president of the Cotton States Building and Loan association and director of the United Confederate Veterans' association of Fulton county. He is considered one of Atlanta's founder?--a pillar of this municipality, who lias ever had the welfare of the city at heart, guided her faltering footsteps through the darkness of re construction, and now that she lias become the foremost metropolis in the south, he feels a pardonable pride in recalling his efforts toward the growth and unfolding of her greatness. Col. Thomas, as his record will attest, is a bona fide colonel. The title is no fancied or flattering appellation, for it was won on san guine fields, and amid the silence of the bivouac. As an officer of the Confederate
Veterans' association he is esteemed and loved. He has been prominent in ever.i-.ndertaking. for in the fulfillment of both public and private duties he ha? demonstrated remarkable versatility and force of character. As a solid, sub
stantial business man. a promoter of enterprise and thrift, a strong thinker, a cultured, chivalric gentleman and a valuable personal friend, Col. Thomas ha? impressed the community and the state.

I E\YIS WIMBERLY THOMAS, solicitor of the criminal court of Atlanta, Ga.. \va? born in Centerville. Talbot Co.. Ga... April 22. 1851. His father
moved to AYhitfield count}-. Ga.. about 1855. In 1866 he matriculated in Emory
college. Oxford. Ga.. of which hi? uncle. James R. Thomas, was at that time presi dent. He continued a student here until 1867, and in December of that year ac companied his father to Yacaville. Cal.. where he attended the Pacific Methodist college. In thi-^ institution hi? uncle had been made president and his father professor of languages. He graduated from this institution, taking the degree
of A. E. Later he entered the law office of Thomas & Pressley at Santa Rosa. Cal.. remained for a few months and returned during December, 1873, to
Sparta. Ga. His lather's family removed back to Georgia in that year. Mr. Thomas went directly to the university of Georgia, graduated from the law depart ment in Tune. 1874. taking both courses in one. with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and afterward located in Athens. Ga. On Feb. 23. 1876. he was appointed solicitor of the county court of Clarke county by Gov. James M. Smith, for four years, when the court was dissolved and merged into the city court of Athens; he v/as appointed by Gov. A. H. Colquitt on Sept. 15. 1879, solicitor of that court for the same term, but resigned before its expiration and came to Atlanta in 188.2 to continue the practice of lav,: In May. 1891. he was appointed solicitor of the city court of Atlanta by Gov. Xorthvn. and when by an act of the legislature. changing this court to the criminal court of Atlanta, the act creating the court likewise made him solicitor of it. This occurred on Feb. 5, 1892. His tern;
expires Feb. 23. 1896. He has been also admitted to the state supreme court, and the United States circuit and district courts. Mr. Thomas was married in March, 1882. in Savannah. Ga.. to Georgia E.. daughter of the late Andrew J. Miller. R

I.. \Y. THOMAS.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHKS.

945

native of Pennsylvania, and after coming south, a merchant in Savannah and Atlanta. Mr. Thomas is a member of the 1. O. O. I7., having been noble grand and steward in the First Methodist church of Atlanta. His father was a native of Hancock county, Ga. He was instructed - by Dr. Beman, a distinguished scholar who taught at Mt. Zion, Hancock county, and afterward took a full course at Randolph-Macon college, Virginia. Here he graduated with high honors, and later took a course in medicine in Augusta, Ga., and Charleston, S. C. His fame as a physician extended throughout the southern states. He was a member of the secession convention, being elected as a co-operationist, but finally espoused the state's cause and changed his vote in the convention in favor of secession, believing his allegiance was first due to his state. He now resides in Sparta, Ga. Mr. Thomas' mother was Almira Narcissa Wimberly, daughter of Col. Lewis Wimberly, of Talbot county, who died some years ago. Before the war he was one of the wealthiest and most influential citizens in his county. Mr. Thomas is making a remarkable record as solicitor, one of the best who ever held the office. He is a strong advocate, an untiring worker, and a brainy lawyer, as well as a courteous, lovable gentleman. No member of the Atlanta bar is more worthily esteemed.

SYDNOR THOMSOX, lawyer, Atlanta, Fulton Co., Ga., son of Warner A. and Frances (Sydnor) Thomson, was born at Summit Point, Jefferson Co., in what is now West Virginia, April 12, 1843. His father was a teacher, in connection with which he conducted a farm. His mother was a daughter of William Sydnor of Virginia. They raised five children. Mr. Thomson being the third. Besides himself, one only is living--John, in De Soto county, Fla. Mr. Thomson was raised on the farm and received a good common school education. When seventeen years of age he commenced teaching near his home; and in August, 1860, he went to east Tennessee and was engaged in teaching near Calhoun. In April, 1861, he returned to Virginia and enlisted in
Company G, Second Virginia regiment, and served fifteen months. He then re-enlisted in Company B, Twelfth Virginia cavalry, and served with it as a private until the fall of 1863, when he was transferred to the Stewart Horse artillery, and served with it until the surrender, winning promotion to the rank of lieutenant and adjutant of the command. With his command he participated in many battles, among others the following: First Manassas, Kernstown, Port Republic and Cedar Mountain. After joining the cavalry he participated with his com mand in a number of battles and skirmishes, among others was the battle at Brandy Station, June 9; that at Upperville. June 21, 1863. where he was wounded in the right leg, and at Warrenton Spring. For his gallant conduct at this battlehe was promoted to the rank of sergeant of artUlery, and assigned to Stewards
Horse artillery. Following this he was in the Wilderness and Valley campaigns, in the battle of Trevillian Station, and surrendered at Greensboro. X. C. After his surrender he returned to his Virginia home, where he remained until August. 1865, when he came to Marietta, Ga., where he taught as a private tutor, and studied law under George N. Lester, now dead, and was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1866. For a year afterward he engaged as law clerk with Col. Lester, and then was admitted to partnership with him. The firm practiced in Marietta until 1871, when its headquarters were removed to Atlanta, continuing the partnership until 1874. That year he entered into partnership with ex-Congressman Milton A. Candler, which still exists. In 1889 ^r- Thomson was elected attorney for the
board of county commissioners, Fulton county, and was re-elected annually after ward until 1895. He has been a member of the board of education seven years, 1-60

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

of which he is now the vice-president. Mr. Thomson was married Nov. 2, 1871, to Miss Xena, daughter of the late David Danner, of Knoxville, Tenn., formerly of Virginia. They have eight children living: Fannie, William D., Albert D., John D., Edith, Logan D., Adelaide and Mildred. He is a master Mason, and a member of the Methodist church, and is chairman of the board of stewards of Grace church. Xorth Atlanta.
1UDGE HEXRY B. TOMPKIXS, of Atlanta, Ga., is a native of Barbour county, Ala., where he was born in 1845, the son of Henry M. and Henrietta (Bethune)
Tompkins. After leaving the primary schools and entering the higher institu tions of learning with the intention of completing his education, the outbreak of the civil war prevented further application to study and in consequence he enlisted in the Thirty-ninth Alabama regiment of Confederate infantry, commanded by Col. Henry D. Clayton, who is now president of the university of Alabama. Mr. Tompkins was appointed adjutant soon after joining this regiment, which served in the western division of the army under Gens. Bragg, Hood and Johnston, and by a signal display of bravery, and with a career that challenged his comrades, he was made captain of one of the companies and adjutant of the regiment. During the four years" conflict Mr. Tompkins was painfully wounded on three occasions: At Chick'amauga. when Gen. Johnston was making a rapid retreat below Dallas, and in the battles around Atlanta. The last being a wound through the body, was most serious in its nature, and rendered its victim too weak physically to resume command for many months. He. however, rejoined the company when able to walk and remained until the surrender in 1865. Mr. Tompkins at once took up the study of law, received the able instruction of D. M. Seals, of Clayton, Ala., was a-irmtted to the bar and began practice in Alabama. From there he removed to Memphis. Tenn.. and thence to Savannah, where for four years he sat on the superior court bench of Chatham county, retired at the expiration of the term and \va? re-elected in 1881. again resigning after a service of twelve months. He came to Augusta in 1883. and has since resided here. He is counsel, vice-president 'r.nd general manager of the Sheffield and Birmingham Coal, Iron & Railway company. He if counsel for numerous additional corporations. Mr. Tompkins formed a partnership with Mr. Morris Brandon some years ago. It remains to-day Tompkins & Brandon. Judge Tompkins is an able practitioner, and a zealous laborer for his clients. He is a gentleman of social distinction and admirable <rualitie?. He was married in February, 1882. to Miss Bessie Washington of Tennessee, who died in August. 1887. He was united in marriage again during 1803 to Miss Xora Palmer of Washington, Ga.. a lady possessing beauty and mental attractions. Judge Tompkins' paternal ancestors were from old England -took, the guardians of the Lion Empire, who emigrated to America, locating in Virginia, but removed to South Carolina just previous to the revolutionary war.

p.VL'L B. TRAMMELL, collector internal revenue, Atlanta, Ga., was born in Catoosa county, Ga., April 3, 1859. When the civil war began he was taken to
White county. Ga.. where he remained until after the surrender, when he came to G' -rdon county, where he lived t\vo years and went thence to Whitfield, where he attended school and prepared for college. He hen entered the university of Georgia, from which he graduated with the degree of A. B., in 1878. Coming i' i Atlanta he clerked in a dry-goods store one vear. and then entered the employ : S. M. Jnrr.an & Co.. the great cotton dealers, with whom he remained three year?. Returning to Whitfield county he engaged in farming, and bought an interest in a cotton compress plant at Dalton, which he still retains. In 1888 he was

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

947

elected to represent the forty-third senatorial district in the general assembly, and
was placed on the committees on finance, railroads and corporations. So satis factory were his faithful services as senator, tliat he was elected in 1890, and
re-elected in 1892, to represent Whitfield county in the general assembly. In the house he served on the committees on railroads, agriculture and military affairs. In the sessions of 1890-91 he was chosen speaker pro tem. of the house. In these several positions of honor and responsibility he exhibited fine business qualifica tions, political sagacity, and legislative capacity. Mr. Trammell was married Dec.
12, 1883, to Miss Fannie, daughter of Dr. J. R. McAfee, Dalton, Ga., by whom he has had three children, one daughter, Ruth, who died at three years of age, and two sons: Paul B., Jr., and McAfee. Mr. Trammell is a Knight of Pythias, a royal arch Mason, and a prominent member of the Methodist church.

JOHN L. TYE.--A young lawyer of marked prominence and ability, who has rapidly come to the front at the Georgia bar, and who bids fair to become one
of the most useful members of the profession, is Mr. John L. Tye. John Lewis Tye, the subject of this sketch, was born at McDonough, Ga., in Henry county, in March, 1859. He received his elementary instruction from the schools at McDonough, making rapid progress in his books and giving promise of unusual excellence in his acquirements as a pupil. At the age of thirteen he entered a preparatory school at Kirkwood, Ga., near Atlanta, and was soon equipped for entering the state university at Athens. Graduating from this institution in 1876, having for his classmates such men as Andrew J. Cobb, Thomas R. Gibson, Prof. L. M. Landrum, H. P. Moore, Prof. B. M. Hall and George D. Thomas, he immediately entered the Columbia law school at Washington, D. C., and received his diploma from that institution in 1879. As a debater the young law student was
always ready to lock horns in argument with any one who might come along, and was the peer of the brightest minds, both at the law school in Washington and at the state university. Coming to Atlanta in 1879 Mr- Tye was admitted to the bar directly and also to the supreme court of Georgia. He found a good clientage awaiting him and his efforts were remunerative from the start. He allowed no side issues of any kind to withdraw his mind from the work of his profession, but with ambitious zeal and a steadfast purpose he applied himself to the mastery of legal principles and to the faithful and conscientious service of his clients. In this respect he has proven himself worthy of the confidence reposed in him by influ ential clients, and has further demonstrated his ability to manage any case that requires legal skill and ability. In his ready grasp of the legal merits of all cases brought to him Mr. Tye has no superior among the younger members of the Atlanta bar. In 1884, as an evidence of the popularity acquired by the subject of
this sketch, shortly after coming to Atlanta, and also as a compliment to his loyalty as a young democrat, Mr. Tye was made a presidential elector during that year to cast the vote of this state for Grovet Cleveland. As a democrat Mr. Tye has always been steadfast in his devotion to the principles and traditions of the party, and in spite of the vicissitudes and defeats has steadily remained loyal to the party organization. Mr. Tye formed a legal partnership with Mr. J. Carroll Payne, in 1890, and since that time they have been associated together in the
practice of the law. As general counsel for the Western & Atlantic railroad com pany and several banks and corporations, his firm has, perhaps, the largest cor poration business of any law firm in Atlanta. In nearly all the important railroad
litigation of the last few years they have taken an active part and have made a brilliant reputation at the bar by the shrewd and successful management of the cases before the court and the jury. Noteworthy among their railroad cases was

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

their success in retaining jurisdiction by the state court, in administrating the Atlanta & Florida railroad company, where the L'nited States had acquired pos session of the railroad for which they were allowed by the court a fee of $25,000. Mr. Tye was united in marriage to Miss Carrie Wilson, the daughter of Mr. B. J. Wilson of Atlanta, in 1883. He has four children, three sons and one daughter, ami his home life is a picturesque and happy one. Fond of his home fireside he spends much of his time in the indulgence of his taste for those diversions that make an ideal household. Mr. Tye has never sought political preferment of any kind. He has confined his aspirations to the practice of the law and has never permitted his ambition to go beyond that boundary. Endowed by nature with rare social, as well as brilliant mental gifts. Mr. Tye is one of the most popular mem
bers of the Atlanta bar. and his friends are legion. A thoughtful reader and a close observer, he is always posted on the topics of the day and is familiar with the current literature of the times as well as with the standard authors. In conversation he is bright, fluent and captivating, and his manner, both in the courtroom and the parlor, is that of the cultured gentleman who claims the respect and confidence of all by virtue of his inherent nobility. Mr. Tye is still in the prime of his young manhood and lias a future of brilliant promise before him at the bar. A high sense of honor has always marked him in his relations to the professional and business world, and his record as a lawyer and as a man is alike above criticism and defies reproach. In speaking of Mr. Tye. Judge Tanner, the clerk of the superior court of Fulton county, recently said of him: ''He is one of the ablest young lawyers at the bar." and to this Judge Van Epps has added the opinion that no young lawyer who has ever appeared in the city court is better equipped for the practice of his profession.

JUDGE HOWARD VAN" EPPS. One of the most distinguished members of the Georgia bar who has worn the judicial ermine of the city court of Atlanta
fi >r nearly ten years, and whose contributions to the literature of the profession have given him a high prestige, not only in Georgia, but throughout the south, i> Judge Howard Van Epps. Dignified in his demeanor on the bench, just in all his decisions, recognizing neither friend nor foe in the discharge of his official duties. Judge Van Epps ha? displayed the qualities of an able, upright and con scientious judge, and no one ha? ever dared to impute to him a motive that ques tioned hi? reputation as a man or brought reproach upon his judicial ermine. The r.ncestor? of Judge Van Epps, as the name implies, lived in Holland. Dis tinguished by the same trait? that have characterized its members in this country the family was recognized as one of the oldest and best of that name. The first member of the household to emigrate from his fatherland was the great-grand father of the subject of this sketch. He came to this country during his early youth and settled in the state of Xew York. The Van Epps in Holland followed the ancient pursuit of farming and were all sober, industrious and thrifty. The grandfather of Judge Van Epps was a native of the Mohawk valley. He was a private soldier in the American revolution and valiantly espoused the cause of American liberty. He reared a large family of twelve children, all of whom settled around him in the Mohawk valley. Among this number was Amos C. Van Epps, the father of the subject of this sketch. He was born in Schenectady, X. Y., irr 1824. but in early manhood migrated south and located in the state of Alabama. He was married in 1845 to Miss Caroline L. Howard, daughter of Gen. Nicholas Howard, of Columbus. Ga. Subsequently, in 1848, he moved to Chattanooga, Tenr... but afterward refugeed to Georgia during the bombardment of that city.
After the war he located in Atlanta and entered the merchandise business. He

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.
retired, however, from active business in 1887 and settled on his farm in De Kalb county, where he died in 1890. Mr. Van Epps was married a second time in 1867 to Miss Julia Cooper, of La Grange, Ga., his first wife having died in Chattanooga, Tenn., on Dec. 21, 1860, the anniversary of her son Howard's birth. By his first wife Mr. Van Epps had five children, three of whom were living at the close of the war: George C., who served as a private for three years in the Nineteenth Ten nessee infantry, died in 1872; Howard, the subject of this sketch; and Ida, the wife of Dr. George A. Wilcox of Augusta, are still living. Two children died in infancy. By his second wife he had three children: Claude, Lily, and Amos C. Van Epps, who live with their mother in De Kalb county. Mr. Howard Van Epps, the subject of this sketch, was born in Eufaula, Ala., on Dec. 21, 1847. 1 early infancy, however, lie moved with his parents to Chattanooga, Tenn., where he lived until his sixteenth year, attending the schools of that city and receiving a good primary education. In the spring of 1864, though still a mere lad. he enlisted as a private in Company A of the Nineteenth Tennessee infantry, Strahl's brigade, Cheatham's division, Hardee's corps. He served as a private in the ranks of the Confederate army until early in 1865, when he was severely wounded at Egypt station, Miss., while on detached service, remaining in the hospital at Lauderdale springs, Miss., for two months suffering with gangrene. He obtained a furlough to return home and, at the close of the war, his wounds were still unhealed. The young soldier figured in the battles around Atlanta, including the bloody engage ment of July 22, the battle of Jonesboro, after the evacuation of Atlanta, and the engagement at Egypt station, Miss., at which place he received his wound. After the war he located in Atlanta, his father having preceded him to that city. In the spring of 1866 young Howard entered the freshman class at the state university, graduating from that institution in 1869 with the second honors. Among his class mates were Judge A. Pratt Adams of Savannah, Samuel Barnett, Charles A. Col lier, and Judge \Y. R. Hammond of Atlanta, Judge William H. Fish of Americus, Emory Speer of Macon. and Benjamin H. Hill of Atlanta. The class was one of the largest and brightest that ever attended the university. After taking a law course in 1870, he located in Atlanta and entered upon the practice of his profession. Two years later, in 1872, he was appointed by Gov. James M. Smith, solicitor of the city court of Atlanta, and served in that capacity for four years. Prior to that time he served for two years as ex-officio solicitor under the appointment of Judge Robert J. Cowart. In 1880 the subject of this sketch formed a partnership with Patrick Calhoun, Esq.. under the firm name of Van Epps & Calhoun. Mr. A. C. King was subsequently admitted into the firm in 1882, which was then changed to Van Epps, Calhoun & King. In 1885 Mr. Van Epps retired, forming a partner ship with ex-Chief Justice O. A. Lochrane. This legal association, however, was dissolved in November of that year by the appointment of Mr. Van Epps as judge of the city court of Atlanta by Gov. Henry D- McDaniel. His ability as a judicial officer was so pronounced and his services on the bench of the city court so con spicuous for their fairness, purity and justice, that he was subsequently reappointed by Govs. John B. Gordon and William J. Northen. Judge Van Epps' present term of office expires on Jan. 19, 1896. He has frequently intimated his intention of resigning, but his friends and associates at the bar have persuaded him to remain on the bench, for which position he is so well qualified by reason of his shining talents, no less than by his unimpeachable integrity. Soon after going upon the bench Judge Van Epps began, at odd hours, to work upon an Analytical Index and Digest of the Supreme Court Reports of Georgia, from vol ume 62 to volume 81 inclusive. He finished this undertaking- in October, 1890. and the splendid result of his labors has received the highest indorsement of the

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Georgia bar. He is now engaged in association with Judge John W. Akin, Cartersville, Ga., in the preparation of a more extended work--a digest of the Supreme Court Reports from volume i to volume 100, the appearance of which book is eagerly awaited by the bar. As judge of the city court of Atlanta, Judge Van Epps has presided in the hearing of nearly all the heavy damage suits against corpora tions during the last nine years. The work of the city court became so burdensome in 1891 that a provision was made by the general assembly of Georgia for the division, taking away the criminal jurisdiction of the city court of Atlanta, and vesting it in a new court, known as the criminal court of Atlanta. When not engaged in the hearing of criminal cases the judge of this court sits as associate judge of the city court of Atlanta. During his tenure of office Judge Van Epps
has decided quite a large number of legal questions, all of them demonstrating his marked judicial ability. Judge Van Epps is a member of the Independent Order
of Red Men, and is a vice-president of the American Bible society of New York. He is also a vice-president of the American Sunday School union of Philadelphia. Intensely religious in his nature, he is an active worker in the Central Presbyterian
church, of which he is a member, and teaches the young ladies' Bible class, whicli is one of the largest in the city. Judge Van Epps was united in marriage on Feb. 12,1873, to Miss Minnie C. Thomas, daughter of Mr. Stevens Thomas, of Atlanta, Ga. By this marriage several children were born to them, only two of whom are
living: Minnie and George D. Few men possessing the talents of Judge Van Epps have devoted them so unselfishly to the welfare of their fellow men. He has never thought of accumulating money: and his highest ambition has been to honor the profession of the law and make himself useful, at least in a measure, to the cause of God and humanity.

r\R. EMILE VAX GOIDTSXOVEX was born in Belgium Xov. 2, 1839, where he resided until his twenty-first year and attended the schools in that country.
In 1858 he entered the university of Lourain for the purpose of taking a medical
course in that celebrated institution, but before finishing his studies he came to the
United States with Hon. L. de Give, the Belgian consul, as chancellor, and located in Atlanta, where he engaged in mercantile business and in which he continued for about twenty years. He then attended the Southern Medical college, from
which he was graduated in 1883, established an office in the city, and has since practiced his profession with eminent success. Dr. Van Goidtsnoven is a mem ber of the State Medical society and of the Atlanta Society of Medicine, of the latter of which he has been treasurer. He also had the chair of diseases of children and was treasurer of the Atlanta polyclinic. He was first married in 1868 to Kate, daughter of Thomas Kelly, of Fairburn, Ga. His first wife having died without issue, in 1888 he was married to Jessie A. Phillips, of Brooklyn, N. Y. They have
two children. William L. E. and Marie Roberta. Dr. Goidtsnoven is city phy sician of the second ward of Atlanta, examining physician for branch No. 20, Catholic Knights of America, and is surgeon for the Atlanta division of the East Tennessee. Virginia & Georgia (now Southern) Railroad company. He is still connected with the Belgian consulate as chancellor. The father of Dr. Van Goidtsnoven was Adolphus Joseph Goidtsnoven, a native of Belgium, where he lived and died. Dr. Van Goidtsnoven is a devout member of the Roman Catholic church and a highly esteemed gentleman.

/""^OL. A. J. WEST is widely known throughout Georgia for valuable public services and as one of Atlanta's most successful business men. His grand
father. Andrew West, was one of the first settlers in Monroe county, Ga. His

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FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

951

father, James V. West, was murdered in Vcra Cruz, Mexico. His mother, Anne Elizabeth, was the daughter of Capt. Henry Butts, a member of one of the best known and most highly esteemed families in Georgia. By the death of his father in early life Col. West was thrown upon his own resources and began in his boyhood to take care of himself. At the age of seventeen he joined the Troup light guards, which became Company E, Forty-first Georgia regiment, Col. Jack Cartwright commanding, and shared in the battles of the army of the Tennessee to the final surrender at Grecnsborough in May, 1865, and actively participated in the chief battles, such as Vicksburg, Shiloh, Tupelo, Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Atlanta, Franklin, Nashville, and indeed in active service until the close of the war. He was several times mentioned for gallantry in battle and was pro moted twice by special distinction, in the famous charge of Bragg's army at Perryville West is named as the first man to reach the enemy's battery. He was severely wounded in one of these battles and left on the field as a dying soldier and attributes his recovery to the kindness of a Kentucky girl. Miss Lizzie Everhart, now the wife of Dr. Amos Fox, Atlanta's efficient postmaster. When the army of Tennessee surrendered at Greensborough, N. C., West returned to Troup county on foot, ragged and shoeless, but bravely resolved on making the most of his life. After a few months in school he moved to Atlanta, where he organized and worked up one of the largest wholesale grocery and commission houses in the south. The panic of 1873 prostrated this extensive business, bringing the loss of all he had made to the enterprising founder. Surrendering everything, he entered the real estate business, which, under his management, has grown to be one of the most extensive and reliable in the state. Realizing that the military spirit should be maintained in the south, Col. West organized the Fulton Blues, equipping the company at his own expense and commanding it for several years. Gen. Gordon. on his election to the office of governor, summoned him to his staff, and this honor was repeated by Gov. Northen, who appointed him quartermaster-general of Geor gia. Gov. Atkinson renewed the appointment in that important office. Mr. West, with the rank of colonel, now serves the state. Through his energy and skill the state encampment of the military was instituted and Camp Northen, near Griffin. made efficient. Col. West is also adjutant-general of the Georgia division, United Confederate Veterans, director of the Cotton States and International association, and is associated with prominent citizens in many enterprises to advance the inter ests of the state. Affable, energetic and prudent, he has won a high place in public esteem, which will grow with the coming years. He is a prominent and advanced member of the masonic fraternity, and an active and much valued mem ber of the First Methodist church, Atlanta.

THOMAS P. WESTMORELAND. One of the most distinguished, upright. useful and respected citizens of Atlanta is Judge Thomas P. Westmoreland, the-
present judge of the criminal court of Atlanta. Judge Westmoreland was born in
Greeneville counts', S. C.. on Aug. 5, 1843. His paternal ancestors were nearly all of English birth, the first of the number to emigrate to this country being Robert Westmoreland, a native of Westmorland county, England. He came to Amer ica with his two brothers, William and Thomas, in 1746, one settling in Virginia. one in North Carolina, and Robert, the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, locating in South Carolina. He was subsequently united in marriage to Miss Lenoir, of North Carolina, a sister of Gen. Lcnoir, one of the most distin
guished officers of the American revolution. His son. John Westmoreland. was. born in South Carolina, and was a gallant soldier in the war of 181.?. Mr. Westmoreland, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born in- Greeneville. S.

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MEMOIRS OF OEORGIA.

C, in 1808. He was a fanner by choice of occupation and devoted his life to that
ancient and honorable calling. For several years he served as a magistrate in his native county, and was also a captain of the old state militia. Prior to the war he served with distinction as a member of the state senate of South Carolina, and was also a member of the "Wallace house" of 1876. His wife's maiden name was Miss Martha Y. Crymes. She was a native of South Carolina and belonged to
one of the oldest and best families of that state. Eight children, as follows, sprang from the union thus happily formed: William M. C, of Cuthbert. Ga., who served throughout the entire war: John L.. who was also a gallant soldier in
the Confederate army, now residing in Grceneville county. S. C: Dr. Jesse M.. who served throughout the war. first as assistant surgeon of the Sixteenth South Carolina regiment, and afterward in one of the hospitals at Staunton, Vs.: Thomas P.. the subject of this sketch, who was also in the Confederate service: Preston Calhoun. and George, both of Atlanta. It is the highest proof of the sturdy char acteristics of this splendid family that all of its members have succeeded well in life antl have exercised a good influence in their respective communities. Judge
Westmorland spent his boyhood days in Greeneville county. S. C. Here he received his primary training from the common schools, and as soon as he was far
enough advanced in his books he entered the military institute at Columbia. In
1861 he matriculated as a student in Emory-Henry college, but in June of that year returned home for the puqiose of enlisting in the Confederate army. He entered the service as a private in Hampton's legion, but subsequently became a member of the staff of Gen. W. H. Whiting, serving in that capacity for a year and a half. On account of ill-health he was placed on detached duty for a year, after which time he rejoined the army and served uner Gen. Johnston until the war closed. He commanded Gen. Johnston's escort, and was in the last battle of the war at Rentonville. N". C. The subject of this sketch was in the following battles: Seven Pines, seven days" fight around Richmond. At the battle of Games' Mills, Ya..
called by the Federals Cold Harbor, the young soldier was complimented for his gallantry on the field, and afterward a written commendation of his behavior was embodied in the report of Gen. Whiting. Immediately after the war the subject of this sketch entered Firman university, in Greeneville. S. C., subsequentlv com
mencing the study of law in the office of C. J. Elford. in Greeneville. In November. 1866. the young applicant was admitted to the practice of his chosen profession by the supreme court of that state. Though he did not engage immediately in the practice he remained in Greeneville until the summer of 1867, and then came to Atlanta. Here he devoted himself with studious zeal and unremitting fidelitv to the labors of his profession, remaining in the active practice until 1891. when he was appointed judge of the criminal court of Atlanta for the trial of state offenses. Under this appointment he also serves as judge of the second division of the citv court of Atlanta, with jurisdiction to try civil cases. In his capacity as a civil magistrate Judge Westmorland has succeeded in breaking down the practice of gaming in Atlanta, and in restoring a condition of law and order in that communitv. He is
absolutely without fear, and is upright and conscientious in all his judicial rulings. An abler or more faithful officer never devoted his talents to the public service than Judge Westmorland. In civil, as well as in criminal matters, he has acquired a broad reputation, and his court is recognized as a tribunal before which justice can always be obtained. Judge Westmorland has always been a friend of tem perance, and has directed his energies to a very great extent against the liquor traffic, finally succeeding in his loyal and patient adherence to this movement in forcing it into its present restricted limitations. Judge Westmoreland is a member of Trinity Methodist church, of Atlanta, and is a'lso a steward and trustee of that

FULTON COUNTT SKETCHES.

953

church. He was united in marriage in 1874 to Miss Carrie V. Ra\vson, daughter of Mr. Edward E. Rawson, of Atlanta. As a lawyer, a jurist, a citizen and a man, Judge Westmoreland has always commanded the affectionate esteem and confidence of the community.

MR. GEORGE WESTMORELAXD, the youngest brother of Judge Thomas P. Westmoreland, is a distinguished young member of the Atlanta bar. He was
born in Greeneville county, S. C, and received his preliminary education from the
schools of that county. At the age of sixteen he entered a drug store in the town of Greeneville, and served in the capacity of a clerk for eight years. During this time his ambition was not allowed to pine in despondency. He managed to pre~ pare himself for college by studying one night and reciting the next, at the same time acquiring a thorough knowledge of the principles of bookkeeping. He left the drug store in 1875, having kept the books of his employer for six years in addition to his other work, thus saving enough money to defray his college expenses. Entering Firman university at Greeneville, S. C., he applied himself with diligence to his books for two years, after which he began to read law in the office of Earle & Wells. l>y a special act of the legislature he was admitted tp
the bar, after a brief preparatory course of fifteen months, the law of the state requiring twenty-four. He was examined in open court by Capt. George E. Wells, Solicitor j. S. Cawthorn and Judge Joseph N. Noston, who pronounced the young applicant brilliantly qualified to engage in the practice of his profession. He was at once taken into partnership by his preceptors, the new firm being that of Earle, Wells & Westmoreland. This partnership continued until 1880, when Capt. Earle moved to Washington city. The subject of this sketch remained in Greeneville, S. C., until 1891, when he came to Atlanta, leaving the second best practice in Greeneville. During the last year of his residence in that city he and his partner, H. J. Haynsworth, realized the handsome sum of $10,000. Coming to Atlanta Mr. Westmoreland formed a partnership with Mr. L. B. Austin, of that city, which continued until Jan. i, 1893, when he became a partner of Hon. John B. Goodwill, at that time mayor of the city. The subject of this sketch was for several years county attorney of Greeneville, S. C. He is a member of the Masonic brotherhood, and belongs to the Baptist church. Mr. Westmoreland was united in marriage Dec. 15, 1880, to Miss Eliviva T. Smith, daughter of the Rev. Julius C. Smith, of Greeneville, S. C., and granddaughter of the late Rev. Basil Manly, the great Baptist divine of Alabama, and president of the university of Alabama at Tuscaloosa. Four children have been the result of this happy union: Carrie, Sarah, Eliviva, and John L. The family is an interesting one, and the young barrister never fails to find at his home fireside a domestic remedy for all the cares and vexations of his profession. As a lawyer Mr. Westmoreland ranks among the best in the city, and his success at the bar is already defined and well assured.

)R. WILLIS F. WESTMORELAXD, who enjoys one of the largest practices in Atlanta, is a native of Milner, Ga., where he was born July 23, 1864, his
parents having been compelled to flee Atlanta because of the surrounding hostilities provoked by the civil war. Two or three months after his birth they returned to Atlanta, and there he received his early instruction that found ready access to his receptive faculties. In 1879 he entered the university of Georgetown, but remained only a few months, and came to Atlanta to commence the study of medicine under the guidance of his father. He attended a course of lectures in the Atlanta Medical college, graduating in 1884. During four or five succeeding
years he passed several months of each year in Xew York and Philadelphia, per-

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MKMO1RS OF GEORGIA.

feeling and roundiiig his knowledge in his favored science. In 1883 Dr. Westmorcland was united in marriage tp a daughter of the late eminent Judge O. A.
Lochrane. They have two children: Elma L., and Willis F. Jr. Dr. Wcstmoreland's great ability is recognized far and wide. He is a member of the American
Medical association: the Southern Surgical and Gynecological association; the
Tri-State Medical society, of which he was president in 1804; the Mississippi Valley Medical association, and the Atlanta Academy of Medicine. He is a worshipper at the Episcopal church, and affiliates ardently with the secret organi
zations, belonging to the Knights of Pythias, the Odd Fellows, the Elks, and the
Knight Templar Masons. Dr. \\cstinoreland is an honorable, courageous man, who knows the minutest details of his profession, attends closely to his practice
and has the respect of his co-laborers and the good will of all Atlanta. His father was Dr. Willis 1". \Yestiuoieland, the ablest and most skilled surgeon of his day. IIis influence was not hounded by state lines nor devoted entirely to
pecuniary gain: for his patients came from all sections of the Union and when too poor to engage his services were gladly treated gratuitously. His power for good was superlative. Dr. \Vestniorelaiid inherits the profundity of his father.

JOHX CHARLES WHITXER was bom in Kdgcfield county. S. C. not far from Augusta. Ga.. Sept. 23. 1831. the youngest of nine children. His father.
Benjamin Franklin Wbitner. was the eldest child of Joseph and Elizabeth Shacklefoul \\~hitner. both of whom lived and died near Peudleton. S. C. Joseph \Yhitner was a revolutionary soldier, entering the Continental army when quite young, and serving from the commeiieement'till the closeof thewarof independence, a part of the time under the celebrated Gen. Marion. His father. John Joseph \Yhitner,
who came to Charleston. S. C.. about 1757. was a German by birth, and son of Josef YYhitner. a man of position and wealth in that country. Elizabeth Shackleford Whitnir, was the daughter of William Shackleford, of Halifax county, Va.. who was a lieutenant in the revolutionary army and died at Dumfries, Ya.. in 1770. He was a son of Roger Shackleford. who emigrated from England to Hanover county. Ya.. in 1730. Benjamin Franklin Whitner was a man of fine attainments and remarkable intellectual ability. He graduated at the university of South Carolina, and entered immediately upon the practice of law, ranking with the ablest in that profession in his state. He was importuned to enter fully into politics, but declined further than to serve in the legislature, and for some years as state superintendent of internal improvements, conducted according to the state? rights theory of that day. He gave up the law practice, and turning it over
to hi? younger brother. Judge T. N. Whitner. who for years graced the bench of that state, embarked extensively in financial and commercial affairs. With a partner, he established a large business at Hamburg, opposite to, and then a rival of Augusta. Ga.. and a branch at Charleston. In the course of time they owned and ran two steamboats, the "Pendleton" and the "Lowndes." regularly between Augusta and Charleston. Major John C. Whi:n<?r's mother was descended from the finest English ancestry. She was Eliza Ann Spann. the youngest child of Capt. Tames Spann. an officer of the revolutionary army, who married Mrs. Eliza
beth rFox^ Turner, widow of Capt. Tames Turner, killed by the Cunningham gang during the war. She was a daughter of James Fox of England, and sister of John Fox. the wealthy and aristocratic Englishman who lived and died near Augusta. Ga.. both relations of the great English statesman of that name. When John C. Whitner was but a small child, his parents removed to Florida, settling in Madison county. The Indian war soon became severe, and much trouble \va< experienced in this count}-, so that the home of Col. Whitner. father of John C.

JOHN C. WHITNKR.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

955

Whitner, was visited by the savages who destroyed much property, including many valuable family relics, though fortunately the family was absent at the time. This caused another removal to a lovely place situated upon Lake Jackson, about eight miles from Tallahassce. Here Col. Whitncr established an elegant and attractive home, known as Casa de Lago, not surpassed in its hospitalities and social pleasures by any home in the south. In Florida he also became a leading citizen, his warmth of heart causing him to be as devoted to principle as he was to good works. It was largely under his advocacy and careful blocking out, that the foundation of the free school system in that state was laid far back in the "forties," and subsequently, that the railroad system was established, which has since con stituted the trunk lines running east and west. He was for years president of the Union bank, and leading financier even up to his death, which occurred at the age of seventy-five, in October, 1864. His services in behalf of the southern cause, and in aid of the families of the soldiers in the army, are still gratefully treasured up by the survivors of those times. From Tallahassee John C. Whitner came to the university of Georgia, entering that institution in 1850, and graduating in 1853. His room mate for three years was Gen. John B. Gordon, between whom and himself there was then formed and still exists, an intimacy and affection equal to that existing between brothers. Expecting to lead the life of a planter, Major Whitner, though taking a high stand generally in his class, followed his preference and strove mainly for the front rank as a writer. This he attained, he and the late Col. James D. Waddel leading the class in this line. He was made one of the editors of the "Georgia University Magazine," a monthly then conducted by each senior class, which attained its highest success and distinction during the manage ment of the class of 1853. The month after graduating, Sept. 28, 1853, he married Miss Sarah Martha Cobb, youngest daughter of Col. John Addison and Sarah Robinson (Rootcs) Cobb. They went immediately to his home on a plantation about eight miles south of Quincy, Fla. His father and mother, though the former was president of a bank in Tallahassee, lived with them a good deal of the time. In October, 1854, his mother died, and that determined him one year after to give up plantation life, and take his wife and child to live nearer her relations. So in December, 1855, relying proudly upon his own efforts, without calling upon his father and therefore with capital borrowed elsewhere, he bought a half interest in a general store at West Point, Ga., and took up residence just across the line in Chambers county, Ala. A few months after starting business, Mr. Whitner bought out his partner, and continued alone the remainder of his mercantile experience. He managed so well as to be able to return within a year and a half all the capital borrowed, and still to keep his business easily going. In the fall of 1856 he was appointed agent of the Georgia R. R. Bank of Augusta, and the next year was appointed agent also of the Farmers' & Exchange bank, of Charleston. S. C. These positions he filled successfully, making money for those banks and for himself. His home was a happy and hospitable one, seldom without friends and visitors. Yet his work was conducted with" careful attention. Just before the war started, a representative of the majority stockholders of the Bank of Mont gomery tendered him the cashiership thereof, the president having died, and Mr. Hanndn, the cashier being promoted to the presidency. But the time seemed too threatening to authorize any change, and the matter was dropped, the bank itself being subsequently wiped out by the war. Secession became successful, the provisional government was constituted in Montgomery, and Hon. Jefferson Davis was elected president. When his cabinet was determined upon, a friend of Major Whitner, in a personal interview, presented to him from the secretary of the treasury the question of acceptance of the position of Confederate states

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

treasurer. Doubtless those bank men in Charleston with and for whom Mr. Whitner had worked for years, had something to do with the offer. He hesitated as to his qualification for the position, and though urged by prominent friends to accept, finally declined, Major Whitner was appointed to a position upon the
staff of Gen. Howell Cobb, and was with him in Virginia and North Carolina. His own health gave way. and thus continued for many years after the war. He was
placed upon special duty, and in the fall of 1863 having had committed tohimcertain secret archives of the Confederate government, was stationed in Atlanta, subject to staff duties to any commanding general requiring his services. Judge John P. King, president of the Georgia R. R. and Banking company, urged him to take position in service of the bank department in Atlanta, as assistant to Judge W. W. Clayton, the agent. Under the circumstances, this could not at first be considered, but as the bank was overwhelmed as depository of Confederate government funds,
Judge King had matters arranged for Major Whitner to give a portion of each day to the bank whilst in Atlanta. This position he satisfactorily filled until about
June i. 1864. Several patriotic gentlemen were advised by Major Whitner, who in turn was so advised by a superior officer, to buy one of the four daily papers published in Atlanta, and change it into a Davis administration paper. The other dailies were criticising President Davis because Gen. Joseph E. Johnston was
retained in command of the army. Gen. Johneton complained about this to an
officer, because a? he said it was calculated to hurt the spirit of his troops. The paper purchased was the "Daily Register.'' which had refugeed from Knoxville.
Major Whitner became a stockholder with others, the firm name adopted being Whitner. Brown & Co. To his surprise, he was made editor-in-chief, and entered immediately upon the duties of the position, having to devote to his editorial
duties the night and the few hours of the day that could be used. He was wise enough to impress into his service as patriotic assistants to meet special needs, such writers as Gen. William M. Brown, who was editor of the "Constitution," a paper published in Washington during Buchanan's administration, Hon. L. Q. C. Lamar. Gen. Howell Cobb. Charles H. Smith (Bill Arp) and other able writers. The paper in its first issue under the new firm turned completely round, and was welcomed as one of the warmest defenders of Mr. Davis and of Gen.
Johnston. Gen. Johnston sent expressions of his high appreciation of the good service rendered, and President Davis wrote a prominent gentleman his apprecia tion also. After a while, the paper was compelled to leave Atlanta and was after
ward published in Augusta. Ga. Major Whitner was put under orders, and was telegraphed to leave, which was done upon the last train that went out on the West Point road before Atlanta was evacuated. The Confederate archives were under his care, his orders coming direct from Richmond. Upon entering Alabama,
another order came to move away, and not having any positive information as to danger, he found himself nearly within the folds of a large force of Federal cavalry, commanded by Gen. Rousseau. From this time. Major Whitner's orders came more rapidly, and he was stationed at different times at Columbus and Augusta, Ga.. and Columbia. S. C. The fit-Id of operation becoming so circumscribed, the Federals approaching from all sides, there was no place of safety where Major Whitner's family were willing to be left. So upon being ordered from Atlanta, his good wife accompanied him \\ith five little ones. While privations were great at the best protected homes at that time, they were far worse to a family having to move from place to place, often in storms of rain and snow, besides being exposed to every kind of danger. At length when stationed in South Carolina, after Columbia was burned, or-lcrs came to retuni to Georgia, and accompanied by a guard he cam-,- on to Ath.-n<. The trust was of such value that Major Whitner

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957

wished no longer to risk its safety as had been done before. It occurred to him that the boxes and their contents should be placed in greater security. He had been often within sight of the enemy, frequently almost captured by them, so that
for their safety till the war was decided one way or another, upon his own responsibility, he offered Rev. Dr. A. A. Lipscomb, chancellor of the university of Georgia, to commit to that institution these archives--as a present if the south
failed--yet upon the condition, that the matter of storage should be kept a pro found secret, and that the records should be surrendered to authorities over himself whenever demanded. The terms were accepted, and by Dr. Lipscomb's 'appointment they were carried about 11 o'clock one Sunday night to the campus, where the venerable chancellor and Professor Williams Rutherford were met, and the boxes carried into the library building, and deposited. Here they remained for several months. The surrender of armies soon came, first of Gen. Lee's, then of
Gen. Johnston's, followed rapidly by the surrender of subordinate officers under these two generals. At the time, Major Whitner was under command of Gen. Howell Cobb. When the war closed Major Whitner was left practically penniless. His faith in the success of the south was strong and his calculations were based thereupon. Considering his obligations sacred for goods purchased in New
York in the fall of 1860, he did all in his power to pay the same. He continued sending money to New York up to the last possible opportunity. He borrowed
money upon honor for this purpose. At the end of the war these latter obligations were presented and fully met, sweeping away all property he had. There was some $25,000 due upon his store books, and these books were also turned over for the benefit of creditors. It was, therefore, no mere joke, which Major Whitner wrote to his old friend J. B. Bennett, manager of the Aetna Insurance company, Cincin nati: "My inventory of earthly possessions is briefly this: One wife, five children,
six chairs, two beds, one table, a few religious books and one cow." Under these circumstances. Major Whitner had to start life as it were entirely anew. He had
risked all for the southern cause and lost all so far as worldly possessions and business were concerned. The change was a complete revolution, affecting every
concern of life. One at this distance of time cannot even imagine a change so radical. Yet he determined to start again life's struggle, even though more bur dened and less equipped than when ten years before he first left parental counsel
and help, for his first struggle. Without going into details, a tender little incident may be related. With no money, in a country where there was nothing to buy,
even if there had been money, at one meal every vestige of food was eaten by the
hungry ones around him. A little daughter sitting nearest and not appreciating the circumstances, looked into his face and said most plaintively. "Please, just another little piece of bread, I am so hungry." The father rose scarce able to keep
back the tears which sprang to his eyes as he walked away, and then as by inspiration, the thought filled his soul, "why not try a letter to the 'New York Herald'.'" It was carefully written, and there being no mail facilities the express agent kindly deadheaded it to that paper. In return came a few words written by the elder Bennett himself, accepting the article, asking for another, and enclosing a crisp greenback. Though Major Whitner's success in this line was good, and flattering offers were made for the future, still he was bent, if possible, upon start ing some permanent business. With this object he came to Atlanta in May, 1865. and soon entered upon a successful career. . Major Whitner's insurance life began not long after he commenced business at West Point, Ga.. somewhere about 1858. Mr. C. C. Hine, the distinguished insurance journalist of New York, then special agent of the Aetna Insurance company, in its western department, visited West Point and gave him that company. The business, though small in comparison

9 %e8

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

to his other large affairs, was still very attractive, and he studied for the depths
of its mysteries in every branch. Mr. Bennett being pleased with him, repeatedly
wrote him on different subjects, and requested him to investigate and make a
report upon cotton storage and cotton tires, which was satisfactorily done. Even while stationed in Atlanta during the war, though expecting everything to be but
temporary, companies found him out and forced themselves upon him. Of course many a wink was given during the hours detailed to the bank, and some policies then written having been practically renewed from year to year by him or his sons
up to the present day. Upon coming to Atlanta after the war, several offers of
business were made Major Whitner, and he accepted that of wholesale and retail drugs, which, however, after a trial was abandoned and insurance adopted as his sole occupation. It was not long before his agency led in insurance business in Atlanta, and after a little while he was appointed general agent of the Home
Insurance company of Xew York. He afterward had the management of the southern department of the British America Insurance company, and then the Merchants" Insurance company of Newark, which he held for over twelve years. Other companies, as the Amazon of Cincinnati, and Hibernia of New Orleans were in his charge as long as they did general agency business. In 1889 he was
appointed general agent of Girard Fire Insurance company of Philadelphia, which is still under his management. He also has the general agency of Palatine Insur ance company, of England, and of the Sun Mutual Insurance company of Xew Orleans. Thus Major Whitner it is seen is one of the oldest as he is one of the ablest of southern underwriters. As another has said age has touched him lightly and even not perceptibly, for erect and vigorous his commanding figure is con spicuous at every gathering of importance in his section, and his clear ringing
voice, ready command of language and wonderful power to simplify and make lucid all points for which he contends, earn- an influence few possess, and make him one of the strongest of debaters. Major \Vhitner became a member of the
Presbyterian church in Athens, Ga., in January, 1853, during his senior year at college. His membership was afterward transferred to Quincy, Fla.; and still later in 1856 to West Point, Ga., where he was made a ruling elder. Moving subse quently to Atlanta. Ga., he was made, in 1865, an elder in the Central Presbyterian
church of that city, a position which he afterward resigned. He was for years a successful superintendent of the Sunday school of that church. Some years after ward by invitation and without moving his membership, he accepted the superin-
tendency of the Sunday school of Third Presbyterian (Moore Memorial) church, at a time when that church was in a greatly disturbed condition, amounting almost to a crisis in its existence, with its school entirely broken up. He first started up
the Sunday school, then got the church to working harmoniously, and soon every thing moved successfully along and a pastor was chosen. This position he also resigned because of failing health. Major Whitner is an unusually well posted Christian gentleman: takes a deep interest in all the work of the church; is a
liberal contributor to all its enterprises: an active laborer in such work as he has the opportunity of engaging in; and is loved and trusted and honored by those
who know him best. His home is one of the happiest upon earth. His wife who
has been a loving companion, a helpmeet indeed, in even' joy and sorrow and duty of life since their young days, is just the woman to make home peaceful and happy. As age moves along, truth and peace and piety blend their hearts more
perfectly, and surrounded by loving children, they are truly growing old hand somely together. They have been blessed with seven children, never losing one.
and each voluntarily applying for church membership before passing twelve years of age. With children, children-in-law, and grandchildren, their house for years

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has been the home of a family of twenty-seven, with two little grandchildren sleeping at VVestview cemetery. Major Whitner's maxim has been, as to home, to make it first a Christian home, and then with that to render it the happiest spot upon earth to every child, by affording enjoyment of every innocent pleasure
within reach.

QRANT WILKINS. No citizen of Atlanta has displayed a greater spirit of enterprise or been more actively identified with the development of that city
than Mr. Grant Wilkins. As the civil engineer in charge of the work of beautifying the grounds of the Cotton States and International exposition he has achieved perhaps the greatest success of his life and planted his reputation upon a secure and permanent foundation. The subject of this sketch was born in Liberty county, Ga., Feb. 20, 1843. This county, since the beginning of the revolutionary war, has been prolific of brainy and useful men, and is still the home of many of the oldest and best families of Georgia. The genealogy of the Wilkins family runs back to Archibald Wilkins, a native of England. His son, John Wilkins, came to this country in early manhood with the British troops and distinguished himself as a gallant officer in that great struggle which resulted so disastrously to England. His son, Hamilton Wilkins, located in Georgia at the beginning of the present century, and in the little town of Sunbttry, on June 5, 1818, Joseph Campbell Wilkins, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born. During early life he followed the legal profession, but subsequently devoted himself to farming, and became quite a successful planter. His wife, Mary Elizabeth Grant, was the daughter of the late Daniel Grant, of North Carolina, in whose house, after his removal to this state, the first Methodist conference in Georgia was held. The subject of this sketch resided in Liberty county until 1860, receiving his primary education from the schools of that vicinity. After this he resided for short inter vals in Clarke, Meriwether and Walker counties. In April, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the famous Troup artillery, organized at Athens, Ga., and served as such until after the battle of Sharpsburg. He then entered the signal service under Gen. McLaws and served in that division until after the battle of Lookout Mountain. Going thence to Richmond, Va., he was detailed in the war depart ment and assigned to duty in the signal service. From Richmond he went to North Carolina, where he organized a signal corps for Gen. R. F. Hoke, and served under that officer until after the battle of Drewry's Bluff. He was then sent as a signal officer aboard the "Old Dominion" and later to the "Evelyn," the vessel which carried the last cargo of government cotton out of Wilmington, N. C, to Nassau. Still in the signal service, he next went to Galveston, Tex., and thence to Cuba, on board the "Evelyn," reaching Cuba just after the assassination of President Lincoln. From Cuba Mr. Wilkins next went to Halifax, Nova Scotia, entering the civil engineering corps of the government and remaining there until October, 1867. The subject of this sketch then came to Atlanta. His first acquaintance with the city was in 1860, but his stay at that time was quite brief. He went to work on the Georgia railroad and remained in the employ of that company until the latter part of 1868. He then went into business for himself as a civil engineer, making a specialty of constructing bridges. In this capacity he is still engaged. Mr. Wilkins in 1878 took charge, as" general man ager, of the old Atlanta rolling mill, and continued with the mill until its destruc tion by fire in 1881. He then organized the firm of Wilkins, Post & Co. and built the extensive shops of that enterprising establishment, afterward owned by the Atlanta Bridge & Axle company, for which company he served as engineer until
October, 1889. Since that time he has been engaged in the business of engineer-

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

ing on his own responsibility. Mr. Wilkins is a member of the board of directors of the Cotton States and International exposition, and as chief of construction has drawn all the plans for the laying off of the grounds. Air. Wilkins was the engi neer of the Forsyth street bridge, and that structure is a monument to his skill and professional responsibility. Mr. Wilkins was married on Jan. 18, 1871, to Miss Julia S. Abercrombie, daughter of Dr. Charles T..Abercrombie, of Russell county, Ala. They have three children: Julia, John G. and Charles A., and the family is a bright and interesting one. Mr. Wilkins belongs to the masonic fra ternity and is a consistent and useful member of the Episcopal church. He has never taken an active part in public affairs, but has never hesitated to serve the public in the capacity of a law-abiding and conscientious private citizen.

JAMES ETHELDRED WILLIAMS, retired merchant and ex-mayor of At lanta, was born in East Tennessee, of Xorth Carolina parentage, Jan. 16, 1826.
His great-grandfather, James Williams, was married in Edgeccmbe county, X. C, about 1760. His grandfather, Matthew Williams, married Elizabeth, daughter of Elias and Sarah (Sugg) Fort, about 1788, and removed with his father-in-law's
numerous family in 1791 from Edgecombe county, X. C., to Robertson county, Tenn.. where the settlement was named Fort's Station. At this place, in 1793, was born William Fort Williams, the father of the subject of this sketch. At the age of nineteen, when war was declared with Great Britain, in 1812, he volunteered in the First Tennessee regiment, and served under Gen. Andrew Jackson until the close of the war. For the next three years, from 1815 to 1818, he was a farmer and trader, building flat boats near Clarksville, on the Cumberland river, loading them with country produce and floating down that and the Mississippi river to market at Xew Orleans. At that time this was quite a dangerous business, the country through which they were compelled to pass being infested with Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians, as well as lawless whites (Spaniards and Frenchmen) whose depredations were the terror of the rivers. In bad weather and at night when the boats could not run the traders would have to spar them out in the river and keep regular watch to prevent robbery. In 1818 he married Ann K., the youngest daughter of William and Mary Copeland, and purchased the old Copeland homestead in Grainger county, East Tennessee, near Beans Station, forty miles east of Knoxville. on the great stage road from Washington city to Xew Orleans, where he died in 1840. Ten children were the fruit of this union: Cyn thia Elizabeth, Man- Ann, Man,- Catherine, James Etheldred, William Matthew, Cornelia. Catherine, Mary Lucretia, Thomas Humes, Lucy Jane and Samuel Copeland, born in the order named from 1820 to 1840. Eight grew to manhood and womanhood and all had the advantages of good schools in the vicinity of their home. James Etheldred. after attending school in Knoxville, went to Holston college at X'ew Market, Tenn. Leaving college in 1844, at the age of eighteen, he sold goods for his cousin. William Williams, at Rocky Springs, East Tennessee ("the old country home of his uncle, Etheldred Williams), about two years. In 1846-47 he was in charge of the postoffice at Knoxville, Tenn., during the absence of the postmaster. Col. Samuel W. Bell, who went to Mexico with the United States army. Although only twenty years old when he assumed this very responsi ble position--Knoxville being at that time one of the most important offices in the south--his discharge of its duties was in every way satisfactory to the public and the postoffice department. After the close of the Mexican war he engaged in busi ness with his cousins. James and William Williams, wholesale grocers and steam boat owners, he being most of the time on the Tennessee river, running from Knoxville to Decatur. Ala., until October, 1851, when the fame of Atlanta's busi-

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961

ness advantages caused him to leave Tennessee and cast his fortunes with the young Gate city. From 1851 to 1862 he was at the head of perhaps the largest house in the city, handling Tennessee and western produce on commission, num bering among its consignees farmers and merchants of Tennessee and Kentucky mainly, whose confidence in fair and just treatment built up a great business. With characteristic enterprise he during this period built the Athenaeum, which front a theatrical point of view sustained the same relation to the Atlanta of that clay that The Grand does to the Atlanta of to-day. This was only given up when in the progress of the war between the states the section of country whence the . supplies came was evacuated by the southern army and passed within the Union lines. At this time, in 1862, after the retreat of the Confederate troops from Ten nessee, when the general hospitals were moved to Atlanta, two associations were formed, known respectively as the Georgia and Tennessee Relief associations';. which had charge of the receipt and distribution to the local and field hospitals of the large quantities of hospital supplies collected from all over the south. To these associations he gave not only his entire time and services, but the free use of his large warehouse on Decatur and Line (now Edgewood avenue) streets, between Peachtree and Pryor streets, and from that time until the surrender in 1865 his service was continuous. During the siege of Atlanta, although incapaci tated for field and active duty, he rendered regular military service with the Atlanta fire department, which was mustered into the Confederate service in 1863, and which did post duty all the terrible weeks from July 20 to Sept. i, 1864. while that city was being shelled by Sherman, and when his beloved home fell by the fortunes of war he left it with the rear guard of the Confederate army on the night of Sept i, 1864, and continued with the army until the final surrender in April, 1865. Always taking a strong personal interest in the welfare of Atlanta, he was enabled at various periods by his active efforts to assist in the accom plishment of some of its greatest benefits. He served as a member of the city council as early as 1858 and again in 1862 and 1863. Having returned to the city immediately after the close of the war, he at once set about rebuilding the waste places, and by the support of many of the old citizens, who had also returned after being scattered by the evacuation, he was elected and installed mayor of the city. He was again elected in 1866, and his administration extended over three years, since no election was held in 1867, the military authorities at that time deeming the excitement of an election undesirable. The events of 1866-67 an" 1868, the years embraced by his terms of office, were momentous for the fate of the Phoenix city. Reduced to ashes at the close of the war, over-run by the floatingscum from two armies, and thronged by thousands of black as well as white pau pers who had been fed here by the United States government at a time when that or starvation were the only possibilities, Atlanta needed men of strength and wisdom to guide the cause of affairs. In this task he was most fortunate in having as his co-workers and supporters in the city government such able and efficient men as Richard Peters, Thomas Castleberry, Weldon Mitchell, Edward E. Rawson, George Terry, William Anderson, William B. Cox, Julius A. Hayden, Edward W. Holland and others, who were members of the council, as well as a most reliable and faithful police force headed by Col. Lovick P. Thomas, deceased, as
city marshal, to whom much credit is clue that never, during all these troublous times, was it necessary to ask the aid of the military authorities to quell disorder or preserve the peace. This was a very critical period in the history of the city and state, and fortunately for the city Mayor Williams proved equal to the extreme delicacy and the emergencies of the situation. He was thrown much into consul
tation with Gen. Meade and takes much pleasure in speaking of the pleasantness 1-61

962

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

of his personal and official intercourse with that distinguished military chieftain whom, he says, he found to be fair-minded and free from prejudice, and at all times and under all circumstances a courteous gentleman, and anxious and ready
in his official position to do even-thing in his power or that wqs necessary to be done to preserve good order and promote peace and the welfare of law-abiding citizens. During his administration of the affairs of Atlanta, and largely through his instrumentality the original removal of the state capital from Alilledgeville to this city was effected. When the constitutional convention of 1867 was in session a resolution was offered proposing to embrace in it the removal of the capital. He immediately called the city council together, which authorized a prop osition to be made which was accepted by the convention securing the removal; and when the legislature met which was elected under the new constitution, after further negotiations the agreement was complied with. During the year 1868, hislast year in office, the building of two most important lines of railroad--perhaps the greatest factors in the city's growth--namely, the Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line and the Georgia Western (Atlanta to Birmingham, Ala.) were secured by sub
scriptions of 8300.000 to each by the city, which were enthusiastically advocated by him and the immense benefits of which he has had the good fortune to live and see. From 1869 to 1880 Mr. Williams engaged in such general trading in grain, provisions, etc.. as would employ his time and capital with fair promise of profitable returns. Since 1880 he has not been actively engaged in business, devoting his years to his family and home, residing at this time at the Terraces, the large and lovely residence which he built in 1866, then at the terminus of Forest avenue, now at the corner of this avenue and Fort street, the latter street, by the way, having been named in his honor by the city authorities, the name Fort being used because there was already a street bearing the name of Williams. Mr. Williams was married in 1852 to Miss Sarah Elizabeth Lovejoy, of Chattooga county, Ga., who is still living. Miss Lovejoy was of the same North Carolina stock as the Williams and Fort families, her ancestors, the Hintons and Bradfords, having come to Georgia from Carolina about the same time as his went to Ten nessee. To them eight children were born, all of whom are living: William Fort, Etheldred, Thomas Humes, Jr., James Edward, Martha Lovejoy, Sarah Elizabeth, Cornelia Catherine and Samuel Copeland, Jr. Mr. Williams is a master Mason, past master of Fulton lodge, now a member of Georgia lodge, and affiliates with the Protestant Episcopal church, of which all his children are members. He is also a member of the Fulton County Confederate Veterans' association, and is now serving his third term as the honored president of the Pioneer Citizens' society of Atlanta. Mr. Williams is a man of progressive ideas, public spirited and largehearted, and in the highest degree sympathetic. During the most trying portion of his mayoralty the city was sorely scourged with smallpox, when he was unremitting in his efforts to check its progress and alleviate the distresses of those afflicted. No citizen of Atlanta is held in higher esteem for public service faithfully and selfsacrificingly rendered and for unblemished business and private character.

