LIBERTY HALL:
The Former Home of Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederate States of America, QrawfordyiHe, Qa-

Georgia's Landmarks, Memorials and Legends
COMPLETE IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME II
(ILLUSTRATED)
BY
LUCIAN LAMAR KNIGHT
COMPILER OF THE STATE RECORDS OF GEORGIA
EDITION DE LUXE FOR PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION
THE BYRD PRINTING COMPANY
STATE PRINTERS
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 1914

Copyright, 1914 LUCIAN LAMAK KNIGHT

DEDICATED
TO
FRANCES AND MARY
WHOM I HAVE LOVED SINCE THE EARLIEST DATS OF OHADLBDOMJ
AND TO
CI.ARA CORINNE KNIGHT,
AN EDUCATOR OF GEORGIA'S BOYS AND GIKLSJ FOR TWENTY-FOUR YEARS A TEACHER IN ATLANTA'S PUBLIC SCHOOTjS; A DAUGHTER OF THE AMERICAN REVO LUTION AND A DAUGHTER OF THE CONFEDERACY; BUT FIRST OF ALL AND BEST OF ALL^A MOTHER, "WHOSE BEAUTIFUL CHARACTER, THE SUM OF ALL EXCELL ENCE IN WOMANHOOD, HAS KEPT ME TRUE TO ALL TRUTH AND TENDER TO ALL WOMANKIND, WHOSE SHELTERING ARMS WERE MY FIRST HAVEN OF REFUGE AND WHOSE WATCHFUL EYES WERE MY CHILDHOOD'S MORNING STARS.

PREFACE
To a generous public, whose favor lias been most indulgent, thiis concluding volume of GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIAI-S, AND 'LEGENDS is presented in the hope that its gathered lore will he graciously and kindly received. This expectation is naturally excited by the somewhat wide patronage accorded to the first volume. There is not a public library of any magnitude in any State of the Union upon whose shelves this work has not be.en placed, a fact partially explained by the unique prestige which belongs to Georgia as one of the original thirteen States of the Union and as the youngest of the English Colonies in North America.
Only a few words of explanation in presenting this volume. The apparent inequalities between the different sections of the State, with respect to materials possessing historic value, are due largely to the fact that some localities are much older than others and have been much more actively and vitally concerned in the making of history. There has also been a difference in the degree of co-operative encouragement extended to the author. Some to whom the writer has looked for help have eagerly embraced an opportunity for assisting in the preserva tion of Georgia's records; but others, for what have doubtless seemed to them good reasons, have been strangely indifferent. Such has ever been the way of the world; and many who are slow to help are prompt to criticize. But we need not find fault. It is only natural that we should take a delight in doing wha,t we can do best. To the patriotic women of our State, the author wishes to renew his expressions of gratitude for assistance most graciously and freely given. Their kindness has been a cruse of oil, which through seasons of drought, has never failed. Else where in this work specific acknowledgments are made to these gentle contributors.
The reader's attention is specially directed to the elaborate index which this volume contains, an index which embraces both volumes of the set, traversing the whole history of the State, since the time of Oglethorpe, and aggregating nearly 20,000 names. Historical research has heretofore been greatly handi capped by a lack of good indexes. In fact, most of our earlier histories are wholly without this important aid to investigation. Much time and labor have been spent in the preparation of this feature. To ascertain whether an ancestor is represented in

vt

PREFACE

this work tlie reader needs only to consult the index, in "which, a thorough analysis of the work is presented in an alphabetical scheme of arrangement. Special attention is also called to the numerous inscriptions grouped together in the section on "Historic Churchyards and Burial-Grounds"; to the somewhat extended list of early settlers who served either as town commis sioners or as academy trustees; and to the monograph entitled '' Under the Code Duello.'' Most of the information herein set forth has been derived at first hand from personal visits to various parts of the State and from direct and immediate access to official records. Quite a number of rare Indian Legends have been dug out of old reports in the Library of Congress; and some of these, because of the novelty which attaches to them, will be read with much interest.
Intervals of leisure, extending over a period of five years, have been occupied in gathering the materials for this work and in putting them, into permanent literary form. Professional engagements have not been, seriously disturbed, nor the routine of official labors interrupted. The writer has accomplished his task by making the field of Georgia history his playground. He tws given to it his early morning- hours, frequently beginning "his" day's work at dawn and outlining a full chapter before breakfast. The other end of the day has always found him taxed' to 'exhaustion and ready for sleep. He has burned no midnight oil.
. Infallibility is not vouchsafed to mortals. Exact Truth, if the hope, is also the despair of historians.- To 110 one are the shortcomings of this work in ore painfully apparent than to the Author'himself. Mindful of his human frailties and limitations, he,has'Sought only to render conscientious and. faithful service to Ms State. THIs has ever been his endeavor. He will be satis fied if Georgia's benediction rests upon his labors; happier sti'll'if, when his day's work is done, he can fall asleep in the cla:'sp of liei* violets around him the ashes of his loved ones and' over him an epitaph, like this: "Here lies one who gave ft is" peri to Georgia's memories, whose ambition was to brighten the names on her fading records and to deepen the epitaphs on Tier mouldering monuments, wrhose richest recompense of reward wa.s' found in the all-sufficient joy of service, and who coveted iiaxight 'within the gift of the old mother State, save the privilege of loving every foot of her soil and every page of her history/ 7

..-"., i >:; , : -. - ;..

LiTiciAisr LAMAK KNIGHT.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION I.

UNDER THE CODE DTJEI,LO_ ______ "_^_____^-,______^___.. ________ 1-48

SECTION II.

LANDMARKS ANT> MEMORIALS---- -.,,,,______________._____-_____- 51-271

CHAPTER I__ _ _ __ _ . _ ._Hernando DeSoto: Memorials of his March

Through Georgia in 1540_____________ 51-52

CHAPTER 1I_ _______ _"Hoine, Sweet Home:" John Howard Payiie's

Georgia, Sweetheart and Imprisonment- 62-71

CITAFTEB HI ________Lost for 114: Years: the Mystery of General

Greene's Place of Entombment _______ 71-89

CHAPTER IV _ , _ _ __ __ .Georgia's Great Seals. _ _____ ., ____________ 89-99

CHAPTER V __________ Georgia Issues the First Patent for a Steam

boat __________._ __________________ 99-102

CHAPTER VI_ _______ .President Washington's Georgia Visit: the

Diary of his Trip ___________________ 102-100

CHAPTER VIT,_._-

General Elijah Clarke's Trans-Oconee Re

public. _ ________.--------______-__..__ 106-115

CHAPTER VIII--- _ _ - _ .Famuli at Goliad: Story of the Brutal Mass

acre of 1836 _________________________ 115-121

CHAPTER lX_-_-____ William H. Seward: a, Georgia School Mas-

tor _________________________________ 121-131

CHAPTER X__---_____ Crawford W. Long: The Discoverer of Anes

thesia. ________________ ______________ 131-13S

CHAPTER XI _________ John Clark: His Grave Overlooking St.

Andrew's Bay_______.. .._____^_______ 138-142

CHAPTER XII_ _ _ __ __-Liberty Hall: The Historic Home of Mr,

Stephens _______ ____________________ 142 154

CHAITEH XIII- _ _ _ ___The Last Order of the Confederate Govern

ment ____ ___________________________ 154-156

CHAPTER XIV- _______ Memorial Day : its True History. _________ 156-167

CHAPTER XV_____ __.Thomas Holley Chivers: an Eratic Genius__ 167-170

CHAPTER XVI___ - _ __ .Georgia's First Governor: His Mysterious

Death. ______________ ___^____________ 170-172

CHAPTER XVII-__ _ - ..Two Pioneer Baptists: the Story of the Mer

cers_________^__- _---.______-____-_ 172-179

CHAPTER XVlII______Ebenezer: the Story of the Salzburgers..____ 179-198

CHAPTER X.IX_..__ . _ ..Sunbury: an Extinct Metropolis..--^------ 193-198

CHAPTER XX- _____ _ _Fort Morris: The Last to Lower the Colonial

Flag.__--__-_-______________--..____ 198-202

CHAPTER XXI______ _New Inverness: The Story of the Scotch

Highlanders___________,_________..,,_ 202-207

YIII

TABLE OF CONTEXTS

CHAPTER XX11_____ __The Acadians in Georgia _______ _.. ,._-___ 207-211 CHAPTER XXIII___._-The Moravians in Georgia. ______________ 211-215 CHAPTER XX1V_ _ ___ _Itoswell: The Home of Mr. Roosevelt's
Mother____ -,,_---___________---_-__.. 215-222 CHAPTER XXV _ _ _ _ _ _ _Dr. Francis R. Goulding: The Author of "The
Young Marooners"_____________,__'_ 222-225 CHAPTER XXVI------Who Invented the Sewing-Machine? __..-__ 225-228 CHAPTER XXVII__ __"The Savannah": Her Maiden Trip Across
the Atlantic in 1S19_ _______ ____ __ 228-231 CHAPTER XXVIII_ _ __How the "General" was Captured: The
Story of the Famous Andrews' Raid. _ _ _ 231-235 CHAPTER XXIX ____ How Mr. Brvan >Sccured his Nomination in
1896_ _ _ _~_ __________________ ^ ------- 235-239 CHAPTER XXX__ _ _ _ _ _The Wren's Nest: its Memories of Joel Chan
dler Harris ____.___________.___._ 239-245 CHAPTER XXXI__ _ __ _Stone Mountain: a Monolith of Prehistoric
Times________ ____________ . _-___-.___ 245-252 CHAPTER XXXII _____ The Old Field School. _ __________________ 252-263 CHAPTER XXXIII. __-Georgia's Early Masonic History: an Im
portant Volume Discovered J _____-.___ 263-269 CHAPTER XXXIV _ _ _ _ Mrs. Wilson Comes Home _______ _ _____.. 269-271
SECTION 111.
HISTORIC CHURCH-YARDS ANT> BURIAL-GROUNDS. ________--_-._-_ 275-438 Colonial f'ark. Savannah- _-_.._-,,,_______________,,-_____ 275-286 Bonavcnture, Savannah___________________________________ 286-299 Laurel Grove, Savannah. ____ _.. _,_____________^___,-__-____ 299--311 Catholic Cemetery, Savannah__ _ _________ ____ _____-___ 311-311 Old Jewish Burial Ground, Savannah. _ -___.. __,,____.-----____ 311-312 St. Paul's, Augusta_ _____.______________,,..-_____ _._ _,,..___ 312-317 SummerviUe, Augusta. __.__________-_____________^___,___ 317-323 Arsenal, Augusta______________-..----_--_________.__--.-__ 323-325 City Cemetery, Augusta. _________________________________ 325-338 Old Midway, Liberty County_ _________-___________^___-____ 338-344 Old Cemetery, Louisville_ ____-__,,___----__________----._._ 344-346 New Cemeter^^, Louisville._________-----__________^_-.-._._ 346-348 Town Cemetery, Milledgeville - _____--._--__________--_-.___ 347-352 Rest Haven, Washington.__________-____...,__________-,___ 352-354 Smyrna Church-Yard, near Washington.,,-____________-_____ 354--356 Presbyterian Cemetery, Lexington-__,,-.-__________--.--_--_ 356-357 Town Cemetery, Greensboro________...__-.__________--.-----_ 357--362 Oconee Cemetery, Athens___ ______________________________ 362-372 Town Cemetery, Sparta _________ .._____-._____,,,,.__.---____ 372-375 Alta Vista Cemetery, Gainesville _______-________,,_----...-_ 375-378 Town Cemetery, Forsyth_,,______,,_-_---________--.----__"_- 378--381
Rose Hill, Macon ___________________ ,,_______..___---____ 381-391 Oak Hill, Griffin.__,,_______________----._______--.-----_-- 391-394 Oak Grove, Americus____________..____.__.____,__-----___ 394-395

XABLE OF CONTENTS

IX

Town Cemetery, Oxford _________________________________ 395-397

Linnwood, Columbus__ - ____.___._

397-404

Town Cemetery, r>ecatur__-____---_--__--__-_---_-_-______ 404-407

Confederate Cemetery, Marietta ___________________________ 407-410

Town Cemetery, Cartersville_ _____________________________ 410-414

Myrtle Hill, Rome. _______________ ____ _________________ 414-417

Oakland, Atlanta- _________________________...._..._.__.. 417-428

Westview, Atlanta. __- ___--_._ 428-432

Town Cemetery, Greenville_ ______________________________ 432-435

Oak Hill, Newnan_____.___ __........ ___________________ 435-438

SECTION IV.
MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE INDIANS. _____ _____ _ . .._.__._...______ 441-480 I---__-------_The Legend of Nacoochee_ _ _ -. _ _____________ 441-442 II__._________ _The Legend of Hiawassce_______ _________.._..__._ 442 445 III----------_The Legend of the Chorokee Rose_ ________..---_ 445-446 IV__ _ ________The Legend of Lover's Leap_ _________ .--___-__ 446-449 V____________The Legend of Sweetwater Branch-____________ 449-450 VII__-__----.._Yahula__-_ __________________________________ 450-452 VIII________The Ustutli_______________________ ________ 452-454 IX_ ________ _ _ Agan-Unitsi's Search for the Uktena_ _ __________ 454-457 X. _________ ._ _The Enchanted Mountain _____________________ 457-460 XI ___________ The Burnt Village: a Tale of Indian Wars _______ 460-464 XII___.______Tho Enchanted Island_ _______________________ 464-467 XIII ________ _Tamar Escapes from the Indians. ______________ 467^68 XII _ _____ __-_-_DeSoto and the Indian Widow. _ _______________ 468^71 XIV_-..-_-___The Man who Married the Thunderer's Sister__ 471-474 XV__-------A Tragedy of the Swamp_____________________ 474-478 XVI __________ Queen Elancydyne_ ___________________________ 478-480

SECTION V.
TALES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY CAMP-]?IRES_ _________________ __ 484 521 I__ ___________ Gunpowder for Bunker Hill_ __________________ 484-^185 II-______.. ____ Georgia Commissions the First Warship _________ 484 486 III_ _________ _The Arrest of Governor Wright. _______________ 486-488 IV___________The Adventures of Robert Sallatte _____________ 484-491 V____________The Tories: Georgia's Reign of Terror_________ __ 491-500 VI___________McIntosh at Fort Morris:"Come and Take it"___ 500-503 VII _ ________ -How Savannah was Captured. _____ ____________ 503 504 VIII __....---Elijah Clarke: The Bedford Forrest of the Revolution ______________________________ 504-509 IX. ___...... .The Story of Austin Dabney__________________ 509-512 X_________-._The Siege of Augusta. ________________________ 512-516
.XI___________St. John's Parish_____________________________ 616-518

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

XII _____-_,,_ _Col. Jolin White : Hero of the Great Ogeechee _ _ 518-520 A Revolutionary Puzzlc__-^_______-___- ___-.__ 520-521 Sergeant Jasper and Count Pulaski see Savannah's Revolutionary Monuments, Vol. I.
SECTION VI.
GEORGIA MISCELLANIES. _ ___.____,,_____.._._____----____-----_.... 525-551
SECTION VII. HISTORIC COUNTY SKATS, CHIEF Towxs, AND NOTED LOCALITIES. 556-1054

ERRATA;
Page 558 Read Major Stephen F. Miller instead of Major Stephen H. Miller.
Page 614 Read Jacob Weed instead of Jacob Webb.

ILLUSTRATIONS
Liberty Hall__ _ ____________________________________ _ .Frontispiece. James Jackson: Famous for his Exposure of the Yazoo
Fraud and for his Frequent Meetings on the Field of Honor___________________________________________Facing Page 8 The Vann House, at Spring Place, Ga., Where John How ard Payne was Imprisoned in 1836_ - _____________ _ .-Facing Page 62 John Ross: Chief of the Cherokee Nation________ ______ __ Facing Page 68 The Greene Monument, Savannah, Ga_ ___ ______________Facing Page 72 Bronze Tablet on the Greene Monument ________________ Facing Page 86 Bulloch Hall: The Old Home of Ex-President Roosevelt's Mother, at Roswell, Ga____ ________________ _______Facing Page 218 The Wren's Nest: Where the Famous "Uncle Remus Stories" "were Written by Joel Chandler Harris, in West End, Atlanta, Ga_ ____________________ ______Facing Page 240 Stone Mountain: The Greatest Solid Mass of Exposed Rock in the World_____._________________________ _Facing Page 246 Myrtle Hill: The Last Resting Place of Mrs. Woodrow Wilson___ _____________ ______________.__________Facing Page 270 Bonaventure Cemetery: A Scene in Savannah's Historic Burial Ground, Showing the Long Pendant Mosses__ .Facing Page 286 Horizontal Slab Over the Tomb of Commodore Oliver Bowen, St. Paul's ChurchYard, Augusta, Ga________Facing Page 314 Old Midway Church and Burial-Ground, Liberty County Ga_ __________________________________________ _ .Facing Page 338 Historic Tombs in the Old Church-Yard at Midway _ _ _ _ _ _ -Facing Page 342 Historic Tombs at West vie w, Atlanta, Ga _______________ Facing Page 430 The Varner House: Where Gen Mclntosh Signed his Death Warrant in the Famous Treaty at Indian Springs___________________________ _____________Facing Pace Dr. Crawford W. Long's Old Home, at Athens, Ga____ ___Facing Page Boyhood's Home of Henry W. Grady, at Athens, Ga______Facing Page Joseph Rucker: Planter and Financier who Stamped his Impress upon Ante-Bellum Georgia__ ______________Facing Page 714 Home of Joseph Rucker, at Old Ruckersville, Ga_________Facing Page 71S The Burns Memorial Cottage, Atlanta, Ga_____________.Facing Page 762 Burning the Yazoo Act______ ____ ______________ ......Facing Page 800 Gov. Troup's Old Home: Remains of the Valdosta Man sion, in Laureiis County, Showing the Sand Stone Chimney, in the Midst of a Deserted Ruin.. _________ .Facing Page 830 Tomb of Gov. George M. Troup, on the Rosemont Plant ation, in Montgomery County, Ga. . ______________ -Facing Page 890 Two Interesting Views of Roscrnont_ _ ________________ _ .Facing Page 892 Sequoya: Inventor of the Cherokee Alphabet. ______ _____Facing Page 900 The Cradle of Emory College; Home of the Late Col W. W. Clark, Covington, Ga., Including Part of the old Manual School Established by Dr. Olin___________ .-Facing Page 912 Overseer's Cabin, on the Mitchell Place, in Wheeler Co. Where Gov. George M. Troup Breathed his Last______Facing Page 1030 Mount Pleasant: The Old Home of the Talbots, near Washington, Ga _______________________________ .Facing Page 1050

SECTION I Under the code Duello.

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
SECTION 1
Under the Code Duello
What is known as the Code Duello is supposed to Have originated in the judicial combats of the Celtic nations. Trial by battle or wager of battle represented a crude form of justice to which the Lombards began to resort as early as the year 659 of the Christian era and "which, subsequent to the battle of Hastings, in 1066, was intro duced into England by AVilliam the Conqueror. But the general practice of duelling to settle affairs of honor be tween gentlemen may be said to have commenced in 1527, when Francis I, of France, issued a challenge to Charles V, of Germany, directing him to name his own time and place and to make his own choice of weapons with which to fight.
The affair seems to have grown out of an abrogated treaty, in consequence of which the German Emperor sent a curt message to King Francis, through the latter's her ald, declaring him to be not only a base violator of public faith but a stranger to the honor becoming a gentleman.* Incensed at this message, which he considered a wanton insult, the impetuous French sovereign instantly sent

2

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

back the bearer with a cartel of defiance, in which he gave the lie to Emperor Charles and incidentally, by way of royal precedent, laid the foundations for the mod ern duel. Equally high-spirited, Charles V promptly accepted the challenge of the French King; but, during the correspondence which ensued, there arose complica tions of an international character, and after exchanging several messages in "which German expletives weTe "well matched with French epithets, the idea of meeting each other in mortal encounter was finally abandoned.
Nevertheless, the spectacle of a quarrel between two of the most illustrious potentates of Christendom, on a mooted question of honor, attracted too much attention find carried too great a weight of authority to be without its effect upon the chivalry of Europe ; and, from this time on, the practice of duelling, especially at the royal courts, in the university towns, and among officers of the army, became prevalent. During a period of eighteen years, under the reign of Henry IV, it is said that 4,000 lives were sacrificed on the Field of Honor.
France became the chief patron of the Code; but the mania for duelling swept the civilized world like a besom of fire, involving, on both sides of the "water, men of the highest political and social distinction. Its effect was most tellingly felt upon Democratic America, where it struck deep root and began to spread like the deadly Upas. Formerly, duels were fought under judicial ap pointment; but the precedent set by Francis I, of France, caused impetuous Hotspurs instantly to adopt this method of redress for private wrongs, without the intervention of the courts; and thus, until public sentiment began to insist upon a return to saner measures, the duel be came 'One of the established institutions of society, among
men of Caucasian blood.

Georgia was one of the first States of the Union to find the duel an effective instrument for the adjustment of differences between gentlemen; and likewise one of

UNOEK THE CODE DUELLO

3

the last States to abandon a custom, perhaps, more hon ored in the breeeh than in the observance. At a time when party strife was most intense and bitter, it was an almost daily occurrence for men to cross swords or to exchange shots in personal encounters, but everything was done according to prescribed form and with punc tilious regard for the Code of Honor. There was scarcely a public man in Georgia who was not credited with at least one duel, fought usually in the earlier stages of his career. If one refused to fight when challenged by a gentleman he was at once posted; and such an open dis grace meant social ostracism. Political honors were not awarded to cowards nor to those who, weighed in the balances of an imperious custom, were found wanting in courage; and, for upwards of a hundred years, the public life of this State was ruled with a rod of iron by that grim arbiter of destinies : the Code Duello.
For the paramount sway of the duelling-pistol in a State like Georgia there were sound reasons. To begin with, the partisanship of the Kevolution entailed upon us a host of feudal animosities. It also engendered the military spirit, to which life on the frontier gave con stant exercise, through the ever present dread of an Indian outbreak. Children at play revelled in the use of toy weapons, with which they stormed, imaginary forts and citadels. The long protracted warfare between Clark and Crawf ord, at a later period, divided the State into two hostile camps, in consequence of which there were personal wrangles and disputes without number.
Scores of the best families of our State traced de scent from the nobility of England; and there was in grained in the very nature of the average Georgian an inherent love of personal encounter, as old as the tilt-yards of the Norman Conqueror. While the main body of our population was of English origin, there was an intermingling of two other strains in which the duel found a congenial soil: the Scotch-Irish, grim and silent, tenacious of personal opinion, untatight to yield an inch

4:

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS., MEMOKTAT.S AND LiMiiNDS

of ground; and the French Huguenot, fiery and impulsive, full of the military spirit, and prone, without thought of consequences, to seek the bubble, Eeputatioii, at the can non's mouth. ISTor is it strange that in a State which knew nothing of the austere Puritan there should have flourished an institution reflecting the love of swords manship, the relish for adventure, and the contempt of personal danger, which, from time immemorial, have been peculiar to the English Cavalier.

Gwinnett and The earliest duel of which there is any

Mclntosh.

mention in the records of Georgia was the

fatal encounter which occurred, on May

15, 1777, betwT eeii Button Gwiimett and Jjachlan Mcln

tosh.* It "was just after the adoption of our first State

Constitution and wdien the State was in the midst of

preparations for an expected invasion by the1 British.

Both combatants were zealous Whigs and men of the

highest distinction in public affairs. Biittoii Gwinnett

had been one of the revered trio of patriots to sign the

immortal scroll of independence on behalf of Georgia and

had subsequently administered the affairs of the1 Province

as President of the Executive Council. Lachlan McTntosh

was at this time the commanding 'officer of Georgia's first

battalion of State troops and was destined to attain high

rank as a soldier under Washington. The misunder

standing between the two men grew out of a heated con

troversy in which they were both rivals for the same

office: that of commandant of the new battalion lately or

ganized in Georgia for service in the Continental Army.

Mclntosh was the successful candidate. ."Later, on

the death of Archibald Bulloch, who was then President

of the Executive Council, Gwinnett succeeded to the

helm of civil affairs in Georgia; and, while acting in

this capacity, he planned an expedition against St. Au-

*Jones: History of Georgia, Vol. 2, p. 270; McCall: History of Georgia, Vol. 2, pp. 331-335, reprint.

UNDER THE CODE DUELLO

5

gustine, which lie expected to command in person, ignor ing General Mclntosh. At the same time, in various other ways, he evinced his hostility toward his former rival and sought to magnify the civil at the expense of the military department of the State government.
Cut the projected advance on St. Augustine failed to materialize. Moreover, in the first election for Governor by the State Legislature, held on May 8, 1777, G-winnett, an avowed candidate for the office, was defeated by John Adam Treutlen, who, by virtue of his election at this time, became the first Governor of Georgia "under the Constitution.
G'winuott was naturally chagrined at his defeat. On the other hand, Mclntosh "was elated; and, with the bluntness 'of the Scotch Highlander lie not only expressed his gratification at the result but went so far as to denounce Gwinnctt as a scoundrel, in the presence of the Execu tive Council. This open insult was more than the im perious nature of Gwimiett could endure and, chafing already under his disappointment, he at once challenged Mclntosh to mortal combat.
Preliminaries were arranged and at day-break next morning they met on the outskirts of Savannah. At a distance of only twelve feet apart, they exchanged pistol shots and both fell to the ground. It was discovered on examination that each was wounded in the thigh. Mc lntosh recovered. But Gwmnett's wound proved fatal; and, after Jing'ering" in great pain for twelve days, he ex pired: the first known victim in Georgia to the Code of Honor.

Excitement in Georgia ran higii. As a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, Gwimiett was much revered by the people, notwithstanding his impetuosity of tem per. Dr. Lynian Hall, a former colleague in Congress, Avho signed the scroll of independence with Gwinnett, broug'ht the matter before the Legislature and: accused

6

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

tlie judicial officers of criminal neglect in not ordering Macintosh's arrest. At this critical moment, Mclntosh, of his own accord, surrendered himself to the civil au
thorities. But the Gwinnett faction was not appeased. In the
face of a common enemy, Georgia was threatened with a serious division in her ranks. To avoid a rupture of the State, at a time when the cause of liberty called for a solid phalanx, Colonel George Wilton, of Georgia, and Colonel Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, both members of Congress, acting as friends of Mclntosh, obtained for him a command in the Northern Department; and thus an embarrassing situation was relieved. With his trans fer to the Northern Department, Mclntosh gradually rose to high rank and won by his gallantry the personal friendship and esteem of AVashington.
Ijater he returned to Georgia in time to participate in the defence of Savannah. There was no longer any feeling of animosity toward him and at the close of the Revolution he re-established his home in Savannah, where he was made President of the Georgia Society of the Cincinnati. Gwinnett was an Englishman who came to Georgia only four years prior to the Revolution. He purchased St. Catharine's Island and became an exten sive planter of rice and indigo. His home was just oppo site the old town of Sunhury, in the Parish of St. John.

Duel on Horse- Two of the most distinguished officers Back Prevented. in command of Georgia's State troops
during the Revolution were Colonel John Baker and Major John Jones, both of whom were devoted patriots. But they came near shedding each other's blood in a most spectacular fashion, while await ing an expected encounter with the British soon after the fall of Savannah. As the result of a misinterpreta tion of orders they quarreled; and, one thing bringing on another, they agreed to settle the issue between them by

UNDER THE CODE DUELJ..O

7

fighting a duel on horse-back. Accordingly they repaired to a grove, near old Midway church, somewhat back from the travelled highway; but, when the hour for combat arrived, an officer whose uniform told that he was a Brigadier-Gen oral suddenly appeared upon the scene of
action.
It was General James Screven. Only a few moments before while seated in camp, a courier had brought him word of the affair; and, putting spurs to his horse, he dashed like a bolt of lightning through the forest. Breath less with excitement, he arrived just in time; for the two men "were already facing each other with deadly in tent. Lifting his hand as he drew rein, he commanded them to desist; and then pleading the country's sore need he reminded the combatants that it w-as no time for brother officers to be seeking each other's life, when the
cause of liberty was imperiled. High-spirited though both men "were, they yielded to
the importunities of General Screven, realizing the force of his argument. The spirit of patriotism prevailed over the mere desire for personal redress; and, shaking hands on the field of honor, the would-be duellists agreed to bury their quarrel there on the spot and to reserve their fire for the British Bed-Coats, who were already beginning to swarm over Georgia like a plag'ue of locusts. But strange are the ways of fate. Within a few months, General Screven was shot from ambush near this same place, while engaged in reconnoitering'.

Gov. Jackson Old Governor James Jackson illustrious As a Duellist. in the annals of Georgia for his crusade
of fire against the Yazoo conspirators was the most inveterate duellist of his day. He was con stantly on the war-path. Growing" out of the spectacu lar part played by him in causing the famous Yazoo Act of 1795 to be rescinded, he was drawn at frequent inter vals into affairs of honor, from few of which he escaped

8

GEORGIA ''s JJATXTDMARKS, M/K MORTALS AND TJEGE:N"DS

without loss of blood. For at least ten years, his life was literally a round of duels.
"When the Tazoo measure became a law in 1795, the old Governor was then serving his first term in the United States Senate. Incensed at what he considered the trickery by "which this legislation, was accomplished, he relinquished his toga of office and took his seat in the Legislature of Georgia as a member from Chatham. Tim infamous measure in question convoyed to four separate and distinct land companies the whole of Georgia's west ern domain, in return for -which the State was to be compensated in the sum of $500,000, or at the rate of one and a half cents per acre, for thirty-live million acres of land. Such a transaction was regarded by the old Gov ernor as a blot upon Georgia's escutcheon, and with im passioned eloquence he sought to erase this iniquitous measure from the statute books. He accomplished his ymrpose. The Legislature of 1796 rescinded the obnox ious Act; and on the State House Square, in the solemn presence of the General Assembly, every record pertain ing" to the transaction was burned, with impressive cere monies. It was on tliis occasion that Governor Jackson, by means of a sun-glass, called down the fire of heaven. Thus was Georgia's honor redeemed.
T>ut the old Governor reaped a harvest of feudal en mities. TTis duelling-pistols were rarely ever cool. .But so violent 'was the Jacksonian temper, that he did not always wait upon the tardy formalities of the Code. Oc casions arose when he demanded satisfaction instanter. Writing to John Mil ledge, in a letter dated Savannah, March 8, 1796, he describes one of these extemporaneous encounters, in Avhich he proceeded to bite his antagonist's fiiig'cr.* On ordinary occasions the Governor was a great stickler for decorum. Hotspur though he was, booted and spurred for battle, he always bore himself with the urbanity of a Chesterfield. No one was ever more considerate of the rights of others. But whenever
*Charlton: Life of Jackson, p. 162.

JAMES JACKSON Field of Ho

UND.ER TM.E CODE DUETTO

9

his own. rigilts were invaded or whenever an insult "was wantonly offered, him, James Jackson was ready to fight at a moment's notice; and, under strong provocation, could employ with, telling" effect the weapons of primitive in an.

Kills G-ov. Wells. However, Governor Jackson's first duel

in a Duel.

antedated by some fifteen, years the

dramatic era of the Yazoo Fraud. To

ward the close of the Revolution, he became involved in

a controversy with Lieutenant-Governor "Wells, in con

sequence of which the two men met in deadly encounter

some time during' the year 1780. The latter lost his life

in this exchange of shots. Governor Jackson then a

M>ajor in command of partisan troops -was severely

wounded in both knees. If. there were any eye witnesses

to this duel, the details were never divulged, and tradition

is strangely silent upon the subject. Judge Charltoii,

the authorized biographer of Governor Jackson, says

this "We only know that they went upon the ground

without seconds and fought at the desperate distance of

a few feet." .However, among the papers of Governor

J'acksoii has been discovered a letter in which he laments

the necessity of the duel, stating- that it was imposed upon

him "by the overbearing disposition of the Lieutenant-

Governor.* But if the temper of Governor "Wells took

fire any more readily than did Governor Jackson's, it

must have been more explosive than nitro-glyccrine.

His Duels with Perhaps the most inveterate political Robert Watkins. enemy of the old Governor was TJobert
Watkiiis, of Augusta. Watkins "was at this time one of the recognized leaders of the Georgia bar. He was a member of the Yazoo Legislature of 1795 and a supporter of the bill for the sale of Georgia's western
*Charlton: Life of Jackson

10 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
lands, regarding this measure purely in the light of a real estate transaction. With his brother, George, he compiled the earliest Digest of Georgia Laws.
But, most unfortunately, when the volume appeared, in 1800, it contained the obnoxious Yazoo Act, rescinded by the Legislature of 1796; and Governor Jackson, who was then occupying the Executive Chair, refused to draw his warrant upon the treasury and in other ways put the seal of his official condemnation upon this earliest Digest of Georgia Laws. Jn vain Watkins expostulated, lie showed that ^vhile his digest carried the obnoxious measure, it also carried the Eepealing Act, the one coun ter-balancing the other. But the old Governor was ob durate. He regarded the Yazoo Act as a usurpation and he did not wish to see it monumentalized upon the statutebooks.*
Thus the issue was joined. On both sides there was much bitterness of feeling. At least three separate duels were fought between Gov. Jackson and Robert Watkins. In the last of these encounters, the old Governor was se verely wounded in the right hip. He was lifted from the ground and, finding that he could still stand alone, in sisted upon another exchange of shots. But the surgeon urged an examination. He pried into the wound and, fearing that the bullet might have entered the cavity, ordered a cessation of hostilities. With great civility, so it is said, Mr. Watkins helped to bear the wounded man from the field; whereupon, the old Governor, who re mained perfectly rational throughout and who was not to be outdone in courtesy by his antagonist, was heard to observe :
"Hang it, Watkins, I thought I could give you another shot."*
Though a small appropriation was secured for the Watkins Digest, the book was never authorized. Capt.
*Shipp: Life of Crawford, pp. 38-39. Dutcher: History of Augusta, p. 227.

TJjNTDEB TTTE CODE PTJEKLO

It

Horatio Marbury, then Secretary of State, with two commissioners, was subsequently appointed to make a Digest. William II. Crawford and George Watkins were chosen to assist him; but the latter, on account of his aggrieved feeling's, declined to serve. Marbury and Crawford prosecuted the task alone and, in due time, com pleted the undertaking-. It is known to this day as Marbury and Crawford's Dig'est of Georgia Laws.
Besides the formal encounters which took place be tween Jackson and Watkins, they met somewhat uncere moniously on certain occasions and engaged, in fisticuff fights. One of these occurred soon after the Yazoo Act was rescinded, showing that the enmity between the two men ran back to the famous land speculation in which some of the most influential men of Georgia were in volved. The difficulty occurred in Louisville, at the close of the Legislative session. AVe quote this paragraph from a letter describing" the affair: "This was done to bring on dispute. Flesh and blood of such ^cxture as mine would not bear it (i. e., the provocation offered by Watkins), and the lie and stick involuntarily new on him."* In this encounter, Gov. Jackson was stabbed in several places and for a time his wounds were thought to be mortal.

His Duel

Thomas Gibbons, a lawyer of Savannah,

With Gibbons. who as early as the year 1800 is said to

have earned $15,000 per annum from the

practice of law, an income equivalent to $60>000 at the

present time, was frequently on opposing sides to Q-ov-

ernor Jackson in civil litigation before the courts. He

was also extensively eng'aged in land speculations. Con

sequently, there was little in common between the two

men except a violent temper, the effect of which was to

hasten them, to the field. But they appear to have met

12

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MKMOKIALS AND LEGENDS

only once, at which time three shots were exchanged between them, without effect.
There is nothing- in the records on which to base any positive statement to the effect that Grov. Jackson ever became involved in personal difficulties with Gen. Gunn, but the latter was a notorious Yazooist and was a col league of G-ov. Jackson in the United States Senate when the Jattcr relinquished the tpg-a to begin his fight against the speculators. If they did not meet on the field of honor, it is little short of marveloiis. In the opinion of not a few commentators upon the subject, the Yazoo "Fraud has been overworked by historians. Some of the leading men of the State were concerned in it oil the ground that it "was merely a real estate transaction; and when we remember that it was before the days of railway and telegraph communication, we must admit that Geor gia's western lands were comparatively worthless. Even so pronounced a patriot as Patrick Henry headed one of the Yazoo companies organized in Virginia.
I5ut Governor Jackson was undoubtedly sincere in his fight against the Yazooists, whom he regarded in the light of conspirators. No man was ever more inflamed with, the ardor of a righteous indignation. But he paid the penalty. According' to Thomas Hart Bcnton, with whom he served in the United States Senate, his death, in 1806, was due directly to wounds received in a duel, the last ofenarry caused by his opposition to the Yazoo Fraud. More than any other man in Georgia, Governor Jackson was distinguished for his prowess in personal combat; and he carried to his grave the sears of count less hostile meetings on the field of honor.

Taliaferro Even the Bench became infected by this and Willis. homicidal mania. Col. Benjamin Taliaferro,
a comrade-in-arms of the fiery Jackson, was also a duellist, though he is credited in the authentic records with only one encounter. Col. Taliaferro lived

UNDER TMK CODE DITET.T.O

13

at a time when lawyers were scarce in Upper Georgia. He was not himself a disciple of Blackstonc, l>ut such was his reputation, -throughout the County of Wilfees, both for sound business judgment and for strict probity of character that, layman though he was, the Legislature which rescinded the Yazoo Act elevated him to the' Bench and made him the first judge of what was then kuown as the Western Circuit. lie was a man whose sense of de corum was unusually acute, but such was the ethical standard of the times with respect to duelling that his position on the Bench did not prevent him from meeting Col. Francis Willis for a round of buck-shot.
This was in 1796. Col. Willis was a man of means. He was also a prominent Yazooist. Aggrieved by some decision adverse either to his political faction or to his personal interests, he challenged Col. Taliaferro to a duel, "which the latter lost no time in accepting. The Judge's aim "was unerring; and, in the eucounter which followed, Col. Willis received a wound in his rigiit breast, so near the vital center, that he declined a second shot. Col. Taliaferro, in this engagement, used the old horse man's pistols worn by him when he belonged to Lee's Legion. *

Golden Age But the Golden Age of the Code Duello in of the Duel. Georgia was the period extending from
1800 to 1830, when the public life of this State was dominated by two powerful personalities: Gen. John Clark and Hon. William H. Crawford. Party spirit iu this State has never been more rancorous than during this period ; and, indeed, to the feudal animosity between these two noted Georgians, making them the most invet erate personal and political enemies, some "writers have even traced the origin of parties in Georgia. But this is not entirely accurate. During the Revolutionary period, our State was divided between the Whig's and the

14 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
Tories. For a score of years after the Federal Consti tution was adopted, the Bepublicans and the Federalists were rival political parties in Georgia; and while the latter was never numerically very strong in this State, due to the fact that some of its leaders were actively in volved in the Yazoo transaction, it was nevertheless at one time sufficiently entrenched in the citadel of wealth to force Josiali Meigs from the Presidency of Franklin College, on the ground that he was ah extreme Jeffersonian.*
Gen. John Clark. At the close of the war for independ ence, John Clark with the prestige of
his gallant record as a. soldier, became a dominant figure in the politics of 'Upper G-eorgia. When only fourteen years of age, he had fought by his father's side at Kettle Creek and later had won military renow7n by his cam paigns and forays against the Indians. The battle of Jack's Creek was so called in honor of John Clark whose nickname among" his inti?nate friends and comrades of the army was "Jack." Trained in the exercise of arms, it is not strange that he should have 'carried his charac teristics as a fighter into the arena of politics; nor is it strange that"the veterans who followed his distinguished father and who knew John Clark himself in the perilous days of battle should have remained his loyal supporters to the very last.
Though not an educated man, at least in the academic sense, lie was a ma,n of strong intellect, rugged in char acter, somewhat blunt of expression, full of bold initiative, and with a rare capacity for leadership. According to G-OV. Gilmer, he possessed the temper of the clansman and was domineering and dictatorial; but Gov. Gilmer wT as identified wdth the Crawford faction, few of whom could discover any virtue in John Clark. Gen. Jackson, in the lower part of the State, was for years a stumbling-
*W. II. Meigs: Life of Josiah Meigs, p. 92.

UNDEK TJJE CODR DTJBLLO

15

block in the way of dark's ambition, for the old Gov ernor did not approve of the latter's land speculations.
But ill the politics of Upper Georgia, John Clark was an imperious figure. Here he was on his native heath; and here the frontiersmen flocked to his standard like the Hig-liland elans to the horn of Ehodorick Dhu. Here as a leader whose word was law and gospel, he exercised an unopposed sway unti] a new star beg'aii to loom upon the horizon just north of Augusta and a new political Warwick arose to divide with him the honors of public life, in the person of his future hated rival, William H. Crawford.

William H. Mr. Crawford was a man of Titanic proporCrawford. tions. At the Court of France, in after
years, his majestic figure caught the admir ation of the great Napoleon who impulsively declared that Mr. Crawford was the only man to whom lie- ever felt constrained to how. Better educated than John Clark, he was a man of unusual culture for the times, a most effective public speaker, and a born leader of men. These qualities eventually made him United States Sen ator, Minister to France, Secretary of the Treasury, and, except for an unfortunate stroke of paralysis, might have placed him in the Presidential chair of the nation.
The settlers of Upper Georgia were at this time, in the main, either from Virginia or from North Carolina; and, according to ancestral bias, took sides in the politi cal wrangles of this early period. As a rule, the North Caroliniaiis attached themselves to Clark, while the Vir ginians allied themselves with Crawford, who likewise derived strong support from the aristocratic families of the Georgia coast. The elimination of Crawford became naturally the first strategic move of the Clark faction ; and to accomplish this end a duel offered the most con venient instrument and promised the most effective
results. Mr. Crawford, nnlike Gen. Clark, possessed little

16

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOBIAT^S AND LEGTCSSTDS

knowledge of the use of arms. He was not a child of
the camp. For this reason, his opponents argned that lie would, in all likelihood, decline a challenge to the field of combat. In. fact, such, a refusal to fight "was ex actly "what his enemies "wanted, since they could then
post him as a coward and easily accomplish his political undoing.

Crawford and To put into effect this proposed plan of

Van Alien.

strategy, the first champion to repre

sent the Clark faction and to test the met

tle of "Mr. Crawford's arm was a young- Klbertoii lawyer :

Peter Lawrence "Van Alien. Mr. Van Alien "was by birth

a New Yorker. He came of an old Dutch family of the

Empire State and, on the authority of tradition, was a,

kinsman by marriag'e to Martin Van Bureu, the sage of

'Kinderhook. Locating' In Georgia for the practice of

law, lie identified himself with the Clark faction and be

came Solicitor-General of the "Western Circuit. He "was

also a Yazooist and a Federalist. Van Alien was a good

speaker, "witty and eloquent, and early iii the year 1800

beg'an hostile tactics against the opposite faction by

bringing a petty suit against Judge Charles Tait, of El-

bcrton, who was then Mr. Crawford's law partner and

most intimate friend. In his speech to the jury, "Van Al

ien assailed Judge Tait with merciless satire, and natur

ally the effect- of this tirade was to nettle Judge Tait,

who finally olialleng-cd him to fight.

But Judge Tait was not the game for which Van Alien

was hunting; and on the ground that the judge was not

a gentleman and, therefore, beyond the pale of the Code,

he refused to meet him, expecting Mr. Crawford, of

course, as Judge Tait's second, to take up the g'ag'e of

battle and to carry on hostilities. However, Mr. Craw

ford was loath to step into hJs principal's shoes, since

the quarrel was not one of his own seeking; and on this

account he exposed himself to animadversion, incurring-

the well-meant criticism of many of his own faction.

UNDER THE CODE DUELT.O

17

But circumstances soon goaded lilin into a change of mind. While stopping- at the Willis Hotel, in "Washing ton, Ga., ho chanced in an unexpected manner to encoun ter Van Alien, who grossly insulted him in the lobby of the hotel and challenged him to fight. According* to the imperious standard of the times, there was no alternative for Mr. Crawford; and, rather than jeopardize his polit ical fortunes by exposing himself to the charge of cow
ardice, he agreed to meet his antagonist. As to what followed, we quote an account of the duel
from a well-known historical writer: "It was arranged that Van Alien and. Crawford should meet at Fort Char lotte, the famous old duelling ground, twelve miles below Petersburg, on the Carolina side. Crawford's bravery was not without stoicism, for he went to the place of meeting without the slightest preparation. He had bor rowed a pair of old pistols to be used by him, and these he did not examine until the morning of the meeting, and in trying them, they snapped twice. On the first fire nei ther party was touched. Crawford afterwards stated to Judge Garnctt Andrews that he was disconcerted on the first fire by an ug'Iy grimace made by Van Alien, and that on tlie second fire he drew down his hat brim so that lie could not see it. On the second round both combat ants again fired, and Van. Alien was seen to fall mor tally wounded. Crawford was unharmed."*

Crawford

Two years elapsed before Mr. Crawford was

and Clark. ag.ain asked to vindicate his courage on the

field of honor. This time it was John Clark

himself who stepped into the lime-light and became one

of the principals. On the resignation of Judge Thomas

P. Carries from the judgeship of the Western Ci rcuit,

Judg'e Griffin, a brother-in-law of Gen. Clark both having

married daugiitcrs of Col. Micajah Williamson received

from Gov. John Milledgc an ad interim appointment to

*Shipp: Life of Crawford, p. 49.

18

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TJKGENDS

the vacant scat. When the regular election "was held by the State Legislature some time later, Judg'c Tait, a member of the Crawford faction, successfully opposed Judge Griffin for this office, though Judg-e G-riffin was un questionably a fine lawyer and a man of blameless rep utation. Thereupon an acrimonious controversy ensued between Gen. Clark and Mr. Crawford, growing out of the issues of the campaign.
Smarting- from the defeat of his candidate, Gen. Clark called Mr. Crawford to task for certain pre-election state ments made by him to the effect that he, Gen. Clark, had influenced the grand juries of certain counties to recom mend his brother-in-law. This brought forth a reply from. Mr. Crawford. With pens dipped in vitriol both men indited bitter diatribes and branded each other with harsh epithets until finally Mr. Crawford, exasperated beyond control, challenged Gen. Clark to a duel, which challenge was, of course, promptly accepted by the im petuous old "warrior.
Col. Thomas Flouraoy, acting as second to Mr. Craw ford, and Capt. Ilowell Cobb, serving' in a, like capacity for Gen. Clark, arranged the details for the hostile cncounter. As the place of meeting, a secluded spot was chosen on the Carolina side of the Savannah Kiver, just below historic old Petersburg and some eleven miles from where Van Alien, two years previous, fell before Mr. Crawford's deadly fire. But the duel was never fought. At this sta^e of the proceedings, a number of disinterested friends besought Gov. Millcdge to inter vene, urging" the value to the State of both men, whose deadly intent portended fatal results.
With much difficulty, Gov. MrHedg-e obtained the con sent of both principals to the appointment of a board of arbitration, charged with, adjusting the difficulties be tween them. Each belligerent was given the right to choose two friends to represent him, and these in turn selected a fifth arbitrator who was really to hold in his hands the balance of power. Jared Irwin, Abraham

UNDER THE CODE DTTEL/LO

19

I Jackson, James Seagrove, David ~B. Mitchell, and J. Ben Maxwell constituted this court of appeals ; and, on De cember 12, 1804, a plan of arbitration was submitted, to which both parties", without loss of prestige, yielded
assent.

Another Issue But the hatchet was only temporarily bur-

Arises,

ied. The smoldering fires of hostility

began to ]eap into renewed flame ere the

ink was dry upon the paper which both signed in appar

ently good faith. Still, more than a year elapsed before

matters reached anything like a crisis. On Feb. 24-, 180G,

Josiah. Glass, a North Car oilman, appeared upon the

scene in Georgia with a warrant for one .Robert Clary,

charged "with the offence of stealing' a negro. Judge Tait,

jn his capacity as a judge, was called upon to endorse

this "warrant, which lie readily did as a matter of form,

expecting a trial of the case to establish the facts.

In a few days thereafter, while on the Bench, he re

ceived a note from Glass in which the latter stated that

Clary was ready to make an affidavit in which there

would be some startling revelations. After tea, on the

evening of this particular day, Judge Tait, taking with

him a Mr. Oliver Skinner, repaired to the room "where

Clary "was held a prisoner in charge of Glass. Thereupon

followed a long confession in "which statements were in

cidentally made involving Gen. John Clark, who it ap

pears from this affidavit was charged with a land trans

action for which the money paid in exchange was coun

terfeit.

Judge Tait attached no importance to this affidavit,

for the deponent's character was such that he could

not be trusted ; and "while he "was none too friendly with

Gen. Clark, lie was above listening to a slanderous story

in the mouth of a low criminal; so he informed Glass

that the matter would not be prosecuted and need not

bo made public.

20 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS ANT> LEGENDS
But Glass nevertheless took a copy of the affidavit which, in some mysterious way, fell into the hands of Gren. Clark. The latter on ascertaining- that the affidavit was taken at night, immediately jumped to the conclusion tnat a foul conspiracy was on foot to "wreck him and that, back of this dark proceeding", was his arch-enemy, William H. Crawford.
Passion often beclouds the truth. As a matter of fact, Clary "was an unprincipled fellow^ "who, knowing1 tlie differences between Clark and Crawford, sought to help his own case, wdiile under arrest, by trumping up a charge against den. Clark; but Judge Tait was too just a man to give ear to what was manifestly a mali cious fabrication.
Clark Appeals to Contrary to the General's past record, the Legislature. and at variance with his "well-known
fiery disposition, instead of inviting Judge Tait to meet him on the field of honor, Tic strangely enough presented a memorial to the State Legislature, asking for Judge Tait's impeachment. At this time, Mr. Crawford w.as a member of the House from Ogiethorpe, and naturally he espoused Judge Tait's cause. As chair man of the special investigating committee, he submitted a report to tbe Ftouse, in which Judge Tait's g'ood name was upheld, with the further statement that no evidence could be found on "which, to base an impeachment. This report was supported by Mr. Crawford in an eloquent speech upon the floor. Ilis powers of logic, of sarcasm, and of invective, were never heard to better advantage; and, when a call of the roll was taken, on the adoption of the committee's report, there were only three votes cast in opposition, to fifty-seven, in favor of exonerating
Judge Tait. Thus the matter ended. Gen. Clark was willing to
let Judge Tait escape now that larger game was in sight; and, taking- offence at Mr. Crawford's partisan activities in Judge Tait's behalf, and especially at his speech be-

I

UNDER THE COD*; DUETTO

21

fore the House, he sent him a challeng'e through liis friend, John I'orsyth. Mr. Crawford yielded compliance to this demand for satisfaction and selected George Moore to arrange the details for the meeting. On account of engagements in the federal Court, John Forsyth was prevented from acting as Gen. dark's second, whereupon the latter chose Gilbert Hay, of Washington, Ga., to fill this post.