/"1EORGE WIXSHIP, manufacturer, was born in Clinton, Jones Co., Ga., Dec. 20, 1835. In this town he was prepared by literary training for his future
career, and resided there until seventeen years of age, when he came to Atlanta \vith his father, Joseph Winship, who established a car manufactory, George aiding him in the enterprise. Jn 1854 he started a machine shop in connection with his former undertaking, and about 1856 he discovered that the latter was yielding more and better profits than the former, and consequently abandoned the car industry and devoted his whole attention to the machine shop. Here he has since

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labored and developed the small, obscure business into one of the greatest iron manufactories in the south. In the spring of 1862 he relinquished his pecuniary
pursuit and enlisted in Cobb's legion of cavalry as a private, and served in this rank until the irritation of his wounds forced him to leave the army during the winter of 1864. He was engaged in many battles and skirmishes, and was several
times the victim of Federal bullets, once near Harper's Ferry in 1862, and once in the neighborhood of Brandy station in August, 1863. 1 J866 he returned to Atlanta, resumed his business, rebuilt the shops that Sherman's fire had destroyed and laid the foundation of his present fortune. Mr. Winship was married first in 1860 to Eugenia Speer of Fort Valley, Ga. She died in 1869, leaving two children: Mrs. Robert Taylor of Baltimore, Md.; and Mrs. J. H. Nunnally of Atlanta. Mr. Winship was married again in 1879 to Lula, daughter of Thomas J.Lane of Macon, Ga. They have two sons: George and Joseph. Mr. Winship is a thorough busi ness man and in the commercial firmament is among the brightest lights. He is a director in the Atlanta Home Insurance company, the Trust company of Atlanta, the Merchants' bank, the Fidelity Banking and Trust company, the Atlanta Bank ing company, and has served for six years on the board of water commissioners. He affiliates with the First Methodist church, and has been elected steward and trustee in that religious organization. Mr. Winship's father was a native of Mas sachusetts and came to Georgia in 1820. Mr. Winship is a model citizen--quiet, reserved and dignified, his influence is widely disseminated.

r\R. BERNARD WOLFF, one of the leading specialists of Atlanta, was born at River Bound, Prince Edward Co., Va., March 27, 1868. When he was but
two years old his parents took him to Richmond and there he lived until he was thirteen, going to school at times, but soon the family again removed to Farmville, also in Virginia. At this place he attended school two years, and in 1882 went to Hampden--Sidney college--where he took an irregular course, completing it in 1886. In the autumn of that year he went to Charlottesville. Ga., where he matriculated in the medical department of the Virginia university and graduated in medicine there in 1888. Next fall he was appointed assistant demonstrator of anatomy in that institution and served in that capacity until April, 1889, when he went to New York and spent a year in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Then he served in Roosevelt and Chambers street hospitals and was for a time assistant resident physician in Williard-Parkcr hospital, the latter being devoted to contagious diseases. Next he served a year at the Vanderbilt clinic and after ward became a private pupil of Dr. Geo. T. Elliott, the well-known dermatologist. In May, 1892, Dr. Wolff went to Europe, traveling through Germany and Eng land and for some months was assistant to Dr. P. G. Unna, the leading derma tologist of the world. He stayed with Dr. Unna until March of that year, and then journeyed to Paris, where he "walked" the hospitals of St. Louis with Besnier,
Hallopeau, Fournier and Vidal. He left European shores in June, 1893, and reaching America again, located in Atlanta, where he now practices as a special ist on skin diseases. He is also lecturer on this subject at the Southern Medical college. He is a member of the State Medical society, the Atlanta Society of Medi cine, the New York County Medical association of New York, the Harlem Medical association of Harlem, N. Y., and he is also a fellow of the medical society of Yirgina, and of the American Medical association. He is, in addition, a member of the National Scotch-Irish society, the Society of the Sons of the Revolution, of the Capital City club of Atlanta, and of the Presbyterian church. Dr. WolfFs father was Bernard B. Wolff, a native of Virginia, who was a planter, and died soon after the war. He was on Gen. Pendleton's staff in the Confederate service and held the

964

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

rank of major. Dr. Wolrfs grandfather was Christian D. Wolff, a native of Vir ginia, and his maternal great-great-grandfather was Gen.-William Campbell, who was a native of Augusta county, Virginia, and was the brigadier-general in the revo lution who was in command at King's mountain. Dr. WolfFs father's ancestors came originally from Germany, the emigrant being John George Wolff, who came from the Palatinate to America in 1730. His mother's emigrant ancestor was Ephraim McDowell. who came to America from Londonderry, Ireland, in 1/27. Dr. Wolff is the editor and proprietor of the "Southern Medical Record." He was married Oct. 18. 1894. to Marian Hillyer, daughter of Judge George Hillyer of Atlanta.

CTEWART F. WOODSOX. One of the most successful young business men of Georgia, whose talents have been employed in the promotion of Atlanta's
mercantile interests, is Mr. Stewart F. Woodson. Pluck, energy and persever ance have been the distinguishing characteristics of this enterprising young busi ness man. and from a beardless youth, beginning the struggle of life when only twelve years, he has risen, by virtue of these qualities, to his present high and influential position. As the president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce Mr. Woodson has made an able and faithful officer and has presided over the delibera tions of the body with grace, firmness and impartiality. Mr. Woodson's father, William D. Woodson. was a native of Virginia. He came to Georgia at a very early age and located at Macon. Here he remained for about ten years, engaged in mercantile pursuits, after which he removed to Thomaston, Ga., and estab lished himself in business at that place. The war, however, prevented the realiza tion of his business plans, and as soon as hostilities commenced he entered the Confederate army. He held the rank of captain and remained in the active service until he was killed at Jonesboro, Ga., in 1864. His surviving widow, whose maiden name was Martha Floyd, the daughter of Stewart Floyd, of Morgan county, was left \vith five children, three of whom are still living: Stewart F., the fubject of this sketch: William D., and T- P. Woodson, all of Atlanta, Ga. Stew art Floyd Woodson was born in Madison, Morgan Co., Ga., on Aug. 17, 1850. Here he received his primary instruction and remained in the prosecution of his studies until he reached his twelfth year. He was a strong, vigorous boy, and being ambitious to contribute to the support of his widowed mother and the littlefamily of children dependent upon her, he decided to make a start at that tender age in the business world. Coming to Atlanta with his mother, he entered tiltestablishment of Langston & Crane, wholesale grocers and cotton factors, and clerked for that firm until 1881. He was faithful and prompt in discharging his duties as a clerk, and his businesslike deportment soon attracted the attention of his employers. He acquired a thorough knowledge of the business, and by making a careful study of each day's work he mastered the details of the estab lishment to such an extent as to make his services indispensible to the firm. In 1881 he acquired a partnership interest in the business, and on the death of Maj. B. E. Crane, in 1885, tne style of the firm was changed to that of Langston & Woodson. Mr. Woodson is the president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, to which position he was recently elected by the merchants of Atlanta composing that body. It is a position of honor and responsibility and requires from its occu pant not only a varied amount of business experience, but the display of other needed qualifications, such as tact, patience, devotion to the public welfare and a tireless zeal in the performance of public duty. Mr. Woodson is also the presi dent of the Wholesale Merchants' association, and is director in quite a number of local organizations. In 1891 Mr. Woodson was elected to a seat in the city

S. F. WOODSON.

FULTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

965

council, but on account of the pressure of business engagements he was forced to decline the honor thus conferred upon him. It has always been the rule of Mr. Woodson's life never to assume a greater burden than he could well carry, and hence it may be said of him as a business man that his promise to do a particular thing is always the pledge of its performance. He has also, in his business methods, demonstrated the truth of the old adage that whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. By virtue of his position as the president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce it is necessary for him to keep thoroughly posted on all the developments of the business and financial world. It is needless to say that he is rarely found napping and that his business colleagues have unbounded confidence both in the reliability of his judgment and the correctness of his information. His views on the currency are sound and well matured. He takes very little interest in politics, from an active standpoint, but conscientiously performs his duty as a good citizen, and believes that upright and useful men only should occupy positions of trust and responsibility. Socially, Mr. Woodson is a man of engaging manners and is broadly sympathetic in his nature. He is full of the soulful good-humor that makes him a genial companion and the best of friends. His fondness for the latter is one of the distinguishing marks of his character, and no one can outdo him in his willingness to serve his friends or in the test to which his friendship may be put in their behalf. If the pros pects of his career are fully realized, Mr. Woodson, without flattering his business record, is destined to become one of the strongest commercial pillars in Atlanta.

\fyfILLIAM AMBROSE WRIGHT, comptroller-general of Georgia, was born in Louisville, Jefferson Co., Ga., once the capital of the state, Jan. 19, 1844.
He was brought up and educated there, going to the noted school taught by the equally noted teacher, Prof. W. S. Lourey, who also educated Mr. Wright's father. In May, 1861, he left this school and enlisted in the Third Georgia regiment, organized and commanded by his father, Ambrose R. Wright. He was mustered in as a private and was sent to Norfolk, Va., where he remained a year and then went to Richmond. In August, 1862, when on a march from Richmond to Manassas, Mr. Wright was promoted to be first lieutenant of artillery and ordnance officer of Wright's brigade, his father having been made brigadier. Lieut. Wright served as such officer until about Nov. i, 1864, when he was assigned to post ord nance duty at Augusta, Ga., remaining there until the surrender. He was in the seven days' fight around Richmond and Second Manassas, where he lost his right leg Aug. 30, 1862. He remained in a farm-house near by three weeks and then went home, staying there from Oct. I, 1862, till April i, 1863, when he rejoined his command at Fredericksburg, maimed as he was, and continued in active duty until June, 1863, taking part in the battle of Chancellorsville in May of that year. In June of this year, just after he had, in company with his father, Gen. Wright and staff, crossed the Potomac at Sharpsburg, he was captured by a band of New York scouts and carried to Gen. Tyler's headquarters just across the river from Harper's Ferry. He was first sent to Fort McHenry for two weeks, then to Fort Delaware on the coast, just below Philadelphia, and was kept there three weeks, was sent to Johnson's island, where he remained about ten months, and was then transferred in charge of a troop of sick and permanently disabled Confederate soldiers, some four to five hundred in number. On this journey Lieut. Wright was the only one of the party who could walk. A month later he was regularly exchanged and rejoined his command at Petersburg, where he was in several fights, the most notable one being the Crater. Subsequently he came home and was detailed on service--as before mentioned--at Augusta, having

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

charge of ordnance supplies, equipments, etc., until the close of the war. After :he surrender Mr. Wright engaged in cotton planting in Jefferson, his native county, in which business he continued three years. His health failing in 1868, he bought a farm in Columbia county, Ola., and grew cotton there until 1877, when lie came to Atlanta and entered the office of the comptroller-general then holding office. Gen. W. L. Goldsmith, holding the position until September, 1879. ^m~ peachment proceedings being then instituted against Gen. Goldsmith, Mr. Wright was appointed by Gov. Colquitt to fill the vacancy. In October, 1880, he was elected to ilic- office of comptroller-general, and has been re-chosen every succeed ing election without opposition in his own party. He is a director in the South ern Mutual Building & Loan association of Atlanta. He was the first president of the Fulton County Confederate Veterans' association, serving one term and
declining re-election. He is now one of the aides on the staff of commanderin-chief of the Confederate veterans. Gen. John B. Gordon, United States senator
from Georgia. He is a member of the Atlanta post. Confederate veterans. Mr. Wright was first married October. 1871, to Nellie, daughter of J. B. Carter, Augusta. Ga. They had three sons and two daughters. He was married again in November. 1880. to Mrs. Mary Sledge (nee Cox) daughter of Judge A. E. Cox, La Grange. Ga. Mr. Wright's father was Ambrose Ransom Wright, born in Louisville. Ga., in 18.26. and married there to Mary Hubbell Savage when he was about seventeen. Ambrose Ransom Wright was a lawyer and practiced in
the Louisville circuit until 1860. when he moved to Augusta, Ga., and there organ ized the Third Georgia infantry. He was made its colonel and in June, 1862, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, commanding a brigade until No vember. 1864. when he was still farther advanced to the rank of major-general and assigned to dun- on the coast of Georgia and the Carolinas, where he was at the time of the surrender. Gen. Wright was wounded at Sharpsburg, Va., in September. 1862. After the war he returned to his legal practice in Augusta, Ga.,
and soon afterward, purchasing an interest in the "Augusta Chronicle," was editor-
in-chief of that journal at the time of his death in December, 1872, which took place just after he had been elected to congress. Mr. Wright's grandfather was also named Ambrose Ransom Wright He was born in Virginia and came with
his parents to Georgia when a child. His great-grandfather was Ambrose Wright, a Virginian and a major in the war of 1812.

JAMES ROBINSON WYLIE, vice-president of the Merchants' bank, Atlanta, Ga.. son of David G. and Martha (Robinson) Wylie, was born in Chester
district. S- C.. in 1831. His grandparents were natives of County Antrim, in the north of Ireland, and came to this country, where their children were born and raised, early in this century. Mr. Wylie's father was a farmer, and when he was in his infancy moved to Fairfield district. S- G, where he lived until Mr. Wylie
was thirteen years old, when he came to Georgia and settled on land then in Cass. but now included in Gordon count}-. Here Mr. Wylie was principally edu
cated and grew to manhood. In 1851 he went to Calhoun, the county seat, and
engaged as a clerk until 1859. when he accepted a position as a traveling salesman for a wholesale grocery house in Nashville, Tenn. A part of the time when in Calhoun he was interested with his brother-in-law in a small general store. After
traveling a year for the Nashville house he returned to Calhoun and re-engaged as a clerk in a store until 1862. when he was appointed agent at Calhoun for the Western & Atlantic i'state) railway. He retained this position until the road was destroyed by the Federal army in 1864. After the war he assisted in rebuilding the road between Atlanta and the Chattahoochee river. In the spring of 1865,

UIL.MGR COUNTY SKKTCHES.

967

in company with Dennis Johnson and \V. T. Busbee, he established in Atlanta the wholesale grocery house of Wylie, Johnson & Co. A few months later he bought Mr. Busbee's interest and VV. H. Dabney was admitted into the firm. A year later he bought the interest of Messrs. Johnson and Dabney and conducted the business on his own account until 1875, when W. T. Wall and T. J. Dabney became associated with him and continued two years. Two years following James Bridge, Jr., had a partnership interest in the business, after which Mr. Wylie con ducted it alone and on his own account until 1889. That year he closed his mer cantile life to accept the presidency of the newly-organized Traders' bank, which, after a few years' incumbency, he resigned, and became the vice-president of the Merchants' bank. Mr. Wylie was one of the original directors of this bank (first organized as the State National), and had previously, for years, been its vice-presi dent. He was a director in the original Atlanta Street Railway company, since expanded into such magnificent proportions; was a member of the executive com mittee of the International Cotton exposition in 1881, which did so much for At lanta; was a promoter and director of the Atlanta & Florida railway, a member of the executive committee of the Piedmont exposition of 1887, manager of that of 1889, is a member of the executive committee of the Cotton States and Inter national exposition for 1895, and chairman of the committee on grounds and build ings, and of that on department of agriculture, and is chairman of the board of jury commisioners of Fulton county, a position he has had for years, and is the only public office he would have. It is simple justice to remark here that Mr. Wylie could probably have any elective office in the gift of Atlanta, or of Fulton county, if he would accept it. No citizen of the county more intimately possesses the entire confidence of his fellow citizens than Mr. Wylie. Every obligation, social, moral, political and financial, has been promptly and faithfully met As a merchant, starting without means, he built a business as large as he desired it to be--he was not ambitious of doing, and never strove to do the largest-- acquired a competency, and made an enviable reputation and record for upright ness and integrity of character, and the highest sense of mercantile honor. As a citizen any young man will do well to adopt him as a model and example. Mr. Wylie has taken great interest in the breeding of Jersey cattle, and in con nection with J. H. Porter has a stock farm near Atlanta devoted to the business. For many years he has been vice-president of the Georgia Jersey Breeders' asso ciation. It is his pride and ambition--not his boast--to be among the publicspirited and progressive element, and regardless of fame or emolument, to do all in his power to advance the interests of Atlanta and promote the public welfare. Mr. Wylie was married in 1853 to -Miss Louisa O'Callaghan, of Calhoun county, Ga., who died in 1871, leaving six children. He was married a second time to Miss Sarah O'Callaghan, sister of his first wife, who has borne him one child.

GILMER COUNTY.
R EV. JOHN C. ATKIXSON, of Ellijay. Gihner Co., was born on July 2_>, 1866, in Heard county, this state. He was educated in the common schools of that county, and in 1885 he entered Bowdon college, where during two years he pur sued a classical course of study. He next taught school in Hoard county for a

V6S

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

period of five years. Later he engaged in church work and was licensed to preach Sept. 22. 1892. at the Roopville quarterly conference of the Methodist Episcopal church south, since which time lie has actively engaged in the duties of a Methodist preacher. He was first assigned to the Morganton church in
1'annin county, where he remained two years, and where his efforts were suc cessful and were appreciated by the church committee. During the second year of his stay in Morganton he was chiefly interested in building the Blue Ridge high school, an institution having before it a promising future, and which is already largely attended. In December, 1893, Mr. Atkinson was assigned to the church .at Ellijay. where his efforts in the cause of religion have met with apt encourage ment and success in a marked degree, and where he is admired as a churchman and esteemed as a citizen. On Dec. 25, 1888, Mr. Atkinson was married to Miss Ida L. Williams, of Heard county, Ga. Two children, both girls, have been born of this marriage: Ida Lois, born June 26, 1890, and John, born March 29, 1892. The father of Mr. Atkinson is Joseph P. Atkinson, a native of Sussex county, Ya., where he was born Xov. 29,1832. He moved to Georgia in 1858. He served in the late war and was orderly sergeant of Company K, Thirty-fourth Georgia.
For twelve years he was postmaster at Rockdale, Heard county, and is widely known and highly esteemed throughout that county. The mother of Mr. Atkin son was born in Heard county in 1840. She was the daughter of Madison Benifield of that county, and is still living. Mr. Atkinson has five brothers and five sisters living: Robert E., Emily E., Joseph B., Man- A., Martha A., Neadam E.. Yiola C.. William T., Tabitha P.. and Henry P., all residing in this state, ex cept Mary A., the wife of Joseph E. Gay, of Texas, where she resides. Mr. Atkinson is a gentleman of affable manners and engaging presence, for whom there is doubtless a brilliant future yet in store.

CLXATHAX WALKER COLEMAX was born Aug. 2, 1861, at Ellijay, in Gilmer county. At an early age he moved with his parents to Talking
Rock, in Pickens county, where he lived on a farm until his twenty-second year.
He received his early education in the common schools of Pickens county, and fit the Lv.dville academy. In 1881 he entered the Xorth Georgia Agricultural college at Dahlonega, where he graduated in 1884. During seven months
previous to 1884 he was appointed to fill the chair of mathematics in that institu tion, and discharged the duties of that position with credit and ability. He took a prominent part while at college in literary work and was an active member of
literary and other class societies. He was. and still remains, a member of the S. A. E. college fraternity, and throughout his college course was frequently the recipient of class honors, standing high in the confidence of the faculty. While
attending college he supported himself by teaching in vacations. After com pleting his college course. Mr. Coleman became principal of Pine Log high school
ir. Bartow county. He next went to Atlanta to prepare himself for the legal pro fession and entered the office of Henry B. Tompkins. In November, 1885, he
v>as admitted to the bar of the superior court of Gilmer county by Hon. James R. Brown, the presiding judge. Immediately thereafter he commenced the prac tice of his profession at Ellijay. Mr. Coleman, in a brief period after his admission \<> the bar. arose to distinction as an able advocate and a judicious counselor. His defense of David Dover at the first term after being admitted to the bar, tried for the crime of arson, was pronounced at the time to be the ablest effort of the Hnd ever made before a Gilmer county jury, and at once placed him in the front
rank of forensic advocates in the Blue Ridge circuit. In 1887 he was elected mayor of Ellijay. and has had frequent occasion to decline re-election to that

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969

office. On Dec. 18, 1888, Mr. Coleman was united in marriage to Miss Fannie King of Marietta, Ga. Mrs. Coleman died in June, 1890. In 1893 Mr. Coleman turned his attention to the mining industry. He has invented a mill for the pur
pose of extracting the gold from the ores. A special feature of his invention is its power to save the precious metal after it has been extracted. He has organ ized and is interested in several gold-mining companies and has done much to develop the mining industry in the state. Mr. Coleman has been a great advocate of higher education in his section of the state. He was one of the first board of trustees and the promoters of Young Harris institute in Towns county, Ga. He was also one of the originators in establishing Blue Ridge institute at Blue Ridge, Ga., and is vice-president of the board of trustees. He delivered the principal address at the laying of the corner-stone of that institution in 1893, and also delivered the first annual literary address in 1894. He was also vice-presi dent of the board of trustees of the Ellijay seminary for several years. He has also been a member of the board of education, of the north Georgia annual conference of the M. E. church south for several years. Mr. Coleman's father is Watson R. Coleman, born in Haywood county, N. C, on June 8. 1817, and who moved to Georgia in his early youth. His mother was Xancy A., daughter of Samuel T. and Sallie Wilson. She was born in Buncombe count}', X. C., on May 28, 1826, and was married to the father of this sketch in La Fayette, Ala., Oct. 29, 1858. Mr. Coleman has three brothers living: Dr. W. L. Coleman, a practicing physician at Canton, Ga.; James I. Coleman, a mail agent, residing in Atlanta, and W. S. Coleman, editor and publisher of the Cedartown "Standard," at Cedartown, Ga.

Q OKE ASBURY ELLINGTON, the oldest pioneer citizen of Gilmer county, was born in Jackson county, Ga., Sept. 21, 1812. He was the son of Rev.
William Ellington, one of the early pioneer Methodist preachers of Georgia. He came to Gilmer county Feb. 12, 1834, and on Dec. 17, 1835, he was united in mar riage to Mary, daughter of Benjamin Griffith, a wealthy planter. He identified himself with the commercial interests of the then young town of Ellijay, and for some time was engaged in the mercantile business, his principal customers being Cherokee Indians. During this period he availed himself of his oppor tunity to study the manners and customs of the Indians and to learn their language, which he did. He was personally familiar with White Path, the famous Chero kee chief, who was one of. Jackson's allies at the battle of the Horse-shoe. In the year 1838, having been appointed a captain in the local militia, and having assisted in the removal of the Indians from this region, he ran for the state senate on the whig ticket, defeating Hon. Neal Cooper, who was then senator, by only one vote. In 1839 he was re-elected to the senate, but was unseated on a contest. Retiring for a time from active politics he was for many years a justice of the peace, devoting his time to the improvement of his farm. In 1850 he was census enumerator for Gilmer, Pickens and Fannin counties. In 1852 Mr. Ellington was again called into prominence, and was elected a delegate to the constitutional convention. Upon the dissolution of the old whig party he allied himself with the republican party. He was a Union man and bitterly opposed secession. He was a refugee during the war, but at its close returned home and was a member of the famous "Johnson convention" in 1865. In the same year (1865) he was elected a mem ber of the general assembly without opposition, and served two years, during the most stormy period of reconstruction. While a member of this legislature he gained much notoriety by his courage in daring to vote for the "fifteenth amend ment." Only two members dared to vote for it, so great was the popular prejudice

C)7O

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

against the measure. The other one so voting was William Humphrey of Fannin county. For his vote on this question he received the editorial endorsement of Horace Greeley. He \vas a member of the constitutional convention of 1868, and was a member of the judiciary committee of that body. Since that time he has been out of active politics, though taking great interest in passing events. In 1873 he was appointed by President Grant commissioner of United States internal revenue, which office he held lor three years, doing very little or no business on account of his dislike of the revenue laws. In 1872 he was a lay delegate to the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, which met in Brooklyn, X. Y. In later years Mr. Ellington has lived a life of peace and quietude, residing on his estate near Ellijay, at which place he has lived continuously for more than half a century. His domestic relations have always been of the pleasantest. Thirteen children were born to him and his wife, nine of whom are now living, useful citizens of the commonwealth. Two of his sons are prominent Methodist ministers: Rev. A. F. Ellington, of Atlanta, Ga., and Rev. L. D. Ellington, of Dupont, La. Mr. Ellington is now in his eighty-fifth year and his mind is sin gularly clear on past events. His wife died March 27, 1894, having lived with him for fifty-nine years. He was always prominent in church affairs and is an upright Christian gentleman of the old school. His aim has always been in life to protect his escutcheon from dishonor rather than to accumulate riches.
THOMAS FRAXKLIX GREER, of Ellijay, Gilmer county, was born in Watauga county, X. C... on April 27, 1841, .vhere he lived until his eighteenth
year, when he moved to Fannin county, Ga. He received a common school education, and taught school in Fannin county for two years. Later he settled ic Ellijay, and at the commencement of the war he was engaged in the study of law. In May. 1861, he enlisted in the Eleventh Georgia regiment as a private, and was afterward commissioned captain of Company E, Second Man-land cavalry. He fought at the battle of Malvern Hill, where he was severely wounded, and at Winchester, where he was again wounded and made a prisoner. He remained in confinement at Camp Chase. Ohio, from June, 1864, to March I, 1865. In the fall of 1865 he returned to Ellijay, completed his legal studies, and was admitted to the bar. He has long enjoyed an active practice in the Blue Ridge circuit and in the district snd circuit courts of the United States. In 1866 he was elected to the office of county solicitor of Gilmer county for the term of four years. In 1877 he was appointed by Gov. Colquitt to the office of solicitor-general of the Blue Ridge circuit for the term of four years. He served the full term, and in 1882 he was elected to the senate of Georgia, representing the counties of Pickens, Gilmer and Fannin. In August, 1885, he was appointed judge of the county court of the county of Gilmer for the term of four years, and served through his term to the satisfaction of the public. During his professional and political career, which has been long and useful. Mr. Greer has preserved, and justly so, the unlimited con fidence of his constituents and the public, and has at all times discharged his duties with signal ability and characteristic energy. In 1867 Mr. Greer was married to Miss Mary C. Whittington, of Xorth Carolina. Four children survive as the fruit of this union: Alice L., wife of Senator T. W. Craigo; Albert L.; Jack, and Thomas B.. all residing at Ellijay. The father of Mr. Greer was Benjamin Greer. a native of Xorth Carolina, where he still lives. The mother of Mr. Greer was Eliza Ingram, a native of Xorth Carolina, now deceased.
WILLIAM FRAXKLIX HILL, of Ellijay, in Gilmer county, and a prominent citizen of that county, was born near Aslieville, Buncombe Co., X. C., on July
5. 1834- At the age of ten years he moved to Gilmer county with his parents, and

GILMER COUNTY SKETCHES.

07!

settled on a farm near where he now lives. There he grew up to manhood, taking advantage of such opportunities for obtaining an education as the pioneer condi tion of the country then afforded. At the age of seventeen he taught school, and at intervals engaged in agricultural pursuits until the commencement of the war.
In May, 1862, he entered the Confederate service, enlisting as a private in the Sixty-fifth Georgia regiment infantry, commanded by Col. G. W. Foster. His regiment was attached to Jackson's brigade, in Hardee's corps. He participated in the battles of Tanner's Ferry, Kennesaw Mountain, Dallas, Jonesborough, and in the siege of Atlanta. He fought at Franklin, Tenn., and took part in the stampede at Nashville. He was surrendered by Gen. Joe Johnston near Greens-
borough, N. C, on April 26, 1865. On his return home, he again engaged in school teaching and farming, and in 1877, he was elected to the office of school commissioner of Gilrncr county, since which time he has continued to serve the people in that office with ability and has given universal satisfaction. Mr. Hill certainly ranks high as a commissioner of schools among the best educators of the state, and his services have been invaluable to the people of his county. Mr. Hill was married on Jan. 11, 1857, to Ann Osborn, daughter of Rev. X. R. Osborn, a well-known Baptist minister of Gilmer county, and still living in his eighty-ninth year. Five children were born of this marriage: Gallic, the wife of Calvin Searcy, of Ellijay--she has six living children; John R., who married Miss Maggie Searcy,of Ellijay--they have three children; Joseph Lee, a resident of Arkansas and unmarried; Edward, a Baptist minister, who married Miss Sally Harper, of Gilmer county, and Mollie, who resides with her parents and is unmarried. The father of Mr. Hill was William Hill, of Rutherford county, N. C., where he was born in
1799. He died in Gilmer county in 1883. The mother of Mr. Hill was Martha De Bord, born in Rutherford county, N. C., about 1800, and died in Gilmer county in 1885. Mr. Hill is of a family of thirteen children. For thirty years
he has been an active member of the Baptist church. He is a man of broad views, active, aggressive and progressive, and he has done much to advance the pros
perity of Gilmer county.

DINKNEY HARRISOX MILTOX, of Ellijay, Gilmer Co., was born in Bun combe county, N. C., April n, 1840. Soon after his birth he moved with his
parents to Union county, this state, where his family resided until 1845, when they settled in Gilmer county. He received a common school education at EllijayMarch 4, 1861, at the age of twenty, he enlisted as private in Company H, First regiment Georgia regulars, and accompanied his regiment to Virginia. He first served under Gen. Toombs, and later under Gen. Tige Anderson, and participated in the second battle of Manassas and in all the battles from Seven Pines to Fredericksburg, including the seven days' fight before Richmond. After the battle of Fredericksburg his regiment was ordered to Georgia to recruit, and later to Olusta, Fla., where they were engaged in that battle. His term of service having expired, he enlisted in the navy at Charleston, continuing in that service eight months, until after the evacuation of that city, when he was taken prisoner and was confined in Charleston until Lee's surrender. He returned to his home in July, 1865. The war record of Mr. Milton made him a popular man in Gilmer countv, and in 1868 he was elected to the office of sheriff, being the only democrat on the county ticket who succeeded in being elected. His popularity increased during his term of office, and in 1870 he was re-elected to that office, also in 1877 and 1879. He next taught school several years, and th.it occupation has occupied his time at different periods since the war. In 1885 he was appointed United States deputy-marshal for the northern district of Georgia, and his popularity

972

MKMOIRS OF GEOUOIA.

uas such that he continued to discharge the duties of that office, which were burdensome and exacting", during the administration of President Harrison. In
1893 he was again appointed dcputy-mnrshal. and continues to discharge the duties of that position. Mr. Milston was wounded seven times during the war; first at Malvcrn Hill, twice at South Mountain, at Yorktown, at the second battle of Manassas. and twice at Frcdcricksbtirg. On Dec. 31. 1865. Mr. Milton was married to Miss Xancy Caroline Williams, formerly of lUincoinbc county, N. C. Ten children have been born to them, eight of whom survive: \Villiani Franklin. born Sept. 30. i66: John Edgar, born Aug. 27. 1868: Robert Lafayette, born
April 2~. 1871: Ida Lcrisa. born July 30.1873: Irene Elizabeth, born Aug. 7, 1877: Emma Louisa, born July 12. 1883: Lilly Rosalee. born Feb. 15. 1886^and died
Aug. 2~. 1886: Eftie. born Xov. 22. 1889: Ellen Agnes, born June 30. 1893. and Daisy, who was born Sept. 8. 1876. and died in infancy. The father of Mr. Milton was William Hamilton Milton, a native of Versailles. France. The mother of Mr. Milton was Elizabeth Love Peoples, a native of South Carolina. She died in 1882 at Ellnav.

GLASCOCK COUNTY.
ALEXANDER AVERA. farmer. Gihson. Glascock Co.. Ga.. son of William C. and Sarah E. i Kitchens^ Avera. was born in Glascock county Oct. 8. 1860. He
grew to manhood on the farm, and was educated at the common country schools. Or. attaining his majority he started in life for himself, and. though he has not made a fortune, he has been satisfactorily successful. He owns a good farm, to the cv.ltivatior. of which he gives his undivided attention, and is a good and prosperous farmer. Reliable and praiseworthy in every respect, he is held in high estimation by his neighbor? and fellow citizens. Mr. Avera was married Dec. 25. iSS:. to Miss Annie, daughter of William Hadden. of Jefferson county, Ga., by whom he has had six children, two daughters and four sons, all living and promising well.
THOMAS A. LROWX. merchant-farmer. Agricola, Glascock Co., Ga., son of John D. and Mary E. (Jackson^ Brown, both of Bnmswick count}', Y"a.,
was borr. in Brur.swick county. Tan. 6. 1855. His father died in 1859, an^ n's eariy life wa? spent on his mother's farm and in attendance on the county schools. In 1871 he went to Shoals. Wc-rrer. Co.. Ga.. with a view to business, but he left after staying there about six months and went to Wartben. Washington Co., Ga.. where he clerked for three years. He then went back to Shoals and engaged in merchandising for three years. After this his brother and himself bought a farm in V.'ashington county in panr.ership and in connection with it conducted a small general merchandise store. They continued the joint business with very gratifying success until iSSo. when he removed to Agricola and established a store and conducted a farm. He has carried these on since, and is now doing a large and thriving business. He takes great interest in everything promotive of the development and advancement of his county. Mr. Brown married Miss Mary, daughter of R. H. Clarke. of Shoals. Ga.. who "bore him two children, a son and a daughter: Samuel R. and Mamie .C. The mother and daughter are deceased. Mr.^Brown married for his second wife Miss Tanie S., daughter of A. C. Harrison, of Washington county. Ga.. a union which has been blessed with two children: Mary and Annie. Mr. Brown is z prominent member of the Methodist church.

OLASCOCK COUNTY SKETCHES

973

J^AVID DENTON, farmer, Gibson, Glascock Co., Ga., son of Aaron and Drucilla (Martin) Denton--natives respectively of Connecticut and Xorth
Carolina--was born in Warren county, Ga., March 31, 1833. ^e was tne "'nth of eleven children born to his parents; of them ten were boys, three only of whom survive, lie was schooled at the country schools, and worked on the "home place'' until he arrived at manhood, when he went to farming in Warren county for himself, and has continued it as his life-occupation. In August, 1861, he enlisted in Company I, Capt. J. G- Cain, Twenty-eighth Georgia regiment, Col. T. J. Warthcn, and participated in the battles of Yorktown, Williamsburg, Seven Pines, seven days' fight around Richmond, Mechanicsville, where he was wounded in the wrist, Antietam, and at Frcdericksburg. At the time of the surrender he was at home. In 1874 he added general merchandising to his farm business and conducted both with gratifying success. He is well-informed, progressive and public spirited, and stands well with his fellow citizens. Mr. Denton was married Dec. 8, 1857, to Miss Rachel, daughter of James Stapleton, of Jefferson county, Ga., by whom he has had one child, a daughter, who died in infancy. Mr. Denton is a master Mason, and a prominent member of the Baptist church. CEABORN KITCHENS, farmer, Gibson, Glascock Co., Ga., son of Lawrence
and Mary (Brooks) Kitchens, was born in Warren county, Ga., March 8, 1830: He was raised on the farm, and received such education as could be obtained at the common country schools of the locality and period. When eighteen years of age he began life for himself, and made his first money by working on a neighbor ing farm. Five years afterward he bought a piece of land with the money he had saved and began farming for himself, since which time he has increased hi.s worldly possessions and grown in the public estimation. He was county surveyor of Warren county in 1857-58, and when Glascock county was organized served the new county in the same capacity from 1858 to 1860. He was elected ordinary of the county and served eight years consecutively. He afterward served for a time as clerk of the superior and inferior courts, has been county treasurer, and in 1888 was elected to represent the county in the general assembly. So ably and so faithfully did he serve the people in these various offices of responsibility and honor, that he made himself one of the most popular citizens of the count}-. and can have bestowed upon him any office in the gift of the county he may desire. His fellow-citizens have implicit confidence in his ability, capacity and honesty. Mr. Kitchens was married in December, 1851, to Miss Martha, daughter of Lindsey Deadwyler, of Fayette county, Ga., who has borne him four children, three sons and one daughter, all living and an honor to their esteemed parents. He is a prominent and honored member of the masonic fraternity. DOBERT L. KITCHENS, farmer, Gibson, Glascock Co., Ga., son of Seaborn
and Martha (Deadwyler) Kitchens, was born in Glascock county Dec. 11. 1861. He worked on the farm and attended the common schools of the county until he reached manhood. He then bought a farm and commenced life for him self. Except three years' merchandising at Mitchell, Glascock Co., farming has been the occupation of his life. He is a good and progressive farmer, and has been successful and prosperous. Public-spirited, of genial disposition and popular manners, and having influential family connections, he may be regarded as having a bright future before him. Mr. Kitchens was married Dec. 22, 1883, to Miss Gracie V., daughter of William R. Hunter, of Glascock county, by whom he has had four children, all daughters, the eldest of whom is dead. The children are: Lillian F., deceased, William, Sallie Kate, Martha M.

974

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

GLYNN COUNTY.
pRAXK D. AIKEX. ship broker. Brunswick. Glynn Co.. Ga.. son of Isaac and Fannie M. (Bcyan> Aiken. was boni on Hurd's islaml. Mclntosh Co.. Ga..
July 14. 1861. Mr. Aiken's lather, of Irish lineage, was bom in \Viunsboro. S. C.. came to Georgia in 1854. and after the war between the states went to Pensacola. Fla.. where he now resides. He enlisted in 1861. and was captain of Company l>. Forty-seventh Georgia regiment, in which capacity he served until 1864. when lie was assigned to the special duty of collecting the taxes from five counties in Georgia. His mother was of English descent, and was the daughter of P. M. and Mary (Elltson^ Bryan. of New Berne. X. C. Mr. Aiken. when only thirteen years old and a poor boy. began life for himself. What education he had was mainly obtained at Darien. Ga. In 1887 he embarked in the ship brokerage business in Brunswick, and in 1889 established planing mills. In both these enterprises he has been eminently successful--prospered from the start--and has attained enviable honorable prominence locally and abroad, in the commercial world. He is tand has been since i888't a director of the board of trade, and has been a director of the Merchants" and Traders" bank since its organization. He was a member of the city board of aldermen two years: in January, 1804. he was elected count}- commissioner, and in January, 181)5. was elected treasurer of the county. In addition to the above he has held several other positions of public trust. He is also second vice-president of the Brunswick club, the only social club in the city. He was first lieutenant of the Brunswick light horse guards until t'.ie troop was discharged for the purpose of re-organizing into a naval reserve artillery, which company of fifty-six men--the first and only company of Georgia's navy--lie is now commander of. Mr. Aiken's present important and highly honorable relations to the commercial interests of this prospectively great south er.-, seaport, gives promise of an exceedingly brilliant future. Mr. Aiken was irarr-ec! ir. January. 1804. to Miss Frances B.. daughter of Mallorv P. King, and granddaughter of the distinguished Thomas Butler King, of ante-bellum fame, half a century ago one of the foremost of Georgia's statesmen.
\\ T ARXOLD, proprietor of "Ocean View House." St. Simon's island, Glynn * Co.. Ga.. is a son of Frederick Arnold, and was born in Prussia March 4,
1846. His father was a native of Bromberg. Germany, where he spent his days, and where he died in 1849. ^ r- Arnold's father gave him a good education ;>reparatory to his studying for the profession of an architect. At the age of .-evemeen "he commenced life for himself, without financial means. In 1869 lie came to the United States, and after a short stop in Xew York came to Tattnall county. Ga.. in 1870. Later he determined to s-ertie permanently on St. Simon's island. Selecting the most eligible site, commanding an expansive "ocean view," he purchased thirty acres on the ocean beach, and has built and conducts in luxurious stvle and on the most liberal scale "Ocean View House.'7 which is fast training the distinction of being one of the most anractive. delightful and popular of the "summer resorts on the south Atlantic coast. Mr. Arnold was married in 1881 to Miss Anna F.. daughter of Charles and Sarah <Hay) Stevens, natives respectivelv of Denmark and England. Mr. Stevens came to this country when about twenty-two years old. and died in Fort Delaware during the war, when about fiftv rears old. Mrs. Stevens nice Hav^i came to the United States when about

OLYNN COUNTY SKETCHES.



975

eighteen years of age, is still living, and is about seventy-seven years old. Mr. and Mrs. Arnold were blessed with two children, Leopold and Winniebauld. Mr. Arnold is a member of the Lutheran, and Mrs. Arnold is a member of the Protestant Episcopal church.

D C. BAUMGARTNER, meat merchant, I'.runswick, Glynn Co., Ga., fourth of ' ten children, is a son of John and Anna (Navcn Schwander) Baumgartner,
and was born in Bene, Switzerland, May 13, 1858. His father was a farmer and dairyman, who came to this country in 1867, and settled first in Pittsburg, Pa., hut in 1873 removed to South Pittsburg, Tenn. Here his father died in 1884, aged fifty-nine years; -and his mother died in 1891, aged sixty-three years. R. C. I'aumgartncr, when about twenty years of age, left the parental roof--his only capital a hopeful spirit, an honest purpose and a brave heart--to fight the battle of life. His success demonstrates how wisely and how well he has used his capital. In 1882 he came to Brunswick, which has since been his home. By close attention to business, acting justly, and being scrupulously careful about his meats, he has established a good reputation and secured a permanent paying patronage. Mr. J'.aumgartncr was married Feb. 17, 1883, to Miss Amelia, daughter of Van Hauten --himself a native of the United States, but whose father was a native of Hol land and whose mother was a native of France. The following children are the offspring of this union: Carl Jackson, Lottie Amelia, Hugh Edward, and Ellen. Mrs. Baumgartner is a member of the Protestant Episcopal church. Mr. Baumgartncr has been exalted to the royal arch degree in Masonry and is treasurer of the local chapter.

p D. BIGGS, liveryman, Brunswick, Glynn Co., Ga., is a son of Daniel and Olive " (Collins) Biggs, natives of North Carolina, and was born at Antioch, X. C.,
July 31, 1858. Daniel was a son of William Biggs, who came from England to the United States when a boy. Mr. Biggs was educated at Trinity College, X. C. When he reached manhood he began life for himself, relying on his own re sources and pluck- for success. He has lived in three states, and filled several public offices, having been a justice of the peace in Baldwin county, Ala., and Escambia county, Fla., and is now successfully running a livery stable in Bruns wick. Mr. Biggs married Miss Cinderilla, daughter of Malcolm and Frances (Tur ner) Baggett--both Floridians-- in 1881. He is a member of the A. O. U. W.; the I. O. O. F.; the Knights of Pythias; the Knights of Honor; and of the Kappa Sigma fraternity. Popular, obliging and enterprising, he is sure to swell to hand some property his already large surplus.

\A7 G. BRAXTLEV, solicitor-general of Bnmswick circuit court, is the son of B. D. and Jeanette (McCrae) Brantley, natives respectively of Laurens and
Montgomery counties, Ga., and was born in Blackshear, Pierce Co., Ga., Sept. 18, 1860. His father was a merchant, and died leaving a very prosperous business which has been continued as "The A. P. Brantley Co." His mother is still living at Blackshear. Her parents emigrated to this country from Scotland, locating in Montgomery county. Mr. Brantley was liberally educated in the public schools and at the university of Georgia. He read law under Hon. John C. Xichols, Blackshear, was admitted to the bar in 1882, and was at once accepted as a partner by his Blackstonian preceptor, under the firm name of Xichols & Brantley. Two years later he retired from the firm and practiced by himself. In 1884 he repre sented Pierce county, and afterward the Third senatorial district in the general as sembly. In 1888 he was elected solicitor-general of Bnmswick circuit and reelected in 1892. When a member of the senate he took a very prominent part in

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

the passage of the telegraph bill of 1887, and in opposition to the sale of the West ern & Atlantic railroad. As solicitor-general he has been exceptionally successful, and is considered one of the ablest of the state's officials. Mr. Brantley also stands high as a practical business man. The best evidence of the estimation in which his professional ability and statesmanlike qualities are held, lies in the fact that he was tendered the judgcship of Brunswick circuit, and other equally honorable official positions, His name was also mentioned in connection with the seat in the United States senate made vacant by the death of Senator A. H. Colquitt. These very flattering manifestations of appreciation, however, fail to inflate or unbalance him. He is as unassuming as his thousands of admiring friends regard him pre eminently able.

D H. L. BURFORD. M. 1).. physician and surgeon and United States sanitary inspector, marine hospital sen-ice. 1 'runswick, Ga., is a son of John and Almedn
(Thompson 1 Burford. and was born in Aiulerson county, Ky.. March 2, 1861. His father, who is a breeder of and dealer in blooded horses and cattle in the famous "blue grass region of Kentucky." is of English and his mother of Scotch descent. Dr. Burford graduated from Georgetown college, Georgetown, Ky., and also from the medical university of Louisville. Ky.. and passed the best examinations in all the branches taught, receiving the class honors. He also made an excellent record in his literary studies. One month after his graduation Dr. Burford located anil opened an office in Brunswick. Ga.. and at once gained the confidence and esteem of the people. In September. 181)3. unexpectedly and wholly unsolicited by him. he was appointed United States sanitary inspector, marine hospital sen-ice at Bnmswick. Ga.. and placed in charge of the government station at that port. He has rapidly risen in public estimation and attained to an enviable and well-deserved reputation in his profession. He has already won by his demonstrated superior ability, a large and lucrative patronage. In the highest and most honorable sense of the term, he is a gentleman, and is sure to win his way to professional eminence. He is a member of the I. O. O. F.

UUGH BURFORD. physician and surgeon, Brunswick, Glvnn Co., Ga., son of Dr. William B. and Laura (Bryantl Burford. natives, respectively, of Sonuth
Carolina and Georgia, was born in Hall county, Ga., June 2. 1852. During his childhood his parents removed to Ringgold. Catoosa Co., Ga., where his father enjoyed a large and lucrative practice. Here, in the schools of Ringgold, was laid the foundation of his education: the higher or collegiate education contem plated was cut off by reverses consequent upon the war between the states. After the battle of Chickamauga the family refugeed to Orange county, Fla., where young Burford's education was completed under the private tutorage of Rev. Dr. Bell, distinguished for his superior ability as an educator and for his strict religious discipline. After a brief experience in mercantile pursuits, he. with J. Ira Gore as a partner, established and published the Florida "State Journal," a weekly paper, at Cedar Keys. Fla. Later he sold his interest in the enterprise to his partner and began the study of medicine under the preceptorship of his father, and in 1875 took his first course of medical lectures at the Savannah Medical college. During the yellow fever epidemic in Savannah in 1876 several of the professors fell victims to its ravages and the college exercises were suspended, so that he did not graduate until 1870. when he graduated at the head of his class. He took an active part and rendered efficient sen-ice during the epidemic until prostrated by yellow fever. and then for four years--1877-80--was assistant to the surgeon in the marine hos pital, enjoying a good private practice in the city, beside discharging the duties of demonstrator of anatomy in Savannah Medical college, to which he was elected

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in 1879. Family and estate matters at his home in Florida necessitated his going there, thus breaking up the prosperous future promised in Savannah. He spent
about a year in assisting his widowed mother in settling up his father's business and then, in 1882, came to Brunswick, which has since been his home. While Dr. Burford pays special attention to gynecology and obstetrics he practices in every branch of his profession, in which he has been phenomenally successful, enjoys an extensive practice, ranks among the most eminent of the profession in the state and has attained an enviable national reputation. He is by general consent regarded as the most popular and prominent physician in Brunswick. He is president of the board of health,.and in that capacity devoted his untiring efforts to alleviate suffering during the yellow fever epidemic of 1893. He is acting assist ant surgeon of the marine hospital service at Brunswick; member of the Georgia State Medical association; of the National Association Railway Surgeons, and of
Association Railway Surgeons of the United States. He is also the medical exam iner at Brunswick for the following named insurance companies: New York Life, New York Mutual, Equitable, New Jersey Benefit Mutual, Pennsylvania Mutual, Manhattan, Phoenix, Massachusetts Benefit, United States, Maryland Life, Fidel
ity and Casualty company, Massachusetts Mutual Benefit and several others. Dr. Burford was married in July, 1883, to Miss Mary K.,--born in Tarrytown, N. Y.--
daughter of Edward M. and Frances (Rathbone) Hopkins of Savannah, and to them three children have been born: Hugh, aged eleven; Dorothy, aged five, and an infant not named. Dr. Burford is a member of the I. O. O. F., a master Mason and a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church. Mrs. Burford is a de voted member of the Presbyterian church.

T)R. WILLIAM BERRIEN BURROUGHS, of'Brunswick, Glynn Co., Ga., bears an old and distinguished name in Georgia. He can probably trace
his ancestry back as far on both sides as any man in the state. The antiquity and prominence of the Burroughs name are seen from the following heraldic records: "The first attempt to reach China by this route (Nova Zembla) was made
by the Muscovy or Russian company in 1553, under Sir Hugh Willoughby in three ships, with Richard Chanceller as pilot major. The leader and two vessels with seventy men were lost on the coast of Lapland; the third ship, under com
mand of Capt Stephen Burroughs with Chancellor, reached the White sea safely and commercial relations were established with Russia.- In 1556 Capt. Stephen Burroughs had chief command of another expedition. He doubled Cape North, touched at Nova Zembla, discovered the island Wygatz and Wygatz straits, which separate Nova Zembla from the then supposed continent, and reached north lati tude seventy degrees, three minutes--a higher point than had been reached by any previous navigator. He returned to England and published an account of his observations. He was the first who observed the declination of the magnetic needle." Following is the coat of arms as given in the best books on heraldry: "'Azure,a Bend wavy argent between two Fleurs de lis Ermine,' and was as signed and granted by Robert Cooke, of Clarencieux, Jan. 27, 1586, in the twentyninth year of Queen Elizabeth, to William Burroughs, Esq., clerk and comptroller of the queen's navy, son of Walter Burroughs, descended from the Burroughs at Northam, near Barnstable in the county of Devon." Sir John Burroughs was grandson of William Burroughs, of Sandwich, Kent, by the daughter of Basil Gasell, of Newkirk, Bralant, and garter king of arms. He received a classical education and afterward studied law at Grey's Inn. In 1623 he was appointed keeper of records in the tower of London. In June of the same year the earl marshal, to whom he was secretary, appointed him herald extraordinary. 1-62

MKMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
On December 30 of the same year lie was made king of arms at Aruntlel house in the Strand. He received the favor of knighthood July 17, 1624. In 1634 he was made garter principal. He attended his sovereign, Charles I., when he went to Scotland to be crowned in 1633. On April 14, 1636, he obtained a grant to en title him to the fees of his office of garter while employed beyond the sea in the king's special service. He died Oct. 21, 1643. leaving two sons'and two daugh ters. His son John was knighted by Charles IT. The family has continued in London to the present day. Silas M. Burroughs, the head of the largest drug house in the world--Burroughs, Wellcome & Co., of London--is one of this fam ily. John is a family name, for we find in English history John Burroughs, a divine who died in 1386. He was D. 1). of Cambridge, rector of Collingham, Nottinghamshire: appointed July i. 1384. to the post of chancellor of his univer sity. Another John, a bcnedictinc who flourished in 1340, was the author of some l>ooks on travels. The progenitor of the family in America was John, born in England. Dorsetshire county, in 1617, and came to America and landed at Salem. Mnss.. about 164.2. He was a member of the long parliament that assembled November 3. 1640. which was dissolved by Cromwell, and with many others fled from England to escape religions prosecution. He moved from Salem to Long Island. X. Y.. early in the forties. Long Island was then occupied by the Camassee Indians. He was one of the original settlers of Middleburg in 1652 and paid his share of "the Indian rate." one pound, ten shillings, in 1656. On March 13. 166.2. he was elected town clerk and clerk of the court. He was one of the seven patentees of Xewtown in 1666. Being a leading man and skillful penman. quite a rare accomplishment in those days, he was continued in office as town clerk for eleven year*, and at his death, in August. 1678 (his will is on record in New York and an original copy is still in possession of the family of Mr. George Wyckoff P>urroughsX his eldest son was elected to fill his position and held the office for many years. His family continue in New York, New Jersey. Pennsyl vania and Connecticut. Benjamin Burroughs, the grandfather of our subject. and the great-great-great-grandson of John, was the first to bring the name south. He was born at Newtown. L. I.. March 31. 1779, and died at Savannah, Ga.. April 14. 1837. aged fifty-seven. He moved to Augusta, Ga., thence to Savannah, and on July 2. 1799, at the age of twenty, married in Savannah Miss Catharine Eirick. daughter of Alexander Eirick. who was a member of the colonial parliament. Isabella, her sister, married Dimas Ponce, and Ruth, a younger sister, married Francis Harney Welman, an officer of the British navy, in January, 1807. whose daughter. Mrs. John H. Reid. of Savannah, a charming and elegant lady of the old school, survives him. Catharine Eirick's mother's maiden name was Ruth Envin. daughter of Christopher Erwin. born in Antrim county, Ireland, Jan. 8. 1754. One sister of Ruth Envin married -Capt Lover, of the French army, from whom are descended the Davants. of Savannah. Ga.; another sister married Gov. Jared Irwin. her cousin, the letter being changed some generations before from I to E on account of religious differences. Benjamin Burroughs. prominent as a cotton and commission merchant in the city of Savannah, was largely interested in the steamship "Savannah." His partner--Mr. Sturges--and himself owned one-third of the ship, and they shipped cotton to Liverpool on her first voyage. Ocean navigation by steam was inaugurated by the voyage of the "Savannah in 1819 from Savannah to England and Russia: the paddles were made of canvas and the arms of iron, and the wheels were so arranged that they could be dismounted at pleasure, and it was adapted to the use of steam or sails' accord ing to circumstances. She left Savannah May 26. 1819. and reached Liverpool after a passage of twenty-five days, during which the engine was employed

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eighteen days. Benjamin Burroughs was an elder in the Independent Presby
terian church in Savannah, and gave $5,000 to assist in building the same in 1817. His children were Joseph H., merchant, Savannah; William Howe, planter in Florida, who married Ann McLeod, afterward moved to Savannah and was a cotton merchant--one child survives him--Joseph Hallett; Benjamin Burroughs, Presbyterian minister at Vernonberg, Ga., married Rosa Williams--three chil dren living--James P. Burroughs, Miss Rosa Burroughs and Mrs. Theo. Livingston, of Jacksonville, Fla.; Dr. Henry Kollock Burroughs, physician, and many
years mayor of Savannah, married Ella Dessaussure, of Charleston, S. C, who survives him, and has several daughters; Oliver S., planter, of Tallahassee, Fla., married Ann C. Maxwell--two sons, B. M. and E. W. Burroughs, survive him;
Elizabeth Reed married Dr. John S. Law, of Cincinnati, O.; their children are
John Hugh, Benjamin, Frank, Wallace, Charles Green, and one daughter. Catharine, daughter of Benjamin Burroughs, married Charles Green, of Savan
nah, Ga. Joseph Hallett Burroughs was the eldest son of Benjamin, and father of William Berrien Burroughs (our subject), was born in Savannah June 30, 1803, was a graduate of Yale college and entered the cotton business with his father.
On June 26, 1828, he was married at Savannah to Miss Valeria Gibbons Berrien. On his mother's side the name is none the less known or distinguished. The Berriens are an old French family and the seat of their ancestors was Berrien, a
considerable town in the department of Finisterre; their ancestor was a Huguenot, who, during the civil wars of France was forced to flee and take refuge in Hol land. Cornelius Jansen Berrien was the first of the name that emigrated to this country, and was the progenitor of the family here. He settled at Flatbush, Long Island, N. Y., in 1669, and married Jeannette, daughter of Jan Stryker, and being a person of character and education, he enjoyed offices in the town government, and was a deacon in the Dutch church. After his death he was succeeded by his son John, who held several positions of honor and trust Cornelius, a son of John, married Sarah Hallette, and lived on Berrien's island, near Long Island. He was the grandfather of William Berrien, D. D., rector of Trinity church, New
York, for thirty-three years, in which parish he ministered in holy things for fifty-two years, and married Jane, daughter of Elias B. Dayton, of Elizabethtown, N. J. Peter was a son of Cornelius, was a surveyor by profession and became
a large land-owner and served several years as supervisor. He gave the land
upon which the first Dutch church in Newton was erected. Cornelius was a son of Peter. He was a prominent man--elder in the church, magistrate, etc. His son John was chosen on the committee of safety in 1775. John Berrien, son of Peter, married Margaret Eaton; he lived at Rocky Hill, Somerset Co., N. J. He was one of the judges of the supreme court of judicature of that state (then col ony). Gen. Washington was visiting his family, and made it his headquarters, and it was from the door-steps of this house that Washington's farewell address was delivered to his army; the address is familiar to every schoolboy. Their children were lonna, who married a Mr. Spencer, of Maryland, whence Spen cer Baird; Valeria, who married a Mr. Le Conte, whence Dr. Joseph and Dr. John Le Conte, and John, who emigrated to Georgia in 1775; at fifteen years of age he was lieutenant in the First Georgia regiment; at seventeen he was captain in the same command; at eighteen he was appointed by Gen. Lachlan Mclntosh brigade-major in the northern army; he was conspicuous in the battles of Monmouth and Valley Forge, and in several other engagements, and continued in sen-ice until the close of the war. He married Miss Margaret MacPherson, of Philadelphia, daughter of Capt John MacPherson, and sister of Gen. Wm. Mac Pherson, of revolutionary fame, and sister of Capt John MacPherson, aid-de-camp

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
to Gen. Montgomery, with whom he fell at the battle of Quebec, thus connecting the Berriens with that well-known family. Maj. John Berrien's second wife was \Villiamana Moore. Their children were Dr. Richard McAHister Berrien, who married Elizabeth B. Deloney, of St. Mary's, Ga., about 1819; Martha, the only child of that marriage who still survives, married Dr. Hugh O'Keefe Xesbitt, of Augusta. Ga.. who died in October, 1855. Their children: Robert Taylor Xesbitt. present commissioner of agriculture, who married Rebecca L. Saffold, eldest child of Dr. Thos. Saffold and Mary Harris, of Madison, Ga.: Eliza B., who married Dr. Bayard L. Mclntosh. of Trenton, X. J., and Mary Eleanor, who first married Col. Thos. B. Brown, of Montgomery, Ala., and afterward Col. John Screven. of Savannah: one daughter. Lila Mclntosh Screven, who married Samuel C. Atkinson. attorney-at-law at Brunswick. Col. Thos. M. Berrien mar ried Virginia Pepper (nee Mabry), of Camden county, Ga. Weems Berrien. married Miss Xoble. of Rome, Ga. Julia married John Whitehead. of Jefferson county. Sarah married James Whitehead, of Jefferson county. Ruth married Samuel Dowse, of Burke county. Eliza married a Mr. Casey, of Columbia county. John MacPherson Berrien, son of Maj. John Berrien. and grandfather of our subject, was born at the residence of his paternal grandfather at Rocky Hill, near Princeton. X. J., Aug. 23, 1781. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Xicholas Anciaux. quartermaster-treasurer of the French Royal Deux Ponts regiment, whose commission, signed by Louis XVI. is now in the possession of Dr. Burroughs. Xicholas Anciaux was born on Frankfort-on-the-Main in Ger many. His father was Chevalier DeWiltteiseno. The children by this marriage who survive him are Valeria G-. who married Joseph Hallett Burroughs; Eliza A., who married Chancellor J. P. Carroll, of South Carolina; Wiltielmina married Henry Williams, of Savanna. Ga.: Louisa G. married Gen. Francis S. Bartow. Judge Berrien married a second time--Miss Sarah Hunter, of Savannah, Ga. The children of this marriage are Harriet, who married Theodore Cone; Sarah, who married Dr. A. J. Semmes. of Xew Orleans, La.; Catharine, who married Maj. Geo, \V. Anderson. of Savannah, and L. Cecile, who married Miss Rosa Falligant, and is now living in Jacksonville. Fla.--the only son to bear his name. Judge John MacPherson Berrien. LL. D.. graduated at Princeton college, and from this institute received his degree of bachelor of arts at the early age of fifteen. After serving as recorder of the city of Savannah and solicitor-general, he was elected state judge at twenty-nine years of age, and served ten years. He was elected state senator, and was United States senator 1825-1829; United States attorney-general 1829-1831. and a third time elected United States senator 18471852. He declined the mission to England, which was offered him by President Jackson, i Commodore John M. Berrien. born in Georgia, and appointed from this state in the United States navy commandery, navy yarQ at Xorfolk, 1865, was a member of this family). William Berrien Burroughs was born in Savannah, Ga.. April 7. 1842. and is the son of Joseph H. and Valeria G- (Berrien) Burroughs. tie is the seventh son in a family of ten children, only four of whom survive, the other three being Richard B., prominent physician in Jacksonville, Fla., and ?urgeon of the F. C & P. R. R.: John W.. a lawyer in Savannah, Ga., and Charles J.. a physician and four years health officer of Jacksonville. Fla. William B. re ceived his primary education in Savannah and entered Oglethorpe university, near Milledgeville. Ga.. in 1859. At the breaking out of the war between the states he left college ?.nd joined the Randolph rangers as a private. This company, \vith others, formed the Seventh Georgia cavalry, and became a part of Gen. P. M. B. Young's brigade. Hampton's division, army of northern Virginia. He was made first sergeant of Company G of this regiment--going with it through

GLTNN COUNTY SKETCHES.

981

the battle on Borden's plank road, Dinwiddie court house, Stony creek and other points, and received his parole at Appomattox. At the close of the war he studied medicine with Dr. R. D. Arnold, of Savannah, and graduated from Sa vannah Medical college in March, 1867. He moved to Camden county, Ga., where he practiced his profession for fifteen years, doing a large and successful business, and accumulating quite a fortune. In 1881 he moved to Brunswick, Ga., and invested his money in real estate, bonds, shipping and other enterprises that were for the benefit and advancement of the city. He also opened a real estate and insurance office. He is to-day the oldest real estate and insurance agent in the city, and is recognized as an authority on all real estate matters. He has erected over 100 small cottages for home-seekers. As an evidence of the interest that he takes in the development of the section, as well as the confidence in which he is held by his fellow-citizens and business associates, we mention that he is a director in the National bank of Brunswick, and in the Brunswick Savings and Trust company; is a director in the board of trade and chairman of statistics; a director in the Kennon Cotton factory and a director in the Brunswick Foundry and Machine Manufacturing company. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, and has been grand vice-chancellor of Georgia. He was appointed a delegate by Gov. W. J. Northen to the national Nicaragua convention which assembled at St. Louis in June, 1892, also to the national Nicaragua convention which assembled at New Orleans in 1893, and at each convention was elected executive committeeman for his state by the Georgia delegation. On Jan. 17, 1872, Dr. Burroughs married Miss Elizabeth P. W. Hazlehurst, eldest daughter of Maj. Leighton Wilson Hazlehurst, who married Miss Mary J. McNish, of Savannah, Ga. He was a large and successful rice planter on the Satillo river. Camden county, and had his summer seat at Waynesville, Ga. Dr. Burroughs has six children: Mary McNish, Lilla H., Josephine H., William B., Leighton H. and Mac H. Before closing this article we will mention some of the worthy members of this family who reside in the north, among whom was Stephen Bur roughs, born in 1729, strictly a cold water man, and never sick a day in his life. About 1755 he planted the germ at Rocky Hill on the Pequonnock harbor. Conn., by starting his grist-mill and engaging in mercantile pursuits. It was he who planted the corner-stone of the now wealthy and growing city of Bridgeport. Conn. He was an active whig, and raised and equipped a military company called House holders during the revolution, of which he was elected captain. He was for many years a justice of the peace and a representative in the general assembly, and owned the parish grist-mill called the Burroughs mill that stood where the Pequonnock woolen mills now stand. He invented the system of Federal money as now used in the United States, which was adopted by congress in 1790. Up to that time all business was done under the old English system of pounds, shil lings, pence and farthings, two of which last-named made a copper, and four of which made a penny. After completing his system he carried it to the Hon. William Samuel Johnson, who, impressed with its simplicity and great con venience, caused it to be brought before congress in 1784, when he was a member of that body, where it was considered, but nothing done at that time except an enactment under which Connecticut and Massachusetts began in 1785 to coin copper cents, for many years denominated copper pennies. In 1792 the dollar was made the unit in money, and its coinage established by law. He was quite proficient in astronomy and was blind for twenty years before his death. He was buried at Bridgeport, Conn. Upon his tombstone is inscribed this epitaph: "Stephen Burroughs. Esq. A man distinguished by his industry and his talents and acquirements. Self-taught and original, he explored the vast field of mathe-

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

matical and astronomical science beyond all the efforts of a Cassini or a Newton, and made discoveries of the most useful and astonishing nature. But in conse
quence of his blindness his discoveries are lost to the world. He died Aug. 2, 1817, aged eighty-eight." From lecture of Rev. Samuel Orcutt, historian, deliv ered before the Fairfield County Historical society, CapL Stephen Burroughs and His Times.