Duelling Ground High Shoals, on the Appalachee Biver, at High Shoals. in what was then Indian Territory, was
the ^ite selected for the proposed en counter. Near the scene of this hostile meeting, three counties to-day converge, viz., Walton, Morgan and Oconee. Before the duel took place, a code of rules was agreed upon by the seconds; and, on account of the light which these rules will serve to throw upon the history of the times, especially in showing how affairs of honor were conducted after the arrival of the combatants upon the scene of action, they are herewith reproduced in full, for the better inCornuition of those interested:

of the pisto

right the

22 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Art. 32. If either party falls, no person except the surgeon shall be admitted until the opposite party leaves the ground.*
*Shipp: Life of Crawford, p. 73.
On December 12, 1806, according' to agreement, the parties met at the place appointed; but due to some little dispute, between the seconds as to details of arrange ment, an hour elapsed beyond the time set for the affair at high noon and it "was one o'clock before the belliger ents 'were brought face to face. In the meantime, Mr. Crawford, keyed for combat, became restless and impa tient. To quote his biographer, "he was temperament ally unfitted for a duellist," while dark, on the other band, "was a practiced fighter, thoroughly skilled in the use of weapons, and equally courageous." Quoting still further, from this same authority, "The result was what might have been anticipated. Crawford swaggered, to the peg1 with the same degree of carelessness that he "was wont to exhibit when addressing a jury in Oglethorpe. His left arm "was forgotten and heedlessly held unprotected by his body in a way to catch the ball of the rawest duellist. At the first fire, Clark was un touched and Crawford's left wrist was shattered and the bones crushed rn a way to cause him many weeks of ex cruciating pain. Clark was not satisfied and insisted that the shots be continued; but George Moore declined to allow his principal to proceed further, the terms of the agreement having been fully met."*

Humor of

With this decision the affair ended. !But

an Irishman. Gen. Clark was not appeased. He still

hungered for satisfaction; and no sooner

"was Mr. Crawford well enough to resume professional

activities than he received from Gen. Clark a second

challenge to mortal combat, without any fresh grievance

to warrant a renewal of hostilities. Mr. Crawford could

now decline to meet him? without incurring adverse crit

icism or hazarding his reputation as a man of courage.

*Shipp: Life of Crawford, p. 73

UNDER THE CODE DUELLO

23

But the partisan warfare still continued between the loyal followers of the two men and, as time "went on, the feudal inheritance "was transmitted from sire to son, with solemn abjuration. Georgia "was divided into two hostile camps; and even churches, "while preaching a gospel of forgiveness, insisted upon a sharp line of di vision. Perhaps an amusing anecdote will illustrate the
temper of the times : "To introduce the subject of politics in any promis
cuous gathering was to promote a quarrel. A son of Erin, lately from Limerick, opened a bar-room in a vil lage in Greene County, Ga. He endeavored by strenu ous neutrality, to catch the trade of both parties. After a week's trial, he gave it up in disgust. When describing this experience he said: 'As soon as a Crawford man would come in, he would at once inquire if this was a Crawford bar; and, faith, when I told him it was naither, he cursed me for a Clarkite and refused to drink. When a Clark man came in and I told him I was naither, he cursed me for a Crawfordite, and I sold not a gill to anyone. Faith, it pays to be a politician in Georgia.' "*

After Judge Tait Though Gen. Clark did not call Judge With a Cow-Hide. Tait to the field of honor, as a result
of the alleged conspiracy for which he sought his impeachment 'by the Legislature, he did visit him in a most spectacular manner and in a most literal sense, "with the marks of his displeasure. The story is thus told :
One day, in the summer of 1807, when Judge Tait, then an occupant of the Superior Court Bench, was driving along Jefferson Street, in Milledgeville, Gen. Clark came up, gracefully cantering on a handsome sorrel. The Gen eral always rode a fine horse, "with best accoutrements, and rarely failed to make an impression. Whatever else might be said of him, John Clark was a born soldier,
*SMpp: Lifo of Crawford, p.

24

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

and tie appeared to special advantage- on horse-back. Biding up to Judge Tait, be engaged liim in a brief con versation :
"This is the first time I have seen you, sir," began Gen. Clark, ''at least since your hasty departure from Louisville."
"Yos," replied the Judge, "I have not seen yon since then."
"Tait," resumed the General, 'after a moment's pause, "under the eloak of judicial authority, you have sought to destroy my reputation, and for your infamous attempt to do so 1 shall give you the lash."
Thereupon, before any reply could be made, General Clark came down with his riding whip upon the shoul ders of the jurist, inflicting severe blows upon him with the aid of powerful muscles. On account of his wooden leg, Judge Tait was no match for his irate antagonist. While the interview was in progress, Tail's horse took fright, but Clark kept along side of him until his wrath was appeased.
For this attack upon a Judge of the Superior Court, Gen. Clark was duly prosecuted and, on conviction, was sentenced by Judge Early to pay a fine of $2,000 and to give security for his good behavior for a period of five years. However, this sentence was never put into effect. Governor Jared Irwin, an old comrade-in-arms, feeling that Gen. Clark was an injured man, afterwards issued an executive order remitting the fine imposed upon him by Judge Karly and furthermore releasing the old soldier from any and all other legal consequences attached to his rash conduct. As for Judge Tait, he af terwards became a United States Senator, but eventu ally removed to Alabama where he spent his last days.

Judge Dooly's When T?cter Van Alien foil at Fort (Jbnr-

Bee-Chim.

]otte, before Mr. Crawford's fire, the so-

licitorship of the Western Circuit, made

vacant by his death, was conferred ^by appointment upon

TTNT>"RR TTTE CODE DuTCT-J^O

25

.a gentleman noted in the annals of Georgia for his Attic salt: Hon. John M. Dooly. Judge Dtooly was afterwards elevated to the Bench, from which circumstance arose the title by which he was universally known. "He was easily the greatest wit of his day in Georgia, a master of satire and as quick at repartee as chained lightning. Public speakers seldom, if ever, engaged with him in joint debate, for prudential reasons. Crowds throng*ed his court-room whenever' lie appeared on the circuit; and if Charles Dickens could only have met this unique char acter, he might have improved, upon the drolleries of Pickwick.
On a. certain occasion, when this same feud between Clark and Crawford was still alive, Judge "Dooly became involved in a controversy with his predecessor upon the Bench: Judge Charles Tait. As a result Judge Tait challenged him to mortal combat. There are several ver sions to this story, but, according' to one of them, Judge D'ooly accepted the challenge arid actually appeared upon the scene of encounter, though lie "was notoriously op posed to shedding blood, especially from his own veins.
Gen. Clark was Judge Dooly's second, "while Mr. Crawford, in a like capacity, served Judge Tait; and the af fair was probably planned with the utmost seriousness by the friends of both parties. Now, it happened that one of Judg'e Tait's bodily infirmities "was a wooden leg, and it was a knowledge of this fact "which inspired Judge Z>ooly's singular feat of valor. At the appointed time, Judge Tait, with his second, Mr. Crawford, appeared upon the scene of "action, where lie discovered Judge Dooly sitting patiently alone upon a stump. In reply to an inquiry from Mr. Crawford, concerning' the "where abouts of Gen. Clark, with "whom he wished to confer in advance of the duel, Judge Dooly replied:
"Gen. Clark is in the woods looking for a bee-gum."
"May I inquire," asked Mr. Crawford, "what use he intends to make of a bee-gum7"
"I want to pnt my leg in it," replied Judge Dooly.

26

GEORGIA'S IJA-NDMARKS, MEMORIALS A~ND TJKGENDS

"Do you suppose for a minute that I am going to risk a good leg of flesh, and blood against Tait's wooden stump? If I hit his leg, he can get him another one before tomor row morning; but if he hits mine I may lose my life, cer tainly my leg; and to put myself on equal footing with Tait, I must have a bee-gum for protection. I can then fight him on equal terms.''
"Then am I to understand that you do not intend to fight Judge Tait?", inquired Mr. Crawford.
"Well," responded Judge Dooly, "I thoug'ht every one knew that.''
"Perhaps so," replied Mr. Crawford, "but you will fill a newspaper column in consequence of this day's business."
"So be it," replied the Judge, with an arch smile, "I would rather fill a dozen newspapers than one coffin."
There was nothing more to be said. Judge Tait was, of course, chagrined at this unexpected turn of affairs. He expected to humiliate Judge Dooly, even if he could not force him to fight; but Jndg-e Dooly had cleverly man aged the situation and, without putting his good legs in jeopardy, had come off the victor. Gallant Jack Falstaff himself could not have managed the affair with keener strategy or with cooler discretion.

Duelling- Forbidden Prior to December 12, 1809, there was

By Statute.

no law on the statute books of Geor

gia forbidding the practice of duel

ling, though it was customary for belligerents to cross

the State lines, to avoid indictment on the general charge

of murder, in the event of fatal consequences. But the

frequency of such affairs, involving men of the highest

intellectual type and of the greatest public usefulness,

eventually produced a revulsion of sentiment. The kill

ing of Alexander Hamilton by Aaron Burr, perhaps more

than any other event, served to call nation-wide atten

tion to the imperative need of reform in this direction.

TIT.R ("ODE DUELLO
It \s hardly an exaggeration to say that not less than a thousand duels were fought in Georgia in consequence of this feudal enmity between Clark and Crawford; and there were few households in the State which were not bereaved, either directly or indirectly, by the countless sacrifices which were made during this period to ap pease the demands of this bloody Moloch.
Consequently, on December 12, 1809, Gov. David -B. Mitchel] signed a measure, passed by the 'General Assem bly of Georgia, making it unlawful either to extend or to accept a challenge, or to be concerned in any way therein, either as principals or as seconds; and on con viction the offender was to be excluded from the right to hold any office of trust, honor, or emolument in this State.* Gov. David 13. Mitchell, whose signature as Chief-Magistrate was attached to this measure, him self figured on one occasion in an affair of honor.
It was well enough to have such a law upon the stat ute-books, in deference to humane public opinion. But for years it was practically a dead-letter; and, to procure an acquittal from an average jury it was orily necessary to show that the duel was fought in a decorous manner, according to the strict ethics of the Code of Honor. Here the law stopped. It required something more than a leg islative enactment to uproot the traditions of chivalry in a land of Cavaliers.
General Floyd's Duel Perhaps the most famous of GeorWith Three Weapons gia's Indian fighters was General
John Floyd, who "won renown on the frontier during the war of 1812. Skilled in the exercise of arms, there wTas scarcely any sort of weapon, from a shot-gun to a bowie-knife, with whose effective use he was not familiar; nor was it solely with Indian warriors that this seasoned old regular engaged in hand-to-hand encounters. Down in Cam den County, Ga., where Gen.

28

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LF.GKNDS

Floyd spent most of liis life and wlioro lie lies buried on one of liis plantations, tradition credits him with having fought what in some respects was the most extraordinary duel of which there is any record in the 'bloody chronicles of the Code.
His antagonist, a Mr. Hopkins, was equally skilled in the nse of weapons, and equally fearless. It was Greek against Greek. As the challenged party, Mr. Hopkins claimed the right to choose' wen/pons ; but, instead of sat isfying himself with one kind, he' chose three a most radical departure from the venerated traditions. To settle the grievance between them it was agreed to fire a round with shot-guns, at a certain sj)eciiicd distance. In the event neither was killed or disabled in this ex change of shots, they were to approach several feet near er with drawn pistols, and if both remained on foot after this second fire, they were to end the affair in a hand-tohand grapple with bowie-knives, fighting- till one or both should fall mortally wounded.
On both sides, this program was commenced in deadly earnest. -But Gen. Floyd's antagonist, in either the first or second round was so effectually disabled by loss of blood that resort to bowie-knives as a finality was aban doned. The incident suffices to show Gen. Fl'oyd's grim hardihood as a fighter. His characteristics in this respeot were transmitted to his son, Gen. Charles Ij. Fioyd, and to his grandson, Capt. Kichard S. Floyd, both of whom are 'credited with affairs of honor. Hon. Wni. G. McAdoo, the present (listing-mailed Secretary of the Treasury in President Wilson's Cabinet, and the hitter's son-in-law, is a lineal descendant of Gen. Floycl ; and, "while ho has not emulated the prowess of his ancestor as a duellist, he has turned the fighting spirit of his family into industrial channels, with the result that he is to-day credited with one' of the g-reatest achievements of modern times : the construction of the Hudson River tunnels.

UNDER THIS CODE DUELLO

29

Grim Relic Owned Hon. Eb. T. Williams, of Atlanta, a by Col, Williams. distinguished member of the Georgia
liar, owns a duelling-pistol which fignred in oiie of tlic most dramatic episodes of Georgia's history prior to the Civil War. It is an old flint-and-steel weapon, made by Man.ton and Son. of London, famous in an earlier day for the manufacture of fire-arms used on. the field of honor. The barrel is one of very large bore, inlaid with platinum and encircled by silver bands. The device for sighting- is also of silver, while the powder pan is covered with a layer of platinum. From end to end, the pistol measures some eighteen inches in length. It is handsomely engraved, and when fresh from the lab oratory of Mantoii and Son, must .have been a "work of art. The pistol, was pur chased by Col. Williams years ago from an old locksmith of Augusta, by the name of Bogers.*

Duel Between According to legendary accounts, this

Gumming

grim relic of duelling days in Georgia fig-

and McDuffie. ured iii more than one tragic encounter;

but the affair of honor to which its rust-

covered, cylinder unmistakably points, after a lapse of

nearly one hundred years, "was a duel which occurred

at Sister's Ferry, on June 8, 1822, between Col. William

Cumming, of A.ugusta, and Hon. George1 McDuffie, of

South Carolina, the latter of whom afterwards became

Governor of the Palmetto State and United States Sen

ator. Colonel Cuinming "was a distinguished soldier of

the United States in the war of 1812. lie held, the rank

of Colonel in the regular army, but was Adjutant-Gen

eral of the army operating- on the Canadian frontier and

was severely wounded in one of the battles of that cam

paign. Having- resigned from the army, after the war,

he was subsequently offered a Brigadier-General's com-

*T!iis info filiation obtained from Col. Eb. T. Williams in a personal interview.

30

GEOKGJA'S LAJN'DMAitKy., MEMORIALS ATSTD LEGENDS

mission by President Jackson, but declined the appoint ment. At the outbreak of the Mexican War, in 184-6, ho was appointed a Major-General in the U. S. Army, by President Polk, but declined this appointment also, main ly, no doubt, on account of his age, which was then about sixty,
It is difficult to vouch for the circumstances at this late clay; but as gleaned from newspaper accounts the duel originated in. this wise:* An article, without signa ture, appeared in one of the Augusta papers, supporting the claims of Mr. Crawford against those of Mr. Calhonn for President of the United States. This article provoked a salty reply from a gentleman of South Carolina, whose name was likewise undisclosed. The Georgia writer re joined on the assumption that the South Carolina writer was Mr. Mcl^uffie, which gentleman nettled by the strict ures therein contained replied in the 'belief that his op ponent ^vas Col. Crimming, a gentleman whose pen was famous in the controversies of his time.
!Both men were mistaken. The affair proved to be a comedy of errors. !But no explanation was made on either side and subsequent developments led to a chal lenge, which was promptly accepted. It is understood that a proposition to which Mr. M'cDuffie gave assent but to which Col. Gumming demurred was made by mutual friends in the hope of a satisfactory adjustment; and, this effort failing, the1 details of the meeting were ar ranged :ly seconds after the usual custom.
According to newspaper accounts, Col. Gumming wished to fight in round-jackets or shirt-sleeves; but his antagonist sug'gested the conventional frock coat. This dress was accepted. At the appointed hour, Gol. Gum ming appeared upon the field in a suit of cotton; Mr. MeDuffie came attired in silk. The combatants, facing each other at a distance of ten paces, exchanged shots. MeUuffie's ball struck the ground about four paces from his own feet, while the bullet of his antagonist entered the

UNDER TTTE Conn DTJKLT.JO

31

former's back obliquely just below the sliort ribs and de flected. Only one round was fired, tlie surgeons agreeing' that Mr. McDuffie was too severely wounded to continue the hostile interview.
This wound eventually caused the groat orator's death. A a a reason why the bullet did not penetrate deeper, the Augusta Chronicle, some time afterwards, in giving- a purported authentic account of the affair, made this statement: "Cumming's bullet was loaded for the side, not for the back; and for the resistance of common drapery, not for several folds of strong silk."* On the authority of Judge John B. O'Neill, in his "Bench and Bar of South Carolina," the wound received by Mr. McDuJue in this duel changed his entire disposition, embit tered his life, and sent him a wreck to his tomb.

Mr. Forsyth John Forsyth was one of the ablest men Wounded "by a of his day in the arena of national politics. Sword Thrust. While United State Minister to Spain, he
negotiated with Ferdinand VII for the purchase of Florida. He represented Georgia in both wings of the Federal Congress and succeeded the daunt less Troup in the chair of Governor. Mr. Forsyth round ed his career in public life as Secretary of War, holdingMs portfolio under two Presidents: Jackson and Van Bureii. As an orator, he was superior, in the judgment of many, even to Judge Berrien, our American Cicero, with whom, in the famous Tariff Convention of 1833, he engag'ed in a grapple of argument lasting' for three days. From this contest he bore off the laurels.
But Mr. Forsyth, when a young man, came near los ing his life in a duel which he fought with a Mr. Williams, an affair in which the weapons used were small swords. Mr. Forsyth received a severe wound in the neck. When Gen. John Clark invited William H. Crawford to mortal
*Sa,bine: Notes on Duelling, p. 242. Dr. R. .T. Massey: Article in the "Sunny South."

32 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, M.EMORTADS AND LEGENDS
combat, on the eve of the famous duel at "Higli Shoals, it was Mr. Forsytli who, as the former's second, bore the challenge to Mr. Crawford; but the duties in the Federal Court prevented him from serving in this role "when the duel occurred. The father of Mr. Forsyth, while1 holding" the office of United States Marshal for Georgia, was instantly killed in a difficulty with the noted Beverly Alien, whom he sought to arrest. His grave In the church-yard of old St. Paul's at Augusta, is marked by a tombstone, on winch an account of the affair is in scribed. Alien succeeded in making his escape.

Dr. Ambrose Baber. One of the most distinguished of 'Georgia's ante-bellum physicians
was Dr. Ambrose Baber; and there were few men in the State before the war who possessed a "wider circle of friends or left a profouuder impress upon public affairs. Dr. Baber was long a resident of Macoii. Though an active practitioner of medicine, the fascinations of pub lic life became a charm too powerful to be resisted, es pecially by one whose intellect and information fitted him to adorn any station/'1 lie represented this country at one time as Minister to Sardinia. .He also sat re peatedly in the State Senate of Georgia, and for some time prior to his death held the office of Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Georgia Masons. He was a power in politics. But among the other distinguishing* marks of this accomplished gentleman was his deadly aim with a pistol and his expert use of the sword.

Sttrg-eon in Beall- Dr. Baber was a duellist. His first

Mitchell Affair.

connection -with an affair of honor

was in 1825, when he was present in

the capacity of a surgeon at the famous duel fought be

tween Hon. Thomas IX Hitch ell and Maj. Kobert A. BcalL

* Judge R. IT. Clarlc: Memoirs.

UNDER THE CODE DUELLO

33

Col. Mitchell was allied with the Clark faction in politics and at the time of the" duel was the newly elected Solicitor-General, of the Southern Circuit. He was a na tive of Lanrcns District, S. C., but studied law at Eatonton, Ga., under Judge .Kli S. Shorter, after winch he settled at Hartford, da., to practice his profession. Major Bcall was residing- at this time in Talbotton, G-a., but af terwards removed to Macon, "where ho became the first mayor of the young' town. At a later period in his life he also held a Brjgvndier-Geiieral's commission in the State militia.
The difficulty between the two men g*rew out of a triv ial remark made by Col. MitcheTl at the dinner table of a friend, to which remark Major Beall took exception. As a result there sprang- up between these gentlemen a quarrel which proved to be so persistent that a resort to weapons offered the only sane solution and accordingly they ag'recd to adjust matters between them by fig'hting1 a duel at Hamburg-, S. C., just opposite the city of Au gusta. Capt. Joseph Morgan, second for Major Beall, and Mr. John P. Booth, second for Col. Mitchell, arranged the details. Two rounds were fired without effect, after which, mutual friends, a number of whom were present, intervened, to prevent further hostilities. The courage of both men having- been attested, a reconciliation was effected and the combatants .shook hands on the field.

Duel With

Tin fortunately, some comment np-

Thomas D. Mitchell. on the duel made by Dr. Baber, who

attended as surg'eon to Major Bcall

at Hamburg, S. C., was resented by Col. Mitchell. The

latter subsequently published a card which gave offence

to Dr. Baber, who, after a brief controversy on the sub

ject, demanded of Col. Mitchell the satisfaction due a

gentleman under the Code. The challenge was accepted,

and rifles, at a distance of ten paces, were selected as the

weapons. In the spring of 1826, the parties met at Ham-

34 GEORGIA'S LAXBMARKS, MKMOKIAI.S AND LEGF.NDS
burg, S. C., tlie scene of the former duel; and, on the sec ond fire, Col. Mitcbell fell, mortally wounded. Tlie ball penetrated the lung's causing- almost instant death.
'Or. Isaac W. ifitchell, a brother of the deceased, was present at the duel, acting' in the capacity of surgeon, and attended upon the dying- man in his last moments. It was a sad duty to perform, but tlie ordeal was soon over, arid there were no pangs of lingering- distress, thanks to the deadly work of the bullet. Dr. Mitchell was a life-long resident of Thomas County, Ga., where he amassed a large property and died well advanced in years. Col. Mitchell, at the time of his death, was still a young rfiMii, aged thirty-three, and tinmarricd. Exceptionally well-equipped for his profession, he was a man of splen did talents, but sensitive' to a fault and inclined to be somewhat rash and dictatorial, especially when aroused by aYig'er.
Tragic Death Dr. Baber survived his hostile encounter of Dr. Baber. with Col. Mitchell by twenty years and
was still in the prime of life 'when he came to his death in a most tragic and sudden manner. As narrated by .Judge Kichard H. Clark, the circumstances are these: Among the patients of Dr. Baber was a man with consumption, named Jarrell, in East Macon. On Saturday the doctor made for him a prescription which contained cyanuret of potassium. This drug consists largely of the elements of prussic acid, and if taken in too large a dose is a deadly poison. The prescription was put iip by George Payne, then nnd now, a prominent drug gist of Macon and a most excellent man. Detecting the mistake, Mr. Payne, nevertheless, filled the prescription, but tied it to the valve and wrote the patient not to take it, that it was a killing dose, and to show the prescription, witli his note, to Dr. Baber, when he arrived. The next morning early Dr. P>abcr made his accustomed visit and wa.s disappointed and irritated that his patient had not

taken the1 medicine the clay before, as lie directed. The dose was a teaspoonful.
"To satisfy you there is no danger In it.** said the doc tor to tlie patient, on the impulse of the moment, "I will take a double dose."
Suiting the action to the word, lie swallowed two teaspoonsful, staggered to a chair, and in seventeen min utes, drew his last breath. The mistake was due to a misprint in the formulary used by Dr. Babe?. After wards, due to the notoriety which this affair attained, the entire edition was celled in and destroyed by the publish er, but no amends could restore the life of one of the most useful public men of the State. The excitement which prevailed throughout the city of Macon on the fatal Sunday morning which witnessed this tragic occurrence was most intense. It was Macon's dark Sabbath.

Crawford On January 25, 1828, at Fort Mitchell, in

and

the Greek Nation,'on what is now the Ala-

Burnside. hama side of the Gliattahoocliee Kiver, just

beJow the present city of Colnmibus, occur

red the famous duel between George W. Crawford and

Thomas E. Burnsidc. Both principals were then talented

young lawyers, residing at Appling, in Columbia County,

G-a. The former was a kinsman of the renowned William

H\ Crawford and was himself destined to 'become scarcely

less distinguished in the political history of Georgia. He

served his State as Governor and held the portfolio of

Secretary of War in the cabinet of Gen. Taylor, after

which he presided over the historic Secession Convention,

at Millcdgeville, in 1861. As a lawyer, he encountered few

equals at the Bar; and for his services in prosecuting

the celebrated Galpbin claim against the United States

government, lie received a fee of $80,000.

Burnside, who was fated to fall in this encounter on

the threshold of what promised to be a brilliant career

in public life, was an uncle of the noted Federal comman-

36 GEORGIA'S LAKDMAK.KS, MEMORIALS AND LKGENDS

cler Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, afterwards Governor of Rhode Island and United States Senator.
The duel between Crawford and Hum side grow out of a newspaper article published, without signature, in one of the Augusta papers, criticizing Hon. Petor Crawford, a Whig. Peter Crawford was for years prominent in Georgia politics and was at this time- in very poor health. George "W. Crawford, incensed at this attack upon his father by an unknown "writer, demanded the authorship of this offensive card. But the editor de clined to disclose the writer's name. Col. I). W. Jjewis, who "was afterwards Gov. Gilmer's private secretary, says that the writer of the article in question was a lady and that it was for this reason that Mr. Crawford's de mand was refused.
However, Thomas K. Burn side assumed responsibil ity for the article, whereupon he promptly received a challenge from George "W. Crawford to mortal combat. Ue seems to have been reluctant to fight, but at a time when the Code Duello "was in vogue, he well knew the consequences to himself and to his political fortunes, should he refuse to meet his antagonist on the field. Pie, therefore, accepted the challenge and repaired at once to the scene of combat. But, on the night before the fatal meeting perhaps with some premonition of the result in mind. he dispatched the following note to Mrs. Burnside:

Port Mitchcll, Jan. 24, 18^8.

Bear Wife and Mother:

Tomorrow I fight. I do it on principle. "Whatever may bo my fate,

1 believe I am right. On this ground 1 hiivo .acted, anil will act. 1 be

lieve I shall succeed, "but if I do not I a in. yircpared for con sequences.

Kiss the children and tell them that if I f;UI my last thought was of

them.

,

Yours most affectionately,

THOMAS K. BURNS IDE.

This pathetic fragment sounds not unlike the message which Alexander Hamilton, on the eve of his fatal meet ing with Aaron Burr, addressed to Mrs. Hamilton, on the subject of duelling. jSTor was the fate of the two men

UNDER TIJTC CODE DUELLO

37

dissimilar. Thomas E. Burnside fell mortally wounded in the encounter which followed. His body was interred, with every show of respect, in the private burial ground of Col. Growell, whose residence was not far from the spot on which the unfortunate man fell. More than two ^veeks elapsed before Burnside's family received the sad news, which, when it finally came, after so long a period of suspense, almost cost Airs. Burnside her life; but she rallied her strength for the sake of her children and af terwards removed to .Dablonega, Ga., where she resided until her death.
Burnside was held in high, esteem by his countless friends and colleagues at the Bar. He was a native of S'outh Carolina,, where he was born in 1794, and after settling at Appling for the practice of law, lie i-cpresented Columbia, County in the General Assembly of Georgia. The late .Judge W. A. Burnside, for years a trustee of the North Georgia Agricultural College, "was his son. Numerous tributes were paid to Burnside's character, and from these honors it may be inferred that he was a, man "of splendid parts. At Appling, a mass-meeting- of his personal and political friends was held, over which Tur ner Clanton presided. There was also a meeting of the Bar of his circuit at which resolutions were adopted and a movement launched for erecting a monument.
According to Col. W. P. Price, this duel between Burnside and Crawford caused great excitement in Georgia and, more than any other personal conflict, it led the people of this State to make a crusade ag'ainst duelling" and to demand reform in the method of seeking satisfac tion for aggrieved honor. Gov. Crawford always de plored the unfortunate affair and, clown to the day of his death, expressed the tendercst solicitude for the bereaved widow and children, whoso helpless condition he caused. On more than one occasion it is said that he substantially befriended them, by seeking the help of intermediate parties, withoirt letting his own name be given, and for more than one act of kindness from an unknown friend the family was indebted to George W. Crawford.

38

GKORGT.V'H IjAHOMAifKW, MEMORIALS AND L/KGE^DS

Judge Cone's Assault Alexander IT. Stephens was not an Upon Mr, Stephens, athlete. It is doubtful if the former
Confederate Vice-President ever tipped the scales at more than ninety-six pounds, his exact weight in 1843, when he made his maiden speech in the national House of Representatives. Throughout his long- career in public life, he presented the typical look of an invalid, wan and emaciated. But Mr. Stephens was an utter stranger to the sense of fear, either moral or physical. He was game to the core; arid every ounce of flesh which gripped his spare bones contained as much real pluck as Caesar ever displayed in Gaul.
On the steps of the old Thompson Hotel, in Atlanta, during the fall of 1848, there occurred an incident which well illustrates the courage of Mr. Stephens. It will also serve to show that lie bore a charmed life. At this time he encountered somewhat unexpectedly Judge Francis H. Cone, of Greensboro, with whom he "was then on strained terms. Judge Cone had severely criticized Mr. Stephens' for something which the latter had either said or done in 'Congress, and among other choice epithets which the Judge is said to have used was the term "traitor".
Difficulties almost immediately ensued. Mr. Stephens probably infuriated Judge Cone by returning his vituper ative adjectives, whereupon Judge Cone, delving under neath his broadcloth, whipped out a. knife "with which he made a leap toward Mr. Stephens. The latter was doubly at a disadvantage, not only because in avoirdupois he was1 a pigmy beside Judge Cone, but also because he was unarmed, except for an umbrella which, shot out from his left elbow. "With this somewhat unheroic weapon, Mr. Stephens sought to parry the blow of Judge Cone; but he was soon overpowered by his antagonist and fell bleed ing upon the floor.
".Retract!" demanded the irate jurist, who now bent over his prostrate foe.

UNDER THE CODE DUELLO

39

'"Never!" replied- Mr. Stephens, tlio blood gurgling from his wounds,, but the proud spirit of the man still unquenchcd. Ag'ai?i the knife descended, severing1 an intercostal artery, but Mr. Stephens still refused to retract. He continued to grapple with his adversary, growing" momentarily weaker and weaker, until at Jast rescue came from some of the hotel guests who, hastening to the scene of encounter, separated the belligerents. Though Mr. Stephens received the best medical attention, he lay for "weeks hovering between life and death. Finally he arose from his sick bed to renew his campaign for reelection. !But he never fully regained the use of his right liand which was frightfully lacerated in the struggle; and his penmanship as well as his person bore the marks of the encounter as long as he lived. In justice to Judge Cone, who was one of the ablest lawyers in the State and a man much beloved in his social and domestic relations, it'may be said that he was completely upset by his violent anger and did not perhaps stop to think of the difference in physical strength between himself and Mr. Stephens. They had once been good friends, in spite of professional tilts and rivalries; and later on in life the cordial rela tions of earlier vcars were resumed.

Benjamin H. Hill But this is only an incidental story.

Challenged

The affair between Mr. Stephens and

by Mr. Stephens. Judge Ooiie could hardly be called a

duel. It was not fought according to

the ethics of the Code and was a one-sided battle, at least

with respect to weapons. But there came a time when

Mr. Stephens appeared in the role of challenger. It "was

during- the presidential campaign of 185G, and the invita

tion to mortal combat grew out of a joint debate between

Mr. Stephens and Mr. Hill in the town of Hexing-ton.

The period was one of transition. Mr. Stephens and Mr.

Toombs had both left the old Whig party and had now

come into the Democratic r;mks; while Mr. Hill stood

squarely upon the American or Know-nothing platform.

40 GEORGIA'S T-JANIJMAHKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
With, merciless oratory Mr. Hill pilloried Mr. Stephens on his change of front. Mr. Stephens, in his speech assailed the American candidate for President, characterizing- him as Judas, to which Mr. Hill retorted "by saying that while Judas did betray his Master for thirty pieces of silver he did not abuse his1 Master after he betrayed Him. There was an implication In this lan guage which Mr. Stephens did not like; but nothing further was said on the subject at tills time, in a joint debate with Mr. Toombs at Washington, the latter was taxed in pretty much the same fashion. It was a novel spectacle to see a youngster like Mr. Hill touch the breast plates of old veterans like Mr. Toornbs and Mr. Stephens ; and stories of Jack the G-iant-rxiller began to circulate up and down the State.
What Mr. Tbornbs thought on the subject does not appear, but Mr. Stephens was by no means pleased with the garbled accounts which reached him within the nextfew days, and, putting some vitriol into his ink bottle, he wrote to Mr. Hill for information. Said he in substance: "I have been informed that in your speeches at Thomson and Augusta you declared that you had charged upon Mr. Toombs and myself that we had betrayed the Whig party and had acted toward it worse than Judas Iscariot, for though he betrayed his Master he did not abuse Him afterward; that you had thundered this in our ears and that we had cowered under your charges. Please let me know if this be true, at least so far as X am concerned.''
To this letter Mr. Hill replied in substance that he had repeated at Thomson and Augusta exactly what had taken place at Lexington and Washington, no more and no less; that he met argument with argument, sarcasm with sarcasm, and ridicule with ridicule; that he dis claimed any personal ill-will and made shots only at those who built batteries.
Mr. Stephens was not satisfied with the terms ill which this reply was couched, and several additional love-letters -were exchanged in which Jndas was the only

UNDER TTTE CODE

41

one of the disciples whose name was mentioned; and finally Mr. Stephens, nettled by what he considered an admission of tho rumors with an effort to escape the con sequences,, challenged. Mr. Hill to mortal combat. Tt was quite a predicament in which tho latter was placed. He knew1 tho risk which, he wa.s bound to .Incur, if he declined an invitation. At the same time, he shrank from fighting an invalid. ITc did not wish Mr. Stephens to take his life, nor did he "wish to take the life of Mr. Stephens. More over, he was anxious to serve his State. Accordingly he declined the challenge; but he gave a summary of his reasons therefor and closed his letter with this para graph : "While I have never at any time had an insult offered to me nor an aggrcs'sion attempted, I shall yet know how to meet and repel any that may be offered by any gentleman who may presume on this refusal."
Unable to obtain satisfaction through this avenue of redress, Mr. Stephens published a card in which he set forth the result of the correspondence and lambasted Mr. Hill with picturesque epithets; but Mr. Hill, who was an adept at the same art, came back 'with his own review of the controversy and "wound np by giving' as bis last reason for declining a duel with Mr. Stephens his now celebrated rejoinder :
"I have a family and a conscience; you have neither."

Mr. Hill Hurls There have been many exaggerated acan Ink Bottle counts of a personal difficulty which ocat Mr. Yancey. curred in 1862 between Benjamin H. Hill
and William L. Yancey on the floor of the Confederate Senate. The dispute grew out of an argument with which Mr. Hill as usual was defending soioe policy of the Davis administration. It may have been on the bill for establishing a Supreme Court. At any rate, an exciting' debate had been in progress for several days and Mr. Yancey had made some severe

42

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

strictures upon certain executive matters. Indeed, lie had g'one so far as to declare, in the licat of towering1 argument, that Mr. Hill had spoken "what he knew to be false.
This was a declaration 'which carried a challenge, and, reaching for a missile with which to repel the charge, he chanced to strike an ink 'bottle upon his desk. Swiftly calculating1 the distance, lie hurled this projectile at Mr. Y.'.mcey, with the force of a catapult and with the aim of a rifleman, striking1 the surprised Senator upon the cheek-bone. He had shown himself an adept in the use of ink-bottles, whether employed in the g'entle art of letters or in the deep-chested and muscular science of pugilism; but he had also nettled the Titan wrath of one of the superb invincibles.
Things looked serious. Mr. Yanccy was1 not a man to brook an affront. -But the possibility of further diffi culties was prevented by the interference of Senators who now rushed between the combatants ; and the doors being' closed the aft'nir was amicably adjusted by med iating i'riends. "With some difficulty, Mr. YTaucey sup pressed. his1 resentment, feeling that the hot haste in which, Mr. Hill had acted was perhaps natural under the circumstances and that the subject-matter of disagree ment was too trivial to estrange patriots.
!Both subsequently became fast friends. The story that Mr. Van coy's death, which occurred not long after this encounter, was clue to the effect of the blow received from Mr. Hill, is1 only artistic fiction. The wound pro duced an effusion of blood, but it was never regarded as serious, and Mr. Yancey resumed his argument soon after the difficulty occurred. He subsequently died of kidney trouble. Both his brother, Ool. _B. C. Yancey, of Home, and his son, Capt. Goodloe H. Yancey, of Athens, continued to be numbered among Mr. Hill's steadfast friends and supporters.*
*Ben5. II- Hill, Jr.: Senator Benj. II. Hill of Georgia His Life, Speeches and Writings, pp. 43-44.

TJlSTDEE TITR COD"R DlJKT.LO

43

General Toombs and. Between G-eneral Toombs and Gov-

Governor Brown.

eriior Brown there arose an issue

during the days of Reconstruction

which readied an acute .stage during the summer of 1872,

and while these distinguished Georgians never met on.

the field of honor they became involved in an acrimonious

controversy which threatened at every moment to end

in a resort to weapons. _It was intimated by Gen.

ToombsSj in language which amounted almost to an open

declaration, that Gov. Crown-had been g'uilty of lobbying'

certain claims through the State Legislature, to which

Gov. Brown, returned an indignant answer, stating- that

if Gen. Toombs meant to accuse him of lobbying1 he was

an unscrupulous liar.

Up to this time Gen. Toombs and Gov. Brown had

been staunch friends. In the latter's famous issue with

President Davis, over the Conscript Act, Gen. Toombs

had sided with Gov. Brown. .But the two men parted

company under the bayonet regime of Reconstruction,

Gen. Toombs urging' resistance, while Gov. Brown advo

cated submission to the Federal authorities. "With philo

sophic composure, Gov. Brown endured the ostracism to

which his unpopular course exposed him; but his habit

ual calmness forsook IVJT.II when Gen. Toombs stepped

forward with his offensive implication.

At this stage of the controversy, there appeared upon

the scene a gentleman, acting on behalf of Gen. Toombs,

who wished to know if Gov. Brown w'as prepared for

personal hostilities, to which Gov. Brown replied that be

would reserve his answer until he received a challciig*e.

In the meantime, however, with characteristic delibera

tion, he began to put his house in order and to arrange

his private affairs so as to be prepared for whatever

might happen. It is said that he even contemplated

withdrawing- his letter from the Baptist church until the

affair was concluded; but there was never .'.my ground

for this statement. Mr. Grady's imagination hatched it

up in order to give color to a sensational newspaper

44

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS

report. If a challenge was contemplated by Gen. Toombs, it failed to materialize into a cartel. Con troversial warfare was carried on in the public prints; but no invitation to g'o blood-hunting was ever issued or received.
Discussing the threatened hostile meeting between Gen. Toombs and Gov. Brown in 1872, Mr. Gvady in dulged in some humorous speculations. Said ho: "In the first place, G-eii. Toombs made no preparation for the duel. He went along in his careless and kingly way, trusting presumably to luck on quick shot. Gov. Brown, oil the contrary, made the most careful and deliberate preparation. Had the duel come off, Gen. Toombs would have fired with his usual magnificence and his usual dis regard of rule. 1 do not mean to imply that he wouJd not have hit Gov. J3rown; on the contrary, he might have hit him in a dozen places at once. P>ut one thing" is sure Gov. Brown would have clasped his1 long white fingers around the pistol butt, adjusted it to his gray eye, and set his bullet within an eighth of an inch of the place he had selected. I should not be surprised if he drew a diagram of Gen. Toombs, and marked off with square and compass the exact spot he wanted to hit."

Last Duel Fought On August 10, 1889, perhaps the last

in the South.

duel fought in the Southern States,

according to the strict ethics of the

Field of Honor, occurred in Alabama, near the Georgia

State lino, between J. H. "Williamson and Patrick Cal-

houii, both of whom "were captains of industry and rail

way magnates interested in Southern rehabilitation.

The former, since deceased, was then President of the

Borne, Chattanooga and Columbus B. It., with head

quarters in Borne,- while the latter, a direct lineal de

scendant of the G-reat NuHitier of South Carolina, was at

this time attorney for the West Point Terminal Company,

with offices in Atlanta. Mr. Calhoun lias since become

UNDER TITTJ CODE DTJI^LO

45

a national fig1 arc, due to his connection with, the g'reat street railway system of San Francisco.
From an eye-witness to the affair, Mr. Gordon Noel Hurt el, who was present in. the capacity of a newspaper correspondent,, the following' account of the duel has been obtained. Says this writer:*
Bnring a certain investigation before a legislative committee at the Georgia, State cap Hoi, jM~r. Calhouii made a remark which reflected on tlie integrity of Onpta.in WiUJamson, and Captain \VillJamsori denoimeod the statement as a falsehood. >Tr. CaLhoun sent a letter by Captain Harry Jackson to the offending party, in whi.ch he demanded an. apology. Captain WJlliarnson referred the bearer to Captain Jack King. There
Cedar .Bluff, where it was planned to fight the duel, ea.ii be reached, from Atlanta over the Home and Deeatu.r Railroad, via Koine, or over the Southern Railroad, via Anniaton. It -was sl'rictly against the Code for newspaper reporters to attend a duel, and in the palmy days of the Code it was riot difficult for duellists to rid themselves of too much publicity; "but when the Cam ou.ii-William son duel was fought not even the Field of .Honor was too sacred for the stall' correspondent.
Mr. Calhouii, with his second, Captain Jackson, went to Cedar Bluff by the Ann 1st on route, and -were accompanied by Edward C. Bruffey,
;titntioii. " Captain Williamson, with his second, Captain

mson 7s private rush the car through Borne to avoid any legal interference. Bd Barrett and I knew there was going to be an effort ma.de to ing the duel, and so we hid on the rear end of crouching down on the steps on either side.
The car was pulled rapidly through Rome, and Mr. Barrett and I went with it, but when we had gone sonic three miles west of Rome wo were discovered nnd the ear stopped. We were kindly but firmly ordered to get off. 7t way a hot clay in the middle of summer and a thick dust had been stirred up by the fiist-movirig train. Through the heat and dust ]\fr. Barrett ami T had to walk three miles back to Rome. When we reached there we met Captain Seay, who assisted us in char tering a locomotive. We found an engineer who knew the schedule on the Borne and Becatur "Railroad, but wo could hire no fireman. Mr. Barrett and 1 fired the engine and we were soon ready to pull out after Captain "\VLJliamson's special- car.
tht

46

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEG-ENDS

We found the special side-tracked just outside of Home because Captain Williamson's engineer could not operate a train over the E. & D. Just as we came up Captain William son was shooting- a pistol at a tree. In order to secure our engineer the duelling party were forced to allow Mr. Barrett, Captain Seay and myself, to become passengers in the special car. I remember that, Mr. Barrett, still feeling deeply ag grieved at the way we had been treated ordered a bottle of wine from the porter just to show that he felt perfectly at home on the special.
We reached Cedar Bluff in due time. The regular train from Annisttm, on which were Mr. Calhoun, 'Captain Jackson and Mr. Bruffey, had already been held up by a typic.al sheriff with a picturesque widebrimmed white hat, who swore that no darn train was going to move until he got Pat Calhoun. Wo spent about a half hour at Cedar Bluff, and as no one w^ovild point out Mr. Calhoun to the sheriff there did not seem any good prospect of moving. It was then that Mr. Bruffey stepped up to the sheriff and said, "Well, there is no use in causing any more trouble. I'm Pat Calhoun." The sheriff grabbed his prisoner and -was about to move off with him to the jail when a Cedar Bluff storekeeper remarked, "That ain't Pat Calhoun, that's Kd Bruffey." Even in that remote country village, Ed Brnffcy was known.
Captain Jackson, calling me to one side, told me to inform the sheriff that the United States mail train was held up, and a \-ery serious offense was being committed. The sheriff decided to let the mail train go on through to 'Some, and we passed the word around so that all of the party -which had been on the special boarded the regular train. Our engineer wT as told to follow us as soon as possible,. We rode on the xcgular passenger some two or three miles east of Cedar Bluff and dis embarked. In a few minutes the special came up. It was decided to fight the duel then and there, and in a small open field a distance of fifteen paces was marked off and preparations made for the fight.
'' Book out,'' some one in our party yelled, '' here eonies the sheriff
and his posse.'' Sure enough, down a hill there came clattering some dozen men on
horseback, and armed with Winchesters.
"."Everybody on the ear," Mr. Barrett cried out, and we were quickly aboard and soon speeding down the railroad still going in the direction of Komc and nearer to the State line.. We must have gone some ten miles when the special was stopped and the party again disembarked. I do not know to this day whether we were in Alabama or Georgia. Objection was made by Mr. Calhoun to Judge Tompkins going on the field, and the judge remained in the car. The train had stopped in a cut, and we had to walk about fifteen yards to reach a level place, and this was found to the left of the railroad and about a hundred feet therefrom.
Fifteen steps were paced off and Mr. Calhoun was placed facing the west., and Captain Williamson facing tho east. The sun at that time

TTNDEK T-HE OODI<; DUELLO

47

was just descending rjclow "the horizon and the sties and woods "were flooded with a golden light.
It was discovered that the Ivox of

Jack the a denly
Bang! "There," exclaimed Mr. Bruffoy, "I have shot my linger Dr. Cooper offered to bind up the wound, but Mr. Bruffoy, handkerchief to stop the hemorrhage, placed his hand agairiat nd said:
aval.'

48

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

But the Code Duello lias passed. There is not a State in the Union nor a country on the globe in which the practice has not been condemned by public sentiment, crystallized into forms of law; and even in France, where the custom originated, its expiring gasp has at last been heard. On this side of the water it has slept the sleep of the dead for a score of years; and, except in the literature of a former time, its baleful effect upon our civilization is no longer seen or felt. In some respects, it was not an unmixed evil. It made men observant of the proprieties of speech, knowing full well the respon sibility which attached to words. It protected the "weak against the strong; and it safeguarded the honor of woman. There was no place for cowardice under a Code "which put an iron emphasis upon manly virtue and which served to revive, in many of its finer phases, the heroic age of knighthood. But, when everything' to the credit of duelling has been said and written, it still remains that for sheer destructivcness, its only rivals in the world's modern life have been pestilence and "war. No arithmetic can count the graves it has1 dug, compute the hopes of happiness it has dashed to the ground, or num ber the hearthstones over which it has hung' the pall of a premature desolation. [But the Fates have kindly inter vened. With remorseless irony it has come to pass that, for this1 writer of epitaphs, an epitaph has at last been, written; that, for this insatiate archer, there lias come at length an arrow whose point has found the pulsing; heartcenter of life; and that, goaded by the nightmare of its own hideous dreams, this rnurdei-ous custom has at last fallen underneath its own fire on the Field of Honor.

SECTION II
Landmarks and Memorials

SECTION II
Landmarks and Memorials
CHAPTER I Hernando De Soto: Memorials of his March
through Georgia in 1540
O N March 30, 1539 nearly two centuries before Georgia received her charter from the Crown of England there landed at Tampa Bay, on the coast of West Florida, a band of Spaniards, six hundred strong, under the command of the renowned adventurer, Hernando De Soto. These cavaliers of Spain were clad in handsome armor and provided with horses splendidly caparisoned, and resembled rather a cavalcade of knights en route to tournament than a -band of a'dventurous arg'onauts seeking for hidden treasure in an unsubdued wilderness'. The avowed purpose of the expedition was to .discover the fabulous wealth, of the New "World; and, after claiming the country in the name of Charles V and planting the flag of Spain in the white sands of Florida, De Soto pointed his jeweled sword toward the North.
So far as authentic records go, these were the first Europeans to set foot upon the soil of Georgia. From time to time navigators had skirted the coast, entering perhaps for a short distance the mouths of rivers, but none had ventured to explore the interior, at least beyond the range of tide water. It was still an unknown land

52

GEORGIA'S LANIXMAKKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS

when De Soto stood upon, its borders and peered into its vast solitudes in the spring of 1540. But before tracing the route which lay before these bold but deluded Spaniards, let us cross the water to the ancient town of Seville and take a hasty survey of the events1 to which this strange spectacle on the shores of the ISTew World was only the dramatic culmination.*

coount is an unfinishea report in Spanish by *pe.lition, written soon after reaching Mexico, but not published, except in mutilated extracts, until 1S51. Secondary Authorities: (1) Researches on America, ny James tf. McCulloh (I81fi). C^> The Conquest of Florida,, by Theodore Irving (1845). (3) j-Tistory of the Disco very and Settlement of the Mississippi Valley, by Jolm M. Monette, M. :r>. (1.848). (4) History of Georgia, by Bishop Wm. E. Stevens, M. TX, Vol. T (18.17). (5) Synopsis of the Indian Tribes within the United States, Kast of the Rot:Tsy Mountains, by Albert Gallatiti (1S3G). <6) History of .Alabama, and incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi, by Albert J. Pickett (1851).
(8) History of Georgia, by Chas. C. Jones, Jr., Vol. I (issa). (9) Romantic Passages in Southwestern History, by A. 13. Meek (I8r>7), including Pilgrimage of De Soto (1S3&). (Hi) Myths of the Cberokee 1>y Jam&s Mooney (1 noO), H'uiis ment, Vol. US.

IlilRNANDO DE SoTO

53

the Spanish Crown permission to explore an indefinite region of the New World, then known, by the name of Florida. It will doubtless be remembered that the illfated Ponce de Leon, in search of his fabled fountain of youth, some years before, had bestowed this name upon what he took to be an island of vast magnitude and of nntold wealth.

.Dazzled by the prospect of enlarging- the boundaries of his empire, the .King- readily g-rantcd this coveted boon. It was agreed that certain royalties accruing- from the treasures obtained on the expedition, whether taken from graves and temples or discovered in mines, were to revert to the Crown; and, in order that he might the more readily command a convenient base of operations for the hazardous enterprise, l)e Soto was commissioned Governor of the Island of Cuba. It was not a difficult task to obtain followers. The age was one of romance. Talcs of fabulous wealth had fired the imagination of the Spaniard. De Soto himself was sanguine of success ; and though the conquest of Pern had netted him 180,000 crowns of gold, he expected to iind still vaster treasures on this new voyage to the West.
Six hundred men, picked with discrimination from the chivalry of Spain, were obtained for the expedition. Says Jones:'"' "This little army was composed of men accustomed to \\~a,rs, skilled in the use of weapons, arid inured to hardships. Scarcely a gray head appeared amongst them." Twelve priests, eight clerg-ymeii of in ferior rank, and four monks accompanied the army, showing that, in the feverish thirst for conquest, the con version of the aborigines was not forgotten. Moreover, men of letters, to perpetuate the events of the march and to acquaint posterity with the details of an affair so momentous, were found eager to accompany the ad venturous knights.
*J.-mes: History of Georgia, Vol. t, p. 3S.

54

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MFJMORIAT,S AND LEGENDS

111 due time De Soto embarked for Cuba. Here, busy with preparations for a protracted inarch over land, ho remained until the spring- of the year following. On Sunday, May 18, 1539, in a fleet of nine vessels, he sailed from Havana, to Florida, arriving at Tampa Bay within twelve days thereafter,'where he set up the royal standard of his sovereign. Thns began one of the most eventful marches in the history of time. But fate de lights in strange ironies. Four years later, after wander ing to the distant slopes of the Eocky Mountains, a remnant of the once buoyant band, haggard and exhaust ed, found themselves upon the borders of Mexico. But De Soto was not among them. The hold leader of the enterprise, who expected to eclipse the fame of Pizarro, slept 'beneath the turbid 'waters of the Mississippi.

Memorials of I)e Soto's march still abound. In the neighborhood of Tallahassee, where most of the his torians locate the ancient town called by the Spaniards, Anhayca, pieces' of Spanish armor have been found, in addition to other Kuropean relics of a remote period. While the accounts furnished 'by the Spanish narrators are quite full it is difficult, in a study of ancient towns and villages, to make the descriptions in each case con form to modern landmarks; hut there are monumental remains still extant which will serve as sign-boards to the antiquarian.
On Wednesday, March 3, 1540, after wintering at Anhayca, the army began once more to move northward. Its objective point at this time was Yupaba, a province governed by a, woman, whose chief city was reported to be one of great size. Among some Indians captured by a roving party of Spaniards was a lad who spoke know ingly of this queen and of certain chiefs who paid tribute to her in gold; and so vividly did he describe the process of taking the yellow metal from the earth, of melting it in crucibles, and of taking it therefrom refined and puri-

HEBNATSTOO BE SOTO

55

fied that the eyes of "the Spaniards began to sparkle with triumph. At last, they were fringing the Tjaiid of Gold.
Four days later, beyond a doubt, the Spaniards stood upon Georgia soil, having crossed the Ocklockonee Kiver. Within forty-eight hours they came to an Indian village called Capachiqui. Here, at sight of the Europeans, there was at tirst great consternation among tlie natives, who took flight as the Spaniards approached ; but when five of the Spaniards visited some Indian cabins, encom passed by a thicket, they "were attacked from ambush. As a result, one was killed and three were badly "wounded. Says Jones: "Thus does the Gentleman of Elvas record the death of the first Spaniard who fell upon what is now the soil of Georgia.."

Tloalli, the next Indian village at which the Spaniards arrived, on the 21st of March, is located by Jones at s'ome point south of Ocmulg'ce. Kiver, perhaps in the present county of Trwiii; and, after remaining here for three days, they made a short journey to A.cliose, a village located upon, the above-named stream, in the neighbor hood of what is now the town of Abbeville. According to Galiatiri, Achese or O'cliis was the Muscogeo name for the Ocmulgee Kiver. Here the inhabitants likewise fled before the Europeans; but the chief was found to bo friendly and he informed I)e Soto that further on there reigned a powerful king' wThose country was called Ocutc. To assist him in finding the place a. guide was furnishedOn the first of April, De Soto resumed his march, skirt ing the edge of a river whose shores were found to be thickly inhabited. Within four days, he arrived at Altarnaco, the locality of which is unidentified; but on the tenth day he reached Ocute, the principal town of whicli was probably somewhere in the neighborhood of the present city of Dublin. According- to Colonel Jones, the banks of the Ocoriee Kiver in this1 neighborhood give token that in former times the aboriginal population was

56 G-EORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LKGEXDS
somewhat dense. On approaching the town, he was met by 2,000 Indians, bearing- as a present from the chief an abnndance of wild game, including' partridges and turkeys.
Here he remained until April the 12th. When ready to depart, he obtained from the chief four hundred burden-bearers to accompany him on the march; and, after passing through Cofaqui, lie came to Patofa, the chief of which town received him with every mark of consideration. It is astonishing how kindly the Span iards were treated by the natives when the rapacious character of the expedition is taken into account. They misused women; they employed men as beasts of burden; supplies of every kind were appropriated by them; and in quest of costly ornaments they even ransacked temples and burial places of the dead.
On leaving Patofa, lie Koto taxed the king for enough, maize to last the expedition four days ; but it so happened that soon after leaving the Indian village, he lost the trail which lie was following. For several days, the Spaniards wandered blindly through the pine barrens, fording with difficulty two rivers, probably the sources of the Great Ogeeehec ; and swimming another, supposed by Jones to bo Briar Creek, in what, is now the county of Burke. On the 28tli day of April, the expedition arrived at Cutifachiqui, a town which Monette locates just north of Augusta at a. point where Broad Iviver enters the Savan nah. MeOuIloh places it on the Ocrnulgee IJiver, near Macon; but, according to other authorities, including Pickott, Gallatin, Jones, Mooncy and others, it occupied the site of Silver Bluff, on the Carolina side of the Savannah Elver, some twenty-five miles below Augusta. It was here that George Galpbin, the celebrated Indian tra,der, a.fterwards lived during Colonial times. Mooriey thinks it was probably an ancient capital of the Ucliees.

HKRNAXDO DE SOTO

57

It was not witliout the greatest difficulty that the Spaniards reached Culif'achiqui. Four Indians were captured who refused to give them any information con cerning- adjacent villages; hut one of them having been burned alive the information was at last forthcoming that Outifa'chiqui "was only two days off and was ruled by a woman. Yupaha, therefore, seemed to bo at hand. On learning' of I)e Soto's approach, the queen sent canoes to assist him across the river; and when he came into her presence she threw over his head a, string- of pearls. Moreover, food in abundance was given to his famished men. and horses.
But I)e Soto ill-requited the queen's kindness. lie began a systematic search for pearls of which he learned that she possessed a goodly number; desecrated graves, taking- therefrom many costly ornaments, including ng'ures made from iridescent shells: and even invaded the temple, leaving- it poorer in sacred relics. On hearing that the queen's mother was a widow, he expressed a desire to meet her and tried persistently to do so; but her ladyship eluded him at every turn. At last the queen herself became so incensed at the outrages perpetrated upon her su'bje-cts by the Spaniards that when. X)e Soto announced his purpose to continue his journey she refused cither to grant him supplies or to give him directions.
Thereupon the Spanish Governor put her under arrest; and, upon resuming his march, on the third day of May, he compelled her to accompany him on foot, escorted by female attendants. While at Cutifachiqui the Spaniards found hatchets and other implements made of copper, some of which appeared to be mixed with gold. Oil inquiry they were informed that the metal had come from an interior mountain province called Ohisca, hut the country was represented MS thinly populated and the way as impassible for horses. Some time before, while advanc ing through lower Georgia, they had heard of a rich and plentiful province called Coosa, toward the north-west;

58

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGEKDS

and now by tlie people of Cut if achiqui they were informed that Chiaha, tlie nearest town of the Coosa province was twelve days inland. As both men and animals were already nearly exhausted, !De So to determined not to attempt tlie passage of the mountains then, but to push on at once toward Coosa and recuperate before under taking- further exploration.

However, the first objective point of the Spaniards, after resuming the journey, was Gauxule, situated near the extreme northern limits of the queen's domain, in a mountainous region. Hardships multiplied, but in seven days ithtj province of Chclaque was reached. Both Mooiiey and Jones identify Chclaquc as 'Gherokee, Geor gia ; and, according to the latter, I)e Soto was now probably within the confines of the present county of Franklin. The country was almost destitute of maize. Tt was also extremely uneven ; and not less than five days were spent in reaching Xunlla, the next town at which the Spaniards stopped. Pickett locates this town in Habersham. County, near what is now the town of darksville; and there are Spanish antiquities in the neighbor hood, which seem to warrant this impression. Irving locates it on the site of a former Indian town at the head of the Chattahoochce River; while, according to Jones, it was situated in Nar oochec Valley, near the foot of Mount Yonali. There arc also numerous relics in this vicinity, which point to the Spaniards.
IProm this1 place, !De Soto seems to have moved in a westerly direction; but scarcely were his columns in motion before the queen, succeeded in making her escape into the forest, and so effectually did she elude pursuit that efforts to recapture her proved fruitless. The journey from ^Cualia to GauxuIe consumed five days. Mountains arose on every hand, with intervening valleys, rich, in pasturage and irrigated by clenr and rapid

HERNANOO DE SOTO

59

streams, (xauxule, according to Jones, occupied tlie site of Coosawattee Old Town in the county of Murray. Two more days of travel brought the Spaniards, oil tlic 22nd <lay of May to Conasauga, which, according to Meek and Piekett, was a town on tlie Oouasauga River, in Murray County, but which, according- to Jones, was between tlie Conasauga and the Coosawattee Kivers, in Gordon Coun ty, on the1 site of New Kchota. Theuee dispatching' an Indian messenger ahead to announce his arrival, l)e Soto, on June 5, 3540, reached 'Chiaha, which most of the au thorities identify a,s the modern city of Rome, between the Oostanaula and the Ktowah 'Rivers.

It may be of interest in this connection to state that an eminent investigator, James Mooney, dissents from the majority view on this subject and locates Chiaha on the site of the present town of Columbus. While his opinion in the matter may strike the average reader as somewhat erratic, it cannot be lightly dismissed. Mr. Mooney is a recognized authority on American antiq uities. He is connected with the Smithsonian Institu tion in Washington, I). C., and is not only the latest scholar to investigate the route of I)e Soto but, what entitles his view to special weight is the fact that he has based his researches largely upon an original document which was not published, except in a mutilated form, until 1851, and which was not consulted by the other investigators, namely, ail unfinished report in Spanish by one Banjel, secretary to the expedition.
There is no essential deviation between Jones and Mooney until the Spaniards leave Cutifachiqni, "which both identify as Silver Bluff. Then the two commenta tors part company; and where Jones locates Xualla in Nacooehee Valley, Mooney locates it at the head of the Broad Eiver in Western Xorth Carolina, where a tribe of Indians then lived culled tlie Suwali,, better known

60 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LKGKNDS
Inter as Cheraws. Gauxule, a town which the Spaniards reached after traveling in a westerly, direction, he locates in Nacoochee Valley. Thence proceeding down the Chattahoochee Biver, he identifies Conasauga as an old Indian town near the hanks of this stream, in tbe neighborhood of Kennesaw Mountain, a, name whose similarity of sound raay be something- more than a mere coincidence; and finally lie comes oil down to Colnmhus, in the situa tion of which town he recognizes the Chiaha of the Spanish narratives.
Whether it he Rome or Columbus, Do Soto remained fit 'C'hiaba for nearly a month. At the expiration of this time, he parted from the king with kind words, and left on July 1, 1540, for tbe far west, aecornpanied-by a retinue of slaves as the king's gift. In a short while he was be yond the territory of Georgia. To trace his wanderings through a trackless1 forest, exposed without protection to the torrid heat of summer and to the rigorous cold of winter, exhausted by hunger, e-nfeebled by 'disease, is not within the purview of this sketch. It suffices to say that the gold for which tire Spaniards relinquished home and braved the solitudes of an unknown wilderness proved an illusive phantom. Most of them looked 110 more upon Spain. At last, on Sept. 1C1, 1543, a pathetic remnant reached Panuca, in Mexico, after suffering untold hard ships ; but not until they had lowered the body of J)e Soto secretly at night into the bosom of the Great Kather of TVa,ters, where at last his splendid fabric of dreams literally crumbled into dust.

HERNAK DO DE SOTO

61

ITINEEAKY OF HERNANDO DE SOTO

(1) According to Jones:

Mar.eh 3, 1540. March 7, 1540. March 9, 1540. March 2J, .1540. March 24, 1540. March 25, 1540. April 1, 1540. April 4, 1540. April 10. 1540. April 12, 1540.

April 14, 1540. April 20, 1:540.

April 26, 1540. April 28, 1540.

May May

3, 1540. 30, 1540.

May 15, 15-10.

May 20, 1540.

May .Tune July

22, 3540. 5, 1540. 1, 1540.

Left Aiihayca (Tallahassee, Fla.)Crossed a deep river (Oeklockonec). Arrived at Capachiqui. Came to Toalli, 221 Irwin County (near the Ocznulgee). Left Toalli. Arrived at Achese, in Wilcox Co. (on the Oemulgee). Departed from Achese. Passed through the Town of AHamac-a. Arrived at Ocute, in Laurens Co. (near the Oconee); Left Ocute. Passed through a town whose lord was
called Cofaqui, and came to the province of an other lord, named Patofa. Departed from Patofa. Lost in a pine barren. Six clays consumed in fording two rivers (sources of the Great Ogeechee). Set out for Ayma.y, a village reached ;it nightfall. Departed for Cutifachiqui (Silver Bluff, on the Savan nah, 25 miles below Augusta), Left Cutifachiqui.. Left Cutifachiqui (Chcrokce, Ga,, probably in Frank lin County). Arrived at, Xualla (Nacooc'hco Valley, near Mount Yonah). Arrived at G-auxnlc (Coosawatteo Old Town in Murray County). Arrived at Conasauga (JSTew "Echota, in Gordon Co.). Arrived at Gliiaha (Koine, Ga.). Departed from Chialia.

March 3, 1510' to
May 10, 1540. May 35, 1540.

May 20, 1540. May 22, 1540.

Juno July

5, 1540. 1, 1540.

(2) According to Mooiioy:
Tn substantial agreement with .Tones;. Arrived at XufiHa (town in Wosfrern JVorMi Carolina,
belonging to the Suwalli Indians, at the head of "Rroad River). Arrived at Gauxule (N"acoochee Valley). Arrived at Cona&auga (town of this name, near Kennesaw Mountain). Arrived at Chiaha (Columbus, Ga.). Departed from Chiaha.

CHAPTER II
"Home, Sweet Home:" John Howard Payne's Georgia Sweetheart and Imprisonment
I T is one of the ironies of Fate that the poet from' whose pen has come the best-known lyric of the hearthstone was himself a homeless wanderer. "With little knowledge of domestic happiness, he sang of home, not as a possession, but as a want; and, for more than thirty years, lie was even fated to fill an exile's grave, on the far shores of the Mcdlterraneon. The ab sence of any strong domestic ties first led him, when a mere lad, to seek his fortune abroad. On returning to America, after a lapse of two full decades, his wandering footsteps at length brought him to Georgia, 'where two experiences of a widely different cha.racter n waited him; a jail and a sweetheart. TTrorri the former of these bind ing spells he was soon released, through the prompt inter vention of an iHfhie.rit.ial friend. But, in gentle bondage to the latter, he remained a life-long prisoner. His heart underwent 110 change. As for the fair object of his affec tions, she retained her maiden, name to the end of her days and, dying at the ripe age of seventy-six, carried to her grave in. Oconee Cemetery, at Athens, an nndimmed image of her poet-lover: the .immortal author of "Home, Sweet Home."
The world has not forgotten the pathetic, story of John Howard Payiie. !But the tendency to exaggerate has led a host of writers, eager for dramatic effect, into

THE VANN HOUSE; Spring Place, Ga., where John Hpward Payne was Imprisoned in 3,836,

"HOMR, SWKKT HOME"

63

gross misstatenients. Indeed, there are few, who, in sketching1 Payne's life, have not drawn more largely upon fancy for materials than npoii fact.
Payne was never at any time the shiftless, ne'er-dowell1, or the penniless vagabond which he has often been made to appear by these caricature artists. Most of his life, it is true, was .spent in bachelor quarters and among remote scenes. Pie also lacked business acumen ; but those upon whom nature bestows the divine alllatus are seldom merchants or bankers. With the conveniences of an assured income, he was unacquainted ; and the ca prices of Fortune often entailed upon him financial em barrassment. On more than one occasion he knew what it was to be without a dollar in his pocket when creditors were clamorous. i>ut lie ea,rned a fair livelihood. At times, his wares brought him a substantial recompense; and, while his money lasted, he was a. Prince of Kohemians. During- the la.st years oi: his life, he held an im portant consular position at Tunis, in Morocco.
Born in the city of New York, on June 9, 1792, the early boyhood days of John Howard Payue were spent at Bast Hampton, on Long- Island, where the old family homestead, a, qnaint two-story structure, with an attic built of cedar shingles, is owned and preserved as a lit erary Mecca, by M'r. .Buck, of Brooklin, a wealthy admirer of the poet. Tn summer, the cottage is charmingly covered with wisteria vines, contrasting- with the silvery tones of color which nearness to the sea invariably gives. Stretch ing' away to the rear of the house is an old apple orchard; while, in the distance, can be seen the sand dunes of the North Atlantic." The interior paneling- of the honse is said to have been the work of a ship carpenter, trained in one of the navy yards of r^nglnnd. The building- is lieated by a huge central chimney, twelve' feet in diam eter, in which is built a fire-place after the ample pattern of the Dutch. The bouse is furnished exactly as it wa,s in the day's of Payne'a childhood, with quaint dressing-
*Jamcs Callawa.y, in the "".Vlacon Telegrapli," February If?, 1914.

64 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TJKGENDS
tables, high bedsteads, old Windsor chairs, and other furnishings reminiscent of the Colonial period. It was doubtless a recollection of this early home beside the sea which, in after years, inspired his deathless anthem.
But to go back. At the age of thirteen, when a clerk in a mercantile establishment in New York, Payne began secretly to edit a weekly newspaper, devoted to the dra ma. Such precocity of genius induced the lad's father to plan, for him a good education; but, while a student at Union College, his prospects were suddenly disturbed by the elder Payne's failure in business. John Howard then decided to g~o upon the stage. His debut as an actor was made at the Park Theatre in Xew York, on Feb ruary 24, 1809, as Young Norval in the Douglass; and the success of his initial performance, both from a pe cuniary and from an artistic standpoint, .was such that he afterwards toured the New England and Middle States.
In 1813 he sailed for England; and from this time dates his protracted sojourn abroad. As an actor he was well received by the public; but, anxious to increase his earnings, he essayed theatrical management, with disas trous results. Due to his lack of business ability, he found himself frequently in financial straits. Fortune did not seem to favor him. In 1815, he published a vol ume of verse entitled: "T^ispings of the Muse," from which his returns were only meagre. Better success attended him as a playwright. He produced a number of musical dramas, for one of which, an opera, entitled: "Clari, or the Maid of Milan," he composed the worldrcnowned stanzas of ^ITomc, Sweet Home."
This opera was first produced at the Covent Garden Theatre, in May, 18231. The mus'ic was adapted by Henry R. Bishop, from an old melody which caught Payne's fancy while visiting one of the Italian cities.* It
al Encyclopedia, article on Payne.

"HoMi;, SwjiET HOMK"

65

is said that the song itself came to him, wlicn, oppressed by debt, he wandered one day, in great heaviness of spirit, along- the banks of the Thames River. During the first year it netted his publishers over 2,000 grdneas. Payne himself derived little pecuniary profit from the son,^ which was destined to make him immortal; but he lived to see it put a girdle of music around the globe, to cliarm alike the king' and the peasant, and to become in literal truth the song of the milHoiis.
The original draft of "Home, Swoet Home" ran as follows :
'Mid pleasures and palaces, though we may .roam, Be it ever so humble, there's no place like, home; A charm from the sides seems to hallow us there,
Like the love of a mother Surpassing all other, Which, seek through the world, is ne'er met with elsewhere. There's a spell in the shade Where our infancy played, Even stronger than time and more deep than despair.
An exile from home, splendor dazzles in vain, O, give me my lonely thatched cottage again! The birds and the lampkins that came at ray call
Those who named m e with pride Those who played at my side
The joys of the palaces through which T roam Only swell my bead's anguish there's no place like home.
Later .Payne re-wrote the poem. But in order to se cure brevity lie sacrificed poetic charm. The lines with which the public are to-day familiar hardly measure up to the original; but they are doubtless better adapted to the air. Here is the poem as re-written:
es and palaces, though -we may roam, > humble, there's uo plaeo like home.

66

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

An exile from home, splendor dazzles in vain, O, gi've me my lowTy thatched cottsige again! The birds singing- gaily that came at my call Give mo them and the peace of mind dearer than all.
Home, home, sweet, sweet home! There's no place like home! There's no place like home!

In H832 Payne returned to Now York. The question agitating" the public mind at this time was the removal of the Cherokee Indians to a trans-Mississippi region. To one of Payne's fine poetic temperament, the idea of using force to drive these primitive inhabitants of the soil these native Americans into an unwilling' exile was mo'st repugnant. He thought of himself as an out cast and a "wanderer; and it was only natural for the man who "wrote "Home, Sweet Home" to espouse the cause of those "who "were soon to be homeless, even though they were savage tribes of the forest.
To ascertain the real facts in regard to the Cherokees, Mr. Payne came to Georgia in 3836, on the eve of the famous deportation. It so happened that, at this time, Georgia "was in a turmoil of excitement. Events were rapidly approaching" a climax; and, in order to deal, on the one hand, with meddlesome interlopers whose pur pose was to inflame the Red Men,'and, on the other, with lawless characters escaping' across the State line into Indian Territory, it was necessary for Georgia to extend her jurisdiction, with a rod of iron, over the domain of the Cherokees.
There was, at this time, among the Indians, two dis tinct parties, one of which, under Major Ridge, strongly favored removal as the wisest course for the nation to adopt. The other, headed by John Ross, strenuously op posed removal; and these were regarded as the sworn enemies of the State. Between the two factions there was war to the knife, deadly and hitter. "When John Howard Payne came to Georgia, he visited the Cherokee

"HOME, Sw-EKT HOME"

67

nation as the g'uost of John Ross, then as afterwards, the principal chief. His ohject in making this visit was unknown to the civil authorities; but his affiliation, with John Ross put him at once under suspicion. He con templated nothing" sinister. His purpose was merely to gather information. But Tray was in had company, at least, to Georgia's way of thinking'; and, while visitingJohn Ross, he was put under arrest and imprisoned in the old Vann house, at Spring1 Place, in "what is now Murray County, Ga. Capt. A. B. Bishop, who commanded the Georgia Guards, at this place, made the arrest. He found the poet at Ross's home, near the head of the Coosa River.
It is said that while imprisoned at Spring- Place he heard the soldiers singing- his. familiar an them, "Home, Sweet Home,'* and that, when he eventually satisfied his captors that he was the author of this renowned song", he received from them the most considerate treatment/* Nevertheless, he was held a prisoner until his release was finally procured by Gen. Edward Harden, of Athens, to whom he had brought a letter of introduction. The his toric site of the poet's imprisonment at Spring Place is soon to be marked by the John Mill edge Chapter of the D. A. R.

As above stated, Mr. Payne, on coming to Georgia, brought with him a letter of introduction to an old citizen of Athens, Gen. Edward Harden. The latter was formerly a resident of Savannah; and, during the famous visit of TjaFayette to this country, in 1825, he entertained the illustrious nobleman, of France. Gen. Harden "was typically a g'entlcman of the old school, courtly in his manners, refined and cultured, in fact, a man of letters, though his chosen profession was the law. Payne expected to stop at the public inn;
*Rev. W. J. Cotter, in the Wesleyan Christian Advocate.

68

GrOKGI.\'S L.VNDMAKKW, M-l^iOKTALS ANII ]jl:GENDS

but to this Gen. Harden demurred, insisting that lie become his guest for an indefinite stay.
Thus it was that the author of "Home, Sweet Home," found himself an inmate of the famous old Harden home in Athens. The story that Payiie caug'bt the inspiration for his poem at this time is, of course, sheerest fiction, for more than twelve years had elapsed since the first rendition of the song- in public. Equally imaginative is the yarn that oil entering the door of his prison at Spring- Place, he raised both hands in anguish above his head, exclaiming with hitter sar casm, "Home, Sweet Home," and then proceeded to write the poem, in a moment of silent communion
with the Muses. .But while Payne did not write his poem in Georgia,
he enjoyed the hospitality which Gen. Harden lavished without stint upon friend and stranger alike; and there came into his life at this time an influence which, for the rest of his days, was destined to cast upon him the spell of a most subtle enchantment. He became ac quainted with the General's lovely daughter, Mary. So fascinated was the poet with this gentle lady of Athens that the main purpose of his visit to Georgia was almost forgotten. The poor Cherokees became a secondary con sideration. Even his Yankee scruples against Southern biscuit were overcome when he tasted one of the dainty
products of Miss Mary's oven.

Still, he did visit the Cherokee nation; and, it was while on this trip that his imprisonment at Spring Place occurred. Oil hearing of his predicament, Gen. Harden hastened to his release. But the poet was so mortified over the treatment to which he ha.d been subjected that he lost no time in returning to the North, avowing his purpose never again to visit Georgia, without a formal invitation. To this resolution he adhered. However,

JOHN ROSS:

"HOM"R, SW-KILT HoMP,"

69

there were some memories connected with his visit which ho did not cnre to forget and which, through tlie lonely days and nights succeeding- his return to New York, continued softly to serenade hirn, to the music of his
own "Home, Sweet Home." Between Miss Harden and Payne there doubtless
passed a number of letters. "But one in particular de serves our attention. In a wild flutter of hope, he wrote to her, on July 18, 1830', telling her that he could offer her naught save his hand and heart and entreating her to smile upon his suit. What her answer to this pro posal of marriage was, no one knows. She was always silent tip on the subject; but the fact remains that they were never married, though each remained loyal till death. Perhaps the old General himself barred the way. He knew that Payne was a rolling stone; and while he admired the poet's genius he may have doubted his ability to support a helpmeet.
In after years, Payne was sent with a consular ap pointment to Morocco, by the United State government. On the eve of his departure, Miss Harden requested of him an autographed copy of his renowned song', a boon which he promptly granted. In some mysterious manner, this copy disappeared at the time of Miss Ilardcii's death, giving rise to the not unnatural presumption that it was buried with her ; but her niece, Miss Alary Jackson, to whom the old Harden home in Athens was willed and who assisted in preparing the body of her beloved aunt for burial states that, for this supposition, there is no ground whatever. It is not unlikely that Miss Harden herself, when warned of approaching death, destroyed with her own hands what was never meant for the eyes of the idly curious.

Payne, after leaving for Morocco, returned to America but once in life. Oil this occasion, he received a won derful tribute from the famous Jennie Land, who, turn-

70

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

ing' toward the box in which be sat, in a crowded theatre, sang1 in the richest accents which have donbtless ever been heard on this continent, the familiar words of his inspired song. The great Daniel Webster was a witness to this impressive scene, the memory of which he carried to his grave at Marshfield.
Soon after returning to Morocco, Paync died, on April 9, 1852, at the age of threescore years. He was buried at Tunis, where his body rested for more than three full decades, in a foreign exile, on the shores of North Africa. But finally, in 1883, through the efforts of the great philanthrophist, Mr. W. "W. Oorcoran, of Washington, D. C., the ashes of the poet "were brought hack to his native land and re-interred in Oak Hill Cemetery, on the out skirts of the nation's capital. Here, underneath the same ground slab which marked his grave in Tunis, sleeps the gentle poet of the hearthstone. But overlooking the sacred spot there stands a more recent structure of pure white marble, reared by thousands of voluntary con tributions. It is surmounted by a life-size bust of the lamented bard and lettered underneath it, is the fol lowing epitaph:

JOHN IIOWA.RD PAYN15

A uthor of '' Home, Sweet Home. "

June 9, 3792.

Died, April 9, ISo

CHAPTER III
Lost for 114 Years: the Mystery of General Greene's
Place of Entombment
M AJOR-GENERAL Nathanael Greene was, next to Washing-ton, perhaps the most illustrious sol dier of the American Revolution. His campaig'n in the Southern Department checked the victorious ca reer of Cornwallis and opened a direct path to Yorktown. More than any other one commander, he was instrumental redeeming Georgia from the British yoke; and, at the close of hostilities with England, the Legislature of Georgia conferred upon General Greenc, an exten sive plantation, known as Mulberry Grove, some twelve miles above the eity of Savanna]]. This handsome estate was formerly the country-seat of Lieutenant-Governor John Graham, but was confiscated by the State on ac count of the latter's pronounced Toryism. Within a few months after receiving this gift from the State, Gen eral Greene transferred his residence from Newport, Rhode Island, to the balmier climate of the South At lantic.
But he was destined to enjoy the delights of his new home on the Georgia coast for only a brief season. While overseeing his plantation one day, during the h eat of mid summer, he was suddenly seized with a violent illness, due it is thought to sunstroke; and from this attack he never rallied. His death occurred on June 1.9, 1786. Gen eral Greene was buried in the old Colonial Cemetery in the city of Savannah. There was a vast concourse of people present to witness the impressive ceremonies of

72

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MwaioniATjS ANI> LEGEXDS

burial. Savannah was then the chief city of Georgia; and, on account of General Greone's eminence as a sol dier in the recent war for independence, lie was laid to rest with profuse military honors. The surviving- mem bers of the Georgia Society of the Cincinnati attended the funeral in a "body; while the Chatham Artillery acted as an escort of honor.

But, notwithstanding the august ceremonies attach ing- to the burial of this illustrious hero, in the heart of Georgia's most important center of population, the exact place of Genera] Greene's entombment, clue to circum stances which will be explained hereafter, faded from the memory of the oldest inhabitant of Savannah; and, for a period of one hundred and fourteen years, the last resting- place of Major-General Nathanael Greene remained a profound mystery as baffling as the riddle of the Sphynx. To the superstitious imagination of the Georgia darkies along the seacoast, it furnished a most powerful stimulus; and weird stories began to circulate touching the strange disappearance of General Greene's body at the dead hour of midnight.
It looked as if the secret was fated never to be un earthed. But finally the Khode Island Society of the Cincinnati, of which General Greene was the founder, resolved to make one more effort to locate his remains; and, on March 4, 3901, this final search bore successful fruit. The circumstances connected with the discovery in the old Colonial burial-ground have been obtained from a detailed report made by the Society's President, Hon. Asa Bird Gardiner, to the General Assembly of Khode Island; and tlie extraordinary account is in sub stance given below. Says Dr. Gardiner:*
In. my tcloii-ram of March 4, 1901, 1 announced the finding of the remains of Major-General Nathanao!
*The Remains of Major-General Nathaniel Oreene: A Report or the Joint Special Committee, ete., pi.. -->3-4S.

THE GREEN MONUMENT, SAVANNAH, GA.

LOST rag 114 YTCAKS

73

Greenc in the Colonial Cemetery, iii Savannah, Ga., by a, committee of the .Bhode Island State Society of tlie Cincinnati, and 1 now have the honor to make a more detailed report on this interesting subject. * * * MajorGeneral Greenc was born in Rhode Island, on August 7, 1742, and throughout his life retained his citizenship in this State, and during' the Revolutionary War was cred ited to the quota of .Rliodc Island in the Continental ser vice. When Vo last departed, a few months before his decease, from N~e\vport for Savannah, he still retained liis residence in Newport, K. 1. 15y reason of his po tential services to the State oi' Georgia in compelling its evacuation by the British army, tlie Legislature of that State gave him the confiscated estate of the f'ormer Tory Lieuteiuvnt-tloveriior Graham. This "property, 'known as .Mulberry Grove, is located about twelve miles above Savannah, on the Savannah .River,
Here General Greene died suddenly, on June !H), 1780, of a congestive chill; arid, on the .following day, his re mains were taken by boat to Savannah, where they were interred in. tlie Colonial Cemetery belonging to Christ .Episcopal Church, in the very center of the town of Sa vannah, with imposing civic and military ceremonies. The Georgia Ga'/.ette, of June 22, 1786, gives in detail the ceremonies at the obsequies and mentions the Society of the Cincinnati in Georgia at that time, but since ex tinct, as the principal mourners. The entire town united hi showing honor to the remains of this distinguished patriot, who, next to Washington, had shown himself the greatest of onr Generals in the War oi7 the ^Revolution. The Georgia Gazette, with reference to the place of in terment, merely uses this language:
"When the military reat'hed the van It in Tvhicli the body way to be entombed they opener! to the right and loft and, Testing- on reverse arms, lot it pass through. The funeral services performed and tlie corpse de posited, thirteen, discharges from tli artillery and three from the mus ketry closed the scene. The -whole WEIS conducted -with a solemnity befitting1 the occasion."

74 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
It is noticeable that the particular vault in which the remains were deposited is not mentioned. The cemetery was surrounded by a brick wall, twelve feet high, of which but one side now remains. To the erection of this TV all, General "Washington contributed. Several years ago Christ Church gave this cemetery to the city of Sa vannah, to be made into a park, on condition that the remains should not be disturbed by the city authorities. Thereupon the wall was taken down on three sides, leav ing- but the rear wall on art alley-way, separating- the cemetery from, the police barracks, and, in lieu of trees, shrubs were planted and walks laid out.
When General W. T. Sherman's army, on its march from Atlanta, Ga., came to Savannah, many of the vaults were opened by the soldiers in search of valuables and much wanton destruction of monuments and tablets en sued, so that to-day many of the vaults are without means of identification. Some of these were erected before and some after Greneral Greene's decease. There are, how ever, four well-known Colonial -vaults, in a row, at that part of the park which would be intersected, if Lincoln Street were prolonged.
It is remarkable that within a few years after 1786 there should have been a doubt as to the location of Gen eral Greene's remains. One might suppose that General Greene's widow and. immediate descendants who were at Mulberry Grove when he died would have known of the location. However, a very few years after Ms decease, Mrs. Nathanael Greene married Phineas Miller, TOsq., and removed with her family to Dungeness .House, on Cum berland Island, distant one hundred and twenty miles from Savannah; and for upward of forty years none of the Green family resided in or near Savannah.
Mrs. Phineas Miller, the General's 'widow, died at IDmigeness House, on September 2, 1814, when the estate became the property of her second daughter, Mrs. L/ouisa Shaw. Climatic and local conditions at that time in Sa vannah were not conducive to longevity and many of

TJOST FOR 114 YEARS

75

the residents there in tlie 'Revolutionary period soon passed away. The place where General Greeiie's remains were deposited was not indicated by any tablet and, in a few years, tnany of those informed, oil the subject were deceased.

Accordingly, in 1820, the council of Savannah ap pointed a committee to make an inquiry. The report made by this committee was only a brief and partial one. They did not discover the locality and, owing to obstacles in the way, they did not examine the Jones vault, one of the four Colonial structures to which reference has been made. The council immediately appointed another com mittee, which, however, appears never to have done any thing. In 1840, the late George IT. .Tohiistoiie, of Savan nah, who married M grand-daughter of General Greene, and the late Phineas Miller Nightingale, grand-son to General Greene and half-brother to Mr. Johnstoiic's wife, made another search, which was also very inconclusive.

Thereupon tradition, ever unreliable, invented several theories as to the disposition of General Greene's body. One was that the remains had 'been deposited in the vault of former Tjieutenant-Governor Graham, whose estate had been confiscated and awarded to General Greene as aforesaid, and that the sister of Graham's wife, Mrs. Mossman, returning to Savannah several years after the Revolution, had directed the negro slaves to remove the remains; and one traditional story said that they had been thrown into Negro Creek, while another said that they had 'been buried in the cemetery at night.
To support this latter theory, a gentleman named Wright, now in his ninetieth year, residing in Atlanta, who has been a member of the Chatham Artillery for seventy years, stated that when a 'boy he played in the cemetery and that he and his playmates understood that

76

GEORGIA'S TJANDMARKS, MKMOKIALS AND LEGENDS

a (certain mound, near the corner of Oglethorpc Avenue and Bull Street, covered the remains of General Greeno. Last August lie came to Savannah, and, although the mound had been leveled, he indicated where, after a per iod of seventy-five years or more, he thought the mound
had stood. Another tradition was that the remains had been ta,ken
secretly to Cumberland "Island by a member of the fam ily, and several persons asserted positively that they had seen the tombstone there. But this tombstone is that of General Greeiic's widow. In the center of the epi taph his name appears in large characters, and, there fore, from a cursory observation, gave rise to this belief.

The late President of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati, Natlianael Greeue, M. IX, L. Ij. I)., grand son of General Greene, was born at Dungeness House, Cumberland Island, Ga., June 2, 1809, and died at Middletown, B. I., July 8, 1899, in his ninety-first year. He re membered his grandfather Greene and had spent much of his earlier life in Georgia and, except during the per iod of the Civil War, was for about seventy years accus tomed to visit there every year. He was very desirous of having a more thorough search made for the remains of his grandfather, and frequently gave me, as told him by his own father, Natlianael Bay Greene, a description of the remarkable head of his grandfather and its unusual brain development.
Becently, the subject having again been agitated in Savaimali as to the whereabouts of General Greene's re mains, the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati adopted resolutions for an inquiry, which in substance, are as follows :
"W'hereas, after diligent inquiry it is believed that full investiga tion has never yet been made to ascertain definitely where the remains of Major-General Natlianael Greene, President of the E'bode Island

LOST FOR 114 YTCARS

77

State Society of tlie Cincinnati, were finally deposited after his decease at Mulberry Grove, in Savannah, Ga., in 17SG;
And whereas, it is "believed that a thorough search of the four old burial vaults in the old cemetery forming a part of Colonial Park, Sa vannah, G-a,, will determine- whether the remains are deposited in a certain one of said vaults, as believed by persons well informed in matters of local history and as substantiated by authentic record;
And wheTeas, it is particularly appropriate that the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Kkode Island and Providence Plantations should do whatever may be necessary toward ascertaining the burial place of its first president, the great patriot and soldier, who, next to Washington, aided so potentially in securing the independence of the United States;
Therefore, be it resolved, that a committee to make a thorough in quiry into the whereabouts of General Greenc'.s burial place in Savannah, On., be appointed, etc."
This committee consisted of the following- members: Hon. George Andcrson Mercer, President of the Geor gia Historical Society; lion. Walter G. Chaiitoii, Presi dent of the Society of Sons of -the Revolution in the State of Georgia; Philip D. !Dafr"m, Esq., Chairman of the Sa vannah Park and Tree Commission ; Hon. "William Har den, Secretary of the Society of Sons of the Revolution in the State of Georgia, and Librarian of the State His torical Society; Alfred Dcaring- Harden, Esq., of the Savannah Bar, member of the Sonth Carolina State Society of the Cincinnati, with myself as chairman.

These gentlemen entered heartily into the subject of the inquiry and carefully "weighed and considered every thing of a traditional nature on this subject, in order that, if the special search should prove ineffective, then such weight should be given to the traditional stories as might be deemed proper from the evidence. The direct intention of the committee "was from the outset to examine one particular vault; but, as a matter of punc tilious courtesy, the examination of this vault was de layed until the last, in order to communicate with the descendants of the original owners.

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GEORGIA'S IJATSTDMAKKS, MEMORIALS AND IJTCGENDS

The greatest interest was manifested by the people of tile city of Savannah. Several members of the com mittee were always present, besides a large concourse of citizens. The committee was continually assisted by Robert Tyler "Waller, Esq., who is a grandson of exPresident John Tyler, and who married Major-General Grcone's great grand-daughter. He resides in Savannah, and. represented the junior branch of the Greene family. Although not descended from General Greene, I rep resented, at their request, the elder branch of his de scendants, resident in Rhode Island. Otis Aslunore, Esq., Superintendent of Schools, and Edward J. 3velly, fisq., of Savannah, also continuously assisted.
The committee's attention was first given to an ex amination of the many vaults where tradition said the remains had been deposited. Some of these "were found to be in very bad condition, for want of proper repairs ; but the most careful, scrutiny was made in a reverent and proper manner, and records kept of the coffin-plates which were found, to the gratification of nrany people in Savan nah, who in the absence of distinguishing marks to these vaults owing to the vandalism of which I have spoken did not know with certainty where the remains of par ticular relatives had been deposited. When the exam ination was over, each vault was immediately reclosed with cemented brick before opening another.
Finally, there remained but one vault to be examined, namely, the Jones vault. This had been erected by Hon. Noble1 Wymberley Jones, who died in Savannah, Ga., January 9, 1805. He had been Speaker in Georgia of both Colonial and State Legislatures, had been twice a Dele gate to the Continental Congress, was made a prisoner of "war at the capitulation of Charleston, S. C., May 12, 1780, and was a tried patriot and friend of Major-Gen-
eral Greene.

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On Monday morning-, March 4, the vault which, was perfectly well-known as the Jones vault was opened.* The late George "Wymberley Jones DeRenno, Esq., senior representative of the Jones family and Vice-President of the Georgia Historical Society, many years ago opened this vault and found and identified the remains of all the members of the Jones family deposited there, and thereupon removed them all to Bonaventure Cemetery, near Savannah, and closed up the vault. He afterwards told the Hon. William Harden, of the committee, pre cisely what he had done, as herein narrated. That he was able to identify the remains of the several members of the Jones family was due to the fact that this vault is drier and sandier in its soil than the others which the committee examined. .In the center of the vault the com mittee found probably a cart load of broken brick, which

*In Colonial Park, at the time of this investigation, there were four brick vaults, standing in a row, at right angles to Oglethorpe Avenue, ouch without marks of identification, and known as Colonial vaults. Dr. Gardlner, in a subsequent address, delivered before the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati in the Representative Chamber at Newport, on July 4, 1001, explained his mistake in assuming that the vault in which the discovery
"As to the Colonial vaults, no one in recent years knew to whom three of the four belonged, nor which was the Graham-Mossmaii vault. As to the fourth, or Jones vault, it was supposed to be the second in the row from Oglethorpe Avenue. This supposition afterward proved to be incor rect. * * * The first of these, nearest to the avenue, although like the rest without distinguishing mark, was found to be the family vault of Colonel Richard Wylly, Deputy Quartermaster General of the Continental
Cincinnati. Jlis remains and coffin-plate were there found. "The next in line was supposed to be the Jones vault, and its exarnina-
in order to communicate first with Wymberley Jones DeRenne, Esq., the
"The third vault in line, upon being opened, was found to be empty.
Jones vault, from which all remains, p as before stated, to Bonaventure Ceme Jones DeRenne.
family, the Thiot family, whose representatives still reside there. "Mr. Robert Scott, whose body was discovered in the same vault which
contained General Greene's, was a relative by marriage of Lieutenant Governor Graham. He married Miss Margaret Oliver, a, niece of James Mossman, whose wife was a Graham. At the time of his death, in 1845, he was placed in what was then known as the Graham-Mossman vault,"

80 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
was first removed before further inquiry. An opening through the rear 'brick wall was also made, to permit admission of light and air. (However, it was afterwards discovered that what tho committee took to be the Jones vault was in reality the Graham vault, and of this fact there is an abundance of proof.)
Upon examination, there was found on one side of the vault in a remarkable state of preservation a casket containing the remains of Mr. Eobert Scott, who died on June 5, 1845, at the age of seventy years. The silver plate to his coffin was hardly discolored.
On the other side of the vault, nearest the wall, were noticed the rotting fragments of a coffin. When these were removed, there appeared a man's skeleton quite intact, except some of the smaller ribs, which clearly showed that the body had never been disturbed. Two experienced workmen were employed inside the vault. As the fragments of the coffin "were removed from the re mains, both workmen commented upon the remarkably prominent configuration of the skull. Mr. Kelly, who watched the proceeding through the opening, at once no ticed the same fact and called the attention of several members of the committee present to this circumstance. The workmen then removed the remaining fragments of the coffin and looked for the plate, which was found, where it should be, among the bones of the breast.
As Mr. Gattman, one of the workmen, passed this plate up through the opening, he remarked that he no ticed the date, "1786." He did not know that such was the exact date of General Greene's decease. The plate was silver gilt. Upon the face were not only the figures, "1786," but also, upon careful inspection, Messrs. Wal ler and Kelly, members of the committee, discovered the final letters of the word "Greene," in proper position; and Judge Charlton was able, after some care, to discern the letters, just preceding these, namely, "ael," of the word "Nathanael." This plate, at the desire of the committe.e, will be taken to General Ij. P. di Cesnola, Director

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81

of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the city of New York, to ascertain whether it can be restored by any systematic process.

Some of the bones crumbled on being handled, but the larger bones, including the skull and the jaw-bones, were all preserved. These were carefully placed in a box. Search was then made for metal buttons. Three were discovered, badly corroded, upon one of which how ever, could be traced the form of an eagie, "which was the distinguishing mark upon the buttons of a MajorOeneral in the Continental army of the Revolution. In no other vault were there other than wooden buttons found, "which Lad origina,lly been covered "with silk, cloth, or velvet. All the mould of General Grcene's remains "was carefully put into a box, "which was then nailed up.
Another peculiarly significant fact, which cannot be overlooked, was the discovery of fragments of heavy white silk gloves, much discolored and containing bones of the fingers. These gloves were such as general offi cers in the French army usually wore and "were, doubtless, a present from the Marquis de LaFayette to Major-Gen era,! Greeno in 1784. The Marquis was in the habit of making- presents to his brother officers in the Revolu tionary army, and each time he returned to the United States he brought a great many gifts of a military char acter. Among other things, he gave General Greene a number of silver camp mug's or cups, such as were used by Marshals of France. These are preserved in the fam ily of the late Prof. George Washington Gfreene, in Rhode Island.
His very deep attachment for General Greene is well authenticated. The Rhode Island Society of the Cincin nati entertained him at Newport, in October, 1784, on his first arrival after the Revolution, and he saw General Greene while then in the United States. When he came again, in 1824, he gave to General Greene's second daugh-

82 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TJKGEXDS

ter, Mrs. Louisa Shaw, a steel-plate engraving1 of her father, with this inscription, in TjaFayette's well-known hand-writing", viz.:

"To clear Mrs. Shaw, from her father's' most intimate friend and

companion in arms

LA FA.YETTE. -''

This is now in the possession of Mrs. Ko'bert Tyler Waller, General Greene's great grand-daughter. The "workmen reported another body alongside, with frag ments of a coffin. On removing these fragments, Mr. Gattman, whose experience in such matters is somewhat unusual, remarked that they were the remains of a male person, probably eighteen or nineteen years of age. He did not know at this time that General Greene's son, George Washington Greene, had been drowned in the Sa vannah Kiver, oft' Mulberry Grove, on March 28, 17931, and his remains interred beside his father's.
Most of these bones crumbled upon being handled. They were, however, carefully collected "with all the mould and put into another box, which "was nailed up. The cof fin-plate was too badly corroded for anything xipon it to be deciphered. The boxes were removed to the police bar racks near by and placed under the care of the Captain of Police over night, and the vault re-bricked and ccmented. These proceeding's were all witnessed by' a large concourse of people.
On the following" day, suitable boxes were procured, zinc-lined, and taken to the police barracks, where Mr. ICeenan, one of the "workmen "who assisted in the vault, in the presence of several witnesses, carefully removed the remains of General Greene to the ssjnc-lined box pre pared for the purpose. In doing so, Mr. Otis Ashmore, assisted by Mr. Edward J. Kelly, made measurements of the skull which corresponded to the details in Sully's original portrait of Major-General Greene, and to the statements made by the late Hon. Nathanael Greene and others.

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83

In the Ljifc of Major-General Natlianael Greene, by his grandson, the late Prof. George Washington Greene, there will be found as a frontispiece to the first voluincj a portrait of General Greene, the skull of which exactly corresponds to the ono found. My lamented friend, the late Colonel John Scrcven, of Savannah, President of the Georgia Sons of the devolution, once proposed to make this investigation and repeatedly declared that General Green e's remains won Id be recognized by his skul]. It was of the same distinctive character as the skull of Napoleon Bonaparte, Humbolt, Cuvier, and Daniel Webster. The teeth, both upper and lower, wore re markably well preserve-el, in a jaw which showed, great determination and firmness of character, and plainly indicated the ag'e to be about forty-five years.

After the remains of Majo\"-Geiieral Greene had all been deposited in. the zinc-lined box, the zinc cover "was placed upon the box and soldered in its place; the "wooden cover was then screwed, down, bandies put to the end of the box, and a coffin-plate affixed, beai-ing' this inscrip tion :
AL NATTTANAEL, GTTRKNK Bor , A ugiist 7, :i 742.
Di d, June TO, 17SO.
In like manner, the remains of George Washington. Greene were transferred to the other zinc-linod box, which was closed in the same manner, the coffin-plate containing" this inscription:
GEORGE "W. GREENE Son of Major-General Natlianaol
The remains were then taken by the undertaker, Mr. W. T. Dixon, accompanied by members of the committee

84

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and representatives of the press, to the Southern Bank of the State of Georgia, which is a depository of the State in Savannah. Here they were received by Horace A. Crane, Esq., Vice-President, and James Sullivan, Esq., Cashier, and taken in the presence of these gentlemen and deposited in the safe deposit vault of the bank, where they now remain, subject to the order of the undersigned, and Alfred Dearing" Harden, Esq., of the committee, as trustees.
After the remains had been discovered in the manner indicated and placed for safe-keeping in the custody of the Southern Bank, on Monday, March 4, 1901, the com mittee met in final session at the residence of Hon. George Aiiclerson Mercer, and immediately thereafter, at a numerously attended meeting of the Historical So ciety of Georgia, lie, as President thereof, announced, on behalf of the committee, the discoverv of the remains.

But one circumstance needs yet to be brought to your attention, namely, the authentic evidence on this subject which satisfied the committee from the outset that the proper place to inquire was the Jones vault. In 1821, William Johnson copyrighted his Life of Major-General Nathanael Greene, a work to "which he had given special care and attention. In its preparation he had visited all the scenes of General Greene's military operations and interviewed many who had been participants with him in the "War of the Revolution.
Johnson, in this work, says that the funeral ceremony of the Church of England was read over the corpse by the Hon. William Stephens, as there was not at the time a minister of the gospel, in Savannah. lie adds, in a foot-note,* that Judge Stephens, who read the funeral service, repeatedly told him that the body of General Greene lay in the Jones vault, a vault which had not been
*Vol. 2, p. 120, original edition.

LOST FOR 114 YEAKS
searched, according to the author, when this foot-note was penned.
Judge Stephens was then Judge of the Superior Court of Georgia, and was afterwards, until his decease, on August 6, 1819, United States District Judge for the State of Georgia. lie had "been the first Attorney-Gen eral of the State, Colonel of the Chatham County Militia, and Grand Master of the Masons of the State, and had been a close friend of the illustrious soldier.
Had the Georgia Gazette, in 1786', mentioned the par ticular vault, where General G-reene's remains had been deposited, there would never have been any doubt upon the subject. When word was received in New York City of G-eneral Greene's untimely decease, the Revolu tionary officers who composed the New York Society of the Cincinnati, assembled with members of the Con tinental Congress and public officials and functionaries of the State of New York, in St. Paul's Chapel on Broad way, to listen to a masterful oration by Alexander Ham ilton, upon the career and character of Major-General Greene.
This oration was one of the greatest ever delivered in this country and can still be read and studied with profit by the military student. The Continental Con gress, on August 8, 1786, decreed a monument to General Greene's memory. When my honored friend, the late senior Senator from Rhode Island, Hon. Henry 15. An thony, on behalf of the State, in an address to the United States Senate, presented on January 20, 1870, the lifesized statue of General Grceue for the old hall of the House of Representatives, he remarked that Greene stood, in the judgment of his contemporaries and by the assent of history, second only to the man who towers without a peer in the annals of America.
All the expenses of the investigation just concluded have been defrayed by the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati from the interest on its permanent fund, to which General Greene contributed his month's pay in

86 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
1783. At the last annual meeting of the Society, before his decease, he officiated as President. Upon his last trip South, he still retained his residence at Newport. In any final determination as to where his remains shall he deposited, his descendants and the State of Georgia, as well as Rhode Island, should all he consulted.
To the foregoing account hy Dr. Garclmer, a few facts may be added relative to the re-interment of Gfeneral Greene's body in Savannah. Most of the descend ants of the illustrious soldier, "when canvassed in regard to the matter, preferred that his ashes should continue to rest in the beautiful home of his adoption. To this list there were only three exceptions, whose preference was for Guildford, N. C., the scene of one of his greatest battles. It "was therefore decided to re-inter the remains under the Greene monu ment, on Bull Street, in Savannah. The date fixed for this solemn ceremonial was November 34, 3902; and at this time there assembled in Savannah, a vast concourse of people, including relatives of the distinguished soldier, official members of the Rhode Island Society of the Cin cinnati, his excellency, Hon. Charles D. Kimball, Gov ernor of Rhode Island, and numerous invited guests.
First among the day's impressive events was the unveiling of a bronze tablet on the Graham vault, iu Co lonial Park, where the remains of General Greene "were first discovered. Right Reverend C. K. Nelson, Bishop of Georgia, offered the prayer of invocation, after which in a brief speech, Hon. AValter G. Charlton, of Savannah, on behalf of the descendants of General Greene, made a formal presentation of the tablet to the city authorities. At the conclusion of Judge Charlton's address, young George Washington Greene Carpenter, of Manton, R. I., then unveiled the tablet, which Alderman Robert L. Colding, in the absence of the Mayor, formally accepted. The inscription on the tablet reads as follows :

.RONZE TABLET ON THE GREENE MONUMENT, SAVANNAH, GA.