M M. BUSH. Brunswick. Glynn Co.. Ga.. is a large and prosperous manuiac" turer of tools used in the turpentine industry. He is a son of John and
Malcy (.Russ'i Bush, bom respectively in Duplin and Bladen counties, X. C.. and was born in Bladen county, X. C., Feb. n, 1842. His father followed farming and merchandising until he died, at seventy years of age, and his wife died when about sixty-five years old. Mr. Bush's grandfather was of Irish, and his grand mother of German descent. The Bush family, as far back as they can be traced, were farmers and merchants. Mr. Bush enlisted June n, 1861. and was cap tured at the fall of Roanoke island. He was sent home on parole. After
remaining at home six months he re-enlisted, was made a non-commissioned officer, and in 1864 had the misfortune to be captured again at Cold Harbor, Ya. This time he was sent first to Point Lookout, and afterward to Palmyra. X. Y., where he was kept in captivity until the close of the war. He was twentyeight years of age when he started to see what the world had in store for him. and he has already found much that it had. He is now industriously and energetically working for the larger remainder he feels encouraged to hope and work for. And he has many willing friends lending him their aid. He now owns a onethird interest in an eighty-acre tract of Florida orange land, twenty-eight acres in grove, rift}- implanted: a one-fourth interest in a 840.000 wharf property, a ?team tug tthe "Amanda"). a small plantation in Xorth Carolina, and a fine home residence in Brunswick. Mr. Bush was married in 1882 to Miss Georgia, daugh
ter of Malcolm McCrae. who bore him one child, when she died. In 1892 he married Miss Tackie. a daughter of John Brown, of Atlanta, by whom he has had two children, twins: Robert M. and Edna. Mr. Bush is a master Mason, and himself and Mrs. Bush are Methodists, he being one of the stewards of the church.

LI OX. A. T. CROYATT, Brunswick, Glynn Co., Ga., judge of the county court of Glynn count}-, is a son of William and Theodora (Williams) Crovatt, and was
bom in Charleston. S. C.. June 23, 1857. His father was a son of Gibbs Crovatt, of Charleston, whose wife was Miss Rebecca Frazier. Judge Crovatt was educated at the high school. Charleston, at Charleston college, and also at the Carolina Military institute, from which last-named institution he graduated in 1877. At college he was a member of the 5. A. E. fraternity, and took a very active and prominent part in the exercises of the literary society to which he belonged, and of which for some time he was president While at college he began the study
of law. which after graduating he continued under A. J. Smith. After being admitted to the bar he formed a partnership with G. B. Mabry, the then solicitorgeneral, and who. later, was judge of the Brunswick circuit court. Dissolving this partnership he practiced alone a few years: then in 1883 he entered into partnership with Judge Boiling Whitfield. which is still in existence. Judge
Crovatt was mayor of Brunswick in 1883 and 1884; and the last year, though opposed by the most popular man in the city, was re-elected by a handsome majority. On the expiration of his second term he was importuned to accept the mayoralty again, but preferring the county judgeship, he declined. As mayor he was progressive and aggressive, ever alive and on the alert to push to con-

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summation every movement and improvement he believed would advance the interests of the city. His services as mayor were invaluable. Among the many things accomplished were: The sinking of two artesian wells, whose value to the city cannot be over-estimated; the reorganization and increased efficiency of the police force: the building of brick guard and engine room; and the improve
ment of the park. As mayor Judge Crovatt originated and perfected the gas and water contracts and was largely instrumental in securing the location of the Brunswick & Western railway shops at Brunswick. -Judge Crovatt as county solicitor, and the firm of Crovatt & Whitfield as city attorneys, have made brilliant records for themselves in their management of cases; and as practitioners in the city, county, state and United States courts their clientage has been large and is increasing--they having been eminently successful. Judge Crovatt has been chairman of the county democratic executive committee, and has represented the county in senatorial, congressional and gubernatorial conventions. As an attorney Judge Crovatt already ranks very high, and he is rapidly rising in
reputation. As a man of affairs he has few equals--no superiors--and no citizen has a stronger hold on the confidence of the people in regard to general soundness of judgment, unswerving integrity, firmness of purpose and character, and high sense of honor in the matter of personal and public obligations. He is a born politician. Added to extreme boldness, undaunted courage, and an almost reck less aggressiveness, are an intuition and seemingly unerring judgment, that make him irresistible and invincible as a leader in a political contest. With such a splendid record as his career so far presents, and with abilities and characteristics such as he is acknowledged to possess, almost any position, private or public, he may desire or aspire to would seem to be assured him. Judge Crovatt was married in 1880 to Miss Mary Lee, a daughter of Charles L. and Frances Schlatter, a union which has been blessed with three children: William Cecil, Alfred Hayne, and Mary Lee. Judge and Mrs. Crovatt are members of St. Mark's Protestant Episcopal church, of which he has been vestryman. The judge is a Knight of Pythias, a member of the I. O. O. F., and of the Legion of Honor.

14 GRACE DART, ordinary of Glynn county. Ga., son of Urbanus and Eliza R. (Moore) Dart, was born in Brunswick, Ga., April 17, 1837. His grandfather,
Cyrus Dart, of English descent, a native of Connecticut, came south when a young man, and was connected with the army as a physician during the Creek Indian war. He was stationed for awhile at Colerain on St. Mary's river. He lived a short time on St. Simon's island, and afterward settled in Brunswick. He was drowned by the capsizing of a boat, on which occasion his son, Urbanus, then an eight-year-old boy, saved himself by swimming to St. Simon's island beach. Urbanus Dart, son of the above and father of Horace, was born in a block house at Colerain, on St. Mary's river, and came with his parents when quite young to Brunswick, which was afterward his home. He served the county as sheriff.
represented it in the general assembly several terms, and was a member of the first constitutional convention held after the war. Horace Dart began life as a poor man, but subsequently inherited property from his father (Urbanus') estate, which with his own handsome accumulations insures him a competency at least. In 1861 he enlisted for a short time in the Brunswick rifles, of which lie had
previously been a member for a short time; but later he enlisted for the war. Being disabled by a wound received at Fredericksburg, he was assigned to hospital duty. In 1865 he was elected tax receiver and served two years. Hewas afterward elected sheriff to serve an unexpirecl term and also served a term as deputy-sheriff. After this he was elected ordinary to fill an unexpired term;

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
and at the ensuing1 regular election he was elected for the full term, not yet expired. In addition to a large landed estate Mr. Dart is largely interested in the following named water craft: Two stanch tug boats, the "Urbanus Dart" and the "Daunt less"--the last-named a very superior boat which cost $30,000, and can easily make from twelve to fifteen miles an hour; and two passenger boats, the "Pope Catlin" anil the "Egmont." Mr. Dart was married Aug. 17, 1863. to Miss Harriet E. \Y. Ashcraft. l>orn in Xcwnan. Ga., by whom he had seven children, three of whom are living. Mrs. Dart is a member of the Presbyterian church.
P "M. DART, merchant. Brunswick, Glynn Co., Ga.. son of Edgar C. P. and Ellen M. (Moore1) Dart, natives of Brunswick, was born March 8. 1857.
E. C. P. Dart was a son of Cynis Dart, one of the early settlers, and was a lawyer by profession. He at one time held the office of justice of the peace, ami was clerk of the superior court for more than ten years, which covered the period of the "war between the states." Hi services in this capacity were invaluable, as lie kept strict and vigilant guard over the record books and court documents, trans porting them from place to place for safe keeping, performed all clerical work required, and at the close of the war delivered the same intact without a cent of charge to the county. Since the war he has rilled the office of ordinary and was succeeded by his nephew. Horace Dart, the present incumbent. E. M. Dart started in life a poor man but has managed so well as to have established a fine mercantile business and attained to an influential position in the commercial world. having in the meantime rendered timely and valuable assistance to his father during the panic of 1873. Combining prudence with enterprise, he is sure of splendid success. He is a member of the First Methodist church at Bmnswick. and succeeded his father on the board of trustees.
I E. DV BIGXOX. capitalist and banker. Brunswick. Glynn Co., Ga.. is a son * of Joseph and Felicite (Riffauln du Bignon. natives respectively of Jekyl island and Bordeaux. France, and \vas bom in Brunswick. Jan. 2. 1849. The family is one of the oldest and one among the wealthiest in southeastern Georgia. Mr. DuBignon's great-grandfather, of the royal navy of France, became the owner of lekyl island in i~Qi. His grandson. Joseph. Mr. DuBignon"s father, was an extensive cotton planter and a man of wealth and influence. This island of Jekyl. so called by Gen. Oglethorpe. after his friend Sir Joseph Jekyl. an eminent English statesman, is a beautiful spot about eleven miles long, and contains about twenty-two square miles. In 1885 Mr. DuBignon had acquired the interests of the family and had become the sole owner of the island, where he organized the famous "Jekyl Island Club." which includes in its membership many of the wealth iest and most prominent business and professional men and capitalists in the north and west, and is the largest out-of-home club in the world. Mr. DuBignon was elected alderman of the city of Brunswick in 1876 and re-elected continually until 1880: was on the finance committee and took an active part in the adjustment of the bond question and in everything relating to the city's interests. In Decem ber. 1803. he was again elected a member of the board of aldermen and was placed on the finance and other committees. The estimation in which Mr. Dr Bignon is held financially and socially is best evidenced by the many prominent and honorable as well as responsible positions he has been called upon to fill. He is president of the Cumberland route. Brunswick & South Atlantic company: president of the Brunswick club: vice-president of the Brunswick Title Guarantee and Lnan company: a director and member of the finance committee of the Brunswick Saving and Trust company: in the Brunswick Foundry and Manu-

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085

facturing company; and in the St. Simon's Transit company; and is principal
' owner of the magnificent Oglethorpe hotel property. He also owns a fifth interest
in the Brunswick Street railroad, and is principal owner of the Brunswick & Altamaha canal property. He was a member of the committee having in charge the extensive sewerage system adopted by the city, and as such took a lively
interest in the work, and a prominent and very active part in furthering it, and was largely instrumental in the successful accomplishment of this great, important
movement He is largely interested in many enterprises, public and private, which shows his absolute faith in the future of Brunswick, as well as the confidence of the people in his ability as a general business man and financier. Mr. DuBignon was married in 1876 to Frances, eldest daughter of Col. Charles L. Schlatter, an accomplished and eminent civil engineer, who in early life was chief engineer of the state of Pennsylvania and of the Ogdensburg railroad of New York, etc. Col. Schlatter came to Georgia on account of failing health, requiring a mild climate, and became deeply interested in Brunswick; and to him belongs the
credit of originating and organizing the Brunswick & Albany (now Brunswick & Western) railroad. Mr. and Mrs. DuBignon have one daughter. They are members of the Protestant Episcopal church.

J OHN P. HARVEY, deceased, son of John P. and Charlotte (Gardner) Harvey, both of English descent, and natives of Baker county, Ga., was born in
Lumpkin, Stewart Co., Ga., Dec. 25, 1844. His father went to Macon soon after his birth, where he was engaged in mercantile business until he died. His mother died in 1874, aged sixty-one years. Mr. Harvey was educated in the city schools, Macon, Ga., and later in life learned the trade of cabinet maker. In 1861 he enlisted in Jackson artillery of Macon, with which he remained six months, and was mustered out. He immediately re-enlisted in Capt. T. J. Holt's cavalry company, and a year later was transferred to Anderson's artillery company of Pulaski county, which he remained with until near the close of the war; owing to poor health he was sent to the hospital at Macon. After the war he worked awhile at his trade, and then went into a railroad shop as foreman, holding the position eighteen years. Resigning, he became a contractor and builder in Bmnswick, but about 1889 re-entered the railway service in the same capacity as before. In 1891 he was elected to the office of sanitary superintendent of Brunswick, and held it until his death. A notable tribute to his' worth and general efficiency as a public officer is the fact of his holding the office of alderman of the city for twelve successive years, his service ending in 1888. Mr. Harvey was married to Miss Jane Kendrick, Sept. 16, 1863, who has borne him nine children, six of whom are living: Henry H., Nina (Mrs. Bryant), Estelle, Annetta, Annabelle and Ada. Mr. Harvey was a Knight of Pythias and master of ex chequer of his lodge until he declined re-election. Mr. Harvey died Nov. 12, 1894, lamented by a large circle of friends. Mrs. Harvey and her daughters are members
of the Methodist church.
THOMAS W. LAMB, collector of customs, Bjrunswick, Ga., of Scotch-Irish descent on the father's side, and son of Burrill and Matilda (Bunkley) Lamb,
was born on Cumberland island, Camden Co., Ga., Sept. 7, 1847. Both parents were natives of Glynn county and belonged to a family among the oldest in the state. His father died in 1881 aged sixty-eight years. His mother, a daughter of Thomas P. Bunkley, died in Brunswick, Jan. n, 1895, aged seventy-six years. Mr. Lamb was educated at Glynn county academy, and this limited education constituted his capital, as he began life a poor man. What he has, both of property and official reputation, has been acquired since the war, by honest toil, industry

986

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and business ability. In the spring of 1862, a mere youth, he enlisted in Capt. McMiller's company, Fourth Georgia cavalry, was promoted to second sergeant,served through the entire war, and surrendered with his command at its close. Since the war he has been called to fill many and varied offices, state and Federal, than which no better evidence could be given of his integrity, faithfulness and efficiency. He has served Glynn county as sheriff six years, represented the county two terms in the house, and the senatorial district one term in the general assembly of the state, was mayor of Brunswick in 1892 and 1893, the last year during the yellow fever epidemic when he bravely remained at his post of dutv, and in January, 1894, was appointed collector of customs for the port of Brunswick, Ga., by President Cleveland. Mayor Lamb passed through two yellow fever epidemics, one in 1876, when he had the fever himself, and the other in 1893, exhibiting a moral courage and self-sacrificing spirit rarely equaled. Mr. Lamb has a fine plantation, 1,000 acres, and a number of fine city lots. He was married in 1866 to Miss Laura B. Kendrick, by whom he had eight children, all of whom are living. Mrs. Lamb died in 1889, and Mr. Lamb was married again, Feb. 7, 1893. to Miss Sarah C. Pyles. Mrs. Lamb is a member of the Methodist church.

I OHX P. LAMB, deceased, treasurer of Glynn county, Ga., son of John and Elizabeth (Webster) Lamb, natives respectively of South Carolina and Con
necticut, was born in Glynn county, near where he now lives, July 29, 1825. Mr. Lamb's father was brought to Georgia from South Carolina when a child, and died in Glynn county when about sixty years old, and his mother died when about fifty-five years old. His grandfather, Frederick Lamb, was born in Virginia, and when a boy ran away from home and entered the revolutionary army. The disbandment of the army at the close of the war left him at Camden, S. C., where he met and married Celia Bowen, and not long afterward came to Georgia and settled in Glynn county. John P. Lamb was elected tax collector of the county in 1852 and again in 1856. In 1860 he was elected sheriff, which office he held at the outbreak of the war. On Aug. 17, 1861, he enlisted in the Glynn county guards. His command was stationed on St. Simons island, where batteries were established, and where the guards remained until 1862. He served in the army during the entire war but with the forces assigned to coast defense. He sur rendered to Capt. Lee of the "Wamsutta," and was paroled June I, 1865. In 1872 he was elected treasurer of Glynn county, and was re-elected at each succeeding election, and held it until he died, affording the most conclusive testimony as to his faithfulness and efficiency as an officer, and of his popularity as a citizen. Mr. Lamb was married in 1844 to Miss Martha Middleton, who after bearing him seven children, all of whom are dead, died Xov. 28, 1878. He was again married in July, 1883, to Miss Amy Jones. Mr. Lamb began life as a poor man, but died possessed of a good i.ooo-acre farm and half a thousand head of cattle, besides much other stock and property. He was regarded as one of Glynn county's most substantial and highly respected citizens, was a master Mason, and was a member of the Methodist church, of which his widow is a much-prized and exemplan,- member.

JUDGE M. L. MERSHOX, attorney at law, Brunswick, Glynn Co., Ga., son of William and Elizabeth CBrown) Mershon, natives of Hancock county, Ga., was
born in Monticello. Fla.. April 26. 1839. The Mershons in this country are reputed to be descendants from a lad whose parents being Huguenots fled from France on the promulgation of the edict of Xantcs. His parents having died

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987

during the voyage, he, afcer landing, was apprenticed in Xew Rochelle, X. Y. Enos Mershon, the Judge's grandfather, was a native of Maryland. Judge
Mershon was educated in the common schools of Florida, came to Georgia in 1859, and shortly afterward settled in Brunswick. During 1859-60 he studied law, and in 1860 was admitted to the bar. He enlisted in 1861, and served through the
war in the army of the west, mainly under Gens. Bragg and Hood. Judge
Mershon was a member of the constitutional convention of 1877; was subse quently elected judge of the Brunswick circuit court twice, but resigned in 1886 before the expiration of his second term, and went to south Florida and practiced
law. In 1890 he retunied to Brunswick, where he settled and resumed the practice of his profession, acquiring a fine reputation and securing a large practice. In 1892 he was elected to represent Glynn county in the general assembly in which body he made strenuous efforts to have a state board of health established. Judge Mershon is highly esteemed as a lawyer and as a citizen, and is very popular with all classes of his fellow-citizens.

("* G. MOORE, undertaker, Brunswick, Glynn Co., Ga., son of Benjamin and Percy (Stocking) Moore, was born in Litchfield, Conn., March 13, 1832.
His great-great-grandfather was an Irishman; his great-grandmother was a Miss Collier, who was born in Scotland. While Mr. Moore \vas yet young his father had the misfortune to lose his eyesight, and at the tender age of thirteen he started out to solve the problem of life. He was for awhile in Xew Haven, and while there was a member of the Xew Haven Blues. In 1855 he came to Georgia, and located in Thomasville. He was in the employ of the Atlantic & Gulf (now Savannah, Florida & Western) railway, and during the war as foreman of the machine shops. In 1866 he permanently established himself in Brunswick, where he has been satisfactorily successful. Not being much inclined to office-holding, he has filled but one, and that was as an alderman of the city for three years. He has established a good business, and is the leading undertaker and director of funerals in the city. Mr. Moore was married in 1866 to Miss Sarah, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. William Smith, of Patchogue, Long Island, X. Y. Her mother, Mrs. Abbie (Turtle) Smith, is still living, and at the advanced age of ninety-five can read the New York "Herald" without the aid of glasses. Three children blessed this union: Mary (Mrs. Valentine), Sarah Jane (Mrs. Graham), and William Benjamin. Mrs. Moore died Oct. 6, 1876, of yellow fever, and in November, 1878, Mr. Moore married Miss Annie E. Brooks, a native of Wiscassett, Maine. Mr. Moore is a member of the Methodist church, and Mrs. Moore
is an Episcopalian.

TOBIAS NEWMAN, wholesale liquor merchant, Brunswick, Glynn Co., Ga., son of Eberhard and Marguerite (Williams) Newman, was born in Germany,
Oct. 22, 1848. His parents were natives of Hanover, Germany, where they lived and died, the father in 1886, aged seventy years, and the mother in 1890, aged sixty-eight years. Capt. Newman came to the United States when only thirteen years old, and followed the sea in the commercial marine service for seven years, when he went on the revenue cutter "Petrel" as quartermaster, and served in that capacity two years. In 1869 he went into business in Columbus, Ga., and remained there until 1886, when he went to Brunswick and established himself in his present enterprise, continuing that in Columbus until 1890. Beginning life a mere boy and poor, he has, as the results of the national traits of his race--patient industry and frugality--built up a profitable business and accumulated a hand some competency. Capt. Newman was married in 1869 to Miss Jennie Evens.
born in Apalachicola, Fla., daughter of Jack and Man' Evens. Mr. and Mrs.

988

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Evens were natives of Ireland. To Capt. and Mrs. Xewman eight children were born: George, Mollie, Xettie, Maggie, Josephine, Walter, Tobias, Jr.,and Eberhard.
Mrs. Xewman is a Catholic. Capt Newman is a member and the captain of Oglethorpe division Xo. 4, uniform rank, Knights of Pythias. He was the proud and exultant winner of the division prize--$200 cash--for the best-drilled com
pany. He is very enthusiastic in regard to even-thing pertaining to the military company to which he belongs and with whose members he is very popular. He is very much respected in Brunswick as a citizen and business man.

QHARLES D. OGG, merchant broker, Brunswick, Glynn Co., Ga., son of Richard T. and Nannie (Anderson) Ogg, was born in Louisa county, Va., Dec. 9,
1859. His parents were natives repectively of Goochland and Louisa counties, Va. His father is still living in Louisa county, aged about sixty-seven years; but his mother died in 1882, when about forty-eight years old. They had three chidren, of whom the subject of this sketch was the second, and is the only survivor. Mr. Ogg was educated in the private schools of Rockbridge county, Ya., and at Rich mond college. Richmond. Ya. He began his business life when only thirteen years old. on his father's farm: his father being a railroad man placed the farm in charge of the boy on strict business principles--for a consideration. His father, how ever, paid for his education: this and his home experience was all the capital he had. What he has now of property and enviable reputation is the result of his own efforts. Prior to 1882 he taught school four sessions and then engaged as a clerk in the general office of the C. & O. railway in Richmond. While thus em ployed he studied and learned shorthand. About 1883 he went to Hinton, W. Ya.. as stenographer of the Huntington division of the C. & O. In 1885 Mr. Ogg \\as made chief clerk in the office under E. H. Barnes, superintendent of that di vision. In March. 1886. he accompanied Mr. Barnes to Atlanta as chief clerk in his office, he having received the appointment of superintendent of the Atlanta and Brunswick division of the East Tennessee. Virginia & Georgia railway. In Octo ber of that year Mr. Ogg was appointed general agent at Jesup, Ga., for the same road: and in December, 1888. he was transferred to Brunswick, where he served the company as agent until May i. 1890. On that date he retired and embarked with Mr. B. A. Hancock in the merchandise brokerage business under the firm name of Hancock & Ogg. Dissolving his connection with Mr. Hancock he entered in partnership with R. F. Bowles in September, 1890, in the same business, the firm being R. F. Bowles & Co. In February, 1892, he bought the Bowles interest and since then has had entire control. His sales annually aggregate the hand some sum of 8250.000. Besides valuable real estate and bank and other stocks in Brunswick. Mr. Ogg is largely interested in real estate in Kansas City, Mo. He is a stockholder and director of the Merchants' and Traders' bank and a member of the discount board. He is a director and chairman of the transportation com mittee of the board of trade. He has been at the head of several delegations to present Brunswick's grievances to the railroad commission in Atlanta, particularly in January and February. 1893. Interested parties had secured rates favorable to other competing points extremely prejudicial to Brunswick; and to the strong and persistent efforts of Mr. Ogg is mainly due the credit of securing an equitable adjustment and a restoration of the old rates. He was also one of the delegates from Brunswick to the first direct trade meeting in Savannah in February, 1893. Mr. Ogg is an ardent and enthusiastic Mason--senior warden of the "blue lodge;" and has recently been instrumental in establishing a chapter of royal arch Masons.
of which he is P. S. Mr. Ogg's steady, continuous and rapid promotion from the time he entered upon railway work until he retired from it, is conclusive proof of his industry and his fidelity to the interests of the company and of their appre-

GLYNN COUNTY SKETCHES.

989

ciation of his services; while his splendid success since he entered upon his present business, and the important and responsible positions he has held and now holds in commercial and fraternal organizations and banking institutions bear gratifying and unmistakable testimony to his business sagacity and sterling integrity of character.

JOHN T. PALMER, boot and shoe merchant, Brunswick, Glynn Co., Ga., son of Dr. John T. and Amanda (Harbour) Palmer, was born in Lumpkin, Stewart
Co., Ga., Dec. 27, 1851. His grandparents were John and Xancy (Flood) Palmer, of Waterford, Ireland. Mr. Palmer's father and two brothers and an uncle came from Ireland to the United States in 1832, and located in Pittsburg, Pa. His grandfather, although a man of some means, believed it best for each of his sons to be master of some trade, so he remained in Pittsburg three years that he might accomplish his object. Mr. Palmer's father learned the trade of tailor, and
after "graduating," migrated to Athens, Ga., went thence to Washington, Ga., and finally in 1849, went to Lumpkin, Ga. Here he studied medicine under Dr. Thomas Battle, and entering the field of practice, achieved quite a success. He volunteered at the beginning of the war and was appointed assistant surgeon of the Seventeenth Georgia regiment, and remained in the army until after the battle of Chickamauga. Having contracted pneumonia by exposure during the battle, his health failed and he resigned in 1864. He died the next year. Dr. Palmer was a very enthusiastic Mason, and had taken all the degrees except the thirty-third; and he held many positions of honor and trust in the fraternity. He numbered among his particular friends, Alex. H. Stephens, "Bob" Toombs. and many other prominent men of the state and nation. He was a member of the Methodist church, took great interest in all its work, was a class leader and an enthusiastic Sunday school worker. Mr. Palmer, the subject of this sketch, started in business life as a clerk at the age of nineteen, with R. C. Black, Americus, Ga., and steadily advanced in his line until now he has become the leading dealer in Brunswick in every style and grade of foot-wear, with a good start and a bright promise of a competency in the near future. 1878 Mr. Palmer married Laura, daughter of Capt.
J. W. Sealy, a native of Marion county, Ga., but now a prominent citizen of Cuthbert, Ga. To them four children have been born: John Sealy; Helen Amanda; Marion Dumvoody and Lucien Key. Mr. and Mrs. Palmer are members of the
Methodist church.

A T. PUTNAM, livery stableman and real estate dealer, Brunswick, Glynn Co.,
Ga., related by blood to the revolutionary hero, Gen. Israel Putnam, is
the son of Willis and Amanda (Thompson) Putnam, and was born about ten miles from Gainesville, Hall Co., Ga., Dec. 27, 1836. Mr. Putnam's father was born in Virginia, and was a descendant of one of the three brothers who emi grated to this country before the eighteenth century, two of whom were named
John and Israel, the last named probably the father of Gen. Putnam, who was born in Salem, Mass., Jan. 7, 1718, whose hazardous and courageous exploits of attacking a wolf in its den and escaping from the British by riding down a pre
cipitous rock stairway numbering several hundred steps, and extraordinary bravery during the war, are familiar to all readers of American history. His mother was
a daughter of Andrew Thompson. She was born Xov. 13. 1820. and died Oct. 4, 1841. Mr. Putnam received but ten months' schooling at his father's expense;
all besides he paid for himself. When fifteen years old he began the battle of life-- left to his own resources--and for the first twelve mouths he was paid $40. He was
a messenger for Gov. J. E. Brown in Milledgeville, and in 1861 accompanied Gov.
Brown to Atlanta. He served some time with the state troops: but in January,

990

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

1863, he enlisted in Company E, Twenty-second Georgia battalion, served through the war and was paroled at Augusta, he being home at the time on a furlough. After the war he settled in Brunswick, where, by enterprise and unusual sagacity in making investments, he has accumulated quite a fortune, including among other valuable property, an entire block of brick buildings. He lost $55,000 by the war. He has served the city as alderman about ten years. Mr. Putnam was married to Miss Mary Harton, of Putnam county, Ga.', Feb. i, 1861, who bore
him three children, one of whom only is living. His wife died in 1880. Mr. Put nam contracted a second marriage in 1881, with Miss Viola Johnson, of Houston county, by whom he has had two children, of whom only one is living, Etta.
Both the wives of Mr. Putnam were nieces of the late \V. B. Johnson, a wealthy capitalist of Macon Ga. Mr. and Mrs. Putnam are active and liberal and conse quently influential members of the Missionary Baptist church. The congregation
has recently erected a beautiful house of worship which cost about $40,000. Mr. Putnam was chairman of the building committee and contributed largely to ward its construction, in addition to which he has become personally responsible
for an unpaid balance due on it Mr. Putnam is a master Mason and a member of the I. O. O. F. He has passed through all the chairs of the last named fraternity, and represented his lodge at the grand encampment. He is also a member of the Legion of Honor. The practical foresight of Mr. Putnam is demonstrated by his earning a heavy life insurance policy.

I B. WRIGHT, merchant, St Simon's Island, Glynn Co., Ga., a son of M. C. B. * and Elizabeth (Anderson) Wright, was born in Glynn county, Aug. 5, 1853. His parents were respectively of English and Scotch descent; both were born in
Glynn county. Major Samuel Wright, the ancestor of this family, came to Georgia with Gen. Oglethorpe, and first settled in Frederica, on St Simon's Island. Mr. Wright's father was at one time sheriff of Glynn county; his mother died about 1884 aged fifty-five years, his father at an earlier date. J. B. Wright began life for himself at the early age of fourteen, with no means and no aid from his father; but he managed to wrest from his hard conditions of life a very handsome propem-. He owns three-fourths of the steamer "Hessix," and manages its business. He was married to Lizzie M. Earle, of Brooklyn, X Y., in 1879, by whom he has had three children; but one only, Man- Elizabeth, is now living. Mrs. Wright is a Catholic. Mr. Wright is a Mason and enjoys the esteem of all who know him.

f^* W. WRIGHT, deceased, merchant and farmer, Sterling Station, Glynn Co., . " Ga., a son of James B. and Ann (Bumett) Wright, natives of Glynn county,
was born in Glynn county Oct 25, 1829. His father was a son of Maj. Samuel Wright, a British officer during the war of 1812, who then made the acquaintance of a lady whom he. after peace was proclaimed, returned to the United States and married. James B. Wright died in 1865, and his widow, aged eighty-four years, died in 1879. ^r- Wright was thrown on his own resources when fifteen years of age. followed farming and farm-managing before the war; and his services in the last named capacity commanding good salaries, enabled him to acquire a fairly handsome estate. In the spring of 1861 he enlisted in the Fourth Georgia cavalry and was made orderly sergeant of his company, an office, however, which
he did not long retain. Being regarded as a very cool and brave man, and an unusually good woodsman, he was principally employed in scout work, serving
as such in Tennessee and Georgia. He was in the battles of Atlanta and Jonesboro. and when the end came he was guarding a railway bridge at Doctortown, Wayne Co.. Ga.. where he surrendered and was paroled in 1865. His most thrilling and impressive experiences during the war were two narrow escapes from death

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991

--one when a bullet grazed him in front, and another when a bullet grazed him in the back, each passing above the saddle; and on one occasion when all he had to eat for four days was one small "nubbin of corn" about four inches long. When
the war ended he had lost everything except his land and a yoke of oxen. Going bravely to work, good farm management and judicious investments accumulated a fair fortune, but he could not be considered wealthy. Mr. Wright had a general
merchandise store, carried a large and well assorted stock, owned 5,000 acres of land, and was a stockholder in the Southern bank of the state of Georgia, in Savannah. Unambitious as to political honors he declined offers to place him in office. Mr. Wright was married to Miss Clifford Burnett in 1851, by whom
he had one child; and his wife died soon afterward. The child, a daughter, died also at sixteen years of age. In 1857 Mr. Wright was married to Miss Annie E. Taylor, daughter of Silas W. and Marguerite (Lowery) Taylor, natives of Glynn
county, and this second union was blessed with nine children: G. W., Jr., J. S., Charlton, Mary Letitia (Mrs. P. W. Fleming), Ada, Daisy, Bessie, Maggie, and one which died in infancy. Mr. Wright was a devoted member of the Protestant
Episcopal church, of which his bereaved widow is also an exemplary member.

GORDON COUNTY.
CRANCIS A. FULLER, farmer, Reeves Station, Gordon Co., Ga., son of W. J. and Melinda (Lay) Fuller, was born in Gordon county Aug. 15, 1865. His
father was born and raised in Warren county, Ga., but left there in 1844, and settled in what is now Gordon county. His mother was a native of South Caro lina. Their union was blessed with nine children: Spivey, deceased; Boon J.; W. G.; Polly; Benjamin H.; Freeman L.; Susie; Ada, deceased; and Francis A., the subject of this sketch. Mr. Fuller was raised on the farm, his educational advantages were very limited, and he started out in life with no capital except good health, an honest purpose and a resolute will. His principal pursuit has been farming; but he has used his surplus earnings in successful trading until he lias accumulated considerable real estate, and is regarded as being now one of the solidest men in the county, and, prospectively, one of its wealthiest. He is a progressive farmer, public spirited, alive to the interests and development of the county, a good manager, and a "wide-awake" trader. He is a prominent and active member of the Missionary Baptist church.
JWl A. GUNN, farmer, Plainville, Gordon Co., Ga., son of Alexander and Marguerite (Blackwood) Gunn, was born in Lincoln county, N. C, in 1828.
His father was born, raised and educated in Glasgow, Scotland. About the beginning of the revolutionary war he, in company with five hundred college boys, came to this country. He settled on a farm and married in North Carolina, where he lived until 1849, when he came to Georgia and settled in Cass (now P.artow) count}'. Nine children were born to his parents: M. A., the subject of this sketch, Mary A., John M., James T., Jane G.. Marguerite C, Henry M., William, and Belda A. Mr. Gunn was raised on the farm in North Carolina, where his educational advantages were very meager. On attaining to manhood he moved to South Carolina, where he lived ten years, and then came to Georgia.

99-2

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Farming has been his principal occupation, though he has had considerable to do with machinery. He settled where he now lives in 1858, where he has a large, well stocked and well improved farm: and. although he began with very little, is now "full-handed," and is one of Gordon county's most prosperous and sub stantial citizens. In addition to conducting a large farm he is an extensive fruit grower--one of the largest in that part of the state. He entered the Confederate service during the late war, enlisting in 1861 and serving until the surrender in 1865. Mr. Gunn was married in 1858 to Miss Lucinda, daughter of William and Polly McDonald, of Floyd county, Ga., by whom he has had nine children: William A.. John H., Mary A., James P.. Robert, M. E., Georgia Lucinda, Rosie, and Thomas P. He is a prominent member of the Methodist church.

JOHN MARTIX GUXX, farmer, Plainville, Gordon Co., Ga., son of Alexander M. and Marguerite (Blackwood) Gunn. was born in Lincoln county, N. C., in
1832. (For sketch of his father see sketch of his brother, M. A. Gunn, preceding this.) Mr. Gunn migrated from North Carolina to Georgia in 1863 and settled in Gordon count}-. He was exempted from military service during the late civil war on account of physical disability. In addition to farming he owned and
operated a grist mill during the war and supplied the Confederate gun factory at Adairsville. Ga.. with meal and flour. He is a progressive and good farmer, entirely reliable in every respect, and no citizen of the county is more highly
esteemed. Mr. Gunn was married in 1863 to Miss Cornelia L., daughter of John and Katharine Wood, of Clarke county, Ga., by whom he has had eight children: John T. A.. Calvin G.. Alevia, Minnie, Katharine, Nettie S., Henry, and Benjamin Franklin. He is a prominent and influential member of the Methodist church.

R. HARBIN, physician and surgeon, Calhoun, Gordon Co., Ga., son of
* Thomas W. and Matilda (Reda) Harbin, was born in Oconee district,
S. C.. April 25. 1832. His paternal grandparents were Thomas and Mary (Wetherspoon i Harbin; and his maternal grandparents were Jonathan and Sarah (Ward)
Reda. To his parents the following children were born: Sarah C., Samuel V.,
Man. E.. Jonathan M.. Andrew P., Nathaniel W., Harriet Rebecca, and W. R., the subject of this sketch. Dr. Harbin enjoyed excellent educational advantages while growing up. and after receiving his primary and preliminary education,
read medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. Robert B. Maxwell, a very success ful and eminent practitioner of Oconee district. He then attended lectures at
Charleston. S. C.. Medical college, from which he was graduated in March, 1858. He immediately located in his native county, where he successfully practiced for
thirteen years. In 1871 he came to Georgia and bought a farm and settled in Gordon county, continuing and building up a large and valuable practice. During
the war he enlisted in a squadron which was soon converted into the Seventh regiment South Carolina cavalry, Col. J. B. Sloane; saw much active and arduous sen-ice, and was in all the skirmishes along the north side of James river, and in
all the fights from Richmond to the Appomattox. He was captured at Farmville
the Saturday night before the surrender, and remained a prisoner until the news of that event reached him. When released he walked home, a distance of four hundred miles. Dr. Hardin enjoys an enviable reputation in his profession, and has the unlimited confidence of the community. Dr. Harbin was married March 28. 1861. to Miss Mary S.. daughter of Thomas R. and Susan A. Shelpr, of South Carolina, who has borne him four children: Thomas W., Robert M., William P.,
and Xina V. He is a member of the masonic fraternity, and a prominent member of the Missionary Baptist church

GORDON COUNTY SKETCHES.

993

F)R. I. N. HUFFAKER, Plainville, Gordon Co., Ga., son of James L. and Isabel (Kincamon) Huffaker, was born in Bradley county, Tenn., Sept. 2,
1852. In 1853 n's father moved from Tennessee to Georgia and settled on a farm in Whitfield county, and in 1889 he moved to Gordon Co., Ga., which has since been his home. Dr. Huffaker enjoyed only moderate educational advantages.
having attended the best schools in the country in his boyhood and youth. He attended lectures in Southern Medical college, Atlanta, from which he graduated in 1882. He immediately located in Plainville, Ga., and entered upon the practice of
his profession. Success has crowned his labors. He enjoys a remunerative busi ness, both as a physician and merchant. He married Miss Mollie Williamson. oldest daughter of R. M. and Elizabeth Williamson, and two sons have blessed their union, William I. and James R. Huffaker.

MADISON D. PATE, farmer, Sugar Valley, Gordon Co., Ga., son of Madison and Nancy (Tidwell) Pate, was born in Talbot county, Ga., July 31, 1859.
His parents were natives of Warren county, Ga., where they were married, and afterward moved to Talbot county, where they died in 1874. Of their children the following survive: Joe E.; George W.; John D.; Annie, and Madison D., the subject of this sketch. When quite young Mr. Pate was taken to Tennessee, where
he remained about a year on a farm, and then was brought back to Georgia, to Murray county, where he lived seven years on a farm. In 1881 he entered the ma chine shops of the Richmond & Danville (old Georgia Air Line), and worked there faithfully eleven years. In 1892 he had the good fortune to draw $15,000 in the Louisiana State lottery, and after remaining in the shops three months he decided on investing a liberal portion of his money in Gordon county. His home is on the land he then bought, and he has one of the finest farms in that section of the state. His educational advantages were very limited, but he managed to obtain between the hours of labor on the farm and in the shops a fairly good English rudimental education. Progressive and deservedly prosperous, he com mands the respect of all. He is an ardent member of the Order of Red Men.

JOHN TALIAFERRO, farmer and real estate dealer, Plainville, Gordon Co.. Ga., son of Dickerson and Mary (Harris) Taliaferro, was born March 7, 1828.
His paternal grandfather, Charles Taliaferro, was a native of Virginia, who early in life moved to Surry county, N. C., where he settled and raised his family. Mr. Taliaferro's father migrated from Surry county, N. C., to Georgia, in 1846, and set tled in the woods, where he cleared a farm in what is now Whitfield county. In 1850 he was elected to represent the county in the general assembly. His wife died in 1889 and he in 1893. Mr. Taliaferro enjoyed fairly good educational advantages in Surry county, N. C., where he lived on the farm until he was eighteen years old. when his father moved to Georgia. On reaching maturity he engaged in farming, which has been the principal pursuit of his life. When the war between the states began he enlisted in a company--of which lie was made first lieutenant--in a regiment commanded by Col. Wright. After sixteen months' service he was released from further duty on account of his broken-down health. On his return home he resumed farming, anl in connection with it dealt in real estate largely
to his pecuniary interest. In 1862 he moved from Whitfield to Gordon county, and fourteen years later went to Rome, in Floyd county. In 1880 he moved back to Gordon county, to the place which is now his home. He started in life with no means, but invested so judiciously and financiered so ably that he has accumulated a large property, is one of the most solid citizens of the county, and regarded as one of its ablest financiers--influential and highly esteemed. Mr. Taliafer.ro has been married twice. Oct. I, 1859, he was married to Miss Frances, daughter of 1-63

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
Samuel and Emeline (Lynch) King, of Gordon county, who died leaving six chil dren: Man- Ellen, Lula, Samuel Dickerson, Charles Harden, George William, and John Henry. July 24, 1887, he contracted a second marriage with Sarah E., daughter of M.J. and Priscilla Velvin, of Carroll county, Ga. He is a master Mason and a prominent member of the Methodist church.
GREENE COUNTY.
/"^ OPELAXD. Greene county, Ga., has been prolific of men noted for great intellectual endowments, advanced thought and action, broad-mindedness and
public spirit, and inflexible integrity of character. Though not politically con spicuous, a worthy representative of the patriotic and self-reliant characteristics of its citizens is the family of Copeland, one of the earliest of its settlers. One of the living representatives of this family is Edward A. Copeland, banker, Greensboro, son of Obadiah and Sarah (Credille) Copeland, who was born in Greene county in 1849. His father was born in Greene county in 1806; was raised a. farmer, and followed fanning all his life. He was a soldier in the Creek war in 1836, and was a justice of the peace many years. He was a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Methodist church. His mother was a daughter of Dray Credille, who was also of the early settlers. She was born in Greene county and was a very enthusias tic, old-time shouting \\~esleyan Methodist. After her marriage she helped clear the land for the farm, and in burning the brush after night. Mr. Copeland was raised on his father's farm, and received a fairly good education, a collegiate one having been prevented by the war between the states, which nearly ruined his father. When about fifteen years of age he engaged as a clerk in the store of C. A. Davis, Greensboro, at 825 a month. He remained there until he was twenty-one years of age, when Mr. Davis loaned him Sio,ooo with which to buy an interest in his business. During his clerkship he had saved $250, but loaned it to a friend who never returned it. A few years later he became a member of the firm of McCall, Copeland & Co.. remaining five years, and then embarked in the grocery business. He continued this for five years with unusually profitable results, when he formed the co-partnership of Copeland, Seals & Armor in 1883, and bought the business of the successors of McCall, Copeland & Co. This firm continued business five years, and although their sales averaged $80,000 annually, they lost only $2,000 in that time. In 1888 he withdrew from mercantile life, and in 1889 built a house and established a private bank. The capital stock of the bank is $60,000, and he has managed it with such consummate financial skill as to have had on Jan. i, 1895, a surplus of more than $20,000. As a business man and as a financier he has developed extraordinary ability, and takes rank with the foremost, not only in his immediate locality, but in the state. Industrious, prompt, just and of unim peachable integrity, he has the unlimited confidence of the large and valuable capitalistic constituency he has won and retains. He has served as a director of the Georgia Railroad and Banking company and is now a member of the board of county commissioners. Being comparatively young, with a record such as his already made, it may be safely assumed that not many years hence few men in the state will outrank him as a manager of money or as a man of wealth. Mr. Copeland was happily married in 1879 to Miss Leila J.--born and raised in Greensboro--daughter of William A. and Anna A. (Kimbrough) Davis, by whom

GREENE COUNTY SKETCHES.

995

he has had two children: Anna and Mary. Mr. and Mrs. Copeland are very prom
inent members of the Methodist church, of which he is a steward and trustee and superintendent of the Sunday school.

JOHN T. DOLVIN, farmer, Siloam, Greene Co., Ga., son of James and Margaret (McHargue) Dolvin, was born in Greene county in 1826. His paternal
grandparents, John and Nancy (Hogue) Dolvin, were natives of Maryland, came
to Georgia in 1783 and settled in that part of Washington county which was or
ganized as Greene county in 1786, on land which has ever since remained in the family. He was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war seven
years; and the lands in this state were acquired under a United States warrant for those services. The subject of this sketch has in his possession the hone and razor used by his grandfather during the war. In 1780-82 he was a justice of the peace in Maryland. Farming was his occupation, but in early life he taught school
several years. His wife was a strict and exemplary member of the Presbyterian
church, and was a charter member of the first church instituted in Greene county. Mr. Dolvin's father was born in 1792 on the family homestead, and his mother was born on an adjoining homestead, both of which are now the property of Mr. Dolvin.
He was educated at the old-time dirt-floor log schoolhouse, with split log seats and stick-and-mud chimney, and was raised a farmer. He was a soldier under Gen.
Jackson in the Indian war of 1813-14, acting as orderly sergeant, his commanding
officer being Capt (afterward Gen.) Thomas Dawson. He was a hard worker, temperate in all things, and a forty-years member of the Methodist church, of which
he was a steward. He died in 1880. Mr. Dolvin's maternal great-grandparents,
Joshua and Lucina McHargue, were natives of Ireland, emigrated to this country-
early in life and settled in Georgia; and his mother's parents, John and Martha
(Thomas) McHargue, were born in Greene county. Mr. Dolvin attained to man
hood on the farm and received a good education at the log school house of the
period. He was frequently solicited to teach school, but declined. In 1852 he was elected justice of the peace, has been continuously re-elected since, and has never
had a single decision reversed. In 1861 he enlisted in Company C, Capt Robert L. McWhorter, Third Georgia regiment, Col. Ambrose R. WrighL Among other
important battles he participated in the seven days' fight around Richmond, Malvern Hill, second Manassas, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilderness, Petersburg,
etc. He served through the war without receiving a wound or being captured;
he served as brigade commissary, as well as in minor official positions, and sur rendered at Appomattox, after which he walked home. His and his wife's family
were really pioneers; and, as already stated, he owns and lives on the land settled
by their grandparents on which both were born. He owns a thousand acres of as good land as there is in Greene county, is a solid and model citizen, than whom none is more genuinely esteemed. Mr. Dolvin was married in 1851 to Miss Ann,
daughter of Johnson and Eliza (Cheney) Boswell, natives of Wilkes county, Ga.,
who had seven sons and two sons-in-law in the Confederate service during the late "unpleasantness." Seven children blessed this union: James B.; John Gill-
more; Martha A.; Sarah E.; Fannie I.; Hattie, and Floyd. Mr. Dolvin was once
a member of the I. O. O. F., and is now a master Mason, and himself and wife are prominent members of the Presbyterian church.

J4ART. Very prominent among the leading and most influential families of Greene county is that of Hart, so historically prominent that a territorial sub
division of the state bears its name. A representative and distinguished member
of this family is John C. Hart, judge of Ocmulgee circuit, Union Point, Greene Co.,
son of James and Maria (Collier) Hart, who was born in Greene county in 1854.

096

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

His paternal grandparents, Thomas and Anna (Barnett) Hart, were natives of Virginia, whence they migrated on horseback and in wagons to Georgia, and settled in the woods in Greene county. He \vas an officer in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and the family had in its possession the epaulettes he wore until about three years ago, when, by the burning of a house in which they were, they were destroyed. He was a farmer and also a brick mason, and built the court house in which his grandson, the subject of this sketch, now holds court as judge. He also built the chapel of the university of Georgia at Athens. Judge Hart's father was born in Greene county in 1825, and after "graduating" from the "old-field" school improved upon and finished his education by his own
unaided efforts. When a youth he went to Augusta and engaged as a clerk, and later was in partnership with Alfred Baker, under the firm name of Baker & Hart, and ranked with the leading merchants in that go-ahead, progressive city. As a member of the city council of Augusta he superintended the planting of the trees in Greene street, which has made that thoroughfare one of the most attract ive and delightful of streets, the equal of any in any city of the Union. During the (now rapidly receding) "unpleasantness" he served in the state militia. On a certain occasion during this time Gov. Brown visited Union Point, and the "boys" (students) at Mercer university, Penfield, planned to "mob" the governor, but Mr. Hart took the matter in hand and prevented the consummation of the outrage. Judge Hart has in his possession the letter written to his father by Gov. Brown conveying his thanks for the service. He died in 1875. Judge
Hart's mother was a daughter of Edward and Sarah (Germany) Collier, native South Carolinians. Dr. Collier was a very eminent and popular physician, and was a cousin of James Pettigrew, the great South Carolina lawyer. Judge Hart was raised on the farm, and after receiving a good primary and preparatory edu cation at the schools in the county, entered the university of Georgia, Athens, from which he graduated as bachelor of law in 1875, and located at Union Point, and commenced the practice of law in connection with farming. The year he
graduated his father died leaving a debt of Sio,ooo with 12 per cent interest on the old homestead. This debt the judge paid, principal and interest He rose very rapidly as a profound lawyer in the estimation of the people and the bar, soon became a leading member of both the local and circuit bar, and now has a state wide reputation. Since his elevation to the bench his rulings have been generally sustained, and he probably has before him as bright a professional and political future as any member of the legal profession in Georgia. Judge Hart was married in 1877 to Miss Irene, born and raised in Augusta, Ga., daughter of James \V. and Georgia Horton, natives of Jackson county, Ga. Three children are the fruit of this union: Henry H., John C, and an infant unnamed. The
home of Judge Hart at Union Point is one of the most delightful in the county, and can hardly be surpassed in Georgia. He is a member of the Chi Phi fraternity and a master Mason, and himself and wife are very prominent members of the Presbyterian church.
Virginia Hart, sister of Judge John C. Hart, was born and raised in Greene county, Ga., and was married in 1865 to Samuel H. Sibley, a leading merchant of Augusta, Ga. He was a son of Josiah Sibley, who three score years ago was a very prominent merchant and warehouseman in Hamburg, S. C. A brother of his, Amory Sibley, was a large cotton buyer in Augusta and president of the Mechanics' bank. These brothers were direct lineal descendants of John Sibley. who came to America in 1629.
Samuel H. Sibley enlisted in Company A, Cobb's legion, and gallantly served through the war, at the close of which he engaged in business in Augusta, with

GREENE COUNTY SKETCHES.

997

increasing success until his death, leaving a widow and four children: Jennie, Katie, Samuel H., Jr. and Hart. Samuel H. Sibley, Jr., after receiving his pre paratory education attended the university of Georgia, Athens, from which he was graduated with the first honor in 1892. Subsequently he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Although young he has attained tD a front position in the legal profession, his great ability and early success giving promise of a brilliant professional and political career.

C J. JERNIGAN, farmer, White Plains, Greene Co., Ga., son of Hardy and * Frances (Colvert) Jernigan, was born in Hancock county, Ga., in 1811. His
paternal grandparents, Needom (Sandey) Jernigan, were natives of North Caro lina, who moved to South Carolina, where he enlisted in the patriot army during the revolutionary war and served as a lieutenant till the close of the war, enduring all the hardships and privations incident to that conflict, but escaped capture and was wounded but once. After the war he moved to Georgia and settled in Burke county, coming with pack horses and ox carts held together with wooden pins and hickory withes on oldtime block wheels. At first they lived almost entirely on wild game; the carcass of a deer jerked and dried would last several days. Mr. Jernigan's father was born in South Carolina in 1766, and came to Georgia with his parents after the revolutionary war. On one occasion, when living in Burke county, having killed a beef and salt was needed, he went a long distance for it and it cost one dollar a quart Returning, riding leisurely along, he spied a coon, and couldn't resist the temptation to attempt its capture. He failed in his attempt and to add to the mortification of his failure his salt fell off into some water and was ruined. He was married in 1790, and was a soldier in the war of 1812. His mother was a daughter of John Colvert, whose family was among the early settlers of Wilkes county. He was a very prominent and leading citizen of the county. Mr. Jernigan grew to manhood in Hancock county, Ga., where he was educated at the oft-described historic dirt-floor log school house, what education he has having been obtained between "laying-by" and "fodder-pulling time." He was a volunteer soldier in the Seminole or Florida war of 1836. On March 31 that year the Federal forces had a fight with the Seminole chkf, Osceola, and would have captured him but for Gen. Scott's trustfulness and Osceola's treachery. The Indians had their women and children with them, and displayed a white flag, which Gen. Scott respected, and ordered his troops to fall back. This was Osceola's ruse to gain time, and taking advantage of the time gained, the wily chief transported the live stock and women and children across the river, and then violating their promise to meet in council they stealthily returned and killed many of the Federal troops. Returning from the war he engaged in farming, which has been his occupation since. In 1850 he moved to Greene county and made it his permanent home. He was a major of the militia when it was a local distinction. Mr. Jernigan was married in 1838 to Miss Evaline B., born in Greene county, daughter of Duke and Susan (Weathers) Williams, and to them the follow ing children have been born: John R.. Emma, Henry. Charles. James, deceased. William, Mary Willie, Nuna J.^ Melville and Robert Lee. He was made a master Mason in 18^6, is one of the oldest Masons in the state, and has held most of the offices in the blue lodge: and himself and wife are devout and prominent members
of the Baptist church.

998

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

GWINNETT COUNTY.
ROBERT H. ALLEN, merchant and manufacturer, Buford, Gwinnett Co., Ga., son of Washington and Biddy (Alackin) Alien, was born in Gwinnett county
in 1841. His father was a native of Virginia, and when a young man came to Georgia and settled in Gwinnett county. He began life as a fanner, but after his marriage he joined his father-in-law in the tanneiy business. This proved to be very profitable and he accumulated a quite large estate. Mr. Alien was reared on the farm and received a very good education at the near-by country schools. Early in the civil war he enlisted in a company in the Sixteenth Georgia battalion, but not long afterward joined the Thirteenth Georgia cavalry, and during the time he was in die service was engaged in very many bloody skirmishes and hotly contested battles. After the war he engaged in general merchandising in Buford, and in 1868 embarked in the tannery business also. Beginning with an old mule he worked hard and struggled on and made some money which he judiciously invested. Now he has a large general merchandising store and is a leading merchant of the town, has a fine, well-stocked farm, a large tannery, and a factory equipped with a thirty-five horse power engine and its complement of suitable improved machinery, where he makes saddles, bridles, harness and other leather goods. He has an extensive and ready market for his products--good evidence of honest work. Mr. Alien's physical misfortune speaks well for his courage and perseverance and adds vastly to his credit. Some years ago a stroke of paralysis deprived him of the use of his lower limbs and made him a cripple for life. His only mode of perambulation is by a light wagon drawn by a well-trained pair of goats, and in this way he travels the streets on business. He has worthily won the business prosperity and the esteem and confidence of his fellow-citizens which he enjoys. Mr. Alien was married Dec. 15,1864, to Miss Emily, daughter of Thomas L. and Emily (Atkinson) Hadaway, by whom he has had one child, Cora, wife of E. \V. Vance. who is general manager of his business. Mr. Alien is a member of the I. O. O. F.. and has been a master Mason for more than thirty years.
PRAXD is the name of a family which within a comparatively few years has forged itself to the front in Gwinnett county, in the person of Charles H.
Brand, a leading lawyer and politician at Lawrenceville. He was a son of Egbert M. and Julia (Cooper) Brand, and was born in Loganville, Walton county, April 2O. 1861. Isaiah C. Brand, his grandfather, was a native of Virginia, migrated to Georgia about 1818, and settled in the woods in what is now Walton count}', near the present line between Walton and Gwinnett counties. He was a justice of the peace in the early years of the county, and attained to considerable promi nence. Mr. Brand's father was born in Walton county in 1833. The necessity of working on the farm precluded his receiving even the limited education obtainable at that time at the country common schools. When about eighteen years of age he began life for himself as a clerk at four dollars per month. Managing to save a little money he engaged in peddling chickens, eggs, etc., with a cart and steer, going eighteen miles to market. He made money and finally commenced mer chandising, and this increasing, he addded farming and accumulated a fortune. When the war began he had 100 bales of cotton, which were set fire to and burned by the Federal soldiers. He was an uncompromising, unflinching Union man, and came near being hung during the war because he would not renounce his

j

GWINNETT COUNTY SKETCHES.

999

principles. He never sought or held an office, but was always ready to aid his friends. After the war he again engaged in general merchandising and farming, and has acquired considerable wealth. Mr. Brand was reared on the farm, and
educated at the university of Georgia, and was graduated in the class of 1881-- many of whose members have held and are now holding the highest positions of trust in the state. In 1882 he began the study of law with Col. (now Judge) N. L. Hutchins, and the ensuing fall was admitted to the bar. He immediately
afterward commenced the practice and forged rapidly forward to a front position at the local and circuit bar. His professional and political advancement has been phenomenal. He has been very successful and has a large practice, which in creases as the years roll by, and his fellow-citizens have the most implicit confi dence in his judgment and integrity. It has been aptly remarked that his is "an old head on young shoulders." He has served Lawrenceville as mayor three years; has been chairman of the county democratic committee twelve years, was chairman of the ninth district congressional conventions of 1892 and 1894; has been a delegate to the last six congressional and the last four gubernatorial con ventions, and is now a member of the democratic state executive committee. In 1894 he was elected to represent the thirty-fourth senatorial district in the general
assembly, where his ability and influence were at once recognized, and he was elected president pro tern, of the senate. Mr. Brand was married in 1885 to Miss Estelle, daughter of Col. S. J. and Sallie (Simmons) Winn, who died, an exemplary member of the Methodist church, in 1893, leaving two children: Luelle and Julia. He is a prominent member of the I. O. O. F., of which fraternity he is a grand officer, and in line of promotion to its highest honors.

I M. BRAND, real estate and insurance, son of Egbert M. and Julia (Cooper)
* Brand, was born in Loganville, Walton Co., Ga., Feb. 7, 1867. (For sketch
of his father see sketch of C. H. Brand in these Memoirs). His mother was a daughter of Levi M. and Martha Cooper, descended from early settlers of Georgia.
Mr. Cooper was a prosperous farmer and a prominent citizen. Four of his sons were in the Confederate service during the war between the states, one of whom was killed. Mr. Brand was educated in the public schools of the county, and afterward taught school for a short time, and subsequently graduated from the university of Georgia'in 1888.

JOHN F. ESPY, farmer, Buford, Gwinnett Co., Ga., son of Robert and Eliza (King) Espy, was born in Jackson county, Ga., in 1839. His paternal grand
parents, John and Elizabeth Espy, were natives of North Carolina, and came to Georgia soon after the revolutionary war, during which he was a soldier in the patriot army. He was much esteemed and popular, and held many public offices. Mr. Espy's father was a native Georgian, born in 1795, and grew to manhood on the farm with very meager educational advantages. He began life very poor as a farmer and blacksmith, and became quite rich. He served many years as a justice of the inferior court. His mother was a daughter of John and Eleanor E. (McCutchings) King, who were natives of Virginia, and early in life migrated to Georgia. He was a soldier in the revolutionary army. Mr. Espy was reared on the farm, and after receiving a fairly good country school education, entered the Martin institute at Jefferson, Jackson county. Soon afterward the "war between
the states" began; in 1861 he enlisted in Company C, Capt. D. L. Jarrett, Eighteenth Georgia regiment, Col. W. T. Wofford. Among the many hardfought battles in which he participated were those in the peninsula, Malvern Hill, Seven Oaks, all through the campaign against McClellan, the seven days' fight

IOOO

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

around Richmond, etc. He served as county commissioner four years, and on the county board of education about ten years. In 1892 he was elected to represent Gwinnett count}- in the general assembly. He filled all these offices with credit to himself and acceptably to his fellow-citizens. He meets every obligation, private and public with scrupulous fidelity, and no citizen is more respected. He began life after the war without a dollar, but by hard work and close economy he has. with steady progress, gradually come to the front and acquired a competency. Mr. Espy was married in 1869 to Miss Mary, born and reared in Gwinnett county, daughter of Washington and Biddy (Ballew) Alien, and to them five children have been born: Leila, Cotta. Washington, Ferdinand and Ruth. Himself and wife nrc exemplary and influential members of the Methodist church.

MATHAX LOUIS HUTCHIXS, deceased, a very prominent lawyer in his day. and an ex-judge of the western circuit of Georgia, was born near the head-
v.-aters of the Savannah river in old Pendleton (afterward Anderson) district, S. C.. April II. 1799. His father was without means, and the greater part of his ediTcation was acquired by studying at night by the flickering light of a pine knot. He began life for himself as a clerk in a store. Later he came to Elberton, Ga., where he acted as deputy for the clerk of the superior court, Mr. Bowen. While thus employed Gen. John A. Heard advised him to read law, which he did, and at which he made rapid progress. Having been admitted to the bar--Judge Dooly presiding--he located in La\vrenceville, Gwinnett Co., Ga. In 1825 and 1827 he was elected to represent the county in the general assembly, after which he devoted
his entire time and attention to the practice of his profession, ranking with the foremost among the very able men--the Cobbs, Dougherty. Hillyer and others-- \vho made the bar of the weste'm circuit so distinguished. In 1857 he was ap pointed judge of the circuit by Gov. Herschell V. Johnson, and held the office
v-' >ntimiously by re-appointment, or election by the people, until 1868, when he was removed by tho?e who "in form of law exercised authority." Retiring to private life he died Feb. II. 1870. He was a man of extraordinary nerve and of un flinching courage, and one of the most affable and kindly disposed. He was loved most by those who knew him best, and was held in high estimation as judge, law yer and citizen.

MATH AX L. HUTCH JXS. judge superior court, western circuit, Lawrenceville, Gwinnett Co.. Ga., son of Nathan Louis and Mary Dixon (Holt)
Hutchins. was born in Lawrenceville. Oct 4. 1835. His father (see sketch) was an able lawyer and a former judge of the western circuit. His mother was a daughter of Hines Holt. Sr.. at one time treasurer of the state. Judge Hutchins received his primary and preparatory education at the schools in his native town, and then attended Emory college. Oxford. Ga. After his graduation he read law, and was admitted to the bar just before the civil war began. He enlisted in ;i company which was a part of the Sixteenth Georgia regiment, and was made first lieutenant. He was soon promoted to a captaincy, in which capacity he served with conspicuous gallantry until June. 1863, when he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the Third Georgia battalion sharpshooters. With his com mand he participated in the fiercely-contested battles of Malvern Hill, Crampton Gap. Sharpsburg. Fredricksburg. Gettysburg, Knoxville, Wilderness, Cold Har bor and in all the battles of the memorable campaigns of 1864 and 1865, in de fense of Richmond. He was three times wounded: first at Sharpsburg, then at the Wilderness and lastly at James river, when Grant sprung his mines near Petersburg. He was taken prisoner at Sailors creek April 6. 1865, and after

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having been confined in Washington some time he was sent to Johnson's island, where he was detained until July, when he was paroled. During his army service
he was conspicuous for the faithful discharge of his duties in their minutest de tails, and for his cheerful endurance of the dangers, privations and hardships incident to army life. His genial disposition and unostentatious bravery tested on many a sanguinary field, won for him the regard of officers and men, including brigade and division commanders, such as Gens. Howell Cobb, Thomas R. R. Cobb, Wofford, Du Bose, McLaws, Kershaw and others. Col. Hutchins took
an active part in the famous charge of Longstreet's corps at the battle of the Wilderness, by which the left wing of Grant's army was checked, and in the noted flank movement of Wofford's brigade, which contributed so much toward Con federate victory. For skill and gallantry in the operations around Knoxville in 1863 he was especially complimented in the report of the commanding general.
Returning to his home after the surrender he entered actively upon the practice of his profession, in which he at once took a front position and quickly secured a clientage both valuable and influential. In 1872, as an applicant for the judgeship of the western circuit, he was generally and strongly endorsed by the bar and the people; but Judge Rice, an older and more experienced applicant, was given the appointment In 1876 he was elected to represent Gwinnett county in the general assembly, having five opponents, and in 1878 was re-elected without op position. As chairman of the finance committee, and on the floor of the house in general legislative work, his faithful, eminent services won for him an enviable reputation. In 1880 he was again elected to represent the county in the general
assembly, and was again made chairman of the finance committee. In 1882 hfe was elected judge of the western circuit by the general assemblv, and the January
following assumed its duties. In 1886, and again in 1890 and 1894. he was re-
elected. Judge Hutchins is justly respected and held in high esteem by the bar for his profound legal attainments and his dignity and impartiality on the bench. With the people no citizen enjoys greater or more deserved popularity. Judge Hutchins was happily married March 27, 1866, to Miss Carrie Orr, of Lawrenceville. Politically he is and always has been an ardent and uncompromising
democrat.