LOST FOR 114 YEARS

87

THE GRAHAM VAULT
Here rested for 114 years the remains of MAJORGENERAL NATHANAEL GBEENE. Born in Rhode Island, August 7, 1742. Died at Mulberry Grove, June 19, 1786.
His remains and those of his eldest son, GEOEGE WASHINGTON" GHEENE, now lie under the monu ment in Johnsou Square.
From Colonial Park the scene next shifted to the Greene monument on Bull Street; and, as the impressive pageant moved slowly toward this point a profound si lence fell upon the vast multitudes. The Chatham Ar tillery, under the command of Capt. George P. Walker, acted as a special escort to the remains; but all the mili tary, patriotic and civic organizations of Savannah took part in the long parade, "while twenty carriages "were filled with invited guests. The formal exercises of re interment began with a prayer by Bishop Nelson. Then the remains were placed in a chamber specially prepared for them underneath the flag-stones on the south side of the monument. The artillerymen, acting as pall-bear ers, brought up the receptacle and workmen lowered it into the vault.
At the conclusion of this part of the ceremony, Mrs. Edward Karow, Regent of Savannah Chapter, IX A. K., unveiled on behalf of the Chapter, a handsome bronze tablet, embedded in the monument just above the vault containing General Greene's remains. The design of this tablet is a "wreath of la,urel, tied at the top "with rib bon; and in this wreath is the insignia of the D. A. K., the wheel and the distaff, while underneath is this in scription :
To commemorate the reinterment of the remains of MAJOR-GENERAL, NATHANAEL GREENE, beneath this shaft, on Nove ber 14, 1902. This tablet was erected by the Sava nah Chapter, Daughters of the
merican Revolution.

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GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS A

Alderman Robert Ij. Colding-, representing the mu nicipality, accepted the tablet, after which Governor Kirnball, of Khode Island, advanced to the front and placed the tribute of General Greene's native {State upon the monument. This was a large wreath of bronze g'alex, crossed with sycus palms, and tied with purple ribbons, on which wore embossed in gold the arms of Rhode 1sJand. Standing upon a tripod, the wreath occupied a place at the base of the monument throughout the cere monies. Next, tho orator of the occasion, Hon. Asa Bird Gar-diner, L. L;. 1)., President of the Khode Island Society
of tho Cincinnati, was introduced to the assemblage and, in a speech replete with eloquence, paid a magnificent tribute to the illustrious soldier. Bishop Nelson then pronounced the benediction.

CHAPTER IV
Georgia's Great Seals
S INCE tlie granting of Georgia's Colonial Charter, in 1.732, by George II, of England, for whom this State was named, there have been four Great Seals by which the stamp of her authority has been affixed to her most important official transactions: first, the Co lonial Seal, or Seal of the Trustees; second, the Pro vincial Seal, or Seal of the Royal Governors; third, the Great Seal of 1777 ; and, fourth, the Great Seal of 1799. The earliest of these seals was used for a period of twenty-one years, covering- the administration of Geor gia's Colonial affairs by the official Board of Trustees. Both the Provincial Seal and the Great Seal of 1777 were likewise used for approximately the same length of time. But the Great Seal of 1799 is still in vogue, linking- the Georgia of to-day with the Georgia of the Eighteenth Century, and putting us in touch with the closing scenes of the American Revolution.
The Colonial Seal of Georgia, on its reverse side, bore the famous motto adopted by the Trustees "Non Sibi Sed Aliis," the meaning- of which is, "Not for ourselves but for others." It also pictured silk worms in the va rious stag-es of labor. Efforts to find a clear print of this side of Georgia's first Seal havo been fruitless. How ever, there are numerous impressions of the obverse side, which represents two figures resting upon urns; while

90 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
.out of these urns proceed streams typifying the rivers which then formed the Colony's upper and lower bounda ries, viz., the Savannah and the Altamaha. In the hands of each figure is a spade, suggesting agriculture as the chief employment of the settlers. Further in the background is seated the Genius of the Colony, with her left hand resting upon a cornucopia, a spear in her right hand and a liberty cap on her head. Behind this figure rises a tree above "which is inscribed the legend: '' Colonia Georgia Augeat" "May the Colony of Georgia "Wax Strong." This face of the Seal or the Great Seal prop er was used in attesting legislative acts, deeds, and com missions, while the opposite face formed the common seal, used in attesting order, certificates, and ordinary con veyances of land.* The original Seal of the Trustees is still preserved in the British Museum in T^ondon.
When Georgia became a Province, the old Seal of the Trustees "was supcrceded by the new Seal of the Province, approved by his majesty on June 21, 1754. The design was as follows: On one face a figure repre senting the Genius of the Colony offering a skein of silk to his majesty, with the motto, "Hine Laudem Sperate Coloni," and this inscription around the circumference: "Segillium Provinciae Nostrae Georgiae in America." On the other side appeared his majesty's arms, together with his crown, garter, and supporters, and this inscrip tion: "Georgius II, Dei Gratia, Magnae Britanniae, Franciae et Hibernia Rex, Fidei Defensor, Brunswici et Luneburgi Dux, Sacri Romani Imperil Archi Thesaurius et Princeps Elector;"*
But this emblem of authority was likewise discarded when Georgia became a State. Following the separation
*Jones, Vol. I, p. 97, History of Georgia. Jones, Vol. I, p. 462, History of Georgia

GEORGIA'S GREAT SEALS

91

of the Province from the Crown of England, a convention to be held ill Savannah on the first Tuesday ill October 1776 was called by the General Congress over which Arch ibald Bulloch presided. For nearly four months this august body remained almost constantly in session; and, on February 5, 1777, Georgia's first State Constitution was adopted, known as the Constitution of 1777. The Great Seal of the State adopted by this convention is thus described: "On one side a scroll whereon shall be engraved 'The Constitution of the State of Georgia' and the motto 'Pro Bono PubJico'; on the other side an ele gant house and other buildings, fields of corn, and mead ows covered "with sheep and cattle; a river running through the same, with a ship under full sail; and the motto, 'Deus Nobis Haee Otia Fecit.' "*
It will be observed that in the foregoing description there is no reference whatever to the silk industry, which entered so largely into the dreams of the great founder of the Province and which the Trustees of Georgia did so much to encourage, but without success. The cultiva tion of mulberry trees was at first quite general. It seemed that every one in the Colony was eager for the experiment. But the soil of the Georgia lowlands "was illadapted to the raising of silk-worms, out of which it was hoped that millions of pounds sterling might event ually he realized. Before many years elapsed, the faith ful Salzburgers ill the neighborhood of Ebenezer were the only ones who still persevered in a fruitless effort to place the industry upon a remunerative basis. Due to the frugality of these German settlers, they succeeded for a "while in making the culture of silk-worms pay, but eventually they too became discouraged; and thus ended in failure the Utopian project of the Trustees to clothe the nobility of England with American silk.

Georgia's present Great Seal was authorized by the Constitutional Convention of 1798, but was not adopted
*Jones, Vol. II, p. 258, History of Georgia.

92

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGKNDS

until February 8, 1799, and, except for a brief period during the days of Reconstruction, it has been constantly in use for more than a hundred years. .On account of its extreme ag-e, it now makes a very indistinct impres sion and needs to be retouched by the skillful hand of tile engraver. It consists of two solid plates of silver, each of which is a quarter of an inch thick by two inches and a quarter in diameter. The Great Seal is kept by authority of law in the office of Secretary of State. Ac cording- to the records, it was first used on July 4, 1799. The following description of the Great Seal is taken ver batim from the Code of Georgia.*
"The device, on one side, is a view of the seashore, with a ship bearing the flag of the United States riding at anchor near a wharf, receiving on board hogsheads of tobacco and bales of cotton, emblematic of the exports of this State; at a small distance a boat, landing from the interior of the State, "with hogsheads, etc., on board, representing the internal traffic, in the back part of the same side a man in the act of plowing, and at a small distance a flock of sheep in different pastures, shaded by a flourishing- tree; the motto thereon: 'Agriculture and Commerce, 1799.' "
''The device on the other side is three pillars, sup porting- an arch, with the word "Constitution" engraven within the same, emblematic of the Constitution, sup ported by the three departments of government, viz., legislative, judicial and executive the first pillar hav ing- engraven oil it "Wisdom," the second "Justice," the third "Moderation;" on the right of the last pillar a man standing with a drawn sword, representing the aid of the military in defence of the Constitution; the motto, 'State of Georgia, 1799.' "
AVheii the present Great Seal of the State was adop ted, in 1799, tobacco furnished the chief agricultural crop of the State and there were numerous warehouses erected

of 1S95, Vol. I, p. 66.

GEORGIA'S GREAT SHIALS

93

for the inspection of the plant, but with the invention of the cotton gin by Kli Whitney, cotton gradually gained the ascendancy over tobacco, nntil the cultivation of the latter was finally discontinued.

To use the Great Seal, wax is rolled out into thin wafers. Gilt paper, cut circular in form, the exact size of the die, with serrated edges, is next laid upon each side of the wax "wafer; and, at the same time, ribbons are inserted between the wafer and the paper discs. This done, the wafer is then placed between the plates of the die and stamped tightly, leaving- the devices imprinted on either side of the soft wax and revealed, like an en graving-, on the gilded paper, which is attached by nar row ribbons to the document of state, forming what is known as a wax pendant.
The custom of attaching" seals of this character to official documents is extremely ancient, dating back to the earliest manuscripts of record in the oldest States of the Union. Since then a method of stamping which cuts an impression in the paper to be attested has come into general vogue, and the use of the wax wafer by means of ribbons, in the manner above described, has become obsolete. Georgia is the ouly State which still adheres to this antiquated custom, and the unwillingness of our law makers to adopt the new method is only an expression of the conservative spiri^ which has always character
ized the typical Georgian. The influence of patriotic or ganizations throughout the State is also a tremendous factor in keeping the Great Seal in use. But Capt. B. FJobnson, the veteran chief-clerk of the State Depart ment, is not controlled entirely -by sentiment on this subject. It takes him on an averag*e of twenty minutes to attach the Great Seal to each document which he at tests ; and though he venerates the old heirloom which for years past has been his peculiar charge he neverthe less belongs to the vanguard of progress and is a stout

94: GEOKGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
apostle of reform. He favors placing the Great Seal on the retired list, but wishes to see it safeguarded and pre served in a manner worthy of its historic associations.
As to the pnrposes for which the G-reat Seal is used, there is a lack of correct information even on the part of some who are supposed to be well informed. It is not used on all papers, issuing- from the Secretary of State's office, but only on documents of an extraordinary character, such as charters, land-grants, and commissions to public servants, including Governors, State House offi cials, Judges of the Superior Court and Solicitors Gen eral. It is also used in attesting all interstate and in ternational documents. Every paper going out of the State, for which Georgia's official attestation is required, must carry the Great Seal; but for ordinary official trans actions what is known as the seal of the Secretary of State is employed.
When Georgia gave her allegiance to the Confeder ate States of America in 1861, she continued to use the Great Seal, but adopted a slight modification of the Seal of Secretary of State, inserting the date "1801" imme diately under the arch of the Constitution, while the date "1776" was retained underneath the pillars. This Seal is still used in the State Department. There is only one plate to the Seal of Secretary of State; that of three pillars supporting the Constitutional arch, each bearing its appropriate motto, "Wisdom," "Justice" and "Moderation."
In an old issue of the Lowisvitte Gazette, dated Feb ruary 26, 1799, Governor Joseph M. Brown, during his second term of office, found an executive order, signed by Thomas Johnson, Secretary to Governor James Jack son. It calls upon artists throughout the world to sub mit drawings for the proposed new Great Seal of the

GEORGIA'S GKEAT SEALS

95

State, an outline sketch of "which, was furnished, in terms of the Act approved February 8, 1799; and to supply an adequate incentive to genius, the sum of $30 was offered as a premium. It was further stipulated that the draw ings were to be lodged in the Executive office at Louis ville, on or before the 20th of April, 1799. At the same time, it was ordered that proposals be submitted by the same date for making and engraving the device; and July 3, 1799, was fixed as a limit within which to com plete the contract.
Governor Brown was fortunate enough to procure copies of the Louisville Gazette for subsequent dates ; and, in an issue of the paper, dated March 7, 1799, he found this paragraph, the statement contained in which throws an important side-light upon the history of the Great Seal. The paragraph reads as follows:
"We understand that the device approved of by the Governor for the Great Seal of this State was drawn by Mr. Sturges, the state sur veyor-general. The most elegant drawing sent to the Executive De partment was performed by Mr. Charles Frazer., of South Carolina, and which we are assured would have obtained the premium had he not
through mistake placed all the figures on one side instead of making a reverse. This young artist we are informed is but sixteen years Of
age his genius is great, .and deserves encouragement. Several other handsomq performances were sent to the Executive.
In a still later issue of the same paper, Governor Brown completed his quest for information in regard to the G-reat Seal by discovering the full name and title of the designer, in a card announcing his business Dan iel Sturges, Surveyor-General. It is late in the day to bestow upon the designer of the Great Seal of Georg-ia the honor to which he is undeniably entitled. But justice often lags. The historic page is full of tardy recogni tions; and, after the lapse of more than a centnry, Geor gia, with the help of an honored Governor, removes the dust which has long rested upon one of her brightest names. Hereafter let no one forget to honor this pio neer Georgian to whose artistic genius is due the Great Seal of the Commonwealth.

96

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LTSGKNDS

Contrary to the genera] impression which prevails in Georgia, the Great Seal of the State has never been carried beyond the State limits. Historians have erred in attributing to Governor Charles J. Jenkins, a rescue of Georgia's precious heir-loom from the hands of mil itary usurpers. The episode in which Governor Jenkins figured is not underrated. It constitutes one of the most dramatic chapters in the history of a troubled era. But the instrument of office which Governor Jenkins bore into exile was not the Great Seal of Georgia, but the Seal of tlie Executive Department; and it was a facsimile of this Seal, executed in gold, with the inscription, "In Arcluis Fidelis," which the Legislature of the State awarded to the noble old Roman for his fidelity in safe guarding Georgia's honor.
The Great Seal of the State remained in the ciistody of Hon. Nathan C. Barnett throughout the entire period known as the Carpet Bag' regime. To prevent it from falling into the hands of the enemies of Georgia, Col. Barnett secretly removed it from the State Capitol to his home in Millcdgeville, where he buried it under the house at dead of night. Ho shared the secret with no one except his wife, whom he took into his confidence so that in the event of his death it might be restored to the State when the proper time arrived.
As soon as General Sherman reached Milledgeville, which was then the seat of government, lie caused the Secretary of State to be arrested and ordered him to sur render the Great Seal. But Col. Barnett refused to do so, stating that if death were the only alternative, he chose rather to forfeit his life than to betray bis trust. He was put into prison ; but the efforts of his tormentors to extort from him any information concerning the hiding place of the revered relic were fruitless. He remained obdurate. There was no attempt at actual torture to force him into submission, though he was equal even to
this test. It lias been suggested that his majestic bearing" and
resolute spirit overawed his inquisitors, for mentally and

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physically he was one of nature's noblemen, a giant both in statue and in strength. Like the heroic old Scotch re former, no fear of death ever made him quail before the face of mortal man. When Georgia resumed her right ful place in a Union of equal sovereignties, Col. Barnett restored the Great Seal. For a period of nearly four de cades, he held the office of Secretary of State, beloved by every one who knew him and at each successive elec tion he was practically without opposition at the polls. When eighty years whitened the locks of Col. Barnett, his towering figure was still unbent. It was like his robust character. Peace to his ashes !

With the advent of Reconstruction, when the Carpet Bag element sought to reorganize Georgia, a second ef fort "was made to unearth the Great Seal. Some pre tence of legal form was needed to give authority to fraud ulent transactions. But failing in this repeated attempt to obtain the emblem of Georgia's sovereignty, resort was made to subterfuge and an imitation seal was sub stituted for the original instrument. The utmost skill was employed in an effort to counterfeit the Great Seal. No expense was spared by the Bullock administration. But when the contrivance was finished, it bore upon its reverse side the bar sinister. At first the difference was not detected; but this wonderful likeness was planned by an avenging Nemesis. In the course of time, the fraudulent character of the Seal was brought to light, for the soldier standing between the pillars, "Justice" and "Moderation," ^held his sword in his left hand, whereas, in the original, he held it in his right hand. Thus, with laughing irony, fate exposed the artful deception and, in a measure at least, thwarted the nefarious de signs of the Beconstruetionists.

So much for the history of Georgia's Great Seal. It was probably cast in Charleston, S. C. There is nothing

98 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
in the records to warrant a positive statement upon this point, but the present Secretary of State, Hon. Philip Cook, is strongly of the opinion that it came from the Pal metto metropolis. In 1868 a resolution was passed by the General Assembly, authorizing the Secretary of State to have the Great Seal re-engraved, but doubtless at the time there were no funds in the Treasury available for this purpose. Be this as it may, the resolution was not carried into effect, and to this day it remains a dead letter upon the statute book. Mr. Cook has recently called executive attention to this unfulfilled duty on the part of the State, and perhaps in the near future our lawmakers will do themselves the honor and Georgia the justice of restoring the Great Seal.

CHAPTER V
Georgia Issues the First Patent for a Steamboat
O N February 1, 1788, an act was passed by the General1 Assembly at Augusta conferring1 upon two inventors, Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet, exclusive patent rights for a term of fourteen years, to a steam engine, constructed by them for pur poses of navigation. There are certain tilings, in regard to this legislative act, which give it a peculiar interest to students of American history. In the first place, it constitutes the only patent ever issued by the State of Georgia. At this time, the Articles of Confederation were still in vogue, but within a few months a new cen tral government was org-anized, under the Federal Con stitution of 1787, aftei* "which the right to issue patents became a special prerogative of the United States.
"We must furthermore observe that the date of this patent is anterior, by nearly two full decades, to the suc cessful experiments made by Robert Fulton on the Hud son Kiver, in 1807. It was also the first patent for a steamboat ever granted. Just what part Isaac Briggs took in the construction of this pioneer steamboat is unknown; but tradition credits William Ijongstreet with a series of experiments on the Savannah Biver, extend ing over a period of twenty years. The proposition at first excited only ridicule. As an indication of this popular attitude, the musty old volume in which the pat ent is recorded in the Secretary of State's office contains this entry, on the first page of the index: "Briggs and Longstreet: Steam Nothing, 245." On the page thus

100 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TJEGEKDS
indicated in Book *'C," Bills of Sale and Deeds of Gift, this earliest patent for a steamboat is recorded as fol lows :
AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONSTRUCTION AND PRINCIPLES OF BRIGfGS 7 AND LONGSTREET 'S STEAM ENGINE; FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF WHICH A PRIVILEGE WAS GRANTED TO THE INVENTORS, FOR FOURTEEN YEARS, BY AN ACT OF THE LEGISLATURE PASSED AT AUGUSTA, THE FIRST DAY OF FEBRUARY, 178$.
This engine consists of a Boiler, two Cylinders and a Condenser, con structed in the following manner, viz.:
THE BOILER
Consists of two metallic vessels, globular, or nearly so, placed one within the other, so .as to leave a small interstice between, in which interstice the toiling water is contained. The inner vessel contains the fuel, the flame of which passes through a spiral flue winding round the out side of the outer vessel from the "bottom to the top. The steam is con veyed by a pipe from the "boiler into an interstice between
THE TWO C YLLND EBS,
Which are placed, horizontally, one within the other, from whence it is admitted alternately into each end of the inner cylinder, in which it impels a piston to vibrate both ways with equal force. It is also admitted alternately to pass from each end of the inner cylinder (all tne communications, to and from which, are opened and shut "by a single cock) by means of pipes into
THE CONDENSER,
"Which is a metallic vessel having a large surface in contact with cold water. The condensed steam, or warm water is drawn out of ifc by a pump.
I, BRIGGS, WM. LONGSTREET. Recorded 30th Jan. 1789.
"Wlien the renowned inventor, James "Watt, in 1774, perfected a patent which embodied the essential features of the modern steam-engine, an effort to apply its prin ciples to navigation followed at once. Simultaneously, in various places, men with a genius for mechanics "be-

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gaii. to make experiments. James Rumsey, on the Ohio, in 1784, and Jolm Fitch, on the Delaware, in 1785, both succeeded in obtaining definite and brilliant results. However, it may be gravely doubted if either of these pioneer inventors forestalled William Long-street. The Georgian was probably engaged in experimenting with his steamboat on the Savannah River, for some time be fore receiving his patent from the State, in 1788; and he continned for years thereafter to improve his inven tion, in the hope of making it commercially successful. There were still others who, at this early date, were ac tive in this same line of endeavor. But, while they demonstrated the feasibility of steam navigation, they came short of the coveted goal. Dame Fortune eluded them at every turn; and it was reserved finally for Rob ert Fulton, a New Yorker, with his little boat, the Clermont, on the waters of the Hudson River, in 1807, to overtake the fleet wings of the fickle goddess.

CHAPTER VI
President Washington's Georgia Visit: the Diary of His Trip
O N March. 21, 1791, at eleven o'clock in the fore noon, President Washington left Philadelphia 6n a tour of the Southern States. Besides his "chariot," drawn by four horses, the outfit for the journey included a light two-horse wagon which carried the bagg*agc, four saddle horses, and a "led" horse, provided for his convenience,- in the event he desired to ride horseback. He was accompanied by Major Jackson, and five servants, to-wit: a valet de chambre, a postilion, a coachman and two footmen. The presidential party en, countered rough roads, soon after leaving the capital. En route to Georgia, he visited V^ilmington, N. C., and Charleston, S. C. - Wednesday night, May 11, 1791, he spent with Judge Heyward, on the east side of the Sa vannah River. From this point the narrative will be continued in the President's own language, copied ver batim from the diary of his trip, the original of wrrich- is preserved in the Library of Congress, at Washington, 1). C. Here is the record, entered -with the greatest care in the President's own familiar hand-writing:
'' Thursday 12th. By 5 o 'clock we set out from Judge Heyward 's and road to Purisburgh, 22 miles to breakfast. At that place I was met by Messrs. Jtmes, Coin. Habersham, Mr. John Houston, Genl. Mclntos'h and Mr. Clay, a eomee. from the city of Savanna to conduct me thither Boats also were orcleTed there by them for my accommodation; among which a handsome 8 oared barge rowed "by 8 American Captna. at-

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tended. In my way down the River, I called upon Mrs. Green, the Widow of the deceased Genl. Green (at a place called Mulberry Grove). I asked her how she did At this place (2 miles from Purisburgh) my horses and carriages were landed, and 'had 12 miles further by land to Savanna The "wind & tide being against us, it was 6 0 'clock before we reached the city where we were received under every demonstration that could be given of joy & respect. We were seven hours in malting the passage, which is often performed in 4, tho the computed distance is 25 miles' Tllums. at night. I was conducted by the Mayor & Wardens to very good lodgings which had been provided for the occasion and partook of a public dinner given by the Citizens at the Coffee Room.
"Friday 13th. Dined with the members of the Cincinnati at a public dinner given at the same pJaee .and in the evening went to a dancing assembly at which there was about TOO well dressed & handsome ladies.
"Saturday 14th. A little after 61 o'clock, in Company with GerJ. Mcintosh, Geul. Wayne, the Mayor and many others (principal Gentle men of the city) I visited the city and the attack & defence of it in the year 1779, under the combined forces of France and the United States, commanded by the Count cle Kstaiiig & Genl. Lincoln To form an opinion of the attack at thin distance of time, and the change which has taken place in the appearance of the ground by the cutting away of the woods &c, is hardly to be done with just ice to the subject; espe cially as there is remaining scarcely any of the defences Dined today with a number of Citizens (not less than 200') in an elegant Bower erected for the occasion on the Bank of the River below the Town In the evening there was a tolerable good display of fire-works.
"Sunday .75. After morning- service and receiving a number of visits from the- most respectable ladies of the. place (as was the case, yester day) I set out for Augusta, Escorted beyd the limits of the city by most of the Gentlemen in it, and diniiig at Mulberry Grove the gest of Mrs. Green lodged at one Spencer's distant 15 miles.
"Savanna stands on what may be called high ground for this Conntry It is extremely Sandy, we.h makes the walking very disagreeable; & the houses uncomfortable in. warm and windy -weather, as they are filled with dust whenever these happen The town on 3 sides is sur rounded with cultivated Rice fields which have a rich and luxuriant appearance. On. tho 4th or backside it is a fine sand The harbour is said to be very good & often filled with square rigged vessels, but there is a- bar below over whick not more than 12 water can be brot except at sprg tides The tide does not flow above 12 or 14 miles above the City though the Eiver is swelled by it, more than double that dis tance Race and Tobacco (the last of wch is greatly increasing) are the principal exports Lumber & Indigo are also exported but the latter is on the decline, and it is supposed by Hemp & Cotton Ship timber, viz. live Oak & Cedar is (and may be more so) valuable in the exptn.

104 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
"Monday 16th. Breakfasted at Russells 15 miles from Spancer's dined .at Garnet's 19 miles further & lodged at Pierces ,S miles more; in all 42 miles today.
"Tuesday 17th. Breakfasted at Spinners 17 miles dined at Lam berts 13 and lodged at Waynesborough (weh was coming- 6 miles out of our way). 14, in all 43 miles Waynesborough is' a small place but the Seat of B'urkes County 6 or 8 dwelling houses is all it eontains; an attempt is making (without much apparent effect) to estab lish an academy at it? as is the case also in all the Counties.
"Wednesday 18th. Breakfasted at Tulcher 's, 15 miles from Waynes boroug-h; and within, 4 miles of Augusta; met the Governor (Telfair), Judge Walton, the Attorney Genl. and most of the principal Gentlemen of the place.; by whom I 'was escorted into the Town & reed under a discharge of Artillery the distance I came today was about 32 miles Dined -with a lajge Company at the Governors, & drank tea there with many "well dressed ladies.
"The road from. Savanna to Augusta is for the most pa-rt through Pine barrens; but more uneven than I had been' accustomed to since leaving -Petersburg in Virginia, especially after riding about 30 miles from the 'City of that name; and here & there indeed a piece of Oak land is passed on this Road but of small extent & by no means of the first quality.
"Thursday 39th. Beeeived answered an address from the Citizens of Augusta; dined, with a large Company at their G'otirt Ho and went to an assembly in the evening at the Academy; at which there -were "between GO & 70 well dressed ladies.
".Friday 20th. Viewd the Ruins or rather small Remus of the "Works which 'had been erected by the British during the War and taken by the Americans Also the falls which are about 2 miles above the Town; and the Town itself. These falls (as they are called) are nothing more than rapids They are passable in theix present state by boats with skillful hands but may at very small expense be improved by removing a few rocks only to straighten, the passage Above them there is a good boat navigation, for many miles; by which the produce may Tje & in some measure is transported At this place, i. e. the falls, the good lands begin; & encrease in quality to the westward & no- -ward. All below them except the interval lands on the Rivers and Bice Swamps which extend from them, the whole country is a Pine barren The town of Augusta is well laid out with wide & spacious streets It stands on a large area of a perfect plane but is not yet thickly built tho surpris ingly so for the' time; for in 1783 there were not more than half a dozen houses; now there are not less than containing about souls of which are blacks. It bids fair to be a large Town being at the head of the present navigation & a fine country back of it for support, which is settling very fast by Tobacco planters The culture of which article

DIARY OF WASHINGTON'S VISIT

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is increasing very fast and bids fair to "be the principal export from the State; arid from this part of it, it certainly will be so.
' * Aingusta, though it covers more ground than Savanna, does not contaia as many Inhabitants, the latter having by the late census be tween 14 and 1500 hundred whites and about 800 blacks.
"Dined at a private dinner with Govr. Telfair today; and gave him dispatches for the Spanis'h Govr of East IPloiida, respecting1 the Counte nance given by that Governt to the fugitive Slaves of the Union weh dispatches were to be forwarded to Mr. Seagrove, Collector at St. Marys, who was requested to be the bearer of them, .and instructed to make arrangements for the prevention of these evils, and if possible for the restoration of the property especially of those slaves wch 'had gone off since the orders of the Spanish Court to discountenance tliis practice of reeg. them.
'' Saturday 21. Left Augusta about 6 o 'clock and takg leave of the Governor & principal Gentlemen of tho place at the Bridge over Savanna River where they had assembled for the purpose I proceeded in Company w-j.th Coins Hampton and Taylor Mr. T-.ithgow, a com mittee from Columbia (who had come to meet & conduct me to that place) & n, Mr. Jameson from the Village of Granby on my Kout Dined at a house about 20 miles, from Augusta and lodged at one1 Oden about 20 miles further."

CHAPTER VII
General Elijah Clarke's Trans-Oconee Republic
GENERAL Elijah Clarke was undoubtedly a patriot. But during the last years of his life the old sol dier's fame as a fighter was somewhat eclipsed by an enterprise, the precise nature of which was not perhaps fully understood by his critics. At any rate, its collapse exposed him to consequences which failure in variably entails. His purpose "was to organize an inde pendent civil government on the west side of the Oconee River, a domain of country still occupied by the Indians. But, in justice to the stern old warrior, it must be said that he fully expected, when the proper time came, to annex this republic, to the State of Georgia.
General Clarke was weary of incessant troubles along the exposed frontier. To put an effectual quietus upon the Indians and to solve by the sword a problem "which was dark with menace to the peace of thoiisands, became iiis fixed resolve; and, while it was born of a sudden im pulse, it gripped him with: the power of a divine inspi ration. Trained in the use of "weapons, he preferred, like a true frontiersman, to argue a disputed point by re sort to arms rather than by appeal to reason. Besides, during the unsettled period which followed the Revolu tion, force was still a greater power than law.
But the entry of General Clarke upon the territory of the Indians formed no part of his original intentions. He sought in the beginning an altogether different object.

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When the French emissary, Genet, came to this country, in 1794, to arouse popular hostility toward Spain, lie found General Clarke a sympathetic listener. More over the latter, whose hatred of the Spaniards amounted to an obsession, was easily prevailed upon to accept a commission from France in a campaign, the declared purpose of "which was to seize Florida and to recover Louisiana. As it happened, the resources granted him for this purpose were wholly inadequate, and the scheme itself proved abortive ; but, finding' himself at the head of an organized force, on the borders of Georgia, he cast bis eyes toward the fertile lands beyond the Oconee Biver; and, into the meshes thus invitingly spread by the tempter, General Clarke fell.
There was no thought of treason to Georgia involved in this scheme of conquest. But he acted in an arbitrary manner, without consulting the State authorities, and in bold defiance of treaty agreements. Colonel Absalom H. Chappell, an accurate historian, has given us a full ac count of the whole affairj and, while he does not uphold the General *s course, he acquits him of any wrongful intent. The following review of one of the most dra matic episodes in the history of our State is summarized from Colonel Chappell's graphic account. After giving ns a sketch of Alexander McGillivray, the wily halfbreed chief, who commanded the Creeks at this time, lie then takes up General Clarke. Says he:

On the civilized side [i. e., of the Oconee AVar], there was also a prominent representative character whom we should not overlook: a nobly meritorious yet unhappily, before the end of his career, a somewhat erring soldier and patriot General Elijah Clarke. The very military reputation which he bad-brought out of the Revolution made him the man to whom all the upper new settle ments looked as the most competent of leaders and the most fearless of fighters. There never failed to come

108 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
trooping to him, at Ms bugle call, from field and forest, bands of armed men, at the head of whom he would repel incursions and pursue and punish the Hying foe even in the distant recesses of his wild woods. To be forward and valiant in defending the settlements from the Indian tomahawk was, in those days, a sure road to lasting gratitude and admiration.
But destiny, which had hitherto been his friend, be gan at length to be his enemy and to impel General Clarke into improper and ill-starred but not ill-meant courses. His first error "was in lending himself to the schemes of the mischief-making French minister, Genet; his next in setting on foot the Oconeo Rebellion, as it 'Was called raissteps, both of "which were owing rather to accidental circumstances at the particular time than to any intentional wrongdoing on his part.
Genet was worthy to represent such a crew as the Jacobins under Robespierre; and he became drunk with the wild unschooled spirit of liberty. Nowhere did he meet -with more encouragement than in South Carolina, due to the Huguenot element in the south of the State. The strong feeling of French consanguinity added force to the universally prevalent sentiment of gratitude to France as our ally in the Revolution. General Clarke's strong and bold nature sympathized with France. Genet wanted to seize Florida and to recover Louisiana from the Spaniards. He therefore presented the matter to General Clarke. The latter was not a diplomat, but a frontiersman, "who was more familiar with "woods than with courts, and who saw nothing whatever in the way of international complications. He disliked Spain as much as he loved Georgia. She was the ancient enemy of his State. He sought to render a patriotic service for which reason ho accepted the commission.*
*Stevens and White both state that he was commissioned a MajorGeneral in the French Army, with a pay of 510,000, but neither of them cites the documentary evidence on which this statement is based.

CijARKE's TRANS-OCONEE REPUBLIC

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Commissions for subordinate officers were likewise placed in his hands. He was given money and means also, but in too limited an amount for so great an enter prise. His authority was everywhere recognized by French emissaries, and from the Ohio to the St. Mary's, his orders were obeyed in the making of preparations. JVIen thronged to him from South Carolina and Georgia, fired by the splendor of the project and the renown of the leader. The points of rendezvous were principally along the Oconee. Nor did the Indians manifest any hostility toward the adventurers, for they were ancient friends of the French, with whom they were allied in the French
and Indian "Wars. But the enterprise never reached the stage where
General Clarke was to stand forth, truncheon in hand, the avowed leader. Washington's administration was too strong and vigilant for Genet. Our obligations of neutrality toward Spain were fully maintained. The re call of Genet was demanded. Of course, the consequences were disastrous to General Clarke. He was left standing, blank, resourccless, aimless, on the Indian side of the wilderness.

It was in these untoward circumstances that General Clarice, with his men, in May, 1794, began to bestow thought upon the Indian territory, where already they saw themselves quartered in arms. Nor did they think long before they took the overstrong resolution of seiz ing upon the country and of setting up for themselves an independent government. No scruples or impedi ments deterred them. To a man, they regarded the coun try as lost to Georgia by the perpetual guarantee made to the Indians by the treaty of New York. A written Constitution "was adopted. General Cla,rke was chosen civil and military chief. A Committee of Safety was or ganized, with law-making- functions. But whether a name was ever bestowed on the infant State or whether it ex-

110 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
pired without baptism, no record or tradition remains to tell. Nor is there any copy of the Constitution now to be found. But in the first volume of the American State Papers on Indian Affairs there is preserved a letter from General Clarke to the Committee of Safety, dated Fort Defiance, September 5, 1794, which places beyond doubt the adoption of the Constitution and the other facts of organization.*
The new trans-Oconee Republic was too splendid a scheme for the petty numbers and resources of General Clarice's command. Stevens, in his history of Georgia, has mixed matters. He represents the Oconee ^Var as eventuating in the French project, with which General Clarke became identified. On the contrary, it was the failure of the French project which led to the Oconee War.
In justification of General Clarke's course may be pleaded the animosity which had long prevailed between the State of Georgia and the Creek Indians. The latter had been the allies of the British. In the treaty of'Au gusta, in 1783, they had ceded the Oconee lands, but had refused to let Georgia enjoy them. They kept no faith; and, during the very next year, not only raised the warwhoop ag'ain, but rushed into an alliance with Spain. Later they 'were parties to another treaty, by which they ceded the Tallassee country, in the lower part of the State, only to repudiate it afterwards. Both at Augusta and at Galphinton, General Clarke had been one of the commissioners for Georgia. He was actuated less by the prevailing land-greed than by sagacious statesmanship, and he looked to a permanent preservation of peace with the Indians. S'till another treaty had been signed at Shoulder Bone, in 1876. Yet the war had not ceased.
Such 'was the status of affairs when the new govern ment of the United States was launched in 1789 and
*American State ra of Congress, Washingto

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Washington called to the helm. It was barely a year thereafter that the treaty of New York was consum mated, abrogating the other treaties and buying peace at the price of a retrocession of Tallassee, in addition to a perpetual guarantee to the Indians', on the part of the United States, regardless of Georgia's paramount rights. Yet the Indians did not keep even this treaty, because it did not concede to them everything else which they claimed.
General Olarke was speedily overwhelmed by public censure .and total discomfiture. National and State gov ernments acted in concert against him and finally put him down. .Governor Matthews, with his Revolutionary laurels untainted at this time by the Yazoo fraud, thun dered at the obnoxious General, prompted by "Washing ton, who preferred wisely to remain behind the scenes and to be neutral where the authorities of the States were adequate to deal with the local situations. Judge Walton also condemned him in charges to grand juries, though in language of marked consideration and respect. These, however, "were not sufficient. The next step was more decisive. The citizen soldiery were called out; and, to General Clarke's surprise, they promptly obeyed orders. As the storm thickened around him, there were none to come to his succor. Even his hosts of friends stood aloof. They could not iiphold him in violating the treaty of New York, "which the State "was bound to re spect.
It redounds to General Clarbe's honor, however, that, he no sooner became aware of the great error in "which he was entangled than he abandoned it, ere he had shed a drop of blood. He never expected to raise his hand against any foe save the hostile Indians and Spaniards. This explains his ready and absolute submission when, on being assured that neither his men nor himself would be molested, he struck colors and disbanded his followers and returned, chagrined, to bis home in Wilkes, on the approach of Generals Twiggs and Irwin, under the Goy-, ernor's order, with a body of the State troops.

112 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
In further defence of General Clarke it may be said {hat, with the Oconee River as a permanent guaranteed boundary between the State of Georgia and the Indians, it was clear to him that the State could never attain to much prosperity or importance, but must continue feeble and poor. Enlargement toward the West was what she needed to make her powerful. So he seized the oppor tunity which confronted Bim in 1794 of making himself master of the trans-Oconee territory by means of the French resources and preparations, to which he had fallen heir.
On July 28, 1794, at the suggestion of General Kiiox, Secretary of AVar, Governor Matthews issued this procla mation:
"Wliereas, I have received official information that Elijah Clarke, Esq., late a Major-General of the militia of this State, has gone over the Oconee River, with intent to establish a separate and independent government on lands allotted to the Indians for hunting grounds within the boundaries and jurisdictional rights of the State of Georgia aforesaid, and has induced numbers of good citizens of the said State to join him in the said unlawful enterprise; and whereas, such acts and proceedings are not only a violation of the laws of this State, but. tend to subvert the good order and government thereof, I have therefore thought fit to issue this proclamation, warning and forbidding the citizens' of the said State from engaging in such unlawful proceedings, hereby strictly enjoining all persons whatsoever who have been deluded to engage therein immediately to desist there from, as they will answer the contrary to their peril; and I do hereby strictly command and require all judges, justices, sheriffs, and other officers, and all other good citizens of this State to be diligent in aiding and assisting to apprehend the said Elijah Clarke and his adherents, in order that they may be severally brought to justice."

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No sooner did Governor Matthews issue this procla mation against General Clarke than the latter reappeared in Wilkes and surrendered himself to the authorities; but after examining- the laws and the treaties, both State
and Federal, it was ordered by the court that Elijah Clarke he and is hereby discharged. The vote of the jury was unanimous. The effect was to embolden Clarke.
Being- pronounced guiltless of any offence, he recrossed
the Oconec to his posts.
'thereupon the President authorized the Governor to embody the militia and to call into service the Federal troops, if necessary, in order to disperse the settlers. Lieutenant-Colonel Gaither, of the United States Army, \vas on hand to co-operate. Before Governor Matthews, in accordance "with instructions, resorted to force, he once more tried the effect of negotiations and sent Generals Twigg-s and Irwin to Fort Advance.
Says Genera) Twiggs, in his official report: "I pro ceeded to the unauthorized settlement on the southwest side of the Oconee and, on the presentation of Georgia's claim, read the letter from the War Department, together with Judg-c Walton's charge to the Grand Jury of Wilkes and the law opinion of the attorney and Solicitor Gen eral. After a full explanation of the papers above re cited, I entered into a friendly conference with him, point ing out the danger of the situation, but without effect. T^a.stly, I ordered them to move -within the temporary lines between us and the Creek Indians; but after an interview with his'men he answered that he preferred to maintain his ground. Troops, both State and Federal, were therefore concentrated at Fort Fidius, on the Oconee, and such a disposition made of them that Gen eral Clarke, upon promise of General Irwin of immun ity if he should vacate the post, marched out of the place and the State troops took possession of the works. On September 28, they were set on fire, together with Fort Defiance, and several other garrisoned places were com pletely demolished,"

114 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
On October 12, 1794, the Governor informed the Sec retary of War that the posts were burnt and destroyed, and the whole affair happily terminated without loss of blood.
General Clarke was most unfortunate in these trans actions of his last years. But because he fell into error, we cannot submit that his merits should be unduly shaded or shut out from view and his character transmitted to the future, aspersed with epithets of disparagement. He died, ranking to the last, among Georgia's most cherished heroes and benefactors. He was emphatically the Ajax Talamon of the State in her days of greatest trial. In weighing such a man such a door and sufferer for his country indictments 'which might have crushed meaner persons are but as dust in the balance against the rich ponderous ore of his services, and we hasten to shed a tear on whatever may tend to soil his memory and to pronounce it washed out forever. Georgia has been blessed with many signal favors. But never has it fallen to her lot to have a soil, native or adopted, whom she could more proudly boast and justly honor, or who* has imprinted himself more deeply on her heart, than Elijah Clarke.

CHAPTER VIII
Fannin at Goliad: Story of the Brutal Massacre of 1836
O NE of the most brutal massacres of history "was the inhuman sacrifice of life at Goliad during the war for Texan independence, in 1836. Colonel James ~W. Fannin, who lost his life in this massacre1, was a native Georgian, "who, removing' to Texas in 1834, raised a company, which he called the Brazos Volunteers, and joined the army of General Houston. On the fall of the Alamo, Fanniu received orders from his commander to destroy the Spanish fort at Goliad and to fall back to Victoria. He delayed his retreat for some time, in order to collect the women and children of the jieigbborhood, whose lives were exposed to imminent peril. But he finally set out for Goliad with 350 men.
En route to this point he was overtaken by Genera] TIrrea, at the head of 1,200 Mexican troops. There fol lowed a battle "which lasted for two days, during "which time the Mexicans lost between 300 and, 400 in killed and wounded, and the Texans only about 70; but Fannin, having been wounded in the engagement, was forced by the exigencies of the situation to surrender. He agreed to capitulate only on condition that his troops should be paroled. But, instead of being set at liberty, they were marched to Goliad as prisoners of war, and, on March 27, 1836, in pursuance of orders said to have been received from Santa Anna, were, in the absence of General XJrrea, . massacred in cold blood.
Four men to assist in the hospital and four surgeons, in addition to the women, received exemption from the

116 GEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
bloody edict of death, besides which some few of the men "who were fired upon afterwards escaped; but the rest "were inhumanly butchered. Some two weeks before he was captured and put to death, Fannin wrote to a friend in the United States: "I have about four hundred' and twenty men here, and if I can get provisions to-morrow or next day, I can maintain myself against any force. I will never give up the ship.''
Hendersou Yoakum, the pioneer historian of Texas, gives the frightful details of the tragedy at Goliad as follows.* Says he: "The Texans now raised a white nag, which "was promptly answered by the enemy. Major ^Vallace and Captain Chadwick wont ont, and in a short time returned and reported that General Urrea would treat only with the .commanding officer. Colonel Fan nin, though lame, went out, assuring his men that he would make none other than an honorable capitulation. He returned in a short time and communicated the terms of agreement "which he had made with Urrea. They "were in substance as follows : 1. That the Texans should be received and treated as prisoners of war, according to the uses of the most civilized nations. 2. That private property should be respected and restored, but the sidearms of the officers should be given up. 3. That the men should be sent to Copano and tlience, in eight days, to the United States, or so soon thereafter as vessels could be secured to take them. 4. That the officers should be paroled and returned to the United States, in like man ner. General Urrea immediately sent Holzingcr and other officers to announce the agreement. It "was reduced to writing in both English and Spanish languages, read over two or three times, signed, and the writings ex changed, 'in tKe most formal and solemn manner.' The
"History of Texas, 16S5 to 1S45, by Henderson Yoakum; embodied in Wooten's "Comprehensive History of Texas," Vol. I, pp. 254-260, Dallas, 1808.

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Texans immediately piled arms, and such of them as were able to march were hurried off to Goliad, where they ar rived at sundown on the same day (the 20th). The wounded, among whom was Colonel Fannin, did not reach the place till the 22nd. At Goliad the prisoners were crowded into the old church, with no other food than a scanty pittance of beef, without bread or salt. Colonel Fanniu was placed xinder the care of Colonel Holzinger, a German engineer in the Mexican service. So soon as Farmin learned how badly his men were treated, he wrote to General Urrea, stating the facts, and reminding him of the' terms of capitulation."

"On the 23rd, Colonel Fannin and Colonel Holzinger proceeded to Copano' to ascertain if a vessel could be procured to convey the Texans to the United States; but the vessel which they expected to obtain had already left port. They did not return until the 26th. On the 23rd, Major Miller, with eighty Texan volunteers, who had just landed at Copano, were taken prisoners and brought into Goliad by Colonel Vara. Again, on the 25th, Colonel ^Vard and his men, captured by Urrea, were brought in. The evening of the 26th passed off pleasantly enough. Colonel Fannin was entertaining his friends with the prospect of returning to the United States; and some of the young men who could perform "well on the flute "were playing 'Home, Sweet Home.' How happy we are that the veil of the future is suspended over tis! At seven o'clock that night, an order, brought by special courier from Santa Anna, required the prisoners to be shot I De tailed regulations were sent as to the mode of executing this cold-blooded and atrocious order. Colonel Portilla, the commandant of the place, did not long hesitate to put it into execution. He had four hundred and forty-five prisoners under his charge. Eighty of these, brought from Copauo, having just landed, were therefore con-

118 GEOEOIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
sidered as not within the scope of the order, and for the time were excused. The services of four of the Texan physicians Drs. Field, Hall, Shaekleford and Joseph H. ^Bernard* being needed to take care of the Mexican wounded, were among those spared. So likewise were fonr others, "who "were assistants in the hospital."
"At dawn of day, on Palm Sunday, March 27, the Texans were awakened by a Mexican officer, who said he wished them to form a line, that they migiit be counted. The men were marched out in separate divisions, under different pretexts. Some were told that they were to he taken to Copano, in order to be sent home; others that they were going- out to slaughter beeves; and others again that they were being removed to make room in the fort for Santa Anna. Dr. Shackleford, who had been invited by Colonel Gnerrier to his tent, about a hundred yards sontheastwardly from the fort, says: 'In about an hour, we heard the report of a volley of small arms, toward the river, and to the east of the fort. I immedi ately inquired the cause of the firing, and was assured by the officer that he did not know, but supposed that it was the guard firing off their guns. In about fifteen or twenty minutes thereafter another such volley was fired, directly south of us, and in front. At the same time I could distinguish the heads of some of the men. through the boug-lis of some peach trees and could hear their screams. It was then, for the first time, that the awful conviction seized upon our minds that treachery and murder had begnn their work. Shortly afterward Colo nel Gnerrier appeared at the door of the tent. I asked him if it could be possible they were murdering our men. He replied that it -was so, hut that he had not given the order, neither had he executed it."
"In about an hour more, the wounded were dragged out and butchered. Colonel Fannin was the last to suf-
*Dr. Bernard has written an exhaustive account of the Goliad Massacre. See Wooten's "Comprehensive I-tistovy of Texas," Vol. i. Chapter X, liahas, 1885.

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fer. When informed of his fate, lie met it like a soldier. He handed his watch, to the officer whose business it was to murder him, and requested that he have him shot in the breast and not in the head, and likewise see that his remains were decently buried. These natural and proper requirements the officer promised should be fulfilled, but, with the perfidy which is so characteristic of the Mexican race, he failed to do either! Fannin seated himself in a chair, tied the handkerchief over his eyes, and bared his bosom to receive the fire of the soldiers. As the different divisions were broug'ht to the place of execution, they were ordered to sit down with their backs to the guard. But a young man by the name of Former, in one of the squads, rose to his feet and exclaimed: 'Boys, they are going to kill us die with your faces to them, like men!' At the same time, two other young- Texans, flour ishing their caps over their heads, shouted at the top of their voices, 'ITurrah for Texas!' "
Many attempted to escape; but the most of those who sxirvived the first fire were cut down by the pursuing cavalry, or afterwards shot. It is believed that in all twenty-seven of those who were marched out to be slaughtered eventually escaped, leaving three hundred who suffered death on that Sunday morning. The dead were then stripped and the naked bodies thrown into piles. A few brt7shes were placed over them, and an at tempt made to burn the bodies up, but with such poor success that the hands and feet, and much of the flesh, were left a pray to dogs and vultures!
"Colonel Fannin doubtless erred in postponing for four days his obedience to the order of the Oommanderin-Chief to retreat with all possible dispatch to Victoria, on the Gruadalnpe; and also in sending out LieutenantColonel Ward in search of Captain King1. But these er rors sprang from the noblest feelings of humanity; first, in an attempt to save from the approaching enemy some Texan settlers at the mission of Kefugio; ag'ain, in an endeavor to rescue King and his men at the same place;

120 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
and finally to save "Ward and his command until all was lost save honor. The public vengeance of the Mexican tyrant, however, was satisfied. Deliberately and in cold blood he had caused three hundred and thirty of the stern est friends of Texas her friends while living and dying to tread the wine-press for her redemption. lie chose the Lord's Day for this sacrifice. It was accepted; and God waited his own time for retribution a retribution which brought Santa Anna a trembling1 coward to the feet of the Texan victors, whose magnanimity prolonged his wretched life to waste the land of his birth with anarchy and civil war."
-During the session of 1883, the Legislature of Texas appropriated the sum of fifteen hundred dollars for a monument at Goliad to the victims of the brutal massacre of 1836. The citizens of Goliad raised an additional sev enteen hundred dollars, and the city of Goliad donated a lot for the monument. The handsome shaft was un veiled in 1885. It is built of Italian marble, standing thirty-three feet in height, upon a base of granite, and contains the following1 brief inscriptions: On the north, the famous battle cry of San tlacinto, "Remember the Alamo ! Remember Goliad !" On the west, "Independence declared, March 2nd, A. D. 1836, consummated April 21st, A. I). 1836." On the south, at the bottom of the first section, "Fannin" is chiselled in raised letters, while higher up on the monument appear these words: "Erected in Memory of Fannin and his Comrades." On the east, "Massacred March 27th, A. I). 1836." There were a number of Georgians in Fannin's command, among them a distinguished young officer of Lawrenceville, Cap tain James C. "Winn.

CHAPTER IX
William H. Seward: A Georgia School-Master
W HILE a student at Union College, in the State of New York, Mr. Seward, afterwards one of the most eollosal figures of the war period of Amer ican history, became embarrassed by a trivial debt. It grew out of the fact that his father, a man of wealth but a somewhat eccentric old gentleman, refused to pay for a tailor-made suit of clothes which his son had pur chased because his class-mates made sport of his blue homespuns. In the opinion of the elder Seward, what was good enough for the village school was good enough for the college town; and he remained obdurate. The re sult was that the unhappy youth, In a spirit of indepen dence, resolved to shift for himself; a,nd surreptitiously one night he took French leave of his books and started upon his journey southward.
Near Eatonton, Ga., he opened an academy; and here ho remained for several months, when unexpected de velopments called him back home. To what extent his sojourn in the South modified his subsequent career in public life is purely a matter of conjecture; but it was certainly due to Mr. Seward's influence that the decision of President Johnson "to make treason odious" was abandoned. Mr. Seward suffered at the North by reason of his lenient vicw~s in regard to Reconstruction. He also shared in the bitter opposition which led to Mr. John son's trial of impeachment and became alienated from former political associates.