JONES. The name of Jones is one not unfamiliar to readers of American history; and the record of one of the family's representatives in Gwinnett
county, Ga., is not altogether devoid of interest. George H. Jones, farmer, late
keeper of the penitentiary, Norcross, Ga., son of Thomas H. and Margaret (Hoyle) Jones, was born in Gwinnett county in 1833. His paternal grandparents, Wyley and Margaret (Pegram) Jones, were natives of Wales, who at length emigrated to this country and settled in Virginia, where they were rated among the best and worthiest of citizens. Mr. Jones' father was born in Virginia in 1799, and in 1821 migrated to North Carolina, where he entered the employ of a merchant named Hoyle as a clerk. The second year of his residence there he was made deputy sheriff of the county, and after serving in that capacity some time was elected sheriff. Resigning the office he came to Georgia and settled in Gwinnett county and engaged in merchandising at Hoyle & Jones' old stand, near the present site of Norcross. He accumulated a large property, but was about ruined as a result of the war. About the first money he received after the surrender was for some black walnut trees grown from seed planted by him in the corners of
the fence when he settled on the place. The trees were sold to a lumber firm in Atlanta, and a part of the product was used in the construction of what is now the governor's mansion. He was one of the promoters, a firm friend and strong advo-

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cate, and a member of the first board of directors, of the Georgia Air line, recently the Richmond & Danville railway. He was the soul of honor, and one of the most highly esteemed citizens of Gwinnett county. His mother was a daughter of Adam and Sarah (Fite) Hoyle. He was of German descent, and the family was among the early settlers of North Carolina. He came to Georgia in 1827 and engaged in merchandising with success and profit. In religion he was a Quaker and later a Presbyterian. Mr. G. H. Jones was raised on the farm, and his educational advantages were far from good. He was the fourth of seven
children, and his mother died before he was four years old. His brothers mostly engaged in business or professional life, while he preferred that of a fanner. In 1862 he enlisted in Company A. Capt Thomas, Forty-second Georgia regiment. Taking the measles, he was left at Knoxville, but as soon as he recovered he rejoined his company at Tazewell, Tenn. After the battle there, in which he was a participant, he was detailed by special order to duty in the quartermaster's department, Chattanooga, and was sent to southwest Georgia to purchase provi sions for the army. But in August of 1863 he voluntarily went back to his company .when he \vas detailed as a scout, a branch of the service in which he continued until the surrender, and at the same time held a commission as captain in the quartermaster's department He saw much hard service, passed through many thrilling experiences and dangers, and had many narrow escapes from death by being individually shot at while scouting. He went right and left and was nearly all the time scouring the country around Sherman's army, generally returning with valuable information, and was with Johnston's army on its retreat. After the fight at Jonesboro he was sent from Lovejoy's command to Gen. Wheeler, when in east Tennessee, with important dispatches, which he delivered successfully at Decatur. Ala. He was captured several times during the war, but always managed to escape; the last time just before the close of the struggle. On this occasion he was left under guard of one man while others of the squad which captured him went in pursuit of his comrades. Watching his opportunity he knocked the guard down and made his escape. During the war he had the misfortune to lose his right eye by the concussion of a shell. In 1872 he was elected to represent Gwinnett count}- in the general assembly and was one out of forty-five who steadfastly fought a law passed by the legislature during Gov. Bullock's official term leasing the state road, which they regarded as a fraud. In 1888 he v.-as elected to represent the thirty-fourth senatorial district, performing his duties here with the same fidelity as in the lower house. In 1891 he was appointed principal keeper of the penitentiary by Gov. Xorthen, and made one of the most efficient officers the state ever had in that position--retiring in 1895. He has been a member of the Agricultural society since about 1866, of which he was elected vice-president two years ago, and still holds that position. He has beer, an active member of the executive committee fifteen years, and of the fair committee ten years--always maintaining an intense interest in the affairs of the society. Mr. Jones is an active and an enthusiastic, untiring worker in any cause or movement promising the public good and progress, and is one of the best of the county's citizens. Mr. Jones was married Dec. 23, 1857, to Mrs. Ann E. Harrison mee Martim. daughter of A. W. and Exer (Smith) Martin, a union blessed with four children: W. G.. R. H.. Thomas F., and Clara. The mother of these, an estimable and exemplary member of the Methodist church, died in May. 1867. In October following he married Miss Sarah L. Martin, a sister of his deceased wife, by whom he had two children: George L., and Mamie H. She. aUo a devoted member of the Methodist church, died in November, 1872. Ir October. 1876. he contracted a third marriage with Miss Lulu, daughter of

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1003

John G. and Lucinda L. (Walker) Trammell, members of noted old Georgia
families. Mr. Jones has been a member of the I. O. O. F., is an active and ardent master Mason, and himself and wife are prominent and influential members of the Methodist church. He and others organized a Sunday school at the old church near his country home, known as Mt Carmel, in 1867, of which he has been its beloved superintendent nearly all the time since.

T T. KEY, retired physician, farmer, Norcross, Gwinnett Co., Ga., son of
* George and Madeline (Stephens) Key, was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga.,
Jan. 2, 1835. His great-great-grandfather, Martin Key, was a native of Wales, England, came to this country and settled on Manhattan island. He was the Key
who leased thirty-six acres of land for ninety-nine years, now a part of Broadway
and Central park, New York city. The lease expired in 1878, and the subject of this sketch, with other heirs, have been trying to effect a settlement, but as yet without success. His great-grandfather--son of the above--was born in Vir
ginia, and was the father of Chiles Terry Key, Dr. Key's grandfather, who married Miss Clark. He was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, immediately after which he came to Georgia and settled in the woods in what
is now Elbert county, and cleared a farm. Dr. Key's father was born in Elbert county in 1808, and, as might be expected, had very limited educational advan tages. He was raised a fanner, was a successful one, and made it his life-occupa
tion. In 1837 he moved to Henry county, Ga., and in 1851 moved to De Kalb
county, Ga. His mother was a daughter of Thomas Harden Stephens. When they were married he had $80--one year's salary as an overseer--and his wife had a piece of heavy cloth she had woven. This is what they began life with.
They settled in the woods and lived awhile in a tent made of that piece of cloth; yet he lived to become a quite wealthy man. Nine children were born to them, and
when they married he gave to each of them four negroes, and later gave each two
more. When he died, in 1859, ne nad thirty slaves that were sold for division, showing that he was a thrifty, practical farmer, and a very superior manager of
surplus income. Dr. Key was raised on the farm, and received but a limited education. When nineteen years old he began the study of medicine under the
direction of Dr. T. M. Donald, and was a member of the first class that attended the Atlanta Medical college in 1855. He afterward went to Philadelphia and
attended lectures at the Jefferson Medical college, from which he was graduated in March, 1856. He immediately located in Gwinnett county and had very promis ing success; but in 1860 he decided to go to Louisiana. In 1862 he enlisted in Company F, Twenty-seventh Louisiana regiment. He was made a lieutenant of
his company, and in a quiet, private way was their physician, his comrades paying him for the same through friendly, neighborly consideration. In the fall of 1863 he was taken sick, given up to die, and requested to resign, which he did. After
the war he returned to Gwinnett county to find himself a ruined man--nearly everything gone except his land. He commenced farming and chopping wood to haul to Atlanta, and not long afterward resumed the practice of his profession, which he continued with satisfactory success until 1883, when his impaired health
compelled him to relinquish it. He then engaged in the real estate business in Atlanta and followed it in that city until 1894, when he came to Xorcross, where, in connection with farming, he still engages in the real estate business. Dr. Key stands high with the profession as a skillful practitioner, has achieved success as such, has the implicit confidence of the people among whom he has lived and now lives, and is held in the highest estimation as a Christian gentleman. Dr. Key was married in January, 1857, to Miss Rhoda--born and raised in Gwinnett

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county--daughter of John and Elizabeth (Malona) Carroll. Six children are the fruit of this union: George O., William D. Q., James L., Lola L., Maude M., and
Anna I. He is a member of the Pioneer Citizens' society of Atlanta, a master Mason of long standing, and himself and wife are very devoted working members
of the Methodist church: the doctor, often, by request of the local preacher, . -ccupying- the pulrrit.

JOHN T. M'DAXIEL. farmer. Lawrenceville, Gwinnett Co., Ga., son of James and Elvina (Johnson") McDaniel. was born in Gwinnett county in 1831. His
great-grandfather. James McDaniel, was a native of Ireland, who emigrated to this country and settled in Virginia. His grandfather, William McDaniel, was born in the state of Virginia, and migrated to the state of South Carolina, where Mr. McDaniel's father was born in 1812. and was nine years old when his father moved in ox-carts, most of the way through virgin forests, to Georgia and settled in Gwinnett county. Too old for service during the war, he was de tailed to stay at home and look after the families of the soldiers in the field. Mr. J. T. McDaniel was raised on the farm, and the meagre education he received was obtained at the primitive dirt-floor log school house, with slab seats, stick-and-mud chimney, with light graciously admitted through square holes sawed through the logs in the sides. In 1861 he enlisted in Company F--of which he was made orderly sergeant--Thirty-fifth Georgia regiment. He saw no little hard sen-ice, and par ticipated in some of the most important battles of the war, among them: Seven Pines, seven days" fight around Richmond. Fair Oaks, the raid into Xew Jersey, second Manassas. where his commanding officer, Col. Thomas, standing by and a witness, he shot two horses to death at one time, that were drawing a cannon, the object being it? capture. He was also at Harper's Fern- and Fredericksburg. He was one of the three detailed to set fire to Manassas--which was effectually de stroyed. At Fredericksburg he was seriously wounded and lost his left leg; but he remained with the army a long time afterward. After he came home he taught school awhile, and began life anew on one hundred and twenty-five acres of land, which he has added to by subsequent purchases until now he is one of the large land owners of the count}-, and is recognized as one of its leading citizens. He was elected tax receiver since the war and sensed six years. Mr. McDaniel was married in 1855 to Miss Martha Wills, who died soon aftenvard. In 1872 he con tracted a second marriage with Miss Vina, daughter of T. D. and Adaline (Barrett) Matthews. Of six children born to them four survive: Zella: Paul E.: Eva, and Mary. Himself and wife are active members of the Baptist church.
C T. M'ELROY. But few of the citizens of Georgia, who were such before the late calamitous conflict, are without war records; fewer still have one of as
thrilling details as the subject of this sketch. S. T. McElroy, merchant-manufac turer. Xorcross. Gwinnett Co.. Ga.. son of William and Margaret (Tilley) Mc Elroy. was bom in 1844. His paternal grandfather. Samuel McElrov, was a farmer, and a South Carolinian. In 1826 he came to Georgia in an ox-cart and settled in the woods in De Kalb county, where he cleared a farm, on which he lived till he died. Mr. McEIroy's father was born in Anderson district, S. C., in 1813, came to Georgia with his father in 1826, and made farming the pursuit of his life. His mother was the daughter of Stephen (Still i Tilley. They, also, were South Carolinians and among the early settlers of DeKalb county. Mr. McElroy, in common with the majority of boys and youths born and raised in upper Georgia about the time he was. received a very limited education. In 1862 he enlisted in Company F, Capt. Mortor.. Thirty-sixth Georgia regiment, Col. Jesse Glenn, and, with his command was in many fiercely fought battles. At the battle of Baker's Creek,

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GWINNETT COUNTY SKETCHES.

1005

May 16, 1863, he was twice wounded; first by a shot in the left side, and then in about two minutes afterward in the left leg just above the ankle. This occurred about noon, in the hottest part of the fight, and he was left on the field, where he remained until late in the afternoon of the next day. After he was wounded the Confederates were forced back, but rallying later in the day, they regained their lost ground, and the new lines of battle were so formed that he lay between them perfectly conscious of what was going on, and of the extreme peril he was in. During the long-continued cannonading which followed language is inadequate to express the excruciating agony he experienced physically from his wounds, and mentally from impending further bodily mangling or sudden shocking death. Late in the next day--the ijth--he, with many other wounded soldiers, was carried to a farm house, but it being already full he was placed on the ground in the yard. When the surgeon reached and examined him he very unceremoniously am putated his leg. He was afterward taken to Clinton, where he was placed in a ward in charge of Dr. Tames Camak. The people were very kind to the wounded men, but Mr. McElroy gratefully remembers and mentions two ladies who were especially so; one was Sirs. Hill, a school teacher who, during the intervals between school hours, would bring food and delicacies and suitable beverages, and feed and minister to the sufferers with her own hands. Another kind lady was a Mrs. Jungherr, who carried Mr. McElroy to her own home and there cared for him until he was able to come home, when she went with him in her carriage to the station to take the train. When the train reached Jackson it was found that the track was torn up. He and some of his companions hired a cart and oxen and were hauled ten miles to a railway, and a train was taken to Demopolis, Ala., where a Confederate parole camp was maintained, and he was furloughed and came home. He reached Atlanta on the Fourth of July without a cent. He called on a sup posed friend for help, who put him off till the next morning, and then sent a negro with a dray to carry him home. When about a mile and a half from Atlanta he discharged the negro and got another friend to help him homeward. After the surrender he found himself penniless, at "the foot of the ladder," so to speak, and but one leg to help him climb. Being the oldest of four children he had the family to provide for, and the outlook was far from encouraging; but he bravely assumed the duty. Sustained by conscious integrity, a quiet courage and an inflexible will and purpose, he went courageously to work, and the result shows what these characteristics can accomplish. He began on the farm and made and saved some money. In 1870 he engaged in merchandising in Xorcross and has achieved re markable success; his enterprise has proved profitable and his business has in creased until his firm has become one of the leading ones of the county, with a finan
cial standing not surpassed. In 1887 the firm of S. T. & J. E. McElroy was formed and the manufacture of chairs was entered upon; and two years later the manufacture of a general line of furniture, beds, etc., was added. The establish
ment now employs fifty hands, and has a daily capacity of 250 chairs and fifty beds, besides an indefinite quantity of furniture. To these, which have proven so remu nerative to him, and which are so valuable to the community and county by develop ing its resources and affording employment to the industrious needy, he has added a corn and wheat mill. For his sagacious enterprise Mr. McElroy richly merits his success and the gratitude of his fellow-citizens; and he has set an example which
should be emulated in every community throughout Georgia and the south; "hard times" would then disappear. Mr. McElroy was married in 1866 to Miss Laura Lively; a union which was blessed with six children: Leonora; William; Beatrice; M ; nnie; Lovick, and Ruby. The mother of these, an exemplary mem
ber of the Methodist church, died in 1883. In 1885 ne was married to Mrs. Kate Folley, who died childless in 1887, and the following year he contracted a third

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

marriage with Miss Jane Dobbs, \vho lias borne him two children--Newton T. and Mary L. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and since boyhood has been a de
voted member of the Methodist church. Mrs. McElroy is a consistent member of
the Baptist church.

TANDY K. MITCHELL. physician and surgeon, Lawrenceville, Gwinnett Co., Ga., son of Madison R. and Mary A. (Key) Mitchell, was born in Jackson
county, Ga., Sept. 17, 1832. His grandfather, Thomas Mitchell, was a native of
Virginia, \vho early in life and early in the present century, migrated to Georgia and settled in Clarke count}-. He became quite wealthy, and one of the most prominent and influential citizens, evidenced by the fact that for seventeen terms consecutively he was elected to represent the county of Clarke in the general
assembly. He was a broad-minded man of liberal, progressive, statesmanlike views. He was an active and influential member of the committee which reported favorably on the building of the Western & Atlantic (state) railway, and was its friend and advocate from its inception, and a stanch supporter of the railway pol icy inaugurated by the state during his legislative sen-ice. Dr. Mitchell's father was born in Virginia in 1799, came to Georgia with the family when young, be came a prosperous and wealthy planter, and died in 1858. He was a model citizen and was highly respected and esteemed. His mother was a daughter of Col. Tandy Key. a relative of Francis S. Key, the distinguished author of The Star-Spangled Banner. Dr. Mitchell was reared on the plantation in Gwinnett county, in whose country schools he received his primary education, finishing at
Athens. Ga.. and Summerville. Ala. He then read medicine under Dr. Jesse Lowe. a leading physician in Lawrencevillle, and afterward attended lectures at
the Medical College of Georgia. Augusta, from which he was graduated March 3, 1857. He immediately located in Lawrenceville, purchasing his old precep tor's (Dr. Lowe's) office, fixtures and interest, and succeeded to his practice. He was succeeding admirably, but responding to the call for volunteers, he enlisted in 1861 in Company F, Twenty-fourth Georgia regiment--his company being the second one from Gwinnett county. Shortly after his enlistment he was appointed
assistant surgeon, in which capacity he served until the close of the war. Of the 100 young men who formed his company and went into the service with him, he was the only one who was present at the surrender at Appomattox. He was present on twenty-one battlefields, including many of the most sanguinary of the unhappy conflict It is safe to say that few, if any, of the medical staff of the army
performed more arduous sen-ice or displayed more skill--certainly none were more faithful and attentive to the sick and wounded. After the war he returned to his home and resumed his practice, which at once assumed large proportions and severely taxed his time and strength. With a large and exacting local prac tice, demanding care, he has urgent calls from adjoining counties, and oftentimes is away from home several days attending groups of patients remote from his office. Skillful. anxiously attentive and unusually sympathetic, he has been re markably successful and gained great popularity. Although somewhat advanced
in years he continues vigorous, and bids fair to live many years yet to dispense comfort and consolation and give relief to the sick and afflicted. Dr. Mitchell was married Nov. 15. 1866, to Miss A. \V., daughter of Col. James P. Stmmons, now deceased, then an eminent member of the Lawrenceville and western circuit bar. Seven children have blessed this union: James M., Lillian Mary, Thomas
W.. Annie E.. Tandy K., Jr., Ida S., and Pearl. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and a master Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church, his membership covering forty years.

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MOSES RICHARDSON. Of the citizens of Gwinnett county who have at tained to honorable distinction through their own exertions, none are more
deserving of mention than Dr. Moses Richardson, Norcross, Ga. He was born in Newton county in 1830, and was the son of Levi Richardson, a native of South Carolina. His father came to Georgia in 1817, bringing his "goods and chattels" in an ox-cart on wooden wheels, held together with wooden pins and hickory withes, the family walking most of the way, and settled in the woods in what is now Rockdale county. His father was a blacksmith and wood-worker, and fol lowed it many years. He was a soldier in the last war with Great Britain, became quite prominent in his new home, and served as a justice of the peace twenty years. Dr. Richardson was raised on the farm, and his educational advantages were very limited, his schooling being such only as could be obtained at the primitive log school house of the locality and period. In 1852 he entered upon the study of medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. A. G. Hulsey, and overcoming the many disadvantages consequent upon his defective education, prepared himself for col
lege. In 1854-55 he attended lectures at Nashville, Tenn., and in 1856 graduated from the Philadelphia Jefferson Medical college. Locating at or near his present home he has remained there, growing in. professional reputation all the time, and winning the love of the people. When he located the population was sparse, pub
lic roads few, poorly worked and hard to travel. He would sometimes have to respond to calls twenty-five miles distant, and be away from home several days
at a time. In 1862 he organized Company H, Sixteenth Georgia regiment, of which he was made captain, and went to Richmond, Va. He was soon taken sick and had to resign and come home. Subsequently he received a medical appoint ment, returned to the army and remained till the close of the war. Beginning with little education and without means, he has worked up until now, besides an ample fortune, he enjoys a professional reputation of rare excellence for ability and skill and the unlimited confidence of the people among whom he has spent his useful life. Dr. Richardson was married in 1856 to Miss Mary A. Carroll, by whom he has had two children: Clodissa, wife of P. F. Connley, and Virgil, who died at the age of seven years. He has been a member of the I. O. O. F., and is a master Mason, and served as master of his lodge for twelve or
fifteen years. The doctor is an active and prominent member of the Baptist church and his wife is a devoted member of the Presbyterian church.

\Y T. SMITH. The unfortunate war between the states developed thousands
* of cases of remarkable courage and endurance on both sides, in all arms, and in every grade of the army, but few if any surpass what is detailed in the follow ing sketch. \V. T. Smith, farmer, retired merchant, Buford, Gwinnett Co., Ga., son of G. I. and Martha L. (Palmer) Smith, was born in Butts county, Ga., in 1842. His father was a farmer, born in Georgia in 1821, and served a short time in the late civil war. His mother was bora in Andcrson district, S. C, and both of them have been members of the Methodist church fifty-four years. Air. Smith was raised on the farm, and what little education he received was obtained at the oldtime, oft-described, dirt-floor, log school house, at which so many others of Georgia's prominent men "graduated." In 1861 he enlisted in Company H--of which he was made first lieutenant--Sixteenth Georgia regiment, which was a part of Gen. Howell Cobb's command. He was soon afterward taken sick, relieved, and came home. On the recovery of his health, in 1862, he joined Capt.
B. P. Weaver's company, Forty-second Georgia regiment, and for a time was orderly sergeant. He held this position until the battle of Tazewell, Tcnn.. after which he was promoted to a first lieutenancy. From this time forward he was in

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

almost continuous active sen-ice, and was in some of the most obstinately con tested battles of the war. The captain of his company being sick he was in command of it at Richmond and Perryville, Ky., Chickasaw Bayou, Baker's Creek. Big Black, and forty-eight days' siege at Yicksburg, where he surrendered July 4. 1863. After being exchanged, his. command became a part of Stephens' division and went to cast Tennessee, and was in the movement on the extreme left of the division which held Gen. Hooker's forces in check all day at Missionary Ridge, finally inflicting on that famous Federal general his first defeat. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston assumed command of the army about this time, and went into quarters at
a place known as Buzzard's Roost Gap. Right here Lieut. Smith claims one of the greatest and grandest fights of the war occurred, for here his regiment whipped out a whole brigade and captured many prisoners. Flanked by Gen. Sherman, the
Confederates were forced back to Resaca, during which movement his regiment lost 188 men. On one occasion at this time a friend of his, Dr. Hollingsworth, on entering a charge, told him he would be killed in that charge, and, sure enough, he
was. Later, at the battle of Xew Hope Church, a Capt. McTear, of an artillery company, was wounded in the side, but he after that took charge of a cannon and heroically fought the remainder of the day without giving an inch. The next noted engagements were Pumpkin Vine Creek and Kennesaw Mountain. Lieut. Smith was with Gen. Johnston from Chattanooga nearly to the Chattahoochee, and lost not a wagon or the wheel of one, nor anything else. The next battle, he thinks, was one of the grandest of any he was in. It was the battle of
Atlanta, July 22. 1864, and during the fight the command he was with captured a large number of Federals. When they discovered how few they had surrendered to they opened fire on their captors, but without effect, as they were overcome and whipped again. His next engagement was on the Sandtown road, afterward
at Jonesboro. where two corps of the Confederates charged six corps of Union troops. He was named as commander of detail to convey women and children within Confederate lines when Gen. Sherman issued his order for all citizens of
Atlanta to go north. This was the saddest scene of his life. He then went with the army to Tennessee, and was in the hard-fought, bloody battle at Franklin. after which he was commissioned a captain, and served as such during the war--
being the youngest captain in the service. In this desperate battle only two men in his company besides himself were unhurt. Going to Xashville Capt. Smith for the first time met "colored" troops. There were five charges made before 12 o'clock, on his command, with the result that the colored color-bearer was killed, and the
colors presented to the regiment by the colored women of Murfreesboro were captured. This was one of the hardest fought battles his company had had. Near sundown on the second day one-third of it had surrendered. Gen. Stephen D. Lee. the corps commander, took a position en the pike about one mile in the rear of the last line, and displayed a heroism that covered him with glory. Eloquently and passionately he appealed to his men to rally to him when the thrillingly suggestive scene was presented of twenty-five regimental colors, supported by
about 200 battle-scarred veterans rallying around their brave commander. Capt. Smith reported with two men. saying they were ready to die with him. It is not claiming too much to say that Stovall's brigade, with Clavton's division, saved
the Confederate army at this t:me from irretrievable ruin. The morning after the
battle of Xashville. Stovall's brigade formed at Devil's Gap, where they began
to prepare for breakfast. While thus engaged a Federal cavalry force of 5,000 dashed down the pike, and passing on either side of the cut gained the Confederaterear. The excitement occasioned by this movement had hardly subsided when
a large column of cavalry, six abreast, came down the pike at a slow gait. It was

,

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GWINNETT COUNTY SKETCHES.

Ioo<j

tliought to be Forrest's command, for, as they wore rubber coats they could not
be identified. When they were near enough the commander was asked what troops they were, and they proved to be Federals. They were at once fired upon. Those not wounded quickly dropped from their horses and climbed up the moun tain sides, leaving about 500 fine horses, which the Confederates "confis
cated." They then went to Franklin, where they were soon surrounded by 15,000 or 20,000 Federal troops. Clayton's division formed a square and received their onset. The Federals charged through the lines, but the Confederates refused
to surrender. The fight continued through two days and three nights--half the Confederates being barefooted and snow on the ground. Before they extricated themselves a division of Federal cavalry charged down the pike upon them at
10 o'clock at night, but they were repulsed with the loss of two stands of colors. Ascertaining that they were preparing for another assault, Gen. Lee ordered fires to be made at various distant points to deceive the enemy. As no attack was made it is presumed it had the intended effect There were a spring and well near the
pike where, when the fighting had ceased, the troops on both sides got water, and exchanged friendly greetings. Marching barefooted through snow the Con federates went to Kingston, and thence to Bentonville, where they fought their last battle in North Carolina. The last battle himself and command were in was at Bentonville, N. C., and there they surrendered during the negotiations at Greenesboro, N. C. They then called on Gov. Vance and Gen. Beauregard, who made stirring speeches. After this they proceeded to High Point, where arms were
stacked, and mules and horses were distributed among the Confederates; also money--one Mexican dollar to each soldier, and two to each commissioned officer. Capt. Smith was wounded at Atlanta in the leg just above the knee, and was captured at Franklin, but in a short time made his escape. He surrendered eleven men, and donated his $2 and his interest in the mules and wagons to them, and then all started on their way to Georgia. He taught school four months, and
although in a good neighborhood, no one had money to pay for the schooling. The ladies proposed to pay him in jeans they had woven; but he being a single man accepted only enough to make a suit of clothes, and gave the remainder to his pupils. He then borrowed some money, and bidding farewell to all, left for Mexico. After a short stop there he went to Texas and tried for a clerkship. There were then but few railways and no large towns or cities. After spending all
his money in a vain search for some honorable employment he came back to Georgia and told his wife he could find nothing to do. Responding to her question as to what he intended to do, he said he was going to be a "rail-splitter," as that was an industry not likely to be overcrowded. He settled in Titus county.
Tex., and during the first three years split 50,000 rails, and fenced a large farm. In 1870 he was elected a justice of the peace and served four years, and in 1875 was elected tax receiver, serving two years. In 1876 he was elected to represent
Titus county in the Texas legislature; and at the end of five years resigned and returned to Georgia on account of the bad health of his wife, and settled in Buford. He at once took an active part in every movement calculated to advance the prosperity and growth of the town. He has been either mayor or a member of
the council nearly all the time. He has also been a member of the democratic executive committee ten years; and in 1888 was elected to represent Gwinnett county in the general assembly and served two terms--four years. He was one
of the building committee who planned and built the Confederate Veterans' home, in which he has taken great interest. Capt. Smith is a man of extensive and varied information, generous and public-spirited, and possesses great independence and
force of character; as a consequence he exercises a wide and strong influence, and 1-G4

IOIO

3HEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

always for good. For thirteen years he has been one of the leading business men of Buford. In 1865 Capt. Smith was married to Miss Mary--born in Decatur,
De Kalb Co.. Ga.--daughter of Robert and Mary (McGinness) Jones. Of the children born to them five are living: Lula. wife of J. D. Wallace; George E.; Anna, wife of W. C. Sweeney: James T.. and Mary. He is a member of the I. O. O. F.. and himself and wife are active and influential members of the Mis sionary Baptist church.

TAMES W. WILSON1, merchant-farmer. Ducula, Gwinnett Co., Ga., son of Thomas and Mary (Teague't Wilson, was bom in South Carolina, Oct. 8, 1833.
His paternal grandfather. Benjamin Wilson, was a native of Ireland, emigrated to this country when voung. served as a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. and was a surveyor in South Carolina many years afterward.
His lather was born in that state in 1796. was reared a farmer, and followed farming all his life. In 1840 he came to Georgia and settled in Franklin county. His mother was a daughter of Robin and Elizabeth (Level) Teague. whose families
were of the early settlers of Xewbcrry district. S. C.. of Scotch-Irish descent, and
strict members of the Presb}-tcrian church. Mr. Wilson was reared on the farm, and was educated at the historic dirt-floor log school house, with puncheon scats.
stick-and-mud chimney, and holes in the side for windows, he going barefooted and his only garment a long cotton shirt. Having the misfortune to lose an eye, he had to leave school. He came to Georgia with the family in 1849, anc^ soon afterward went to Alabama, where he remained four years. Returning from Alabama he came to Lawrenceville in 1854. and worked three years at the carriagemaking business, afterward engaging in it on his own account. In 1861 he bought an interest in a mill which he operated during the war, under Gov. Brown's commis sion detailing him to the service for the benefit of the soldiers' families. After the war he resumed his carriage building business, which he continued with success and profit until 1874. when he bought the farm on which he now lives. Having advanced ideas, and being practically progressive, he has been as successful in
farming as in his other ventures, and has engaged in merchandising also. Begin ning life without a dollar, and under serious disadvantages, Mr. Wilson has made
a success of every undertaking,, has accumulated a fine property, and attained to prominence and influence in the county. Socially, financially and as a citizen
he ranks with-the best and soundest. He takes great interest in education and in religious work, and has been a member of the board of trustees of Auburn college since its establishment. Mr. Wilson was married Dec. 8, 1859, to Miss Mattie, born in Gwinnett county, daughter of Levi and Temperance (Jones) Loveless, both
natives of South Carolina. Mr. Loveless being a son of George and Liney rTimmons'i Loveless. Seven children have blessed this union: Gippie, wife of George Craig: James, married Miss Calia B. Freeman; Adden, partner in business; Mattie T.. wife of John G. Hood: Benjamin Julius, student at Auburn; Estellc,
and Ada. deceased. Mr. Wilson is a master Mason, and himself and wife are active and influential members of the Presbyterian church.

Tiiere is not a name among those of the pioneer settlers of Gwinnett county more closely and creditably connected with its early history than that of Winn. one of whose worthiest scions and representatives is Samuel J. Winn,
lawyer. Lawrenceville. Ga. He was the son of Richard Dickinson and Charlotte fMitchell< Winn. and was born near Athens in 1837. His paternal grandfather, Elisha Winn. was born in Lunenburg county. Ya.. in June, 1777; came to Georgia and settled in what is now Gwinnett count}- in 1800. Land was then of little value,
and he secured a large tract on which he cleared a farm and made a home.

OWINNETT COUNTY SKETCHES.
When the county was organized he gave a large tract, more than two hundred acres, on which to build the county seat--Lawrenceville--and ten acres for church and school purposes. To secure facilities for educating his increasing family he built a school house. He was elected one of the first justices of the inferior court, and held the office many years, and he represented the county in the general assem bly continuously for seventeen years. The first session of -the superior court for Gwinnett county was held in a barn of his--the largest and best in the county--the boards of which were fastened on with wooden pins made by hand. So far as one man can be said to have done so, he made the county. Col. Winn's father was born in what is now Gwinnett county in 1816. He grew to manhood on the farm, with educational advantages very limited--with none until his father built a house in which he was schooled, and in which, years afterward, the subject of this sketch finished his primary education. Later--while a young man--he acquired a literary taste, became a gifted writer, and wrote biographical sketches of many of the old settlers which are now in possession of the family. He was a remarkably handsome man, of impressive presence and superior intellectuality; an "old-line whig," very magnetic and popular, and exercised a strong influence in the county. In 1850-51 he represented the county in the general assembly, and for many years was a justice of the inferior court. In 1860 he was elected as an anti-secessionist of the convention which passed the ordinance of secession, which he reluctantly signed after persistent persuasion. In 1877 he was elected a mem ber of the constitutional convention held that year. He was enterprising and progressive, and was actively instrumental in the establishment of the Cotton Manufacturing company, whose plant was burned down during the war. He was an enthusiastic Mason, and for very many years was worshipful master of the local lodge, and for the greater part of his life an influential member of the Methodist church. His estimable wife was a daughter of Thomas Mitchell, one of the most prominent citizens of Clarke county, Ga., and was an exemplary member of the ifethodist church. (See sketch of Dr. Tandy K. Mitchell.) Col. Winn was reared on the farm, and educated at the schools in Lawrenceville. Later he attended Centenary institute in Summerfield, Ala. Subsequently he attended Emory college eighteen months, then the university of Georgia, after which he entered the office of Col. James P. Simmons--the same he now occupies--and began the study of law. He was admitted to the bar at the September term of Gwinnett superior court, 1858, and at once entered upon the practice of his profession, in which he was making excellent progress when the civil war began. He joined a body of troops organized as partisan rangers, with A. H. Hunt as colonel and F. M. Nix as lieuten ant-colonel, and himself as major, which was assigned to the command of the famous raider, Gen. John H. Morgan, and participated in the great raid into Ken tucky. In 1862 Col. Hunt was killed, and the rangers were reorganized as the Sixteenth battalion Georgia cavalry, under Lieut.-Col. Nix, with the subject of this sketch as major. The battalion was subsequently engaged in nearly all the cele brated raids of that period of the war. Maj. Winn having been transferred to Gen. Kirby Smith's department, was authorized to organize another command, which he did, and it became the Thirteenth regiment Georgia cavalry, of which he was made colonel. After this he was a participant in many hard-fought battles. He xvas taken sick at Sharpsburg while engaged in the valley campaign under Gen. Early, and was returned to Staunton. After remaining there sick some time he was granted sixty days' furlough, and came home. On the expiration of his time he was ordered to Atlanta, where he organized a new force composed of cavalry soldiers cut off from their commands, and went to West Point and Columbus. Ga. With this force he was in command when the battle was fought there after Gen. Lee's surrender. On reaching Macon he heard of that event, but he refused to

1012

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

surrender and brought his men to Atlanta, thereby saving the men their horses and arms. He thus perfected a war record of activity, zeal, valor and faithful service which, to say die least of it, could hardly be surpassed for gallantry. On his return home he resumed the practice of his profession, in which he has continued, and secured a clientage of large value and volume, which is constantly increasing. In 1872 he was elected to represent the thirty-fourth senatorial district (the term then being four years) in the general assembly, discharging his duties with charac teristic fidelity and great ability. He has since devoted himself exclusively to his profession. Col. Winn was married in 1859 to Miss Sallie, daughter of Col. James P. Simmons, and to them three children have been born: Estelle, deceased wife of C. H. Brand, lawyer, Lawrenceville; Eula, wife of E. H. Jordan, and Courtland S., lawyer, Atlanta. Col. Winn is an enthusiastic and active master Mason, and a prominent member of the Methodist church.

THOMAS E. WIXX, second son of Richard D. and Charlotte (Mitchell) Winn, and a progressive, prosperous farmer, was born near Athens, Ga., in 1839. He
was brought up on the farm and received a good education. In 1861 he enlisted in Company F, Capt Mattox, Twenty-fourth Georgia regiment, Col. Robert McMillan. He was elected first lieutenant of his company, and served as such one year, when he was promoted to the captaincy. One year afterward he was made major, and after serving six months he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, in which capacity he efficiently served to the close of the war. Of the many important battles in which he participated with conspicuous gallantry may be mentioned: Malvern Hill, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilderness, Spottsylvania court-house. Cold Harbor, Petersburg, etc. His valuable services and prompt and faithful discharge of every duty were duly acknowledged by his superior officers, while his solicitous care for the men under his command secured for him their respect and affection. Col. Winn had studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1861. After the war he resumed the practice, and in 1866 was elected county solicitor, serving two years. In 1868 he retired from the practice and engaged in farming1, making a specialty of grape culture. Col. Winn served fourteen years as county school commissioner and then resigned. In 1890 he was elected to congress from the Xinth congressional district, and served one term. CoL Winn is a progressive farmer and has been a successful one, and is also fully alive to the advancement and development of the varied natural resources of his native county. He is very popular, and is classed among the best and most sub stantial of the county's citizens. Col. Winn was married Dec. 13, 1865, to Miss Irene, daughter of Dr. C- M. Park, of Greene county, and to them four children have been born: Marv. Evie, Richard L., and Alice. He is a very prominent master Mason.

HABERSHAM COUNTY.
QHARLES LARK1X BASS, lawyer, Clarkesville, Habersham Co., Ga., son of Dr. Charles H. and Mattie (Greene) Bass, was born near Milledgeville, Baldwin
Co., Ga.. April 30, 1869. His great-grandfather on his father's side was Wm. Rabun, once governor of Georgia, and for whom Rabun county was named. William Rabun was born in Halifax county, X. C., April 8, 1771, and came to Geor gia in 1785 with his father. Matthew Rabun, who settled in Wilkes county, and a

HABERSHAM COUNTY SKETCHES.

1013

year later moved thence to Hancock county. Though but indifferently educated, he possessed mental endowments and a personality that brought him into popular favor, and he was elected repeatedly to both the'lower and upper house of the
general assembly. He was president of the senate when Gov. Mitchell resigned in
March, 1817, and was acting governor from that time until November, when he was elected governor, and afterward, by the people, for a full term, during which
he had a spicy correspondence with Gen. Jackson. He died on his plantation in
Hancock county while governor, Oct. 24, 1819, and his message was delivered to the general assembly by the president of the senate, Matthew Talbot, who suc
ceeded him. Dr. Larkin Bass, an eminent physician, who married Miss Mary, a daughter of Gov. Rabun, was the grandfather of Charles Larkin Bass. His father,
Dr. Charles H. Bass, was a son of Dr. Larkin and Mary (Rabun) Bass, and was born in Hancock county. In 1858 he married Miss Mattie, daughter of Thomas
F. Greene, of Milledgeville. Dr. Bass ranked very high as a member of the medical profession, as a gentleman of scholarly attainments and varied informa
tion. He was assistant physician of the state lunatic asylum soon after his gradua tion from the Medical college of Georgia, until his death, which occurred in 1872.
His widow is still living, and makes her home with her son in Clarksville. Of nine children born to this union five survive: Addie, Mary Rabun, Mattie, Julia and Charles L. Mr. Bass' maternal great-grandfather was William Montgomery Greene, an Irish patriot, who, on account of his participation in the rebellion of 1798, was compelled to seek refuge in the United States. He was a friend of Thomas Addis and Robert Emmett, and assisted in the capture of the latter's
remains from the keeper of the Killmainham jail, and their subsequent interment. He was a cousin of the celebrated Lord Edward Fitzgerald, for whom he named
his son, Dr. Thomas Fitzgerald Greene, Mr. Bass' grandfather. Dr. Greene was superintendent of the state lunatic asylum for a period of thirty-six years, a state
ment of which fact is evidence enough as to his capability and fidelity. Dr. Greene married Miss Adeline, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Hawkins) Crowder, a granddaughter of Col. John Hawkins, who served with distinction in the revolution ary war under the immediate command of Washington. Mr. Bass received his early
education in Milledgeville, but finished it in the Atlanta high school in 1884. The following year the family removed to Clarksville, where they made their permanent home. Deciding to embrace the legal profession he commenced reading" law, and
in 1890 was admitted to the bar at Habersham superior court, Hon. C. J. Well
born, judge presiding. Entering at once upon the practice, and giving his enthu siastic and undivided attention to his profession, he has already secured an extensive practice and a wealthy and influential clientage in the northeastern circuit. His practice is general and covers every branch of the profession, and his record is that of a well-read lawyer, a prudent counselor and polished advocate. His style before a jury is that of easy and affable character, which invariably marks the suc
cessful nisi prius lawyer and wins verdicts. He has a large clientage in whose confidence his professional and private character is safe and permanently secure. Politically, Mr. Bass is a strong and active and consistent democrat. In 1890 he
was chairman of the county committee, and later president of the democratic club of Habersham county, rendering invaluable service in the campaign of 1892. That year he was elected a member of the state gubernatorial convention, and gave his
enthusiastic support to the state ticket. Mr. Bass is a young man of marked
ability, accomplished and polished manners, for whom the future would seem to have much in store. Reasonably and honorably ambitious to attain to distinction,
his many friends in his section of the state will doubtless see to it that his abilities
are recognized and his services rewarded.

1014

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

QEORGE PHILLIPS ERWIX, lawyer, Clarkesville, Habersham Co., Ga.,son of William S. and Ruth (Clark) Envin, was born in Clarkesville, Xov. 9,18/0. His
paternal grandfather, Alexander Envin, was born in North Carolina and reared a farmer, which he made a life pursuit. In 1834 he migrated to Georgia, and settled in Habersham county, where he died in 18/7. He married Miss Catharine Wales, a native of Connecticut, but who at the time was a resident of Wilkes county, Ga. She died in 1883. Mr. Erwin's father was born in Clarkesville, Jan. 27,1839. At the age of twenty-one he was elected ordinary of Habersham county, but resigned at the end of two years and enlisted in the state troops. During the last two years of the war he was in active and arduous sen-ice--was in command of an infantry cornpan}-, and participated in the numerous battles and skirmishes incident to the defense of Atlanta. After the war he was again elected ordinary, and sen-ed a full term. He also engaged in merchandising, and did a very large and profitable
business. In 1868 he was elected to represent Habersham county in the general assembly, was re-elected in 1870, and in 1872 was elected senator from the Thirtyfirst senatorial district. In the meantime he studied law, and in 1877 was admitted to the bar, and thenceforward practiced his profession in Clarkesville until he died in 1893. During this period he sen-ed five years as solicitor-general of the north
eastern circuit Mr. Erwin was a man of great versatility of talent and of marked general ability--eminently successful in everything he undertook. Hon. A. S.
Erwin, Athens, Ga., ex-judge of the western circuit, is a brother of the above. Mr. Erwin's mother was a daughter of Sevier and Elizabeth Clark, of Hall county, Ga., was married to Mr. Erwin Xov. 27,1867, and is the mother of six children: Joseph A.. George P., the subject of this sketch, William S., Frank S., Henry C., and Pope B. Mr. Erwin was reared and educated in Clarkesville, and when eighteen years of asre entered the employ of the Plant system of railways, and remained with them until 1893--five years--as cashier in the local freight department Having decided to enter the legal profession he commenced the study of law in July, 1893, under J. T. Bowden, an eminent member of the Clarkesville bar, and was admitted Jan. 17,
1894. in Gainsville. Judge C. J. Wellborn presiding. Locating in Clarkesville, his
old home, he secured at once a good practice, and has attracted to himself al ready a large and influential and remunerative clientage. Genial and affable, pos sessing intellectual endowments of a high order, and winning social characteristics,
he is sure of professional success^ and, should he seek it, political advancement. Mr. Erwin was happily married Sept 24, 1891, to Miss Eva G., daughter of Capt. T. T. Fuller, of Pierce county. Ga. Mr. Erwin's mother is still living at her home
in Clarkesville. The immediate ancestors of Mr. Erwin are found in the following genealogical sketch: Alexander Gavin Erwin wedded Xancy Magahee, and boni
to them was Alexander: Alexander married Catherine Wales, and to them William S. was born: William S. married Ruth Clark, parents of George P. Envin. Ruth Clark was a daughter of Sexier and Elizabeth (Ingram) Clark; Sevier was a son of William and Ruth Clark: Elizabeth Ingram was a daughter of William and Elizabeth Ingram: Catherine Wales was a daughter of Isaac and Elizabeth (Miles)
Wales.

\X7ILLIAM W. KOLLOCK. civil engineer and farmer, Clarkesville, Habersham
Co.. Ga.. son of George T. and Susan M. (Johnston) Kollock. was born in Savannah. Ga.. in 1845. O n's father's side he is of Huguenot ancestry. His grandfather. Dr. Lemuel Kollock, a gentleman of sterling character and superior ability, came to Savannah when a young man, and very soon became the leading physician of the city. He was the originator of the dry culture system of agricul ture around the city, which was subsequently pressed to completion by Dr. War ing. Dr. Kollock married Miss Maria Campbell, daughter of Macartan Campbell,

HABEBSHAM COUNTY SKETCHES.
of Augusta, Ga., and Miss Sarah Femvick, of the family of Fenwicks of Staunton, Northumberland, England, who were descendants of the Fenwicks of Fenwick town, a family of wide and powerful influence in the days of the ancient Saxon kings. Three children were the fruit of this marriage: P. M., a physician of emin ence in Savannah; Mrs. Neufville, wife of Rev. E. Xeufville, Savannah, and George J., father of the subject of this sketch. George J. Kollock was born in Savannah about 1809, where he received his primary education. He then read law under the distinguished Joseph R. Ingersoll, completing his studies about 1832. Returning to Savannah, and being admitted to the bar, he became associated with Mr. John Millen, attained to eminence in his profession, and secured a wealthy clientage and lucrative practice. He purchased a fine and extensive estate near Clarkesville, where with his family he spent the summer months. Mr. Kollock's mother was a daughter of James Johnston, and was born in Savannah about 1816. Her father was a descendant of the Earl of Annandale and of Annie Houstoun, granddaughter of Sir Patrick Houstoun, one of the first settlers of Georgia, from Linlithgow, Scot land, of a family prominent in that shire since the year 1160, when their ancestor, Hugo de Pegainin, of Normandy, obtained grants of land from Malcolm IV. of Scotland. Of the children which blessed this union five survive: William W., the subject of this sketch; J. F., Savannah; Mrs. W. E. Epps; Miss A. H. Kollock, and Mrs. M. C. Kollock, Savannah. Mr. Kollock died on the estate near Clarkes ville in February, 1894, aged eighty-four years. His widow is still alive and is living on the estate. Dr. P. M. Kollock for his first wife married a sister of his brother's (G. J.) wife. She having died, he married for his second wife his first cousin, a daughter of E. F. Campbell, Augusta, Ga., and the descendants of the two brothers and sister live in Savannah and in Habersham county. Mr. Kollock, our subject, was reared and received his early education in Savannah. He enlisted and actually served more than two years in the Confederate service as a member of the Seventh Georgia cavalry. After the war he entered the university of Georgia, Athens, grad uating from the school of civil engineering in 1867. For1 many years he occupied the Habersham county property as a summer home, but in 1876 he determined to make it his permanent home, and devote his attention exclusively to agricultural interests. A gentleman of culture and refinement, and possessed of a magnificent estate, he enjoys life to the full and dispenses old-time Georgia hospitality to friends and guests.
JUIULLER DUKE LAMAR, journalist, Clarkesville, Habersham Co., Ga., son of P. F. and Julia (Duke) Lamar, was born in Jackson county, Ga., June 18,
1871. His great-grandfather on his fathers side was born in England, emigrated to America before the revolutionary war, settled in Virginia, and was a soldier in the patriot army. His grandfather, Philip Lamar, was born in Virginia. Mr. Lamar's father was a cousin of the lately deceased distinguished statesman and jurist, L. Q. C. Lamar, ex-United States senator and associate justice of the United States supreme court, and was born in Gwinnett county, Ga., Sept. 5, 1818. For many years of his life he officiated as a minister of the Church of Christ, and died in Gainesville, Ga., in 1878. He married Miss Julia, daughter of William Duke, Jackson county, by whom he had two children: Louie, who died in infancy; and Muller Duke, the subject of this sketch. Mr. Duke was a native Georgian, and was one of the wealthiest and most substantial and influential citizens in Jackson county. He represented the county several terms in the general assembly, and served as a private in the late war in the Eighteenth Georgia regiment. He married Miss Lizzie Venable--and himself and wife died in Jackson county in 1886. Mr. Lamar was raised in Jackspn county, where he received his early schooling, but finished his education at the excellent Hgh school at Xorcross, Gwinnett Co.,

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Ca. Having determined to make journalism his life-pursuit, as a preliminary step he entered the office of the "Jackson Herald," so as to gain a practical knowledge of the art of printing, and the general conduct of a paper. After remaining there
during 1888-89 he went to Athens, Ga.. and in 1890 was connected with the ''Athens Banner." Then he went to Eastman, Dodge Co., Ga., and in 1892-93 was engaged on the "Times-Journal'" there. From Eastman he went to Florida, and
from September, 1893, to February, 1894, he conducted a paper at Lakeland, in that state. In July. .1894. Mr. Lamar became the proprietor and editor of the "Advertiser." published at Clarkesville. The "Advertiser" was ably edited and
carefully conducted, and under Mr. Lamar's management became a bright and newsy family paper, and influential party organ. It is the official organ of Haber sham county, and a faithful exponent of democratic principles, and is widely cir
culated in northeast Georgia. It is rapidly gaining in popularity and circulation, and as a consequence, in influence. Mr. Lamar has developed marked ability and aptitude for his profession.

JOHN MARTIX MULLEXIX, farmer, Clarkesville, Habersham Co., Ga., son
of Abraham M. and Lenny (Butler) Mullenix, was born in Pendleton dis trict, S. C. Sept. 12. 1828. His father was a native of South Carolina, and a mechanic, came to Georgia about 1829 and settled in Franklin county, where
he engaged in the boot and shoe business, and died Sept 8, 1849. -^r- Mullenix's mother was born in Xewberry district, S. C., was the mother of ten children --five boys and five girls--and died in Habersham county in 1882. Mr. Mullenix was raised and educated in Franklin count}-, to which his father moved from South
Carolina soon after his birth. He was raised a farmer, and farming has been his life-pursuit. About March. 1862. he enlisted in Company A. Fifty-second Georgia regiment. Col. Phillips, and with his command served under Gen. Bragg in the
Kentucky campaign, doing some hard fighting at Louisville and Lexington, and a: Franklin. Tenn. The command was engaged in many skirmishes, and cap
tured a large number of prisoners. The command entered Cumberland Gap, but was later ordered to Yicksburg. took a conspicuous part in the battle of Baker's Creek, and at Horse Shoe Bend, where blood flowed like water. The command remained through the protracted siege of Yicksburg, rendering efficient service; and after its capture. July. 1863. he was paroled and returned home. He was exchanged in time to rejoin his command and take part in the bloody battle near Xe\v Hope church. With his command he was an active participant in the
battle at Resaca. and the bloody and obstinately contested battles between there and Atlanta, as well as those attending the defense of that city--including the memorable battle of July 21 and 22. 1864. After Atlanta fell, his command went with Gen. Hood via Florence. Ala., which was captured, fighting all the way through Tennessee to Xashville. He bore a part in the disastrous battle of Franklin: after which the command returned through Alabama, Georgia and Carolina, and joined Gen. Johnston at Salisbury, X. C. He participated in the battle at Kingston, where 1.200 Union soldiers were captured, and enjoyed the honor--as he esteems it--of bearing a part in the last battle of the unfortunate conflict, at Bentonville. X. C. After the war lie returned to Habersham county, where he had settled in 1852. and where, since, he has prosperously engaged in
fanning. Mr. Mullenix was married Feb. 8. 1849. to Miss Catharine, daughter of Horace Bell of Franklin county--a union blessed with thirteen children, of whom twelve are living: Clarissa. Man- Jane. William M.. John M., Andrew Jackson. James. \Yesley. Pinckney. Thomas. Mrs. Lizzie Odell. Louisa, and Josephine.

HABERSHAM COUNTY SKETCHES.

1017

JOHN W. OWENS, lawyer, Toccoa, Habersham Co., Ga., son of Joshua and Drucilla (Watson) Owens, was born in Anderson district, S. C., Feb. 3, 1843.
Capt Owen's father was born in South Carolina in 1818, where he lived until 1848, when he moved to Georgia, and settled in Franklin (now Banks) county. He was public-spirited, substantial and popular, and served many years as a jus tice of the inferior court He died in Banks county in 1888, aged seventy years; his widow is still living, and makes her home at Harmony Grove, Jackson Co., Ga. Of the children born to them eight are living: John W., the subject of this sketch; Mrs. Amanda Gober; Mrs. Nannie McCoy; Mrs. Marie Ritchie; Mrs. Almira Staples; Mrs. Laura Watson; and brothers E. D., and C. H. Capt Owens came with his family to what is now Banks county when five years old, where he was reared, and during his boyhood educated. He finished his literary studies at Jonesboro, Ga., and then taught at Hilliard Male institute, at Forsyth, Ga. In i86ij at the age of eighteen years he enlisted as a private in the famous Banks county guards, which became Company A, Second Georgia regiment, Gen. Robert Toombs' brigade, Longstreefs corps, Army of Northern Virginia. The regiment was organized at Brunswick, and ordered to Richmond. The regiment was reorganized soon afterward when he was commissioned first lieutenant, and not long after as captain. With his command he participated in the following hard-fought and bloody, as well as many less important, battles: First, at Yorktown--Dam No. I--after which the command moved to Richmond, thence to Gordonsville, Va., and went into winter quarters. His command participated in the battles of Second Manassas, Cold Harbor, Malvern Hill, Brandy Station, seven days' fight around Richmond, Orange Court House, two days' fight at Gettysburg--where he was wounded, Spottsylvania Court House, Wilderness, Fredericksburg, Drury's Bluff and Fort Harrison. He also fought throughout the siege of Petersburg, and followed Gen. Longstreet to Chickamauga, where he was seriously wounded and sent to the hospital; later he was furloughed and came home. He afterward rejoined his command, Longstreet's corps, at Morristown, east Tennessee, and after four years of active, arduous service was present
at the surrender at Appomattox Court House. Capt. Owens' record shows that of the many battles and skirmishes in which his regiment was engaged he missed but two. Returning from the war he engaged about eighteen months in merchan dising, and then in farming. Three years later he was elected clerk of the superior court and served two years. Having in the meantime .studied law, he was admitted to the bar in White county, in 1874, and shortly afterward located in Toccoa, where he has gained honorable distinction in his profession, and built up a good practice in the eastern and western circuits. He has filled the office of solicitor of Habersham county court two years, and has also served several years as mayor of Toccoa. He is regarded as an able lawyer, a sound and safe counselor, and being enterprising, progressive and public-spirited, has the confidence of the people, and enjoys a popularity accorded to but few. It is altogether probable his fellow-citizens will demand his sen-ices in a higher and broader field. Capt. Owens was married in 1869 to Miss Lucy M., daughter of Dr. Benjamin Smith of Lumpkin county, Ga.; a union blessed with three children: Alice. Charles and Nannie, of whom the first named is the only survivor. In April, 1876, Mrs. Owens died, and in March, 1880, Capt. Owens married Miss Mary Eliza, daughter of Flavius Ward of Habersham county, who has borne him five children: Mamie, Willard, De Witt, Annie and Laurens.
JVAICAJAH TILMAN PERKINS, lawyer, Clarkcsville, Habersham Co.. Ga.. son of John and Rachel (Martin) Perkins, was born in Banks county, Ga.. Mav 22,
1866. His grandfather, Logan Perkins, was a native of Buncombe county, X. C,

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

was one of the earliest settlers of Habersham county, and died in Banks county in 1872. Mr. Pcrkins" father was boni in Habersham county, as a farmer, and himself and wife are still living near Mount Airy. Ten children are the fruit of
their marriage: John L.. Micajah Tilman, the subject of this sketch; Harvey S.. Mrs. Emma F. iVaselton, Texas: Bynum, Serena, \"ance, Bleckley, Lulu and Absalom. Mr. Parkins was reared on the farm, attended in early boyhood the near-by schools, and finished his literary education at Sibley institute at Mount Airy, near to which his parents moved in 1874. Soon after leaving this institution, in the fall of 1887, \vhcn only twenty-one years old. he was elected sheriff of
Habersham county, and is believed to have been the youngest person ever elected to that important and responsible office in this state. From that time onward his career and success have been remarkable, and offered an inspiring example and illustration of what our republican institutions can do for those of laudable
ambition, possessing push and energy, combined with strict integrity. He served his term of two years with credit to himself and the entire satisfaction of his
appreciative constituency. Having determined in the meantime to adopt the legal profession, he had been studying, and in 1890 was admitted to the bar. He at once entered upon the practice at Clarkesville. and has been successful beyond his most sanguine expectations--his clientage extending over the northeastern
circuit, and increasing in extent and value even- year. In 1890 his admiring constituency elected him to the mayoralty of Clarkesville, where he performed valuable sen-ice to the city, and in 1892 he was commissioned notary public, and ex-officio justice of the peace--an appointment he still holds. That same year
the populist party invaded Habersham county, and the democratic friends of the youthful subject of this sketch presented him as their candidate to check the rising tide, and bear their banner to victory. He was triumphantly elected to represent
Habersham county in the general assembly, and was placed and served on the following committee?: Judiciary, privileges and elections and pensions, and had
the honor of being appointed on the special committee sent to the world's fair. So
faithfully and zealously did he represent and serve his constituency that in 1894 he was renominated by his party, and was re-elected. His career so far has been
as brilliant as it has been brief--he seems already to have become a favorite with the people--and the promise of his future seems indeed to be of the brightest. Affable and attractive, of agreeable manners, of plain but dignified bearing, and possessing social qualities which are winning and lead to success, professional and political distinction assuredly await him. After leaving the session of the
legislature of 1894. he went immediately to the Lumpkin law school of Athens, Ga.. and graduated from that institution in 1895.

HALL COUNTY.
f"* OL. ALLEX D. CAXDLER. secretary of state. Few men have enjoyed in a higher degree the confidence of the people of this state than Col. Alien D.
Candler. This confidence i~ inspired not only by his unsullied record in public life, but equally by the zeal, fidelity and wisdom which he has brought to the discharge of even.- duty imposed upon him by his fellow-citizens. Col. Candler is a native Georgian and wa? born in Lumpkin county, in this state, on Xov. 4,

HALL, COUNTY SKETCHES.
1834. This was four years prior to the removal of the Cherokee Indians from north Georgia. In 1838 the family moved from Lumpkin county and located in Franklin county. Here the subject of this sketch passed his boyhood in the vigorous life of the open fields, making the best of his time and opportunities, and laying the foundation of a strong and robust constitution. He remained here until his twenty-second year, having acquired the rudiments of a primary educa tion from the common schools of the county. This, however, was not enough for a young man who thirsted for a higher knowledge than he could gain from elementary text books, and whose ambition had pictured to him broader and better fields than those which lay around him. Leaving his home in Franklin county lie matriculated as a student in Mercer university, then located at Penfield, Ga. From this institution he was graduated in 1859 wn:n tne degree of Bachelor of Arts. Directly after the war lie was honored by his alma mater with the degree of Master of Arts, one of the highest in the gift of the university. Immediately after graduation the young applicant for life's substantial honors, 'flushed with the high expectations bom of his college career, located in Jonesboro, Ga., and for two years engaged in the occupation of teaching school. In 1861, Georgia having seceded from the Union, the young preceptor exchanged his ferule for the musket and entered the Confederate army. He left Jonesboro in October, 1861. as a private in Company H, Thirty-fourth Georgia regiment. He served as a private, however, for only one month, becoming, at the expiration of this time, the first lieutenant of the company. In October, 1862, just one year from the time of his enlistment, he was promoted to the rank of captain. His courage as a soldier and his love for military life that were plainly evinced by his conduct on the field, clearly foreshadowed still higher honors for the young soldier. In May, 1864, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth Georgia reserves, and in January, 1865, near the close of the war, he was made colonel of that regiment. In addition to a number of smaller engagements the subject of this sketch figured in the following battles: Bridgeport, Tenn., Richmond, Ky., Baker's Creek, Miss., siege of Yicksburg, Miss., Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Cassville, Kennesaw Mountain. siege and battles around Atlanta and Jonesboro. At several of these points. occurred the severest engagements of the war. Col. Candler was slightly wounded at Kennesaw Mountain and lost his left eye at Jonesboro, Ga. After the war he returned to Jonesboro, having, as he expressed it, "one wife, one baby, one dollar, and one eye." He resumed his occupation as a school teacher and taught until 1870. Immediately after his return home he was honored by his fellow-citizen*, in recognition of his gallant services in defense of Jonesboro, by receiving from them in 1866 the office of mayor for one year. In 1870 he moved td Gainesville. Ga., and entered the lumber business. This he carried on until 1882. being at the same time a general contractor. In 1879-80 he built the Gainesville. Jefferson & Southern railroad, sixty-five miles in length, running from Gainesville to Social Circle and passing through the town of Jefferson. Col. Candler is still the president of this road, having filled that office since the time of its completion. In addition to this road he also built as contractor in 1882 a portion of the Gaines ville & Dahlonega railroad, twenty-six miles in length, and a street railroad for Gainesville in 1874. It thus appears that Col. Candler has been an important factor in the material development and upbuilding of northeast Georgia. In addition to this valuable service rendered the state as a builder of railroads, he held quite a number of political stations. In 1872 he was elected mayor of Gainesville, Ga., for one year, and was succeeded by his father, Daniel G. Candler, a veteran of three wars, several years deceased. In the fall of the same year he was elected as the representative of Hall county in the state legislature, and was

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

twice re-elected. In 1877 ne became a member of the state senate, and served for two years in that body. In 1882 he was nominated as the democratic candidate for congress in the Xinth district, and was triumphantly elected, defeating Hon. Emory Speer. in one of the most exciting political campaigns of the state. Mr. Speer had carried the district in two successive elections, in the last one receiving a majority of 4,000 votes as an independent candidate. The majority of Col. Candler over his brilliant opponent was 2,600. His career in congress was a fearless one and the district was faithfully represented. He was made chairman of the committee on education in the Fiftieth congress, and a member of the committees on banking and currency and mines and mining during his four term?. Col. Candler is a loyal member of the masonic fraternity, his name appearing on the roll of the Gainesville lodge, and also on that chapter. Before the close of the war. in January, 1864, Col. Candler married the daughter of the late Thomas T. Williams, a prominent planter of Jones county, Miss Eugenia T. Williams. Eleven children were the result of this union, ten of whom are still living, six boys and four girls. The children are as follows: Eugenia, the wife of D. L. Wardroper of Lexington, Ky.: Florence, the wife of Wm. K. Ashford of Gainesville. Ga.: Marcus A.: Thomas C.: Hortense. the wife of F. K. Bunkley of Montgomery, Ala.: William D., John C., Victor Eugene. Annie and Benjamin Lee. In 1891. Col. Candler, after having served the district for several years in congress, retired to private life and entered again the himber and contracting business at Gainesville. Ga. Ke continued successfully in this line of work until his appoint ment as secretary of state by Gcv. Xorthen. in May, 1894. to fill the unexpired term of Gen. Philip Cook. Last fall he was elected to the same office for the r.-grular term of two years. Col. Candler during his connection with this office has shown a marked familiarity with public affairs, and is one of the best officials that has ever occupied that responsible position. He is a Georgian of whom the state i? justly proud, having served faithfully in both the field and forum and ahvays with an eye single to her glory.
JVAELYIX T. CHARLES, tax collector of Hall count}-, was born in Gilmore, Ga., in 1849, an^ is a son of William and Elizabeth Charles, both natives of Georgia.
He was one of a family of seven children--four boys and three girls. John P., his eldest brother, died as a member of a Louisiana regiment at the siege of Vicksburg. Harvey il. served in the army of Virginia, and was discharged for a disa bility caused by a wound. The other brother, James, is deceased, and the sisters, Jane. Mary Aim and Adeline, are living. The mother of Mr. Charles died when he was six years old. and at an early age he was left to shift for himself. He helped the farmers for his board and clothes and managed to pick up a fair education from the common schools. At the age of twenty-three he was mar ried to Sarah Pierce, a daughter of James and Permelia (Deal) Pierce. To this union have been born six children: Eva Lela, John, deceased, Emma, Lou Fletcher, Gertrude and Melrose. Mr. and Mrs. Charles and their oldest daugh ter are members of the Baptist church. Mr. Charles is a member of the Flowery Branch lodge No. 212, F. and A. M., and of the I. O. O. F., Flowery Branch lodge No. 99. In 1892 he was elected to the office of tax collector and re-elected in 1894. He is a popular officer, and his administration has been eminently satisfactory to the people. He takes an active interest in politics, state and
county, and is a stanch democrat
C RANK TAYLOR DAVIE, merchant, Flowery Branch, was born Nov. 4, 1849, in Randolph county, Ala., and is the son of James Alien and Lucinda (Ham
ilton^ Davie. The father was born in South Carolina in 1817, and after his mar-

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10.31

riage he went to Alabama and taught school in Randolph county. In 1872 he was a member of the state legislature of Arkansas and was either a county officer or in state positions the greater part of his life. He was the father of five children: Elizabeth, Frank, Jane, Juliet Eugenia and one infant, deceased. Mr.
Davie died in 1881, and his wife died in February, 1893, aged seventy-eight years. Mr. Frank T. Davie spent his boyhood days in Gwinnett county, Ga., and is one of the self-made men of the state. At the age of eighteen years he had picked
up a good education and then started in fanning for himself. In 1874 he engaged in merchandising in Flowery Branch and has since conducted the business with such success that he is one of the leading business men of the county. In 1874
Mr. Davie married Augusta, daughter of Elisha Chamblee, a prominent citizen
of Hall county. By this marriage three children have been born, one of whom, Adie, survives. The mother of these children died June 9, 1878, and Mr. Davis married for his second wife in October, 1883, Sarah E., daughter of John R. Medlock, of Norcross, Ga. To this marriage have been born three children: Frank, deceased, Carl Newman, and James Howard. Mr. and Mrs. Davie are members of the Methodist Episcopal church and Mr. Davie is district steward and one of the trustees. He is worthy master of Flowery Branch lodge No. 212, F. and A. M., and belongs to Flowery Branch lodge Xo. 99, I. O. O. F., of which he has filled all the chairs. He served as justice of the peace for twelve years and in 1888-89 was a member of the state legislature, serving on the committees on mines, banking and prisons. He is now a member of the board of county commissioners.

JOHN L. GAINES. One of Hall county's best farmers and a leading citizen is John Lilburn Gaines, of Flowery Branch. He was born Sept 16, 1842, in
Hall county, and here he has spent all his life. His father was Ira Gaines and
his mother Nancy Hawkins, and they were the parents of eight children, four boys and four girls. Francis H., the oldest boy, was in Company D, Twenty-
seventh Georgia infantry, and was killed at the second battle of Cold Harbor. William D. was in Company D, Twenty-seventh Georgia regiment, and was wounded at Sharpsburg and died at home from its effects. Henry W. T. was the third soldier of the family and is now a farmer in Hall county and runs a big
set of mills. The father of these children died April 4, 1891, at the age of sev enty-eight. His wife was born in 1815, and is still living, and is remarkably strong in health, as she is in mind. She is a member of the Baptist church, as was her husband during his lifetime. The subject of this memoir after the war and on reaching manhood began farming. He was elected justice of the peace for a number of years and in 1877 was elected sheriff of Hall county, and
continuously elected for five terms. He then declined to be a candidate again, telling his friends that he had had more than his share. He was elected to the legislature for the terms 1892-93 and 1894-95, and served on the committees of prisons, agriculture, temperance and blind asylum of Macon. On Oct. 18, 1860, Mr. Gaines was married to Mary C., daughter of Pinckney D. Major, of Hall county. She was born in Georgia. Their marriage has been blessed with thir
teen children, viz: Nancy E., Marietta, Eugenia, Ira P., Robert L., Maggie M., John L., Joseph W., Grover C., Homer W., Ernest N. and Hubert H. Mr. and Mrs. Gaines are members of the Baptist church and Mr. Gaines is a member of the F. and A. M. Mr. Gaines owns a magnificent farm of 400 acres in a high state of cultivation, and is a man enjoying the esteem of all who are for
tunate enough to have his acquaintance. Mr. Gaines had the same blood in his veins that led his three brothers to volunteer for the country's cause, and he

i! MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
too served through the war with distinguished bravery. He was in all the battles with ex-Senator Colquitt, his superior officer. He was wounded four times at Seven Fines and was in the battles of Fort Fisher, when he was again wounded, and around Richmond and the siege of Petersburg. He was in the first engage ment of the war. outside of Fort Sumter, and was in the last battle, fought after Lee had surrendered.
pOBERT E. GREEX. M. D. At the head of one of Georgia's prosperous manufacturing- establishments is Dr. Robert E. Green, of Gainesville. He
was born in Campbell (now Douglas) county, Ga., Sept 29, 1846, and is the son of William E. and Man- (Stiles) Green. Trie parents of Dr. Green were natives of New Jersey, emigrating to Georgia in 1831, and settled on the line of Walton and Qarke counties. William E. Green and a Mr. Hopping built the High Shoals cotton mills, still running, and was engaged in the cotton manufacturing business all his life. He died in 1867 at the age of seventy-one. He was a man most highly respected for his integrity and high moral character. Dr. Rob ert E. Green was educated in the common schools of Campbell county and schools of Atlanta. In 1864 he enlisted in a battery of artillery and entered the Confed erate service, served to the end of the war and was paroled at the surrender. He then attended the university of Georgia at Athens. Upon his father's demise he took charge of his father's business, at the same time studying medicine. He then attended the Southern Medical college at Atlanta, from which he was grad uated ir. 1869. He practiced his profession in Atlanta until 1870, when he moved to Gainesville. He continued to practice there for two years, when his health failing, he entered the lumber business with Col. A. D. Candler. After a part nership o: four years he withdrew and bought and operated the street railroad in Gainesville for eight years. He is now general manager, secretary and treas urer of the Georgia Manufacturing company of Gainesville. He was mayor of Gainesville in 1879-80 and judge of the criminal court. He belongs to the Pres byterian church, is a Mason and was at one time worshipful master of Lodge 219, at Gainesvilie. He was married in 1869 to Eveline E. Wilson, daughter of James H. Wilson, of Campbell count}-, by whom he has seven children living: R. E., 'JarrU- A.. M. Louise. Elizabeth. Emmett H.. Evelyn and Albert Lamar.
QEX. JAMES LONGSTREET, of Gainesville, Ga., was born in Edgefield dis trict. S. C. Jan. 8. 1821. His family removed to Alabama in 1831, and he
v.-a? appointed from that state to the West Point Military academy, where he \vas graduated in 1842. and was assigned to the Fourth infantry. He was at Jefferson barracks, Mo., in 1842-44: on frontier duty at Natchitoches, La., in 1844.15 : ir. Texas. 1845-46. and in Mexico at the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma. Monterey. Yera Cruz. Cerro Gordo, San Antonio, Churubusco and Moline del Re\'. For gallant conduct in the two latter engagements he was brevetted captain and major, and had already been made first lieutenant Feb. 23, 1847; at the storming of Chapultepec. Sept. 8, 1847, he was severly wounded. He was chief commissar}- of the department of Texas. 1849-51, was commissioned cap tain in December. 1852, and major and paymaster" in July, 1858. In 1861 he resigned to join the Confederate army, of which he was immediately appointed brigadier-general, and won distinction in the first battle of Bull Run, where he prevented a large force of Federal troops from supporting McDowell's flank attack. On May 5, 1862, he made z brave stand at Williamsburg, where he was attacked by Heintzelman, Hooker and Karney, and held his ground sturdily until Hancock arrived to reinforce his opponents, when he was driven back. At

HALL COUNTY SKETCHES.

1023

the second battle of Bull Run he commanded the first corps of the army of north ern Virginia, which came so promptly to the relief of Jackson when he was hard pressed by Pope's army, and by a determined flank charge decided the fortunes of the day. He led the right wing of the army of Northern Virginia at Gettys burg, and tried to dissuade Lee from ordering the disastrous charge on the third day. When Lee retreated to Virginia Gen. Longstreet, with five brigades, was transferred to Tennessee under Bragg, and at Chickamauga held the left wing of the Confederate forces. He rejoined Lee early in 1864, and was so prominent in the battle of the Wilderness that he was wounded by the fire of his own troops. He was in the surrender at Appomattox, April g, 1865. Throughout the army he was familiarly known as "Old Pete," and was considered the hardest fighter in the Confederate sen-ice. He also had the unbounded confidence of his troops, who were devoted to him, and the whole army felt thrilled with renewed vigor in the presence of the foe when it became known down the line that "Old Pete" was up. Gen. Longstreet took up his residence in New Orleans after the war and established the commercial house of Longstreet, Owens & Co. He was appointed surveyor of the port of New Orleans by President Grant, and was afterward supervisor of internal revenue in Louisiana, and postmaster at Xew Orleans. In 1880 he was sent as United States minister to Turkey by President Hayes and under Garfield he was United States marshal for the district of Georgia.
JOHN E. REDWINE, a prominent citizen of Gainesville, was born in Ran dolph county, N. C, June 3, 1823. When an infant his parents moved to
Wilson counb.% Tenn. He is a son of William and Lucy (Cocker) Redwine. William Redwine was of German extraction and settled in Hall county in 1827. He was a devoted member of the Methodist church and a prosperous farmer and manufacturer of tobacco. He died in 1857 at the age of sixty-five. The early educational training of J. E. Redwine was obtained in the common schools of Hall county and a select school in the neighborhood, after which he attended the high school at Gainesville, graduating in 1842. He was then engaged in teaching school for two years, and in 1854 was elected clerk of the superior court of Hall county. This office he held for twelve years. During his time in the clerk's office he read law under Judge Hutchins, Sr. He practiced his profession for a few years, then, in October, 1866, began the publication of the Gainesville "Eagle," and continued in this work until May, 1884. He was elected to the first legislature under the present constitution of Georgia in 1878-79 and was again elected in 1882 and 1883. In both general assemblies he was a member of the committee on finance, and in the session of 1882-83 he was chairman of the committee on enrollment. In 1884 Mr. Redwine sold his paper, and during all this interven ing time he has been interested in farming. In 1890 he was elected commissioner of roads and revenue and was elected chairman of the board and is still serving in that capacity. He is a member of the Methodist church, is a Mason, belonging to Gainesville lodge No. 219, F. and A. M., and was worshipful master of this lodge for twenty-five years. He is also P. D. G. M. and at present is district deputy of the state of Georgia. He was married in December, 1845, to Emeline Kerbow, daughter of Solomon Kerbow, of Jackson county, by whom he has seven children: Liman A., Elgivia E.. Flavins W, Servilia R"., William M., Sarah A. and John E., Jr.
O C. SAXDERS. merchant and banker, Gainesville. was born in Jackson " county, Ga., in 1840. and is a son of Harris and Elizabeth (Smith) Sander*.
Harris Sanders was a life-long member of the Baptist church, a prosperous farmer.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

and died in 1867 at the age of seventy-five. Mr. C. C. Sanders was educated in the schools of Jackson county and received military training at the Georgia military institute, from which place he was graduated in June, 1861. At the first call for volunteers, young Sanders, in August, 1861. enlisted as a private, and on reaching
Atlanta he was elected lieutenant-colonel of the Twenty-fourth Georgia regiment. He was sent to the army of Virginia, under Gen. Lee, and was in the battle of \Villiamsburg and in the seven days" fight around Richmond, ending with the battle of Malvern Hill. In the battle of Fredericksburg Col. Sander's lost nearly one-third of his regiment and at Chancellorsville one-half of it. At the battle of
South Mountain. Col. Sanders was placed in command of the brigade of 3,750 men. At the close of this hard-fought battle he had lost all but 1,725 of his brigade. At Sharpsburg the losses of his brigade were 58 per cent according to the official reports. He was in the battles of Chickamauga and Knoxville, the Wilderness and Spottsylvania court house. Col. Sanders was captured three days before the surrender of Lee at Sailor's creek, and with Gen. Custin Lee and Gen. Ewell was
sent to prison at Washington city. He was there during the exciting period of President Lincoln's assassination, when the Hves of all prisoners were in deadly peril. He was transferred to Johnson's island in May, and reached home in September. Since the war Coi. Sanders has been engaged in the mercantile and banking business. He was one of the Georgia commissioners to the world's fair at Chicago. He is a member of the Baptist church, and was married in 1871 to Miss Fannie Scarborough, daughter of Americus Scarborough, a leading citizen of Lee county. They have two children: Robert J. and Montine.

A R- SMITH, clerk of the superior court. Gainesville. was born in Hall county. July 13. 1855. He is a son of Robert and Elmira (Roberts) Smith, of Scotch-
Irish descent and natives of Georgia. Robert Smith was a brave soldier in the civil war. enlisting in the Confederate army. Company K, Sixty-fourth Georgia regiment volunteers, and sen-ing two years, dying in 1864. A. R. Smith was educated in the common schools of Hall county, then entered Emory college at Oxford in 1883. After completing his education he was elected clerk of the superior court of Hall county in 1885. He has been re-elected for six successive terms and had the honor of obtaining the wonderful majority of 800 when lie was elected in 180,5. Mr. Smith has been chairman of the democratic congres sional committee of Hall county, also that of the senatorial committee, and is now chairman of the county democracy. He is a member of the Methodist churcli and a master Mason. He was married in 1885 to Miss Sarah Palmour, daughter of Judge John D. Palmour of Dawson county. There have been three children: Mabel. Robert E. and Winifred.
DROF. A. W. VAX HOOSE.. associate president of the Georgia Female sem inary and conservatory of music, located at Gainesville, Ga., was born in
Griffin. Spalding Co., Ga.. Oct 31, 1860. At an early age he removed with his parents to middle Tennessee, and his earlier education was acquired at the high school of Winchester, that state. Returning to Georgia in 1878, he taught a small country school near the city of Gainesville. Beginning with a total enroll ment of five pupils. Prof. Van Hoose. during the three years of his principalship, so devoted himself to the work in hand that the large number of 150 pupils were in regular attendance when the school closed at the end of the last term of his administration. Subsequently he became a student at the university of Georgia at Athens, from which institution he was graduated with honor in 1882. After graduation he taught in the South Georgia Agricultural college, Thomasville, Ga.,

HALL COUNTY SKETCHES.

1025

the Howard college, Marion, Ala., and at the university of Georgia, Athens. In 1885 he was chosen president of the Gainesville college, Gainesville, Ga., retained that position one year and graduated one of the most promising classes which
lias ever gone out from that institution. During the summer of 1886 the prop erty of the old Georgia Baptist Female seminary was about to be sold to satisfy various claims against it. Prof. Van Hoose saw, almost intuitively, the oppor tunity of a lifetime to build a really great female college. He bought the property at private sale and at once set about to make it a magnificent school. His first
opening was not auspicious, as only about twenty pupils were present: but noth ing daunted, he continued the work, employing only the best teachers and the
most modern methods, until to-day the institution he founded ranks among the most successful of the female colleges of the south. Much of the success of
the school, he insists, is due to his parents, Rev. A. and Mrs. M. F. Van Hoose, and his estimable wife ( nee Miss Lucy E. Rucker, to whom he was united in marriage in August, 1887), who at all times and under all circumstances have given him their heartiest support. Feeling the need of assistance and capital, in 1893 Prof. Van Hoose sold a half interest in the school to Prof. Haywood J. Pearce.

DROP. HAYWOOD J. PEARCE was born in Columbus, Muscogee Co., Ga., Aug. 26, 1871, and is the only child and son of Mr. Thomas J. and Mrs. Vir
ginia (Biggers) Pearce, of that place. His earlier education was acquired in the
private schools of the city of Columbus, but at the age of fifteen he entered the preparatory department of Emory college, Oxford, Ga., from which institution
he received his diploma in June, 1891. Immediately after graduation he was
elected to the chair of Latin in the Columbus Female college, aftenvard assuming
the presidency of the same institution, and remaining there until his present con
nection was formed. Prof. Pearce was married in August. 1892, to Miss Mary Matthews, of Columbus, and three children have blessed their union. The asso ciation of Profs. Van Hoose and Pearce in the management of the great institu tion under their charge has been and is a most pleasant one: but no biography of these gentlemen would be complete without a description of the great enter
prise to which they have consecrated their lives, their talents and their money. Nestled at the base of the Blue Ridge mountains, in that section of the state known as northeast Georgia, is the beautiful, prosperous city of Gainesville.
Fourteen hundred feet above the level of the sea. its atmosphere is as pure as that of the mountains, and this, coupled with the fact that its water is so cool
as never, even in the hottest weather, to require ice, makes it the Mecca to which thousands from the lower portions of Georgia flock during the summer months, seeking health and rest. Fever, chills, malarial diseases and mosquitoes are abso lutely unknown to its people, and it is the testimony of physicians of national reputation that a year's residence in this favored section is of incalculable benefit
to anyone. It is to such a place as this that the Georgia Female seminary invites its pupils. The college campus embraces some seven acres, beautifully shaded by primeval oaks, and affords splendid opportunities for exercise and amuse ment. An elegant gymnasium, ten-pin alley, tennis, quoits and croquet are pro vided in order that the young ladies may have ample facilities for exercise. The
college buildings are of brick and marble, with elegantly finished interiors. An $18,000 addition was made quite recently to the home department, thus making
this one of the best arranged and most commodious home schools for young ladies in the southern states. The college library is a magnificent room, 40x60 feet, tiled with Georgia marble and finished in Georgia pine. It is exceedingly well lighted and affords excellent opportunities for reading and recreation. Bath 1-65

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

rooms and steam heat add to the comfort of the pupils. Religious services are held at the college both morning and evening, and pupils attend such churches on the Sabbath as parents may designate. One of the chief attractions of this school is the young ladies" reading room, which is fitted up with handsome book-cases, filled with carefully selected books, comfortable chairs, tables, pictures and other accessories, which combine to make it a favorite resort for all who love reading. In literature, music, art, elocution, and physical culture this institution stands in the very front rank of the colleges for women in the southern states. It is doubtful if there are a dozen institutions of its kind with as high a curriculum south. The advantages afforded in the music depart ment are very fine, possessing as it does the only real conservatory ini the southern states, in which the pupil is taught the mastery of even.- musical instrument, including the pipe organ recently purchased by its enterprising principals. Dur ing the early months of the coming year (1896) it is proposed that a new audi torium building, with a seating capacity of 1,000. shall be added to the already extensive buildings of the institution. The department of art offers exceptional advantages also, and its facilities are constantly being increased in order to keep pace with the growth of this particular part of the school. It is gratifying to note that the efforts of the proprietors of the school are meeting with signal success. During the collegiate year just closed eleven states were represented among the student body of the institution, and it is but a question of time when this institution will be reckoned among the leading female colleges of the union.
14 OX. GEORGE W. WALKER, mayor of Gainesville, Ga., was born in Bartow county. Ga.. on Oct. 13. 1845. a^d is a son of FeHx and Mary B. (Ford)
Walker. He is the youngest in a family of five living children, viz.: Emaline, Margaret. Cassie. Mary and George W. He learned the blacksmith's trade when young, established a carriage manufactory in Gainesville, Ga., in 1876, and has since devoted his attention to that business, and now has a thriving trade through out the state. In 1885 he was elected mayor oi Gainesville and served one term. For the two years previous to that time he had served as a member of the city council. In December. 1893. he was again chosen mayor of Gainesville, and retains that office at this time. In 1869 he was happily joined in the bonds of holy wedlock to Miss Ella I. Smith, daughter of William P. Smith, a distinguished citizen of Gainesville. Ga. This union has been blessed by the birth of five children, now in life, viz.: William Clyde, Harry. Raiford. Ella and Ileta.

HANCOCK COUNTY.
T AMES M. ARCHER, planter. Sparta. Hancock Co... Ga. The gentleman herein named is one of the old-school planters of Hancock county, and is living on the
same plantation which Ins father cultivated before him. He is one of that class of planters who believe in raising their own ''hog and hominy," who make their (arms self-sustaining, and who are to-day the only prosperous people in the state. Would that Georgia liad more of them. They are the bone and sinew of the country. Grandfather William Archer came to Hancock county early in the present century. He lived to a good old age. anc' reared a large and prosperous

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IO27

family. William was the father of James M. and was born in the county in 1812. He married in 1833 Miss Elizabeth Jackson, who was of German descent, and was also a native of the county. But two children were born to the union: William J., who married and reared a family in the county, and died in 1889, and James M., whose name heads this sketch. The mother of these boys was a woman of fine qualities, and taught them to "fear God and regard man" in all the walks of life. She died at a ripe old age in 1878. William Archer was a man of iron constitution and a capacity and will for hard work equaled by but few in his day. He began life in very moderate circumstances and by middle age had placed himself in the ranks of the wealthy planters of the county. This was not accom plished by trading and short practices, but by actually "digging it out of the soil." During his life-time he was a liberal supporter of the Baptist church, and is remembered as a man of large hospitality and generous impulses. He died in 1887. James M. Archer has followed in his father's footsteps, and is looked upon as a man equally as valuable to the community. His public spirit is proverbial, and he occupies a high place in church and society, holding the respect of all who know him. He was born Jan. 12, 1837, and was given such education as the common schools of the county afforded. He married his present estimable wife, Clarissa Ann Peeler, March 21, 1861. She was a daughter of Rev. Berry Peeler, who came from South Carolina, and was for many years prior to his death a prominent and gifted minister of the Baptist church. Twelve children resulted from this union, as follows: Ida J., deceased; Addie L., widow of Dr. L. S. Garner, living now with her parents; William B., deceased; Flavius J., planter, Hancock county; Sarah B., deceased; Green P.; J. Harvey; an infant, unnamed; Anna May, Jesse Mercer, Lillian E. and Isaac Holmes. Mr. Archer is one of the heaviest land-owners in the county, paying tax on some 3,000 acres of land. He lives on the old Archer plantation, eight miles south of Sparta, in a commodious new house, surrounded by such comforts as make life pleasant in the county. During the late war he did his whole duty as a private soldier in Company E, Thirty-second Georgia regiment, Col. George P. Harrison, commanding. He enlisted in 1862 and served on the coast defenses in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, participated in the battle of Ocean Pond, in the latter state, and the bombardment of Battery Wagoner, near Savannah. Mr. Archer is a democrat in political belief, and a deacon in the Baptist church. Socially he is regarded highly, being a gentleman of entertaining conversational powers and of most hospitable disposition.

A S. BASS, postmaster, depot agent and storekeeper, Devereaux, Hancock Co., Ga., a station on the Macon & Augusta railway, in the western part of the
county. Mr. Bass comes from good old Virginia stock, from which state his grandfather, Edmund Bass, emigrated when in his teens. Mr. Bass' father mar ried a Miss Ingram, and settled in the western part of the county, where he reared a family of four sons and five daughters: Milton, married Ann Culver, a sister of Hardy C., whose family is mentioned elsewhere, and became the father of the following children: Ann E., Mrs. Wm. Coleman, Devereaux; W. H., Macon; A. S., the subject of this sketch; Carrie G., widow of J. W. Mote, Devereaux; George E., private Company K, Fifteenth Georgia regiment, wounded and cap tured at Gettysburg, died in a Federal prison; Wesley A., planter near Devereaux; Hardy W., Baldwin county; Mary J., deceased; Sallie E.; Mrs. Wm. Brown, Devereaux; Mattie L., Mrs. F. A. Hall, Milledgeville. Mrs. Bass died in 1869. She was a woman of superior qualities and is remembered by her children as a mother faithful and true to their best interests. The father lived till 1883. He

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MEMOIRS OF GEOUOJIA.

early mastered the art of successfully tilling his native heath, and was regarded as an authority on all questions pertaining to agriculture. He accumulated a good estate, and in his public and private benefactions was liberal and just. He was a member and active worker in the Methodist church, and as such is remembered as being of peculiar and wonderful power in prayer. Although not an educated
man. when "talking to the Lord" he had a command of language seldom sur passed. "Syd" Bass, as he is familiarly known, came to manhood on the wave
that ushered in the civil war. having been born June 22, 1841. He enlisted as a private in Company K, Fifteenth Georgia regiment in 1861. He participated in some of the hardest fought battles of the war. notably the seven days' fight around Richmond. Fredericksburg. Sharpsburg. Gettysburg, Chancellorsville and Sec ond Manassas, and wears the marks of two Yankee bullets, having been wounded
in the shoulder at Sharpsburg. and in the thigh at Second Manassas. Witnessing the surrender of his beloved chieftain at Appomattox, he returned home, gladly la\-ing down the implements of war to engage in the industries of peace. The business of Mr. Bass since the war has been such as to give him a large acquaint ance in the county, among whom he is regarded as a faithful and conscientious
official. He is a democrat, is a Mason and belongs to the Methodist church. The marriage of Mr. Bass was consummated with Miss Ella C. Simmons in 1872, who is the mother of three children: George E., died in infancy; Anna le Gay and Ora E.. young ladies at home.

QAPT. RICHARD B. BAXTER, Sparta. Hancock Co., Ga., is the only rep resentative left in Hancock county- of a very prominent and influential family
whose members have won eminence in professional and business circles wherever
they may have located, notably Judge Eli Baxter, an uncle of the above gen tleman, who for several decades was one of the leaders of the bar of middle Geor gia, and a judge of the superior court, and Thomas W., the same gentleman's father, who died a successful and prosperous merchant and manufacturer in Athens. Richard B. Baxter was born in Athens. Ga.. Xov. 27. 1840, the son of
Thomas \V. and Man- (Wiley) Baxter. His people were North Carolinians and came to the state in its early history. His father died when Richard was but four years old. He spent his life as a business man. successively in Milledgeville, Macon and Athens, and was a man of fine business capacity, his early death cutting off a career that would have been brilliant in its success. At the time of his death he was engaged in various enterprises and was president of the Athens Manufac turing company. Mrs. Baxter was a member of the Wiley family, which has also been prominent in the state. She died in 1869. the mother of the following
children: Andrew. Atlanta. Ga.: Man-, deceased, who married Judge J. J. Gresham. Macon. Ga.: Thomas W.. Baltimore: Sarah, widow of W. E. Bird, Balti
more: Dr. J. S.. Macon. president of the Southwestern railway: Eli L., died of
disease in the late war: Edwin G.. killed in Texas, and Richard B. This lastnamed gentleman was graduated from Franklin college (now the university of Georgia) in 1860. The year which followed was one of great interest to the young graduate, who was just at that age when the blood mantles and oppres
sion seems most galling. When the stirring events of that year culminated in the convention which met at Milledgeville he heartily acquiesced in its decision and soon became a member of the Athens guard. This company went to the
front among the very first troops, and in the organization became Company K, Third Georgia regiment. The regiment was first stationed at Portsmouth, then fortified Roanoke Island. It was subsequently detailed to patrol the Dismal
Swamp canal, where it had its first engagement at South Mills. After the evacua-

HANCOCK COUNTY SKETCHES.

1029

tion of Norfolk it was ordered to Petersburg, and beginning with the Seven Pines fight about Richmond, participated successively in all the important engage ments throughout Virginia, was in the Maryland campaign (wounded at Sharpsburg), and participated in the great battle at Gettysburg, in all of which Mr. Baxter followed the varying fortunes of the army. After the battle he was transferred to Company E, Fifteenth Georgia regiment, and went with Longstreet
to reinforce the army of the west. At Chickamauga and Knoxville he did his duty gallantly, but while on a foraging tour near the latter place was unfortunate enough to fall into the hands of the enemy. This was in January, 1864. He was taken to the Rock Island military prison, from which he marched out in the very last squad which left it in 1865, the gates swinging open never again to bar the coming and going of the southern soldier. The memory of those long dreary months still lingers with the soldier and makes him appreciate to the fullest extent the liberty of thought and action. Returning home to Athens, Capt. Baxter was there happily married Aug. 9 to Miss Kate, daughter of Tinsley \V. Rucker. This perfect union was broken in 1882 when death claimed the mother of his children, whom they worshiped with a love akin to the divine. These children are honoring themselves and their parents in taking useful positions in life as they come to maturity. John S., Jr., who is prominently identified with one of the Macon railroads, is a graduate of Emory college; Edgeworth B. was educated at Princeton, where he was graduated and is now a successful practitioner of the law at Augusta; Elizabeth H. was educated at the Misses Bonds' school at Balti more, and is now the wife of J. .Lane Mullaly, Sparta, Ga. The three remaining children are young people at home: Georgia F., Richard B., Jr., and Thomas W.
Capt. Baxter moved to Sparta in 1867, where he has since engaged in planting and in the management of the large pro'perty which he possesses. His home reflects the character of the man in its quiet elegance. He is a keen business man, a courteous and elegant gentleman, and a citizen whom his friends delight to honor. He votes the democratic ticket, and is a consistent and prominent mem ber of the Presbyterian church.

D A. BEALL, Culverton, Hancock Co., Ga., is the son of Jesse R. Beall and Mary Culpepper.- The family is of English extraction and came to Virginia
in the colonial period, whence many members moved to and settled in Xorth Carolina. Mr. Beall's grandfather, Samuel Beall, came from Xorth Carolina to Georgia and settled in Warren county, Ga., about the beginning of this century. His family consisted of three sons, Erasmus, Robert and Jesse R.. and one daughter, Mary, all deceased but Jesse R., father of the gentleman above named. He was born in 1812, and married in Warren county. His children were as follows: Mary, widow of Samuel Hall; America, deceased; Jane, Mrs. William A. Suther land, Pulaski county; Annie, Mrs. J. C. Key, Milledgeville; Viola, deceased; Samuel, Jefferson county; R. A., Columbus, deceased, killed at Sharpsburg, private in Company A, Twentieth Georgia regiment; William H., Jefferson county. The mother of these children died in 1869. Mr. Beall has since re married and now lives in Jefferson county. R. A. Beall was born January 31, 1836. He grew to man's estate on a Warren county plantation, and at the age of twenty-two married Fitzena C. Cheely. Eight children have grown up about him: James T., Hancock county; Jesse K., merchant; J. Frank, Macon; R. C., Hancock county; Anna May. single; Lucillus, Sparta; Albert C, Han cock county, and Louise. Mr. Beall has passed his life in agricultural pursuits for the most part, and is a man of well-known probity of character and un doubted integrity. As a veteran of the late war, he delights in recalling the

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MEMOIRS OF GEOKGIA.

scenes of those sanguinary days, and grows eloquent in his defense of the lost cause. Enlisting as a private in Company B, Fifteenth Georgia regiment, in 1861, he arrived on the field just after the first battle of Manassas. In the spring of 1862 he took part in the seven days' fight around Richmond, and later was at Seven Pines, Sharpsburg, Second Manassas, Fredericksburg and Gettysburg. In this bloody fight Mr. Beall was severely wounded in the right leg during the second day. He was placed in a temporary hospital, which was afterward captured by the enemy, and he thus became a prisoner of war. As he was a commissioned officer at the time, he was carried to Johnson's Island, in which summer resort he remained till February of 1864, when he was removed to Point Lookout. After a short stay there he was transferred to the prison at Fort Delaware, from whence he was paroled late in 1864. After his exchange he again entered the army, and being given a detail to look after government stores and the wounded at Lynchburg. served at that point till the surrender. Mr. Beall is a democrat in politics and a member of the Baptist church. His sons and daughters have all grown up about him. honorable men and noble women, and he lives among them secure in their respect and love.

-. \V. L. L. BO\VEX. Nestling among the pine-clad hills of the upper Ogeechee river is the quiet little village of Jewells--a busy little world in itself, with its humming cotton factory, the center of interest and the thrift of its citizens attested by many pretty homes. The large company store bears the firm name of Bowen, Jewell & Co.. the subject of this sketch being the senior member. Col. Bowen is a Tennesseean by birth, the son of Reece and Mary (Moody) Bowen, and was born in Granger count}- Oct. 22. 1838. He grew to manhood in that county, and was just completing his education in what is now known as Carson and Newman college when the war broke out Four full years he followed the fortunes of the Confederacy, after which he went to Florida, where he engaged successfully in vari ous business enterprises until 1881. In that year he moved to Jewells, and subse quently he bought a controlling interest in the plant of his father-in-law, D. A. Jewell. and has since devoted his energies to its operation. The company has one of the finest cotton factory plants in the state, operating some 3,800 spindles and 120 looms, together with a ginnery and grist-mill, and is doing a large and paying business. Col. Bowen was one of the very first to respond to the call to arms in the late civil war. A senior at college, within a few months of graduation, he insisted on leaving for the front The president, finding it useless to argue further, handed him his diploma as he took the train for Charleston. Arriving at that point he joined a company of minute men, but soon went to Florida, where he entered the regular army as quartermaster. This service, however, smacked too little of war for a young man of spirit, and he therefore enlisted in the Fourth Florida, a regiment of infantry which was being organized for the army in the west, and of which he was elected major. Just previous to going to Tennessee he was elected lieutenant-colonel, and on the death of the colonel commanding in 1862. was promoted to that position. While leading his regiment at the battle of Murfreesboro. his conduct under fire was such as to call forth the warmest praise of his ranking officers, and he was promoted to brigadier-general of the Confed erate army. Col. Bowen. however, has modestly refrained from prefixing that title to his name, as his commission, though issued, never reached him on account of the unsettled and chaotic condition of things near the close of the war. During the war Col. Bowen enjoyed the fullest confidence of his commanding officers, and was frequently entrusted with most important business. He was personally ac quainted with a large number of the leading men, both in and out of the army, and relates many interesting occurrences. The following incident he relates illus-

\\. L. L. BONVKN.

HANCOCK COUNTY SKETCHES.

1031

trates Gen. Hardee's keen sense of humor. It was on the day of the noted Peachtree creek engagement during the battle of Atlanta. The battle had been raging for some time with heavy losses to each army. The brave Gen. William H. T. Walker had just fallen, and Gen. Hardee, feeling that Hood should be apprised of his death, dispatched Col. Bovven to him with the sad intelligence. "Go back," said Hood, "and tell Hardee to press up Peachtree creek. It's the grandest route of the war." On hearing these orders Hardee drily remarked. "Yes, but it's the wrong kind of a route." Col. Bowen retired with the army before Sherman, and, joining Johnston in South Carolina, was shortly after sent with important dispatches to Gen. Lee. He delivered the dispatches to that general the day before the evacuation of Richmond, and returned to Johnston's army, to be soon surrendered at Greensboro, N. C. Instead of returning to his native state Col. Bowen came south, and, on arriving at Milledgeville, was taken with a severe attack of fever. During his convalescence he one day drove over to the little town of Jewells. It was there he first met the lady who now as his wife graces his beautiful home, though at that time she was but a little girl. Locating in Florida, the visits which the colonel now and then made to his people in Tennessee were supplemented by calls at Jewells. It was thus the "old, old story" was again rehearsed, and on June 28,1877, Miss Man- E. Jewell became Mrs. Bowen. This lady, who graduated with distinguished honors at Lucy Cobb institute in 1875, is a daughter of D. A. Jewell and Mary A. (Shea) Jewell, her father having in a great measure built the factory and founded the town which bears his name. To them have been born seven children: Marie. Lucile, deceased, Mabel, Orlando, Reece, deceased, Marian, and Robert E. Lee. Col. Bowen is the leading figure in his community. In poli tics he is a stanch democrat, in faith a Missionary Baptist and a deacon in the church to which he belongs, and is also a royal arch Mason.
JOSIAH CARR, planter, Culverton, Hancock Co., Ga.. is a Xorth Carolinian, where he was born in Franklin county, May 9, 1828. Bereft of his parents at a
tender age, Col. Carr came to Hancock county, Ga., where he found a protector in the person of an elder brother, James Carr. He was one of a family of seven children: James; Willis: John and Robert E.. deceased; Green B., planter, Han cock county: Samuel, lives in Hopkins county, Tex., and Josiah. When Col. Carr came to manhood lie found a wife in Miss Susan B. Barksdale, who lived but a year, dying without issue. In 1868 he again married, Sarah E. Collins becoming his wife. This lady died Aug. 26, 1880, the mother of two sons: Robert Lee, who grew to manhood, a bright, promising youth, but was stricken with typhoid fever, and died Oct. 26,1892, and John Henry, a manly youth, now living with his father. Col. Carr served his state to the best of his ability during the civil war, but was too feeble in health to stand service in the field. His plantation consists of 3,000 acres of choice land, lying eight miles northeast of Sparta. He still holds to democracy, and is a member of the Baptist church.

XT. COLEMAX, planter, merchant, stockman and fruit grower, Xorthen, Hancock Co., Ga., is a type of the vigorous and successful young man of the day. Mr. Coleman is the son of Richard and Rebecca (Thomas) Coleman, and was born in Xottaway county, Ya., April 3, 1849. His father was a prosperous planter of that county, but dying early, left Mr. Coleman at fifteen years of age to fight life's battles for himself and a younger sister. The property was left in such shape as to give him little assistance. Securing a clerkship at the country store of
Col. J. W. Harper at the insignificant salary of $50 per year and board, he soon made himself a necessity by diligent and faithful service. He remained with Col.
Harper three years, receiving an increase in compensation each year. In January,

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

1870. the lad concluded to try his fortunes in the south, and arriving at Augusta secured a position in the wholesale grocer}- house of Z. McCord. The following year he came to Hancock county, where he engaged with an uncle, H. \V. Cole-
man, who was a merchant and planter on the Ogeechee river. A year was spent with him. a few months with A. S. P.ass, a merchant at Devereaux, and three years with D. A. Jewell & Co.. at Jewells. and then Mr. Coleman felt equipped for busi ness of his own. In company with a brother-in-law, J. E. Medlock, and Mr. G. \Y. P>ass. the firm of Medlock. l>ass & Co. began business at Jewells, and continued successfully for some three years. Mr. Uass then sold his interest to Mr. Coleman. wiio. after two years' successful continuance of the business, sold to his partner, and began farming at the point where he now resides, seven miles east of Sparta. He began on a limited scale, but has each year added to his possessions, until he lias a little community of his own. A comfortable and commodious dwelling stands on one side of the road, among shrubbery and flowers of even- variety. On the opposite side is a large gin house, with the latest improved machinery, and a barn in which may be found thorough-bred Jersey cattle, thoroughbred horses, anil a large store building, filled with a choice stock of goods, a carriage and black smith shop. and. best of all. a neat little school-house and church. These build ings are all comparatively new and present a fine appearance to the traveler's eye. Mr. Coleman has a fine plantation of 900 acres, and a magnificent bearing peach orchard of 10.000 trees. He is too busy to engage in politics, but is a stanch democrat. He and his family are members of the Methodist church, to which he is most liberal in donations. On Jan. 2$. 1878. Mr. Coleman and Willie, daugh ter of James H. Middlebrooks. began their married life. They are the parents of four children: Rebecca, died in infancy: Haw ley, a bright lad of eleven years; Virginia, nine, and Herbert, four. Mr. and Mrs. Coleman deserve and receive the respect of a large circle of friends, whom they delight to entertain and honor.

JOHX L. Cl'LYEK. planter. Culverton. Hancock Co., Ga., is a worthy scion of one of the oldest and most prominent families in middle Georgia. His
grandfather. George Culver, together with two brothers, came to the state from the Chesapeake bay country in Maryland soon after the revolutionary war, and settled in Hancock county. Here he married Elizabeth Ellis, who bore him a large family of sons and daughters. Hardy C., one of these sons, the father of John L.. \va? born in 1800. and about 1824 married Ann L. Latimer, to whom were born eleven children, as follows: William H.. merchant, Culverton: Henry H., de-ceased: John L.. Ann Elizabeth, deceased wife of Daniel Connell, Culverton: Mary J.. wife of Capt. J. \Y. Moore. Culverton: Thomas H., a lieutenant of Company K. Fifteenth Georgia regiment, killed at the battle of the Wilderness; German K and lienjamin C.. planters. Culvcrton: Robert M., deceased in child hood: Everard H.. private i:i Company K. Fifteenth Georgia regiment, killed at Gettysburg, and Amazon }>.. who died in girlhood. Hoth parents of this family die<' in 186=;. Hard}' C. Culver was a man of wonderful energy, fine business judgment, and was held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens. He founded the town of Culverton. and \vas always foremost in every work that promised well for tiic public good. He gave liberally to all educational enterprises, and as a Methodist was untiring in his efforts for the advancement of that denomination, being an intimate friend of and co-worker with the late liishop George F. 1'ierce. In p.iitics he was a whig. and. though not at all fond of political life, he, by reason of hi< peculiar fitness, was forced to yield to the solicitations of friends, and represented his countv in the legislature a number of terms, frequently drawing the support of democrats because of his just and conservative views. John I.. Culver \va~ bom Dec. 26. i8.2> H<- was raised on a plantation and given a good

HANCOCK COUNTY SKETCHES.

I O->7

common school education. In July, 1861, he entered the Confederate service as captain of Company K, Fifteenth Georgia regiment, and saw service in Virginia until 1863. On the advice of his physician he resigned his commission and returned home to recuperate his failing health. When Sherman invaded Georgia he again became a soldier, this time as special escort to Gen. Gustavus Smith of rhe state troops, in whose service he remained to the end of the war. Mr. Culver's life has been devoted to agricultural pursuits. As a planter he has no superior in the county, and combines with a scientific knowledge of that honorable pursuit, an aptitude for business and public life which has won for him a state-wide reputa tion. Jn politics he is a stanch democrat and did fine service just after the war in wresting his county from the rule of incompetent negroes and rascally carpet baggers. He represented his party in the lower house in the sessions of 1872-73-74 and 1875, and in 1890 was elected to represent the Twentieth senatorial district in the general assembly. He is at present chairman of the democratic executive committee, and president of the democratic party organization of Hancock county. The village of Culverton was incorporated in 1890, and he has since served as mayor. As a steward in the Methodist church and a member of the masonic fraternity Mr. Culver is a useful and popular adjunct of the community in which he resides. His marriage occurred in Glascock county, Ga.. Xov. 12. 1850, his wife having been Miss Mary L., daughter of Louis Cheely. Four children were raised to maturity: Mary M.. deceased wife of R. H. Moore. Culverton: Anna M., at home: Louis E., wholesale hardware merchant, Macon, Ga.. and B. Louvill, wife of J. E. Kidd, Milledgeville, Ga.
S. DICKSOX, planter, Sparta. Hancock county. Ga., is a pros perous planter living five miles southeast of Spa'rta. He was born in the county Sept. 25, 1839. and is the son of James M. and Margaret A. (Crawford) Dickson. The Dickson family history available at this time dates back to William's grand father, Curry Dickson. who grew to manhood and passed his life in Hancock county. Xo data as to his birth and antecedents could be obtained. He married Elizabeth Shy, a name familiar to all Georgians as of the highest respectability, and from their union sprang three boys and one girl: James M.. W. S.. D. W. and Emily Francis, now Mrs. Thomas Jordan, Craig county, Tex. James M. is the father of William S., and is still living near him at the advanced age of eighty years. He is exceedingly well-preserved and still looks after his little farm as in his younger days. He married in 1838, and has seen eight children grow to maturity, as follows: William S., the subject of this sketch: James C,
David W. and Green L.. successful planters of the county: Eliza J., single; Sarah. wife- of 15. I. Clark: Georgia I!., single: Emily F.. wife of James M. Dickson, also planters of Hancock county. William S. has always resided in the county of his nativity. When the war broke out he enlisted early as a private in Company K. Fifteenth Georgia regiment, and did his duty manfully till the surrender. The regiment arrived too late to be of service in 1861. but from the opening of the campaign in 1862 to the surrender, saw plenty of hard fighting. While Mr. Dickson was in the ranks he participated in the seven days' battle around Rich mond, Fairfax court house. Second Matiassas and at Gettysburg. In the latter battle he was severely wounded in the left shoulder, disabling him to such an extent as to preclude his carrying a musket in the ranks, and on his return to the armv he was therefore detailed for service on the wagon train. He was married in Haiicock county, Dec. 24, 1865, to Rebecca, daughter of John A. Kelly. Mr. Dickson is a deacon in the Baptist church, and a most uncompromising democrat in politics. His democracy is of that type that finds no sacrifice too great for the advancement of the interests of the part\ . and much credit is due him for the solid

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

front which it has been enabled to present in the county to the advancing hosts of populists.

)AYID DICKSOX, deceased. Nothing so touches the heart of the true Georgian with sadness as does the contemplation of the rapidly decaying old plantation
house of ante-bellum days, and its hoary-headed and tottering inmate, both soon
to be numbered among "the things that were, and are not." They speak of proud days, days when the "planting element'' dominated in the realms of politics and society, and read the law to all other occupations. This element was especially strong in Hancock county, where just before the war were some of the largest and finest plantations in the state. Possibly the largest and finest of these was
that of the gentleman above named, he at one time having cultivated a body of some 30.000 acres. A drive of twelve miles southeast of Sparta will bring the traveler to the old Dickson plantation, where he will find the spacious house and outbuildings still standing though the "hand which held the plow" lies nerveless and still, under the sod it once cultivated. David Dickson was born in Hancock county. Ga.. July 4. 1809, the son of Thomas and Elizabeth Dickson, an humble but honest parentage. Like most of the early settlers, they were dependent on the efforts of their own hands for their daily bread, and thus brought their children up in the best agricultural training school ever yet discovered. As David approached manhood, the period in which slave labor was most profitable dawned upon the south, and for the next two decades held sway. Beginning with moderate means he amassed property rapidly, and during the entire latter half of his life was probably the wealthiest man in his county. Some of his methods were peculiarly his own. It is said that he was phenomenally kind in the treatment of his slaves, and such was his influence over them that he had no use for an overseer. He was not an educated man so far as book knowledge is concerned, but was endowed with more than ordinary gifts of mind in the sphere in which he labored. He knew the productive qualities of even- foot of his land, and could tell to a bushel or a bale just what each plat ought to yield. Thus, when free labor took
the place of slave, he allotted each his portion in the spring-time, and told him just how much it would yield if properly cultivated. His rents were collected on
those figures, of course allowing for the season, and it is said he had very few failures as a consequence. ^Ir. Dickson was liberal with his means toward all worthy public enterprises and in matters pertaining to education and religion; and though he favored no particular denomination, his moral character was such as to command the respect of his associates. He never used tobacco or liquor in any form, and was very chaste and careful in his language. He retained his powers, both physical and mental, to the last, dying suddenly within an hour, on Feb. 13. 1885. leaving his entire property to a former favorite female slave, who at her death, willed the same to her two sons, Julian H. and Charles G., the-
present owners of the large property.

LE? WILDS DU BOSE (deceased), lawyer and jurist, was born in
Darlington district, S. C, on Sept. 24. 1825. His family were French Hugue nots, their ancestors having emigrated from France to the then province of South Carolina upon the revocation of the edict of Xantes in the seventeenth century. His grandfather. Elias Du Bose. held a commission and bore a conspicuous part in the revolutionary war. His father. John Wilds Du Bose--named in honor of his maternal uncle. Judge Samuel Wilds, a highly-distinguished jurist of South Caro lina--married his cousin. Elizabeth Roberts, the daughter of Dr. John Roberts, a Baptist clergyman living in Cheracs district: and Charles was their only sur-

HANCOCK COUNTY SKETCHES.

1035

viving son. While still in infancy his mother died, and with the boy Mr. Du Bose left the state of his nativity and sought a new home on the St. Mary's river, Florida, where he purchased a large tract of land and spent the remainder of his life as a planter. When Charles was about five years of age his father brought to his home a second wife, the daughter of a relative who lived on the "High point of the Cumberland," Miss Mary K. Miller, first cousin to his wife Elizabeth. This gentle lady proved to be a faithful stepmother to the lonely, sensitive child, whose heart was, however, bound up in the father, to whom he was passionately attached, but who died when the boy was just verging on manhood. This second marriage was blessed with sons and daughters, and among them the thoughtful, quiet lad grew up tenderly cared for by the mother, to whom to the end of her life he was a true, unselfish elder son. His education was directed by the Rev. Dr. Baird, a Presbyterian clergyman, and noted instructor of boys at the academy in "Old St. Marys;" his uncertain health, deterring his father from sending him away from home. At sixteen the studious boy grew weary of the monotony of plantation life and longed for other scenes. With high hope in his young heart he left his father's sheltering arm and went to Augusta to begin the study of law, in the office of his relative, the Hon. Andrew J. Miller. Into the family of his step mother's brother he was admitted as a son, remaining there until he was made a member of the bar of Georgia, by special act of the legislature, at nineteen years of age. Advised by Mr. Miller, he immediately went to Sparta in Hancock county, where he went into practice with Hon. Eli H. Baxter. Upon the election of his co-partner to the judgeship of the northern circuit he formed a second connection with the Hon. Linton Stephens, which was dissolved in 1860 by the latters appoint ment to a seat on the supreme bench. Between these two men. totally dissimilar in temperament, there grew a lasting and tender friendship. Perhaps, more than all else, to gratify his friends, Mr. Du Bose accepted the clerkship of the supreme court, holding that position through many difficulties until removed, under recon struction influences, in 1868. Very early in the war he and Linton Stephens formed a company of infantry called the "Confederate Guards.'' Upon the pro motion of Capt. Stephens to the rank of major the command devolved upon him, but his friends, particularly Hon. Alex. H. Stephens, objected so strongly to his going to the front on account of his delicate health, and the imperative need for his presence at home, that he reluctantly consented to remain behind. This was a grief to him while the war lasted, so much so that when the governor made his last call for volunteers he presented himself at once, as a private soldier in the camp at Atlanta, only to be prostrated with camp fever. Learning this the gov ernor sent his carriage, brought him to the city, and upon his positive refusal to return home, gave him a position on his personal staff. From 1848 to 1860 he held the office of ordinary of Hancock county by continuous elections; and during the war he was twice elected to the lower branch of the general assembly, serving in all six years. It was during the latter part of his service as legislator that he succeeded in getting through the house the bill introduced by Hon. Andrew J. Miller, but which he could never get further than the senate. This was the bill called "The Woman's Bill," now a law, giving to every married woman her own property. For that service the women of Georgia have cause to be forever grate ful to Col. Du Bose's energy and perseverance. He was a member of the secession convention in 1860, and in 1866 was sent as delegate to the constitutional con vention at Milledgeville. In 1877 he was again elected to a similar convention which framed our present constitution. From that time he declined all offices, even modestly refusing to listen to tempting offers of judicial preferment, devoting his energies solely to his profession. At last, however, he yielded to the solicita-

1036

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

tion of friends, and consented to represent the Twentieth senatorial district. Dur

ing this term occurred the famous impeachment trials of state treasurer, he being one of the small minority whose

the comptroller votes acquitted

and Mr.

Renfroe. At this term also his son. Andrew Miller Du Dose, represented his county

in the lower house, his colleagues being the Hon. William J. Xorthen, who

afterward served two terms as governor of the state. It was at the earnest solicita

tion of his friend. Col. Du Rose, that Mr. Xorthen then, for the first time, made

his appearance in official life. In each of these varied public trusts Col. Du Bose

proved himself able, conscientious and faithful. In 1848 he married Miss Cath

erine Anne, eldest daughter of Rev. \\'m. Richards, a faithful and devoted clergy

man of the P>aptist denomination, wiio came with she was very young. Her education began in the

his family from northern states,

England while was continued

under the care of the beloved Mrs. Edgerton villei. at her famous school at Midway, Ga.

(afterward Mrs. Orme of MilledgeThis union was particularly fortu

nate, congeniality of tastes and perfect understanding giving to their home life

an unusual the literary

degree of wedded world as a writer

happiness. Mrs. Du of prose and verse.

Bose early won distinction She has enduring mention

in in

many works, referring to Pastor's Household, and

"Female Writers of many poems and

the South." Her little book, The periodical contributions attracted

widespread attention. Her entire family seem to have been gifted with the literary

faculty, notably her oldest brother. Dr. Wm. C. Richards, of Chicago, who won

eminence as poet, scientist, York city, a distinguished

lecturer and divine. landscape artist and

Mr. T. writer,

Addison Richards of Xew who held the responsible

position of corresponding secretary of the Xational Academy of Design for forty

years. Also her sister. Mrs. Amelia S. Williams of Tennessee, who wields a ready

and facile pen in prose have all grown to man's Warrenton. Ga.. whose

and verse. The children of this happily married pair estate, in honor. The eldest was Charles S. Du Bose of death at the untimely age of thirty-two cut short a life

of great usefulness and rare promise, from which he never fully recovered.

and This

inflicted a blow to his father's youth quickly rose to eminence

heart at the

plfD.rraouarmc. Btiacownesdhse.iclsahhewirsvhesiinde?chofthainsiedrifnsastgotahnreh.ereh'satawlstoihlcrdeecpooirfsmefiscpleeeengltilienesddlaSthhpoiiarsm,rtcaao.tnuodGntrayae.fstiiengHrnwtih.saertdwlHooowinney.rtohAhueonnugsdsetraere,twesaonsnMdesniaslatltrieelerl,

i;rDt.oarwsv.iyarWsi.oharm.ins.dinpRrDitichdrhee. aaGmrndeedsodrhDicgaaueplpBPdinioeeespresca.sertatmonDeguenimvtBeianoetesvneWe.tryaawsnahhddoinvvgahatnoloutlnadeg.sdeDasou. frrCeges.edpouonTcnaositniiboeltnaehc,ehbaunUoidflndithithneoedgnseofSirrtsaamobtnellyess

upon the solid foundation laid amply repaid his self-sacrificing

by their de\xted efforts. His work

mother. Their success in life thus nobly done, Col. Du Bose

departed this life on Oct. 22. 1890. having just completed his sixty-fifth year.

<geCuH>seshnteenyerfti,ulswwelth,iahcaisosinctiaokzsluitenfemrneeatswedesomefoauhcfsbsuihtmeriers.dfdrecoimefofHnoueidrtnsahshtnehywioimpiraPf,enrtaehdasnsentbdsidltayiadtutesmteshur.eieirfarvunaHilgtviireocdsashnecsu,vehtoruseicmtrsihdtot.e,yhneiaamnitnnt,odttehergevehcverioisberturyeenwaantaudiefcntoediedfrunaaoulennnndddhewolhamcoovhivfseieelrdthpihornerefeganecm,mhvtiaoecohdrnasiyeslt

for her. blest by the loving- care of her sons, and their accomplished wives, and

enjoying the competence won for her by his professional energy and zeal.

JAMES A. HARLEV. Conspicuous among the old and reliable families of

Hancock county the Different members have

name of Harley stands worthy of won distinction in professional and

honorable mention. literarv circles, and

HANCOCK COUNTY SKETCHES.

1037

have intermarried with other families equally as eminent, notably the Battles, of lasting prominence throughout the state. The progenitor of this branch of the family, William J. Harley, was a native of Barmvell district, S. C. He was educated at a Baptist theological seminary, graduating in 1828 in the class made famous by Drs. Mclntosh, De Votie and others of scarcely less prominence in religious circles. Serving the Master in the pulpits of South Carolina until middle age, he came to Hancock county, where several years before he had met. while attend ing a Baptist association, Miss Mary L. Battle. They were married in 1843, anf^ thus began a life of connubial bliss unmarrcd by a single unkind act or word during its continuance. They made Hancock county their place of residence during all their married life, and were the parents of a most interesting and cul tured family: James A.; Ella A. (deceased), at fourteen years of age: Mamie B., and Anna S., teachers; W. I., a prominent and successful planter and stockman of Hancock county; and Reuben 3. Rev. Harley continued in the Baptist min istry until 1870, the date of his death. He was a man whose labors were wonder fully blessed in building up his denomination throughout the state. Mrs. Harley was a woman of tender and loving sympathies, a most devout Christian, and instilled into the hearts of her children a lasting reverence for that noble mother hood which she so worthily typified. She died at the age of seventy-two years, in 1890. James A. Harley, the eldest son, is a member of the bar at present in Hancock count}-. He was born April r, 1846, and was educated at Mercer uni versity, where he graduated in 1868. After leaving school he taught for a year in Alabama, then entered upon the study of the law under the preceptorship of Geo. F. Pierce, now deceased. Being admitted at Sparta in 1869, he at once entered upon the duties of his profession and has built for himself a large and remunerative practice. Mr. Harley has never held public office but once, and then by appointment by Gov. McDaniel, to the solicitorship of the northern circuit in 1884, to fill an unexpired term. He acquitted himself creditably to the end of the term, and then declined being a candidate for election. Although a mere boy when the war broke out he at once enlisted in Col. R. H. Andersen's regiment of cavalry, known as the Fifth Georgia, and did gallant service in the western division of the army. Being captured by Shermans cavalry near Atlanta he was carried to Savannah and from thence to Point Lookout, where he was held prisoner until his exchange in February of 1865. He did not again enter the army. Mr. Harley was united in wedlock March i. 1870. to Anna F. Pierce, youngest daughter of the late Bishop George F. Pierce of the Methodist church. Mr. and Mrs. Harley have had born to them four bright children: Pauline, George F., Ella A., and James A., Jr. Mr. Harley is of course a democrat, and of the same faith as his father. He is an active worker in the church, and is superintendent of
the Baptist Sunday school at Sparta.

DEUBEX BATTLE HARLEY, lawyer. Sparta, Hancock county. Ga.. youngest child of the above parentage, was born Nov. 2, 1859. He was educated in the
excellent academy at Sparta and studied law at Mercer university. His examina
tion occurred before Judge E. H. Pottle at Sparta in 1884, since which time he has been actively engaged in the practice, and is looked upon as a rising member of the profession. Mr. Harley has not yet married, being wedded to his work and to his books. His distinguished characteristic is his fondness for literature, in which he is quite fond of history, and in that branch of literature has delved deep and retained the results of his research. An hour's conversation with him reveals
this fact most pleasantly. He takes great interest in his profession, and as a member of the Georgia Bar association has done valuable service in its delibera-

1038

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

tions. He loves politics (what man of his tastes does not?), and is proud to give his valuable aid in keeping Hancock county in the ranks of democracy. As a
consistent and earnest member of the Baptist church, and a man of fine social qualities, he is much respected in the community where he has passed his life.

JAMES II. HARRIS, planter, Sparta, Hancock Co., Ga., is a representative of an old and aristocratic family, which has for long years wielded a powerful
influence for good in Hancock county. Planters by occupation, and large land owners, they united with an unsurpassed technical knowledge of farming, a clever business judgment which kept them at the head of the wealthy families of the count}-. Few people are better or more familiarly known than "Jim" Harris. He is a son of Peterson and Rebecca (Hurt) Harris, and was born near where he now resides. Xov. I, 1819. His parents had come some years prior to this event from Man-land and settled on Shoulder Bone creek, eight miles northwest of Sparta. Here a family of six sons were born to them. The father died at a rather early age, and the mother married and moved with all the children except James, to Alabama, where she passed the remainder of her days. After his father's death James went to reside with an uncle, Miles G. Harris, who acted as his guardian and by whom he was reared. He was happily married Feb. 4, 1845, m Hancock county, to Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Edwin Wiley, another of the old families of the county. Mr. Harris has no children of his own, but adopted at an early age, Moses W., a son of his wife's brother, Samuel H. Wiley, to whom they have given all the attention which could have been bestowed on one of their own flesh and blood. Moses W. was educated at the famous ML Zion academy, then presided over by William J. Northen, who has since filled the gubernatorial chair with such honor; and at the university of Georgia, which institution he was compelled to leave before graduation because of the serious illness of his father. From this time he gave his entire attention to the management of the plantation, knowing that, as the only representative of the family, the task would devolve upon him each year with greater weight as his father's health continued to fail. In 1876 Moses W. Harris was joined in marriage to Miss Lizzie H., a daughter of James T. Gardiner of Augusta, and to the union there have been born the following: James M., Jr., Mattie E., Sarah W., Henry B., Carrie H., Birdie, Elizabeth B. and Mary S. As intimated before, the Harris estate is one of the largest in the county, containing 5,000 acres more or less of choice plantation lands on Shoulder Bone creek. For long years Mr. Harris has given his personal attention to the cultiva tion of these lands, and is only yielding to the force of circumstances in relinquish ing the work to his son as age creeps upon him. The tastes of the family never ran in the line of politics or public life in any form, and, though Mr. Harris has frequently been importuned to accept honored positions in county and state, he has always refused. He has simple done his duty as a private in the ranks of democracy. The Harris family have always been of the Presbyterian faith, and James M. follows in the same pathway.
THOMAS J. JONES, M. D., a physician with a large and remunerative practice in the western part of Hancock county, postoffice Devereaux, is a man who,
morally, religiously and socially commands the highest respect of a numerous clientage of friends. He comes of old Virginia stock, his father, Henly Jones, having come to Warren county, Ga., from that state early in the present century. He had married in Virginia Miss Mary Baker, who bore him fourteen children, all of whom are now deceased but the doctor. Three of them were physicians, one a school teacher, and the rest farmers. Dr. Jones was born June 3, 1829. He

HANCOCK COUNTY SKETCHES.

1039

received an ordinary academic education and began the study of his profession under the preceptorship of Dr. B. H. Jones of Sparta. He subsequently went to Macon, where he continued his studies with Dr. W. S. Lightfoot He then went to Augusta, where he attended a course of lectures at the medical college. The following year he spent at Nashville Medical college, where he was graduated in the spring of 1852. He first located in the neighborhood where he now resides, but two years later removed to southwest Georgia, where he continued the practice till the war, in Weston, Webster Co. From this point he entered the service, but the rigors of an army life proved too great a strain upon him, and after a few months he was discharged. Returning to Hancock county he has since devoted himself assiduously to the amelioration of the ills of mankind; and with such a measure of success as has brought him a fair recompense, and a reputation second to none in the county. Dec. 23, 1853, Dr. Jones was joined in wedlock to Miss Elizabeth A. Butts. She is a daughter of James I. Butts, deceased, and of a family which for many years has occupied an honorable position among the worthy yeomanry of the county. Four children came to bless their home; two died in infancy; Thomas C. lived to young manhood. James A., the only living child, is a planter near his parents, and a young man of fine promise. In 1894 he was the candidate of the people's party for the legislature, and received a flattering vote, though not sufficient to elect Dr. Jones is a Mason of royal arch degree, and a member of the Baptist church.