122 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
But lie remained a steadfast friend to the people of the South and consistently opposed the adoption of harsh measures. He fought the military regime and advocated from the start the policy of committing1 the State gov ernments into the hands of former white leaders. His idea was to win the good-will of the people of the South by overtures of friendship and not to widen the breach by tyrannical acts of oppression. It is doubtful if Mr. Lin coln himself was animated by a gentler spirit.
Prior to the war Mr. Seward was a mouthpiece of the anti-slavery party in the nation; and the appeal to a "Hig-her Law" was originated by him to meet the constitutional argument of the pro-slavery advocates. Bnt he was wholly without the venom which characterized Smnner and Phillips. His father owned a number of slaves, wdiich were afterwards emancipated by an edict of the Governor of New York; and in an interview which appeared in 1866, setting forth his attitude toward the South he declared that he himself was horn a slave holder. He also stated in this connection that he was still supporting some of his former slaves.
So far as the suffrage amendment to the Constitution was concerned he foug'ht its enactment, saying" that the laws of social economy wore adequate to adjust the re lations between the two races. "I have no more con cern for the negroes," added he, "than I have for the Hottentots. The North must g'et over this notion of in terference in the affairs of the South." Prof. Charles Eliot Norton,r of Harvard College, and Kditor E. L. Grodwin, of New York, were parties1 to the interview in question.*
To the same effect, Mrs. Jefferson Davis, in her Memoirs of Mr. Davis, throws an anecdotal sidelight
New York, Harper and Bros., 1000.

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upon Mr. Seward's attitude toward the negro problem.* On returning to New York Mr. Seward became Governor of the State, Senator of the United States, and Secretary of State in two Cabinets. lie was also the logical candi date of his party for President in 1860, hut was defeated by Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Seward, in 1867, negotiated the purchase of Alaska, a coup of diplomacy which was dictated by the highest wisdom. The following story of his life in Georgia is taken from his Autobiography:*

On the first of January, 1819, ... I left Union Col lege, as I thought forever, and proceeded by stage to New York with a classmate, who "was going to take.charge of an academy in Georgia. I had some difficulty in avoid ing observation as I passed through ISTewberg1, the prin cipal town of the county in which my father lived. Ar riving in New York for the first time, I would have stayed to see its curiosities and its wonders, but I feared pursuit. I took passage with my fellow-traveller on the schooner, which was first to sail for Savannah; but the vessel was obliged to wait for a wind. . . , At sunrise next morn ing we were under way. On the seventh day we crossed Tybee and anchored in the river at Savannah. What an unexpected transition from New York, which I had left congealed and covered with snow, to this beautiful Geor gia seaport, which I found embowered among trees and flowers ! I was in haste, because my funds were small and I did not wish to be overtaken. I rode by stage to Au gusta, the way often lighted by immigrant camp-fires.
My associate and I made inquiries at Augusta, and he contracted there for employment in the Academy, while I proceeded by stage as far as the coach went and then hired a gig, which landed me at Mount Zion, in a
*Memoirs, Volume I, p. 581. William H. Seward: An Autobiography, with a Memoir of His Life and Selections from His Speeches, by Frederick W. Steward, New York, Derby and Miller, 1891, pp. 36-43,

124 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
society which had lately been founded by immigrants, to whom 1 was known. They were Tinder the pastoral care of Dr. Beman, "who afterwards became so distin guished a preacher at Troy, in the State of New York. Here I rested one or two days, while my linen was washed, and then, no longer able to hire a conveyance, I took the road on foot for a journey of thirty miles, more or less, to Eatonton, the capital town of the County of Putnam.
Farmers here called "Crackers" cheerfully gave me a lift as I overtook them on the way, and also shared provisions with me. Arriving- in the town late at night and somewhat weary, I was shown into a large ball-room, "which I found filled with long rows of cots, one of which "was assigned to me. My reflections in the morning were by no means cheerful. Inqniring of the tavern keeper, I learned that the academy for which I "was looking was in a new settlement, ten miles distant. I was to make the journey with only nine shillings and six pence, New York currency, in hand, after my reckoning was paid. The shirt "which I wore was, of course, soiled by travel. My light cravat was even worse. I invested eight shillings in a neck-cloth, "which concealed the shirt bosom, and, with one and six-pence remaining, I resumed my journey.
Beaching a country store where the roads crossed, I came to a rest, after walking- eight miles, communicated the news which I had received at Ijatonton, and in tnrn was enlightened by the merchant's news of the admission of Missouri into the Union. Here I also learned the name of the parties who had founded the new school of which I was in search; and I was directed to Mr. Ward, whose house was distant two miles and a half, as the person to "whom I should apply. Going- a mile and a half throug-h the "woods, I became both hungry and thirsty, and quite too weary to go further.
But, at this point, a double cottage, built of logs, at tracted me. It was new, the "windows were without glass,

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and the chimneys were not yet topped out; but mani festly it -was occupied, because domestic utensils lay about the doorway and the blanket which served for a door was drawn up. I found there a lady yet youthful, as handsome as she was refined, "with two small children. The owner of the house was Dr. Iddo Ellis, a physician who had migrated to Georgia only a year or two before from Auburn, N. Y. The doctor soon came home, and it was immediately made known to. me that a visitor "who had just arrived from the vicinity of their ancient town could not be allowed to go further, although he might fare better than in their humble and unfurnished cot tage. Of course, I stopped there. The house had no partitions, but I was given a separate apartment for sleep, a provision which was easily made by suspending a coverlid from the beam to the floor.

After an early breakfast, the doctor summoned a meeting of the trustees, which I could attend, at 11 o'clock. They were five in number. Major William Alex ander, of the militia, a genial planter, was president; William Turner, Esq., Treasurer of the State, was secre tary; and Dr. Ellis, chief debater. The matter of an introduction was somewhat brief. My traveling com panion who, while we were yet in college, had accepted a call to this school, had obtained a more distinguished situ ation at Augusta, and had recommended me. Dr. Ellis spoke kindly of the impression which my brief acquaint ance with him. had made. Mr. Turner, who possessed a better academic education than the rest, asked me a few general questions, and then Major Alexander announced that the board did not think it necessary to extend the examination further.
I withdrew; and, going around the corner of the Academy, I sat down on the curbstone of the spring, into which I dipped the gourd which hung upon a tree by the side, and I meditated: What chance was there that

126 GKOUGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
these trustees would employ me If they should decline to do so, what next? "With only eighteen pence in my pocket, a thousand miles from home, iny little wardrobe left thirty miles behind, where was I to go and what was 1 to do? I scarcely had time to conceive possible answers to these questions when 13r. Ellis appeared and invited me into the official presence. If ever mortal was struck dumb by pleasant surprise I was the youth, when Will iam Turner, Esq., six feet hig-h, grave and dignified, made me this speech:
"Mr. Seward : The trustees of Union Academy have examined you to ascertain whether you are qualified to assume charge of the new institution "which they have founded. They have desisted from the examination be cause they find that you are better able to question them tli an they to question you. The trustees desire to employ you, but they fear that they are not able to make you such a proposition as your abilities deserve. The school is yet to be begun; and, with what success, they do not know. The highest offer which they feel able to make is eighteen hundred dollars for the year, with board in such of our homes as you may chose, to cost at the rate of one hundred dollars per anuum. But the Academy will not be finished for six weeks, during which time you will be witliout employment. We will compensate you for this delay by furnishing you a horse and carriage, by means of which you can travel over any part of the State, and in the interval of rest you will board among1 us without charge. 7 '
I accepted the position with an expression of profound thanks aud with an assurance of determination to merit the approval of my generous patrons. It was an im portant crisis in my life. I indulged with satisfaction the reflection, that I was henceforth to be an independent, self-reliant man. At dinner with the doctor's family, he said:

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"I am going to state something to which you need not reply, if yon prefer. In your absence from the meeting' of the trustees they asked how old you were. I answered t that I thought you were twenty. They replied that for ' such an enterprise the age seemed very young."
Candidly I confessed to my patron that I was only seventeen, whereupon he replied:
"AYe will leave them to find it out, then, ]Mr. Seward." The part of Georgia into which I had fallen was in the northeastern region and had then recently been recovered from the Indians. It was newly settled with immigrants from Virginia and from North and South Carolina. The staple was cotton, a plant which was cultivated with profit. Professional men and teachers were freely ac cepted and welcomed there from the North. The South ern States "were just beginning to establish schools and academies for themselves. Although the planters "were newcomers and generally poor, yet I think the slaves ex ceeded the white population. No jealousy or prejudice then existed in regard to inquiries or discussions of slav ery; but at the same time there "were two kindred preju dices highly developed. One was a suspicion, amounting to hatred, of all emancipated persons, or free uegroes, as they were called ; the other a strong prejudice of an abstract nature against the lower class of adventurers from the North called "Yankees." The planters enter tained me always most cordially, as it seemed, from a re gard to my acquirements, while the negroes improved every occasion to converse with a stranger from the T>ig North. '. . .

Next day I availed myself of the horse and wagon to proceed to Batonton, where I called at the post-office, expecting there a letter from the associate whom I had left in Augusta. Besides the expected letter, I received others, which, "while they gave me much pleasure, caused me much perplexitj'. There was a packet which had been

128 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
transmitted to me by Richard Richardson, president of the United States Branch Bank, at Savannah. The packet contained a letter from my father, in which he stated that he had heard with paternal anguish and solicitude of my flight from college; that he had followed me from ISTewburgh to New York; and that, with the aid of necessary agents, he had gone in person to the wharves, resting at night from his unsuccessful search, and leaving unvisited only the schooner in which I had sailed. He implored me to return and informed me that I would be supplied with what funds I should need by Mr. Eichardson. Indisposed to give up an independence which had been so dearly gained, I drew on Mr. Richardson, as lie advised me I might, for one hundred dollars. With this sum I brought my person into more presentable condition and returned to my patrons.
Replying to my father a few days later I declined his request for my return. I know not whether it was vanity or a solicitude to relieve parental anxiety that induced me to send him an Eatonton paper, which contained an advertisement carefully worded by Mr. Turner and signed by himself as secretary and by Major Alexander as pres ident, announcing that William H. Seward, "a gentleman of talents, educated at Union College, N. Y.," had been duly appointed principal of Union Academy; that appli cations for admission were in order; and that the school would be opened on the first of May next. The, residents of the neighborhood contended with each other for the honor of entertaining me during the interval; and so I moved in a circle of hospitality around the new academy, first staying at Mr. "Ward's, then at. Mr. Walker's, and then at Mr. Turner's, and from these places I made ex cursions to Milledgeville, Sparta, and other towns, always hospitably received by prominent citizens.
Hardly more than half of my vacation "was passed in this pleasant way when there arose a new and startling

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difficulty. I was in my attic bedroom at Mr. Ward's, alone, revising- the classics which I was soon to teach, when Major William Alexander, president of the Board of Trustees of Union Academy, ascended tlie crooked little stairway unattended and presented me a letter writ ten in a hand which I quickly recognized. I read it, I doubt not, with, much embarrassment.
My indignant father, in this letter, informed Major William Alexander that he had read a newspaper adver tisement, in which the major announced the employment of one William H. Seward as principal. My father pro ceeded to say that lie lost no time' in informing Major Alexander who and what kind of a person the new head of Union Academy -was; that he was a much-indulged son -who, -without any just provocation or cause, had ab sconded from Union Colieg-e, thereby disgracing a wellacquired position and plunging his parents into profound shame and grief. In conclusion, my father warned the Major, the trustees, and all whom it might concern, that if they should continue to harbor the delinquent, he would prosecnte them with the utmost vigor of the law.
"There," said the Major, in the chivalroirs manner which the Southern planter had already come to assume1, '' I suspected as much all the while, brrt I do not believe that you abandoned your college and home without good cause. I shall be your friend. T will keep the affair to myself, and you may decide upon it as you think best. If you conclude to g*o home we shall not oppose you, althougli it "will be a disappointment."

Had this been the whole of the case, it would have been easily settled. But by the same mail which brought my father's summons I received letters from my mother, showing plainly that the course which I had taken had been represented to her with aggravated additions. Her letter indicated a broken heart; and my sister, next in years to myself, assured me that my mother was on the

130 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
verge of distraction. Alas, poor lady, my desertion was not her only sorrow. My eldest brother had two or three years earlier come into a misunderstanding with my father, no less unhappy than my own ; had left the paren tal roof, and was seeking with uncertain success to es tablish a fortune for himself in what was then the new State of Illinois. Bly next brother, perhaps more under the influence of erroneous example than from any real difficulty in his own case, had strayed away from the paternal mansion and obtained precarious employment in the city of New York; had afterwards thought to im prove his condition by enlisting in the United States Army; and was then writing to his mother mysterious accounts of his new occupation from the barracks of Old Point Comfort.
Taking sufficient time, I carefully considered the case and then conversed with the trustees. I assured them that I would not break the engagement to the injury of the institution ; that I would call a j-oung gentleman hither from Union College, as competent as myself, to take my place; and, furthermore, that 1 would remain in the per formance of my duty until he should arrive and they should declare entire satisfaction with him. They as sented to tlie arrangement, and it was carried into effect. 1 opened the Academy on the appointed day with sixty pupils, most of whom were "well advanced in years, but quite uninstructed. Mr. Woodruff, my successor, came and was accepted, and I took leave of my generous patrons and affectionate scholars with a feeling of sad ness, such as I have seldom experienced.

CHAPTER X
Crawford W. Long: The Discoverer of Anesthesia
O N March 30, 1842, in the town of Jefferson, Ga., Dr. Crawford W. 3-<ong, then an unknown country doctor, barely twenty-seven years of age, per formed an operation "which marked an epoch in the his tory of medicine. At this time Dr. Jjong successfully employed sulphuric ether in extracting1 a tumor from the neck of James M. Vcnahle. The patient, while under the influence of the anesthetic, experienced no sensation of pain whatever, and was not aware that an operation had been performed until consciousness was reg-ained. It was the work of only a few moments; but from this opera tion dates the discovery of anesthesia perhaps the greatest boon ever bestowed upon mankind. It put an end to the terrors of the knife, proclaimed the rise of modern surgery and dispelled the nightmare of centuries.
Dr. Long-'s discovery antedated Morton's by four years that of "Wells by two years and six months. He did not commercialize his achievement by seeking- to ob tain patent rights, nor did he make any haste to an nounce it "with a flourish of trumpets; but the whole sci entific world has at length come to recognize the priority of the Georgian's claim.* On March 30, 1912, there "was
-"See New International "Encyclopaedia, Jsew York, Dodd, Mead and Co.,
ford "W.

132 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MKMORIAT-S AND LEGENDS
unveiled at the University of Pennsylvania a handsome bronze medallion in honor of Dr. Crawford "W. .Long', on which occasion some of the most noted physicians of America were present. On May 21, 1910, near the scene of his great discovery, in the town of Jefferson, a sub stantial monument to Dr. Long was unveiled by the State Medical Association. In 1879, Mr. Henry !L. Stuart, of ]STow York, presented to the Legislature of Georgia a handsome life-size portrait of Dr. Long", which to-day hangs on the walls of the State Capitol. General John B. Gordon, in an eloquent speech, formally tendered the por trait. On this occasion Mr. Stuart himself was present. After the ceremonies he left for Athens to visit the grave of Dr. Long-, and while there was fatally stricken with paralysis. Being without family ties or connections at the North, he was buried in accordance with his wishes in Oconee Cemetery, at Athens, in the same lot with, the great discoverer, whose services to mankind he was one of the first to recognize and honor. The Republic of France has likewise paid tribute to Dr. Long; and Geor gia has voted to place his statue in the nation's Capitol at Washington.
Wh.en King Edward VJI awakened after his operation for appendicitis, his first question was, "Who discovered anesthesia?" to which the answer came back, "Dr. Crawford Long, Your Majesty." This spontaneous tribute from the king's physician may be taken as an expression of British sentiment,
The following account of the discovery of anesthesia has been condensed from a sketch written by Mr. T. W. Reed for Men of Mark in Georgia. There is doubtless no one in the State, more conversant with the facts in the ease than Mr. Reed, "who has long been a distinguished resident of the town in which the last twenty-six years of Dr. Long's life were spent. It was the celebrated Dr. Oliver WendelT Holmes, of Cambridge, Mass., who coined the word anesthesia; but the credit which attaches to the great discovery itself belongs to the modest Georgia

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doctor, "whose mission in life was to miiigie the sleeping liquid of Lethe's fabled fountain with the healing waters of PJethesda's pool.

To the discoverer of anesthesia the human race must forever stand indebted. Through the magic of this g-reat discovery the sum of human pain has been vastly les sened, the horrors of war have been mitigated, the ad vance of surgery has been made possible, the average duration of human life has been lengthened, and every department of human activity has been given additional energy, through which magnificent achievements have come to bless the world. Despite all claims to the con trary, the honor of having made this transcendent dis covery belongs to Orawford W. Long-. . . . The pass ing- years have brought forth abundant evidence on this subject; and the State of Georgia, backed by the en dorsement of the highest authority, has set her official seal upon the achievement of her distinguished son by legislative resolution that his statue shall be placed in Statuary Hall in the nation's Capitol as one of Georgia's two greatest citizens. Nor is Georgia alone in asserting the justice of his claim, for across the seas the French have erected a statue to his memory in the capital city of that repu.blic.
Crawford W. Long1, son of James and Elizabeth "Ware Long and grandson of Samuel and Ellen Williams on Long, was born in Danielsville, Ga., November 1, 1815. . . . After a few yoa.rs of preparation in the local academy he entered Franklin College, now the University of Geor gia, and received his Master of Arts degree in 1835, at the age of nineteen, ranking- second in his class. During his college days he was a room-mate of Alexander H. Stephens, whose statue Georgia is to place alongside that of the discoverer of anesthesia in the Capitol at Wash ington. . . . In 1839 he was graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania. The sue-

134 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ceeding twelve months he spent in a hospital in New York, and on account of his success as a surgeon he was urg'ed by his friends to apply for the position of a surgeon in the United States Navy. This was, however, contrary to the wishes of his father, and he returned to his native State, locating in Jefferson, Jackson County, Ga., in 1841. At that time Jefferson was a mere village, far removed from the large cities and the railroads.
The young country doctor quickly became a general favorite on account of his quiet, dignified bearing', his uni form courtesy, Iris tender heart, and his desire at all times to be of service to his people in their hours of trouble or suffering. In those days nitrous oxide parties wore all the rage. The inhalation of this gas resulted in great ex hilaration. Dr. Long did not boast a very extensive lab oratory. In fact, it was practically impossible, with his meagre equipment, to prepare nitrous oxide. He, there fore, used sulphuric ether, and the same hilarious effect followed. Ether parties speedily became the fad among the young- people of Jefferson.
During January, 1842, quite a number of ether frolics were held at Dr. Long's office, and some of the young men became thoroughly intoxicated through use of the gas. In the rough playing which followed severe bruises were received upon their bodies, but they seemed to take no notice of them. The thought dawned upon the mind of Dr. Long that ether must possess the power to deaden pain. One night, during an ether frolic, one of the young men slipped and fell, dislocating his ankle. Although the injury was quite severe, Dr. Long observed that the voting man 'was practically unconscious of suffering. His belief in the power of ether to render one insensible to pain now deepened into a settled conviction, and he re solved to prove his discovery by using ether in the first surgical case he might chance to get.
Two miles from Jefferson lived James M. Ven able, a young man who had frequently been in Dr. Long's

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office and who had several times spoken to the physician about cutting; two tumors from the back of his neck. Convinced of the anesthetic powers of sulphuric ether, Dr. Long disclosed to Venable his plans for the operation. On March 30, 1842, sulphuric ether was administered to Venable until he became completely anesthetized. The small cystic tumor was then excised from the back of his neck and the patient was amazed when he regained consciousness to find that the operation was over and the tumor roinoved, "without causing- him the slightest pain. In fact, he had not even known that the operation was being- performed. It is beyond question that this date marks the discovery of anesthesia.

Dr. Horace Wells, ignorant of Dr. Long's discovery, tried laughing- gas on himself in 1844. Dr. William T. G. Morton announced his discovery in 1846.* Dr. Charles T. Jackson accidentally inhaled chlorine gas in 1842 and used ether as an antidote, thus producing" partial anes thetization, but he did not pursue the subject further at that time. Although. Jefferson was a small village and Dr. Long a young- physician, he operated on at least eight cases, each being1 thoroughly successful, before Morton claimed to have discovered anesthesia. It is claimed that Dr. Long- kept his discovery secret, and therefore de served no credit for it. The affidavits of Dr. Ange DeLaperriere and Dr. Joseph !B. CarJton show that Dr. Long' informed them and other physicians, and that they used ether successfully in their surgical practice before the date of Dr. Morton's announcement.
*Morton called the anesthetic which he patented "Jjetheon." It is today known as ether. Wells committed suicide In the city of New York, where he became mentally unbalanced after fruitless efforts to establish his claim. Mot-ton communicated his idea, to Dr. j. C. "Warren, of Boston, who is alleged to have performed the first public operation on a person anesthetized with ether, at the Massachusetts General Hospital, October 1C, 1846. Jackson
Dr. James Y. Simpson, a Scotch physician of chloroform anesthesia, in 1856,. was created a

136 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
In 1849 Morton asked Congress to reward him for his discovery. Jackson at once opposed him. The friends of Wells, who was then dead, also protested against his claim. Long1 refused to enter this contest until 1854, at which time he "was urged by his friends to assert vigor ously his claim, to the honor. He thereupon communi cated the facts in the case to United States Senator "Will iam C. Dawson, who brought Dr. Long's claim to the at tention of Congress, creating consternation among the rival claimants. Much wrangling followed, and the merits of the issue were never determined. The date of Jack son's claim more nearly approaches that of Long's claim than does that of either of the others, but Jackson before his death wrote to Senator Dawson, acknowledging the justice of Long's claim.
Congress having- failed to settle the disputed ques tion of priority in the discovery of anesthesia, Dr. Long failed to receive the credit due him until May, 1877, when Dr. J. Marion Sims, of New York, investigated his claims fully and presented them in an able paper published in the Virginia Medical Monthly. To the demand for recog nition made by Dr. Sims there was a general response, which brought much cheer to the heart of the distin guished discoverer. Eminent physicians the world over hastened to give him full credit for the great boon con ferred upon humanity, and since then his claims to dis tinction as the discoverer of anesthesia have not seriously been questioned.
For ten years after his discovery of the anesthetic powers of sulphuric ether, Dr. Long continued the prac tice of his profession in Jefferson. He then removed to Athens, in which city he became a most distinguished phy sician, and where he lived until his death, twenty-six years later. . . . He was a splendid type of the Southern gentleman of ante-bellum days. At the bedside of the rich and the poor his ministrations soothed and com-

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forted; through the blinding storm, often in the dead of night, he went without complaining to those who needed him; and to the last moment of his stay on earth his life was typical of the discovery with which his name will be forever associated, a life of blessing to those with whom he came in contact. He often remarked that his one great wish was to die in harness. On June 16, 1878, he was called to the bedside of a patient in whose1 case he was deeply interested. While performing the duties in cident to the case, lie suffered a stroke of apoplexy, from which death came in a. few hours. The brain which had given to the world the blessings of anesthesia was at rest, but it left behind a gift to humanity the import ance of which can never be estimated.

CHAPTER XI
John Clark: His Grave Overlooking St. Andrew's Bay on the Gulf of Mexico
U NDERNEATH a plain white obelisk of marble, overlooking the waters of St. Andrew's Bay, on the west coast of Florida, rest the mortal ashes of a most distinguished Georgian : Governor John Clark. An exile in death from the great State whose highest civic office he once held, this illustrious soldier and statesman is the only one of Georgia's chief magistrates unless ex ception be made of Governor Treutlen who sleeps be yond her borders. The latter is supposed to have been buried in South Carolina, where he was quartered by the Indians and Tories. His last resting-place is un known. But not so with Governor Clark. The grove of ancient live oaks in which he lies, though removed somewhat from the beaten highways of travel, can be reached by an hour's ride from Pensacola ; and Georgia owes it to her owTn historic past to bring- the ashes of Governor Clark back home, so that when his long sleep of death is over he can wake once more on his native hills.
The Daughters of the American Revolution, through the initiative of Mrs. Joseph S. Harrison, of Columbus, Ga., have already taken the matter in hand, and there is a likelihood that the old hero will soon repose with the nation's dead, at Marietta.
Tt was around the dramatic figure of John Clark that the fiercest fires of partisan politics known to the annals
inark usually spelled his name without the final "c." But Klijah Clarke, preferred the longer for'rn.

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of this State raged for more than twenty heated years. The earliest division of Georgia into factional camps grew out of a quarrel between John Clark and William M. Crawford, which finally led to a duel, in which the latter was wounded. On the departure of Crawford for the forum of national affairs, he was succeeded on the battleground of State politics by George M. Troup, who, under a fresh banner, renewed the old fight; but twice when the Governor's office wag the prize for which these doughty champions contended in the lists, Troup was unhorsed by John Clark, who bore off the laurels of combat.
Governor Clark was a man of limited learning, but he possessed an intellect of strong native powers and an iron strength of w7 ill. As a fighter he scarcely knew what the word "surrender" meant. This trait of his character was a martial inheritance from his distinguished father, by whose side, at the battle of Kettle Creek, when.a lad of thirteen, the younger Clark fought like an infant lion. At the age of sixteen he held a captain's commission. Subsequent to the Revolution, in a campaign against the Indians, in 1787, when still barely twenty-one, he distin guished himself at the battle of Jack's Creek, an engage ment "which, according to some authorities, was named in his honor. Eventually the Legislature of Georgia gave him the rank of Major-General in the State militia; but he was greatly incensed in 1812 when Governor Mitchell ignored him by putting General Floyd in command of the State troops.
His irate temper often ovei'mastered him. On one occasion he assaulted Judge Tait on the streets of Milledgcville. The latter afterwards married Mrs. Clark's sister. On another occasion, "when somewhat bibulous, he mutilated a picture of Georg-e Washington in front of Mica.jah Williamson's tavern, for which, however, "he paid like a gentleman."

140 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Governor Clark was a native of North Carolina, in which State he was born in 1766. He accompanied his father, on the eve of the Revolution to Wilkes County, where the greater part of his life was spent. If he was a man of strong passions, bitter in his enmities, relentless in his tactics, somewhat intemperate in his habits, he was also a man who never sacrified a friend, "who never betrayed a trust, and whose devotion to Georgia "was never successfully impeached by his foes. Governor Clark was a man of the people. The aristocratic planters, as a rule, supported Crawford and Troup. On relinquish ing the office of Governor, he espoused the cause of Mat thew Talbot, a candidate who met defeat at the hands of Governor Troup. Tjater Clark himself became once more a candidate in the first popular election for Governor ever held in Georgia, bnt encountering defeat, be withdrew from State polities forever; and to quote Dr. George G. Smith there came to an end "the longest continued personal contest ever known in Georgia or perhaps else where in the United States.''
Embittered over the result, Governor Clark accepted from President Jackson the post of Indian Agent, whieh made him virtually the custodian of the public lands of Florida, It was not an office to which any high honor attached, but the salary enabled him to live in comfort and to extend hospitality to the friends who came to so journ under his roof. Governor Clark owned large tracts of land in Wilkes. Miss Lane informs us that in 1806 he made a deed to AVylie Pope, in "which he reserved an area of ground twenty feet square, whereon his children. Elijah Clark and George AValton Clark, were buried.* The statement is made on the authority of Governor Gilinor that he eventually forgave his enemies, with the single exception of William H. Crawford, agai,nst whom his old feeling of animosity continued until the last hour.
Perhaps Colonel Absalom H. Chappell has correctly summarized the achievements of this unique Georgian in

ijARK'S GRAVR AT ST. ANDREW'S
the following1 paragraph. Says he: "During a long ca reer he courted and acquired great enemies, both personal arid official, and honorably illustrated if he did not aug ment the name he inherited, leaving it more deeply im printed if not higher enrolled on Fame's proud cata logue." Governor Clark eventually died a victim of yellow fever. His wife soon followed him to the grave; and a few years Jater relatives erected the substantial shaft of marble which to-day stands over them on the lonely shores of St. Andrew's 33ay, on the Gulf of Mex ico. Thus passed away this great Georgian, whose rest less spirit at last found rest.
The inscriptions on the monument are as follows:
On the north side: "John Clark, born February 28, 17G6, died October 12, 1832. As' an officer he was vigilant and bravo; as a statesman, energetic and faithful; as a father and friend, devoted and sincere."
On the south side: "John Clark, late Governor of Georgia, and Nancy Clark, his wife."
On the west side: "This monument was erected by their surviving children, Ann Campbell and Wylie 1". Clark. >'
*We are indebted to Miss I^ane for the following pathetic touch of romance in the none too joyful life of John Clark. Says? she "About four
lived an orphan girl, the step-daughter of a man named Weaver, and the youngest sister of Sabina Chivers, who married Jesse Mercer. John Clark loved this girl. There was opposition to the union; but as yet he knew not the meaning of the word defeat. tie indxiced her to elope with him. It was his thought to take her to the home of a friend of his father's, Daniel Marshall, near Kiokee, hut the weather was severe, ancT a snow
the mother of Major Freeman, related to a kirisma.n of the I-Iillyers. Miss Chivers was taken ill that night with congestion of the lungs, and died.
girl with bunches of. holly, entwined them in her beautiful black hair and placed them in her clasped hands. Infer grave they covered with the same beautiful crimson and green, upon which the snow gently fell. This was the first real sorrow in the life of John Clark, and many were to follow."
Ga., Regent of Kettle Creek Chapter, IX A. R.

CHAPTER XII
Liberty Hall: The Historic Home of the Illustrious Confederate Vice-President
O VERLOOKING the little town of Crawfordville in the distance, there stands on the green slope of the hill, directly in front of Liberty Hall, a statue of the wondrous little giant among statesmen Alexander H. Stephens. The mortal ashes of the Great Commoner sleep peacefully to the left of the monument. Nor is there a spot of ground anywhere on Georgia's wide bosom in which the ashes of Air. Stephens could rest more fittingly than beneath the trees of Liberty Hall. For, here it was that in life ho always found balm when wearied with the feverish strife and turmoil of politics; and here it was that, in measures of abundance, seasoned with wisdom's salt, he dispensed a hospitality which has made his fireside fragrant among American hearthstones.
The monument to Mr. Stephens is an impressive struc ture, measuring a total elevation of thirty-six feet. On three sloping" blocks of granite, which form a secure foun dation, there rises a handsome monolith, designed and executed by Theodore Markwalter, of Augusta. It is a work of art, embellished on each of the four sides with sculptured wreaths of laurel. The marble statue which surmounts this splendid pile was carved in Italy, from the finest quality of stone to be found in the most re nowned of quarries. The figure represents Mr. Stephens in the characteristic pose of the orator. It portrays him in the prime of life, as lie is supposed to have looked

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when he delivered his great speech in Congress, on Jan uary .15, 1855, at which time he contrasted Ohio and Geor gia.
There was quite a strong' sentiment in favor of de picting1 Mr. Stephens as he was best known to the pres ent generation, seated in his familiar roller-chair. But Dr. Beazley, his home physician, recalled a conversation with Mr. Stephens, in which the latter stated that he dis liked to be pictured as an invalid; that he did not wish his countrymen to remember him as one who was maimed and crippled; that siich an exhibition of his infirmities would only excite pity; and that he preferred to be re called in after years as he looked when at his best. Of course, as soon as the views of Mr. Stephens were thus made known any thought of the invalid's chair as an appropriate memorial was instantly abandoned.
On the front of the monument appears the following inscription:
Born February 11, 1812. . Member of the Georgia House of Representatives, 1836 to 3<842; member of Georgia State Senate, 1S42; member of United States House of Representatives, 1843 to 1859; retired from Congress, 1859; vice-president of the Confederate States, 1861 to 1865; United States- Senator-elect from Georgia, 1866; member United States House of Eepre-
I>ied in Atlanta, Sunday morning, March 4, 1883. Author of a Constitutional View of the War between
the States and of a Compendium of the History of the United States, from their Earliest Settlement till 1872.
Underneatl}, on the pedestal, is inscribed:

ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS

On the rear of the monument, looking toward Liberty rTall, the following- words are lettered:
civil and religious liberty from the republic nothing ed aliis.

144 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
On the left side of the monument appear the followingextracts from the Augusta speech, delivered in 1859. The selections were made by two Georgians, who were bound by close ties to the illustrious dead Hon. Horace M. Holden and Hon. Patrick Walsh. The extracts read:
I am afraid of nothing on earth, or above the earth, or under the earth except to do wrong. The path of duty I shall ever endeavor to travel, ( 'fearing no evil and dreading' no consequences."
Here sleep the remains of one who dared to tell the people they -were wrong- when he believed so, and who never intentionally deceived a friend or betrayed
On the right side of the monument is inscribed the following; tribute from the pen of Richard Malcolm Johnston, a life-long friend:
Throughout life a sufferer in body, mind, and spirit, he was a, signal example of wisdom, courage, forti tude, patience, forbearance, and' unwearying charity.
In the decrepitude of ago, catted to be Governor of the State, he died while in the performance of the work of his office, and it seemed fit that having sur vived parents, brethren, sisters, and most of the dear companions of youth, he should lay his dying head on the bosom of the people.
The funeral of Mr. Stephens in Atlanta was an occa sion long- to be remembered. It was held in tho hall of

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the Getting vault, in Oakland Cemetery, at the State capital; but, on June 10, 1885, a committee of citizens from the town of Crawfordvillc brought the remains from Atlanta to Liberty Tfall for final interment in Geor gia's soil. The casket was accompanied by an escort of distinguished Georgians, including Governor Henry D. McDaniel, ex-Governor James S. Boynton, Captain Henry Jackson and Georgia's two United States Senators, Joseph E. Brown and Alfred H. Colquitt. The body was met at the depot by an immense concourse of people, not withstanding the dark clouds which overhung the after noon sky.
Plans for holding the exercises on the lawn were abandoned, due to the inclement weather; and, i/t the aiiditorium of the Baptist Cburch, from the doors of which hundreds were turned away for lack of room, oc curred the last solemn and impressive rites over the ashes of the illustrious dead. Hon. George T. Barnes, Congressman-elect from Georgia and president of the Stephens Memorial Association, delivered the principal address. Brief remarks were also made by Governor McDaniel and Captain Henry Jackson, after which the body was tenderly borne to the new-made grave on the lawn, and there committed finally into Georgia's keeping until the resurrection.

Eight years later on May 24, 1893 with aug'ust ceremonies, the monument to the Great Commoner was unveiled on the green hillside, in front of Liberty Hall. There were no clouds in the soft vernal sky overhead. In every respect the day was azi ideal one; and the number of spectators in attendance was roughly estimated at 10,000. Long before sunrise, every country road leading into Crawfordville was alive with vehicles. Hundreds of people came by rail.
Over the arched gateway, leading to the famous old mansion, were draped the national colors. Both the

146 GEORGIA'S .LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
platform for the speakers and the front veranda of the Stephens home, displayed the patriotic emblems, thus attesting the broad statesmanship which characterized the Southern Confederacy's former Vice-President. On the platform a number of distinguished g'uests "were as sembled, representing every section of the State. lion. Horace M. Holden, afterwards judge of the Supreme Court of Georgia, then a young man just entering the legal profession, gave an outline history of the move ment. He also read a number of letters of regret. The president of the Memorial Association, Hon. George T. Barnes, having been detained in Washington, D. C., the vice-president, Hon. Patrick Walsh, introduced the orator of the. day, Hon. Thomas M. Norwood, of Savannah, whose splendid address was a masterpiece of eloquence, characterized by deep emotional power, as well as by keen analytical insight.
Another feature of the occasion was a poem from the pen of Chief Justice Logan E. Bleckley, read by Mr. Walsh.
At the proper signal, Miss Mary Corry, a great-niece of Mr. Stephens, drew aside the veil. There is a choice bit of romance in this connection. Within a few days after the unveiling, Miss Corry, whose sweet face beamed in the background of this historic scene, became the beau tiful bride of Judge Holden. Subtler and finer cords than any which were seen by the vast throng- of spectators were silently knitting two lives together; and thus through, the sombre woof of an occasion "which touched many to tears ran the golden threads of Cupid's net.
The officers of the Stephens Memorial Association at the time of the unveiling' were as follows: George T. Barnes, president; Patrick Walsh, vice-president; M. T. Andrews, local vice-president; W. O. Holden, secretary; W. R. Gurn, treasurer; A. G. Beazley, corresponding secretary; R. J. Eeid, director; W. J. Norton, director; J. N. Chapman, director; T. J. Harrison, director, and W. A. Liegwin, director. The officers 'of the Ladies'

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Auxiliary were: Mrs. James W. Asbury, president; Mrs. Casper Myer, vice-president; Mrs. W. J. Norton, treas urer, and Mrs. A. G. Keazley, secretary.
To this list must be added also the name of Miss Mary A. 11. Gay, of Decatur, Ga., a lady who, with the zeal of Peter the Hermit, canvassed the State from bor der to border and for nine years gave to this monumental crusade an ardor of devotion which never once waned or wearied. It may be said in conclusion that the Mem orial Association soug'ht to accomplish three things, viz.: the purchase of Liberty Hall, the erection of the Ste phens monument, and the establishment of a college to perpetuate the great statesman's deep interest in the cause of education. Two of these objects have already been successfully attained; but the third yet remains to be realized. There has never lived in Georgia a man of equal means who has defrayed the college expenses of a larger number of ambitious youths; and the State will owe the memory of the Great Commoner an unredeemed obligation until the Stephens High School at Crawfordville is made a college, in honor of the illustrious sag-e of Liberty Hall.

On July 12, 1912, the deferred centennial exercises in honor of the great statesman's birth were made the occasion for giving a renewed impetus to the movement for establishing the proposed college at Crawfordville. Judge Henry Lumpkiii and Hon. Thomas E. Watson, both of whom were among- the speakers, subscribed $1,000 each to a fund to be used for this purpose. Miss Gray, of Decatur, contributed the copyright of her book, "Life in Dixie," which Mr. Watson agreed to advertise free of charge in the Jeffersonian; and citizens of the county pledged a sum of $10,000 for the proposed school. Judge Horace M. Holden was requested by the Stephens Chap ter of the TJ. I). C. to present the matter to the State Convention of the IT. D. C., a commission which he read-

148 GEORGIA'S IJANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGKNDS
ily undertook. The result was a most enthusiastic en dorsement of the enterprise by the Georgia Division. Mrs. W. I). Lamar, the State President, was furthermore instructed to urge co-operation on the part of the Gen-" eral Conference, "which was soon thereafter to meet in Richmond. On October 20, 1913', a horizontal tablet of marble was placed over the grave of the Great Com moner by the historic Gate City Guard of Atlanta, an organization to which Mr. Stephens was warmly at tached, and one of the first companies to enlist for the Civil War in 1861. Short addresses were made on this occasion by a number of well-known Georgians, among them Colonel Joseph F. .Burke, a former captain of the company and organizer of the Old Guard, an hon orary band composed of survivors; Hon. J. R. Smith, State School Commissioner M. L. Brittain, State His torian and Compiler of Records L. L. Knight, Mr. Joseph A. McCord, Hon. George M. Napier and others.
This description of the Great Commoner's home is from the pen of his intimate friend and biographer, Richard M. Jolmston, author of the famous " Dnkesboro Tales." Says he: Liberty Hall is just beyond the vil lage of Crawfordville, in a skirt of native forest. Large oaks and hickories, interspersed with many fine trans planted trees and choice exotics, are scattered over an enclosure of about three acres, casting a delightful shade over a grassy lawn. The house is a spacious one, fur nished with elegant simplicity; and, at the rear, sepa rated by a piazza, are the owner's study and library, the latter more richly stored than is usual among Southern country gentlemen. His law library contains about fif teen hundred volumes; his miscellaneous library about five thousand, collected during many' years, at a cost of more than sixteen thousand dollars.
This is probably the only mansion in the country where the domestic and social arrang-emcnts are entirely un-

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affected by the sickness or health of the master of the establishment. Visitors come and go, partake of his hospitality, make themselves at home, whether or not he is able to receive them in person. Almost every train brings coining' guests and bears away departing ones; dinner is served at one o'clock; late visitors take supper and early ones breakfast; and as night trains are sure to bring one or more who take what sleep the time allows, the breakfast table always presents new faces. It was the habit of Mr. Stephens, during his latter years, to rise at nine, and after dressing to be rolled in his easy chair out upon the piazza, where he usually called for a game of whist, an amusement which had grown to be a habit with him and which helped to solace many an hour of suffering. The mid-day meal was the only one which he took in the dining' room, at which time he sat at the head of the table. Dinner over, he engaged in conversa tion, or played whist; and at seven he went to bed.
For many years, during- court week, it was the habit of Air. Stephens to entertain the entire visiting bar. As for the people of Taliaferro County, there was not a soul who did not feel at home in the house of Mr. Stephens, "who was not free to enter it whenever he pleased and to remain, an inmate as long as he liked. Though his per sonal manner of living was of the simplest kind, it can easily be surmised that his personal expenses were quite burdensome; and besides the sums which he bestowed upon the education of young men, he expended much of his income in gifts of charity to the poor.
But little change, to the eye of the guest at least, was made in Liberty Hall after the war. The same servants were there, and the same order of domestic economy; Harry was still at the head of outdoor affairs; Elissa$ his wife, was still cook and laundress; and the children of these servants did the housework. When we drove out in the afternoon, Pluck, who had then, like his predeces sor, Rio, become blind, and old Frank, were lifted into the carriage beside the master, from whom they could

150 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
not bear to be separated. When night came, and Harry had put Mr. Stephens to bed, some newspapers were spread at the foot, on which Pluck mounted to sleep for the night. A small riding-whip was stuck under the mas ter's pillow, with which he could repress any encroach ments of his companion. Then the guest 'would read aloud until Mr. Stephens had fallen asleep, after which he retired to his own apartment.
When Mr. Stephens was absent from home, Harry re mained at Liberty Hall, and took care of everything with the fidelity which always characterized him. The only alteration in his domestic arrangements was in the management of his plantation, which, after the war, he divided into a number of small farms, most of which were occupied by his former slaves. Old "Aurit Mat" and her husband, "Uncle Dick," both superannuated, re mained with him as long" as they lived. There was the same simplicity as before in everything, and the saine freedom from constraint which induced him to give his home the name it bears: Uiberty Hall. 1
Better still is the picture furnished by another biogra pher, who writes thus : 3 Half-hid by the magnificent grove of oaks in which it stands, on an elevated hill, is the unpretentious mansion. There are eight rooms in the main building; and two more, with a wide veranda, have "oeen built to the rear. From the front porch, a door opens into the hall or passage, its floor spread with oil cloth in mosaic, and without furriiture, except for an iron hatrack and a gigantic barometer. On the right of the hall is the parlor, its carpet of green, neat and cheerful, with arabesques in colors. The windows are without curtains, but have green shades frosted with gold. On the mantel is an engraving of the United States Senate, during the great speech of Daniel Webster, in 1830; there is also
1 R. M. Jolmston and W~. II. Browne, in Ufe of Alexander H. Stephens. 2 Henry Cleveland, in Life of Alexander I-I. Stephens.

LIBERTY HALL

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a small bust of Senator Berrien; and a fine east by Sauntlers, intended as a model for a statue of General Oglethorpe. -Lastly,. a cigar case, the much prized gift of a lady friend.
On the rig-lit and left of the fireplace are fine old family portraits. On the wall hang two medallions, one of Mrs. Steele, of the Revolution, offering a purse to General Greene ; and one of Oglethorpe, with curly wig", looking like Milton, but the neck fractured. Besides there are a lithograph of Mr. Stephens himself and an excellent like ness of his life-long friend, the superh Robert Toombs. Upon a small table is the large family Bible, which con tains the usua] entries, not only of members of the im mediate household, but also of plantation servants ; and, resting upon a pillar of green and white marble, is a bust of the great statesman himself, among the very first executed by the young1 artist, .T. Q. A. Ward. With the sofa, easy chairs, and other ordinary drawing-room fur niture, these were all which met the eye upon entering the neatly papered room.
Opposite the parlor is the dming'-room. It contains an extension table, an ancient sideboard, a silent clock on the mantel-piece, before whose modest face no hands are heJd, and a frozen traveler watched by St. Bernard dogs, displayed upon the fire screen. Next a pantry. Then a bed-room, carefully reserved for an occasional vis itor. There is another bedroom next to the parlor. The upper rooms, four in number, ai-e neatly furnished and kept for the guests, male and female, who often come and are always made to feel at home. In the back passage there is always a cedar pail of pure cold water; and, connecting the two rooms built to the rear, with the main bTiilding, runs a wide veranda, with massive square pil lars. The first of the rear rooms is the library, fifteen by twenty feet. Many rare books belong" here, but numbers of them are in the hands of borrowers. Numerous trunks contain the accumulated letters of a lifetime ; and a bronze bust of Daniel Webster looks gloomily down from a shelf over the inner door.

152 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Next is the sanctum sanctorum. If the visitor coino in. winter, a light tap is given at the door, and a quick but pleasant voice bids him enter. All is open in sum mer. There is a neat carpet of flowered green, and a low French bedstead draped in white. The walls, too, are white. There is a hureau and a mirror, besides a cotbed for the waiting'-boy, Tim. Over the mantel is Brady's imperial photograph [of Mr. Stephens], taken in 1855. It is flanked on the right by "Faith at the Cross," a picture given to him while at Fort Warren by a much valued lady friend; on the left by an embroidered watch-stand and a pair of lamps. Then a bookcase, with broken glass, and bundles of paper in great seeming' disorder. But the owner can readily find, what lie wishes, and be fore the confusion incident to the late war, no statesman kept such perfect order among' so many various papers. There is a little round-top writing table, with eyelet press. Papers and scraps are on it, but still more are in the little table drawer, and the mind of the owner is an index to them all, if they are not disturbed; arid any disturbance greatly annoys him. At the court-house is his old office, and another library, to which, however, lie seldom goes.
On the "worsted hearth-rug of this room, in winter, and on the grass in the yard, in summer, lounges a huge brown mastiff named Troup. Near this large specimen of the canine species is usually to' be seen a little black terrier, with a chronic g'rowl; he is called Frank. Some times a restless yellow pup intrudes, but he is generally sent away with the proper rebuke from Ills grave seniors. He bears the appropriate name of Sir Bingo Binks, one of the characters of Sir Walter Scott [St. Konan's Well]. Kio, the famous poodle dog, for years the favor ite pet and companion of the great statesman, both at home and abroad, has had, since 1863, a dreamless sleep in the garden. The red clay mound, which marks the spot of his burial, still awaits the tablet for which an appropriate epitaph was once written:

LIBERTY HAI..L.

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Here rest the remains in life was a satire on the 1m
And an honor to his own A faithful dog.
On the left of the fireplace of the room, in winter, and on the veranda in summer, is generally seen the owner of the premises: a man known from the St. Lawi~encc to the Rio Grrande. The face is so kind it is almost handsome; and'many years of high thought and patient suffering- have given it the peculiar look of the maturely good which is almost beautful. He now weighs ninetytwo r>ounds, but weighed only eig'hty-four when he began to practice law.

CHAPTER XIII
The Last Order of the Confederate Government
ON May 5, 1865 tlie same day on which the final meeting' of the Confederate Cabinet was held in the old Heard House, at Washington, Ga. Major W. F. Alexander, assistant to the Quartermaster-General, issued the last order of the Confederate government to Major Raphael J. Moses, by whom it was promptly exe cuted. Tile story is best told in the language of Colonel Isaac W. Avery, a recognized authority on the events of the war period. Says he: "We now come to the last official "writing ever issued by the Confederate adminis tration. The paper is both intensely interesting and touchingly pathetic. As historic a curiosity as the world affords is this last flicker of a mammoth revolution. Such thoughts cluster aroiind it as would make a grand epic. It is a short document, written on paper manufactured in those days, a yellow, coarse, porous material, itself a significant symbol of Confederate times. As an ordinarv doeument of everyday life, it would be valueless. It merely directs the payment of $10,000 of gold bullion and the receipt "written on the order testifies to the hon esty and promptness of the disbursing officer of a great shattered government. But as the last order of the Con federacy it possesses an interest and a poetry which will grow with time. By some curious chance the receipt comes first. Then follows the order, indicating that it was one transaction. W^e give the order first:

THE LAST ORDER OP THE CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT 155
"Major B. J. Moses, C. S., will pay $10,000, the amount of bullion appropriated to Q. M. Dep. by Sec. of War, to Major K. R. Wood, By order of Q. M. Gen.
"W, F. ALEXANDER, "Maj. and Asst. to Q. M. Gen."
The receipt is as follows:
"Washington, May 5th, '65. * '^Received from Major ."R. .T. Moses three boxes, estimated to con tain $10,000 in buiHon. This has not been weighed or counted, and is to be opened before two commissioned officers and a certificate of contents made, -which certificate is to be forwarded to Major R. J. Moses, and by the amount certified to the undersigned is to be bound.
"R, B. WOOIX Maj. and Q. M. "

CHAPTER XIV
Memorial Day: Its True History
T O the State of Georgia belongs the credit of having inaugurated what has since become the universal custom, of decorating annually the graves of the heroic dead. The initial ceremonies which ushered Memorial Day into life were held in Linnwood Cemetery, at Columbus, on April 26, 1866; and the patriotic South ern woman in whose loyal heart the idea first took definite form was Miss Lizzie Rutherford, afterwards Mrs. Roswell Ellis, the wife of a gallant ex-Confederate officer. The date in question was selected for two reasons it marked the anniversary of General Johnston's surren der, an event which terminated the Civil War; and it registered the maturity of the vernal season, when flowers in this latitude arc most abundant. Colonel James N. Ramscy, an old soldier and an eloquent member of the local bar, was the first Memorial Day orator. The exer cises beg*an with an impressive program in St. Luke's Methodist Church, following which the multitude re paired to Linnwood Cemetery, where the graves of the silent heroes in gray were lovingly decorated with blooms.
Next to Miss Lizzie Rutherford, the honors of pioneerhood belong to Mrs. Charles *T. Williams. As secretary of the Columbus Memorial Association it fell to the lot of this sweet-spirited and gifted lady to frame the first letter which appeared in the newspapers of the State on this subject, urging the formation of similai' organiza tions. Tt was not alone the beautiful thought itself, but

MEMORIAL DAY

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the delicate arid subtle power of the writer's eloquent ap peal to sacred memories which fired the popular imagina tion j arid Mrs. Williams lias ever since shared with her fair rival in the homage which the multiplying years have brought.
For a long- period of time there waged in the public prints a controversy between enthusiastic partisans re specting- the true parentage of the Memorial Day idea; but the issue has at length happily been settled by an authoritative pamphlet. On April 26, 1898, the return of the day was made an occasion for dedicating the "Liz zie Rutherford Chapter" of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, at Columbus; and the orator, Hon. Henry R. (loctchius, was introduced to the audience by Mr. Robert Howard. At the same time, an official paper from the Ladies' Memorial Association of Columbus the mother organization setting forth the true history of Memorial Day, with affidavits thereto attached, was read by Mr. Frank IT. Garrard. Three survivors of the period Mrs. Jane !K. "Ware Martin, Mrs. William G. Woolfolk, and Mrs. Clara M. Dexter testified to the facts therein recited, This document, which was afterwards published, with a full account of the exercises of dedi cation, constitutes the chief source from which the fol lowing information has been derived. At the cemetery a special salute was fired over the grave of Mrs. Ellis. The last resting place of the author of Memorial Day was draped on this occasion with the battle-flag of the Confederacy and covered with flowers.