I T. MIDDLEBROOKS. The name here mentioned will be recognized * immediately by every Georgian as belonging to a family which left its imprint on every page of the state's history, and whose numerous members have impressed their individuality upon the local community of which they were a part This sketch will be devoted particularly to that branch of the family which settled early in Hancock county, and which has for many decades exercised a leading and elevating influence on the public and private life of the county. Micajah Middlebrooks was a member of a colony which settled in the eastern part of Hancock county about the closing years of the last century. They were familiarly known as "Chesapeakers," having come from the bay of that name in Maryland. Soon after arriving he was married to Rachel Ellis, and they became the parents of four children--a son and three daughters. The original representatives of the family were puritanic in their moral and religious life and raised their children to the strictest observance of the tenets of the Methodist faith. The son, James Hall, grew to manhood under these influences and illustrated by his exemplary life the virtue of correct home training. He was a man of limited education, but with a simple child-like faith in the God of his early teaching, which caused him to be remembered by all who knew him as a man of remarkable and deep piety. In illustrating the degree in which he carried the teachings of the Bible into his daily life the following will be of service: He was a great sportsman, and loved his dog and gun. When double-barreled shotguns first appeared he bought the first one that came in his neighborhood. A neighbor admiring it very much and offering to trade his old gun and considerable boot-money for it, Mr. Middlebrooks agreed and the trade was consummated. On trying his neighbor's gun he found it shot better than the double-barreled gun, and therefore insisted on returning the boot-money, much to the astonishment of the other party. Mr. Middlebrooks was a member and life-long worker in the Methodist church, and a man whose memory is still fragrant in the county. He passed to his reward suddenly, dropping dead one June clay in 1867, being sixty-two years of age. Having been a hard worker and a man of excellent business judgment he had accumulated a large property, which he left to his widow and children. Mrs.

1040

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

ks was formerly Cassandra Howell, and was also reared in Hancock county. She died in 1885, at the age of seventy-five years, a true and devoted mother, of earnest and devoted piety. She was the mother of nine children: William. Eliza. George C. and Elizabeth and John are deceased; Henry L. is a prominent .citizen near Sparta: Caroline is Mrs. Thomas Worthen, Washington county: Willie is Mrs. W. X. Colcman. Hancock county, and James T. is a prosperous planter, living nine miles cast of Sparta. This last-named gentleman
was born March 16. 1843. Reaching manhood just as the war was at its height he enlisted as a private in Company K. Fourteenth Georgia regiment. Going to Virginia he participated in the battles of Second Manassas and Thoroughfare Gap: for a number of months after which he was prostrated by severe spells of typhoid fever. He recovered in time tc join the armv in its Pennsylvania cam paign. and in the disastrous battle of Gettysburg did gallant service in the famous charge on Little Round Top. The division he was with captured this point and held it till the following day. but not being properly supported were surrounded and fell into the hands of the victorious Federals. Mr. Middlebrodks was carried to prison at Ft. Delaware and subsequently to Point Lookout, and was exchanged shortly before Lee's surrender. Since the war he has been a successful planter: and as a Christian gentleman and upright citizen is highly esteemed in the community where he resides. In April. 1876. Mr. Middlebrooks and Miss Julia, daughter of John L. Birdsong. were united in wedlock. They are the parents of an interesting family of children, whom they are rearing most circumspectly. Their names are: Howell, Ed win, Mildrim, Foster, May, deceased; Ralph, Leon and Ethel.

LTEXRY L. MIDDLEBROOKS. planter, near Sparta, Hancock Co., Ga., is
a son of Micajah and Cassandra (Howell) Middlebrooks, and was born in Hancock county. He is a man of the most exalted Christian character, and one
of the most patriotic men in the country. He enlisted as a soldier in the Con federate army at the beginning of the "war between the states," and remained in
the service to the end--suffering all the dangers and privations and gallantly performing all the duties incident to soldier life. Mr. Middlebrooks was happily
married in 1860 to Miss Claude, daughter of Bishop George F. Pierce. Ten happy, bright children have blessed this union: George L., Claude, P., Waldron
H.. Pierce. Marvin. Blanche. Harry. Flournoy, Lillian. Estelle.

I W. MOORE, a prominent and successful agriculturist of Culverton, Hancocic
Co.. is the son of James and Sarah C. Moore, and was born in Taliaferro county. Ga.. Feb. 2. 1827. His grandfather. Usury Moore, was a resident of Dinwiddie county. Ya.. and emigrated to Wilkes county, Ga., in the early part of the present century, where he spent the subsequent years of his life. Capt. Moore's father was born in Virginia in 1790 and was twice married. The first wife was a Miss Irwin. who bore him five children, all now deceased. The second mar riage was solemnized in Tones county, from which there resulted twelve children. Those living are: W. M.'Sharon: J.'W.. the subject of this sketch; T. R., Sparta; O- D.. Raytown : S. A.. Hillman. and R. H.. Culverton. The father was a mer chant and planter and accumulated quite a large property. He was a man of fine qualities, and his wife was a lady of great energy and spirit. They lived to a good age. the father dying at eighty and the mother at seventy-eight years. Four of the sons entered the army and did good service for the Confederacy, one. George W.. being killed in one of the fights about Richmond. Capt. Moore was reared in Taliaferro county, and was married in 1845 to ^'ss Frances Chand-

' HANCOCK COUNTY SKETCHES.

104.1

ler, who died eight months later. After four years, October. 1850, he married Miss Mary J. Culver. Nine children were born to them: \V. R., deceased; Ama zon E., Mrs. Robert Lewis, Sparta; Anna T., wife of H. F. Waller, Culverton; Lewis A., hardware merchant, Macon; James G. and R. W., at home; Sallie
G, wife of Robert Chapman, Sparta; Mary J., wife of D. S. Brown, Macon. Mr. Moore has lived in Culverton since 1850. The neighborhood is one of the finest in the county, having been the home for decades of some of the best families in the state. Early in life CapL Moore was engaged in staging, operating several im portant lines. He was tax collector of the county ten years prior to the war. During the war he was commissary of the Forty-ninth Georgia regiment, and later was made brigade commissary, with the rank of captain. Since the war his occupation has been that of a planter, and at different times he has taken an active part in politics. He was elected sheriff of the county and served with credit six years; he served three terms in succession in the general assembly, a
fact showing his prominence as a citizen and his popularity in political circles. The Moore plantation, part of which lies within the corporate limits of Culverton, comprises 1,500 acres of fine lands, which the captain, by his energetic and intelli gent system of planting, makes yield abundant crops. Capt. Moore is a demo
crat, always ready to put on the harness for his party, and the Methodist church embodies his religious creed. Locally he and his family are highly esteemed in the community where they have resided so long.

DLEASANT W. RACHEL, planter, Culverton, Hancock Co., Ga. Uncle "Pies" Rachel is a familiar figure in Hancock county, where he has for sixty-six
years commanded the respect and esteem of his friends and neighbors. He was born in the county Aug. n, 1829. His great-grandfather, Miles Rachel, moved to Georgia from North Carolina in the closing years of the last century, and set
tled in Hancock county, where his grandfather, Burrell Rachel, and his father, William Rachel, in turn, came on and off the scene of action. The early Rachels were planters by occupation, democrats in politics, and Methodists and Baptists in religious belief. ^Villiam Rachel married Betsy Ann Wilson in 1823. But two children are living, Pleasant W., and an older brother, Milton H., La Grange, Ga. Those deceased were Frances, Susan W., J. L. and Ann. Of the father it can be said that he was a leading citizen of the county, upright and honorable in his dealings, and a man who made and kept considerable property in his life time. He served the state forty years as justice of the peace, and was regarded by all as a most just and honorable officer. Pleasant W. Rachel has followed agriculture during his entire life. He married in the county in 1858 to his present
worthy wife, Miss Martha E., daughter of James B. Gonder. This was a family now almost extinct in the county, but of very great respectability and some promi nence in ante-bellum days. Five children came to cheer their home, but two of whom grew to maturity: Norwood F.. now a prosperous and leading merchant in Houston, Tex., and Ida E., who married B. G. Howard, a cotton broker of the same thriving Texas city. Mr. Rachel is a democrat of the old-school variety,
and serves his party faithfully as a member of the county executive committee.

I W. TREADWELL, planter, Sparta, Hancock Co., Ga., was born in Walton county, Ga., Aug. 17, 1838, the son of Hardy and Susan (Gunter) Treadwell.
He started in life as a bookkeeper, but soon drifted into railroad circles. For fourteen years he was general agent of the Georgia, Macon & Augusta railroad.
In 1861, just at the beginning of the war between the states he was made a mem ber of the major-general's staff of the eleventh division of Georgia, with the rank 1-66

IOL}J

f

JIEMOIKS OF GEORGIA.

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tinued to cultivate. It consists of 1,940 acres, five miles due west from Sparta,

and it is due Mr. Treadwell to say that it is one of the model plantations of the

country. The large mansion of three stories stands surrounded by twenty-three

other buildings, all used for plantation purposes; only two of the twenty-three are

negro houses. In the house lot adjoining the yard are ten other buildings, mak

ing thirty-three in all near the dwelling. The negro houses are scattered over

the plantation for two miles or place is sixty-eight. These give

more and the ample storage

total room

number for big

of buildings on the crops and protection

for man and beast. With al! things considered it is said to be the most desirable

place in middle Georgia. Mr. Treadwell has made cotton raising a specialty for

twenty-five years, raising from 100 to over 200 bales annually, with ample pro

vision crops. At the same time he has raised stock and operated the dairy busi

ness. Having fine pasture lands, he drifted into the breeding of Jersey cattle,

ahead of all others in his count}-. With his extensive stock it was necessary to

raise food for the same, and twenty years ago he began raising turnips, making

the crop a specialty, and he has gathered from 400 to 1,000 bushels per acre, having

ample to feed stock and many thousands for market In 1880, on account of

failing health, Mr. Treadwell went to Florida, and while there filled the position

of general freight and passenger agent of the St. John's & Lake Eustis railroad.

The climate having had the desired effect, he returned home after two years,

fdreocmlinVinigrgtihneiaptroofGfeeroerdgisau.perMinrt.eTndreeandcwy eolfl'sthgerasnadmfeathroeard, .IsaTahceTTrereaaddwweelll,lssectatlmede

in Clarke count}- in 1780. He there reared a family of nine sons, whose descend

ants are scattered throughout Georgia and in the western states. Hardy Tread-

well was the third son. He married and lived until 1857 in Monroe, Ga., where

he conducted a large carriage manufactory. He removed in that year to Atlanta,

continuing the business till 1865, the date of his death. lows: James M.. deceased: Eliza, resides with J.

His children were as fol W.; Fannie and Susie,

deceased: J. W., the subject of this sketch; W. H., cashier First National bank.

Jacksonville, Fla., and Jennie, wife of George S. Vardeman, Sparta. The mar

riage of Mr. Treadwell only daughter of J. P.

occurred at Sykes, who

Sparta, Ga., March for long years was

25, 1868, a leading

to Elizabeth A., planter of Han

cock count}-. Two daughters were born to them: Susie T., who married Osmar

D. Griffies, but was early widowed and now lives with her father, and Mary L., an

accomplished young lady in her teens. Mrs. Elizabeth A. Treadwell died Dec.

12, 1893, and Mr. Treadwell was married Nov. 28, 1894, to Sarah H., the eldest

daughter of Judge W. count}- for many years.

B. Hunt, who was also a noted planter of Hancock He is a democrat in politics and he and his family are

members of the Methodist church.

JAMES T. WHALEY, planter, Mayfield, Hancock Co., Ga. This gentleman

is an intelligent and progressive planter of the county, living ten miles east

<'i Sparta. His ancestry were of English descent, his paternal great-grandfather

removing to Eli Whaley,

Man-land about the time of was reared there, and when

the revolutionary a mere boy came

war. His to Walton

grandfather, county, Ga.

There he married and passed his days three girls, who. growing to maturity,

and have

reared a scattered

family of over the

eight boys and southern states.

Thomas, the father of the gentleman whose name heads this sketch, grew to man-

HARAL8ON COUNTY SKETCHES.

1043

hood in Walton county. He came to Hancock county in 1818, where he began life as an overseer. His thrift and strict attention to business soon put him in possession of land of his own, which he cultivated with great success. He accu
mulated property rapidly, and, though badly crippled by the results of the war, died in 1872, one of the wealthiest men in the county. During his lifetime he was influential, of great force of character, and keen business foresight. Whatever he
touched seemed to spring into animated and productive life. He was a deacon
in the Baptist church, and gave liberally to every worthy cause. He married four times and was the father of twelve children. He first married a Miss Verie, who bore him two children, one now living, Sanders Whaley, of Jones county,.
Tex. The second wife was a Miss Smith; two of her sons are now living--Frank, at Longino, Tex., and Thomas, at Marshall, Tex. The third wife was Mary Morris--James T.'s mother. His only sister, Cora, is Mrs. J. W. Conyers, Bartow
county, Ga. The fourth marriage was to a Miss Ivy, who has one child living,
Ella, the wife of Henry Y. McCord, Conyers, Ga. James T. Whaley was born May 3, 1849. He is gifted in a large degree with the substantial qualities most
marked in his father's character, and is regarded as a citizen of more than ordi nary merit by friends and neighbors. He married in Hancock county, Dec. 18,
1870, Mary, daughter of William M. Alien, and to the marriage have been born
twelve children, eight of whom are living: William T., agent for the Central rail
road at Mayfield; Lillian, wife of Alonzo W. Alien, Warren county, Ga.; Walter, Ina, Homer, Guy, Emory and Pauline, children at home. Mr. Whaley has a fine plantation of 800 acres ten and one-half miles east of Sparta and has surrounded
himself with the comforts of a well-improved and substantial home. He is much interested in education, being at present a member of the board of education of his county. He is a member of the Baptist church, in which he is both deacon
and clerk. In politics he is a democrat

HARALSON COUNTY.
A USTIN AYRES, farmer, Felton, Haralson Co., Ga., son of Martin and Sarah Ayres, was born in Greenville, S. C., May 18, 1822. His father was a farmer,
and came by wagon from South Carolina to Georgia, and settled in Gwinnett county in 1825. In 1836 he moved from Gwinnett to Paulding county, Ga., and settled on a lot of land he drew from the government, and on which the subject of this sketch now lives. At that time the country was filled with Indians and wild game, and for many months his father's family lived in a log cabin with a dirt floor. Mr. Ayres' advantages for schooling were exceedingly meager. In 1838 he was a member of the military force which removed the Indians from Georgia. He began farm life for himself in 1846, by clearing land; then he made his purchase--a fortyacre tract. To this he has added till he now owns 1,437 acres of land. For twenty-five years he has been a justice of the peace, and is still holding the office. He has been extremely successful, and being one of the wealthiest, as well as one of the oldest citizens of the county, is highly esteemed, and commands the utmost respect of everybody. To have held the office of justice of the peace so long, common sense and a sense of justice must be paramount characteristics. Mr. Ayres was married Sept. 28, 1843, to Miss Susan, daughter of Nathan and Priscilla Gaun, who came

r

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.
from Tennessee to Georgia in 1830. To them eleven children have been born: Harriet, Man' Adaline, Jane, Xancy Letitia, Lou Genia, Alfred, Berry Reuben, Hiram, Sarah Frances, and William Solomon and Isaac, deceased. Mr. Ayres is a member of the Missionary Baptist church, having been baptized July 2*. 1843.
\JMLLIAM J. BROWN, farmer, Buchanan, Haralson Co., Ga., son of William J. and Susan Brown, was born in Henry county, Ga., in 1852. His paternal
grandfather, Roland Brown, was a farmer, a poor man, and came from South Carolina to Georgia early in the present century. His wife was a Miss Dicy Waldrop, also a native of South Carolina. The parents of our subject were born in Georgia, and the father was reared on a farm, but he started in life for himself as a brakeman on the Georgia railway. He was promoted to a conductorship on a freight train, and, saving some money, came to and settled on a farm in Haral son count}- in 1860. During the war he served as captain in the army until the surrender. He also was elected and served as a justice of the inferior court, and died in 1886. Mr. Brown received a very limited education, and has followed farming exclusively. He was married Dec. 23, 1873, to Miss Nancy Carolina, daughter of Seaborn and Melinda Caroline McGarity, of Paulding county, Ga. To them nine children have been born: Carrie Leota, Willie S., Eva May, Cora Ella, Robert Joseph, Sarah Udara, Bertie, Agnes Pearl, James Benjamin. Mrs. Brown is an exemplary member of the Methodist church. Mr. Brown is a master Mason, one of the most prosperous farmers in the county, and as a citizen com mands the respect and esteem of all who know him.
/""* C. EAVES, farmer, Buchanan, Haralson Co., Ga., son of L. B. and Lavinia ^' (Camp) Eaves, was born in Paulding county, Ga., in. 1834. His father came from Rutherford count}-, X. C., where he married his wife, a daughter of Cleburne Camp, who came to Georgia in 1832. When his parents settled in Haralson count}' they were in moderately good circumstances. His father died at the age of sixtyfive, and the mother at the age of seventy-two years. Mr. Eaves was reared on the farm, but like thousands of others, children of frontiersmen and pioneers, received very meager schooling, owing to inconveniences and disadvantages, both of accom modations and teachers. He. however, by studying at home at night by fire-light, improved himself very much in that respect In 1862 he enlisted in Montgomery's artillery, with which he remained about six months, when, being taken sick, he returned home and sent a substitute to the army. His attention has been given principally to his farm, although at one time he engaged in merchandising, and now, in addition to his farm, runs a grist mill. A plain, common-sense, unostenta tious farmer, he is eniretly content with his vocation, with its sufficient income, and with being regarded by his neighbors as an honorable man and good citizen. Mr. Eaves married in 1865, for his first wife, Miss Amanda, daughter of John and Betsy Kuhrt, of Pike county, Ga., by whom he had nine children: Johnnie Cle burne, William Taylor, Benjamin Franklin, Davy Alonzo, Davis, Lovie, Bailey, Sedford and Jackson. He married for his second wife Miss Jennie, daughter of Absolom Wilson. Himself and wife are consistent and zealous members of the Primitive Baptist church. About the close of the war he was elected a justice of the peace.
JAMES F. GARNER, contractor, Draketown, Haralson Co., Ga., son of William and Betsy Garner, was born in Paulding county, Aug. 30, 1845. His parents
came in an ox-cart from South Carolina to Georgia, and settled in Gwinnett county. In 1843 nis parents moved to Paulding county, where they lived until they died.
. Garner was reared mainly in Paulding county, and received no education but

HARALSON COUNTY SKETCHES.

1045

what could be obtained at the common country schools, and started in life very poor. His service during the war was confined to making fusion caps at Atlanta for the Confederate government. While farming has been his principal pursuit--his life reliance--he has been engaged in contracting, and is now the leading and most extensive contractor in that part of the state. He has made money and is now financially strong. Faithful work, honest compliance with the terms of his con tracts, and uprightness of character have had their reward. Mr. Garner was mar ried July 13, 1865, to Miss Caroline Waldrop, born in November, 1845, daughter of T. G. and Sallie Waldrop, of Haralson county. To them have been born ten children: William Joseph, James Mansel, Sarah Elizabeth, George Washington, John Franklin, Mollie, deceased, Amanda, Adelia Mary, Alice, and Azilphia Caro
line.

WILLIAM GAULDING, physician, Waco, Haralson Co., Ga., son of John and Jane Gaulding, was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga., April 15, 1833. His
parents subsequently removed to Troup county, where he was reared and received the very indifferent education he started in life with. Having more fully educated himself and studied medicine, he attended Georgia Medical college, Augusta, from which he graduated in 1856, and immediately afterward located at Haralsonville, Troup county. After remaining there twenty years, and establish ing a very large and remunerative practice, he removed, in 1876, to Carroll county, where he remained until December, 1893, adding to his reputation as one of the most skillful and successful physicians in that part of the state. At the last-named date he moved to Waco, where he is still actively practicing his profession, enjoying the unreserved confidence of a large and still increasing constituency. He was
postmaster a number of years at Haralsonville, conducted a drug store at Carrollton and Waco, and engaged extensively in farming during his professional life, and has accumulated a quite large estate. Dr. Gaulding was married May 6, 1856, to Miss Amanda R.; daughter of R. W. and Elizabeth Brown, a union which has been blessed with eleven children: Aldora, Lizzie Love, Henry Valentine, Benjamin Holmes, deceased, Lizzie Thomas, J. W., Odessa, Seaborn May, Exar, deceased, Clyde Speer, and Luella, deceased. Dr. Gaulding was originally an "old-line" whig, and voted against secession, but is now affiliated with the populists. He is a master Mason, and himself and wife are prominent and influential members of the
Methodist church.

1046

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

business and financiering ability. In 1890 he was elected to represent the Tfiirtyeighth senatorial district in the general assembly, and established a reputation as a wise and able legislator. Dr. Goldin was married in 1878 to Miss Sarah Louisiana, daughter of Dr. R. B. and Sarah Hutcheson, and to them six children have been born: Grover Cleveland, Sarah Effie, Robert Battey, John Maddox and Arlina and Cora Glenn, the two last deceased. Dr. Goldin is a master Mason, and himself and family are very prominent members of the Missionary Baptist church.
QEORGE R. HAMILTON, merchant-farmer, fireman, Haralson Co., Ga., son of John L. and Marguerite (Reid) Hamilton, was born in Carroll county,
Ga., Sept 6, 1830. His father was a son of Archibald Hamilton, and was born in Abbeville district, S. C., March 10, 1800, was a poor man, and came to Georgia on a wagon in 1812, and settled in what is now Gwinnett county, and in 1829 moved to Carroll county. He was a volunteer in the company of Capt. Waguons, which accompanied the Indians as a guard on their removal from Georgia. Mr. Hamilton's maternal grandfather was George Reid. Mr. Hamilton received only the very limited and indifferent education obtainable at that time and locality, and began life for himself as a farmer on rented land. In 1856 he was elected ordinary of the county, serving efficiently and acceptably, and just before the war was appointed postmaster at Buchanan. His only experience during the war was in capturing deserters near Bowdon in Carroll county. He is still conducting his farm, and in addition is keeping a general merchandise store at Breman. He is one of the oldest settlers in Haralson county, popular, and has been very success ful. He has never married.

DOBERT B. HITCHCOCK, farmer and saw-mill man, Buchanan, Haralson Co., Ga., son of J. C. and Martha (Jenkins) Hitchcock, was born in Polk
count\-, Ga., in 1862. His father was the son of J. C Hitchcock, a farmer, and was born near Rockmart, Polk Co., Ga., and raised and educated there. He enlisted as a soldier in the late "unpleasantness," but as he belonged to the home
guards, was in no battle. His mother was also born in Polk county. Mr. Hitchcock's boyhood was passed during the most trying period of our history, and he was deprived almost entirely of educational advantages--teachers scarce
and not the best, and school houses inconvenient and uncomfortable. He came to Haralson county when seventeen years old, in 1879, and began the battle of life moneyless, among strangers. He farmed successfully for some years, saved money, and then engaged in saw-milling with the best of success. He is
prosperous and has become financially strong; and is justly regarded as one of the rising young men of the county. Mr. Hitchcock was married July 6, 1888, to Miss Mellie, daughter of William and Mary Summerville, Polk county, to
whom three children have been born: Israel Columbia, Robert Simpson and Selina Christine. Mr. Hitchcock is a master Mason.

JAMES R. HEAD, farmer, Tallapoosa, Haralson Co., Ga., son of D. B. and
Harriet Head, was born in Baldwin county, Ga., Sept. 12, 1823. His grand father and grandmother on his father's side were born in Virginia, his grand father. James Head, coming to Georgia just before the revolutionary war. Mr. Head's father was reared a farmer, but in 1837 he engaged in merchandising, which he continued until 1842. when he returned to the farm. In the meantime he studied medicine and in 1845 entered upon the practice, which lie successfully
followed until his death, which occurred in 1887. and was occasioned by a fall from a wagon near Gadsden. Ala. Mr. Head was reared in Fayette count}', Ga.,

HARALSON COUNTY SKETCHES.

1047

until he was thirteen years of age (1836), when his parents moved to Carrol! county. His education was limited to what was obtainable at the common country schools within the brief time then allowed farmers' boys. Mr. Head enlisted in a company commanded by Capt William Potts of Newnan, Ga., which became a part of the Second regiment, Georgia state troops. With his command he participated in the battle at New Hope church, went thence to Marietta, then to Atlanta and Jonesboro. From there the command went with Gen. Hood when
he made his flank movement to Nashville, Tenn. Beginning life with nothing, he has by industry, upright dealing and good management, acquired a quite large property and is accounted one of the most substantial and responsible citizens
of the county. Farming has been his life-pursuit; but he was a justice of the peace five years, and is now a member of the board of education. Mr. Head was married Feb. 24, 1842, to Miss Amanda A., daughter of Solomon and Mary Stisher of Carroll county, who has borne him three children: Mary Ann Harriet, Marguerite Roberts and Elizabeth Missouri. Mr. Head is a master Mason and an exemplary member of the Missionary Baptist church.

JOHN K. HOLCOMBE, JR., farmer, Buchanan, Haralson Co., Ga., son of John K. and Rachel Holcombe, was born in Carroll county, Ga., July 4,
1848. His father was born in Laurens district, S. C., in 1810, and came to Georgia with the family in a one-horse wagon, and settled in what is no\v De Ivalb county, in 1820. His education was very limited, and he followed fanning all his life. 'Mr. Holcombe's mother was born in what is now De Kalb county in 1815, and was married to her husband in 1830. Mr. Holcombe received a very limited education, as he was merely a boy and lad while the war was being waged, and the schools suspended; but being ambitious he studied at home and acquired a fairly good education. He was reared a fanner, but ran machinery at one period of his life, and has also done a general merchandise business. The estimation in which he is held by the people of Haralson county is evidenced by the fact that for ten years he held the office of sheriff. He has been successful in all his under takings, has accumulated a competency, and while one of the most popular, he is accounted, one of the solidcst men in the county. Mr. Holcombe married Miss Mary, daughter of Levi and Lucretia (Reeves) Stidman of Bartow county. Her grandfather, Martin Stidman, was one of the first settlers of Bartow (then Cass) Count}'. Six children have blessed this union: William F., Reuben Cornelius, Estelle, Sarah Elizabeth, Emma and John Kellette. As Mr. Holcombe is yet young, so popular and so well capacitated for public position, it is quite certain
he will again be called into the public service.
A J. HUNT, ex-postmaster, farmer, Buchanan, Haralson Co., Ga., son of S. M. and Luvina (Wilson) Hunt, was born in Cherokee county, Ga., Feb. 24,
1843. His father was born in Pickens district, S. C, in 1812, and his mother was born in Viriginia in 1815. Mr. Hunt was raised on the farm, and had but a few months' education, and that under indifferent teachers and under uncomfortable conditions. But when he grew up, and during his leisure time, and the friendly aid of a pine-knot light, he added largely to his stock of knowledge, and has now a pretty good education. He enlisted Feb. 26, 1861, in Company E, First Georgia regiment, under Capt. J. D. Walker of Augusta, and was chosen sergeant. The company was assigned to "Tige" Anderson's brigade and among other important battles in which his command participated were Yorktown, seven days' fight around Richmond, Fredericksburg and Centerville, Va. He remained in the service until the surrender. At the close of the war his only capital was two suits

1048

MFMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

of clothes; but he went to farming, and lias been successful in that and other undertakings beyond his most sanguine expectations, and honored with office by his appreciative fellow-citizens. In 1875 he was elected a justice of the peace and
in 1888 elected sheriff of the county; in each case doing faithful and efficient service. All that he has. he has made himself, and under great disadvantages; but his success illustrates what industry and persistent effort can accomplish.
Mr. Hunt was married, February, 1865, to Miss. Laura, daughter of Champion and Elvira (Stewart) Westbrook of Lumpkin county. Ga. Her father was a native of
Tennessee, and her mother of Xorth Carolina. The following children have been born to them: Eva Lee. Emma Loretta, Cora Analcy, Robert Champion, Joseph
Blanse. Samuel Mason, Vila Gertrude. Mr. Hunt is a master Mason, and his family are consistent members of the Baptist church.

p B. HUTCHESOX, physician, Draketown, Haralson Co., Ga., son of John and Susannah Hutcheson, was born in McDonough, Henry Co., Ga., in 1825.
His parents were born and raised in South Carolina. His father was a carpenter, and the family came to Georgia in 1822. Dr. Hutcheson was reared and educated in Henry count}-, the education being such as could be obtained at the "old-field" schools common to the rural districts in his boyhood days. In 1852 he moved to that part of Paulding which is now included in Haralson county, and bought
land and settled where he now lives. He grew up with the country, is widely and favorably known, and is one of the wealthiest citizens in the county. In 1833-54 he engaged in the manufacture of buggies at Cedartown, Ga., and in
] 854 secured a license to practice medicine, and practiced many years with great success. He was and is now extensively engaged in farming. He was elected a delegate to represent the Thirty-eighth senatorial district in the constitutional
convention of 1867-68 and was elected to represent Haralson county in 1873-74 in the general assembly. He was again elected in 1886 to the general assembly. The doctor is a man of strong convictions, firm in his faith and outspoken in advocacy. Dr. Hutcheson has been married twice. His first wife was Miss Mary
J-. daughter of John Stateham. whom he married Oct 29, 1848, and by whom he had three children: John R.. James F. and William D., deceased. His second wife was Miss Ellen, daughter of Jacob Hogue, who has borne him eight children: Frances M.. Edward B.. Man- S., Sallie S-, Mattie E., Amanda, Robert H. and Jacob, deceased. Dr. Hutcheson is a master Mason and a member of the Missi' man- Baptist church.

r*L R. HUTCH INS. lawyer, Tallapoosa, Haralson Co., Ga., son of Nathan L. * and Matilda Hutchins, was born in Randolph county, Ala., Jan. 22, 1867.
His father was born in Coweta county, Ga., in 1831. In 1850 he went to Alabama,
and from there to Mississippi. Subsequently he returned to Alabama, and being there when the war began, enlisted in the Thirteenth Alabama regiment, which was assigned to A. P. Hills' corps. He remained in the service until the sur render, receiving two wounds Cone in the hip and one in the hand), from which he is disabled. After the war he married and returned to Troup county, Ga., and became a contractor. Not long afterward he removed to Heard county, Ga.,
where he remained until 1893, when he came to Haralson county. While in the army he was the first soldier in his company who was given a furlough on account of good sen-ice. Mr. Hutchins' mother was a daughter of James B. Greer. and was born in 1834. Mr. Hutchins received but little schooling during his boyhood, only ten days after he was thirteen years of age. Later, however,
he acquired a very excellent education, and for several years was engaged in farm-

HARALSON COUNTY SKETCHES.

1049

ing and saw-milling. In 1885 he taught school in Haralson county, and read law, and Jan. 22, 1886, was admitted to the bar and located in Tallapoosa, where he still lives. In 1888 he was elected mayor of Tallapoosa, and in 1891 was a member of the city council. In 1892 he was elected mayor again to fill an unexpired term, and in 1893 was re-elected for a full term. Mr. Hutchins had nothing--not even a good education--to start life with, excepting pluck, energy, a resolute purpose, and integrity of character. Yet, at the age of nineteen he was
admitted to the bar, and has bounded to the front as the most promising young lawyer in his circuit, rapidly gaining a large and influential clientage, and already,
young as he is, has been called by his fellow-citizens to honorable and responsible official positions. It is safe to predict for him a professional reputation surpassed by few, and distinction in the political and other fields. Mr. Hutchins has been married twice. His first wife was Miss Maggie, daughter of Calvin and Mary
Fults, of Cobb county, Ga., to whom he was married in February, 1887, and who died without issue. In November, 1891, he was married to Miss Marie, daughter of W. H. and Leora Kimball, formerly of Michigan, by whom he has had two children, Harold Charles and Marie Louise. Mr. Hutchins is a promi nent member of the Christian church.

Vfyf ILEY JAMES, farmer, Tallapoosa, Haralson Co., Ga., son of John P. and Nancy James, was born in Henry county, Ga., Aug. 10, 1834. His father
was born in Rockingham county, N. C., in 1809, and when a young man came to Georgia in a wagon and settled on a farm in Henry count}-. His mother was born in Washington county, Ga., in 1815. Mr. James' parents were poor, and he was raised comparatively uneducated. When only thirteen years of age his father died, leaving his widow without property and a family of children to raise and educate. But she was a woman of great strength of mind, uncommonly good judgment, and great energy of character. By her good management the little that was left was made extraordinarily productive and accumulative, so that she was enabled to give the daughters a college education. And Mr. James, after he became grown, was enabled to attend the excellent school at Worthville, in Butts county, Ga., and acquire a good education. He was married Dec. 7, 1858, to Miss Patience Foster--born March 14, 1842--daughter of Andrew J. and Edna Foster, natives of South Carolina. Seven children were the offspring of this marriage: Anna B., Nola B., Hooten A., Frankie E., Wyly C. and John A. and Mary C., deceased. Mr. James moved from Campbell county, Ga., to Haralson in 1886, and enjoys the unaffected esteem of all who know him. He is a Knight of Honor, and himself and family are members of the Missionary
Baptist church.

WILLIAM JOHNSON, JR., farmer, Buchanan, Haralson Co., Ga., son of William and Polly (Ayres) Johnson, was born in Haralson county in 1853.
His father was born and raised in what is now Haralson county, reached man
hood poor and penniless and uneducated. He made his first money splitting rails at fifty cents per hundred, and worked at that and saved money until he had enough to buy a small tract of land on Tallapoosa river. He was a Baptist preacher and a very useful citizen. His mother was a native of North Carolina. Mr. Johnson was raised a farmer, and as there were no schools then in his neigh borhood, received no education, but after he was married received instruction from his wife by a pine-knot fire light. He has always lived in Haralson county, and is so highly esteemed as to have been elected sheriff of the county in 1891. When he married he did not have a dollar, but he has worked hard and saved

10=0

MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

money, and now has a nice farm and is comfortably situated. He is rated among the best citizens of Haralson county and none command higher respect or are more highly esteemed. Mr. Johnson married Miss Mary Munroe--born in 1843 --daughter of Duncan Munroe, and to them five children have been born: Oscar, Martha Jane, Willie, Mollie and Charlie. Mr. Johnson is a master Mason and himself and wife are exemplary members of the Baptist church.

JUDGE JOE W. KELLEY, residing at Buchanan, Haralson Co., Ga., is the son
of William L. and Frances C. Kelley. He was born in Polk county, at Wil
son Springs, Ga., July 16, 1856. His father was born in Tennessee, Oct 15, 1833, and was brought to Forsyth county, Ga., in his infancy, where he was reared until
he was eighteen years old, and then moved to Polk county, Ga. His grand father, William Kelley, was a native of South Carolina, but migrated to Forsyth
county, Ga., where he lived several years. While on his way to the west he died
in Tennessee. The progenitor of the American branch of this family was William Kelley, born in Ireland. The grandmother of Judge Kelley was a Miss Millie
Heath, of Scotch descent, and his mother was Frances C., daughter of Joseph
H. Hobbs and Peggie (Summerlin) Hobbs. She was born April 3, 1830, in Cherokee (now Haralson) county, Ga., and was of Scotch-Irish ancestry. Judge
Kelley's father was a gallant soldier of the Ninth Georgia battalion of artillery and was in the battles of the western army to the burning of Atlanta. After the
war he returned to Haralson county, to his wife and children, renting land to cultivate the first year. It is worth while telling as part of the history of the
times that when this soldier-father returned to his home, he and his eldest son, commonly called Buck, whose full name is Joseph William Andrew Jackson Kel
ley, made the crop, with only the food which the grass fields furnished, the young
lad holding the horse to graze, and also taking his part at the hoe. The second year the family moved to forty-acre lot in the woods, which the thrifty mother had
bought from her father during the war, and building a house and making a clear ing, cultivated it for a living. Thus it appears that Judge Kelley was a worker
from his 3-outh. Sometimes he hired out as a farm hand to help his father to
keep out of debt and to pay for more land which the family now owns, and he labored for his father until reaching manhood. He only had the advantage of about nine months' schooling at the common country summer schools until he was twenty-one years of age. At the age of twenty-two he began teaching school
himself, which he continued for several years. In the meantime (Dec. 16, 1879) he married Miss Lydia J. Hitt, daughter of Alien R. Hitt and Elizabeth (Le Grand) Hitt. His wife's mother was a daughter of Thomas Harrison, of South Carolina,
and was related to Gen. William Harrison. For the first few years Judge Kelley improved a farm and taught school from three to eight months each year. After
two years in school at Buchanan he again taught school, making himself com petent to discharge the duties of the position to which he was called in 1889. As a proof of esteem he was elected tax collector of Haralson county in 1889. and having given faithful services for two years, was re-elected
in 1891. and on the expiration of his second term in 1893 the people of his county, who sa\v his \vorth, elected him to the highly important office of ordinary, in
which position he is now serving acceptably to the people. As may be seen, Judge Kelley is popular and held in high esteem by his community. It is grat ifying to know that a gentleman says of him that as ordinary of Haralson county
he has done more good work than all of his predecessors for forty years. He has interested himself very greatly in the improvement of his county without ma
terial increase of its taxes. The public roads have been very much improved

HARALSON COUNTY SKETCHES.

Icrl

through his orders; the first iron bridge was built--two completed and another under construction, all spanning the Tallapoosa river, furnishing accommodation in travel to large numbers of citizens. His administration has been a great benefit to his county. Judge and Mrs. Kelley have a family of six children: Winifred C., Louella F., Howell Tilden, Flora Lee, Murdock Cleveland, Bertie Americus. Judge Kelley is a master Mason and Mrs. Kelley is a member of the Primitive Baptist church.
CLIJAH KIRK, farmer-merchant, Felton, Haralson Co., Ga., son of Jack and Elizabeth Kirk, was born in Pike county, Ga., March 16, 1857. His parents
were very poor--so poor they could not spare him from the crop, so the only schooling he received was a few weeks each year after the crop was ''laid by."' On reaching manhood he came to Haralson county, where he worked on farms until he accumulated enough money to buy a small farm. He worked diligently and intelligently on his farm, made good crops for his force, and saved money. He managed his small annual surplus with unusual discretion, until in 1890. he found himself possessed of enough capital to embark in a general merchan dise store. He has been phenomenally successful in this enterprise, and has now the largest store in Felton, and is doing a large and profitable business. In addi tion he owns several nice desirable farms which he rents. He is popular in the community, highly esteemed by his fellow-citizens, and considered one of the best financiers in his section. All he lacks to round off and complete his character and fill the measure of his happiness is a good wife.

M J. LANGSTON, physician, Waco, Haralson Co., Ga., son of Reuben J. and * Sarah Langston, was born in Franklin county, Ga., Dec. 10, 1848. His
father was a farmer in ordinary circumstances, and both father and mother were born and lived and died in Franklin county. Dr. Langston received the benefit only of the very limited educational advantages afforded by the common country schools of the period and locality. These he supplemented by study at home, at night by pine-knot light. Aug. 27, $862, he enlisted in Company B, Capt J. J. Owens, Twenty-ninth Georgia regiment, and with his command participated in the following important battles: Jackson, Miss., Missionary Ridge, Chickamauga, New Hope Church, and Resaca. During his service he was wounded three times, and a ball received when one was inflicted, still remains in his hip. After the war he returned to his farm in Franklin county where he farmed until 1887, when he engaged in business as a traveling photographer, which, however, he continued but a few months, when he became a traveling passenger agent for the Richmond & Danville Railway company, a position he held until 1891. He then studied medicine, and entering the Southern Medical college, at Atlanta, graduated from it March 23, 1893. He located at once at Waco, and rapidly advanced to a front position. Dr. Langston has been twice married. His first wife, married in 1869, was Miss Mary, daughter of John and Mary Duncan, of Elbert county, by whom he had two children: William H. and Maude. His second wife, whom he married in 1891, was Miss Maggie, daughter of C. P. Vandergriff of Temple, Carroll Co.. Ga. Dr. Langston has already achieved unusual success in his profession, and the promise of eminence in the future is very bright. His family are members of the Missionary Baptist church.
JAMES R. LATIMER, merchant, Waco, Haralson Co., Ga., son of R. T. and Lovy J. (Tweedell) Latimer, was born Aug. 7, 1858. His father was born in
South Carolina, and when a young man came to Georgia and settled on a small farm in Cobb county. His mother was a daughter of Rev. W. S. and Betsey

I0 ^2

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA

Tweedell of the same county. Mr. Latimer was in his boyhood during the civil war. and received no schooling, but subsequently acquired a very good educa tion. He worked on the farm until 1879, when, with $200 capital, he entered upon & mercantile life at Bowdon, Carroll Co., Ga. After doing a successful business there until 1886, he moved to Waco, where he continued business, and enjoyed a prosperity beyond his most sanguine expectations. He is popular with the people, a steady-going business man, enjoys the confidence of the public, and is considered one of the most prosperous young business men in the county. Mr. Latimer was married in Philadelphia, Penn., Jan. 7, 1884, to Miss Emmie, daugh ter of Dr. Joseph R. and Hattie E. Hood. Dr. Hood went to Philadelphia in 1881 for the purpose of advertising a patent cultivator, and returned to Randolph county. Ala., in 1887. This union has been blessed with two children: Ottie Bell r.nd Robert Earl. Mr. Latimer is a master Mason, and himself and family are members of the Missionary Baptist church.
M ILES \V. LIXER, farmer, Tallapoosa, Haralson Co., Ga., son of Christopher D. and Sarah Liner, was born in Carroll county, Ga., May 26, 1836. His
parents went from Walton count}-, Ga., to Mississippi, in 1835, but returned to Georgia and settled in Carroll county early in 1836. Mr. Liner was raised in Carroll county, and was educated at the "old-field" common schools, taught in the dirt floor log cabins. He was exempt from military service during the war on account of physical disability. Mr. Liner was married Sept 23, 1858, to Miss Marguerite E.. daughter of Robert A. and Jane Katharine Read of Carroll county, by whom he has had sixteen children: George Alexander, Henry Wise, Sarah Katharine. John Franklin. Robert Christopher, Mary Elizabeth, Susan Indiana, James Quitman. Harvey Washington, Rhoda Malighty, Madison, Van Bufen, Jefferson, Malachi. Emma Rosella, and Simeon Jackson (deceased). Mr. Liner is a well-to-do farmer, respected by everybody, unambitious, and content with the generous yield of his well-cultivated lands.
T J. LOVELESS, merchant-fanner, Buchanan, Haralson Co., Ga., son of Thos. "and Rebecca Loveless, was born in Newton county, Ga., in 1832. His parents
v. ere born in Greenville district in South Carolina in 1800, where they were mar ried and lived until 1830. That year they came to Georgia in a wagon, settled in the woods in Xewton county, where they cleared a farm, meantime living in a dirt-floor log cabin. Here they followed farming and raised their children. Mr. Loveless was raised on the farm, and attended school at the dirt-floor log house, lighted through the spaces between the logs, with slabs for seats and writing desks, and chimney made of mud and sticks. After his graduation Mr. Loveless himself taught school in thesa historical structures, and afterward farmed. In 1861 lie enlisted in Company A. Capt. W. Bass, Fourth Georgia regiment, and after serving six months went into the regular army, Company C, CapL John A. Grice, Fifty-sixth Georgia regiment, Col. E. P. Watkins. With his command he was in very active service, and participated in many important battles: Baker's Creek, where he was slightly wounded; siege of Vicksburg, where he was capt'.'.red: Mission Ridge, and from there with Gens. Johnston and Hood in front of Gen. Sherman: shared in the defense of Atlanta, and was in the battle of Joneshoro. He was first lieutenant of his company, and as the captain was nearly .l\vays absent he was in command. He remained in the service until the sur render, and after that resumed the cultivation of his farm, which he did with succcj? until 1882. when he opened a general merchandise store in Buchanan, and ir profitably conducting both. He is now the leading merchant of Buchanan, and, ir o -injection with his store, is keeping a hotel. He has been very successful as a

HARALSON COUNTY SKETCHES.

1053

farmer, merchant, and hqtelkeeper, has made money, and is a much-liked and
highly esteemed citizen. Mr. Loveless was married in 1857 to Miss Louisa J., daughter of Thomas and Letitia (Lindley) Camp, who were native South Carolinians, but who, early in life came to Georgia, where they raised their family. One child only, Robert E., has blessed this union. Mr. Loveless is a master Mason, and himself and wife are exemplary members of the Baptist church.

C M. LYLE, saw and grist-mill man, Draketown, Haralson Co., Ga., son of J. H. * and Mary Ann Lyle, was born in Polk county, Ga., May 4, 1855. His father
was born in Campbell county, Ga., and went from there to Polk county when he was thirteen years old. Mr. Lyle's parents, when he was six months old, moved from Polk to Paulding county, in which he was raised and educated--the educa tion being rudimental and the school taught in churches. This education and a good store of pluck and energy was his capital; and that he has employed it wisely and well is evidenced by his sucess. When he began life for himself it was as a farmer; but as his capital increased his enterprise increased also, so that now he is operating a saw-mill, a grist-mill and a cotton-gin, doing well with all, and prospering. From no cash capital at the start, he has by industry and good man agement accumulated paying property, so that now he is enjoying a good, com fortable income. Mr. Lyle was happily married in 1878 to Miss Fannie, daughter of W. C. White, of Haralson county, a union which has been blessed with seven
children: Minnie Lee, Ola, William Fletcher, Effie, Sarah Ellen, Henry Lee, Johnnie. Mr. Lyle is a master Mason, and a zealous member of the Protestant Methodist church.

J M. M'BRIDE, lawyer, Tallapoosa, Haralson Co., Ga., was born in Campbell * county, Ga., about forty-four years ago. The year of his birth his parents
moved to what is now Haralson county (which was organized soon afterward), in which he has lived ever since, and received his education. In 1874 ne began the study of law under the preceptorship of Maj. Blance, of Cedartown, Ga.? and soon afterward he was admitted to the bar. He located in Brehanan, the county seat, where he practiced twelve years, growing in reputation and winning a constantly increasing clientage. In 1887 he moved to Tallapoosa, which has since been his home. In 1880 he was elected to represent Haralson county in the general assem bly, and was re-elected in 1882. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Thirtyeighth senatorial district in the general assembly, and in 1892 was again elected to represent his county in that body. These almost continuous elections attest his popularity with his fellow-citizens--a popularity it is quite sure he could not have so long enjoyed if he had not proven to be an able and faithful representative, devoted to and guarding the interests of his constituents. Mr. McBride \vas married in 1874 to Miss Mattie, daughter of the late S. T. Johnson, of Alabama, a union blessed with five children, four of whom are living: Eula, Maude, Hebert and Murdoch. Mr. McBride is a member of the Masonic fraternity.

Q L. M'PHERSON, farmer, Bremen, Haralson Co., Ga., son of Elijah and Sarah * (Small) McPherson, was born in Carroll county, Ga., April 4, 1844. His father
was born in Pennsylvania, July 13, 1789, migrated from there to Tennessee, where he married, and in 1830 moved in an ox-cart from Tennessee to Georgia and settled in Carroll county. He was a farmer and saw-mill man, but had no property. His mother was bom in Tennessee in 1809. Mr. McPherson was reared on tlie farm and received very little schooling. He began life on 100 acres of land, with one ox and a wagon. He enlisted in 1864 in a company belonging to the Seventh Georgia regiment, state troops, and subsequently entered the Confederate

1054

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

service, and was sent to Virginia. He was captured Aug. 19, 1864, and sent to Point Lookout, Md., where he remained until Sept. 29, 1864, when he was released, and Oct. 6 following rejoined his command in Virginia, with which he remained until the surrender. Mr. McPherson is considered one of the best and most suc cessful farmers in the county, perfectly reliable, and in the highest degree respon sible. Mr. McPherson was married in 1867 to Miss Lucinda, daughter of John L. and Marguerite Hamilton, of Haralson county, who has borne him five children: A. P., X. C., L. D., H. R., and J. H.

g EXJAM IX F. MORGAN, farmer, Buchanan, Haralson Co., Ga., son of William M. and Eady M. (Austin) Morgan, was born in Polk county, Ga., Nov. 23,
1859. ^r- Morgan's father was born in Gwinnett county in' 1815. and was married in Walton county, Ga., in 1842 to Miss Eady M.. daughter of J. M. Austin. He went to Polk count}-, Ga., in 1840, and thence to middle Tennessee in 1859. He was a soldier during the Florida war, and enlisted in the late war between the states. He was taken sick with the dysentery about the time of the battle of Shiloh, and came home on furlough, but was never able to return to the army. He was a farmer and mechanic, started in life with about $2,000, and did well until the war; when it closed he found himself ruined. Mr. Morgan began life without a dollar, and uneducated, as his father was too poor to give him any schooling. But he has been exceptionally successful in all his undertakings. He is a man of great enterprise, sagacious in planning, energetic in execution and decidedly progressive in everything. From a most inauspicious, unpromising beginning, without means, he has become one of the most promising and one of the wealthiest citizens in Haralson county. He is a young man yet, and in view of what he has already accomplished, one cannot forecast--possessing the pluck, push and progressiveness he does--what he may accomplish or attain to in the future. During the years 1888-89-90 he was engaged in merchandising at Temple, Ga., but since then has been engaged in farming and extensive sawmilling. Mr. Morgan was married March 19, 1885, to Miss Sallie L.. daughter of William L. Moseley, of Douglas county, Ga. Five children have blessed this union: Effie Odessa, deceased; William Emory; John Robert; Benjamin Franklin; Pearlie Estorie. Mr. Morgan is a master Mason, and his family are members of the Missionary Baptist church.

I O. REDWIXE, farmer, Bremen, Haralson Co., Ga., son of Jacob and Xancy * (Tremble) Redwine, was born in De Kalb county (now Fulton) May 5, 1829.
His father was born in Xorth Carolina, came to Georgia early in this century, when a young man, poor, and settled on a rented farm in Elbert county, and subsequently moved to De Kalb county. His mother was a daughter of John and Charity Tremble, formerly of Franklin county, but who finally settled in what is now De Kalb county. Mr. Redwine was raised in De Kalb county on the farm, and attended the common "old-field" school--the last one being taught under a tent at Mount Gilead camp-ground, in what is now Fulton county. He was a justice of the peace three years, previous to 1861. In October of that year lie enlisted in Campbell county in Company H, Thirtieth Georgia regiment, as a private, and rose gradually to a captaincy. He was slightly wounded, near Resaca, in May, 1863; was again wounded in a skirmish at Decatur, Ga., July 22, 1863, and was badly wounded at Decatur, Ala., September, 1863. Mr. Redwine moved to Haralson county in 1883, and bought and settled on the farm where he now lives. He began life very poor--split rails to earn the money with which to pay for his marriage license, and, afterward, to buy his provisions. He now has a good farm and comfortable home, and is a well-to-do, prosperous farmer, contented with the products of his farm, and the solid comforts and enjoyments of the home circle.

HARALSON COUNTY SKETCHES.

JQ'33

Mr. Redwine was married in October, 1849, to Miss Eliza, daughter of William and Arminda Hitchcock, of De Kalb county. To them seven children have been born: J. A., W. L., T. W., Sallie, J. E., Annie, and Vassie. Mr. Redwine and his family are Exemplary members of the Methodist church.

A NDREW J. STEWART, farmer, Buchanan, Haralson Co., Ga., son of Walter and Nancy (Galloway) Stewart, was born in Monroe county, Ga., in 1816. His
paternal grandfather, Jarret Stewart, was a native of Scotland, and one of the early settlers of Georgia. Mr. Stewart's father was born and grew to manhood in what is now Henry county, in Georgia. He was a very good English scholar for the times, and his surroundings, and was a soldier in the last war with Great Britain. In 1837 he moved from Henry to Carroll county, Ga., settling and clearing a farm in the woods, undergoing all the privations and hardships incident to frontier life. He lived on this farm until 1863, when he came to the home of his son, Andrew, where he lived until he died. He was a very pious man, and strictly observed all the ordinances of his church. Mr. Stewart's mother was a daughter of Obadiah and Elizabeth Galloway, who were natives of Maryland, and came to Georgia in an ox-cart and settled and cleared a farm in Hancock county about the beginning of this century. Mr. Stewart grew to manhood on the farm, and was entirely deprived of educational advantages. But he was a hard worker, economical and a good manager, as may be inferred when it is stated that when he settled where he now lives, his only worldly possessions were a wife and child and fifteen cents in money; but now he owns 900 acres of good land, and very considerable property in Buchanan. Mr. Stewart has been married four times. His first wife was Miss Nancy, daughter of Elijah and Rachel Brooks, whom he married in 1837, and by whom he had six children--four living: John, Mary J., Nancy A., and Galloway B. The mother was Georgia-born, a member of the Baptist church, and died in February, 1856. In November of that year he married Miss Jane, daughter of Jerman Burton, who died early in 1858. October following he mar ried Miss Emily, daughter of Martin and Sarah Avers, who died April i, 1882. In September, 1888, he married Melinda, daughter of John K. Holcombe. Himself and wife are members of the Baptist church. XA/ILLIAM M. WILLIAMS, farmer, Buchanan, Haralson Co., Ga., son of
Wyatt and Nancy (Wood) Williams, was bom in Paulding county, Ga., in 1836. His father was the son of Hezekiah Williams, and was born in Tennessee, came to Georgia after reaching manhood, and was a member of the guard which accompanied the Indians from Georgia. He came to the state a poor man, but before he died--Jan. 15, 1885--he had acquired an excellent tract of land and a competency. His mother was born in Buncombe county, X. C., and when a child came with her father, Lawrence Wood, to Carroll county, Ga., where she was raised. Husband and wife were members of the Missionary Baptist church. Mr. Williams was raised on the farm, and with no educational advantages. After he was mar ried he attended school for a time and obtained a pretty fair education, on whose foundation he has since built. March 13, 1862, he enlisted under Capt. Alexander Merchanson, Fortieth Georgia regiment. Col. Ab. Johnson, and went to the front With his command, he participated in the battle at Fairsville, Tenn., after which he was taken sick, and never sufficiently recovered to return to the army. During the war all his personal property was destroyed, and his farm left a devastated waste. By untiring application and good management he has improved and added to the value of his property, is regarded as one of the solidest of the county's citizens, and stands as high as any in the estimation of the people. Not being ambitious to hold office, he has never aspired to, or held, any political

1056

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

position. Mr. Williams was married in 1858 to Miss Annie E., daughter of Walton and Sarah (Ellender) Bern-. Her parents were from Massachusetts, but came to Georgia and settled in Putnam county, Ga., where she was reared. Three children have blessed this union: Xancy Ellen, Mary Frances, and James B. Mr. Williams' family are members of the Missionary Baptist church.

HARRIS COUNTY.
JUDGE ALEXANDER A. ALLEX was born in Abbeville district, S. C, in 1821. After receiving his preparatory education he entered the university of
Georgia, from which he graduated in 1842, and then read law in Lexington, Ga., under the preceptorship of Hon. Joseph H. Lumpkin, the first chief justice of the supreme court of Georgia. After his admission to the bar he located in Bainbridge, where he achieved a splendid professional success, gaining an extensive and influential clientage, and, in 1856, was appointed judge of the superior court for his circuit. After the war he moved to Florida, but in a short time returned to Bainbridge.
C M. BRANNON, farmer, Ellerslie, Harris Co., Ga., son of Calvin J. and Catharine (Brannan) Brannon, was born in Newton county, Ga., in 1830.
His paternal grandparents were John and Nancy (Parker) Brannon. He was of Irish descent, a native of South Carolina, migrated to Georgia in the twenties, and settled in Newton county, where he lived until 1835, when he moved to Harris county. He was a soldier in the last war with Great Britain. Mr. Brannon's lather was born in South Carolina, and while a youth came to Georgia with the family. In 1835 he moved to Harris county in ox-carts and settled in the woods, camping there three weeks while felling timber and building log huts to live in. The "settlements" at that time were few and far between. He was a volunteer soldier in the Seminole war. He was a native of North Carolina, whence he moved to Monroe county, Ga. Mr. Brannon was raised on the farm, and received only such education as was obtainable in a pioneer period of settlement. During the late civil war he served with the militia or state troops, participating in the defense of Atlanta and the battle of Griswoldville, and was with the forces in front of the Union army when "Marching Through Georgia." Before the war Mr. Brannon had large investments in slaves and live stock; as a result of the "unpleasantness" the slaves were set free and the mules all stolen. On his return from the war in 1865 he bought some land on time and engaged in farming. Going to work with his accustomed energy and superior business methods he soon relieved himself of all incumbrances, has been successful, and is now one of the most prosperous farmers in the count}-. Progressive and public-spirited, and conscientious in the discharge of every obligation, he enjoys the entire con fidence of the people and great popularity. He served the county as tax collector one term, and has been a justice of the peace for thirty or more years. Mr. Brannon was married in 1849 to Miss Mary A. ]5o\v1es, born in Monroe county, Ga., in 1829. daughter of Henry H. and Matilda ("Morgan) Bowles. He was a native of South Carolina, and moved to Georgia and settled in Monroe county

HARRIS COUNTY SKETCHES.

1057

early in life. Five of the children born to them are still living: Minta. wife of W. E. Edge, Anniston, Ala.; Mattie, wife of M. M. Hudson, Columbus, Ga.; Katie, wife of Geo. G. Neal, Harris county, Ga.; Anna, wife of J. T. Perry, Russell county, Ala.; Wade H., married to Miss Simpson of Chattanooga, Tenn., and now in Bes semer, Ala., holding a responsible position with the Tennessee Coal & Iron company. Mr. Brannon is a master Mason and a prominent and influential mem ber of the Methodist church, of which he has been a delegate to the general conference.
A J- BURT, farmer, Fortson, Harris Co., Ga.. son of Joel H. and Mildred A. " (Owen) Burt, was born in Talbot county, Ga.. in 1834. His paternal grand
parents, Jackson and Elizabeth (Burt) Burt, were born in what is now Putnam county, Ga., whence they moved to Talbot county, and thence, later, to Marion county. Mr. Burt's father was born in Putnam county in 1807--the year the county was organized--went with the family to Talbot county, among its earliest
settlers. He was a soldier in the Florida war. His maternal great-grandparents were John and Mildred (Grant) Owen. He was of Welsh descent, and was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. His maternal grand parents, Daniel G. and Sarah (Willis) Owen, were natives of Xorth Carolina, migrated to Georgia early in life, and settled in Wilkes county. Ga., and after ward moved to Talbot county. He was born May 18. 1779, and she was born in 1788 and died in 1830. Mr. Burt was reared on the farm, and had the benefit of only such limited education as a newly settled country could afford, and then commenced life as a farmer. In 1862 he enlisted in Company B. Capt. Pride. Thirty-first Georgia regiment, Col. Evans. His service was short and uneventful,
as he was taken sick at Savannah and had to be sent home. He had nothing at the end of the war, and labored hard for a living: but thanks to a good constitution. continued good health, patient- perseverance and frugality, he is now comfortably circumstanced as to property, and enjoys the esteem of the community in which he lives. Mr. Burt was married in 1858 to Miss AmancJa Kimbrough. born in Harris county in 1839, daughter of Henry and Mary (Rosser) Kimbrough. Her grandparents, Thomas and Sarah (Sasser) Kimbrough, were born in Georgia, and he was a soldier in the last war with Great Britain. Her parents were natives of Putnam county. Her grandparents on her mother's side, David and Sallie (Adams) Rosser, were among the earliest settlers of what is now Putnam county, and he was a soldier in the revolutionary army. Of the children born to Mr. and Mrs. Burt but two are living: Mary and Eufalia. He is a master Mason, and himself and wife are consistent and useful members of the Methodist church.

JOHN CARLISLE, farmer, Cleola, Harris Co., Ga.. son of Matthew and

Lucinda (Stovall) Carlisle, was born in Talbot county, Ga.. in 1847. His

grandparents on his father's side were Micajah and Susanna (Hale) Carlisle, who

were natives of Xorth Carolina. They migrated to Georgia in early life and settled

in Putnam county. Mr. Carlisle's father was born in Bibb county in 1811. was

raised a farmer, and followed that calling all his life. His grandparents ou his

mother's side were Bartholemew and Martha (White) Stovall, who were among

the earliest settlers of Crawford county. Mr. Carlisle was raised on the farm, and



received such education as the county schools of the time and locality afforded.



He began life a poor man, and cultivated rented land until 1878, when he bought

I

the farm he lives on now. He is a good and prosperous farmer, and is highly

I

esteemed as a citizen. He was married in 1875 to Miss Jennie Grimes, born in

I

Talbot county in 1850, daughter of Stephen and Elizabeth (Reedy) Grimes. Her

I

paternal grandfather, Charles Grimes, was a native of Rhode Island, migrated

I

IQjS

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

when a young man to Georgia, and settled in Talbot county, where her father, who was a soldier in the late war was born and reared. William Reedy, her maternal grandfather, who was a soldier in the war of 1812 and in the Seminole war in 1836, was a native of South Carolina, where she was born. Of the children born to Mr. and Mrs. Carlisle seven are living: Benjamin R., Mattie, Raleigh R., Lucy E., Matthew S., J. Lew and John R, He is a member of the masonic fraternity and the Baptist church.

DOBERT F. CARTER, merchant-farmer, Ellerslie, Harris Co., Ga., son of Neal

and Mary (Fleming) Carter, was born in Talbot county, Ga., in 1852. His

paternal grandparents, Jessie and Sarah (Neal) Carter, were natives of Virginia,

whence they migrated to Georgia and settled in Warren county. He served as a

1

soldier in the last war with Great Britain, and, later, moved to Talbot county.

*

He represented his county one term in the general assembly. He was strongly

]

opposed to secession, and when Gen. Wilson's raiders passed through Harris

|

county burning houses and destroying property they left his unmolested. Mr.

Carter's father was bom in Warren county in 1817, but early in life moved to

Talbot county, where he made his permanent home. His maternal grandfather,

Robert Fleming, was a native of Virginia, came to Georgia in the first quarter of

this century, and finally went to Texas, where he died. He was a preacher of

some note, and lived a self-sacrificing and useful life. Mr. Carter was raised on

the farm, and was given as good an education as could be had in view of the

unsettled condition of the country when he was growing up. In 1872 he

embarked with small capital in a general merchandising business in Ellerslie, and

has conducted it with the most gratifying success. His trade has steadily increased,

so that now he is doing as large a business as any merchant in the county, and is

prosperous. He has bought a lot of land every year for the last ten years, and in

addition to his merchandising conducts a large farm, a ginnery and a mill. He

ranks high socially, and as a farmer, merchant and financier. Mr. Carter was

married in 1876 to Miss Camella Walton, born in Talbot county in 1854, daughter

of John H. and Mary (Worthen) Walton. He was an early settler in Talbot

county, a soldier in the Seminole war. and became very prominent in the county,

which he represented in the general assembly. Of the children born to them five

survive: Jessie, Robert F., Susie, Walton C. and Camella. He is a master

Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Baptist church.

JESSE COX, farmer, Mulberry Grove, Harris Co., Ga., son of Asa and Maria (Roundtree) Cox, was born in Jones county, Ga., in 1815. His paternal grand
father. Gary Cox, was a native of South Carolina, was a farmer and a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. Mr. Cox's father was born in Edgefield district, S. C., whence he moved early in life to Jones county. He was a soldier in the last war with Great Britain. His maternal grandfather, Roundtree, was a native of North Carolina, but moved to South Carolina, where he died. He also was a soldier in the revolutionary war. Mr. Cox was reared on the farm and received only a. limited education. He has been a fanner all his life, and has been successful and prosperous. He had accumulated a quite large property before the war--largely in negroes, which of course he lost, besides sustaining very serious loss and damage otherwise. Beginning almost anew after the close of the war he has by energy and industry and good management accumulated a <;uite large estate and enjoys a competency-. In 1878 he was elected to represent the county in the general assembly, and has been a justice of the peace for thirty i <r more years--an index of the high estimation in which he is held by his fellow-

ROBERT F. CARTER.

HARRIS COUNTY SKETCHES.

1059

citizens. Mr. Cox was married in 1839 to Miss Lucinda J. Webb, born in 1817, daughter of Elias and Nancy (Mama) Webb, early settlers of Harris county. Seven of the children born to them are yet living: Ann M., Narcissa, John J.,
William Virgil, Carrie, Martin and Exie. The mother of these children, a worthy and useful member of the Baptist church, died early in 1864. Late in the same year he married Miss Elizabeth Moultrie, born in Harris county in 1834, daughter of John D. Moultrie, who was born in South Carolina, and moving to Georgia, was one of the earliest settlers of Harris county, and is still enjoying life there. Mr. Cox has been particularly careful to give his children a good education. He is a master Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Baptist church.

QOLUMBUS DAVIDSON, farmer, Harris county, P. O., West Point, Troup Co., Ga., son of Albert and Cornelia (Goodman) Davidson, was born in Harris
county in 1848. His paternal grandparents, John and Elizabeth (Nichols) Da vidson, were born in what is now Warren county, Ga. He was of Irish descent, and ~was a volunteer soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Davidson's father was born in Warren county in 1812, where he was schooled and grew to manhood on the farm. He served in the Florida war, after which he settled in Harris county, where he has successfully followed farming since. His maternal grandparents
were Aaron and Elizabeth (Smith) Goodman. He was a native of North Caro lina, raised a farmer, and came to Georgia when eighteen years of age, where he married and raised a family. Mr. Davidson grew to manhood on the farm, and received only a limited education. In 1864 he enlisted in Company I, Capt Moss, Ninth Georgia Militia regiment, with which he gallantly participated in the defense of Atlanta, the battle of Griswoldville (where he was wounded), and obstruct ing the Union forces when "marching through Georgia." On his return from
the war he engaged in farm work, and in 1879 made his first purchase of a small tract of land, to which he has since gradually made additions until now he has a fine 6so-acre plantation under excellent cultivation with a good comfortable home on it Industrious and frugal, a good fanner and citizen, and entirely relia ble, he deservedly stands high with his fellow-citizens. Mr. Davidson was married in 1876 to Miss Mattie O. Hutchinson, born in Harris county in 1854,
daughter of Nicholas and Mary (Pratt) Hutchinson. He was born and raised in Warren county, Ga., and did faithful and efficient service as a soldier in the late war between the states. Of the children born to Mr. and Mrs. Davidson, two are
living: Claude and Eunice.-

I LEM DAVIS, farmer, Parley, Harris Co., Ga., son of Samuel and Delilah " (Guice) Davis, was born in Lincoln county, Ga., in 1831. His paternal grand
parents, Ransom and Susan Davis, were among the early settlers of Lincoln county. Mr. Davis' father was born in Lincoln county in 1810, was raised a
farmer, and made it his life occupation. His maternal grandparents, John and
Elizabeth Guice, were native Georgians. He was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and settled early in life in what is now Meriwether county. Mr. Davis was reared on the farm, was educated at country schools, and when grown engaged in farming. In 1862 he enlisted in Company D, Capt. Kennon, Third Georgia regiment, but remained in the service only a short time:
being discharged on account of disability. When the war closed he had nothing but good health, good character, a self-reliant spirit, and independent impulses. He now has a good farm, a good home, and the esteem and confidence of his fellow-citizens. Mr. Davis was married in 1849 to Miss Caroline Hadley. born in
Harris county in 1830, daughter of Thomas and Delancy (Mullin) Hadley. Six

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

children of those born to them survive: Cornelia, Elizabeth, Martha, Thomas, John and Leila. The mother of these, an exemplary member of the Baptist church, died in 1872. In 1873 he contracted a second marriage with Miss Mary Spivey, born in Harris county in 1843, daughter of Thomas and Emily (Robin son) Spivey, early settlers in Harris county. Four children born to them are now living: Emily, Lanie Lon, Lucy and Susie Kate. Mr. Davis is a master Mason, and both are members of the Baptist church.

A DGER S. ELLISOX, farmer, Ellerslie, Harris Co., Ga., son of John and Eliza beth (Patterson) Ellison, was born in Chester district, S. C., in 1827. His
grandfather on his father's side was William Ellison, a native of South Carolina. He was a captain in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and was captured and confined in a prison-ship off the South Carolina coast a long time. He made his native state his home until he died. Mr. Ellison's father was born in South Carolina in 1777, where he was reared and married. He was a farmer and merchant, and migrated to Georgia and settled in Talbot county early in its history, and died there in 1863. His maternal grand father was John Patterson, who was a native of Ireland, came to this country in 1779, settled in Maryland, served as a soldier in the revolutionary war, and finally settled in South Carolina, where he died. Mr. Ellison was reared on the farm, partly in South Carolina and partly in Talbot county, Ga., to which the family moved when he was young. In 1863 he enlisted in Company C, Capt. Crawford, Third Georgia regiment He was subsequently transferred to a company com manded by Capt Willis, and participated in the battles at Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Dalton, Resaca, Rocky Face, the defense of Atlanta and engagements in front of the Union army while "marching through Georgia," and Bentonville, X. C. He was off duty for some considerable time during the war. After it was over he came home to find his horses, mules and other live stock "confiscated," and commenced fanning with an exceedingly meager outfit Nothing daunted he went to work to re-habilitate his farm and recuperate his fortune, in which he has been eminently successful. A good farmer with a splendid farm, and one of the best of managers, he stands now among the foremost of Harris county's pri vate citizens socially and financially. Mr. Ellison was married in 1850 to Miss Margaret Tern-, born in Talbot county in 1831, daughter of Stephen tnd Sarah (Patterson) Tern*, native South Carolinians, who came to Georgia and settled in Talbot county in 1831. Of the children which blessed this union six survive: Stephen, John, Maggie, Lula, wife of Wm. Pitts of Harris county, Ga., Bessie and Jimmie. The mother of these, an exemplary member of the Methodist church, died Jan. 4, 1893. He is a master Mason, and a prominent member of the Methodist church.
C C. GOODMAN, farmer, Chipley, Harris Co., Ga., son of Aaron and Elizabeth (Smith) Goodman, was born in Meriwether county, Ga., in 1831. His pa
ternal grandparents, John and Elizabeth Goodman, were natives of North Carolina. He was of German descent and served as a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. Mr. Goodman's father was born in North Caro lina and migrated to Georgia and settled in Meriwether county in 1829. He was a general trader or speculator, and accumulated considerable property. He was a volunteer soldier in the Florida war. His maternal grandparents, James and Sarah Smith, were among the early settlers of Jones county. He was of Irish descent and was a soldier in the revolutionary war. Mr. Goodman was reared on the farm and was educated at the common country schools. During the civil

i-:. c. HOOD.

HARRIS COUNTY SKETCHES.

IO6l

war he served with the militia, or state troops. Before the war he owned a great many slaves, which were freed, and after the war he had to begin life anew. Fann ing has been his life occupation, with which, its pleasures and satisfactory success,
he has been content. With a good farm, a comfortable home, an interesting
family, a competency, and the respect of the community, he is satisfied. He Js a member of the county board of commissioners. Mr. Goodman was married in
1855 to Miss Susan Bowles, born in Harris county in 1836, daughter of Thomas
and Asenith (Bennett) Bowles, of old Georgia families. He was a soldier in the Seminole, or Florida war. Mr. Goodman's wife, an exemplary member of the
Methodist church, died, and of her children the following five are living: Ida, Ella, Ada, Laura and Lula. In 1883 Mr. Goodman was married to Miss Eliza
beth Evans, born in Meriwether county in 1840, daughter of John J. and Martha
(Walker) Evans. He was a native of Harris county, and served in the Confederate army during the late civil war. Mr. Goodman and his wife are consistent members
of the Baptist church.

CRASTUS C. HOOD, retired physician, Mulberry Grove, Harris Co., Ga., son
of Joel and Martha T. (Dowdy) Hood, was born in Wilkes county, Ga., in 1816. His great-grandfather was born in England, and came to this country in colonial times. His grandparents were John and Rebecca (Reeves) Hood. He
was born in Amelia county, Va., enlisted and served in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and at its close was discharged at Savannah. He walked from there to Wilkes county, where he soon afterward married and settled, and lived till he died. Dr. Hood's father was born in Wilkes county Sept. 28, 1789, where he was raised a farmer; served in the war of 1812 as captain in the army, and aftenvard moved from Wilkes county to what is now Coweta, and thence to
what is now Meriwether county, where he ended his days Oct. n, 1861. His
maternal grandparents were Martin and Mary (Temple) Dowdy. He was a native of Virginia, and was a soldier in the revolutionary army. He aftenvard
migrated to Georgia, and was one of the earliest settlers in Oglethorpe county, where he married and lived until he died. Dr. Hood received his primary educa tion at Whitesville, Harris county, and then studied medicine under Drs. J. W. Cato and J. W. Stinson, and afterward attended the lectures at the medical college of Georgia, at Augusta, one session. Subsequently he went to the medical college at Lexington, Ky., from which he was graduated in 1840. On his return home he was associated with his old preceptor, Dr. Stinson--well known all over Meri wether county as one of the most skillful physicians in the county, and practiced
ten years, when he moved to Whitesville. After practicing there some years he moved to his present home. He represented Harris county in the general assem
bly two terms and the senatorial district one term. Being an extensive producer
he was exempted from army service during the war. He'was a member of the constitutional convention in 1865, and was Freedmen's bureau agent for Harris county three years. Dr. Hood has sustained the reputation of being one of the
best physicians in that part of the state, has proved his ability and skill, is highly esteemed professionally and socially, has enjoyed an extensive practice and accum
ulated a fortune. He is one of the largest land-holders in Harris county. Dr. Hood was married in 1845 to Miss Mary Cochran--born in Jasper county, Ga.,
in 1826--daughter of Martin and Myron (Armstrong) Cochran. Mr. Cochran was born in Jasper county in 1793, and attained to considerable prominence and influence. He was a soldier in the last war with Great Britain, and served as
sheriff of the county fourteen years. Later he removed to Harris county, where
he died. Of the children born to Dr. and Mrs. Hood three survive: Julia, wife

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

of C. I. Hudson, Hamilton; Milton F., and Erastus C, Jr. Dr. Hood is a member of the masonic fraternity, and himself and wife are revered and influential members of the Baptist church,

{"** I. HUDSON, farmer and warehouse man, Hamilton, Harris Co., Ga., son
of \V. I. and F. R. (McHone) Hudson, was born in Harris county in 1845. His paternal grandfather, Charles Hudson, was a native of Virginia, came to Georgia early in the present century and settled in the woods in Ptitnam county, where he lived until he died. His maternal grandparents, Thomas and Xancy (Marshall) McHone, were also natives of Virginia, whence they moved to Georgia, and settled in Harris county. Subsequently he moved to Butler county, Ala., where he died. He was a soldier in the last war with Great Britain. Mr. Hudson's father was born in Putnam county in 1822, and was raised a farmer, a pursuit which he followed through life. When grown he moved to Harris count}-, where
he married and became .very prominent He was ordinary of the county for many years; represented the senatorial district in the general assembly; was a member of the secession convention in 1861, and also of the constitutional con
vention of 1877; was a justice of the inferior court many years; and when he died, in 1893, was a county commissioner. Mr. Hudson received his primary education in the schools at Hamilton, and afterward attended the Georgia Military institute near Marietta, where he was when the civil war was precipitated. He enlisted in Company E, Second Georgia regiment, state line, and participated in the battles of Xew Hope church, Kennesaw mountain, those around Atlanta, Jonesboro and Griswoldville, where he was wounded and captured.
After he was captured he was taken to Port Royal, thence to Fortress Monroe, and from there to the old Capitol prison at Washington city, whence he was finally sent to Fort Delaware, where he was detained as a prisoner until after the
surrender, when he was paroled. Returning to his home he engaged in farming, which he has followed ever since, with more than ordinary success. In addition to farming he has established an extensive warehouse business in Hamilton, which has proved to be a very great financial success. He is progressive in all
his ideas, enterprising and energetic, financially solid, and one of the most sub stantial citizens in the county. Mr. Hudson was married in 1866 to Miss Julia Hood--born in Harris county in 1844--daughter of Dr. Erastus C. and Mary (Cochran) Hood. (A sketch of Dr. Hood will be found elsewhere in these Mem oirs.) Of the children which blessed this union these are living: May R., Hood, Charles I., and William I. He is a member of the board of education; of the Ancient Order of Woodmen; and himself and wife are prominent members of the Baptist church.

JOHX F. JEXKIXS, farmer, Chipley, Harris Co., Ga., son of David and
Elizabeth (Cooper) Jenkins, was born in Harris county in 1838. His paternal grandfather, Lewis Jenkins, was a native of North Carolina, and migrated to
Georgia early in the present century. He was a volunteer soldier in the war of
1812. Mr. Jenkins' father was born in North Carolina in 1804, came to Georgia with his father, and settled in Harris county in 1827--the year it was laid off-- and was one of the first men to make a crop in the then new county. He served
in the Florida and Seminole war, and died in 1870. His maternal grandfather, Cooper, was a native of South Carolina. Mr. Jenkins was raised on the farm, and was educated at the schools taught in the log houses of that period. In 1861 he enlisted in Company H, Capt Kennon, Seventeenth Georgia regiment, and with it bore an honorable part in many important battles, among them: Seven

HARRIS COUNTY SKETCHES.
days' fight around Richmond, second Manassas, Wilderness, Gettysburg, Knoxville, Petersburg, Chickamauga, etc. At the battle of the Wilderness he was severely wounded and came home, but in a short time returned to the army. He was promoted to the captaincy of Company H, and remained in the service until the surrender. He came home from the war penniless and went to work as a farm hand, which he did for five years. At the end of that time he bought a farm, and to it he has added as he saved money, until now he has 1,000 acres of farming land equal to any in the county. His success is only another demonstration of what pluck, industry, economy and perseverance can accomplish. As a farmer and a man of practical business sense he ranks with the foremost. In 1888 he was elected to represent the county in the general assembly, and was placed on the committees on wa3rs and means, temperance, journals, and public library. He has been a member of the county board of education for fourteen years. Mr. Jenkins was married in 1869 to Miss Mary Evans--born in Harris county in 1841 --daughter of Jackson and Martha (Walker) Evans. He was a native Georgian, and did good service during the late civil war. Of the children which blessed this union five are living: George W., Ora L., Minnie M., John F., and Charles C. The mother of these having died, he contracted a second marriage in 1885 with Miss Margaret J. Murray--born in Harris county in 1840--daughter of Thomas Murray, formerly of South Carolina, and among the early settlers of the county. He is a master Mason, and himself and wife are worthy members of the Baptist church.
\^ILLIS JONES, farmer, Hamilton, Harris Co., Ga., son of Willis and Frances (Florence) Jones, was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga., in 1826. His father
was born in Virginia--where his parents were born and lived and died, in 1782-- came to Georgia when a boy and made his home in Oglethorpe county; became a prosperous farmer and married. During his life he served as a justice of the inferior court and represented the county in the general assembly. He departed this life in 1840. Mr. Jones' maternal grandparents were natives of Virginia, and the grandfather was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Jones worked on the farm and received a limited education at that never-to-be-forgotten institution of learn ing--the dirt-floor log school-house which has graduated so many men of distinc tion. Like thousands of other farmer boys, he started in life poor, but by industry and economy has acquired a comfortable competency, won the esteem of his fellow-citizens, and been honored by them, having served them many years as a justice of the inferior court Mr. Jones was married in 1847 to Miss Mary J. Florence, born in Meriwether county in 1831, daughter of William and Millie A. (Arnett) Florence. Mr. Florence was born in Wilkes county, Ga., whence he moved to Meriwether county, where he lived till he died. Of the children born to Mr. Jones by his marriage, eight are living: William M., Celestia C, Monroe M., Benjamin Fillmore, Lula F., Ida B., Maiy W. and Lamar. Himself and wife are devoted and consistent members of the Baptist church.
QHRISTOPHER C. JONES, farmer, Harris Co. (P. O., West Point, Troup county), Ga., son of James and Celia (Edge) Jones, was born in Troup county
in 1831. His paternal grandparents, Henry and Patsey Jones, were natives of North Carolina, where they spent their lives. Mr. Jones' father was born in North Carolina in 1779, migrated to Georgia and settled in Troup county, where he married and settled and reared his family, and beneath whose soil he rests. He was a soldier in the war of 1812. His mother was a daughter of Patsy Edge. He was a native of Alabama. Mr. Jones was reared on the farm and received but

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

limited and indifferent schooling. He however educated himself by hard study, sufficiently to undertake teaching, and taught school ten years. In 1858 he bought his first tract of land, to which he has added from time to time by pur chase until now he owns 3,000 acres of good land. He began his farm life by hard work all day in the field, and by making shingles at night, an article in great demand at the time. As a result he is in possession of a large body of excellent land, a large farm in a fine state of cultivation, enjoys all the prosperity he de sires, and in the highest degree the respect and confidence of his fellow-citizens. He has now at his home a bale of cotton he made twenty-five years ago. Mr. Jones was married in 1858 to Miss Lucy Anderson. born in Greene county, Ga., in 1835. daughter of Elijah and Phoebe (Clark) Anderson. He was born in 1803 in Greene county, where he died in 1858. Mr. and Mrs. Jones have seven children living: Richard T.. James E.. Samuel X.. John H.. Christopher C., Balsora A. and Robert M. He is a master Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Methodist church.

UEXRY L. LO\VE. farmer. Ellerslie, Harris Co., Ga., son of Henry H. and Bethena (Littleton) Lowe, was born in Jones count}-, Ga., in 1818. His
paternal grandparents. Henry and Elizabeth (Tarver) Lowe, were natives of Xorth Carolina, and migrated to Georgia and settled in what is now Jones county about 1800. He was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. Mr. Lowe's father was born in what is now Jones county, where he grew to man hood and married, and afterward moved to Harris count}', among its earliest settlers about the time the county was laid out. He was a large and prominent fanner, served as a general during the Creek war, and represented the county in the general assembly. His maternal grandfather, Benjamin Tarver, was one of the very earliest settlers of what is now Jones count}-. Mr. Lowe was raised in Macon. Ga.. where he received his schooling. He began life by clerking in Macon. and continued it until 1843. when he went to Griffin, Ga., and was one of the first settlers there. Subsequently he moved to Harris county and engaged in fanning. During the war he was exempted by Gov. Brown from military service, but was commissioned to gather provisions for the army. Toward the close of the war Federal raiders under Gen. Wilson passed through Harris county and burned down all his buildings but his residence, and "confiscated" thirty-two head of mules. But devoting all his energies and his time and attention to the im provement of his farm, he has it now in good condition, with a comfortable dwelling and substantial outbuildings, and is regarded as one of the financially solid men of Harris count}-. Mr. Lowe was married in 1850 to Miss Edith F. Kilgore, born in Pike county. Ga.. daughter of John V. and Eliza (Woods) Kilgore. He was an earl}' settler of Pike count}-, was a soldier in the Seminole war, and subsequently died in Harris county. Three of the children born to this union there are living: Jackson. Benjamin F. and John H. The mother of these, an exemplary member of the Baptist church, died in 1878. and in 1879 he contracted a second marriage with Miss Sallie Lynch, born in Pike county, daughter of George J. and Eliza beth (Hollyi Lynch. He was a native Georgian, an early settler of Putnam county, and afterward moved to Harris county. Mrs. Lowe is a consistent member of the Baptist church, and he is a member of the masonic fraternity.

H- M'DOXXF.LL. fanner. F.Ilerslie. Harris Co., Ga., son of Andrew and Sarah (Thornton) McDonnell. was born in Meriwether county in 1843. His paternal grandfather was a native of Scotland, who emigrated to this country vhen a young man and settled in Columbia county, Ga., where lie married and

Al-l'IHOK IV I"

HARRIS COUNTY SKETCHES.

1065

.made his home until he died. Mr. McDonnell's father was born in Columbia county, Ga., where he was reared on the farm, and whence he moved to Meriwether county. His maternal grandfather, James Thornton, was a native Georgian, was a fanner and served in the war of 1812. Mr. McDonnell was reared on the farm, and was given only a limited education. In 1862 he enlisted in Company G, Capt. G. W. Knight, later Capt N. B. Roberts, Fifty-fourth Georgia regiment. Among the battles in which the command participated were: .Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, Cass Station, New Hope church, the defense of Atlanta, Franklin, Nashville--where he received a slight,- not disabling wound --and Bentonville, N. C. After the war he worked on a farm, first for wages, later for himself on rented land until 1879, when he made his first purchase of land. He now owns a good farm and comfortable home, and makes plenty and to spare. A good and industrious citizen, he is content with the esteem and confidence of his fellow-citizens. Mr. McDonnell was married in 1861 to Miss Catharine Tarvin, born in Harris county in 1842, daughter of Churchwell and Sarah (Phillips) Tarvin. He was born in Columbia county, and moved to Harris county, and settled about the time it was organized. He served as a soldier in
the Seminole war. Three of the children which were the fruit of this marriage, are living: Mamie, Minnie and Sallie. He is a master Mason, and himself and wife are consistent members of the Baptist church.

I A. MIDDLEBROOKS, farmer, Hamilton, Harris Co., Ga., son of Isaac and * Elizabeth (Thompson) Middlebrooks, was born in Clarke county, Ga., in
1811. His paternal grandparents, Isaac and Jennie Middlebrooks, were natives of South Carolina, and migrated to Georgia and settled in Clarke county about the beginning of this century. He was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. Middlebrooks' father was born in South Carolina and came to Georgia with his father, was reared a farmer, and in 1829 moved to Harris county. His mother was a daughter of John and Sallie Thompson, members of old Georgia families. Mr. Middlebrooks was reared on the farm and educated at the common schools of the country. He volunteered as a soldier in the Florida war, and served under Capt. Sloan. He also served in the late "unpleasantness" as a member of the state militia. He began life by working on. the farms of John Holland, Joel Lockhart, James Kelley and Aaron Goodman. In 1839 he bought a farm, and to this he has constantly added gradually until now his land-holdings are quite large, and are the result of good farming, economy and judicious investment He is highly esteemed in his community and is remarkably active for a man of his age. Mr. Middlebrooks was married in 1837 to Miss Nancy Hall, born in Harris county in 1822, daughter of Thomas and Martha (Manning) Hall. Of the chil dren born to them four are living: Thomas, William, George A. and Laura. In 1852 the mother of these, who was an exemplary member of the Baptist church, died, and in 1854 he contracted a second marriage with Miss Martha C. Jenkins, born in Harris county in 1834, daughter of William and Jane Jenkins, who came to Georgia from North Carolina. Of their children three survive: Sallie, Hiram and Robert Lee. Their mother having died, he, in 1880, married Miss Mary Huff, born in Harris county in 1855, daughter of Andrew and Louisa (Davis) Huff. He is a master Mason and himself and wife are members of the Baptist
church.
I M. MOBLEY. lawyer, Hamilton, Harris Co.. Ga., son of Reuben R. and Gricilla C. (Burford) Mobley, was born in Tones county. Ga., in 1823. His
paternal grandparents, Levi and Sarah (Rabbj Mobley, were natives of South

IO66

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Carolina, where they were married, and some years afterwards migrated to Georgia
and settled in Jones county. He afterwards moved to Alabama, where he lived until he died. He was of Scotch descent, and was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. His maternal grandparents, Leonard and Nancy
(Smith) Burford, were natives of Virginia, who came to Georgia early in this century, and were among the pioneer settlers of Jones county. He also was a soldier in the revolutionary army. Mr. Mobley's father was born in South Carolina
in 1794, came to Georgia with his parents, and grew to manhood on the farm in Jones county. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, was one of .the first settlers in Harris county, was a member of the first grand jury, and operated the first cotton gin in the county. He was an enthusiastic and exemplary member of the Meth odist church, and the first church organized in the county was organized at his home. Mr. Mobley was raised on the farm, and received a very good education for the locality and period, completing it under the preceptorship of A. H. Scott,
a prominent teacher of his day. He began the study of law at the age of eighteen, and was admitted to the bar when twenty years of age, by a special act of the general assembly. He established himself in Hamilton, where he has lived ever since, done an extensive practice, won professional distinction, and honorable political positions, and been a prominent and influential promoter of every project or measure promising material or moral improvement and advancement. He earned the money by his practice wherewith to pay for his legal education; and whatever lie has attained to professionally, financially, or othenvise, has, under providence, been due to his industry and fidelity to every duty and trust. Before the war he was a member of the general assembly of Georgia four years, and served on the following committees: Judiciary, finance, and banks; and had the honor of serving with Ben H. Hill, Linton Stephens and Francis Bartow, and, professionally, at the bar, with Hill, William Dougherty, Walter T. Colquitt, and other legal luminaries of ante-bellum times. In 1861 he was elected secretary of the senate of Georgia; and, after the war commenced, he served with the state, or home guards, serving on Gov. Brown's staff, with rank of colonel, his principal duty being to secure clothing for the Georgia soldiers in the Confederate army. He, however, saw some active service in the field, participating in the defense of Macon, and in the capture of Gen. Stoneman. He was a member of the con~ stitutional convention of 1877, and actively co-operated with Gen. Robert Toombs in inserting the article authorizing the establishment of the board of railroad com missioners. He also served on the standing committee on counties, and on the general revision committee, of which Gen. Toombs was chairman. In 1888 he was presidential elector for the fourth congressional district, and cast his vote for Grover Cleveland. Thus, it will be seen that his life has been one of great activity and of local and state-wide usefulness, crowned with public approval and appre ciation, and honorably won distinction. Mr. Mobley was happily married in 1846
to Miss Matilda K., daughter of Benjamin and Xancy (Beck) Henry. Her father was a native of Virginia, closely related to the great revolutionary patriot, Patrick Henry, and served with distinction as captain ire the war of 1812. Of the children which blessed this union, six are living: Reuben B.; Sarah A. B., wife of J. M. Kimbrough: Jimmie M., widow of John W. Gamble; James H.; John B., and Lula. His wife was born in Elbert county, Ga., in 1829, was an exemplary member of the Methodist church, and died in 1879. Mr. Mobley is a prominent and distinguished member of the masonic fraternitv, having been grand master of the Grand lodge of Georgia four years. He is also a life-long member of the Methodist church, in the service .of which, in his sphere, he has lived a life of usefulness. Although the war left him poor, he now enjoys a comfortable competency.

HARRIS COUNTY SKETCHES.

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J C. MOON, farmer, Cleola, Harris Co., Ga., son of Jesse and Mary (Phillips) * Moon, was born in Troup county, Ga., in 1844. His paternal grandfather,
Moon, was one of the earliest settlers of Harris county, and his father was a wellknown devoted Methodist preacher. Late in life he migrated to Arkansas, where
he died. Mr. Moon's mother was a daughter of Mr. Phillips, whose family were among the early settlers of Elbert county. Mr. Moon was quite young when the family went to Arkansas, where he grew to manhood on the farm, and with
exceedingly limited educational advantages. In 1861 he enlisted in a company commanded by Capt. Lewis, which formed a part of an Indian regiment; but was never in a regular engagement. After the war he returned to Harris county and cultivated rented land for many years, making his first purchase in 1874. Since that time he has bought and paid for the excellent farm he now lives on, and is comfortably situated. He is a man of untiring industry, a good farmer, and a well-thought-of citizen. Mr. Moon was married in 1866 to Miss Elizabeth Milner --born in Harris county in 1849--daughter of L. B. and Sarah J. (Lessen) Milner. He was born in Jasper county, and was a faithful soldier during the late civil war. Of the children which blessed this union, nine survive: Sarah, Jesse H., Hixie, Pearlie, Joseph, Georgia, Sidney, Robert T., and Ben Hill. His wife is a consistent member of the Baptist church.

J T. PEARSON, farmer, Harris county, postoffice, West Point, Troup Co., Ga., * son of James and Caroline (Barron) Pearson, was born in Upson county, Ga.,
in 1839. His father was of French descent, was born in Georgia, was raised a farmer and continued to be one all hisi life; served as a soldier in the Florida war, and died in 1866. His maternal grandparents were a Mr. and Mrs. Barron, he being of Irish extraction. Mr. Pearson worked on the farm, and was given the best education obtainable at the historical dirt-floor log school-house, and then engaged in farming. In 1862 he enlisted in Company K, Capt. J. C. Wright, Forty-sixth Alabama regiment, and with his command was in twenty-seven battles --some of them as important and bloody as any fought during the war; among them--Blanks Cross-roads, Baker's Creek, Big Black Creek, Vicksburg, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Rasaca, and Nashville. He was captured at Vicksburg, and, after being held five days, was released. He was again captured, at Nashville, and this time was sent to Camp Chase, Columbus, Ohio, where he was held a prisoner eight months. Returning from the war with nothing, he went to work on the farm, and for a short time was engaged in merchandising. In 1869 he bought his first land, on which he made his permanent home, and to which he has since gradually added, until now he has between 900 and 1,000 acres of land. On his "home-place" he has a large steam ginnery, and on Flat Shoals creek, a large mill and another ginnery. He is enterprising- and energetic, keeps abreast of the times in agricultural and kindred improvements, and is fully alive
to all measures calculated to develop our resources. Mr. Pearson was married in 1868 to Miss Amanda M. Johnson--born in Harris county in 1843--daughter ot Benjamin and Jane (Doddwell) Johnson. Mr. Johnson was born in North Caro lina, came to Georgia early'in life, was one of the earliest settlers in Harris county, and was a soldier in the Florida or Seminole war. Of the children born to them, nine are living: James W., John A., Mary J., Milton H., Annie P., Thomas C., Arthur A., Billie B., and Daniel M. He is a master Mason, and himself and wife
are active members of the Baptist church.

IWTALVIN H. SPENCE, farmer, Hamilton, Harris Co., Ga., son of Nathan and Adaline (Reeves) Spence, was born in Rockingham county, N. C, in 1810. His
grandparents on his father's side, Nathan and Elizabeth (Quindley) Spence, were

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

natives of Maryland; he was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war--migrated to North Carolina after the war, thence to Georgia, where he lived some years in what is now Jasper county, and ultimately went to Walker county, Ga., where he lived till he died. Mr. Spence's father was born in Maryland, and moved with the family to Xorth Carolina, and thence to Jasper county, Ga. He afterwards moved to Gwinnett county, Ga., where he died. He was a soldier in the last war with Great Britain. His grandparents, on his mother's side, Malachi and Rhoda (Howell) Reeves, were natives of Virginia, in which state they lived all their lives. Mr. Spence worked and grew to manhood on the farm, and .was given as good an education as the country schools could afford at the time. He was a volunteer soldier in the Florida war. When he came to Harris county he had only thirty-seven and one-half cents, yet, such was his industry, frugality and extraordinarily good management that in 1860 he had fifty-six negroes, besides
his plantation, made up of land he commenced buying in 1834. At the close of the war fifty cents was the sum of his cash capital; but to-day he is regarded as one of the wealthiest and one of the financially strongest of Harris county's citizens. He has made his fortune by attending strictly to hi& agricultural interests in all their details, and in a way to retain the respect and sincere esteem of his fellowcitizens. He has served the county as a justice of the inferior court Mr. Spence was married in 1830 to Miss Elizabeth Spence, born in North Carolina in 1812, daughter of James Spence, a native of the same state. Of the children born to them, four survive: James, Adaline, Eliza, Frances. Martha and Mary are deceased. The mother of these having died, he, in 1845, married Miss Martha Milligan. By this marriage three children were born: William, George and Sallie, the last-named the only one living. For his third wife he married Mrs. Elizabeth Ellis in 1892. Mr. Spence is a master Mason, and belongs to the Baptist
church, while Mrs. Spence is a member of the Methodist church south.

I YCURGUS L. STANFORD, lawyer and farmer, Hamilton, Harris Co., Ga., son of Nehemiah and Elizabeth (Wyatt) Stanford, was born in Putnam county,
Ga., in 1831. His paternal great-grandparents, Joshua and Elizabeth (McGhee) Stanford, were natives of England and Scotland respectively, whence, with a brother of his, they emigrated to this country with Lord Cecil to Maryland, and settled on the eastern shore of Chesapeake bay. He was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, was captured and imprisoned on a man-of-war for six months. His brother emigrated south to one of the Carolinas. Mr. Stanford's paternal grandparents, Levin and Eleanor (McGhee) Stanford, were born on the eastern shore of Chesapeake bay, Maryland, migrated to Georgia in 1800, and settled in Warren county, whence, in 1808, they moved to Putnam county, where they lived until they died. Mr. Stanford's father was born in XVarren county in 1805, and \vas raised a farmer, which was his life-pursuit. He was a boy when his father moved to Putnam county, where he lived until 1859, when he moved to Murray county, Ga., where he lived until he died in 1879. His maternal grandparents were Sylvester and Sarah (Mills) Wyatt. He was a native of England, emigrated to this country before the revolutionary war, and settled in North Carolina, was on the committee which drafted the ordinance of separation from Great Britain, and was a soldier in the patriot army during the war for independence. Some years afterward he moved to Paducah, Ky., where he died in 1854. Mr. Stanford was taised on the farm and received his primary education at Jefferson academy in Putnam county. He afterward attended Maryville college. Maryville. Tenn.. from which he graduated in 1854. In 1857 he vas chosen president of the Hamilton Female college, and later went to Cum berland university. Lebanon, Tenn., from the law department of which he grad-

LYCURGUS L. STANFORD.

HARRIS COUNTY SKETCHES.

1069

uated in 1859. I" l&>2 he enlisted in Company B, Capt B. A. Thornton, Third Georgia cavalry, and after serving two months was commissioned as captain of Company K, same regiment. With his command he participated in many engage
ments, manjr of them bloody and important; among them: Bridgeport, Vinegar Hill, Munfordville, Perryville, Crab Orchard, Murfreesbcro, Chickamauga, and Resaca. At the last-named battle, May 14, 1864, he was captured and sent to
Johnson's island, where he was detained as a prisoner for about thirteen months, reaching home, after his release, in July, 1865. He at once entered upon the prac tice of the law, and has unintermittedly pursued it since, growing in reputation, with a clientage all the time gradually increasing in volume, value and influence.
In 1868 he was elected a member of the constitutional convention: and in 1877 was elected to represent the county in the general assembly, and again in 1881. Mr. Stanford was married in 1854 to Miss Maggie, daughter of John and Sarah (Smith) Henry, of east Tennessee. She died in 1858, leaving two sons, Jno. C, who died in 1879, aged twenty-four, and Wm. H., who died in 1893, aged twenty-six. Her father was a native Virginian and a near relative of Patrick Henry, the eloquent Virginia patriot. Later in life he moved to Tennessee, where he became
very prominent. In 1859 ^r- Stanford married Miss Maggie A. Passmore--born in Harris county in 1836--daughter of James and Nancy (Lester) Passmore. She died in 1862, leaving one living child, Maggie, wife of J. H. Brawner. In
1865, for his third wife, he married Miss Marietta Walker--born in Muscogee county, Ga., in 1836--daughter of James and Lucinda (Ferguson) Walker. She died early in 1882, leaving one child, Lycurgus W. Late in the same year he was married to Miss Eliza C. Walker--born in Muscogee county--sister of his last wife, by whom he has had one child, James L. He is an enthusiastic member of the masonic fraternity, and worshipful master of the local lodge. Himself and wife are members of the Methodist church. In 1894 Mr. Stanford was a prom
inent candidate for congress from the fourth district, and in the convention held at Warm Springs, Ga., Aug. 13-16, 1894, was only defeated after the 365111 ballot by the present incumbent, Hon. C. L. Moses, of Coweta county. Mr.
Stanford is one of the active politicians of the state, and is now and has been since its organization, president commander of Harris county, Ga., camp of Con federate Veterans.

WILLIAM H". THOMPSON, farmer, Catania, Harris Co., Ga., son of John \V. and Melinda (Thorp) Thompson, was born in Muscogee county, Ga., in
1837. His grandparents, James M. and Susan (Meadows) Thompson, were born on board ship on the ocean, while their parents were on the voyage to America. Their parents settled in Virginia; but after they reached maturity they migrated early in this century to Georgia, and settled in Jones county. He was a captain
in the war of 1812, and was killed in battle during the war. Mr. Thompson's father was born in Jones county in 1809. He was a farmer, and worked also at mill-wrighting. In 1836 he moved to Muscogee county, which he made his home until he died. He was a soldier in the Florida or Seminole war. His maternal grandparents were William and Martha (Davis) Thorp. He was born in Vir'ginia, but early in life came to Georgia and settled in Twiggs county and made it his permanent home. He also served in the Indian war. Mr. Thompson was raised on the farm and educated at Marshall college. In 1862 he enlisted in Company B, Capt. Pride, Thirty-first Georgia regiment, and with his command participated in many battles, among them Chancellorsville, seven days' fight
around Richmond, and second. Manassas. At this last-named battle he was
severely wounded and had to come home. He has since devoted himself to his

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

farming interest, is progressive and prosperous, and ranks among the best farmers in Harris county. He was elected justice of the peace many years ago, and still holds the office. Mr. Thompson was married in 1859 to Miss Georgia McKay-- born in Harris county in 1840--daughter of John and Mary (Watt) McKay. He was born (of Scotch descent) in North Carolina, was a farmer, and came to Georgia and settled in Harris county, where he attained to considerable prom
inence. Of the children which were the fruit of this union six survive: Willie, Mattie, Fannie B., John \V., Eugene,-and Marshall J. He is a master Mason and himself and wife are members of the Baptist church.

HART COUNTY.
WILLIAM A. HILLIARD, farmer, Bowersville, Hart Co., Ga., son of Bartlett and Mildred (Duncan) Hilliard, was born in South Carolina in 1825.
His paternal grandparents, Armisted and Dorcas (Williams) Hilliard, were natives of Virginia, whence they migrated early in life to South Carolina. He was of English lineage, and was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. Mr. Hilliard's father was born in Lancaster district, S. C., was raised a farmer and continued to be one all his life. In 1852 he moved to Georgia, of which he became a life-long citizen. His maternal grandparents were Jesse and Rebecca (Farrell) Duncan, natives of North Carolina, where they spent their lives. Mr. Hilliard was raised on the farm and was educated to a limited extent in the near-by country schools. In 1862 he enlisted as a member of Beauregard battery, Martin's battalion, Smith's brigade. Among the important battles in which his command participated were: Charleston, Jackson, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Kennesaw mountain, around Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin, and Nashville--remaining in the service until the surrender. Mr. Hilliard is an indus trious and excellent farmer, owns a good 4OO-acre farm under good cultivation and supplied with substantial out-buildings; and owns, besides, considerable valuable town property. He devotes all his time to his farm and to home life, beloved by his family and much respected by his neighbors. Mr. Hilliard was married in 1847 to Miss Mary--born in South Carolina in 1824--daughter of David and Mary (Smith) Lee. He was a native of Virginia, was highly educated, and for many years a practicing lawyer. He migrated to South Carolina, and subsequently relinquished the law and engaged in farming. Mr. and Mrs. Hilliard have seven children living: Rebecca Brown, David L., William B., John B., Mary Cole, Perry G., and Jersey S. He is a member of the masonic fraternity, and himself and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist church.
p M. GAINES, farmer, Coldwater, Hart Co., Ga., son of Francis and Diodema (Hailey) Gaines, was born in Elbert county, Ga., in 1837. His paternal grand
parents were R. T. and Sallie (Alexander) Gaines. He was born in Virginia, left his family and came to Georgia when a youth and settled in the woods in Elbert county. He used to tell his family afterward that when he came to the county the country was so densely overgrown with pea-vines that it was difficult to travel. Mr. Gaines' father was born in Elbert county and was raised a farmer. After farming some years he added general merchandising to his farming and

HART COUNTY SKETCHES.

1071

accumulated much property. His maternal grandparents were John and Mary (Underwood) Hailey. He was a fartner, and a son of William Hailey, who died in Elbert county in 1817. Mr. Gaines grew to manhood on the farm, with very meager educational advantages. In 1862 he enlisted in Company I, Capt. Eberhart--later Capt James Sanders--Ninth Georgia battalion, afterward the Thirtyseventh Georgia regiment With his command he was engaged in some of the most important battles of the war--Tazewell, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Dalton, Resaca (where he was wounded), the siege of Atlanta, Nashville, etc., and remained with the army until the surrender. Mr. Gaines started in life with nothing. He, however, bought a plantation for $3,500, and paid for it in two years. He has continued to prosper, and now owns a splendid tract of land of about 1,100 acres, two fine mills--one in Hart and one in Elbert county; has a guano factory, and owns stock in the Hartwell bank. His very remarkable success gives evidence of great nerve at the beginning, and industry and energy sustained by unusually good judgment in the investment of his profits. Mr. Gaines was married in 1867 to Miss Emily, daughter of Lawrence and Lucy (Teasley) Adams. He was a native and well-to-do farmer of Elbert county, where he died. Early in 1868 Mrs. Gaines died, leaving one child, Lawrence. Late in that year he married Miss Ducilla Adams--born in Elbert county in 1844--by whom he had seven children: Frank, Lucy, John, Diodema, Francis J., Ducilla, and Mollie. The mother of these died in 1887; and in 1888 he contracted a third marriage with Miss Kate--born in LaGrange, Ga., in 1862--daughter of Dr. Sydney and Eliza beth (Tatum) Little. Dr. Little was born in Putnam county and located and practiced medicine in Troup county, Ga., many years, and died in LaGrange. By this last marriage Mr. Gaines has had four children born to him: Marion L., Christine, Sydney D., and Seth M. Mr. Gaines is a member of the masonic fraternity.

T J. LINDER, merchant, Hartwell, Hart county, son of John and Louisa " (Bonner) Linder, was born in Spartanburg district, S. C, in 1844. His
paternal grandparents were Lee and Mary (Templeton) Linder. He was of German extraction and born in Virginia; was a farmer, and early in life came to South Carolina, where he profitably followed his vocation. Mr. Linder's father was born in South Carolina, was a merchant, came to Georgia in 1851 and con tinued his mercantile business, conducting in addition extensive farming interests and acquiring a large estate. He served as a lieutenant in the Confederate army during the late "unpleasantness," and died in 1889. His mother was a daughter of Bryant Bonner, a native of Virginia, who came to South Carolina and settled in Spartanburg, where he prosperously followed farming until he died. Mr. Linder was seven years old when his father came to Georgia, and had the good fortune to receive a very good education. In 1863 he enlisted in Company B, Capt. Trenholm (a son of the secretary of the treasury of the Confederate states), Seventh South Carolina cavalry. His command participated very actively and serviceably in the campaigns generally, and among other important battles was in those of Cold Harbor, Malvern Hill, Darbytown, etc. He remained in the service until surrendered at Appomattox. For two years immediately succeeeding the war he engaged in farming; after that, in 1867, he embarked in the mercantile business, and has continued in it since, part of the time with his brother. He still, however, gives careful attention to extensive farming interests, besides looking after valu able town property. Wide-awake, financially strong and perfectly reliable, he is popular, and occupies an enviable high social position, and exercises a wide and salutary influence. Mr. Linder was married in 1872 to Miss Susan, born in North

l Oj2

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Carolina in 1854. daughter of John and Mary (Woodson) Peck, natives of North Carolina, who came to Georgia in 1864. Eight of the children born to them are now living: Aithur, Enimett, Emma, Clarence, Ethel, Lee, Thomas J. and Louise. Mrs. Linder is an active and valued member of the Methodist church.

J H. M'MULLAX, minister of the gospel, Hartwell, Hart Co., Ga., son of St
" Clair and Clarissa (Richardson) McMulIan, was born in Elbert county, Ga., November. 1824. His paternal grandparents were John and Elizabeth (Beasley) McMulIan. He was born in Ireland, emigrated to this country' and settled in Virginia before the revolutionary war, during which he served in the patriot army. Subsequently he removed to Georgia and settled in Elbert county, where he died at a ripe old age. Mr. McMullan's father was born in Elbert count}-, Ga.,- on the plantation and became a successful planter. He died in Hart county at the advanced age of eighty-five years. His mother was a daughter of Amos and Susan (Smith) Richardson, for whose sketch see that of M. M. Richardson in these Memoirs. Mr. McMulIan was raised on the farm, and his educational advantages were exceedingly limited. He studied grammar and other branches whilst at work, and finally when he was twenty-one years old received four months' school ing. He began preaching at his home church in 1858 and has been engaged in the ministry ever since, preaching as pastor in Hart, Elbert and Franklin counties and Anderson county, S. C. His labors have covered quite an area of territory, and have been very arduous and long-continued, and during the period he has been an earnest worker and instrumental in establishing and building up many churches. It is said he has planned and built more churches than any man in Georgia. Mr. McMulIan is a good business man. Commencing after the war with but little, he has prospered and has accumulated quite a nice property; in this he is largely indebted to the untiring industry and executive ability of his devoted wife, who has ever been his constant support and inspiration in his ministerial labors. Mr. McMulIan is still active!}' engaged in preaching the gospel, and is doing the best work of his life. He was married in 1852 to Miss Martha V. Loflin, of Lincoln count}-, Ga., daughter of George and Elizabeth (Hawes) Loflin. Their only two children, Peyton S. and Emma H., now Mrs. R. S. Hill, are both living. The father, wife and children are all faithful workers in the Baptist church.

T HOMAS L. M'MULLAX, farmer, Hartwell, Hart Co., Ga, son of John and Joyce (McMulIan) McMulIan. was born in Elbert county in 1842. His grand
parents on his father's side were Thomas and Sallie (Gaines) McMulIan, who were of Irish descent, born in Virginia, and migrated to Georgia and settled in Elbert count} about the beginning of this century. He was a farmer and followed that calling until he died, which event occurred in Hart county, formerly a part of Elbert. Mr. McMullan's father was born in Elbert county, where he was raised a
farmer, and followed farming all his life. Later he moved to Hart county, where he died. On his mother's side his grandparents were Louis and Frances (Stowers) McMulIan. native Virginians. Hi? paternal and maternal grandfathers were
brothers. Mr. McMulIan grew t<> manhood on the family homestead, with meager educational advantages. In 1862 he enlisted in Company A, Xinth Georgia battalion, which subsequently became a part of the Thirty-seventh Georgia regi
ment, and his company was commanded by Capt. J. G. McMulIan. He was wounded at the battle of Murfreesboro and was sent to the hospital, and after remaining there ten days returned home. Resuming his farming he has devoted his entire time and attention to it with satisfactory success, and now owns about j.ioo acres of land, including one of the best farms in the county. He is one of

HART COUNTY SKETCHES.

1073

Hart county's solidest and most highly respected citizens. Mr. McMullan was married in 1864 to Miss Catharine, born in Wilkes county, Ga., in 1844, daughter of P. and Ann (Rtimsey) Crow, of families who were early settlers in northeast Georgia. He was a soldier during the late civil war. Of the children born to them three are living: Etta, Lula and William B. He is a master Mason, and himself and wife are prominent members of the Baptist church.

A J. M'MULLAN, farmer, Hartwell, Hart Co., Ga., son of St Clair and Clarissa " (Richardson) McMullan, was born in Elbert (now Hart) county in 1848. His
paternal grandparents were John and Elizabeth (Beasley) McMullan. (For sketch of his grandfather see lhat of J. H. McMullan in these Memoirs.) Mr. McMullan's father was born in Elbert county, was a prosperous farmer and died in 1886. His maternal grandparents were Amos and Susan (Smith) Richardson. (For sketch of Amos Richardson see that of M. M. Richardson in these Memoirs.) Mr. McMullan's boyhood and youth were passed during the memorable "unpleas antness." He was in the service about six months, most of the time in the ditches around Atlanta. In 1870 he entered the university of Georgia, from which he graduated in 1873. He has since devoted all his time and attention to agricul tural pursuits with a success which has demonstrated his superior business manage ment and financial ability. Besides about 1,000 acres of land of his own he manages about 2,400 acres for Drl Turner, his father-in-law. In addition he owns and operates a mill and ginnery- on Cedar creek. Besides the above he owns a stock farm on Savannah river and is recognized as one of the best farmers in the county. He is one of the directors of the Hartwell cotton mills, and is interested in the Hartwell bank. In almost every respect he is in the front rank in social life, as a progressive farmer and as a safe, shrewd business manager and financier. Mr. McMullan was happily married in 1878 to Miss Sallie, born in Hart county in 1853, daughter of Dr. J. L. and Mary (Jones) Turner. Dr. Turner was born in Lincoln county, Ga., and is a retired physician. He was graduated from the university of Georgia in the same class with T. R. R. Cobb, Benjamin Hill, Linton Stephens, and other subsequently distinguished Georgians. Of the children born to Mr. and Mrs. McMullan these survive: Lucius, Susie, Joel and Louise. Himself and wife are active and valued members of the Baptist church.

JEPHTHA W. NORMAN, farmer, Cold Water, Hart Co., Ga., son of Wm. and Mary (Waller) Norman, was born in Wilkes county, Ga., in 1822. His grand
parents on his father's side were John and Nancy (Austin) Norman. He was a native of Virginia, migrated to Georgia in 1797 and settled in Wilkes county, where he farmed until his death. Mr. Norman's father was born in Virginia, and when his father came to Georgia was about three years old. He grew to man hood on the farm, and followed farming all his life. He was a soldier in the last war with Great Britain, and died in 1839. His grandparents on his mother's side were Nimrocl and Martha (Beard) Waller. He was born in Virginia, was a farmer, and when he came to Georgia settled in Wilkes county. Mr. Norman was reared a farmer and received very little schooling. He followed farming as a main pursuit, but in connection with it conducted a general merchandise store. At the close of the war he had 333 acres of land, to which he has gradually added until he now has 2,200 acres of as good land as is in the county, besides much other valuable property, after giving each of his children $2,000. He has neither desired nor held an)' public office, and has given his entire time and labor to his farm and his store, and is perfectly satisfied with the results. He has seen his children well provided for, has performed his duties to church and state, and possesses the esteem and confidence of his fellow-citizens. Mr. Norman \vas married in 1842 to 1-68

1074

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Miss Sarah, born in Elbert county in 1824, daughter of Elijah B. and Jane (Hill) Xornian. He was born in Wilkes county, and was a well-to-do fanner. Of the
children which blessed this union six survive: W. B., Henrietta Bond, A. B., George P., Laura A. and Fannie Thornton. Mrs. Norman, who was a devoted member of the Methodist church, died in 1888. Mr. Norman is also a member of the Methodist church, and is calmly awaiting the summons which shall call him
to a reunion with his departed companion.

A H. PARKS, farmer, Montevideo, Hart Co., Ga., son of Marshall and Mary * (Mewborn) Parks, was born in Elbert county, Ga., in 1835. The family is
of English extraction, his paternal grandfather having emigrated from England and settled in Virginia long enough before the revolutionary war to serve in the
patriot army. His grandparents were Abraham and Nancy (Self) Parks, born in Virginia, whence about the beginning of this century they migrated to Georgia and settled in Elbert county, where he became a prominent planter. Mr. Parks' father was born in Elbert county, was reared on the plantation, followed farming. and also worked as a mechanic. He was sheriff of Elbert county many years, and late in life moved to Floyd county, and died in 1846. His mother was a daughter of Archie and Fathia (Shepard) Mewborn. Her father, born in England, emigrated to Georgia and settled in Elbert county, and engaged in farming as long as he lived. Mr. Parks was reared on the farm; the limited education he received was obtained at the neighboring country schools, and when grown he engaged in farming. In 1862 he enlisted in Company F, Capt Thornton, Thirty-eighth Georgia regiment He participated in the following among other important battles: Horseshoe Bend, Brandy Station, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg (where he was wounded), Wilderness, etc. He remained in the army until the surrender, after which, with twenty-five cents, good health and a resolute spirit as his capital, he started to make a competency, if not acquire wealth. He has so far succeeded <.s to be the owner now of 1,300 acres of good land and a saw-mill and ginnery,
and as his plantation is on the Savannah river he is also proprietor of Parks fern'. As might be presumed in regard to one who accomplished such results, he rates high as a progressive and substantial citizen. Mr. Parks was married in
1867 to Miss Sarah C., born in Elbert county in 1831, daughter of John and Nancy (.Gore) McCurry. He was a native of Georgia and a farmer, was a justice of the peace several years, and also for a time sheriff of the county. He died in Hart county. Mrs. Parks, who was a devoted member of the Baptist church, died in 1889. Mr. Parks himself is a very prominent member of the Baptist church.

W ILLIAM VICKERY, farmer, Hartwell, Hart Co., Ga., son of James and Mary (Sanders) Vickery, was born in Elbert (now Hart) county in 1822. His
paternal grandparents were Aaron and Millie (Dodson) Vickery. He was a native of Virginia and came to Georgia when a young man and settled in Elbert county. Mr. Vickery's father was born in Elbert county, where he lived all his life. Farming was his life pursuit and he gave all his time and attention to make a success of it. He took time, however, to serve as a volunteer soldier in the last war with Great Britain. His mother was a daughter of Elias and Mary
(Carter) Sanders, native Georgians. Mr. Vickery was reared on the farm, and was educated at the near-by dirt-floor log school houses. He started in life a poor boy, but by dint of hard work, economy and good management he has be come rich and owns about 2,000 acres of good land, including a well-tilled pro ductive form. He was a justice of the peace twenty years, the only public office he ever held. He stands very high and is much esteemed by his neighbors. Mr.

HEARD COUNTY SKETCHES.

1075

Vickery was married in 1845 to Miss Susan, born in South Carolina in 1828, daughter of James and Iva (Rush) Stapler. He was born in Edgefield district, S. C, was a large and successful farmer, served as a volunteer in the Seminole war and came to Georgia about 1840 and settled in Elbert county, where he died. Eight of the children born to them are living: James, Philip, Mary A., John, Thomas, Andy, Laura and Martha. The mother of these, an exemplary member of the Baptist church, died in 1895. Mr. Vickery himself is an influential and revered member of the Baptist church.

HEARD COUNTY.
A NDREW B. BROWN, farmer, Corinth, Heard Co., Ga., son of Christopher and Nancy (Fannin) Brown, was born on the farm near where he now lives,
in 1837. His father was a native of South Carolina and came to Georgia with his parents in 1806, who stopped a while in the lower part of the state and then moved to Walton county. Later they settled in Morgan county, Ga. In 1826 Mr. Brown's father moved to Troup county and settled on land afterward included in Heard county. He was the first permanent white settler in what is now Heard county, and settled in the virgin forest, in which Indians roamed and hunted the game with which the forest abounded. Having been elected a justice of the in ferior court of Troup county, his father was transferred in his official capacity to the new county of Heard when organized in 1830, and was thus the first justice of the inferior court of the county, and the first official in it who administered an oath. He acquired quite a fortune, and after a life of usefulness died in 1880. His mother was born in 1807, and was a daughter of William and Nancy Fanin, an old South Carolina family. Mr. Brown was born and reared, and now owns and lives on, the first farm cleared in Heard county, and what education he has was obtained in the never-to-be-forgotten dirt-floor log school house with its split-log seats, stick-and-mud chimney and holes sawed through the logs to let light in. In 1862 he enlisted in Company G, Seventh Georgia regiment, but un usual exposure superinduced rheumatism, which rendered him unfit for service, and he was sent home. Resuming planting he has devoted himself to it all his life, and has now one of the largest and best-appointed and best-improved planta tions in the county. Plantation life and the domestic enjoyments of a delightful home, where he dispenses a generous hospitality, have so fully satisfied his am bition that he has cared nothing for public office. Mr. Brown was married Sept. 9, 1869, to Miss Katharine, daughter of George and Nancy (Maddox) Snow, of old and highly respected Virginia families. This union has been blessed with two children: Christopher Frederick and Nannie K. JAMES B. DAVIS, fanner, Enon Grove, Heard Co., Ga., son of George B. and
Mary (Davis) Davis, was born in Coweta county, Ga., in 1830. His father was born in Virginia about 1796, and was left an orphan at a very early age. He was adopted and reared by William Beetles, who gave him a fairly good common school education. While he was in young boyhood Mr. Beetles migrated to Georgia, making the trip in ox-carts and on foot. He studied and improved upon his primary education so far as to become a teacher. He served gallantly as a

1076

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

soldier in the war of 1812. Later in life he was ordained a minister in the Baptist church and officiated as such until his death, which occurred in 1878. His mother, daughter of James and Judy (Grissum) Davis, was born in Wilkes county, Ga., in 1798, received a good common school education, married in 1818, and lived
to a good old age. Mr. Davis was reared on the farm, received a good educa tion for the locality and period and when twenty years of age moved with his parents to Heard count}-, where he has made his home since. In 1862 he enlisted in Company F, which was part of a regiment commanded by CoL Wilcoxon, of the reserve or home guard service. He was soon afterward commissioned first lieutenant and continued as such until mustered out after the surrender. After the war he resumed his farming, to which he has devoted his entire time and
attention in an energetic effort to rebuild a fortune shattered as a result of the war. Being fully abreast of the times, and a thoroughly practical farmer, he believes in
diversified and self-sustaining agriculture, and has successfully carried out his theories. He stands high with his neighbors as a farmer and citizen, and has been content with their esteem and the success which has attended his well-directed energies. In 1856 he was elected a justice of the peace and held the office twenty-four years consecutively--the only public office he ever held. Mr. Davis was married in 1854 to Miss Corintha, daughter of Thomas B. and Lucy (Cosby) Wilkinson, who has borne him two children: Thomas B. and Mary L.

Q HARLES W. HEARN, farmer, Franklin, Heard Co., Ga., son of John and Nancy (Lynch) Hearn, was born in Hancock county, Ga., in 1808. His
father was born in Richmond county, Va., in 1767, raised a farmer and educated at the common schools. He was a home guard the latter part of the revolu tionary war. In 1807 he migrated to Georgia with his family and settled in
Hancock county, making the journey in ox-carts. Mr. Hearn was reared on the farm and educated at the common schools of the county.. While in his boyhood his father moved to Putnam county. In 1832 Mr. Hearn moved to Troup county. In 1853 he was elected justice of the peace, was re-elected and held the office for many years. He enlisted as a member of the reserve or home guard in 1862, was elected first lieutenant, assigned to Col. William Carter's regiment and remained with his command until the fall of Richmond. He returned to his farm after that event, where he farmed until 1867, when he removed to his present place in Heard county. He has a fine body of land, and a large farm under excellent cultivation. Although eighty-six years of age he is in robust health, well-pre served and very active for his age. Mr. Hearn was married in 1829 to Miss Nancy Wheeler, who was an orphan and who died in 1851. Two years afterward he contracted a second marriage with Mrs. Mary (nee McKinney) Sattiewhite, who has borne him one child, a son, Romaldus. She was a daughter of Eli and Sarah McKinney, born in Jones county, Ga., in 1819, and in 1835 was married to Smith Sattiewhite. He volunteered as a soldier in the Florida war and died in 1842. Mr. and Mrs. Hearn are active and much beloved, venerated members of the Baptist church, and are held in the highest esteem by the entire community. Romaldus Hearn, only child of Charles W. and Mary Hearn, was born in Troup county in 1854, where he was reared on the farm and received only such education as could be obtained during the vacations of hard farm work--winter--and after "laying-by" time. He was married in 1874 to Miss Ada, daughter of Joseph and Prudie (Thomas) Carter. To them five children have been born: E. Watson, Prudence M., Lola, deceased, Pauline and Annie. Mr. Hearn has a fine farm and a comfortable home, surrounded by an intelligent and interesting family, with

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no harassing cares, and with an abundance of this world's goods, enjoying peace, plenty and prosperity.

G. HENDRICK, farmer, Franklin, Heard Co., Ga., son of James A. and Martha (Crosby) Hendrick, was born in Heard county July 24, 1855. He grew to manhood on the farm and was educated at the near-by country schools, and the academy in Franklin. At the age of nineteen he engaged in mercantile business and continued in it four years. At that time he was married to Miss Josie L., daughter of Jephtha H. and Emily B. (Heflin) Daniel. Since his mar riage he has been engaged in farming and stock-raising, in which his success has been equal to his most sanguine expectations. He is fully abreast of the move ments of the times, and to the development of the county's resources. He also takes a very active interest in politics. Mr. and Mrs. Hendrick have had six children born to them: Mary H., Hugh H., Emma S., Josie L., Ruth, and Grace.

MRS. MARTHA S. (CROSBY) HENDRICK, Franklin, Heard Co., Ga.t daughter of John and Martha S. (Killebro) Crosby, and widow of James A.
Hendrick, was born in Wilkes county, Ga., in 1833. Her father was of Virginia parentage and born in 1798. In 1840--his conveyance being an ox-cart--he moved to Heard county, settled in the woods and lived under tents until log cabins could be built. She was left motherless at the age of five years ; and when a child of eleven years did all the housework of her father's family, and besides, spun and wove, and made all her father's clothing. Under such circumstances it may be readily realized that her educational advantages and opportunities were of the most limited character; irregular intervals during two years at the common schools. However, by judicious reading and careful home study she managed to improve her education and acquire a large fund of general information, which, in after life, proved of inestimable value to her. In 1852 she was united in mar riage to James A. Hendrick. He was born in Henry county, Ga., in 1823, son of Hugh and Allie (Huey) Hendrick, who were bom in Virginia of old Virginia families. He, too, was left an orphan when small--only seven years of age--and his education was limited to only nine months in the common country schools. He began work for himself at a very early age, developing remarkable trading and money-making qualities. His companion proved to be a helpmeet indeed, so that by their united efforts quite a fortune was accumulated. He died in 18--, leaving his widow and four children: Mary F., widow of Frank C. Lumpkin, John C, William A., and Alford G.
JOHN DICKERSON HIGHTOWER, farmer, Rockdale, Heard Co., Ga., son of Henry R. and Tempie (Ray) Hightower, was born in what is now Campbell
county, Ga., in 1825. His father was bom in Pennsylvania, and about the year 1800 migrated thence to Georgia and settled in Oglethorpe county. His convey ance was an old-time ox-cart with wooden wheels, the frame being put together with wooden pins and hickory withes. He cleared a farm and commenced farm ing, but after some years moved to what is now Campbell county and engaged in farming until his death, which occurred in 1857. Mr. Hightower was raised on the farm, on which he worked, and attended school at a little log school house until nearing maturity, since when many years of his life have been interestingly event ful. At the age of nineteen he ran away from home to join an expedition against Mexico, and enlisted in Company C, Capt. W. T. Wofford. in Calhoun's cavalry battalion. He did scout duty during the entire war, and went as far south as the peninsula of Yucatan, where he was wounded in the thigh by a lance in the hands

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

of a Mexican. In 1848 he returned to his home in Campbell county, but did not stay long. The next year he joined a company of gold hunters, started for Cali fornia and shipped from Mobile to go via Cape Horn. After a long and rough and tedious voyage he reached the alleged land of promise, only to meet with sad disappointment. After spending months in a fruitless search for the precious metal he found himself impoverished, and decided to return home. A sympa thizing friend loaned him the money for the purpose, and the early fifties found
him at the plow handles on the old homestead. In 1852 he moved to Heard county, where he continued farming with satisfactory success. When the civil war was precipitated in 1861 he enlisted in Company K, Forty-first Georgia _ regiment, participating in its engagements. At Perryville, Ky., he received a wound which disabled him temporarily, and he was sent home. At the end of six months he returned to his command, and at the battle of Baker's creek was again wounded, but continued in the field. After the surrender he returned, penniless and homeless, to Heard county. He went to work as a farm hand, worked and lived hard until he got a start, when he bought a piece of land and went to farming on his own account. Working hard, and early and late, and living frugally, he has placed himself in easy circumstances. He owns a good farm, has all that he craves in the matter of a good home with plenty, and a com fortable bank account Xo citizen of the county stands higher. Mr. Hightower was married soon after his return from California to Miss Roanisa, daughter of Joshua and Polly (Wallace) TeaT, who has borne him six children, only two of whom--Isom J. and Benjamin F.--are living.