During" the last days of the Civil War there existed at Columbus, in common with many other towns and cities throughout the South, an Aid Society, the purpose of which was to serve the Confederacy by such means as lay within the power of the gentler sex. Garments were made and sent to the boys at the front. The wounded in the hospitals were nursed and the dead, were

158 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
given the rites-of Christian burial. Some of the hardest fighting incident to the last days of the war took place on the slopes around Columbus. As a consequence, the offices of the local Aid Society were frequently called into requisition. Mrs. Absalom H. Chappell was the first president. But she was soon succeeded by Mrs. Robert Carter, who remained at the helm of affairs until the Aid Society was merged into the Toadies' Memorial Associa tion. When the war closed the work of the Aid Society seemed to be at an end. Beyond the simple task of caring" for the graves in the various cemeteries there was little left for the women of the South to do no other 'way apparently in which they could still serve a Lost Cause; but the idea of setting- apart some particular day of the year, to be formally observed as Memorial Day, still lay hidden in the realm of beautiful things.
Briefly stated, the circumstances leading to the origin of Memorial Day are these: Some time during1 the month o,f January, 1866, Mrs. Jane Martin was visiting Colum bus. One afternoon, Miss Lizzie Rutherford, making her a visit, asked Mrs. Martin to accompany her to the ceme tery, there to join some other ladies in looking after the graves of fthe soldiers who had died in the CoTumbus hospitals. The invitation was accepted. On returning home, the two ladies discussed the work in which, they had been engaged. Miss Rutherford remarked that she had just been reading "The Initials," a popular novel by the Baroness Tautphoeus, and that from this book she had derived an idea in regard tor decorating the g*raves of the dead which the Aid Society, with no special work to engage them for the present, other than caring for the sacred shrines, might profitably put into effect; and she stated that for her own part she would like very much to see the Aid Society reorganized, with this definite object in view. Happening to meet Mrs. John A. Jones some few moments later, the matter was discussed with her; and still later it was mentioned to Mrs. Robert Carter, president of the Aid Society, with the result that

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Both ladies were most favorably impressed with the suggestion. As it devolved upon Miss Rutherford, as secretary of the Aid Society, to call a meeting for the purpose of disposing' of certain personal property which belonged to the organization, it was thought best to pre sent the matter in a formal way at this time. Accord ingly, not long- thereafter, a meeting was called for a given date, to be held at Mrs. John Tyler's, on what is now the corner of Fourteenth Street and Fourth Avenue; and the ladies responding to the call "were : Mrs. Robert Carter, Mrs. R. A. Ware, Mrs. William G. Woolfolk, Mrs. Clara M. Dexter, Mrs. J. M. McAlliste-r and Mrs. Charles J. Williams. On account of a message which summoned her somewhat unexpectedly to the bedside of a sick relative, in Montgomery, Ala., Miss Rutherford was not present at the meeting; hut her resolution was duly offered by one of her friends and adopted without a single vote in opposition. Thereupon the Ladies' Me morial Association, of Columbus, was formally organ ized, with the following- set of officers: Mrs. Robert Car ter, president; Mrs. R. A. Ware, first vice-president; Mrs. J. M. McAllister, second vice-president; Mrs. M. A. Patton, treasurer; and Mrs. Charles ,T. Williams, secre tary. There was no date set for the formal^observance of Memorial Day; but after Miss Lizzie Rutherford re turned to Columbus, when she, with other members, were working at the cemetery and discussing the best day for the observance, she suggested April the 26th, the anniversary of General Johnston's surrender, and it met with subsequent adoption. Mrs. Williams, as secretary of the Ladies' Memorial Association, was then requested to draft a letter, addressed to the various patriotic socie ties throughout the South, urging them to unite in mak ing the 1 observance of Memorial Day a universal custom. This she did in a manner which was soon destined to make her name a household word throughout the land; and with what effect she gave herself to the task is at tested by the fact that today there is scarcely to he

160 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
found a hamlet, in the remotest corner of the South, where the day is not fittingly observed. Nor is it too much to claim that the action of the Grand Army of the Republic, in setting' apart a day on which to honor the memory of departed comrades, is an offspring of the modest seedlet which, on April 26, 18G6, was planted upon the banks of the Chattahoochee River, to furnish a harvest of incense for a continent; and thus even the victorious North has deigned to emulate the example of the vanquished South.
In addition to the names hereinbefore mentioned, the membership of this pioneer organization included the following ladies of Columbus : Mrs. George W. Woodruff, Mrs. Henry L. Benning, Mrs. John A. Jones, Mrs. II. R. Goetehius, Mrs. L. T. Downing, Mrs. John A. Urquhart, Miss Anna Benning, Mrs. John Tylcr, Miss Mary Tyler, Miss TDmnia Tyler, Miss Anna Tyler, Mrs. TJ. 1C. Games, Mrs. M. F. Hodges, Mrs. Anne Shepherd, Miss Mary Elizabeth Rutherford, Mrs. Seaborn Jones, Miss Mary Hodges, M!rs. David Hudson, Mrs. M. A. Patten, Mrs. R. B. Murdoch, Mrs. Laura Beeeher Comer, Mrs. John D. Carter, Miss Harriet Torrence, Miss Matilda Torrence, Mrs. Brad Chapman, Miss Anna Forsyth, Mrs. F. O. Ticknor, and others.

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aforesaid, in January, 3800, in Colnmbus, In the afternoon, Miss "Ruther ford called by her home ami requested her to ai-f-ompany her to the ceme tery now Linnwood Cemetery stating that she was going out for the purpose of joining other ladies to do some work in looking after the graves of soldiers who had died in the hospital in Columbus, and had been buried under the direction of the Aid Society; that she went with Miss Rutherford, and the afternoon was spent iu company with other ladies looking after the .graves, as aforesaid. On returning from the cemetery, Miss Rutherford and herself, while alone, passing what is now Fourth Avenue, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth Streets, in Columbus, Ga., were in conversation about the work which the ladies were doing at the cemetery that afternoon. Miss "Rutherford remarked to her that she had just been reading a very pretty story, in which the writer had told of a "beautiful custom among the Germans of decorating f he graves of friends on a special day 01* the year, and she added that she thought it would be a good idea for the ladies of the Aid Society to organize and continue as a society for the purpose of adopting a custom of this kind and to set apart some particular day for caring- for and decorating the graves of all the soldiers buried at the cemetery. Mrs. Martin says that she replied to the ugge ,point, they had reat-hed the corner of Fourth Avenue (formerly Forsyth Street) and Fourteenth Street (formerly Franklin Street) and met, coming up Fourteenth Street, Mrs. John A. Jones, the widow of Colonel John A. Jones, w-ho fell at Gettysburg, and she Mrs. Martin stated to Miss Rutherford that there was Mrs. Jones, and as M'rs. Jones was a member of the Ladies' Aid Society, suggested that she talk with her upon the subject. She did so, in Mrs. Martin's presence. Mrs. Jones1 replied that she thought the idea an excellent one, and Miss Rutherford stated that as she had to eall a meeting of the Society, as secretary, for the purpose of disposing- of certain personal property belonging thereto, that she thought that would be a proper time to bring the matter up. Mrs'. Jones concurred with her, and suggested that she talk with Mrs. Robert Carter, who was president of the Aid Society. Mi's. Martin states that she afterwards learned that the German story referred to by Miss Rutherford was "The Initials," and she states further that as a result of this suggestion of Miss Rutherford the ladies of the Aid Society did subsequently meet at the residence of Mrs. John Tyler, which at that time was on the corner of Fourth Avenue and Fourteenth Street, and located exactly where this accidental conversation took place between Miss Rutherford and Mrs. Jones; that her mother, Mrs, Robert A. "Ware, was present at the meetingaforesaid, and that out of it grew the establishment of Memorial Day for the South.
Mrs. Martin states that she moved to Columbus from her home near Greenville, Ga., in the year 1S6'6, and has resided in Columbus since that time, and has been secretary of the Memorial Association of Columbus' since the year 1874. That she was repeatedly told by her mother, prior

162 GEORGIA'S LAXDMARKF., MEMORTAT.S AKD LEGENDS
to her death in .1894, that Miss Lizzie Rutherford originated the idea of Memorial .Day, and that she knows of her own knowledge that this ha^
the organization of the Association. (Signed) MRS. JANE "E. WARE MAKTIN".
Attested by L. H. Chappell, Notary 1'iiblic and Mayor of Columbus, March 23, 3898.
Mrs. "William Gr. Woolfolk testified as follows con cerning' her knowledge of the origin of Memorial Day:
CCJLTTMRUS, GA., March IS, 1SOS. I was a member of the Soldiers' Aid Society, which was organized by certain of the ladies of Columbus during the Civil War for the purpose of aiding the soldiers. After the war there was a sentiment nmong t!ie members of this society to continue the organization as' a Memorial As sociation, to commemorate the brave deeds of the Confederate soldier,?. In the spring of 1806, a call was published for the ladies io meet at T,he home of Mrs. John Tyler, now the corner of Pourth Avenue and Four teenth Street, formerly Forsyth and Franklin Streets. Tn response to this call there were present: Mrs. Robert Carter, Mrs. K. A. Ware, Mrs. William C. Woolfolk, Mrs. J. M". McAllister, Mrs, Charles' .7. Williams, Mrs. Claia M. Dexter and Mrs. M. A. Patten. This meeting organized the "Ladies' Memorial Association, of Columbus, Ga., and elected as President, Mrs. Kobert A. Carter; first Vice-President, Mrs. Robert A. Ware; Second Vice-PToaitU-irt, >Trs. 3. M. McAlIisteTj Treasurer, Mrs. M. A. Patten, and Secretary, Mrs. Charles ,T. Williams. All the ladies who had been members of the Ladies' Aid Society and other ladies of Columbus at once became members. The object of this Association was to set apart some one day in each year for specially caring for the soldiers' graves and decorating them with flow ers. Many of the soldiers buried at the cemetery, now Linnwood, had died in the hospital in Columbus, which was under the care of the ladies' Aid Society, and the ladies had already been giving attention to the graves. Members of this Aid Society, of which Miss Lizzie Rutherford was ah active member, had been devoting much time thereto, and in the spring of IStiti, vheii this sentiment had become so general of making permanent the idea of a memorial, the above meeting vras held, but no day for Memorial Day was then fixed. Some two clays after the meeting, several of the ladies, while at work at the cemetery caring' for the graves, discussed the subject of a day. T. was among the number, and Miss Lizzie Ruther ford suggested April 26th of each year as a suitable time, and it was so decided. Mrs. Charles J. Williams, as secretary of the first Memorial

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Association, had "been requested to address a letter to the ladies of other Southern towns and cities, requesting" them to unite with the ladisK of Columbus, and after the day had been thus determined upon, Mrs. Williams wrote the letter.
The Association elected Colonel James M. "Ramsey as its first orator, ami the 26th of April, 1866, was duly celebrated, the exercises talcing place in St. Luke's Methodist Church, I cannot say who originated the idea of Memorial "Day. At the time the meeting was held at the residence of Mrs. Tyler there was a general sentiment upon the subject among the ladies of the Ladies' Aid Society. Tt has always been understood by members of the Memorial Association that Miss Lizzie "Rutherford suggested the idea. Of this I am not able to apeak of my own knowledge.
(Signed) MRS. WILLIAM G. WOOLFOLK. Attested by T\ M. Laud, Notary Pub lic, Muscogce County, March 23, 1898.

The following is tlic statement of Mrs. Clara M. Dex ter as to the origin of Memorial Day:
Mrs. Dexter states that she was one of the original members, of the Soldiers' Aid Society, which wos organized in Columbus, Ga,, in 1861; that soldiers who were cared for by this society and who died while under its care, were buried in Lmirvvood Cemetery, and one lot is known.- as the upper lot, commonly called the "Columbus Guards' Lot,"1 and the other, the lower lot, commonly called the "City Light Guards' Lot." She was chairman of the committee having- in charge this lower lot. The ladies' of the society, after the war closed, continued to take care of and to look after the graves of these soldiers. Miss Lizzie Rutherford was one of the
the work. Mrs. Dexter says that she has read the statement of Mrs. William G. Woolfolk, dated March 38, 1898, giving an account of her remembrance of the origin of Memorial Day and that this statement of Mrs. Woolt'olk is substantially correct; that slic MVs. .Dexter was pres ent at the meeting at the residence of Mrs. John Tyler, and t-he account of how Memorial Day originated, as given by Mrs. Wool folk, is correct; that the president of the Ladies' Aid Society, when organized in 1861, was Mrs. A. H. Chappell, who resigned shortly thereafter, and Mrs. Robert Carter was elected in her place. Mrs. Robert, Carter continued as president until the Aid Society was merged into the Memorial Association, and re mained so until her' death, in January, 1896. Mrs. Louis F. Garrard was elected her successor, and is now the president of said Association. In addition to the facts as set forth in the statement of Mrs. Woolfolk; Mrs. Dexter says that she is satisfied in her own imurl that the idea of Memorial Day was suggested by Mis's Lizzie Rutherford and that the letter author-

164 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ized to be sent out by the Memorial Association through Mrs. Charles J. Williams, corresponding secretary, was composed by Mrs. "Williams, and that both ladies were very active in the work of the Memorial Association as' long as they were in life, and in recognition of their services the Memorial Association of Columbus, in 1892, placed headstones at their graves similar to those placet! by the Association at the graves of the soldiers, and on these headstones the Association ascribed to Miss Ruther ford the honor of originating the idea of Memorial Day, and to Mrs. Williams the honor of having been a faithful co-worker with trie ladies of the Memorial Association of Columbus in perpetuating the custom. Mrs. Dexter states that she and Mrs'. Woolfolk are the only survivors of the ladies who met at the residence of Mrs. John Tyler, in the spring of 1S66, for the purpose of organizing the Memorial Association, and establishing Memorial Day.
(Signed) M.RS. CLARA M. DEXTER. Attested by James G. Moon, Notary Public and ex-offieio .1. P.. Muaeogeo County, Ga., March'25, 1898.'
Below will be found an exact copy of the original letter drafted, by Mrs. Charles J. Williams, as secretary of the Columbus Memorial Association, and sent by her to the various representative newspapers throughout the South, urging1 co-operation in an effort to make the yearly observance of Memorial 13ay a universal custom. It nrst appeared in the columns ofj,the Colutnbtis Times:
COLUMBUS, GA., Miareh 12th, 1866. MESSRS. EDITORS: The ladies arc now and have been for several days engaged in the sad but pleasant duty of ornamenting and improving that portion of the city cemetery sacred to the memory of onr gallant Confeder ate dead, but we feel it is an unfinished work unless a day be set apart annually for its especial attention. Wo cannot raise monumental shafts and inscribe thereon their many deeds of heroism, but vre can k#ep alive the memory of the debt we owe them by dedicating, at least one day in each year, to embellishing their humble graves with flowers. Therefore, we beg the assistance of the press and the ladies throughout the South to aid us in the effort to set apart a certain day to be observed, from the Potorn'ac to the Rio Grnnde, and be handed down through time as a religious custom of the South, to wreathe the graves of our martyred dead with flowers; and we propose the 2Gth' day of April as the day. Let every city, town, and village join in the pleasant duty. Let all alike be remembered, from the heroes of Manassas to those who expired amid the death throes of our

MEMORIAL DAY

hallowed cause. We '11 crown alike the honored rest:

mortal Jackson in Virginia, Johnson at Shiloh, Clebu

the host of gallant privat

and to all we owe our gra tHde.

least, be the Southern M

to whose shrine her sorrowing women, like

pilgrims, may annually b

their grateful hearts and floral offerings.

And when

,-ith theii

tial cloaks around them, '' without Christian ceren'iony of interment, we

would invoke the aid of the most thriving eloquence throughout the land to

inaugurate this custom by delivering, on the appointed day this year, a

eulogy orr the unburied dead of our glorious Southern army. They died

for their country. Whether their country had or had not the right to

demand the sacrifice is no longer a question of discussion. We leave that

for nations to decide in future. That it was demanded, that they fought

nobly, and fell holy sacrifices upon their country 's altar, and are entitled to

their country's gratitude, none will deny.

The proud banner under which they rallied in defense of the holiest

and noblest cause for which heroes fought, or trusting women prayed, has

been furled forever. The country for which they suffered and died has

now no name or place among the nations of the earth. Legislative enact

ment may not tie made to do honor to their memories, but the veriest radical

that ever traced his' genealogy back to the deck of the Mayflower, could not

refuse us the simple privilege of paying honor to those who died defending

the life, honor and happiness of the Southern women.

It is not strange that the observance of Memorial Day should have originated in this section. The South is proverbially the land of flowers. During' the late Civil War, it was also the area of invasion. The burning plow-shares of battle prepared the soil for an imperial harvest of heroic legends. Besides, the history of the world teems with testimony to the fact that the most enduring ehaplets have ever been woven for the van quished. It is only necessary to cite Thermopylae and Troy to prove that literature, 'whether it takes the form of prose or of verse, is partial to a Lost Cause. Per haps another reason for the Southern origin of Memorial Day is to be found in the fact that the heroism of the Southern soldier was inspired not alone by his resolute fidelity to principle, but by his paramount allegiance to

166 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
tlie gentler sex. He was instinctively a Cavalier. It was the work of some fair woman to buckle on his belt; and whether she printed upon his brow a mother's or a sweet heart's kiss, he jauntily sallied forth to the wars, like an armored knight. He went to the front, bearing her colors to revive the old romantic days of chivalry and to write with his trusty sword or his brave musket, on many an ensanguined field, the moody sequel of the tournament. If heroism alone could have prevailed, he would not have lost an unequal fight; and, around the fireside of an aftertime, lie would have told in another key the story of Appomatt'ox. But an all-wise God held the scales of battle in His omnipotent hand; and while the North was elated with her laurels, the South "was left to lier memories. It was in this sorrowful extremity that the Daughter of Dixie began to think of the humble graves on the hill side. She could rear no costly monument over her cham pion, but she could make the earth above him fragrant with her unbought forget-me-nots. In the first gray mists of the early morning, these gentle Marys of our Southland shedding- tears and bearing incense song-lit the sepulchres in which lay buried the Templar Knights of the Southern Cross. It was love's sweet "In Memoriam" an elegy of the most exquisite perfume written in the unlettered language of flowers.

CHAPTER XV
Thomas Holley Olivers: An Erratic Genius
O NE. of America's most gifted poets, an erratic5 genius from whom the renowned author of "The Haven'' is said to have borrowed the strange metrical lilt of his immortal masterpiece, was a Georgian, the closing' years of whose life were spent in the town of Deeatur, Thomas JETolley Ohivers. Older than Poe, he was an earlier contributoi' of verse to the periodicals of the day, and there is no lack of solid basis for the infer ence that the latter was unconsciously influenced by him to a marked extent. Both were men of peculiar mental temperaments, whose writings are tinctured throughout by an habitual melancholy; both wrote in doleful meas ures and dealt with weird and fantastic subjects, the spec tral character of which haunts the imagination; both sang mystical songs, whose meaning it is difficult to inter pret ; both reveled apparently in "weaving shrouds and shadows for the dead. There can be no difference of opinion concerning the marvelous similarity in mechan ical structure between the rythm of Foe's ''Raven" and the lines of some of the best known poems of Chivers, for example: "Lily Adair" and "To Allegra Florence in TTeaveri." The coincidence is startling.
But most of the critics scout the idea of Poe's indebt edness to Or. Ohivers. Says one of these:* "Of course, Poe read the poems of drivers, and they probably influ enced him as much as any other poems in the world's
, in The Library of Southern Literature, Vol.

168 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
literature; but beyond the fact that they both reveled in extravagant, weird, mystical language, one cannot go." He is inclined to think that by reason of long correspon dence between the two men it was Poe who influenced Chivers; he deplores the controversy started by the doc tor, stating that he made his great mistake in suppos ing plagiarism and parallelism to be identical, and that it will' ever be a source of regret that he refused to let his poetry stand on its own merits. But this same critic adds: "After all is said, Chivers, with his nine hundred pages of poetry and his unsubstantiated claims, remains among the most picturesque, the most pathetic, and the most elusive figures in the whole range of Southern letters."
Dr. Chivers was reared a Baptist. He became, how ever, a Swedenborgian and a Transcendentalist. He lacked friends at the North, because he was the son of a slave-holder. He lacked friends at the South, because he was in sympathy 'with Boston vagaries. He was, more over, a devotee of Shelley, whose religious views were not popular; and altogether he had fallen upon unpropitious times. Some have harshly declared that he was solely dependent upon his fictitious claims for what little notoriety he gained, and that only by attaching himself to Poe has he rescued himself from oblivion. But there is neither truth nor justice in this unkind slur. Says Major Hubner :* "His versatility of talent was remarkable; even as an inventor he achieved success, receiving a prize at a State fair held in Savannah for his invention of a machine adapted to the unwinding of the fiber of silk co coons; and he was also noted for his skill as a portrait painter. His decease was widely noted in the press of the United States and was mentioned by several Euro pean journals. Besides, a distinguished Danish author, Professor Gierlow, wrote and published a beautiful poem
*Chas. W. Hubner, In Representative Southern Poets, p. 177.

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as a tribute to the memory of Dr. Chivers. In a neglected and obscure spot, in the little cemetery at Decatur, in an unnoticed grave, the poet's remains lie buried. Well may we ask, What is fame?"
With respect to the personal characteristics of this most extraordinary man, he adds : "Judged by the por trait of him, "which I have seen, Dr. Chivers was a very handsome, distinguished-looking1 gentleman. His mouth was full and expressive, while a broad forehead, larg-e and lustrous eyes and long" dark hair mai'ked him dis tinctly as a person of culture and of intellectual promi nence. Those who knew him personally bear witness to his courtly manners, and the charm of his conversa tional powers. William Grilmore Sirnms took great inter est in Chivers, playfully calling- him the 'wild Mazeppa of letters/ teasing him about his choice of strange words, and rallying him on the 'monotony of his sor row,' to which friendly censure Chivers is said to have replied, "with equal good humor, advising' Simms to stop writing stupid novels and to take up literature as a pleas ure. " If not the forerunner of Poe, Chivers was un doubtedly a man of singular gifts, bearing no fanciful or slight resemblance to the unhappy bard, like whom also he was an ill-starred child of genius.

CHAPTER XVI
Georgia's First Governor: His Mysterious Death
G EORGIA'S first Governor under the Constitution was John Adam Trent!en. "When the Revolution began he was an official member of the famous Salzburger Church at Ebenezcr and, though the congregation was somewhat divided on the issues of the period, he zealously espoused the cause of the Colonies. Little is recorded of the sturdy patriot, but his election to the office of Governor, on the formal assumption of statehood by Georgia, implies his promi nence in political affairs. During his term of office an effort was made by South Carolina to absorb the State of Georgia, arid William II. Drayton came to Savannah as the bearer of the proposed overture for consolidation. It meant the practical elimination of Georgia from the map and the expansion of South Carolina to the waters of the Mississippi. Strange to say, not a few shrewd Georgia financiers had been won over to the contemplated merger, and it required great firmness to deal with an emergency thus created. On Tuly 14, 1777, the Execu tive Council requested the Governor to offer a reward for the apprehension of Mr. Drayton. He did so in a proclamation, which was most vigorously written and widely distributed. The sum of one hundred pounds was "out upon the head of the offender, but he "wisely kept on the South Carolina side of the river, and thus escaped the clutches of an indignant Commonwealth.
But strange are the caprices of fortune. Though the first of Georgia's citizens to be honored with the high

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office of chief magistrate, Governor Treutlen completely disappears from view, after relinquishing- the adminis trative reins, and, beyond any other Georgian who has served the State in exalted positions of usefulness, his .life is shrouded in an atmosphere of mystery, which time has not yet dissolved. There is a tradition to the effect that on a visit to relatives in Oraneburg* District, S. C-, lie was tracked by the Tories, who murdered him in the most brutal manner. It is said that he was hacked to pieces with swords in the presence of his family, after first being" tied to a tree, and that what was left of his body was then buried. But whether the rites of inter ment were performed by friends or by foes, his grave has never been discovered, and his memory likewise has be come entangled with the weeds and briars of neglect. There is no one today in Georgia who bears his name no town, village, county or precinct which perpetuates his services and 110 memorial of any kind to tell pos terity of Georgia's first Governor, who ipassed from earth doubly the victim of one of the most pathetic of tragedies.

CHAPTER XVII
Two Pioneer Baptists: The Story of the Mercers
T HERE is a well-authenticated tradition to the effect that Jesse Mercer was immersed in a barrel of water, while his father was still a member of the Church of England. It is said that the elder Mercer began to question the validity of sprinkling as the scrip tural mode of baptism lon^ before he became a follower of Daniel Marshall, and that, with no thought of enter ing the ranks of a sect for which he entertained a tradi tional antipathy, he insisted upon having his two oldest children immersed according to apostolic precedent. Thus Jesse Mercer was twice immersed, first into the Church of England, and afterwards when he was eight een into the Baptist Church, of which he became one of the most illustrious pioneers and pillars.
But it was Silas Mercer "who first planted the stand ard of the Baptist faith on the frontier belt of Wilkes. Strange to say, he continued to be a devout member of the Church of England until he was nearly forty years of age, despite his peculiar views on the subject of bap tism. The frost was upon his brow when he became a member of the famous old Kiokee Church; but there was a suggestion of buoyant youth in the quick and eager step with which he entered the waters of the creek, to be immersed by Alexander Scott. The traditional ac counts tell us that as soon as the ceremony was per formed he leaped upon a log in the middle of the stream and began to exhort the multitudes on the bank to floe from the wrath to come.

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There is no reason why this story should be dis credited. It is not in the least at variance with the character for zeal and fervor which belonged to this bold apostle of righteousness; for Silas Mercer was trained in the same school of horniletics which, produced Elijah and John the Baptist, and, through the forest stretches of Wilkes, his voice reverberated in accents of thunder. The records of the Phillips' Mill Church where Jesse Mercer was converted under his father's powerful preaching of the AVord show that when the former was immersed' for the second time it was by the hand of the elder Mercer that the solemn rite wT as adminis tered.

Silas Mercer was of Scotch-Irish lineage a typical Highlander in his rugged molds, both of speech and of character. lie came from North Carolina to Georgia some time before the Revolution, but refugeed with his little family to the mountains of his home State for safety when the tide of war threatened to invade the foot-hills. At the close of hostilities 'he returned to Georgia, whore the remainder of his days were spent, making the rounds of the wilderness on horseback and preaching the Gospel wherever he went. He founded the famous old church at Powelton, a landmark of Baptist history; Sardis and IScthesda were also vines "which he planted, and, last but not least, the church at Phillips' Mill, where Jesse Mercer first saw the now light, was an other stronghold of faith which he added to the king dom. Rude temples of worship in numberless places sprang into existence at the call of this good man, bloom ing like "wild flowers along the woodland paths; and, if the notes "which he sounded wero sometimes harsh and stern, it may also be said of him that he testified for the Master until the whole region of Wilkes breathed of the "wayside balms of Galilee.
He established his home on a plantation seven miles to the south of Washington, where he died in 1796, at

174 GEORGIA'S LJAXDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the ag'e of fifty-one. The place is today known as the Ficklen plantation, so called after Dr. Fielding1 Ificklen, a subsequent owner; and here in the Mercer burial ground may still be seen the grave of Silas Mercer one of the most unique figures in the Baptist annals of America.
Converted at the age oC eighteen, it is said that the younger Mercer's first attempt at public speaking- was witnessed by an audience of only one person, at which time he preached to his grandmother on the final judg ment. Though a native of Halifax County, N. C., where lie was born in 1769, he spent the greater part of his "boyhood in "Wilkes, on his father's plantation. Jcsse Mercer became the most influential minister of his day in Georgia. He was not a scholar like Dr. Henry IIolcomb. It is doubtful if lie was quite the equal of either Silas Mercer or Daniel Marshall as a hair-lifter in the pulpit. But he 'was nevertheless a man of peculiar power. The secret of his success lay doubtless in his saintliness of character. He was the Sir Galahad of his day among the Baptists of Georgia a champion strong in the strife for righteousness because his heart was pure.
Tt cannot be said that Mr. Mercer was even an edu cated man in the present-day sense of this term. Per haps it was due largely to his own lack of advantages in early life that he became such an ardent friend of learn ing in later years. It was not until after his first mar riage that he put himself under the tutelage of Dr. Springer, a Presbyterian divine who conducted a school at Walnut Hill,'four miles from Washington. Tn the great anxiety of Mr. Mercer to increase his scanty store of knowledge, he sold his little farm and either rented or built' a modest home on Fishing" Creek, to be near Dr. Springer; and here he laid the educational founda tions upon which his future work as a minister was reared. Brown University conferred upon him, when

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at the height of Ids career, the decree of D. 1).; but he was seldom recognized, or addressed as Dr. Mercer.
Titles could add nothing- to the inherent greatness of one who, equnlly, in the ecclesiastical courts and in the religious assemblies of the people, wielded a scepter of power and who, more than any other man of his time, shaped the destinies of the great denomination to which he belonged. For nearly forty years he served a group of country churches organized by his. father. At one time he made a tour of three thousand miles through the Alleg'hany Mountains, for the purpose of strengthen ing weak outposts. There was scarcely a cabin in the remotest part of the wilderness to which his name was not familiar; and lie virtually founded the Georgia Bap tist Convention, in his zeal for co-operative effort. But it was not until after his second marriag'e that Mr. Mer cer acquired the large means which enabled him to fur ther the, interests of religion by liberal gifts.

At the age of fifty-seven -Jesse Mercer found himself a widower, bereaved of the gentle helpmeet who had been his fireside companion for nearly forty years. The name of his first wife was Sabina Chivcfs. She died while on a visit to relatives in South Carolina, but "was brought back to Georgia, where she "was laid to rest in the Mercer burial ground, at Ficklen. But Jiving near the brick school where he held meetings in Washington there was a lady by whom he "was soon consoled; and with out auv suggestion of improper haste he laid siege tc< tho heart of the "Widow Simons, a member of hi's flo^ck, who had lately inherited from her husband a fortune of ample proportions. She smiled upon his suit, and when the Christmas holidays nrrived, in the year following, she became his bride. This auspicious event supplied the golden lever which, under divine providence, "was em ployed by Jesse Mercer to lift the Baptist Church in

176 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Georgia to a higher vantage ground of power and use fulness.
In 1827 the year after his second marriage he or ganized the Baptist Church in Washington, Ga., where, dating from this time, he established his permanent Ebcnezer. The flock was constituted of ten members, most of whom came from the old Phillips' Mill Church, and over this congregation Jesse Mercer presided for the remainder of-his days.
He relinquished at this period his long journeys into the wilderness and devoted himself more largely to lit erary labors.
In 1833 he acquired the Christian Index, a paper which was then edited and published in Philadelphia by Rev. W. T. Brantley. lie then removed the plant to "Washington, Ga. ? where it became the first organ of the Baptist denomination in this State if not in the entire South. In 1840, when his health began to fail, Mr. Mercer generously donated the Christian Index to the Georgia Baptist Convention. From Washington, it was afterwards removed to Penfiold. Dr. James H. Lane bought and remodeled the old building' in which the paper was formerly printed; and, when the mantels and wainscotings were taken down, some rare old manuscripts were discovered. There is still in the possession of the Lane family an old desk "which was used by Mr. Mercer in the writing of editorials. He found the labor of the pen somewhat irksome. Consequently, the bulk of the work devolved upon the Rev. W. H. Stokes. But he contributed, with great effectiveness, an occasional leader. At the close of the war, Atlanta became the home of the Christian Index. It is still in existence one of the best edited and one of the best equipped weekly re ligious newspapers extant.
The first Baptist hymnal ever used in Georgia was also the work of Jesse Mercer. It was compiled and published in 1823', and was entitled Mercer's Cluster.

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Purchasing- the old Academy Building, near his home, on Mercer Hill where the Convent of St. Joseph today stands he next turned his attention to education. It was the dream of his life to establish a college in Wash ington j and when Joeiah Penfield left $2,500 with which to found a school, provided an equal sum was raised, Jcsse Mercer endeavored to swing the proposed institu tion to Washing-ton, and he was keenly disappointed over the result. But there was no taint of selfishness in his great soul. lie became the largest contributor to the new institution, which was finally christened with his name; and at the death of Mr. Mcr.cer, with his wife's hearty approval, the bulk of the estate went to the great university which is today his noblest and best monu ment.
Mrs. Mercer preceded her husband into the vale of shadows. While walking one day in her fiower garden she was stricken with paralysis; and though she lingered for more than a year afterwards, she was never able to walk a step or to utter a word. She was buried under the boug'hs of an ancient cedar, beside the Baptist Church in Washington, Ga., where her grave is still to be seen on the grassy lawn, in plain" view of the Sabbath wor shipers. It is said that the entire area was covered with blossoms from her own flower garden on the hill; and some of the descendants of these same rare r>lants may still be seen in the flower beds tended by the gentle sisters of St. Joseph, "who walk where the feet of Mrs. Mercer once trod.
Feeble in health, the great preacher survived his wife by only a few months. He attended a meeting in the fall of the year at Indian Spring's, after which he went to the residence of Mr. James Carter, some eight miles distant. Here he was taken violently ill and, on Septem ber 6, 1841, breathed his last. The burial occurred at Penfield, on the campus of the great school which was named in his honor.
It is not to be supposed that a man of Mr. Mercer's positive nature could have lived at a time when the great

178 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
feud between Clark and Crawford was upheaving' the State, without taking1 an active part in politics. "Wo find him, therefore, in the Convention, at ^Louisville, which frained the Constitution of 1798. It is said that some one on the floor moved to debar ministers from serving in the General Assembly of Georgia, a resolution which Mr. Mercer moved to amend by substituting lawyers and doctors. .He finally withdrew his substitute, on condition that the original motion be withdrawn also. In 1816 he was defeated in a race for the State Senate; and, in 1833', when friends urged him to make the fight for Governor, he politely informed them that he "was surfeited with poli tics. The personal appearance of Mr. Mercer was strik ingly impressive. Jn height he towered above the normal standard and was inclined, as he grew older, to be some what corpulent. His head, the peculiar size and confor mation of which was revealed by his extreme baldness, has long been an object of interest to phrenologists and students of character who have looked upon his portrait. The horizontal length from the eyebrows back was very great, while his forehead rose with a gently receding slope to the very crown, exhibiting a most extraordinary devel opment of what is termed the organ of benevolence. He was characterized by great moral firmness, and when ever principle or conscience "were involved he stood like a wall of adamant, four-square, to every wind of heaven.

CHAPTER XVIII
Ebenezer: The Story of the Salzburgers
T WENTY-FIVE miles above Savannah, on an emi nence wliieli at this point overlooks the historic stream, there is still to be seen a quaint little house of worship, from the belfry of which glistens a swan, copied from the coat-of-arms of Martin Luther. It stands alone in the midst of a silent waste; for the sturdy Germans who once peopled the surrounding area have long- since disappeared from the region. Near the church is the ancient burial ground. The inscriptions upon the yellow tombstones can hardly bo deciphered, so busily have the destructive forces of time been here at work. Rut some of the graves are almost, if not quite, as oJcl as the Colony of Georgia; and, with naught to disturb them in this quiet spot, save the pitiless elements, most of the inmates have here slept for the better part of two centuries. It is tlie old deserted settlement of the pious Salzburgers : Ebenezer.
To the outside world there were various names by which the little church was known. It was sometimes called the "-Lutheran Meeting" House." Occasionally, it was called the ''Salzburgcr Church." or the ''German Church,' K but in the official records of the parish it was always '' Jerusalem Church,'' so named for the old original church of the Apostles at Jerusalem. It was indeed the center of a little "German Palestine, here planted among' the lowlands of Georgia, a religious cap ital "where the divine law was promulgated. The present unpretentious but substantial edifice of brick was

180 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
commenced in 1767 and completed in 1769, ot> the site formerly occupied by a temporary struc ture of wood. It was invested by the -British during" the Revolution, who used it first as a hospital for the sick and then as a stable in which the horses of the officers were kept. The house of worship was also desecrated in other ways. With unbridled license, these ruffians, who were most of the time under the influence of bad liquor, converted the pulpit, the windows, the mottoes on the walls, and other objects into targets, at which they discharged firearms. The result was that at the close of hostilities it was little better than a ruin; but the walls were intact, and, subsequent to the Revolution, it was restored to something like the appearance which it formerly presented.
On April 21, 1911, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, a handsome tablet of bronze was unveiled on the walls of the old church at Bhenezer by the Georgia Society of Colonial Dames of America; and lettered upon the tablet is this inscription:
To the Glory of God. In Memory of the Salzburger Lutherans who landed at Savannah, Georgia, March 12th, 1734, and built this Jerusalem Church in 17G7-17G9. "Erected by the Georgia Society of Colonial
On behalf of the Colonial Dames, the tablet was pr.esented by the Reverend D. Hoppe, and, on behalf of the congregation, was accepted by the Rev. P. E. Shealy, pastor of the Jerusalem Church, of Ebenezer. Addresses were also delivered by the following- distinguished guests of honor the Rev. F. A. Brown, rector of Christ Church, Episcopal, Savannah; the Rev. M. J. Epting, president of the Synod of Georgia; the Rev. W. J. Finck, vice-president of the Synod of Georgia; the R,ev. T. W. Shealy, secretary of the Synod of Georgia; and others. Quite a large assemblage witnessed the impressive cere-

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To this gentle religious sect Georgia owes much. They were not given to martial deeds, but they were law-abiding, 'industrious and frugal people, and they have left behind them an incense of memory which has sweetened the whole history of the State. The story of how they came to settle in Greorgia may he told in very few "words. Says Dr. T^ee :* "In the lovely district of the Tyrol there is to he found an historic city which the painter Wilkie has described as 'Edmburg- Castle and the Old Town, brought within the cliffs of the Trosaehs and watered by a river like the Tay. ' It is the city of Salzburg, on the Salza, famous as the birth-place of Mozart and as the burial-place of Haydn. Almost simultaneously with the accession of George II there came to the principality, of which Salzburg "was the capi tal, a new ruler, who inaugurated an era of persecution. The Thirty Years "War in Germany had ended with tho complete suppression of Protestantism in Austria. In quiet nooks, here and there, however, it still lingered on; and Salzburg' was one of these. The rulers of Salz burg were ecclesiastics, and bore the title of archbishop. To this class belonged Count Firmian, who; on coming into power, determined to uproot the heresy which was contaminating his flock. He put into force all the terrors of the law fine, confiscation, imprisonment. When the suffering" people pleaded the provisions for religious tol erance contained in the treaty of Westphalia, signed eig'hty years before, he dubbed them rebels, and bor rowed Austrian grenadiers to suppress "what he "was pleased to call a revolt. The matter then became a na tional one, and Frederick William of Prussia espoused the cause of the Salzburg-ers. Under the provisions of the treaty of Westphalia, peaceful emigration offered the best solution of the problem. The Prussian king, Frederick the Great's stern old father, was the most powerful Protestant ruler in Germany, and he insisted upon fair treatment for the refugees. Count Firmian

*Il!ustrated History of Methodism.

182

GrEOKGT.VS LANDMARKS, M"EMORTAT,S AND fjEOEXDH,

was about to banish them in the winter season, without provisions for the long- journey, but he was compelled to comply with the dictates of humanity, and to allow them a daily dole. The story of the sad departure has . been told by Goethe in the sweetest of his verse narra tives, 'Hermann and Dorothea,' the only poem of his early life "which he cared to read when old.
"Journeying' eastward, the main body of exiles passed through KVankfort-on-the-Main. This was Goethe's na tive town. The Prussian king- was ready to welcome the whole army of refugees, over 10,000 in number, but a band of them, conducted by Herr Von Hock, a Hanoverian nobleman, sailed down the Rhine and took refuge under the British flag-. They finally landed on the shores of America, where they settled at Ebcnezer, in the now colony of Georgia. None of the settlers "were superior to these excellent Salzburgers, whom George Whitefield considered the cream of the population for industry and uprightness. The orphan home, which he afterwards instituted at Bothesda, was based upon an institution of like character at Ebenezer,"
Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr., adds some additional particulars in regard to the emigration of the Salzburgers to Georgia.* Says he: ''During the four years, com mencing in 1729 and ending in 1732, more than 30,000 Salzburg'ors, impelled by the fierce persecutions of Leo pold, abandoned their home in the broad valley of the Salza, and sought refuge in Prussia, Holland, and Eng land, where their past sufferings and present wants en listed substantial sympathy from Protestant communi ties. Persuaded by the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge and acting upon the Invitation of the Trustees of the Colony of Georgia, forty-two Salzburgers, "with their wives and children numbering' inall seventy-eight souls set out for Rotterdam, whence they were to be transported free of charge to T>over, England. At Rotterdam they were joined by their chosen

*Z)ead Towns of Georgia, p. 11, Savannah, jars.

religious teachers, the Rev. .John Martin Bolzius and the Rev. Israel Christian Gronan." According to the same authority, the Georgia Trustees engaged not only to advance1 the funds necessary to defray the expenses of the journey and to purchase the requisite sea stores, but also to allot to each emigrant on his arrival in Georgia fifty acres in fee and provisions sufficient for maintainance until such laud could be made available for support.
After taking the oath of loyalty at Dover, the emi grants, on December 28, 1733, embarked for the new world in the ship Purisburg, which, in due season, an chored safely at Charleston, S. C. It so happened that Oglcthorpe was in Charleston at this time to meet them and, without delay, he arranged to take the emigrants to Savannah, reaching port on March 10, 1734. It was Reminiscere Sunday according- to the Lutheran calen dar when the boat arrived. By a queer sort of coinci dence the Scripture lesson for the day, so the good Mr. Bolzius informs us, was the passage which tells how the Saviour, after suffering* persecution in his own country, came to the borders of the heathen. He then describes the vessel as "Ikying in fine and calm weather, under the shore of our beloved Georgia, "where we beard the Birds sing melodiously;" and notwithstanding the sacred character of the day and the gentle disposition of the new arrivals, he adds that the inhabitants of the town o* Savannah "fired off some Cannons."
While the Salzburgers rested from the fatigues of the long trip across the seas, Herr Von Reck, in company with Oglethorpe, set out on horseback to select a place of settlement for the emigrants. It was finally reached on the morning of March 17, 1734. The site chosen for the purpose was four miles to the South of the present town of Springfield, in a region which was wholly desti tute of fertility and without the least claim to attractive ness. But to judge from the description of Ilerr Von Reck it was veritably a bit of Kden. On the banks of

184 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AMD LEGENDS
a creek which was found "after meandering' several miles eastward to empty into the Savannah River, lie marked off the future town, which he called Ebenezer, in devon! recognition of the Lord's help; arid he likewise bestowed the name upon the adjacent stream. As soon as the reconnoitcriiig party returned to Savannah, eight ablebodied Salbzurgers were dispatched to Ebenezer to fo'i trees and to erect shelters for the colonists. Early in April the rest followed. Substantial cabins were builtbridges were thrown across the water-courses, and a road way constructed to Abcrcorn. The people of Savannah gave the settlers a number of cows and a lot of seed with which to begin industrial activities. Altogether the out look was most promising', and with none to molest them or to make them afraid the once-persecuted Salzburgers began anew the struggle of life in the free wilderness of Georgia.
On February 5, 1736, there was another arrival of Germans at Savannah; and, though a few of them under Captain Hermsdorf were dispatched to Frederica, for the purpose of strengthening the military post on St. Simon's Island, the majority of them preferred to settle at Ebenezer, a wish in which they wore indulged by Oglethorpe. With this addition the population of the new town was little short of two hundred souls. But the community was not prosperous. The climate proved to be malarial. The water disagreed with them. The soil refused to reward even the most diligent efforts to cul tivate it; sickness prevailed among1 the colonists; and, to lengthen the catalogue of complaints, it "was found that the distance from the settlement to the Savannah Tfi-ver, though only six miles over land, was twenty-five rni T cs by water. The matter was finally laid before Oglethorite who, realizing the difficulties under which the Pa'^btirgers labored at Ebenezer, gave them permission to move elsewhere. Accordingly they selected a high rHge, near the Savannah Kiver, at a place called Red

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Bluff, because of the peculiar color of the soil; and, set ting themselves to work, the change of abode was speed ily effected.
Less than two years were consumed in transferring" the household goods of the Salzburg-ers to the new site. It was called New Ebenezer, to distinguish it from the former place of abode, which in turn became Old Ebenezer. Whatever could be moved with the means at hand was conveyed to the new town. Even the cabins were taken down and carted through the woods, log" by log". It was slow and tedious work, but the Salzburgers were mar^elously patient. By the summer of 1738 the old town had degenerated into a cow pen, where one Joseph Barker resided, in charge of some cattle belonging to the Trustees. William Stephens, who visited the locality about the same time, found it an abandoned settlement; and it need hardly be added that not a vestig'c of the old town today survives.
The choice of the new place of abode was wisely ma-do. It was only six miles to the east of Old Ebenezer, but it was located to much better advantage with respect both to fertility of soil and to general healthfulness. As de scribed by Mr. Strobel, the situation was somewhat ro mantic.* Says he : "On the east lay the Savannah with its broad, smooth surface. On the south was a stream, then called ."Little Creek, but now known as Lockner's Creek, and a large lake called Neidlrngcr's Sea; "while to the north, not very distant from the town, was to be seen an old acquaintance, Ebenezer Creek, sluggishly winding" its way to mingle with the waters of the Savannah." The landscape was here gently undulating", so he tells us, the countryside covered with a fine growth of forest trees, the fields luxuriant with many-colored flowers, among them, the woodbine, the azalea and the jessamine. But the pestilential germs were found to be here, too, for on three sides the town was encompassed by low swamps. which were subject to periodical inundation, and which
*Salzburgers and Their Descendants, p. 91, Baltimore, 1855.

186 GKORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AKD LEGENDS
generated a poisonous miasma prejudicial to the health of the inhabitants.
For years New Ebenezer prospered. The Salzburgers did not know what it was to cat the bread of idle ness. John "Wesley was lavish in praise of the neat ap pearance which the town presented when he called to see them. He found the houses well built. He was also impressed with the frugality of these Germans. They did not leave a spot of ground implanted in the little gardens belonging- to them, and they even made one of the main streets yield a crop of Indian corn. From first to last, they "were an agricultural people. As eady as 1738 they began to experiment with the culture of cot ton. But the Trustees were partial to silk and wine. Consequently the growth of this plant was discouraged. By 1741 it 'is estimated that in the Colony of Georgia there wore not less than twelve hundred German Protestasts, most of whom were at Ebcnezer.

Ebenezer in the The Salzhurgers were slow to side

Revolution.

against England, il was perfectly nat

ural for them to feel kindly disposed

toward the country whose generous protection was ex

tended to them in days of persecution ; but they were

also the sworn enemies of tyranny, whether at home or

abroad. When the question of direct opposition to the

acts of Parliament was discussed at Ebenezer in 1774

there arose a. sharp division of sentiment. Quite a num

ber of the inhabitants favored "passive obedience and

non-resistance." But the majority refused tamely to

submit. At the Provincial Congress, which assembled

in Savannah on July 4, 1.775, the following- Salzburgers

were enrolled from the Parish of St. Matthew. John

Adam Treutlen, John Stirk, Jacob Casper Waldhaur,

John Ploerl and Christopher- Cramer. As a community,

the Salzburgcrs espoused the cause of the 'Revolutionists,

EBENEZRR

187

but headed by Mr. Tricbner some of them maintained
an open adherence to the Grown. Retween these parties
there sprang up an angry fund, in the midst of which the Jtev. !Mr. Babcnhorst, "who exerted his utmost influence
to curb the dominant passions, crowned his long and useful life with a saintly death."
Situated on the direct line of travel, Ehenezer was destined to play an important part in the approaching
drama of hostilities. The account which follows is con
densed from Dead Towns of Georgia: "Three days after the capture of Savannah by Colonel Campbell, a
strong force was advanced, under the command of Tjieutenant^Colonel Maitland, to Cherokee Hill. On the fol
lowing day January 2, 1779 Rbenczer was occupied by the British troops. They at once threw up a redoubt with
in a few hundred yards of Jerusalem Church and fortified the position. The remains of this work are said to be still visible. As soon as he learned of the fall of Savannah, Mr. '"treibner hastened thereto, proclaimed his loynlty, and
took the oath of allegiance. The intimation is that he coun selled the immediate occupation of Ebenezer and accom panied the detachment which compassed the capture of
his own town and people. Influenced by him, not a few of the Salzburgers took the oath of allegiance to England and received certificates guaranteeing the royal protec
tion. Prominent among those who maintained adherence to the rebel cause were: John Adam Treutlcn, afterwards Governor; William Holsendorf, Colonel John Stirk, Sec
retary Samuel Stirk, Captain Jacob Casper Waldbmir,
who was both a magistrate and a soldier; John Schnider, H^dclnli Strobaker, Jonathan Schnider, J. Gotlclb Schni-
dcr, Jonathan Ejihn. Ernest Zittraucr, Joshua Helfcns+cin, and Jacob Tlelnnstein."
Mr. Strobe] draws a graphic picture of the situation
at this time. Says he:* The citizens of Ebenezer wore made to feel severely the effects of the war. The prop
erty of those who did not take the oath of allegiance

*Sa.lzbur;erB ftml Their IJeBcendante, pp. 303 307. Baltimore. 163,

188 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
was confiscated and the helpless sufferers were exposed to every species of insult and wrong. Besides, some of the Salzburg-erg who espoused the cause of the Crown became inveterate "Whigs, placed themselves at the head of marauding' parties, and committed the most wanton acts of depredation, including' arson itself. The estab lishment of a line of British posts along* the western bank of the Savannah River to check the demonstrations of the rebel forces in South Carolina, made it a kind of thoroughfare for British troops in passing through the country from Savannah to Augusta. To avoid the rudeness of the soldiers who were quartered among them and to escape the heavy tax upon the scant resources which remained to them, many of the best citizens aban doned the town and. settled in. the country districts. Those who remained were forced almost daily to witness acts of cruelty perpetrated upon American prisoners of war; for Kbouezcr, while in the hands of the British, was the point to which most of the pris oners were brought, thence to be taken to Savan nah. It was from this post that a number of prisoners were being" carried southward, when the two Sergeants, Jasper and Newton, rescued them at Jasper Spring."
"There was one act performed by the British com mander which was peculiarly trying and revolting to the Salzburgers. The line brick church was converted into a hospital for the accommodation of the sick and wounded and was afterwards desecrated by being used as a stable for the horses. The records were destroyed, targets wore made of different objects, and even, to this day the metal swan bears the mark of a musket ball. Often, too, cannon were discharged at the houses. But the Salzburgers en dured these hardships and indignities with fortitude; and though a few of them were overcome by these severe measures, yet the mass of them remained firm."
According" to Colonel Jones,* the establishment of tippling houses in Ebenezer, during- the British occupa-

EBENEZER

189

tion, corrupted the lives of not a few of the once sober Germans. Says lie: " Indications of decay and ruin were patent before the cessation of hostilities. Except for a brief period, during the siege of Savannah, when the garrison was summoned to assist in defence of the city against the allied army, Ebenezer remained in the possession of the British until a short time prior to the evacuation of Savannah, in July, 1783. In advancing toward Savannah, General Wayiie established his head quarters in the town. As soon as the British forces were withdrawn, the Tory pastor, Triebner, betook himself to flight and found a refuge in England, where he ended his days in seclusion."