D HOUSAX JACKSON, planter and preacher, Franklin, Heard Co., Ga., son
* of Isaac and Elizabeth (Perkins) Jackson, was born at White Plains, Greene Co., Ga., in 1834. His paternal great-grandfather, Isaac Jackson, was a native of
Ireland, came to Georgia soon after Gen. Oglethorpe planted the colony, served with distinction as a major in the patriot army during the revolutionary war under the immediate command of Washington. For meritorious service congress voted
him a grant of 1.200 acres of land in Hancock county, Ga., on which he was buried when he died in 1/90. Two children survived him, Henry, and Pollie (Jackson) Mapp. Henry--who was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch--was born
in 1760, was a large and successful planter, and distinguished himself as a soldier in the last war with Great Britain. About 1780 he married Miss Sallie Mapp, and to them thirteen children were born. Mr. Jackson's father, Isaac, was one of these, and was born in 1785. He was raised on the plantation, educated at the schools at White Plains, and when he arrived at majority began life as a planter. About 1817 he married his wife--daughter of Jesse and Polly (Ingram) Perkins, old Xorth Carolina families, of English and Welsh descent They soon afterward
moved to White Plains, where his wife died in 1840 and he five years later. Mr. Jackson was educated at Dawson institute, White Plains, where the brilliancy and
versatility of his intellectual endowments gained for him honorable distinction. After finishing his education he began life as a planter, and planting has been
the principal pursuit of his life. He read law about this time, but did not seek admittance to the bar as other important duties called him to other fields. In 1856 he moved to Heard county, which has since been his home, and where he
has become and is generally recognized as a leading and one of the most pro gressive and influential planters in the county. Two years later he was elected a '
justice of the inferior court and filled the office for ten consecutive years. In 1861 he was elected, without opposition, to represent Heard county in the general assembly, and was continued, by re-election, until 1865. In 1886 he was elected

HEARD COUNTY SKETCHES.
to represent his senatorial district in the same body, and in 1890 was called upon to again represent Heard county. During his several terms in the senate and house he was conspicuous for his great and earnest working capacity, and his able and influential support of various wise and economic bills which he was largely instrumental in having enacted into laws. His activity and tirelessness in behalf of the interests of his immediate constituents made him a marked character of each legislative body. In 1887 he organized the farmers' alliance in Georgia, and was made its first president In this great and important work he demon strated his extraordinary capacity as a leader and organizer. In six months, as the result of his activity and energy, the order had a membership of 80,000 in the state and began to wield a potent influence. In 1889 he was associated with the Atlanta "Journal" as a special correspondent. In 1852 Mr. Jackson united himself with the Baptist church at White Plains, under the preaching of that eminent divine, Rev. Prof. S. G. Hillyer. Ten years later--at the age of twenty-six --he was ordained a minister of the Baptist church, since which time he has been an active and ardent laborer in the vineyard of the Master. Few preachers have done more arduous and continuous work, notwithstanding the hard and valuable work he has done in other fields. At one time he supplied four pulpits while superintending the cultivation of four farms; and for fifteen years has been mod erator of the Western Baptist association. Mr. Jackson was married in 1857 to Miss Marie, daughter of Hugh and Elizabeth (Brown) Hall, a union which has been blessed with eight children: Phemonia, Elizabeth, Isaac, P. H. Mell, Anna Z., Henrietta, Sabe, and Ruby. He is an enthusiastic and highly esteemed member of the masonic fraternity. In his ministerial and other public work he has been extraordinarily active and influential for good; in private he is courteous and affable, representing the open-handed hospitality of the old-time southern gentleman; added to which are the charms of the literary attainments of great natural intellectuality.
JOHN H. LANE, farmer, Franklin, Heard Co., Ga., son of Collingsworth and Elizabeth (Dunlap) Lane, was born in Heard county in 1844. His paternal
grandfather, Henry Lane, was a prominent Methodist preacher, who came to Georgia the latter part of the last century, and settled in what is now Coweta, and from there to what is now Heard county, and finally went to Alabama. Mr. Lane's father was born in what is now Coweta county in 1819, was reared a farmer, and was given such education as could be obtained at the country schools of the locality and time. He served as a volunteer soldier in the Seminole war, after which he returned to the farm, where he spent the remainder of his life, which ended in 1874. His mother was born in 1822, and was the daughter of David Dunlap, a native of South Carolina who came to Georgia in the first quarter of the present century. 'Mr. Lane was reared on the farm, and was educated at the common schools of the county. In 1862 he enlisted in Company K, Ca.pt. Spearman, Fiftieth Georgia regiment He was in many important battles: Baker's Creek, siege of Vicksburg --where he was captured, but soon exchanged and sent to the front--at Mission ary Ridge, the defense of Atlanta, Nashville, etc. While defending Atlanta he was wounded by a spent ball, but not seriously, and remained on duty until the surren der. Resuming his farming as soon as the war was over, he has industriously pursued it since, with results meeting his most sanguine expectations. Upright and honorable, thrifty and prosperous, he has the confidence and esteem of all who know him. Mr. Lane was married in 1874 to Miss Piety, daughter of John and Dovie (Plaster) Daniel, by whom he has had seven children, of whom four are living: Mrs. Lizzie Hubbard, Dovie, Mary E. and Brewer. For more than a quarter of a century he has been an active member of the Methodist church.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

. MARY F. LUMPKIX, farmer and hotel-keeper, Franklin, Heard Co., Ga., widow of the late Frank C. Lumpkin, and daughter of James A. and Martha (Crosby) Hendrick, was born in Heard county, Jan. 5,1852. She had good educa tional advantages, having attended the schools at Franklin and the college at Xewnan, Coweta Co., Ga. She was married Jan. 29, 1868, to Frank C. Lumpkin, son of Richard and Frances (Crosby) Lumpkin, who was born in Chambers countv-, Ala, in 1843. He was reared on the farm and educated at the common schools of the count}-. In 1861, aged eighteen, he enlisted in Company G, Thirty-seventh Alabama regiment, and remained with the army throughout the \\ar without a furlough. During his service he participated in some of the most hotly contested and bloodiest battles of the war, and passed through some of the most trying campaigns. At the siege of Vicksburg he was captured but soon exchanged. After the surrender he came to Heard county and engaged in farm ing, and followed it many years with remarkable success. In 1891 he moved to Franklin and embarked in the hotel business, in which he prospered. On Feb. 23, 1894, he was murdered in cold blood without any known cause. To this union four children were born, three living: Minnie, wife of a Mr. Shackelford; John C., and Lillian Renoe. Since the death of her husband Mrs. Lumpkin, with the assistance of her son, has successfully conducted the hotel and the large farm. Her excellent management has made her hostelry one of the most popular in that part of the state.

AX/ILLIAM H. MELSOX, farmer, Franklin, Heard Co., Ga., son of Abelton * " and Penelope (Sims) Melson, was born in Coweta county, Ga., in 1829. His paternal grandparents, Daniel and Mary (Grace) Melson, migrated from Mary land to Georgia, coming all the way in ox-carts, the latter part of the last century, and settled in Hancock county. He served with some distinction as a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war. Mr. Melson's father was born in Hancock county in 1801, reared a farmer and given the education obtainable in the rural districts at that time. In 1828 he moved to what is now Heard county, and when the new county was organized in 1830 assisted in the work of organization. He was a volunteer soldier in the Semhiole war, after which he devoted all his time and attention to his fanning interests. He died in 1872. Mr. Melson grew to manhood on the farm, and obtained his education at the historic old log school house, where so many of Georgia's distinguished men acquired the rudiments of an English education. Reaching manhood he began the life of a farmer, which has been his life pursuit, in which he has abundantly prospered. In 1862 he enlisted in Company E, Capt. J. D. Sims, which was assigned to the command of Gen. John H. Morgan. After his discharge in 1863 he enlisted in the s ate service and served two terms of six months each. At the close of the war he returned to his farm a few miles east of Franklin, and has since been satisfied with the quiet enjoyments of farm life and a comfortable home. In 1870 he was elected justice of the peace, and held the office by successive re-elections for more than twenty years. Mr. Melson was married in 1853 to Miss Martha, daughter of Thomas and Xancy ( Maine) Holland, and to them four children have been born: Louisa, Mrs. Pendergross: Xancy, Mrs. Ware; Carrie, and John Holland. IOHX I. MILLER, merchant-capitalist, Corinth, Heard Co., Ga., son of Joseph T. and Mary T. (Moreland) Miller, was born in Heard county, Ga., in 1852. His paternal grandfather, John Miller, was a native of Ireland, emigrated to this country just before the beginning of this century, and settled in Jones county, Ga. Mr. Miller's father was born in Jones county in 1814, where he was reared on the farm and educated at the common schools of the country. In 1837 he moved to

HEARD COUNTY SKETCHES.
Heard county, transporting all his household goods on a wagon, behind which his farm stock was driven. He bought land in the virgin forest, cleared a farm and cultivated it with exceptional success until 1860, when he died. Mr. Miller's mother was a daughter of Isaac and Penelope (Ousley) Moreland, a prominent family of Jones county, and died in 1864. Mr. Miller, it will be observed, had the misfortune to lose his father when only eight years old and his mother when twelve years old. After the death of his mother he went to live with his aunt, Mrs. Annie Johnson, in Jasper county, where he remained two years. While on the home farm he attended school at Corinth, and while with his aunt he attended school at Holly Springs, Jasper county, walking four miles. Since reaching man hood planting has been his chief business, and he owns and manages a very large plantation which includes some of the most productive land in Heard county, cultivated by improved implements and by improved methods. In addition to his extensive planting interests he has engaged in merchandising, milling, general trading and cotton brokerage, all of which he conducted with unflagging energy and consummate skill. In all his transactions he has displayed remarkable business sagacity and financial ability, 'and made a complete success of the many and varied enterprises he has undertaken. He is one of the solid, substantial citizens of the county and of unquestioned integrity. His interesting family occupy one of the most delightful homes in Corinth. Socially and financially he ranks among the foremost of Heard county's citizens. Mr. Miller was married in 1870 to Miss Ambrosia, daughter of Henry and Mary Pitman, who bore him two children, and died May 2, 1872. One of the children died, but the other, Xorman C., is living. The ensuing year he contracted a second marriage with Miss Sallie F., daughter of Christopher and Nancy (Fleming) Brown, by whom he has had nine children: Nancy F., Mary E., Fannie R., Annie P., John I., Jr., Ida E., Harvey A., Mattie M. and Thomas I. He has been an ardent and active member of the Methodist church since he was seventeen years old.
AX/ESLEY SPEARMAN, farmer, Corinth, Heard Co., Ga., son of Edmond and Martha (Cook) Spearman, was born in Heard county in 1833, and died at his
home near the place of his birth July 4, 1895. His paternal grandfather, John Spearman, was a native of Maryland, whence he migrated in the latter part of the last century to South Carolina. Not many years afterward he moved to Georgia and settled in Wilkes county, and thence to Jasper county, where he died. Mr. Spearman's father was born in Wilkes county in 1806, worked on the farm, and was educated at the country schools in Wilkes and Jasper counties. In 1830, with his three brothers, he came to Heard county, bought land and cleared a farm in the woods. The next year he married his wife, who was a daughter of John and Mary (Heard) Cook. Mr. Spearman grew to manhood on the farm, and was educated at the schools common to the locality and period. In 1861 he enlisted in Company D, Fourth Georgia regiment, and served until the surrender of Atlanta. When the war closed he found himself impoverished by the destruction of his property: but he set to work to retrieve his losses and rehabilitate himself, in which he was eminently successful. At his death he left a large and well improved farm in the best portion of Heard county, and an excellent home in Corinth, where in his last years he enjoyed all the comforts of life that could be desired, and the good will and esteem of his fellow-citizens. In 1861 he was elected justice of the peace and held the office uninterruptedly for twenty-nine years. In 1880 he was elected to represent Heard county in the general assembly, and he was a member of the county board of education for many years. In all the public positions he held, the discharge of their duties was characterized by promptness, fidelity and con-

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MEMOIRS OP GEORGIA.

scientious regard for the public good. Mr. Spearman married Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Christopher and Frances (Fannin) Brown, by whom he had two children: Edmond C., and Ruth, wife of Dr. J. B. Sanders. Mr. Spearman was a devoted and exemplary member of the Methodist church for half a centurv.
UUMPHREY A. TOMPKINS, farmer, Franklin, Heard Co., son of Nicholas and Lucinda T. (Springer) Tompkins, was born in Heard county March 9,1851.
His paternal grandfather, Giles Tompkins, was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, and migrated from Virginia to Georgia, and settled in Oglethorpe county the latter part of the last century. Mr. Tompkins' father was born in Oglethorpe county, in 1798, received such education as could be obtained at the country schools of the locality at the time, and when grown, entered upon farming as a life pursuit. Later, he moved to Putnam county, Ga., and thence to Troup county about 1830, and settled on land now within the bounds of Heard count}-. He served during the Seminole war, holding a commission as major. He also served as a soldier in the war with Mexico. At the close of that war he returned to his farm. Such were his skill as a planter and his business sagacity and management that he became the owner of 175 slaves and the largest land-owner in Heard county. He died Aug. 12, 1860. He was married twice; his second wife being the mother of the subject of this sketch. She was a daughter of William G. and Mary (Baxter) Springer. Mr. Springer was for many years an Indian agent. By this marriage he had five children: William G., John T., Humphrey A., Benjamin Hill, and Eliza Baxter. Air. Tompkins was raised on the family plantation, and received as good an education as was obtainable, con sidering the locality, and the fact that his boyhood was passed during "war times." When only fourteen years old he assumed control of his father's extensive plantation, which had suffered immensely from the ravages of war, and entered upon the management of the property. With wonderfully good judgment, a perseverance and a spirit of determination, that quailed not at any obstacle, he succeeded in preserving intact and rehabilitating the large and valuable estate, which to-day stands as a monument to his unwearying' industry and tireless energy. Notwithstanding the apparently stern and inflexible will needed to accomplish such results, he is one of the most genial and whole-souled gentlemen to be found in any community. In 1890 he was elected treasurer over an opponent, who had held the office fourteen years, and was regarded as invincible, which speaks volumes for the estimation in which he is held, and the good will entertained toward him by his fellow-citizens. Mr. Tompkins was happily married in 1882 to Miss Viola L., daughter of Matthew and Lousiana (Yates) Monk--a union which has been blessed with four children: John S., Effie Lou, Eliza Baxter, and Florence C. He is an ardent member of the masonic fraternity, and a prominent and influential member of the Methodist church.
DENJAMIN HILL TOMPKIXS, planter, Franklin, Heard Co., Ga., son of Nicholas and Lucinda T. (Springer) Tompkins, was born on the plantation on
which he now lives, in 1860. (For sketch of his parents, see that of his brother, Humphrey A. Tompkins, elsewhere in this work.) Mr. Tompkins was left father less when an infant, was raised on the family homestead, and educated at the common schools of the county. His surroundings compelled him, while very young, to assume the duties and responsibilities of mature manhood. But follow ing the example, and inspired by the spirit and courage of his brother Humphrey, he set manfully to work to solve the great problem of life and success. He, like his brother, determined to know no such word as fail--and like him, he has worked out a splendid success. He owns several thousand acres of fine land, including the original family homestead, improved by his father more than sixty years ago--of

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which he is justly proud--and is otherwise supplied with an abundance of the good things of this life--and is, therefore, happily situated. Mr. Tompkins was married Sept. I, 1880, to Miss Montie, daughter of Joseph and Man' (Pendergrass)
Holliday. To them the following children have been born: Nicholas, Joseph B., John, Berd Berry, Mary Baxter, and Levi Ridley.

JAMES B. WARE, farmer, Corinth, Heard Co., Ga., son of John M. and
Lucy (Sturdivant) Ware, was born on the plantation on which he now lives in Heard county (then just organized) in 1830. His paternal grandfather, Henry
Ware, was born in Maryland in 1756--his parents having been among the early
English settlers of that state. He was a soldier in the patriot army during the revolutionary war, at the close of which, Dec. 14, 1783, he married Miss Winnie Mims, and soon afterward migrated to South Carolina, where he died Nov. 21,
1807. His widow died Sept. 14, 1812. Mr. Ware's father was born in Edgefield
district, S. G, in 1788, grew to manhood on the farm, and was educated at the near-by country schools. While yet a young man he migrated to Georgia, and began farming in Lincoln county. In 1827 he moved to Pike, and the next year to Troup, and later to Coweta county, Ga., where he died Aug. 18, 1838. May ii, 1811, he married his wife, who was an orphan girl living with her uncle, Lockhart, of Lincoln county. She died Oct. 22, 1869. Mr. Ware was raised a
farmer on the plantation, and received his primary education at a little log schoolhouse, still standing, a few miles from the old homestead. He began life on the plantation of his father, and has prospered in his labors. His natural capacity and
superior abilities as a man of affairs being quickly recognized by his fellow-citizens, he was elected a justice of the peace in 1852, and held the office seven years. In 1859 he was elected to represent Heard county in the general assembly. In 1874
he was again elected, and on each occasion represented his constituency with
fidelity, and usefully. He was also elected a justice of the inferior court, and rendered efficient service to the county in that capacity for eleven years. In 1887 he organized the Corinth Agricultural Club and Fair association, of which he was then elected, and has continued to be, president, in which capacity he has done
quite as much, if not more, than any other citizen to improve and advance the agricultural interests of the county. In 1863 he'raised a company of seventy men --of which he was elected captain--which became Company G, of Col. Wilcoxon's regiment of state troops. In 1864 he enlisted in the Confederate service, in which he continued, rendering valuable service until the surrender. During the "unpleasantness" he gave up his business and devoted money, time and labor to caring for the families of the soldiers, a noble service on his part which they have
never forgotten, and for which they have ever been ready to express their grati tude. It was the soldiers in the field, who, though in Virginia, were allowed to vote, first elected him justice of the inferior court. He has been much before the public and much in public life, and has always been found working for the best interests of the people. As a planter, he has been eminently successful, and a sort of leader by general consent. His well-arranged and well-cultivated fields bear
ample testimony to his intelligent supervision and skill. He is progressive or
nothing, and exercises a wholesome influence among his farmer-friends. Mr. Ware was married Oct. n, 1849, to Miss Sarah M., daughter of John and Comfort (Grace) Sims. Of the children, which blessed this union, the following are living:
Mrs. Alberta V. Orr, A. E., Mrs. Addie G. Snow, John R, Alonzo C, Alfred Z., Henry H., Robert H., and Minnie. He is an ardent and active member of the masonic fraternity, of forty years' standing, and has been a member of the Baptist
church since 1851, of which he has been a deacon since 1860, and treasurer of the
Western Baptist association for the past seventeen years.

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.
HENRY COUNTY.
JJEXRY J. COPELAXD. This is the name of one of the oldest and most respected of southern families. . The family is of English origin, the great
grandfather of the younger generation having come from England and settled in South Carolina. W. M. Copeland, now residing in McDonough, Henry Co., Ga., was born Feb. 18, 1823, in Latirens district, S. C-, and is the son of William and Xancy (Bryan) Copeland. The Bryans were of Irish descent, and were also from South Carolina, where the grandparents lived during the revolutionary war. William and Xancy Copeland, with a small family, came to Henry count)', Ga., in 1826, where they settled about seven miles east of McDonough, one of his sons now residing on the plantation. .They passed their days in Henry county, both living to a good old age, the father being eighty-nine and the mother eighty years of age at the time of their death. Although not possessed of great wealth, they made a very comfortable living, and had plenty of the good things of life. In politics Mr. Copeland was a whig, and a Baptist in religious belief. W. M. Copeland has passed his life in Henry county as a farmer. During the war he was one of Joe Brown's "pets," and served faithfully at the siege of Atlanta, and also at Savannah. Jan. 20, 1848, Mr. Copeland was married to Miss Mary A., daughter of William and Mary Green, the Green family also being one of the early ones of Henry county. To this marriage were born three children: Henry J.. merchant, McDonough; Mary J., Mrs. J. T. Fields, Henry county; and W. G., at home. Henry J. was born March 18,1849. His first business venture was made at Conyers in 1870. This lasted about a year. From that time until 1880, he clerked and farmed alternately. In that year he went into the mercantile business for himself at Hampton. On the building of the E. T., Va. & Ga. railroad through McDonough, he removed his stock to the latter place, where he has since con tinued to do a successful and thriving business. He carries an average stock of $6.000, and does a safe and constantly increasing business, which, together with his ginnery and farm, gives him little time for leisure. He married in Rockdale county, Jan. 16, 1873, to Miss Emma V., daughter of John E. and Mary Reagan, and is the father of seven interesting children: Edward M., Arthur G., Henry W., Zachary W., Lila M., Annie Lou and Frank M. Like other former Copelands, he is a Baptist in faith, and a democrat in politics.
WILLIAM N. XELSOX, ordinary of Henry county, McDonough, Ga., is the son of Perry and Martha (McGough) Nelson, and was born in Greene
county, Ga., Aug. 17, 1822. His grandfather, Taylor Nelson, who was of Welsh descent, lived in Man-land, and was a private in the revolutionary war. Soon after the close of the war he moved to Hancock county, Ga., where he lived for a period of years, and from thence to Morgan county, where he died at an. advanced age. The father, Perry Nelson, was born in Hancock county in 1792, and was married in Greene county in 1821, to Miss Martha McGough, whose family were South Carolinians. Of Irish descent, her father, John McGough, immigrated to gether with his father, mother, brothers and sisters, from Ireland to America and settled in South Carolina, Abbeville district, when he (John) was only ten years old. A large family of Carsons came over to America in the same ship. John McGough married Miss Elizabeth Carson, the grandmother of Mr. William N. Nelson. To their marriage were born three sons and three daughters: William

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N., the subject of this sketch; Joseph F., planter, Taliaferro county; James A. C., planter, Putnam county; Mary and Martha, who were twins, the latter de ceased and the former Mrs. John Andrews, of Butts county; Margaret E., (Mrs. Fred S. Stewart, of Atlanta, deceased). The mother died in 1878 at the age of eighty years, and the father in the same year, aged seventy-eight He was a
farmer by occupation, a Baptist in faith and an old-time democrat He was an old veteran, having been a soldier in the war of 1812. William N. Nelson was reared to manhood in Greene county. Acquiring a common school education, he began teaching school in 1845, and taught without interruption until 1875 in
the counties of Greene, Hancock, Butts, Spalding and Henry. After being a teacher for thirty years he decided to change his occupation to that of fanning, which he carried on successfully until 1886, when he was elected county ordinary. Being exempted from the regular service during the late war on account of his occupation, he yet found time and inclination to do something for the cause, and
in 1864 became one of Joe Brown's "pets." He married in Butts county, Oct. 31, 1847, Miss Martha, daughter of Thomas and Nancy McGough, and became the
father of the following children: Laura A., Mrs. G. D. Brown, Henry county; Emma C., Mrs. McN. Moore, deceased; Cora, unmarried; Mattie Lenora, Mrs. O. S. Moore, Morton, Miss.; Ida, Mrs. J. F. M. Fields, Greenwood, Ga.; Geneva,
Mrs. McN. Moore, Morton, Miss.; William D., McDonough, clerk in his father's office, and Mary Clyde, unmarried. For many years a member of the Baptist
church, and a most successful teacher in the schools of the county where he lives, he has well-earned the high regard in which he is held by former pupils and
friends. Twice he has been elected to public office, first as school commissioner and then to the office of ordinary, which he now holds, and for which important position a better or more competent man could not have been chosen. In politics a democrat of the old school, he has lived to see many changes in his state and national government

Q R. NOLAN. Twenty-eight miles southeast of Atlanta stands the town of * McDonough, in Henry county, a name around which cluster memories of
"ye olden time," when Atlanta was a waste place, and the pioneer and Indian roamed the woods together. It is the county seat of Henry county, one of the
originals, and which has given birth to Fulton and several other lusty children which have long since distanced their progenitor in population and importance.
With the advance of civilization old Henry county has lost many of her first fam ilies and yet there still remains much of the sturdy stock which made the county
famous. Among the leading families of the present town of McDonough is the one whose name heads this sketch, and which has occupied an enviable position
in the county for the past fifty years. Quinces R. Nolan, the deceased head of the family, was born in Morgan county, Ga., on Nov. 18, 1824, and died at Mc
Donough Jan. I, 1876. He was the son of Thomas Nolan and Miss Martha (Browder) Thrasher, and was reared on a plantation in the county of his birth. His literary education was obtained at Emory and Henry college, Va. Subse quently attending Yale college, he graduated in the law department in the same class with the late lamented Joseph E. Brown, between whom and Col. Nolan there existed a lifelong and intimate friendship. Soon after his return to Georgia Mr. Nolan located for the practice of his chosen profession in Mc Donough, then the most flourishing town in that part of the state, and where he continued an active member of the bar until his death. He soon established a fine reputation as a lawyer, being especially strong in administrative law, of which
he was a thorough master. Mr. Nolan was an efficient public officer of Henry

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

county for some fifteen years, having been elected ordinary in 1853, and retiring on
account of ill health in 1868. In disposition he was quiet and unassuming, of fine personal habits, fond of his books and fireside, and never was happier than
when in the bosom of his family. In politics he was an ardent whig, in faith a consistent Methodist, and was a Mason of royal arch degree, and a member of the
fraternity of Odd Fellows. Mr. Nolan married the lady who still survives him,
Miss Antoinette C Campbell, at McDonough, on Jan. 28, 1849. She was the
daughter of CoL James H. Campbell and Permelia D. Lane. Col. Campbell was
an ardent whig, a zealous Christian in the Methodist church, a royal arch Mason and was made brigadier-general just previous to his last illness. He was reared in Morgan county, but resided in Butts county, where he died in June, 1844.
Mrs. Nolan's grandfather, George Campbell, was one of the revolutionary heroes, having served five years and nine months in that immortal struggle for independ
ence. He was from Mecklenburg, N. C., and had settled in Morgan county in
the colonial period. He was a Presbyterian of the old blue stocking variety, unbending in his integrity, and unswerving in his devotion to his church, which
he served faithfully for sixty-five years as an elder. His abstemious habits, never
having used liquor or tobacco in any form, contributed to the prolongation of his
useful life, the advanced age of eighty-eight years having been reached before he
laid down the cross. To this marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Nolan were born four
sons: Thomas C, William M., Edgar Q., and John Q. Of these William M. and Edgar Q. died before maturity. Thomas C., the eldest, died at the age of forty-
three. He was educated at Emory and Henry college, Virginia, and was a lawyer,
having been a number of years before his demise in the employ of the E. T., Va. & Ga. R. R. In this branch of the law he had few equals and was rapidly rising to the very top of the profession. He left a wife (nee Annie M. Lemmon) and
three children: Elizabeth, Annie and Quinces R. J. Q., the only living child, was educated at Emory college, Oxford, Ga., where he graduated in 1874. For years
he was the worthy representative of the E. T. Va. & Ga. R. R. at McDonough, but is now giving his attention to the cultivation 'of the Nolan estate. He married Miss Fannie Cochran, a talented and accomplished lady of Barnesville, Ga. Frank
M., a bright lad of ten years, is their only son, and bids fair to realize the high standard of excellence attained by former members of the family, which has ever been noted for its oratorical gifts, its poetical genius and literary culture, having
furnished from its ranks ministers, editors, orators, scholars and military heroes.

J)ANIEL W. SCOTT, the leading physician and surgeon of McDonough, Henry Co., Ga., is the eldest of a family of nine children of James and Mary
(Thrasher) Scott, and was born in Newton county, Ga., Dec. 15, 1849. The family is of Scotch-Irish descent, dating their first connection with American in
stitutions back to the days when old Virginia was a state unborn. The great
grandfather of Dr. Scott was named William, and in South Carolina married Jane Thomas, moved to Jasper county, Ga., in the early part of the century, is men
tioned by White as one of the earliest and most prominent settlers of the county.
After remaining here a number of years he removed to Monroe county, where he reared his family and died. He lies buried at Rogers' church. His wife died at a son's home near Talbotton, Ga., and was buried three miles west of that place. William and Jane Scott were the parents of twelve children, the doctor's grand
father being the second child. This gentleman married Jemima Walker, and passed his married existence in Newton county. He reared five sons and two daughters, all now deceased. Dr. Scott's father was the third
son, and became a thrifty and prosperous planter of Newton county, where he

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1087

passed his life. He was a man of retired disposition and habits, of fine moral character, a Baptist in faith and a democrat in politics. He died in 1883. The widow still lives on the old homestead and is the mother of the following children:
Dr. Daniel W.; D. Barton, suffered death by a falling tree in 1880; Ophelia J., died unmarried, Aug. 20,1894; Emma J., Mrs. Green Hull, Conyers, Ga.; James A., planter, Newton county; Lula, Mrs. D. C. Camp, Atlanta; William A., planter, Rockdale county; Mamie H., and Walter Lee, young people at home. Dr.
Scott was educated at that superior school--the Conyers academy, and at the Atlanta Medical college, where he was graduated in March, 1875. Entered on the practice of his profession near Shady Dale, Jasper Co., whence, after two years, he removed to Peachstone Shoals, Henry Co. In 1882 he came to McDonough, where he now enjoys a large and constantly growing practice. Dr. Scott has few equals in the sick chamber. As a Christian gentleman of broad views and liberal spirit, he merits the patronage and respect of his numerous constituency. He is a Baptist in religious belief, and a democrat in politics, though he eschews the latter as much as possible. On Dec. II, 1878, Dr. Scott was joined in wedlock to Miss Laura E. Sharp. This lady has the proud dis tinction of being able to trace her ancestry from the Mayflower, her paternal grandmother having been a Morton, well-known as one of the original Puritan families. She is a daughter of Henry T. and Caroline (Dulin) Sharp, and was born and reared in Newton county. To Dr. and Mrs. Scott have been born two bright and interesting children: Adiel Roscoe and Leila Bay.

QHARLES THORNTON ZACHRY. This is the name of a family whose members, though not numerous, have always been men and women of the
highest character and noble impulses. Its introduction into America from Scot land was attended with circumstances of extreme hardship. The Zachry who landed in Maryland with a Rucker and a Smith, being the only three persons saved from their wrecked vessel. From this gentleman lias sprung the American con tingent of the family. Little is known of the early movements of the family, save
that they were prominent agriculturists and intermarried with some of the best families of the colonies. It is recorded that a John Zachry, of South Carolina, married Mary Hay, a daughter of the famous Daniel Hay, who was killed while in Washington's service. From Maryland to the Carolinas, the name appeared
from thence in Georgia after the revolutionary war, where Daniel Zachry, after a residence of uncertain period in Warren county, settled in Putnam county, where he reared a large and prosperous family. James B., one of the sons, after marry
ing Miss Olive Morton, removed to Newton county, where he spent the remainder of his life as a planter, dying at the age of seventy-two years. His wife outlived him four years, dying in 1876. They were the parents of twelve children: Thomas H., died while in the Mexican war; William, deceased; Daniel H., Jefferson, Texas; Col. C. T.; Mary L., deceased; John M., Atlanta; Alfred H., Bartow, Fla.; H. D., El Paso, Texas; L. H., also in Texas; Lucy, Mrs. W. G.
Turner, Henry county; Carrie, deceased, and James B., Jr., deceased. Col. C. T. Zachry is the fourth son, and is the most prominent member of the family in his <liy. He was born in Newton county, Feb. 4, 1828, and in 18^ settled in Henry county, where he has since been a prominent and leading planter. Col. Zachry
has been twice married. In 1852 he married Miss Frances A. Turner, who bore him two children, and died in the fall of 1861. James Grcer. the son. is a prominent lawyer and capitalist of New York city, and the daughter. Xancy A., married C. W. McCally, of Atlanta, and died in 1892. The second marriage
occurred in 1865, to Miss Elizabeth J. Russell, who still survives, the mother of four

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tr
children: Glancey, who married T. P. Thompson, and is now a widow, living with her father: Clifford and Elizabeth T., accomplished unmarried daughters, and Mary Y., Mrs. R. L. Howell, Sanford, Fla. Col. Zachry is a man of earnest con victions on all subjects, and has taken a leading part in politics during his lifetime.
His democracy is unquestioned, yet having been reared a whig, it is of that conservative type which stands rather on principle than party. He has aided his party in the deliberations of many conventions, and has been called upon -to bear its standard in several hard-fought contests. His first public service was as a dele gate in the convention of 1865, where he voted cheerfully to return to the old Union, having deprecated leaving it in 1861. He served his county in the lower house during the sessions of 1880-81-82-83, where he did excellent service for the bill establishing the technological school and for educational questions in general. In 1890 he was honored with the senatorship of the thirty-fourth senatorial district, and served in the sessions of that and the following year. As chairman of the agricultural committee he introduced a bill, which passed with but few unim portant changes, settling what is known as the betterment question. Col. Zachry's title is not of the variety too common in states since the war, but was won by actual service on the battlefield. Although opposed to war in principle, he yielded to the inevitable and aided in raising a company for the maintenance of the position taken by his native state, of which he was elected captain. In the organization it was known as Company H, Twenty-seventh Georgia regiment, and did valiant service at Yorktown, Williamsburg, the seven days' fight around Richmond, second Manassas, Sharpsburg, and in many other of the most sanguinary battles of the war, some forty-five engagements in all. On the first organization of the regiment Col. Zachry was elected major, in which position he served till after the battle of Manassas, when he was promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy. For gallant conduct on the bloody field of Sharpsburg he won his present title, which he held with honor till the close of the war. He was wounded four different times: at first, Cold Harbor: the Wilderness and Chancellorsville, slightly, and seriously at Sharpsburg, while leading his regiment in a bayonet charge on the Yankee left. It was at the battle of Olustee, in Florida, however, that Col. Zachry won his chief distinction, for when history is correctly written it will chronicle the fact that he was the real hero of that important and successful rout of the Federals. His scouts were the first to learn the close proximity of the enemy. Immediately informing Gen. Finnegan, troops were hurried to the front and a line of battle formed. These troops were for the most part raw recruits, who gave way at the first charge.
Col. Zachry had been ordered to the extreme left, and had moved promptly to position, only to find that he was too far from the scene of action. Moving to the right he arrived just in time to witness the retirement of the provincials, who it is due to remark, might have behaved more creditably had they been furnished sufficiently with ammunition. Rallying them behind his battle-scarred veterans, he faced the advancing enemy and soon turned defeat into victor}', driving the enemy ingloriously from the field. Col. Zachry accomplished this without the assistance or the orders of his superiors, all of which can be substantiated by
undoubted testimony. The colonel has always modestly declined publication of these facts, but history is history only when correctly written, and they are given the prominence merited from having been so long buried. Col. Zachry is a Methodist in faith and a Mason. He is spending the closing years of his life in the cultivation of his large plantation, which lies ten miles northeast of MeDonough, in Henry county. Col. Zachry was one among the first men in Georgia whose influence was used to establish the law known as the stock law, which has proven to be of such incalculable value to the farmers of the state of Georgia.

HOUSTON COUNTY SKETCHES.
Its origin existed at the Livingston Agricultural club, in Newton county, of which Col. Zachry was a member, and was one of a committee of five appointed to investigate and report upon its practicability. By that committee he (Col. Zachry) was appointed a committee of one to visit a local section in Alabama, where the stock law had been in operation for a number of years, and report upon its utility. Henry was one of the first three counties in the state to adopt it.
HOUSTON COUNTY.
IOHN GREEN BROWN is the son of Dempsey Brown, who was a native of Nortli Carolina. His grandfather, Samuel Brown, was of Scotch-Irish
descent. He reared a family of four sons and two daughters, all of whom are deceased. Dempsey Brown, the third of these sons was born in 1801. When a young man he removed to Georgia and settled in Twiggs county. He began with small capital, but by energy and perseverance he soon attained success. His education was rather limited, though he was a natural mathematician, and con sidered one of the best of his day. In moral rectitude he was upright to sternness, and lived a life singularly free from guile of any kind. He married Miss Nancy Green and reared the following children: Mrs. Joseph Wimberly, Mrs. Dr. Bryant, Mrs. Felder, Mrs. Dr. Frank Walker, Mrs. B. M. Wyble of Americus, Ga., Mrs. J. R. Wimberly of Arkansas, Hon. Clay Brown of Griffin, Ga., and John Green Brown, the subject of this sketch, who was born in Twiggs county, Ga.. Sept. 14, 1831. He was reared in Houston county, his parents moving to that county when he was only one year old. He received an excellent education, having been a student at La Grange, Ga., for several years. In 1854, Miss Smitha Tooke of Houston county became his wife. She became mother of two children: Glenmore Brown and Mrs. R. O. Pate of Hawkinsville, Ga. The mother died when quite a young woman. In February, 1871, Mr. Brown married Miss Cora Rutherford, and to them were born seven children, six of whom are living: Mrs. Luciny Polhill, John Green, Jr., Rutherford, Eugene, Dempsey and Mary, all of whom reside at home. In 1862 he enlisted in the Fifth Georgia regiment, Thomas* brigade, Hill's division, W. R. Davis being captain. After the first year he was transferred to the western army and remained there during the entire war. From the ranks he was promoted to lieutenant and finally to captain, in which position he gallantly led his company through many engagements. Mr. Brown is at present engaged in farming and merchandising--has a fine store and a farming interest which requires his entire attention. As a citizen of Houston, no man stands higher in the estimation of her people than John G. Brown.
I F. CATER, a merchant of Pern-, Ga., is the son of Thomas Johnson Cater, " who was a native of South Carolina, and was born at Barnwell about the year
1825. While he was yet a boy the family moved to Georgia and located near Augusta on a plantation, ^hen but fourteen years of age, he was employed as a clerk by Fort, Hamilton & Co., cotton merchants of Macon. Here he remained four years, when he formed a partnership with Edward Bowdrey, and they became engaged in the mercantile business in Macon. He continued in business ten years, meeting with the greatest success, financially. At this time, on account of impaired health, he removed to Houston county, and, after a residence there of 1-69

MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

three years, returned to Macon. During the war he again removed to Houston

county, where he passed the remainder of his life. In 1867 he established the

business now conducted by his son, L. F. Cater. His wife was Amelia Wimberly,

of Jones county, and she became the mother of thirteen children, of whom there

are living Catherine (Oliver), Alabama; F. S., merchant, of Macon; J. T-, Forsyth;

Ida A. (Rogers); Florence N. (Howard); Robert L., M. D., and L. F.,

i

merchant, all of Perry. The mother died in 1883, and the father survived her but

!

a few years. A land Christian gentleman, an active member of the M. E.

church, and the leader in the county of the prohibition movement, he deserved the

respect accorded him. Although a most thorough democrat, he was not an

aspirant for political honors. Lewis Franklin Cater was born in Houston county

Jan. 24, 1863. He has had the best of educational advantages, having attended

the A. & M. college, of Auburn, Ala., and Emory college, of Oxford, Ga., and the

business college of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. After his graduation he entered the

store of his father, which he has since conducted, and of which he is now the

proprietor. In August of 1889 he was united in marriage to Miss Helen Parks, a

daughter of Wilev S. Parks, of Dawson, Ga. To this marriage have been born

two children Frank and Helen, the former deceased. Mr. Cater, like his father,

is a stanch democrat Following the custom of many merchants in country towns,

Mr. Cater cultivates a plantation of some 1,200 acres. He is an active worker in the

M. E. church, of which he is a steward, and as a business man and citizen, is most

highly respected.

JOHN A. COFFEE, planter. Early in the history of America two brothers, surnamed Coffee, emigrated to this country from Ireland, and from them are
descended the large family of that name. Tradition has it that each of these brothers had one son, who became famous during the Indian wars, and rose to the military rank of general. One of these, Gen. John Coffee, was a native of Hancock county, Ga., but later of Telfair county. He was a man of prominence, and was a member of the national house of representatives at the time of his death. As an instance of the extreme slowness of the distribution of news which prevailed in that early date of Georgias history, is the fact that John Coffee was dead and
buried when his election for a second term as congressman was announced; indeed, he was dead before the ballots electing him were cast He married Miss Connelepy Bryan, who was a native of North Carolina. They reared John, Peter, Williams, Columbus, Jackson, Bryan, Sarah, and Susan. Of these there are living Jackson, in Florida, and Sarah, who married Gen. Mark Wilcox, and now resides in Dodge county, Ga. Peter Coffee, the father of John A., was born in 1813, in Hancock county, Ga. He was, however, reared on a plantation in Telfair county, and was the recipient of a common school education. At the death of his father he was in possession of some property, though the greater portion of his wealth was in slaves. He married Miss Susan Ann Rogers, a daughter of James A., of Telfair count}, who was an early settler, very prominent, and was a member of the legislature. To this union there were born John A., Joshua, Susan, Peter, Colum bus, Sarah, Penolape, Jackson and Baily; all save Baily are living. The mother
of these children died in 62, and Peter married a Miss Shelton, who, with three children resulting from this union, resides in Florida. The father was a man of fine influence in Telfair, having acted as one of the justices of the inferior court for years. He was a Methodist by profession of faith, a master Mason, and in politics was a democrat. He died in 18 . Maj. John A. Coffee was born April 26,1838, in Telfair county, and was there reared. When a young man he was possessed of small means, which he invested in a mercantile venture, which he con tinued until 1861, when he enlisted in a company known as the Telfair Volunteers, and was elected second lieutenant. This company became Company H, of the

HOUSTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

IO9I

Twentieth Georgia regiment In July, 1861, he was mustered into service at Richmond, Va., and fought in the Virginia army. He took part in numerous engagements, such as seven-days' fight at Richmond, second Manassas, Antietam,
Fredericksburg, Gettysburg and Chickamauga. At Fredericksburg, he was on Lee's right flank. On the night before the battle, December 13, he was the field
officer of the day, and when alarm of battle was given, was complimented by Gen. Bannings for his promptness. After the battle he was promoted to captain, and at Gettysburg was made major of the Twentieth Georgia regiment. He was
wounded in this battle by a rifle ball in the right leg, and was conveyed to the hospital, from which he was paroled and sent home. After his partial recovery he served with Maj. O. A. Bacon in the capacity of supervisor of the subsistence department. In 1864 the major married Miss Rebecca S. Daniell, a daughter of James Daniell, of Hawkinsville, Ga., and to that union there were born three children--Mrs. Dr. Slippy, of Twiggs county, sketch of whom appears elsewhere;
and George and Mrs. W. W. Lemon, of Hawkinsville. The mother of these died May 4, 1873. The major's second union was to Miss Nannie C. Brown, of Houston county, a daughter of Stephen and Man- C. To this union have been born Cornelia R. and Eugenic, educated at Shorter college, 'Rome, Ga.; John A., Jr.; Helen, and Ethel. For some years Maj. Coffee was a merchant of Hawkins ville, but in 1876 he removed to his plantation, where he has since resided. He cultivates 1,500 acres of land, and devotes much attention to stock-raising. He is a member of the' Methodist church and of the masonic fraternity.

JOE L. ELLIS, a native of Houston county and one of its leading citizens, was born Dec. 16, 1837. His parents were poor and he had little opportunity for
acquiring an education. His youth was spent in hard labor, but by honesty and perseverance he has risen to comfortable circumstances. He owns 1,800 acres of the finest land in Houston county. He-has had many misfortunes to contend with, one of which was the destruction of all his buildings by fire in 1888. But, as he had overcome other difficulties, so he arose above this misfortune, and thus justly merits his well-earned reputation as a progressive citizen and untiring worker. In 1862 Mr. Ellis enlisted in the Forty-fifth Georgia infantry and served until the
close of the war. He participated in the battles of the Wilderness, where he was seriously wounded. He was also at Chancellorsville, second Manassas, and in many minor engagements. Mr. Ellis married Miss Catherine Daniel, of Houston county, who was well known and highly respected. To this marriage have been born five children, four of whom are living--Dora, Mrs. Brown Pitts, of Florida; Stonewall; Mattie, and Mary. Together with these children.'Mr. and Mrs. Ellis are enjoying the competency he has acquired, and live happily in the esteem of a large circle of neighbors and acquaintances.

I M. GRAY.--The Hon. J. M. Gray was born in Crawford county, Ga., Feb. 11, * 1842. When but a boy he enlisted in the Confederate service as a member of Company C, Sixth Georgia volunteers, under Capt. Anderson. He participated in all the more important, engagements of the war in Virginia, Maryland and
Florida. On May 31, 1862, *he was wounded by a rifle ball in the lower left limb, and the flesh retains to-day the "leaden messenger." Near the close of the war he was captured at Bentonville, N. C., and confined at Johnson's island, Ohio, where he remained a prisoner until the surrender. In June of 1865 he returned
to Fort Valley, having for four years and one month battled bravely for the undying principles of the Confederacy. Upon his return he at once directed his attention to agriculture, beginning with no capital and on a very small scale. In 1872 he became engaged in the mercantile business, having previously been identified with railroad interests. The following year the present house of Gray

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

Bros. was formed, and their success lias been phenomenal. They now conduct the largest establishment between Macon and Americus. A member of the state legislature in 1882, he served on several committees, chief of which was the railroad commission, of which he was chairman. Since the expiration of his term
he has devoted his time and attention to farming and mercantile pursuits. Mr. Gray married a Miss Love, of Effingham county, Ga. To them was born but one child, Charles, who is a resident of Fort Valley. In 1867 the mother died. After a period a second marriage was solemnized, the lady, Mrs. Kelly, being a
native of Talbot county, Ga. But two children liave been born to this union, Annie, Mrs. Charles D. Hurt, Atlanta, and Belle, who resides with her parents. Mr. Gray is a thorough democrat, and for six years has done good service as chairman of the board of county school commissioners. He and his wife are members of the Baptist church. The Grays are of Scotch descent, the family being among the earliest settlers of what is now Wilkinson count}', then the abode of the red man. Peter Gray, the father of J. M. Gray, was born in the , abovi named county and when he was but a boy the family moved to Crawfonl county, locating on the Flint river. Here on his father's plantation Peter grew to manhood. The usual inheritance from Scotch ancestry, thrift and industry, gave him precedence, and many a rich planter in the early days of the present century entrusted to him their entire farming interests. He married Miss Winnifred. a daughter of one of Putnam county's earliest and foremost citizens. To this union three boys were bom: XVilliam C.. who was a member of Company C, Sixth Georgia regiment, who was wounded and died at Richmond; C. G., a sketch of whcm appears elsewhere: and Jefferson M., subject of this sketch. The father of these boys was a man of strong convictions, and did not hesitate to condemn
wrong under any circumstances. He was a devout Methodist and always jealous of his religious principles. He died in 1883, his wife having preceded him in 1879, and they lie buried in Fort Valley's beautiful cemetery.

QAPT. JOHN A. HOUSER was born in South Carolina on Aug. i, 1827, and ' was there reared. He acquired a collegiate education, having been graduated from the South Carolina Military academy in 1850. During the following year (18511 he located himself in Houston county, Ga., where he became a teacher in the schools of that county. In 1852 he engaged in farming and continued plying that vocation for some five years, when he engaged in mercantile pursuits in Perry, Ga. He immediately became identified with the interests of the com munity in which he dwelt, and the opening of the late war found him captain of a volunteer company which was of the Southern Rights guard. The individual wealth of Capt. Houser's company represented more than a million of dollars, and the equipment of the company was the finest obtainable. At the first call for volunteers this company was first to tender their services, a distinction of which they may well be proud. The company was detailed to Pensacola, Fla., and served there four months, then was transferred to northwest Virginia, under Gen. Stone-wall lackson. They were in many dangerous and perilous engagements and exploits, and acquitted themselves under Capt. Houser's leadership in & most creditable manner. Capt. Houser happily received no ivounds, though shot through the clothing upon one occasion. At the close of the war the captain returned to Fort Valley and began anew, and by enterprise, energy and judicious investment* he lias become not only wealthy in point of finance, but enjoys the esteem and respect of a wide circle of friends. He married in 1851 Miss Elizabeth A. Jones, a native of Charleston, S. C.. ami to them have been born the following children: Edward J.. deceased: Franklin C.: Julia J. Reese, of Thoniasville, Ga.;
Xertic L. (Mrs. A. B. Oeein. of Fort Vallev; IJ/zie Kate, deceased. Capt. Houser lias been a lifelong democrat and while not aspiring to political prom-

HOUSTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

1093

Inence he has been the mayor of Fort Valley for a number of years, and has done a vast amount of good for the little city. At present he is one of its largest property holders, and has a large amount of capital invested in other interests. Both the captain and his wife are members of the Methodist church. The Houser. family history may be briefly stated as follows: Andrew Houser, a native of
Germany, moved to America in 1739 and located in South Carolina, where he made for himself a most successful career, and this without capital or other
.advantages in commencement. During the revolution he was a brave and gallant patriot under Gen. Marion. He reared a family of seven children, of whom at the date of this writing (1894) there is but one living, and he, Peter M., is a venerable and esteemed resident of South Carolina. Andrew Houser lived to the advanced age of eighty-two. His success was due entirely to his own industry and thrift. David Houser, the son of Andrew, was born in 1798 in South Caro lina, in which state his entire career was passed. He was a man" of good education and superior mental poise and for a number of years represented his district in
the state legislature, and for more than forty years was secretary and treasurer of the local board of county commissioners. Both he and his wife were devoted
Christians and members of the Methodist church. His vocation was that of a planter. He married Miss Ann Louisa Felder. a member of an old and prom inent South Carolina family, and to them were born thirteen children, the names of whom are: David H.. Ann L., John A.. Caroline-, Madison, Felder. Andrew. William, Mary, Martha. Ellen, Lewis, and one not named. Of the above there is but one living. Capt. John A. The father of these died in 1876. and die mother
in 1863.

F)R. JOSEPH PALMER, ordinary of Houston county. Ga. The family of which this gentleman is a member was promulgated in America by one
Thomas Palmer, who emigrated to the colonies in 1685. He married Sarah Saunders and reared three sons, Thomas. John, and Peter. Of these John married Marianne Gendron. who was the daughter of John Gendron and Elizabeth Mazych, and granddaughter of Philip Gendron. a native of England. A son
of this marriage, John Palmer, married Mary Mayham, daughter of Col. Hezekiah Mayham, who was colonel of the second regiment of South Carolina cavalry during the war for independence. John Gendron Palmer, their son. was senior captaii: in the First regiment of South Carolina cavalry--McDonald's--during
the same war. He married Ann Cahnsac. This lady bore a son.Joseph. who upon arriving at maturity became connected by marriage with the famous Marion family of South Carolina, his wife being Elizabeth Porcher. a daughter of Benjamin,
eldest brother of Gen Francis Marion, of immortal revolutionary memory. This couple were the grandparents of Dr. Joseph Palmer of Perry, whose lather. John Gendron Palmer, married Catherine Couturier Marion, daughter of Francis Marion Dwight, the adopted son and gramlnephew of Gen. Francis Marion, whose
mother was Christiana Broughton, daughter of Gov. Broughton and grand daughter of Sir Nathaniel Johnson. Dr. Joseph Palmer was born July 10, 1835. in Pineville, S. C. He was reared in ami about Charleston, and was graduated
from the military academy of that city. Selecting medicine as his profession he took two courses of lectures in the South Carolina college and one course in the Jefferson Medical college in Philadelphia, and a hospital course in the Bellevue hospital of Xew York. He completed his medical studies in 1858 and immediately located in Perry. Houston Co., whore he has since resided, actively and success fully engaging in practice until his election to his present position in i8t)2. Dr.
Palmer, as a South Carolinian, oarlv became impatient of northern interference
with the south, and having had militarv training was one of the first to begin
active preparations for the conflict. In January, i86r. the Southern Rights

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guards, one of the volunteer companies of the state of which he was first lieutenant, offered their services to Gov. Brown under his call for twelve months troops and were mustered into service on March 18, 1861, at Macon, Ga. They were ordered to Pensacola, Fla., April i, 1861, when after six weeks' service they were ordered to Richmond, Va., and were assigned to Gen. Garnet's command and then sta tioned at Laurel Hill in northwest Virginia. After the defeat of Col. Pegram at Rich Mountain, Gen. Garnet was forced to retreat from his position at Laurel Hill. LiueL Palmer was placed in command of his army, which position he held on the whole retreat He was promoted adjutant of the regiment in December, 1861, holding his position until April, 1862, when the regiment was mustered out of service--its time having expired. LJpon returning home the majority of the company organized the Southern Rights battery, of which he was elected captain. With this batten,- he joined Bragg in his Kentucky campaign. At the battle of Perryville he was made major for gallant conduct. After Bragg's retreat from Kentucky he was assigned to Gen. Morgan's command in December, 1862, and went on the famous i,ooo-mile raid through Kentucky, in which they fought nine fights, paroled 4,000 prisoners, destroyed the railroad from Munfordsville, Ky.. to within seventeen miles of Louisville, and reaching McMinnville, Tenn., in
safety, after having traveled 1,000 miles in fifteen days. For gallantry at the battle of EKzabethtown, Gen. Morgan presented Dr. Palmer with a sword cap tured from Col. Smith, a Federal commanding officer. On the return of Morgan, Maj. Palmer was ordered by Gen. Bragg to organize the battalion of reserve artil lery, which position he held until the return of the army of Tennessee to North Carolina. He was the senior artillery officer of the army of Tennessee. After the battle of Bentonville he was ordered with his regiment to Danville, Va., to guard Gen. Lee's rear and supplies. After Leers surrender he held Danville till Gen. Johnston got his army out of Raleigh; then rejoined Gen. Johnston at Greens boro. X. C.. having had the honor of commanding the first and last rear guard of the Confederate army east of the Mississippi. Dr. Palmer first married in 1864, Miss Man.- Lewis, daughter of Curtis Lewis of Griffin, Ga. Seven children blessed that marriage: Curtis L.; John G.; Kate Marion, now Mrs. John F. Logan: Joseph: Frances Dwight; Mary L.: and Xat H. Only three children, Mrs. Logan, Joseph and Frank, survive their mother, who died in April, 1880. In 1887 Dr. Palmer married Miss Florence Hill, daughter of Judge J. A. Hill and Maria Holt. The children born to this union are Maria Holt, James Hill, Lila Legare. Ellison Capers and Florence Hill. Dr. Palmer is a Methodist, a Mason and a stanch, useful and faithful citizen of Houston for so long a period that he is revered as is. possibly, no other. His popularity is boundless and his friends
numberless.

A C. RILEY. A family of widely-scattered connections by inter-marriages, and " of no inconsiderable note throughout Georgia and the south, is that of Riley,
of Welsh-Dutch extraction, a branch of which was among the early settlers of Houston county. Ga. Alonzo Church Riley, judge of the county court, Perry, Houston Co., Ga.. son of George Samuel and Caroline Catharine (Wade) Riley, was born in Perry. May 17, 1856. His great-great-grandparents were Wm. and Man.- (Whetstone) Guisentine--she being of Welsh lineage. To them one child,
Marv. was born, who married John Goolsen.a Welshman. Tliev had one child, also named Mary, who married Jacob Riley, the grandfather of Judge A. C.
Riley, who liad the following brothers and sisters: John, George, Christian, Daniel, David. Xancy. and Mary. To Jacob and Mary (Goolsen) Riley nine children were born: John. Mary, Caroline Rebecca, Sarah, Frances. Cornelia, Jacob, Annie and George Samuel. John married a Miss Tison, who are not known to

HOUSTON COUNTY SKETCHES.

1095

have had any children; Mary married Absalom Marshall, by whom she had four children: Cornelius, Charles, Carrie and William; Caroline Rebecca married John C. Staley, and to them eight children were born: George, Wiliie, Irene, Edmund, John, Robert, Emma and Mary; Sarah married first Ezekiel Coney, by whom she had four children: Cornelia, Emma, Eva and Frank, and for her second husband she married Cornelius Boozman, by whom she had one son, John; Frances married Dr. W. XV. Hovis, of Perry, but they had no children; Jacob married Miss Elizabeth Brown, by whom he had three children: George, Brown and Winnie; Annie married Murdock Wilcox, and to them three children were born: Lewis, Mary and Thomas; George Samuel, the youngest child of Jacob and Mary (Goolsen) Riley, and Judge Riley's father, was born in Orangeburg district, S. C., March 7, 1829, where he received his preparatory education and then entered the university of Georgia, whence he was graduated with the first in the class of 1849. After his graduation he studied law, was admitted to the bar, located and entered upon the practice of law in Pern.- in 1852. In Jan uary, 1856, he was elected ordinary of Houston county, but his tenure of the office was brief, as he died on May 17 following. Judge Riley's father was married Dec. 10, 1850, to Miss Caroline Catharine, daughter of Rev. D. F. and Catharine E. (Treuitlen) Wade. To Mr. and Mrs. Wade three children were born: Caroline Catharine, born Jan. 16, 1828; Margaret Amanda, born Jan. 15. 1830, and John Daniel, born May 13, 1834. Rev. Daniel F. Wade died Feb. 8. 1858, aged about fifty-seven years. His widow died May 24, 1864. in the fifty-seventh year of her age. Judge Riley's grandfather on his mother's side was J. A. Treuitlen, the first gover nor of Georgia elected under the first constitution that was adopted in 1777. Gov. Treuitlen had been conspicuously active and daringly aggressive before and dur ing the revolutionary war. After the British regained Savannah he fell into the hands of the tories, who, it is related, murdered him and in the presence of his family chopped his body to pieces and then sent the pieces to their sympathizers. Judge Riley's parents had two children: Georgia Caroline, born Feb. 7, 1852, who was married to Edward Patterson. then of Eufalia, Ala., now of Gainesville, Ga.. and who is the mother of two girls: Marion, born March 19. 1877. and Carrie Elizabeth, born Sept. 12, 1882, and Alonzo Church Riley, the subject of this sketch. His mother and sister were graduated by Wesleyan Female college. Macon. and it is a coincidence that he mentions with justifiable pride that they graduated with the first honors of their classes. After the death of his father, which occurred when he was only eight months old. Judge Riley's mother went to her father's home in Macon county, Ga., and after remaining there two years removed to Fort Valley, where his boyhood days were passed until 1865, where he attended school and the academy of which Rev. T. B. Russell was principal, and his mother taught a private school, and assisted in the female seminary. In 1871 his mother went with her children to his uncle, John D. Wade, a physician at Winchester, Macon Co., who soon afterward was burned out. and both families lost nearly all they possessed. Having prepared himself. Judge Riley entered the university of Georgia, from which he was graduated in 1877; during his college course he received the senior medal for the best debater in the Demosthenian society, and graduated with the degree of A. B. After his graduation he taught school first in Hayneville, Houston Co., then in Alabama. Returning to Hayneville he taught about six months, then went to his L'ncle John Wade's and boarded, while he read law under Judge Samuel Hale while he was spending his summer at Fort Valley, walking to Fort Valley twice a week. He was afterward admitted to the bar at Crawford superior court. Judge Charles F. Crisp, now speaker of the United States house of representatives, and at once, without a dollar, com menced the practice at Fort Valley. In 1882 he was elected mayor of the city.

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MEMOIRS OF GEORGIA.

served one term, then went to Macon. but after an experience of eighteen months moved back to Fort Valley. He was again elected mayor, but resigned to accept the appointment of county judge, tendered him by Gov. Gordon, for the unexpired term of Judge A. L. Miller, who had been appointed judge of the superior court. On the expiration of his term he was reappointed by Gov. Morthen, and is now acceptably discharging the duties of the office. Since his appointment he has made his home in Perry. Judge Riley was married Jan. 19, 1881, to Miss Lula A. Frederick, of Marshallville, an old schoolmate, and to them these children have been born: Alice Tomlinson, born Nov. 16, 1881, died Jan. 31, 1882; Carrie Elise, born April 28, 1883; Alonzo Church, Jr., born June 28, 1885; Eugenia, born Dec. 20, 1887; Frederick Treuitlen, born Feb. 28, 1889: Gladys, born Jan. 11, i8c)i. and Howard Wade, born June 10. 1893.

CZEKIEL H. WIMBERLY. John Wimberly, the grandfather of the gentle man .whose name heads this sketch, was a native of Virginia, and in manhood
emigrated to North Carolina, where he died at the age of seventy-five. His chil dren, all of whom became prominent men, were: Abner, Ezekiel, Perry, Lewis, John, William, Fred, James and Henry, and one daughter, Clorie, who married Mr. Watson, of South Carolina. Henry, the ninth son, father of Ezekiel H., was born in Xorth Carolina in 1800. When a youth he moved to Bibb county, Ga., and became a planter of moderate means, and married Xancy O. Childers, of Washington count}-, Ga., formerly of North Carolina. He became the father of eight children, of whom there are now living: Ezekiel H., Sarah, widow of Ben jamin A. Hudson, and Martha, wife of Richard R. Williams. He became a resi dent of Houston county in 1828, was a whig in politics, and was ready at all times to defend his principles in a solidly democratic community. His death occurred in 1840 and that of his wife in 1866. He was among the most substantial citizens of his county and a man of wide popularity. Ezekiel H. was born in Bibb county, Ga., Aug. 20, 1824. Soon after his birth the family moved to Houston count}-, where he was reared and received such education as was obtainable in the old-fashioned log school houses of that day, with their uncomfortable benches and high platforms and cast-iron rules. Feb. 12, 1845, he married Mary E., daughter of James Pope, and to them were born five children: Henry, James, John, Mattie and Mary. The mother of these children died June 9, 1858. During the war he was assigned the most difficult and dangerous task of conveying supplies to the army. His son Henry enlisted in the Confederate service when but sixteen years of age, and was a member of the Southern Rights guards. He died at the hospital in Madison, Ga., in 1864. The present wife of Mr. Wimberly was Miss Lucy E., daughter of Rev. Y. F. Tignen, of south Georgia conference, to whom he was married April 26, 1860. She is the mother of five children: Fletcher, Lee, William, Oliver and Ezekiel H., Jr. Only two are living--Lee, wife of J. F. Coney, Hawkinsville, Ga,, and Ezekiel H., Jr., a promising young man at home, farming and merchandising at Hayneville, Ga. He promises a bright future. The above presents a brief history of one of Houston's very best families. Ezekiel H., the present worthy representative, and familiarly known as "Uncle Zeke," lives in a country home, typical of ante-bellum days, where the latch string is always out, and where good cheer prevails to an extent truly grateful in these
modern times. His plantation consists of 800 acres of land, which, under the supervision of himself, are made to yield the most abundant harvest. Mr. Wim- berly possesses in a flattering degree the respect of a large circle of friends whom he delights to entertain with the hospitality of a southern gentleman of the old school.