Last Days of It "was an altered scene upon which the

Ebenezer.

poor Salzburgcrs looked when the ref

ugees began to return to Ebenezer at the

close of the Revolution. Many of the homes had been

burnt to the ground. Gardens once green and fruitful

had been trampled into desert places. Jerusalem Church

had become a mass of filth, and the sacred edifice was

sadly dilapidated. But the Germans set themselves to

work. Fresh life was infused into the little community

upon the arrival of the Rev. John Ernest Bergman, a

clergyman of pronounced attainments. The parochial

school was revived, the population began to increase, the

church was substantially rebuilt, and much of the damage

wrought by the British was in the course of time re

paired. But the lost prestige of the little town of Eben

ezer was never fully regained. The mills remained idle.

The culture of silk was revived only to a limited degree;

and, after a brief interval of growth, the old settlement

began visibly to take the downward path.

On February 18, 1796, Ebenezer became for a short

interval the county scat of Emngham. The following

commissioners were appointed to make the preliminary

surveys and to superintend the erection of the pubJic

190 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
buildings : Jeremiah Cuyler, John G. Neidlingcr, Jona than Kaiin, Klias Hodges, and John Martin Dasher. But three years later the seat of government was changed to Springfield.
For more than fifty years the religious services of the Salzburg'ers were conducted in the German language; but Methodist and Baptist churches began to spring1 up in the community and to draw away the young people from the ancient paths. The introduction of the English tongue was finally effected in 1824 through the instru mentality of the Rev. Christopher Bergman.
But the days of Kbcnezer were numbered. Before reaching the century mark, the old settlement was des tined to take its place among the dead towns of Georgia. In 1855, when Mr. Strobcl last visited the site, it was a picture of desolation. Scarcely a pulse-beat of life could be detected. The faithful historian of the Salzburgers thus describes it. Says he: "To one visiting the ancient town of Ebenezer, in the present day, the prospect which presents itself is anything but attractive; arid the stranger who is unacquainted with its history would perhaps discover very little to excite his curiosity or awaken his sympathies. The town has gone almost entirely to ruins. Only two residences are now remain ing, and one of these is untenanted. The old church, however, stands in bold relief." Nor is it unmeet that the sacred edifice should survive the wreck of all else to bear testimony to the simple virtues and to the blame less lives of these pure-hearted Germans, whose sole aim in life "was to honor God.
Present-Day There are still numerous descendants of the Salzburgers TOberiezcr settlers living today in the Counof Effing'ham. ty of Effinerham; and from a writer who
has long been familiar with this section of Georgia the following graphic. picture of present-day conditions has been obtained. Says this writer:* Where
*John C. Holling'sworth, Jr., in the Mordjrian. for .January, 1007,

E BENEZER
the Savannah and the Ogeechee Rivers form the east and the west boundaries respectively of Effing-ham County, these streams are still twenty miles apart. .But the coun try is so low here that, during- the Ilarrison freshet of 3841, the two streams defied fate, overflowed their banks, and stealing under the trees,across the plains and through vines and brambles, met at last, as if by appointment, ten miles from either bank. Then the sunshine and the dry -weather broke in ur>on them; and they slipped away to their own banks from their first and perhaps last meeting. It is here, on this low plain, between these two rivers, that the descendants of the Salzburgers dwell. Dotted here and there among the "cypress ponds," "gallberry flats" and "runs" are to be found the humble cot tages of these pastoral people.
The first question that arises in the mind of the vis itor among the Salzburgers is how such large families are sustained on such small farms. The secret is that everybody works. There you will find the most econom ical housewives and the most frugal husbandmen in Georgia. It is said that one of these "Dutch" house wives can take a large sweet potato and serve it to the family in a half dozen different forms, and feed "Fido," "old Brindle" and the pig's on the residue. She does all the housework cheerfully and is ready to assist on the farm in a pinch. The husbandman is always up wTith the birds and moving, but yet too often accomplishing little. lie is engaged in truck-farming principally, and finds a ready market for his vegetables in Savannah, while he ships his potatoes, beans, cucumbers and toma toes often to Northern markets. There are some few farmers among them who still have their, mulberry or chards, raise silk-worms and manufacture a grade of silk fishing lines surpassed by none in the State of Georgia.
As a rule these are a happy people. A.t nig'ht they discuss, about the fireside, with great gravity, the happen ings of the neighborhood; and in the role of neighbor and friend the average "Dutchman" is always at his best.

192 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
He is also honest in his dealings. The Superior Court of Effing'ham County seldom lasts more than three days now, and it rarely happens that one of these men is haled into court for breach of contract or for any offence where honor is involved. There are two or three annual fes tivals that everybody attends, the "Farmers' Dinner," the Fourth of July picnic, and the festival of the Effingham Hussars. These are the big- events of the season; but of all the social occasions none are so thoroughly enjoyed as the "kraut cutting-s." They correspond to the Georgia corn huskings. . . . When the kraut is cut and neatly packed in a vat a feast is then spread, in the preparation for -which the old Dutch oven has been busy for more than a -week. The twang of the banjo and the swelling- notes of the fiddle then call them to a room made vacant for the dance; and thus they go, oftentimes until gray streaks in the East announce the coming morn.

CHAPTER XIX
Sunbury: An Extinct Metropolis
O NCE a rival of Savannah, there is not a vestige left of the ancient town which in Colonial days arose on the gentle slopes of the Midway River, near the point where it widens into St. Catherine's Sound. The streets and squares and market places of the town have been completely obliterated. Weeds today choke the deserted docks where vessels used to land rich cargoes. Oyster shells in great" white heaps mark the rugg'ed shore lines ; and on the hilltops, where for merly blazed the hearthstone fires, long' rows of tasse]ed corn may be seen in summer, forming a coat of green wherewith to hide the tragedy which time has here wrought. The only link between past and present on these long-abandoned heights is the pathetic little grave yard; but even here the brambles riot among- the crum bling tombstones,
Perhaps nowhere else in Georgia has the ruthless p!owTshare of Fate exemplified, more strikingly tlio final estate to which things human and terrestrial are at last doomed. Yet this buried metropolis produced, two sign ers of the Declaratjon of Independence, a distinction en joyed by few cities in America. The commercial im portance of Sunbury at the beginning of the Revolution is attested by the fact that seven square-rig-g-ed schooners have been known to enter the port in one day, and Cap tain Hugh McCall,* Georgia's earliest historian our
*History of Georgia, Edition of 190-9, Vol. I, p,

194 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
authority for this statement adds that Sunbury com peted with Savannah for the coast trade during the late Colonial period. Colonel Jones* estimates the population of Sunbury at something like one thousand inhabitants, a number which was quite large, considering the times, and doubtless but little short of the figures for Savannah. It "was also the seat of a pioneer school of learning the famous Sunbury Academy, taught by Dr. MeWhir. Only ten miles distant from the Midway Church, it became the abode of a number of the members of this flock. But the excellence of the harbor facilities attracted settlers from remote points. Some came from Savannah, some from. Charleston, and some even from far-off Bermuda. As early as 1762 it "was made a port of entry by Gov ernor ^Vright, who considered it a place of great prom ise; but it lay in the path of the despoiler, and from the ravages of the Revolution it never rallied.
General Oglethorpe, during his reconnoisance of the southern frontier of the Province, in 1734, is said to have been impressed by the bold and beautiful bluff near the mouth of tho Midway River, but it was not until twenty years later that the foundations of the future town were laid. The members of the Dorchester settlement, "who were located for the most part in the close neighborhood of the Midway Church, were thrifty as well as pious, and they realized the need of a town on the ocean front near by, where they could market rich crops of rice and indigo, from "which, if handled to commercial advantage, there were large profits to be realized. The result was that, on June 20, 1758, Captain Mark Oarr, who owned five hundred acres of land on the heights overlooking the river, deeded three hundred acres of this tract to a set of trustees, who were charged with the duty of laying out the proposed town.
*History of Georgia, 1883, Vol. I, p. 498.

SUNBUEY

195

It appears that the owner acquired the property only a short time before the date of this transfer by deed of conveyance from his Majesty, King George II. The trustees to whom he conveyed the land for the founding of Sunbury were: James Maxwell, Kenneth Baillie, John Elliott, Grey Elliott, and John Stevens, most of whom were either members or supporters of Midway Church. Captain McCall* suggests that the town was called Sunbury because the slopes on which it was built faced the sunrise, reasoning- from the etymology of the word, the interpretation of which is "the residence of the sun." Colonel Jones is inclined to think that it was named for the town of Sunbury, on the River Thames, in England. The trustees divided the area of the town into four hun dred lots and a,iso planned for three squares. The> lots were to be seventy feet in breadth by one hundred and thirty feet in depth, arid four of these were to constitute a block, bounded on three sides by streets, while a lane was to be the boundary of the fourth. The width of the streets was to be seventy-five feet and of the lanes twenty feet. King's Square, an area well to the front of the town, was to be twice the size of the other two, viz: Church and Meeting, and these "were to be in the opposite wings.
Such, in brief, were the specifications upon which the town was built. It commanded the rice crops from the adjacent swamps, together with large supplies of indigo from Bermuda Island. The principal trade was with the West Indies and with the Northern colonies. On being made a port of entry, Thomas Can- was appointed col lector, John Martin, naval officer, and Francis Lee, searcher. The growth of the town "was rapid. Schemes for public improvement were projected on quite an im pressive scale, and it was proposed, among' other things, to construct a canal through the marshes to Colonel's Island. But the dream dissolved into thin air with the outbreak of hostilities; and, after the struggle for inde-
*History of Georgia, Edition of 1009, Vol. 1, p. 177.

196 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
pendence was over, Sunbnry seems to have declined in commercial importance and to have become more of an educational centre in which respect it continued for years to enjoy an undisputed leadership.
According to tradition, the first Masonic lodge ever organized in Georgia was instituted under an old oak tree at Sunbury by Oglethorpe himself. It was more than twenty years before the town was located at this point, and when the founder of the colony was reconnoitering along* the southern coast. The Society of St. George, now the Union Society, of Savannah, is said to have held a meeting under the same tree, by virtue of which its char ter "was saved, and the incident caused the old landmark to be designated in after years as the Charter Oak. It was during the troublous days of the Revolution; and, among the prisoners of war brought to Sunbury were Morclecai SbeftalJ, .John Martin, John Stirk and Josiah Powell, all of whom were members. The charter of the organization provided for its own forfeiture, in the event meetings -were not held annually; and here, under the walls of Fort Morris, in order to save the charter from extinction, these prisoners of war met and elected officers, and thus one of the noblest organizations of the State was spared for future usefulness. Today, the TTnion Society is the legatee and guardian of Whitenekl's Orphan Home, at Bethesda. ,In the family of the Shcftalls a piece of the old oak tree is still preserved.
It was at Sunbury that some of the most noted men in the Colony of Georgia resided. Here lived Dr. Lyman Hall, a signer of the Declaration of Independence from Georgia, a Governor of the State, and a patriot who, single and alone, represented the Parish of St. .John in the Continental Congress, at Philadelphia, before the

SlJNBUBY

197

Province at large could be induced to join the federation. Here Button G-winnett, another patriot whose name is on the immortal scroll of freedom, spent most of his time uffioially, while a Justice of the Peace for St. John's
Parish, though he resided on St. Catharine's Island. 7Tere George Waltoft, the last member of the illustrious trio who represented Georgia, was brought a prisoner of war, upon the fall of Savannah; and here he remained for months until the wound which lie received in defence of the city was healed and his exchange was negotiated. Both Walton and G-wirmett were also Chief Magistrates of the Commonwealth.
There also lived here Richard Howley and Nathan Brownsou, both Governors; John Elliott and Alfred Ctithbert, both United States Senators, and John A. Cuthbert, a Member of Congress. Here also was the home of Ma.jor Jolin Jones, \vho was killed by a cannonball, at the siege of Savannah; and here John E. Wardthe first Minister to China, was born. Commodore McIntosh, his sister, Maria J. Mclntosli, the famous novel ist, Judge William E. Law and many others of note, were also natives of Sunbury. On February 1, 1797, the town having commenced to decline, the county seat was changed to Eieeboro, a point which was nearer the centre of population. Two hurricanes, one in 1804 and one in 1824, hastened the final hour of doom for the once popu lous seaport; malarial disorders multiplied amid the wreckage, and, in 1829, Sherwood gave the town a pop ulation of only one hundred and fifty inhabitants. Twen ty years later it was completely extinct.

CHAPTER XX
Fort Morris: The Last to Lower the Colonial Flag
O CCUPYING an eminence somewhat to the south of old Sunbury, on lands belonging- to the Calder estate, are still to be seen the ruins of the old, stronghold which played such an important, part in the drama of independence : Fort Morris. Ijarge trees are today growing upon the parapets. Even the foot paths which,lead to it, through the dense thickets, are obscured by an undergrowth of weeds and briars, be speaking the desolation which for more than a century has brooded over the abandoned earth-works. But the massive embankments of the old fort can still be dis tinctly traced. It commands the entrance to the Midway River, from which, however, both the sails of commerce and the ironclads of war have long since vanished.
To one who is in any wise familiar "with the history of the Revolution in Georgia, it is pathetic to witness the wreckage which time has here wrought; but the splendid memories which cluster about the precincts, like an ever green mantle of ivy, are sufficient to fn~e the dullest imagination. There is little hope for the Georgian who can stand unmoved upon these heroic heights. It was here that General Charles Dee assembled his forces for the expedition into Florida. It was here that Colonel Samuel Elbert, under executive orders from Button Gwinnett, embarked his troops for the assault upon St. Augustine. It was here that Colonel John liclntosh, refusing to surrender the fort to an overwhelming force

FORT MORRIS

199

of the enemy, sent to the British commander his defiant message: "Gome and take it!"
But what invests the old fort with the greatest in terest perhaps is the fact that when the State of Geor gia was overrun by the British, consequent upon the fall of Savannah, it 'was the very last spot on Georgia soil where the old Colonial nag was still unfurled. Even an order from General Howe, directing an abandonment of the stronghold, was disregarded by the gallant officer in command, who preferred to accept the gage of battle. It was not until beleaguered and stormed and overrun by superior numbers that it finally yielded to the terrific onslaught; and the next memorial erected by the patri otic "women of Georgia should be planted upon these brave heights to tell the world that "when Savannah and Augusta were both in the power of the British there was still "waving from the ramparts of the old fort at Sunbury the defiant folds of an unconquered banner.

According to the Midway records, it was as early as 1756 that a number of the residents of the district, at the suggestion of Jonathan Bryari, one of the members of his Majesty's Council of Safety, began to take steps looking to the erection of a fort at some point in the im mediate neighborhood along the exposed coast. It also appears that batteries were erected on which, eight can non were mounted and that "when Governor Ellis made his tour of inspection in 1758 he was pleased to find the work completed, in connection with the fortifications around Midway Church. But whether reference is here made to the historic stronghold is uncertain. The need of adequate protection at this strategic point, "which guards the approach to the Midway settlement, must have been apparent from the start. The rumor of an Indian invasion reached the settlers soon after arriving in Geor gia, only to be succeeded by the dread of French priva teers ; and there "was constant danger due to an nnfor-

200 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LKGENDS
tilled ocean Trout. It is safely within the hounds of his toric inference to state that the famous earthworks must have been constructed at some time prior to the Revo lution. There was probably at least an excellent begin ning made for tile future stronghold on this identical spot.
At any rate, the structure whicli came to be Fort Morris was erected chiefly by the residents of Bermuda, now Colonel's, Island, who, in building it, employed al most exclusively the labor of slaves. It wras called Fort Morris, in honor of the captain who here commanded a company of Continental artillery raised for coast de fence, on the eve of hostilities with England. The old fort "was located about three hundred and fifty feet out side the southern limits of Sunbury, at the bend of the river. Though an earthwork, it was most substantially built and enclosed fully an acre of ground. It was two hundred a,nd seventy-five feet in length on the water front. The two sides were somewhat irregular in shape and were respectively one hundred and ninety-one and one hundred and forty feet in length. The rear wall was two hundred and foi'ty feet in length. The parapets were ten feet wide and rose six feet above the parade of the fort, while the' superior slope of the embankment toward the river was twenty-five feet above high water. There were seven embrasures, each about five feet wide. Surrounding- the pile was a moat ten feet wide at the bottom and twenty feet wide at the top. The sally port was in the rear or "western wall.
Says Dr. Stacy: "The guns have all been removed. One was carried to ITinesvjlle when the place was first laid off sixty years ago, and has been often and long used on Fourth of July and other public occasions and may still be seen tliere in tlic court-house yard. Two of them were carried to Kiceboro during the late war between the States, but no use Was made of them. Two more were taken by Captain Lamar and, after being iiscd as signal guns at Sunbury, were transported to

POET MORRIS

201

ITort Rartow at Savannah and fell into the hands of the federals. Two more were left lying half buried in tlie soil of the parade ground, and still another in the old
field half way between the fort and the site of the town. These have all since been removed. At least tbe writer did not see them when he visited the spot. One of the two
carried to Riccboro was removed by the late Colonel Charles O. Jones in 1880 to his home on the Sand Hills
near Augusta, and now adonis the lawn in front of the residence which has passed into the hands of his son,
Charles Edgeworth Jones. T^ike the one at TTinesville, it is undoubtedly genuine: one of the number which took
port in the defence of Georgia soil in Revolutionary time."*

During the AVer of 1812, the famous old fortification at Sunbury was remodeled by the local Committee of Safety and colled fort Defence, fbut the name soon passed. Captain John A. Cutbbcrt organized a company of citizens, some forty in number, while Captain Charles Floyd oommanded a body of students, in readiness for :m attack. But the enemy failed to appear.
"James Stacy, In History of Midway Congregational Church, pp. 2S2 2SS: Charles C. Jonea. Jr., In Chapter on Sunbury. in Doad Towna of GeorKlR.

CHAPTER XXI
New Inverness: The Story of the Scotch Highlanders
O N the, banks of the Altamaha River, twelve miles above St. Simon's Island, on the site today occu pied by the town of Darien, was planted the ear liest Scotch settlement in Georgia. There was need of an outpost at this point. The Spaniards to the south were very unpleasant neighbors, and the clouds of war were beginning- to gather upon the horizon. The trained eye of Oglethorpe perceived the need of fortifications with "which to repel an expected invasion. But he also realized the need of stout arms and brave hearts with which to man these defences; and in easting about for colonists of sturdy mettle his gaze was attracted to the little country north of the Tweed. lie invited the High landers to come to Georgia. It was a day dark with fate for hundreds of these plucky men of the mountains when they agreed to accept. Few of them escaped the peril ous scourge of war, which almost completely obliterated the hamlet in which they sett] ed; but they proved them selves in the ordeal of battle to be worthy countrymen of Bobert Bruce. They saved the day for Georgia, and they enriched with fresh traditions of valor the bonnie blue flag of Scotland.
But the tragic story must not be anticipated. At the earnest request of the Trustees of Georgia, whose prayer was supplemented by an appeal from South Carolina, the sum of 26,000 pounds sterling was appropriated by the

NEW INVERNESS

203

English Parliament for the purpose of safeguarding the exposed frontier. The treasury thus replenished, an ef fort was made by the Trustees to secure settlers for the new outposts in the danger-infested "wilderness. They is sued a commission to Captain Hugh Mackay, then a lieu tenant, who was authorized to gather recruits among the Highlands. The well-known Jacobite sympathies of Oglethorpe were doubtless instrumental in arousing "wide spread interest in the proposed scheme of colonization.
There was no attempt made to overpaint the charms or conceal the hazards of life in Georgia. The situation of affairs "was well understood. But the rugged moun taineers were inured to hardships; and to men who touched elbows with peril every day of the world and who took little counsel of fear there "was an element of zest added to the prospect of adventure in an unknown world. John Mohr Mclntosh, a chief of one of the most powerful elans of Scotland, "whose support of the Pretender cost him the forfeiture of his estates, was one of the first to enlist; and he induced many of Ms kindred to accom pany him. Not less than one hundred and thirty High landers, with fifty women and children, were enrolled at Inverness; and these, together with some who held spoclal grants and "who "went "without expense to the Trusttees, sailed from Inverness, October 18, 1735, on hoard the Prince of Wales, commanded by Captain George Dunbar.
Three months were consumed by the voyage. They carried a clergyman, the Rev. John McLeod, a native of the Isle of Syke, to minister to them in sacred things, and he became the pioneer evangel of Presbyterianism in Georgia. Most of the emigrants were soldiers; but some of them, like the Cuthberts, the Bailies, the Mackays, aud the Dnnhars, went in the capacity of free holders. They "were accompanied by servants and were possessed of titles to large tracts of land.
In due season, the vessel entered the mouth of the Savannah River; and the new arrivals, after a period of

204 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
rest spent in the village to which they were given a cor dial welcome by the inhabitants, were transported in rude canoes through the various inlets and np the Altamaha Bivor, to the appointed place of settlement selected by Oglethorpe. The alluvial bottoms of the low-lying region which they reached at length bore little resem blance to the hills of heather winch they left behind them; and the homesick Highlanders must have experi enced a chill of disappointment when they disembarked npon tho monotonous stretch of level ground on which they were henceforth to dwell.
But they wasted no time in vain regreta. At a point which was beat adapted to defensive purposes, they at once erected a fort, mounted four piocca 'of cannon, built a guard-house, a store, nnd a chapel, and constructed huts for temporary accommodation, preparatory to erect ing more substantial structures. Dressed in plaids and equipped with broad-swords, targets, and nrearma, the Scotch soldiers presented quite a unique and novel appearonce on this remote belt of the savage wilderness, separated by three thousand miles of water from the familiar highlands which now smiled npon them only in the sad retrospect of the past. Tn honor of the town from which they sailed they gave to the young settlement the name of New Inverness, while to the military post and to the outlying district they gave the name of Darien.
To the colony of Oglethorpe, the arrival of these eturdy Highlanders proved an important acquisition. They were more than mere sinews of war. They were representatives of the thriftiest and best elements of the Scotch population. They brought with them the highest ideals of citizenship and the profoundcst reverence for divine truth. Says ]Dr. Stevena:* "They were not reck-
"Elatory of Georgia, by Wm. Bacon SteveHB. Vol. I, pp. 1BO-127. New irk, 1847.

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205

less adventurers or reduced emigrants, volunteering through necessity or exiled by insolvency and want. In fact, they were picked men. They were commanded by officers most respectably connected in the Highlands, and the descendants of some of them have held and still hold high offices of honor and trust in the United Kingdom."
According to Colonel Jones, the Scotch emigrants, while in Savannah, "were told by some Carolinians that they were foolish to interpose themselves between Sa vannah and Florida, that it was perilous in the extreme thus to court danger on the frontier, and that the Span iards, from the secure forts in which they dwelt oil the border, would shoot them upon the very spot which they were expected to defend. But the Scotch Highlanders were in no wise intimidated, and they replied by saying" that they would beat the Spaniards out of the forts which they occupied and would thus find houses ready built in which to live. Such an answer was well in keeping1 with the record which they were destined to make as courageous fighters. It was full of the spirit of Bannoekburn, and to men like John Mohr Mclntosh, Captain Hugh Mackay, Ensign Charles Mackay, Colonel John Mclntosh, General Lachlan Mclntosh and others of the same heroic stock, G-eorgia, both as a Colony and as a State, owes a debt of gratitude wThich time cannot dimin ish.
At an early date, Captain Hugh Mackay, with the as sistance of Indian guides furnished by Tomo-chi-chi, located a road between New Inverness and Savannah, and the same route is today followed by the splendid highway which runs between Savannah and Darien. The town which "was settled by the Highlanders began to prosper. It was beautifully situated on a bluff of the river, in a grove of"wide-spreading live oaks, "while around it for miles stretched the level forests of Georgia. In after years it was destined to become an important com mercial seaport; but before this time arrived it was fated to suffer almost complete annihilation. The High-

206 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
landers at New Inverness were the chief dependence of Ogietliorpe in the Spanish hostilities which ensued; and while they saved Georgia from destruction, it "was at grim cost to themselves.
Most of the gallant band were either killed in hattle or taken prisoners. The greatest fatalitias occurred during the disastrous assault upon St. A/ugnstine. It seems that Colonel Palmer, who commanded a force of Highlanders at the time of the seig'e, disregarded the in structions of Og'lethorpe, only to be surprised by the enemy at Fort Moosa, with tragic results. The High landers fought like tigers, but foil in great numbers. Those who survived "were afterwards permitted to taste the sweets of victory when the Spanish power "was over thrown at the battle of Bloody Marsh. But the remnant was pathetically small, some moved to other localities, and the little town of New Inverness finally passed into other hands, to emerge eventually into the modern city of Darien.*
"Charles C. Jones, Jr., in History of Georgia, Vol. I; S i>y J. Harris Chappell, Chapter V; Stevens. McCall, Kvan

CHAPTER XXII
The Acadians in Georgia
T HBKE is nothing sadder in the Colonial annals of America than the story of the unfortunate Aca dians : the original French settlers of Nova Scotia, some of whom sought refuge in Georgia when driven out of Canada by the cruel edict of the English. These Aca dians called the country in which they settled Acadie. It "was a bleak region, in the cold latitudes of the far North, but to them it "was home, and by industrious cul tivation they gave to it many of the -charms of beauty. But, in 1713, iinder the treaty of Utrecht, the Acadians were forced, after various wars and changes, to relin quish these lands to the Crown of England; and, though speaking the French language and professing the Cath olic faith, they were required at its cession to Great Brit ain to take the oath of allegiance to the English monarch. It "was a harsh exaction. But the Acadians consented to take this oath, provided they "were not required to sever relations with friendly Indian allies or to take up arms against France. The Governor acquiescing in this pro viso, the oath "was registered in due form; but the action of the local authorities was overruled by the court, a decision of which required an unconditional oath or im mediate expatriation. The Acadians refused to comply with these demands, but, as a body, maintained a neutral position; and, thus matters remained unsettled iuntil 1755, when radical measures were adopted.

208 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Bishop Stevcns* has given us a graphic picture of these Acadians. Says he: "They were an agricultural and pastoral people tilled the Hinds with great art and industry reared large flocks and herds dwelt in neat and convenient houses subsisted upon the varied stores gathered from sea and land, and, with few wants and no money, lived in peace and harmony under the mild juris diction of elders and pastors. The Abbe Kaynal has de scribed them in terms too eulogistic for human nature, representing a state of social happiness more consonant with the license of poetry than with the fidelity of truth. It cannot he denied, however, that they presented a pic ture, full of charming scenes and lovely portraits, simple manners, guileless lives, scrupulous integrity and calm devotion. But the eye of English envy was upon them. The uprooting of this people was entrusted to Lieuten ant-Colonel "Wins low, commanding the Massachusetts forces, a! gentleman of great moral and military worth, whose strict ideas of obedience alone induced him to consent to undertake the task.
"By a proclamation, so artfully framed, that its de sign t-oukl not be discovered, yet requiring compliance by penalties so severe as prevented any absence, the at tendance of the male Acadians was required at a speci fied time and in a specified place. At Grand Pre, where Colonel Winslow commanded, over four hundred men met on the appointed day, September 5, 1755, at 3 p. m., in the village church, when, going into their midst, he revealed to their astonished ears, the startling resolutions of the Governor and Council. The late happy, but now wretched, inhabitants, eighteen thousand in number, were appalled by the magnitude of .the calamity which thus suddenly burst upon. them. No language can describe their woes : turned out of their dwellings; bereft of their stock, stripped of their entire possessions, the bright hopes of the future blasted in a single hour, the labor of years wrested from them by a single effort, and torn
*Wm. Bacon gt evens, M. D., T>, IX, in History of Georgia, Vol. I.

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from, each and every association which binds the heart to its native fields, they were declared prisoners, though guiltless of any crime, and were destined to expatriation only hecanse English blood flowed not in their veins and English speech did not dwell upon their lips. To make it impossible for them to remain, their houses were burnt down, their fields laid waste, their improvements de stroyed everything in one general conflagration.
"Forced to embarlc at the point of the bayonet, crowded into small vessels, provided with neither com forts nor necessaries, broken up as a community into many fragments wives separated from husbands chil dren from parents brothers from sisters they were stored on board like a cargo of slaves, and guarded like the felons of a convict ship. Thus they "were hurried away and scattered like leaves by the ruthless winds of autumn, from Massachusetts to Georgia, among those who hated their religion, detested their country, derided their man ners, and mocked at their language. This was English policy, outraging English humanity. It was an act, blend ing fraud, robbery, arson, slavery and death, such as his tory can scarcely equal. English philanthropy planted Georgia; English inhumanity uprooted the Acadians. How can we reconcile the two? The one "was prompted by the mild spirit of peace ; the other by the stern councils of war. It was a detachment of this persecuted people "whose arrival in Savannah recalled Governor Reynolds from Augusta to the seat of government.
"But what could the Governor do with such a body of strangers ? It was one of the express conditions upon which Georgia was settled, that no Papist should' be per mitted in it; yet here were four hundred in one body, set down in its midst. It was also of the greatest importance to break up French influence on the frontier, but now nearly half a thousand French "were consigned to the weakest and most exposed of all the thirteen colonies. On account of the lateness of the season and the destitute condition of the exiles, they were distributed in small

210 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
parties through the province, and maintained at the pub lic expense until spring, when, by leave of the Governor, they built themselves a number of rude boats, and in March most of them left for South Carolina, two hundred embarking at one time, in ten boats, indulging the hope that they migtit thus work their way back to their native and beloved Acadie."

CHAPTER XXHI
The Moravians in Georgia
SCARCELY a vestige today survives in the way of a memorial to tell of tile brief sojourn in this State of the pious Moravians. But the early annals of Georgia are too fragrant with the memories of this sweetspirited sect to justify any omission of them in this his torical retrospect. Both in simple habits of life and in deep religious fervor, they 'were not unlike the Salzburgers, to "whom they were remotely allied by ties of kin ship. The missionary activities of the Moravians among the Georgia Indians were successful in a marked degree; and, with little opposition from the red men of the forest, who learned to trust them with implicit confidence, they penetrated far into the Blue Kidge Mountains and es tablished at Spring Place, in what is now Murray County, a mission which exerted a powerful influence among the native tribes, converting not a few chiefs and warriors, and continuing- to flourish down to the final deportation of the Cherokees, in 1838. Both Elias Boudinot and David Vann were Moravian converts.
But who were these Moravians? To answer this question, "we must cross the sea to Bohemia. Coincident with Oglethorpe's humane project, there was an effort made by Count Zinzcndorf, a Protestant, to organize on his estate a community of believers, modelled upon the old original church of the Apostles. When a charter was granted for the Colony of Georgia, the Count sought and obtained a concession of five hundred acres of land from the Trustees, with permission to absent himself in

212 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
person from the Colony, on condition that he send over ten male servants, in his own stead, to cultivate the soil. Accompanied by the Bev. Mr. Qottlieb Spangenberg, the first emigrants of this religions persuasion arrived in Georgia in the spring- of 173'5, and settled near tho Sa vannah Eiver, on a body of land between the Salzburgers and the town of Savannah.
To quote Colonel Jones :* The history of the Mora vians in. Georgia may bo quickly told. Under the aus pices of Count Zinzendorf, seconded by the good offices of the Trustees, additions were made from time to time to this settlement. A school-house called Irene was built near Tomo-chi-chi's vilage, for the accommodation and instruction of Indian children; and in its conduct and prosperity the aged mico manifested a lively interest. With the Salzburgers the Moravians associated on terms of closest friendship. In subduing the forest and in the erection of homes they manifested great zeal. Above all others were they successful in tilling the ground, and in the accumulation of provisions, which sufficed not only for their own "wants, bnt also met the needs of their less provident neighbors. . . . They were in all respects useful colonists.
When summoned, however, to bear arms in defence of the province against the Spaniards, they refused to do so, alleging that since they "were not freeholders there was no obligation resting upon them to perform military duties. They further insisted that they were prevented by religions convictions from becoming" soldiers, .and stated that before coming to Georgia it had been ex pressly stipulated that they should be exempt from such obligations. After mature deliberation, it was agreed that the Moravians be excused; but this exemption em bittered the minds of the other colonists against them and
*.Tones: History of Georgia, Vol. I.

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rendered a further residence in tlie province unpleasant. Accordingly, in 1738, some of them, having first refunded to the authorities all moneys disbursed for them, aban doned the settlement in Georgia. . . . and removed to Pennsylvania, . . . where the settlements of Bethlehem and Nazareth preserve to this day some of the distin guishing' features of'this peculiar x^eople.

This anecdote has been preserved: On one occasion, during the voyage of Oglethorpc with the Moravians and Salzburgcrs, the sea broke over the vessel from stem to stern, burst through the windov\T s of the state cabin, and drenched the inmates. John Wesley came near being washed overboard by one of the waves. In all these storms and dangers the Moravians were calm and unterrined. The tempest began on Sunday, just as they com menced services; the sea broke over the ship, split the mainsail, and poured down upon the vessel, threatening" instant destruction. The English screamed, but the Ger mans sang on.
"Were you not afraid7" asked Wesley, speaking to one of them.
''I thank God, no,'* he replied. "Rut were not your women and children afraid?" he inquired. "No," answered the Moravian, "our women and chil dren are not afraid to die." Mr. Wesley afterward said that the example of these Moravians exerted so powerful an influence upon him p.s to make him doubt if he were really converted before he met them.*
School History of Georgia.

214 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
According to Bisliop Stevens:'* Several of the Mora vian ministers who came to Georgia were men of eminent distinction. Christian Gottlieb Spangenberg had been an adjunct professor in the University of Halle, in Sax ony; and after leaving Savannah he wont to Europe, where he was ordained bishop. He returned to America and took entire charge of the affairs of the Brethren in the British Colonies. He was also an aruthor and wrote the Tjife of Count Zinzendorf, besides a number of re ligious books. David Nitschman was one of tlie compan ions of Wesley on his visit, to Georgia. He rose to be a Bishop, a,nd was one of the first missionaries to the blacks in the Danish "West Indies. Peter Benler also became a Bishop. lie was a graduate of the University of Jena and a man of ripe scholarship. Martin Mack, after leaving Savannah, labored for years among the Indians in Pennsylvania, and "was then made a Bishop and assigned to the Danish TVest Indies. The Moravians did not remain long enough in Georgia to fashion the plastic mass ; but could they have aided in moulding the institutions of the Commonwealth, many calamities might have been avoided and many virtues might have been developed which would have reflected glory upon Geor gia's name.
s: History of Ceorsia, Vol. I.

CHAPTER XXIV
Roswell: The Home of Mr. Roosevelt's Mother
T HJBKE is scarcely to be found in Georgia a com munity of eight hundred inhabitants -which can boast anything like the historic memories which belong- to Roswell. Situated on the western slopes of tho Chattahoochee River, in the extreme northeastern angle of Cobb County, this former abode of wealthy slave owners is today only a straggling- village; and, though readied by a little branch railway, which meets the main trunk line at Chamblee, some ten miles distant, it seems to be effectually hidden from the world in an obscure pocket of the mountains. There are still a number of fine old families left in Roswell; but the population at the present time is chiefly dependent upon the mills. The splendid water facilities at this point have made the manufacturing establishments at Koswell famous among the industrial enterprises of Georgia; and the products of these local plants are shipped in large quantities to various parts of the South. But the stately pomp which formerly reigned in the elegant mansions upon the hills has long since disappeared. The luxurious life of the old regime, like the water which can never again turn the -wheels of the old factory, has vanished forever down the stream.
For a distance of nearly three miles, the homes of Roswell at the, present time are strung along- the main road, and the tenacity with which they hug the old high way has caused Alex Bealer to dub Roswell "the shoe string town of Georgia.''

2.16 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MI^MOIUAT.S AND IJECKNDS
But what a world of history lias been written in tliiti secluded hamlet. It was the home of Dr. Goulcling, who wrote '' The Young" Marooners.'' It was the home of Theodore Roosevelt's mother. Jt boasted a President of the United States, by whom it was visited when he was clothed with the mantle of his high office. It g'ave an Admiral to the Confederate Navy. It produced the of ficer who fired the last shot from the g'unwales of the illfated Alabama. The old Presbyterian Clrarcb, at Roswell, is one of the landmarks of Cherokee Georgia, while the bell which summons the flock to worship in this an cient little structure was fifty years old when it was first bronght from Savannah to be hung in the tower. It is said that the first residence in Cherokee Georgia to be supplied with window glass was built at Hoswcll. There was no little wealth centred at this point during- the pioneer days. The people reared substantial homes from the very start, employed the best educational instructors to teach the village school, and gave to the virgin wilder ness an atmosphere of cnltnre, while the tracks of the Indians were still fresh. Dr. Nathaniel Pratt for years taught a select school at Roswell, and some of his pupils afterwards became eminent in public affairs, .tie was also pastor of the Presbyterian Chnrch for two full dec ades.
Asa center, both of trade and of population, Roswell was for years a more important town than Marietta. It was not until the Western and Atlantic Railroad was built that the latter began to flourish. It was then on the main hig'hway of travel. But some time elapsed, even with this advantage, before it could measure strides with the little town to the north.
Roswell King-, for whom the town was named, was no ordinary man. He was a native of New Kng'land and a descendant of Captain John King, of Northampton, Mass. His maternal uncle was John Fitch, the celebrated inventor, who made successful experiments with the steamboat on the Delavrare before Fulton launched his

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craft on the Hudson. Roswell King- therefore ,came of sturdy stock and inherited from his ancestors a genius for practical affairs. It is said that lie discovered the "water-power of the Chattalioochee River at this place, when on a visit to the Ohcrokees with whom he enjoyed friendly relations. Impressed with the possibilities of the .site for manufacturing1 purposes, he here founded the town of Roswell, established the famous cotton and "woollen mills at this point, which he successfully operated for years, and accumulated an ample fortune. The earlier part of his life in Georgia was spent near Darien, and when he settled upon the Chattalioochee River he brought with him a colony of thrifty people from the
Georgia Coast.

Perhaps the most famous landmark which time has spared in Roswell is Bulloc'li Hall, It was built appar ently with an eye to the associations which were destined to invest it in after years. At any rate, the plans were carefully made by the original owner Major James S. Bulloch. He superintended the work himself, and the mansion was substantially and handsomely built, not only upon a scale of splendid proportions, but of the very best materials. It was modeled upon the plan of the ancient Parthenon at Athens, with massive pillars in front. Major IrJulloch was well connected. His grandfather was Archi bald Bulloch, the famous old Revolutionary patriot. His mother was an Irvine, the daughter of an old pioneer physician of some note in. Georgia; and to strengthen liis social status still further he married first the daugh ter and afterwards the young widow of Senator John Ulliott. The maiden name of the latter was Martha Stewart, and her father was General Daniel Stewart, of the Revolution. From this union sprang Martha !Bnlloch, the ex-President's mother. The name by which she was known to her intimate friends and relatives was "Mittie." Here at Bulloch Hall the mother of the future President spent her girlhood days, barring an occasional

218 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
trip to .Savannah, and here, with visiting companions, she enjoyed the gay and happy life of an ideal country seat during the prosperous days before the war. The old mansion stands some distance from the main high way, enveloped in a grove of forest oaks. It is well pre served by the present owner, Mr. J. B. Wing, who keeps it in perfect repair, and much of the dignified air of importance which it wore in the old days, it still retains.
Tradition states that it was on one of her visits to Savannah that Martha Bulloch first met tlie man of her choice Theodore Eoosevelt, Sr. Friendship speed ily ripened into affection, and on an evening in Decem ber, during the fifties, the marriage ceremony occurred at Bulloch Hall. The occasion was marked by unusual splendor. It is said to have been bitterly cold out-ofdoors ; but the cedar logs in the deep open fire-places imparted a genial warmth to the four spacious rooms which opened upon the main hall. Ijights .shimmered from the many-branched candelabra, and from the count less tapers which were ranged about the elegant apart ments, in candle-sticks of brass and silver. Besides the whole interior of the house downstairs was brilliantly fes tooned "with holly and mistletoe, emblems which "were doubly appropriate to the season. The marriage rites were solemnized in the spacious drawing room of the Bulloch mansion, Rev. Nathaniel Pratt, the pastor of the local Presbyterian Church, performing the ceremony, aSiSisted by Bev. James Dunwody, a kinsman. The hand some bride wore a Princess gown of white silk, covered with a veil of delicate illusion, and was a picture of loveliness. The bridesmaids "were: Miss Julia Hand, Mis-s Margaret Cooper Stiles, Miss Anna Bulloch and Miss Evelyn King. The groom's attendants "were Corneille Koosevelt, a brother of the groom; Thomas King, Ealph King, and Stewart Elliott. Only one member of this youthful group, today survives: Mrs.

BULLOCH HALL: The Old Home of Ex-President Roosevelt's Mother, at Rtjswell, Ga,

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"William E. Baker. She was formerly Miss Eve lyn King. The greater part of her long life has 'been spent at Koswell, where she is today the mis tress of her girlhood's home: Barrington Hall. This stately old mansion is surrounded on throe sides by a spacious veranda, whose handsome pillars form a mag nificent colonnade; while the house itself is most delight fully embowered in a grove of forest oaks. Within an easy walk of the Baker home is another impressive old landmark, once the centre of brilliant social gathering's: Phoenix Hal!. Here lived General Andrew J. Hansell, one of the courtliest men of his time and long president of the Roswell Mills.

It is not the least among the claims of Roswell to distinction that it furnished two gallant officers to the navy of the Confederate States: Admiral James -Dunwody Bulloch and Captain Irvine Bulloch. Both were uncles of ex-President Roosevelt. Those two distin guished officers were half-brothers. They were sons of Major James 8. Bulloch, the former by his marriage to his first wife, the latter by his marriage to Mrs. Elliott, nee Martha Stewart.* Irvine Bulloch, therefore, was an uncle of the full blood to Theodore .Roosevelt, and an own brother to Mrs. Roosevelt. James Ihurwody Bul loch was related to them only on the father's side.
Captain Irvine Bulloch was an officer on the famous Alabama. He was in command of one of the big guns on board tbo vessel, and it was reserved for him to pull the lanyard which fired the last shot as the noted cruiser sank to her grave in the English channel. He was after wards sailing-master of the famous Shenandoah. Upon the decks of this ship he was engaged in an open battle
*Major Bulloch's first wife was the daughter of Se by his first marriage. The only child hy this marriag.
Martha Stewart. Tho children by this marriage ^ Martha.

220 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGETSTDS
upon the high seas some three weeks after General Lee surrendered. Tlie wireless system of telegraphy was then unknown.
Admiral James Dunwody Bullocli was sent to Europe at the beginning of the war as the special agent of the Confederate government to secure vessels for the navy, which then existed only in prospect. He purchased the Florida, the Alabama, and the Shenandoah, all of which he succeeded in putting- afloat under the Confederate flag'. It was a distinct violation of the laws of neutrality for England thus to aid the South, but the sympathies of the people were with the secessionists. Moreover, the shrewd commander employed the arts of diplomacy to good advantage, in avoiding trouble with the governmen tal authorities. Subsequent to the war, he wrote a "His tory of the Secret Service of the Confederacy in Eu rope. JJ Mr. Roosevelt once said of him that he was the embodiment of Thackeray's beau ideal creation: Colonel Newcomb.
This accomplished, officer made his home for several years in Scotland. The exact locality is not recalled by his surviving kindred in this country; but some time ag"o a son of Barrmgton King, when travelling' 'abroad, undertook to make inquiries. At first the searcli prom ised to be fruitless ; but finally he discovered his magnifi cent estate among the Highlands. Tt was a residence fit for an officer of the crown ; and over the massive* gate way which opened upon the grounds was chiseled the magic name: "Roswell."
October 20, 1905, is a day long' to be remembered in the calendar of the little town of Roswell. It was the occasion of Mr. Roosevelt's visit to his mother's old home. He was then holding- the high office of President of the United States ; but clothed in the mantle of author ity though he was, Mr. Roosevelt nevertheless found time to visit this remote little country town, on a pilgrimage

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of filial devotion. He was met at the villag-c station by a committee of citizens, headed by the mayor. But there were thousands of people in Roswell to meet the distin guished visitor. They came by every road leading into the town and they came from every plantation within a score of miles. Most of them had never seen and never expected to see a President. The reception was hold in the little Presbyterian Church, to which, on account of the pressure of the crowd, it was necessary to limit1 the attendance to invited guests. Senator Clay, who accom panied Mr. Roosevelt to Georgia, and who acted as host during his stay in the State, introduced him to the peo ple ; and a young student at Mercer, Mr. Charles "W. Reid, made an eloquent address of welcome.
Though only two hours were spent by the President in Roswell the time was improved to the best advantage, and he was taken to the various places of interest by the committee, who made good use of automobiles. Some thing like half an hour was spent at Bulloch Hall. ITe in spected the old mansion from cellar to garret. On ac count of the briefness of his visit, he was obliged to de cline an invitation to breakfast at Barrington Hall. But he made a call upon his mother's old friend. Mrs. Baker greeted him with tears of joy in her eyes and called him '' Theodore.' * The President was most profoundly touched by the interview. It was a scene which no brush can paint. More than all of the g'arish pomp of the great pageants which he had witnessed so often it must have touched the heart of Mr. Roosevelt to receive from his mother's people a welcome so cordial, welling" up from thousands of honest hearts around him, like the crys tal mountain springs of the great Blue Ridge, clear and limpid. Isfor least among the choice recollections which he carried back with him to "Washing-ton was the picture of an old black mammy the very one, so it is said, who held his mother in her sable arms and crooned the tender lullabies, which were destined to become his cradle songs.

CHAPTER XXV
Dr. Francis R. Goulding: The Author of "The
Young Marooners**
FAMILIAR to thousands of readers on both sides of the water is the name of an author who lies buried on the banks of the Ohattahooch.ee Kiver at Boswell: !Di\ Francis K. Gonlding. lie was an old Presbyterian preacher, who achieved renown rather late in life by writing' a tale of adventure, whose recital has charmed three generations: "The Young Marooners." It is said. that when, the rnaniiscri.pt of this wonderful classic was first submitted, to the publishers it was rejected, but be fore the story was returned to Dr. Goulcling it chanced to fall into the hands of a child, who read it with the most absorbed interest. From this circumstance it gained favor, was re-read by the publishers, appeared in due season thereafter, bound, in attractive covers, and pro ceeded at once to take the world by storm.
Few books have ever leaped more rapidly into favor. To meet the demand in Great Britain numerous editions were printed by leading establishments, both in Edin burgh and in London ; and so widespread became- the in terest which the story aroused that it was .translated forthwith finto several different European languages. There is said to be nothing in English literature to com pare with the chapter in which the author describes the abduction of the marooning; party by a devil-fish, off the coast of Florida. In thrilling interest it vies with Kobinson Grnsoe and in dramatic elements it is not surpassed,

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even by Swiss Family Eobinson. Withal, it is whole some, a book full of instructive lessons and of pure morals. It is chiefly as the author of this great juvenile masterpiece that Dr. Groulding is today remembered,. But he also wrote numerous other books, an interest in 'which will doubtless some day be revived. - During the latter years of his life, Dr. Groulding wore a tightly fitting cap, in which ho was usiiaJly seen in public, and most of the pictures of the famous author still extant represent him with. MB head covered in this manner. It was probably a precaution which he took against exposure to cold draughts. His erect figure as he stood in the pulpit or appeared on the streets of the little town is still vividly recalled by some of the older people of Boswell. Mr. Clinton M. Webb, a prominent citizen of the town, in a letter to the author, says: "I knew and loved Dr. Goulding as I have known and loved few men. Meeting him almost daily, during the years in which he lived in Eoswell, I learned to appreciate him and to value his friendship. He was truly a type of the Southern gentleman of the "Old School." He greeted every one with a smiling face, and children especially were attracted to him by his genial ways. He possessed a vast fund of useful knowledge. In this respect, I have never known his equal. He was veritably an encyclo paedia of general information. One could hardly ask him a question which he could not answer. He was a broadminded, deep-thinking man, and his place has never been filled in the town of Eoswell. I have often thought that his memory should be honored with an appropriate mon ument. It could easily be accomplished by getting the children who have read 'The Young Ma,rooners' inter ested in the matter. I hope to see it done yet." Mrs. Webb has a metrical version of the Twenty-third Psalm which Dr. Gonlding composed and copied for her with his own hand, and she values it among* her most precious keepsakes.
Dr. Goulding was born in Liberty County, G., Sep tember 28, 1810. His father was Dr. Thomas Goulding,

224 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS
tlie first native-born Presbyterian minister in this State. Francis B. Goulding was licensed to preach at the age of twenty-three. He filled a number of pastorates. Greens boro, Waynesboro, Bath, Darien these were among his earlier charges. As soon as he was licensed to preach, he married Miss Mary Wallace Howard, of Savannah. The health of his wife failing, he located at 'Kingston, Ga., hoping that she mig'ht derive some benefit from the moun tain air. But Mrs. Goulding died in 1853, leaving him six children. He then opened a select school for boys at Kingston, and collected notes for a "work on "Instincts of Birds and Beasts," Professor Agassiz, of Cambridge, Mass., the great naturalist, was a friend with whom he frequently corresponded. In 1855, he married Miss Mil dred Bees, of Darien, who bore him two daughters.
During the Civil War, Dr. Goulding was a Confeder ate chaplain. In 1862, his splendid library at Darien was destroyed by the Federal soldiers. Encouraged by the success of "The Yonng Marooners," he was induced to write a sequel to this story, which ho entitled: "The Marooners' Island." He also wrote the "AVoodruff Stories." His other writings include: "Sapelo, or Child Life in the Tide-Water," "Tallequah, or Life Among the Chorokees," and "Nacoochee, or Boy Life from Home." But the great author's masterpiece is "The Young Marooners." Harold Mclntosh and Frank Gor don are familiar names to the children of two hemis pheres, and brave little Mary, too, has bewitched the world. Dr. Gouldiug settled in Boswell at the close of the war, where he died, August 22, 1881, after a ministry of forty-eight years, beloved by the people among whom he lived, and enrolled with the immortals, both of earth and of heaven.

CHAPTER XXVI
Who Invented the Sewing Machine?
A3 AN author of stories for the young-, Dr. FVancis R. Goulding admittedly ranks with the great Eng lish dissenter: Daniel DeFoe. But did Dr. Gould ing further increase the deht which humanity owes him by inventing- the sewing- machine? To this question, Joel Chandler Harris returns the following- answer.1 Says he: "The first sewing- machine was invented by Rev. Frank R. Goulding-, a Georgian, who has won fame among the children of the land as the author of 'The Young Marooners.' Ho invented the sewing- machine for the pur pose of lig'htening- the labors of his -wife; and she used it for some years before another genius invented it, or some traveler stole the idea and improved on it."
Walter A. Clark,2 of Augusta, has written a book in which he gives an account of some of the early settle ments of Richmond. The old village of Bath, where Dr. Goulding- held a pastorate at one time, is included among- this number; and in reg-ard to the matter in ques tion, Mr. Clark says: "Dr. Goulding must have been a moderately busy man? for in addition toi his ministerial and literary labors, he devoted a portion of his time to mechanics. In the early forties his hand and brain evolved a sewing-machine, "which is claimed to have been
p. lfi!>. Now York, 189G.

226 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LKGENDS
the first invention of its kind operated on American soil. The practically universal use into which such machines have grown, and the princely incomes secured by Howe and Wilson and Singer and others, from similar inven tions, have led me to investigate the reasons why he failed to profit financially by his mechanical g'enius. Since I beg-an this story the following- variant accounts have been received :
"First, the, inventor's trip to Washington, D. C., in the interest of his patent, was delayed by flooded streams, and a rival claiming the same mechanical principle, in this way, reached the patent office in advance of him.
"Second, on the aforesaid trip, the stage was over turned, and, in the confusion incident thereto, the model was stolen and never recovered.
'' Third, the model dropped from the buggy into a deep stream as he crossed it and was never found.
''!Fom;_th, he failed to locate the eye or opening* of the needle used, near its point, and, for this reason, the 7nachine was never a success.
"I'have been told also that Howe, during a visit to Augusta, was allowed by his friend to inspect the 'work ing of the model; that he saw the defects, applied the remedy, appropriated the motive mechanism, and se cured a patent, which bountifully filled his coffers.
"The needle theory named above was given to me by iny old friend, Mr. J ohn II. Jones, whose memory, al though he has passed his four-score years, is as reten tive as a tar-bucket. It is also confirmed by my friend, Mrs. C. A. K owl and; and since they were both personal friends of Mr. Gonlding, from the lips of whom they re ceived the story, it is evidently the correct version of his failure to utilize his invention. After leaving Bath in 1853, Dr. Goulding lived for a time at Darien, Ga., bu^ spent his last years at Rots we]], Ga. ? where he died in 1881.' ' To the foregoing statement, Mr. Clark after wards added this paragraph: "Since writing the above I have learned through a lady friend that Mrs. Mary Hel-

227
Miss Rutherford, of Athens, an educator of wide note, "whose writings upon historical topics show thorough re search, gives us the following piece of information: "In 1842, while in Eatonton, Ga., Dr. Goulding conceived the idea of the sewing machine, and to this Georgian is due the first practical sewing machine ever known. During 1845, the year before Howe's patent was issued, or Thirmoimier had obtained his, Gouldiiig's sewing machine was in use. He said in his journal: 'Having satisfied myself about this machine, I laid it aside 'that I might attend to other and weightier duties.' Thus it happened that no patent was applied for." Dr. James Stacy, the historian of the Midway settlement, from which, parental source Dr. Goulding sprang, is another witness to the lat ter 's invention. He says that while visiting1 at Bath in the summer of 1848 he saw the remains of an old machine in Dr. Goulding's home; and in the opinion of this com mentator the great author is undoubtedly entitled to the honor whieh the world has accorded to Elias Howe.

CHAPTER XXVII
"The Savannah:" Her Maiden Trip Across the Atlantic in 1819
T O THE merchants of Savannah, foremost among whom was William Scarborough belongs the credit of having built the first steamship to cross the At lantic Ocean. There is no. question concerning the pre mier honors to which this pioneer vessel is entitled. On December 19, 1818, an Act of the Legislature was ap proved by Governor Rabun, incorporating "The Savan nah Steamship Company,'' composed of the following charter members: William Scarborough, A.. B. Funnin, J. P. McKinnie, Samuel Howard, Charles Howard, John Haslett, Moses Kodgers, A, S. iBnlloch, John Bogue, An drew Low & Co., Kobert Isaacs, J. Minis, S. C- Dunning, J. P. Henry, John Speakman, Robert Mitchell, E. and J. Haborsham, James S. Bulloch, Gideon Pott, W. S. Gillett and Samuel Yates.*1 At a subsequent meeting of the stockholders, on February 25, 1819, the following persons were elected directors: William Scarborough, Bobert Isaacs, S. C. Dunning, James S. Bulloch and Joseph Habersham. There was a ready sale for the shares of the company, due to the well-known character and high standing of the incorporators. Potts and McKinnie, of New York, were selected by the company as agents to superintend the work of construction. It was strictly
Lamar's Digest, p. 523.

"THE SAVANNAH"

229

an American product. The hull of the vessel was built in New York, while the machinery was cast at Elizabeth, N. J. Early in the spring of 1819, the "City of Savan nah," with streamers afloat, slipped from her moorings.
Says a well-known writer: 1 On March 28, she made her trial trip from New York to Savannah, receiving a most enthusiastic reception from hundreds of citizens, assembled upon the wharves to welcome her. 2 The ves sel was commanded by Captain Moses Rodders, an ex perienced engineer. On May 20, she sailed for Liver pool, according to the advertisement, in ballast, without, however, any passengers. Just one month later she came to anchor in the harbor of Liverpool. The paddles were so made that they could be removed from the shaft, without difficulty, in twenty minutes. Approaching Liver pool, they were used with spectacular effect to awe the British onlookers. With her sails set and her wheels plying, she steamed into the Mersey, "proud as any princess going to her coronation."
Remaining" in Liverpool for a month, visited by thou sands, she then continued her way to St. Petersburg, where Captain Bodgers, with his novel craft, was received with every mark of respect and admiration. The 20th of November of the same year found her steaming into the port whose name she bore, with neither a screw, bolt, or rope-yard parted, according to her proud commander, notwithstanding much rough weather experienced. Later sold to a company of New York merchants, and divested of her steam apparatus, she was converted into a sailingpacket between Savannah and New York, and was finally lost off the coast of Long Island. LTnfortunately, as a financial venture, she was fifteen years in advance of the
1 Adela.idfi Wilson, in fristoric and Picturesque Savannah. " In tile spring of 1813, President James Monroe visited Savannah, where
m West jore the L school
of the Independent Presbyterian Church. He also made a trip to Tyhee, on the new steamship, the "City of Savannah."

230 GEORGIA'S LANTOIAKICM, MTCXI.OKIALS ATXTJ> Jjp:;-jEisr Dw
times. In 1856, upon the opening of the Crystal Palace in London, the Allairc Works, in New York, exhibited the identical cylinder of the old .steamship, the "City of Savannah." The only known, part of the steamship in ex istence, it is now oil exhibition in the Crystal Palace, where the "Savannah's" I off-book is also to he seen.

CHAPTER XXVIII
How the "General" Was Captured: The Story of the Famous Andrews' Raid
P tJBHAPS the most accurate account which has yet appeared in print of the thrilling episode of the (Jivil War known as the .Andrews' Haid, has come from the pen of Mr. Wilber G. Rurtz, of Chicago. T3eforc writing this article, Mr. Eurtz traversed every foot of ground upon which this stirring war drama was staged; ho interviewed every survivor of the affair who could possibly be found; ho inspected every valve, screw, joint, and wheel belonging to the engines which partici pated in thu famous episode; and when he finished his tusk there was nothing more to be said or written upon the subject. It adds a delicate flavor of romance to the story which the author has so charmingly told to state that Mr. K\irtz, who is a gentleman of Northern birth, afterwards married daughter of Captain W. A. Fuller, one of the heroes of this episode. Mr. Kurtz occupies a high position in the social and business world of the Middle West. The story of the famous raid is as follows:
Ta April, ]802, n division of Bncll's army, jn rojnnmnd of Opucral O. AI. Mitchel, ivaa encamped near Sheibyvillo, Teun. While here a Union spy and contraband mercuant, James Andrews, ivas given permision 1)? Alitche] to coaffntt a paT^y of volunteers to some point on tlio W. and A. Railroad (the State road) in Georgia, seize a locomotive and run north ward, burning bridges and destroying track hchiml them.
Some engineer nrre to be in ihis party to insure Ihe handling of the locomotive, anil, hcrnunc of hja fi-<mcnt trip! TvitliiTi (L'oofetl?Ttc linen, An-

232 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
drews was familiar with all the details of the road. Tt was arranged that Mitehel's division should capture TTuntsville, Ala., the same day (April 11) that Andrews destroyed the railroad; this being successful and Chatta nooga thereby cut off from Atlanta and the South, Mitehcl would then in vest the mountain city and hold it for reinforcements.
The capture of Chattanooga meant the possession of East Tennessee, with its loyal mountaineers a scheme that anticipated what actually took place a year later, when Rosecrans battled at Chickamauga for the pos session of that which now only a handful of men sought to gain, Mitchel's signal to advance along the Memphis arid Charleston liailroad to Chatta nooga from Huntsville, was to be the arrival of the victorious Andrews party with the report that the only road going southward from Chatta nooga was in ruins. Such was the scheme; the story of the raid sets forth its singular and tragic failure.
Marietta, Ga., twenty miles north of Atlanta, was the point selected from which the return trip should be made. Here the raiders were to spend the night of April 10, and on the next day the morning train north was to "be boarded, and when the "breakfast station at Big Shanty was reached, the locomotive was to be seized. But the raiders were so hampered by the heavy rains while traveling overland from Shelbyville to Chattanooga that Andrews decided to postpone the raid one day, reasoning that- if his small party was so delayed Mitehel's division surely -would be. So it was on the night of the llth when the party, twenty-two in number, found themselves in Marietta.
The next morning twenty of them, including Andrews, boarded Con ductor 'William A. Puller's train, bound for Chattanooga. Two of the party failed to make this train. Just as was planned, the raiders seized the engine and three box cars which happened to be nest the tender, while crew and passengers were at breakfast at the Lacey Hotel, Big Shanty, seven miles north of Marietta. This' point of seizure had been selected because it afforded the best opportunity there being no telegraph office from which to send any intelligence of the affair.
"With four men in the cab and the rest of the score in the rear box car the locomotive "General" started northward. To all inquirers, -who showed a most exasperating interest in the strange outfit Puller's regular engine and schedule, but an unknown crew Andrews declared he was running a powder train through to General Beaurcgard, then at Corinth a plausible story, since this was but a few days after Shiloh.
The '' General'' and the '' powder train '' were delayed quite a while at Kingston on account of some freight trains coming southward. Whether or not these were "extras" flying southward from Mitchel's investure of Huntsville the preceding day is a mooted question. Be that as it may, M'itcliel did capture Huntsville April 11, just as planned.
Of course, the unexpected seizure of the locomotive at Big Shanty threw all in a commotion. Conductor Fuller, being responsible for his train in more ways than one, was the first to set about its recovery. He ran after

How THE "GENERAL" WAS CAPTURED

233

the steaming locomotive afoot! With him were Mr. Anthony Murphy, then the foreman of machine and motive power of the road, and Jeff Cain, the engineer. The runners found a platform handcar at Moon's Station, and on this they poled and pushed their way down grade to the Etowah Biver, being assisted by two section hands from Moon 's and two citizens of Aeworth. At first, pursuers' surmised the seizure of the engine was by some deserters, who took this means to get to the woods, but reports of persons along the road, together with evidences of hostility and destruction, such as cut wires, cross-ties on the rails and even missing rails, convinced them that a formidable enemy was ahead.
At the Etowah bridge they found an old locomotive, the "Yonah," used on a spur road leading to some iron works up the river. This they pressed into service and ran the distance to Kingston at a record-breaking speed, for, strange to relate, the raiders had removed no rails' between the river and Kingston. Here they were halted by the same freights that had delayed Andrews, with no possibility of passing anyway soon, seeing whit'll, Mr. filler and Mr. Murphy at once pressed into service' the little locomotive, William R. Smith, of the Borne Railroad, Oliver Wilcy Harbin, engineer. The raiders had left the place but a few minutes earlier.
Four or five miles north of Kingston the "Smith" was forced to give over the chase on account of a missing portion of the track. Mr. Fuller and Mr. Murphy ran on, leaving the Rome road engine and its crowd, and a few miles ahead they' met the "Texas," with a train of freight cars, and for its engineer Peter Bracken, late o.f Maeon, Ga. Bracken stopped his train, and at the behest of the two pursuers, "backed to Adairsville, where the cars were placed on a siding. Then, running backward, the chase was resumed. This was the last locomotive used by the pursuers. Aboard it were Captain William A. Puller, Anthony Murphy, Peter Bracken, Henry Haney (fireman), Alonzo Martin and Fleming Cox. At Calhoun another member wa,s added to this) party a lad of, 17 years. This was Edward BTendcrson, of Dalton, telegraph operator. The industrious use of wire cutters by Andrews had started the lad southward on the morning passen ger to investigate. He got no fiirther' than Calhoun, and when the "Texas" came along, was recognized by Fuller, who assisted the lad aboard the moving engine. The conductor then wrote out a message tq General Ledbettcr at Chattanooga, apprising him of events and the com ing of the captured locomotive. This he gave Henderson, with the instruction to send as soon as Dalton was reached.
Just a few miles north of Calhoun, the pursuers came in sight for the first time, of the pursued. The latter 's efforts to raise another rail here were fruitless,- their frantic attempts to impede and wreck by the use of cross-tics dropped from their rear and even the cutting loose of two box cars failed to dannt the intrepid crew of the '' Texas.' ' The cross-ties were removed, the box cars were shoved on to the nest siding and from this on it was a test of endurance; the locomotives made records that day little dreamed of by builder and owner. Screaming whistles alarmed the

234 GEORGIA'S IJAXDMAR.K;--, MEMORIALS AND JjECHMDS
towns na(l soldiery oi' the n:ad chase; pursuers joined in the wake of the reversed and careening "Texas," whose passage; of the tunnel was but one of its many thrilling arid fatalistic moments.
Hard pushed, the raiders played their hist card; they set fire to their remaining ca.r. hi the hopes of burning a covered Ohie-kainauga bridge just south of Ifinggold. K\it the game was lost the fire refused to work its destruction, largely owing to the drizzling rain and dampness that had marred any previous attempts during the course of their run.
The failure of wood aud water brought them to a dead stop at the summit of the grade, a, mile and a half north of TJinggold, while leader and men look to the dense wood bordering the road. Their scheme had been foiled; had there not been this catastrophe at iiinggold they would have been stopped below Ohatlanooga, for Puller's message had gone from Dalton ere Andrews could sever the. wire. The neighborhood was alarmed, and within two we~ks the whole of the twenty-two men were ill prison at Chattanooga most of them being taken that day and the next. Alitchel made some show of advancing on Chattanooga without his expected knowledge of the raid's outcome, but he was forced to retire and the town was not captured until September., 1SG3.
Andrews, tried as a spy at Chatlanooga, and seven of his men, tried ou similar charges at Knoxyille, were sentenced to hung the leader perishing' in Atlanta, June 7, 1802, at a place now on 1 he corner of Peachtree Street and Ponce de 1-eon Avenue. Tine seven men were taken from the old county jail that stood at Fair and Fraser Streets, and hanged near Oakland Cemetery, on ground now owned by the street railroad company, corner of Fair and Park Avenue. Military events delayed further trials, and on October 10 the rest of the party broke .jail in broad daylight, and eight succeeded in reaching the Union iints. The other six were exchanged from .Richmond, in March, 38G3.

CHAPTER XXIX
How Mr. Bryan Secured His Nomination in 1896
AS tlie result of a sing'le speech delivered with marveJous oratorical effect, at an opportune moment, in the famous Chicago convention of 1896, William ,J. PJryan made himself the standard-bearer of the National Democracy in three separate Presidential campaigns, and shaped the history of the Democratic party in the nation for more than a score of years. But it was due largely to the prompt initiative and to the bugle-toned eloquence of a gifted Georgian that his nomination for the high office of President, in 1896, became an accomplished fact. The distinguished member of the Georgia delegation who presented his name to the convention was the late Judge Henry T. Jjewis, of Greensboro, afterwards elevated to a seat on the Supreme Court Bench. lion. Clark Howell, for 3~ears a member of the National Democratic Execulire Committee, took a prominent part in the proceed ings of this convention; and, in a racy article which he afterwards wrote for his great paper, he tells the story of Bryan's nomination. Says Hr. Howell:
'' The Democratic convention of 1S9G was fruitful of dramatic episodes. Tiie .second Cleveland administration was drawing to a discredited close when the 1S9G convention met. The opponents of Cleveland and the friends of .free silver were in control. It was a crusading lot of Democrats who gathered in Chicago that year to nominate, a. President and. to sail the Democratic ship into unknown seas.
"Several men w-cre candidate* for the nomination, among them 'Silver' Dick Bland ami 'Horizontal Bill' Morrison. The man who sr-enred the

236 GEORGIA'S TflANDMAKics, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
nomination had never been thought of in that connection, save by himself and one member of the Georgia delegation. The man who thought he would "be nominated, and who was nominated, was, of course, "William J. Bryan. The member of the Georgia delegation who had thought of Bryan in con nection with the nomination was Hal Lewis, an ardent free silver man, as were all the members of the Georgia delegation, and he had been attracted by some speeches Bryan had made while in Congress.
"Bryan was not even a delegate when he reached Chicago. He came as a member of a contesting delegation. ,T, Sterling Morion, who was' in Cleveland 's Cabinet, controlled the machinery in Nebraska, and he had sent an anti-silver delegation to Chicago. Bryan came with a delegation to fight the admission of the Morton faction. I was a member of the sub-committee of the national committee which passed on this contest and reported in favor of Bryan and his friends, and they were seated. That report gave Bryan an opportunity to get into the convention and to make his ' Cross-ofGolcl' speech, which made him the nominee. It is curious to speculate as to what would have been the history of Bryan and the Democratic party if our report had been in favor of the J. Sterling Morton faction.
'' Bryan, once seated in the convention, watched for his opportunity, and when it came unloosed that crown-of-thorns and eross-of-gold speech, which not only gave him the nomination for the, Presidency,, but shaped the course of the Democracy through many campaigns.
"Bryan's speech was a great oratorical effort, and it spell-bound the convention. Hal Lewis, of Georgia, however, was the man who turned that speech into practical benefit for Bryan. "When the Georgia delegation got together, after Bryan 's speech, Lewis at onc-e began to urge the ISTebraskau a.s available for the nomination, and soon had the delegation agreeing with him. Bryan was seen, and it was agreed that his name should be presented by Lewis.
"'When Georgia was called, Lewis was' carried to the platform on the shoulders of the Georgia delegation. Lewis was a remarkable man. He was a fine speaker, with a magnificent voice, but he 'spoke only on the rarest occasions. "When he did speak, however, he was, like a volcano in eruption, and he was certainly volcanic when he presented the name of Bryan to the convention. His speech was second only to the cross-of-gold effort of Bryan, and long "before Lewis ceased to speak the nomination of Bryan was a foregone conclusion."
In presenting Mr. Bryan's name to the convention in Chicago, Jiidge Lewis spoke as follows :

MR. BRYAN's NOMINATION

237

for the Presidency of the United States, a, distinguished citizen, whose, very name is an earnest of success, whoso political record will insure Democratic. victory, and whose life and character are loved and honored by the whole American people. 7 '
"Should public office be bestowed as a reward for public service? Then no man more than he merits this reward. Is public office a public trust? Then in no other hands can be more safely lodged this greatest trust in the gift of a great people. Was public office created for the welfare of the public and for the prosperity of the country? Then, under Ms' leader ship in the approaching campaign, may we confidently hope to achieve these great ends in human government. In the political storms which have hitherto swept over the country he lias stood on the field of battle, among the loaders of the Democratic hosts, like Saul among the Israelites, head and shoulders above the rest. As1 Mr. Prcntiss said of the immortal Clay, so we can truthfully say of him, that 'his civic laurels' will not yield in splendor to the "brightest ehaplet that ever bloomed upon a warrior's brow."
"Sir, he needs no speech to introduce him to this convention. lie needs no encomium to commend him to the people of the United States. Honor him, fellow Democrats, and you will honor yourselves. Nominate him, and you will reflect credit upon the party you represent. Place in his hands the J>emocra,tic standard and yon will have a leader worthy of your cause and will win for yourselves the plaudits of your constituents and the blessings of posterity. I refer, fellow citizens, to the TTon, William J. Bryan, of the State of Nebraska.' 7

But to resume Mr. Ho well's narrative. Continues he:
"The curious1 thing about the 1896 convention was that the result, so far as Bryan was' concerned., was no surprise. Bryan came to the convention be lieving he would be the nom5nef3 and had everything arranged to that end. Mr. Bryan himself is authority for this statement. I was very close to Mr. Bryan in those days, and remained close to him long afterwards. After the convention I had a conversation with Bryan in the. old Clifton Hotel in Chicago, and I asked him if he were not surprised when the con vention turned to him.
" 'Not a bit,' said Bryan. 'I came to Chicago expecting to capture the convention by a speech and be nominated. It has worked out just as T expected.'
*' I then asked Bryan if the cross-of-gold speech was extemporaneous, resulting from the inspiration of the moment. Bryan greeted the question with a hearty laugh.
tt 'There was nothing extemporaneous about it, 1 he said. 'I prepared that speech wTeeks in advance; memorized it so I could repeat it backward or forward and declaimed it over and over again. "Extemporaneous! N"o, indeed!' And Mr. Bryan continued to laugh. So you see the climax of

238 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the 1896 convention was as carefully rehearsed and staged as any produc tion ever presented liy that master of stage-craft, .David Belaseo. By way of contrast, it is worth mentioning that Georgia, which did so much for Bryaii in 1896 and 3900, had completely broken with him by 1908. In the latter year at the Denver convention, although Bryan controlled, he never received a vote from the Georgia delegation."

CHAPTER XXX
The Wren'* Nest: It* Memories of Joel Chandler Harris
O N Saturday, May 23, 1U14, with simple but impressivo ceremonies, one of the most famous lit erary Meccas of America was formally dedicated as a public memorial to the gentle author who here lived. It wns the home of Joel Chandler Harris, honored and beloved the world over under the familiar name of "Uncle Hemus." Several hundred people were gathered on the spacious lawn in front of the beautiful Harris homo, to witness an event which for months bad been anticipated with keenest interest, especially by Atlanta's army of children. "Snap Rean T"arm" was the name which Mr. Harris gave to the plot of ground on which he built his home in West End; but the oosy little dwell ing-place itself, wreathed with luxuriant vines, lie called "The Wren's Nest." There was a world of tenderness locked up in this name, for no one ever surpassed Mr. Harris in bis love for dumb creatures. The birds wore bis feathered friends. But there was one in particular, a little wren who built her nest in the vines above his front door; and from this circumstance arose the name by which the Harris home was ever afterwards known. He allowed no one to disturb the bird; and, so long as she chose to honor his home in this way, the nest in which she cradled her young was as sacred to him as an ark of the Temple.
Two of the largest contributors to the Uncle Renrus Memorial Fund were former President Theodore jRoose-

240 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
velt and Mr. Andrew Carnegie, both of whom were warm personal admirers of Mr, Harris, The former devoted to this end the proceeds of a special lecture which he delivered in Atlanta, immediately following- his return from the African jungles, in 1910, at which time, in a world-wide sense, he was the man of the hour; and the freceipts from this 'lecture netted, in round numbers, $5,000. Tlie latter, in fulfilment of a promise to duplicate whatever sum was realized from the Roosevelt lecture, promptly sent his check for a like amount. But when due credit is given to everyone who made a contribution, however great or small, it still remains that to the un wearied efforts of the IJncle Remus Memorial Associa tion, under the wise leadership of Mrs. A. McIX "Wilson as president, the real success of the movement must be credited; and so long- as the "Wren's Nest endures as a memorial to Mr. Harris, it will be fragrant with the mem ories of these gentle women.
~We clip the following brief account of the exercises from a local newspaper:*
"For some months the Wren's Nest has been open to the public and thousands of persons who knew and loved Joel Chandler Harris, as well as hundreds who only knew him through his writings, have made the trip to West End to view the quaint cottage where the happiest hours of Uncle Bemus were spent in the quiet of his family circle. Thousands have viewed the room where he slept and did his literary work, or sat in the shade of the broad veranda where in the eool of tlie evenings tlio gentle master of Snap Bean Farm was in the habit of watching the birds and the bees and the rabbits and other forms of animal or insect life, each one of which held some message for him which at some time or other he translated into classics which will be handed down to future genera tions'.
"But while the Wren's Nest has been the Mecca of many, it was not until Saturday that it was formally dedicated. Eloquent as were the speeches of Governor John M. Slaton, Colonel Frederic J. Paxon and M>s. A. McD. Wilson, an even more eloquent tribute to the memory of the departed sage of Snap Bean Farm was the large crowd of little children who filled the grounds and overflowed the house and the spacious
Atlanta Constitution, May 24, 1914.

THE WBEN'S NEST.'
Where the Famous "Uncle Remus" Stories were Written by Joel Chandler Harris, in West End, Atlanta, Ga,

THE WRKN'S NEST

241

porches. All of them had heard the Uncle Renms stories', and the spirit of them the mystery and the awe of the fabled creatures of Uncle Benrus' fancy seemed to j)ervade the little one. The homo of Uncle Remus was to them almost holy ground. Many of thorn looked as if they expected to see Jir'er I1 ox or Br 'er B'jir or Miss Meadcrs and the Gals appear in the very flesh and confront them. It was a silent but an eloquent tribute to the memory of Joel Chandler Harris' one that would have touchod his heart!
"Following the formal exercises and the unveiling of the bronze basrelief of Joel Chandler Harris, presented to the Uncle Remus Memorial Association by Roger Noble Burnham, the annual May day festival, which has been a feature of the Wren's Nest for Home four years, was held.
""Colonel P. J. Paxon acted as master of ceremonies, and Rev. Father Jackson, a close personal friend of Joel Chandler Harris, delivered an elo quent invocation. Governor John M. Slaton, the principal speaker of the day, spoke next. Governor Slaton's tribute to Uncle Remus was a literary gem. He seemed to have caught the spirit of Joel Chandler Harris and his words brought the departed author in closer touch with those who had known him in life. Detached excerpts from the speech would give but little idea of its beauty and tenderness.
"Colonel Paxon paid a high tribute to Mrs. A. McD. Wilson, president of the Uncle Remus Memorial Association, to whose untiring efforts the preservation of the home was made possible. Mrs. Wilson spoke briefly of the work of th e association and told how, through tireless effort, the asso ciation had at last been able to purchase the home and throw it open to the public. Following Mrs. Wilson's speech, the bas-relief of Joel Chandler Uarris-r-a splendid likeness of the dead author was unveiled."

Mr. Ivy Lee, now of Philadelphia, but formerly of "West End, lias given us an intimate appreciation of TIncle Remus, with quite a number of charming glimpses into the author's home life at Snap Bean Farm. Says he:
It was at 4i Snap Bean Farm," a plot of ground in West End, about two miles from the center of Atlanta, that Joel Chandler Harris lived. He loved the place, its simplicity, its rura]-like charm. Here he wrote his stories, using generally a lead pencil and the arm of a rocking*-chair, on his "wide front veranda. Here strangers visiting Atlanta came to see what manner of place it was. "We have no literary foolishness here," said Mr. Harris one day^ concerning Snap Bean Farm. "We like

242 GEORGIA's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AT-JD IJEGBNDS
people more than we do books, and we find more in there." It was at Snap Bean Farm tliat Andrew Car negie visited the author of Uncle lleimis. Here, too, the children have grown up. Here Mr. Harris built houses for them when they married, and here his grand children began to breathe an atmosphere of purity and wliolesomeness. Here he died, and here now they talk of establishing a memorial to his memory: that men of future generations ma.y come and see the s"ame trees, flow ers and haunts of birds which he so deeply enjoyed.
As the years went.by, Mr. Harris did more arid more of his work at Snap Keaii Farm. He would corne in town for the morning editorial conference at the Consti tution office, and then return home to do his work. He saw few people, as a rule, and did but little traveling. However, a few years ag"o, he did go to Washing'ton to see the President; and lie described his visit most charm ingly for his magazine, in an article under the heading: "Mr. Billy Sanders, of Shady Dale He Visits thc_'White House." Before coming- to Atlanta to live, in 3876, Mr. Harris, while in Savannah, married Miss Essie Tja Rose. Nine children blessed the union, of whom six are still living: Julian, who succeeded his father as editor of the Uncle, Remus Magazine, a paper founded by the author shortly before his death; Lucien, Evelyn, Joel Chandler, Jr., Essie, now Mrs. Fritz 'Wagner, and Mildred, now Mrs. Edwin Caxnp.
Joel ('handler Harris was making great strides on the Savannah Neu-f, when, in .1870, an epidemic of yellow fever swept the town. With his family he fled to Atlanta. Here Evan P. Howel] gave the ambitious young journal ist a place on the Constitution, and here he was to re main continuously for more than twenty-five years. Tip to this time Mr. Harris had never written in negro dia lect. Sam A;\r. Small, however, had made quite a hit with his "Old Si" stories; and, having been taken ill, or from

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some other cause, they were discontinued. Soon letters began to come in.inquiring1 why "Old Si" was left out of the paper; and one day Captain Ilowell, in a most common-place way, said to Harris :
"Joe, why don't you try your hand at writing this sort of thing?"
Harris remonstrated, but Howell insisted. The next day there appeared in the columns of the (Constitution the first of the Uncle Remus stories. Mr. Turner, on the old Eatonton plantation, had prepared the soil, Uncle George Terrell had .sown the seed, Captain II owe] 1 brought forth the blossom. They were the same stories which other Southern boys had been hearing from in fancy, but somehow with the new telling they seemed al together different. It was art in action; and most of them were born at Snap Bean Farm. Though Mr. Harris seldom went away from home, his family occasionally took a summer outing, leaving TJncle Remus to hold the fort. Mr. Forrest Adair relates an interesting1 story of what took place on one of these occasions:
Uncle Remus was alone in his house -working on. an editorial, when a ring at the door disturbed him. He answered the, bell, and a rather genteel-looking, middle-aged man saluted him, orl'eriiig toilet soap for
interruption, Harris said rather brusquely that he did not need any soap. ".But J am on the verge of starvation," said the man. "The idea," laughed Mr. Harris. "Why, you are wearing a better
fioat than I have- '' "You would not talk so," lie replied, in a tremulous voice, "if you
had seen how hard my poor wife rubbed and brushed my eoat this morn ing so that 1 would present a decent appearance."
Harris then saw that the coat was old, almost threadbare, but exceed ingly elean and neat. He glanced again at the man's face.
"JJxense me, " be said, "T was very busy when you called, and spoke thoughtlessly. Now that T. think of it, I do need some soap. The fact is, 1 am completely out."
'' Thank you, '' interrupted the man. ' * Here are .three cakes for a qiiarter. "
"Nonsense," said Harris. "Here is a five-dollar bill. 1 will take it all out in soap. Have to have it couldn't <lo without it always buy it in five-dollar lots." The peddler left his stock and delivered another lot

244 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
later. It was a good day's work for him. Tliis was just like Uncle Remus. He was always doing such things.
Mr. Harris repeatedly declined offers of large sums of money to ap pear before audiences and to read selections from his own writings, like Mr. Kiley and Mr. Page. But lie was too modest. lie replied that he could not do it if he were offered $100,000 an evening. Mr. Harris was the most timid of men. In the presence of strangers his tongue refused to act. But he accompanied Mr. Grady once to his old home in Eatonton, where the latter delivered one of his great speeches; and at its close some of the old neighbors of M'r. Harris ca'lled iim out. It seemed that for once he would have to speak. But an idea struck him; he arose to his feet and remarked: "I have never "been able to make a speech without taking a drink of water, so you must wait until I can get some water. '' '\Vhereupon he left'the platform and did not return. They laughed and cheered as he walked down the aisle, for they knew what it meant. The last year and a half of his life was. devoted to the magazine which he established and edited.*'
*Con<aensetl from Memories or Joel Chandler Harris, edited by Ivy 1,. Lee.

CHAPTER XXXI
Stone Mountain: A Monolith of Prehistoric Times
I N SOME respects at least, there is not a landmark in America to. compare with the gig-antic boulder which towers to the north of the Georgia Railroad, in DeKalb County, sixteen miles east of Atlanta Stone Moun tain. Rising- ont of a comparatively level and monoto nous area of country, it is certainly unparalleled as a curiosity of nature, if not the largest solid mass of ex posed rock on the Continent. It rises to; an altitude of nearly two thousand feet above the sea, is between six and seven miles in circumference at the base, and towers above1 the surrounding plain like an Egyptian pyramid. If it be a spur of the Blue Ridge, there is nothing above ground to indicate it. On every side, the landscape, over which it commands an unbroken outlook, is perfectly level, though underneath it for miles there runs into the neighboring- County of Eockdale a buried mass of gran ite, "which can be traced from the base of Stone Mountain to the region east of Lithonia. The character of the rock for building purposes is unsurpassed. It has been used extensively in paving streets and in rearing public struc tures in various parts of the United States.
From the earliest times it has been a conspicuous ob ject upon the horizon. Beared by no human agency, it suggests a memorial to the gods; and upon its rugged breast of adamant the lightnings alone have been power ful enough to chisel an inscription. The Indians looked upon it with superstitious awe. Among- the red men of

246 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LKGENDR
the wilderness, it was a favorite place of meeting; and when Alexander McGillivray, the noted half-breed chief of the Creeks, started to New York to treat with the United States Government, in 1790, it was here that, he met the subordinate chiefs who were to accompany him on the trip. By the early inhabitants of the State it was called liock Mountain. Dr. Sherwood, who wrote the famous Clazeteer, was perhaps the first to depart from this custom. He called it Stone Mountain. At one time there was a tower erected upon the summit, but it long ago fell a prey to the storms. Further back still an an cient wall encompassed the mountain, but not u trace of it remains. As a place of resort for holiday excur sionists, Stone Mountain has long been popular, despite the tragic accidents which have sometimes occurred along the eastern declivities. To scientists it presents a curious study, if not a positive puzzle; and behind it there doubt less lies the story of some tragic convulsion in prehis toric times.
Long- before there was a house built at Deeatur there was a settlement at Stone Mountain. As early as. 1825, a stage-coach line ran from Milledgeville to this place, com ing- by way of Eatonton and Madison. There is nothingto show that it ran to Deeatur. In 1830, the Macon Tele graph printed this item in regard to Eock Mountain: "About one-quarter of a mile from the top,are seen the remains of an old fortification which formerly extended around the summit, and which was built to guard every approach leading thereto, the only entrance being" through a natural passage under the loose rock, where only one person could enter at a time, by crawling upon all fours. The whole length of the wall at first was probably a mile, breast high on the inside. It consisted of loose fragments of rock." The account goes on to tell the pa thetic story of two dogs, both of which were killed by falling1 over the precipitous slopes of the mountain. They

STONE MOUNTAIN: The Greatest Solid (Mass of Exposed Rock in tlie World.

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accompanied a party of hunters; and, while playing too near the edge of the cliff, they were drawn over the perilous point, one of them being instantly dashed to pieces on the rocks below, Not a whole bone was left in the dog's hody. The other one caught at a jutting fragment of stone; but after howling piteously for two days became exhausted, relaxed his hold, and shored the fate of his companion. The article states still further that in 1788 the mountain was visited by a British ouicer, who found a fort on the extreme summit. But there is nothing in the account from which we quote to tell us by whom the structure was built.
"William (_% itichards, in 1842, published a book enti tled: ''Georgia Illustrated."* He was quite a. noted au' or in his day. The following account of a visit made by him to Kock Mountain will be of interest. It is in the nature of an important contribution to the history of this ancient landmark. Says he:
"We coinmenced the ascent with light and rapid steps, over the o)id pathway. Before we were conscious of it, we had accomplished half the distance to the sum mit, and entered a narrow wood which nourishes upon a considerable plain of soil. We lingered a while at the ruins of the hot. On the western view of the mountain the scenery is grand and imposing. This side of the mountain presents on almost uninterrupted surface of rock. It is not perpendicular, Imt exhibits rather a eonvex face deeply marked with furrows. ]^uring a phower
of rain a tlionsand waterfalls poured down these channels, and it, as sometimes happens, the sun breakw forth in its splendor, the mimic torrents Gash and sparkle in his beams.
"Tn the afternoon we reascended the mountain, ac companied by the owner of the tower. This singular edi fice, resembling somewhat a lighthouse, is an octagonal pyramid, built entirely o? wood. It stands u%yon the rock

"Georgia Illustrated, pp 3 G, PenReld, 1842.

248 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
with no fastenings but its own gravity, and its height is 165 feet. It was built nearly three years ago at a cost of $5,000. The erection of a lofty tower upon the summit of a high mountain is certainly a unique and curious ex ploit. The projector and proprietor is Mr. Aaron Cloud, of McDonough, and the work is commonly called Cloud's Tower. We ascended to the summit by nearly three hundred steps. The prospects we obtained were wide and beautiful, having the single fault of being rather too monotonous. The eyes rest upon a vast continuity of forest. The plantations and settlements appear small amid the sea of foliage. By the aid of good telescopes we distinguished five county towns. By way of parenthe sis, I remark, that in 1847 I ascended this tower and to'ok in view the surrounding territory. Among the towns I located was that of Atlanta, then a few straggling huts, just beyond Decatur.
"Among the curiosities of the mountain there are two which are deserving of notice. One is the 'cross roads.* These are two crevices or fissures in the rock, which cross each other nearly at right angles. They com mence as mere cracks, increasing in width and depth of five feet at their intersection. Another is the ruins of a fortification, which once surrounded the crown of the mountain. When, or by whom, it was erected is unknown. The Indians say that it was there before the time of their fathers. In this connection occurs the suggestion that Fernando 13eSoto landed in Florida about 1539 "with 600 men and 200 horses. He passed his second winter in what is now known as a part of Georgia, among the Chickasaws. At that time the Chickasaws occupied the country which is now Stone Mountain. Tradition also informs us that many years before Columbus came to America, a number of persons from Wales passed a winter in Georgia and made potash."
We are indebted to an article by Dr. R. J. Massey for the following item. Says he: ''As early as July 4, 1828,

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a number of visitors celebrated the day with a dinner on the top of this mountain. Among 'Other performances, a poem entitled: "Spirits of '76," was delivered. Long after the completion of the Georgia Railroad to Atlanta, Stone Mountain retained its prominence as a pleasure resort and as a center of travel. There was a line of stage coaches which ran daily from the mountain to Dahlonega, passing through Lawrenceville and Gainesville. At this time, in very important matters, Stone Mountain was a place of gathering, preferred even to Atlanta. The Georgia Agricultural Society originated at this moun tain in the early fifties of the last century, when such men as Mark A. Cooper and David J. Bailey and others like them were summering at this point. Here they con ceived and organized the State Fair, "which for years thereafter was held at Stone Mountain." White tells us in his Statistics that as an object of interest to sight seers there "were few spectacles, either in this country or abroad, to surpass this old landmark; and from what other writers say we are led to believe that Stone Moun tain, during the early days of the last century, was the most popular resort in Georgia. Thousands of people visited the place annually, some of them coming from remote parts of the State and some from distant sections of the South. With a trolley-line now connecting it with Atlanta the ancient glories of Stone Mountain may be revived.

Just as this work goes to press, there is a movement under way to chisel into the living rock of Stone Moun tain, on the precipitous side, looking1 toward the North, a colossal statue of Robert K. Lee; and, if this startling proposition is ever put into effect it may result in a work of art which "will rank among the wonders of the world. The magnitude of the proposed statue, its eleva tion above surrounding objects, its durability, its color, these all commend it as an inspirational idea ; and with the Atlanta spirit behind it, re-enforced by the tremen dous leverage of a great metropolitan newspaper, the ul-

250 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
timate success of the movement can be predicted with confidence. On Sunday, June 14, 1914, Hon. John Temple Graves, editor of the New York A-inerican, published in the Atlanta Georgian a ringing editorial upon this sub ject, the effect of which upon the popular mind of the South has been fairly electrical. Said Colonel Graves, in part:
"To the veterans of the dead Confederacy, to the daughters and sons, uiid to -all who revere the memories of that historic and immortal struggle, 1 "bring today the suggestion of a great memorial, perfectly simple, per fectly feasible, and which if realized will giro to the Confederate soldier and liis memories the most majestic monument, set in the most magnificent frame in all the world. Just now, while the loyal devotion of this great people of the South is considering a general and enduring monument to the great cause 'fought without shame and lost without dishonor,' it seems to me that nature and Providence have set the immortal shrine right at our doors.
"I will TIOt "build up to the proposition. 1 will state it briefly bluntly directly. It will speak for itself more eloquently than words can speak.
"Stone Mountain is distinctly one of the wonders of the world. Its glories have never been fully appreciated or utilized by the people who see; it every day. It is a mountain, of s'olid granite one mile from its summit to its base. Much of Atlanta has been builded from it, and there is enough left to build ten more Atlantas without touching the lofty spot that is nearest to the sun.
"On the steep side of Stone. Mountain, facing- northward, there Is a sheer declivity that rises or falls' from 900 to 1,000 feot.
side let those who love the Southern dead combine to have the engineers cut a projection 30 feet wide and 100 feet deep. Into this projection and as high as it may be made let us ask L,orado Taft, the republic's great sculp tor, to chisel a heroic statue, 70 feet high, of the Confederate soldier in the nearest possible resemblance to "Robert "E. ]>e. Let him chisel also the insignia of the Confederate uniform, of which the gray stone is the natural base.
"And there twelve hundred feet above the plain let us place the old gray granite hat upon that noble head, with its grand eyes turned toward Atlanta Phoebus and Phoenix; holocaust and miracle of the Civil War and from this Godlike eminence let our Confederate hero calmly look history and the future in the face!
"Shut your eyes and think of it. It will grow upon you until the glow and glory of the idea will keep you awake at night Las it did with Forrest Adair and General Andrew "West, to whom I first confided it.
"There will be no monument in all the world like this, our monument to

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the Confederate dead. None so majestic:, none so magnificently framed, and none that will more powerfully attract the interest and the admiration of those who have a sonl,
(< Tlu: Tnon <.-, Lucerne, carved npon the mountain rock, commemorating the etmi'ixge of the Swiss Uuards and attracting the attention of visitors all over the world,, lies eouchant five hundred feet lower than oiir Confederate soldier's feet. Every traveler to "Egypt from Herodotus through the Roman Crt'-;ftr, the Picnoh Napoleon and the English Gladstone to the American "Roosevelt has stoo<l in a,we "beside the silent Sphinx massive and solemn cut -from the stone, and now remaining arf a monument to a departed civili sation. In far away India., a thousand miles northeastward from Bombay and us far -westward from Calcutta, thousands go yearly to the little city of Agra to gaze upon the Taj Mahal, the world's masterpiece of architecture, Homo is famous for the Coliseum, Milan for its great Cathedral, Versailles for the Palace, Cairo for the Pyramids, Delhi for its Kutab-Mjnar, "Rangoon for its Pagoda, and Kamakura for the bronze statue of the Buddha.
"And so, with this heroic statue to Kobert Lee, the flower and incar nation of the Southern soldier, and all for which ho stood, chiseled by an American architect into the towering crest of the most remarkable mountain of solid granite in the world, the little town of Stone Mountain, nestling iH odes (Jy noon the rmter garments of the Capita] of Georgia, will hold

uniting the ivouclers of tlie ago. "*

*IIoJi. Wm. IT. TerrelJ, recently drafted a charterMr. Ten-ell is quite genera suggestion. At any rate he

ell-kr

smber of the Atlanta Bar, has .rliest champions of the project.

CHAPTER XXXII
The Old Field School
Very few people in this decade of the Nineteenth Century know anything of the Old Field School in the Georgia of the long ago. I will try here to give a faint conception of the one "which I attended, and "which was a fair specimen of its class. It was kept by a man named Tomson, who had come into the neighborhood from some where, to hnnt for a school. Nobody, I suppose, examined him, or knew anything about his qualifications, character or antecedents. He was about forty years old, clean shaved, rather good looking and a little better dressed than the ordinary farmers. He went through the neigh borhood with "Articles of Agreement," to be signed by the patrons, and without difficulty got Tip a large school, which "was soon opened and running in the usual way. Geography and English Grammar were not in the cur riculum. Smiley's Arithmetic "was taught "with consid erable success so far as "The Rule of Three." Beyond that it became a weariness to the flesh of both teacher and pupil; and when the. Cube Koot was attacked, it was found to be invincibly intrenched, and, as they '' didn 't see no use in it no how,'' it was deemed expedient to go back to the beginning of the book, and revieiv.
In the building of the school house, which was of long pine poles "with the bark left on, two of the poles

THE OI-.D FIELD SCHOOL

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had been half cut away from end to end, and hy bringing the cuts opposite each other, the long opening served as a happy provision for illuminating (purposes. In front of this "was a broad shelf reaching 'all the way and resting on stout pegs inserted with a slant into the log beneath. It was there that I began my career as a writer, by laboriously making pot-hooks and other chirographical elements. At the opposite end of the house was a chimney, built also of logs wholly on the outside. It was very broad and deep. The opening into the house was about eight feet wide. The hearth was made of clay mortar, resting on common dirt or sand, firmly packed. The back and jams were secured against burning by 'a very thick lining of the same mortar. This chimney was doubly useful. In winter it held a large fire; and in summer it subserved important mathematical purposes. The cipherers were permitted to take their slates out of the school house, and sit around the outside, and in the angles of that vast projecting chimney. In the after noons it was shady and very pleasant out there. And when I reached the point of being- sent out for the first time, I felt that I had attained a higher grade in life, as well as in school. Like the other boys, I would work a sum or two, maybe in addition or subtraction, and then carry my slate inside to show it to the teacher. Ah, it was a grand thing marching in there before all those boys and girls as a cipherer! Sometimes, after working my sums on one side of the slate, I -would turn it over and indulge my taste for art. The horses that I drew "were something -wonderful. The men "were fairly good, thong-h it must be admitted that their legs were very spindling, and their shoes much too large. My ladies were all in short frocks, and I 7~egret to have to say that, though they -were intended to be perfect beauties, their ankles were preternatural]y small, and their feet altogether too big. But sometimes the creations of ge nius must he sacrified upon the altar of duty. Art must yield to Science. And so hastily rubbing my pictures, I would rush in to show my sums.

254 GEORGIA'S IJAJSTDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS
But I have not yet shown how the young1 idea was taught to shoot. To do this it "will be necessary to go in and observe the processes of the school. The scholars leave home before sunrise and get to the school house a little after. They engage in plays of various sorts while waiting- for the teacher, who, by the way, is cordially hated. Before a groat while lie is seen approaching, when immediately the girls, who have been carrying on a,t a high rate indoors, subside, and become as quiet as mice. The teacher, with a fresh and stout switch or two in his hand, which he has had the forethought to cut from the wayside as he came, marches "with a firm and steady step to the door, and calls out: "Books! Books! Come to books!"
All that are outside hurry to get in, and presently the entire school is seated, some on the bench against the wall, where they can lean against the log's, the rest on long benches reaching from side to side across the room. Books are opened, places found,"and in a moment comes the command, ' ; Get your lessons. ' ' Now be it known, that in the brave boys of old, reading meant reading out, nor was spelling to be done in a whisper. Consequently, in order to get the lesson, whether it was spelling or reading, the process must go on aloud. This early morning study, however, was not in full voice, nor was it much subdued. Tt "was the ordinary conver sational tone. Imagine thirty scholars, and often: there were many more, having perhaps, five or six different lessons, and even those having the same lesson, would never all be conning the same parts at once all spelling different words or reading all manner of different sen tences at one and the same time! Listen. Here is a girl that goes racing through a familiar lesson <f "b-a ba k-c-r ker, baker;" "s-h-a sha d-y dy, shady;" a young reader over there is slowly and with difficulty making known that "She fed--the--old--Hen- " back yonder we hear, ' 'i-m im in-a ma imma t-e te immate r-i ri immateri a-1 al immaterial i immaterial! t-y ty imma tori-

THE OLD FIELD SCTTOOL.

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ality;" and this boy reads: "I--like--to--play--in--the --shady--g'ro--g-ro-v-e--groove -- I like to play in the
shady groove"-- and as much as he likes it, he will proba bly get a thrashing for it this time. Representing the com ing thus as if the parts came in succession one after another, laughable as it is, pan, of course, give no ade quate conception of their concurrence and commingling --every man for himself, but all together. Meanwhile
the teacher sits at his desk near the fire-place, possibly mending pens or working over a hard sum in vulgar Fractions that became troublesome the evening before, but does not fail to cast a watchful eyo now and again upon the tricky crowd in front of him. And alertness is soon justified, for presently he hears: "Mr. Tomson-- boo-hoo--I wish you'd make Jim TSraynor--boo-hoo-- stop stickin' p-p-pins in me!"
"Mr. Tomson, I haint done no elcti a tiling--bo? was scrouging me off'n the bench and I jes--"
"Uome up liere, both of you." And then he flogs them. Rut while this is going on it is doomed all the more important to keep on getting the lesson:
"(7-o-m com p-r-e-double-s press compress i compressi b-i-1 bil compressibil i comprcssibili t-y ty compressibil ity; 1-a-d lad d-e-r der, ladder; f-o-d fod d-e-r der, fodder; I--love--to--read--the--Holy--Dible; the--hen--was-- fed--by--her; s-l-i sli m-y my, sTimy."
"Mr. Tomson, Mary Bivins has got my thumb paper." "%-n in c-o-m com incom p-r-e pre incompre h-e-n hen incomprehen s-i si incomprcliensi b-i-1 bil incomprehcnsibil i incomprehcnsibili t-y ty incomprehensibility." And now the lessons are called and recitations, with whipping for failures, are in order for an hour or two. The boys in Arithmetic Lave tablea to recite, the T*ot-hook and other Ghirographers have a showing with their quill pens, for steel pens were %iot yet--and cedar pencils were unknown, and soon thereafter comes * * recess,'' always pronounced with the accent on re.

256 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
During this respite from labor, the girls would per haps play "Many, many stars," or "William ray-Trimblc-toe," and the boys would run races, or play "catchthe-ball," or sometimes " Antony,-over." This last was played by separating1 into two parties, but without choos ing men or having an equal and regular division. They would take their position on each side of the house--one party1 having the ball. The other party would call out, "Antony, Over!" And the ball side would call back: "Here she comes!" and would throw it over. The strife was who should catch it. But as it could never be known over what part of the house the ball would come, nor yet whether it would be thrown far, or so as to fall near the house, the players "would scatter out and watch for it, and when it came in sight there was rushing and pushing down and crowding for place, so as to catch it. Then, of course, the action would be reversed, and the other side would catch. This was not a game, but simply a pastime, and was only resorted to, to fill in brief inter vals of leisure, such as recess.
Presently the school is called in, and the studies, reci tations and "whippings go on about as before, till half an hour or so before dinner, when all class lessons cease, the cipherers are summoned in, and the entire school, excepting the little tots, are told to "Get the spelling lesson." This feature of the Old Field Schools must have been devised as a sort of lung gymnastic. If so, it was a success--an amazing success. Every boy and girl, large and small young men and young women, the bass voices, and the treble voices, and the squealing voices, and all the voices, at full strength and without the least restraint, simply made that spelling lesson roar, and jingle and jangle and clatter and sputter and bellow like ten thousand bullfrogs in a South Georgia swamp! Edgar Poe's Bells were not a circumstance to it.
When the lesson happened to be in columns of easy and familiar words of two syllables, like baker, or ladder, or compel, the sound was more of a clatter, for the move-

THE OLD FIELD SCHOOL

257

ment was then very rapid. But when the column began with immateriality, or compressibility, and every word was hastily gone over in the way that was then required, pronouncing- every syllable and every successive combi nation of syllables till the word was finally completed, as I have already indicated, and when thirty or forty people were rattling them off, some faster, some slower, but each on his own word, and all doing their very best, both in speed and londness, the total effect was ridicnlons beyond expression and beyond conception. I remember that the only whipping I ever got in school was on one of those spelling lesson occasions. I was intensely amused and I thought I would make an experiment, rnoro, I fear, from curiosity than in the interest of science.
But the noise and clatter were so great that I natur ally 7Vanted to ascertain whether a little keen whistle would be heard above it! Tt was not much of a whistle, merely about what one might make on suddenly pricking bis fingers. The experiment, however, was successful. I found out that it ^.vas heard, and forthwith I took my punishment. Then the teacher, book in hand, gave out the lesson to the school standing in a long crooked line, like a company of Georgia militia, and we were dismissed for dinner, and playtime, which lasted two hours. The dinner, taken from little tin buckets, was soon over, when all hastened to engage in the main business of the day, which, was commonly Townball, but why so named I never kn ew.
If some future antiquainan, puzzling- his brains over the evolution of baseball, should happen to find in some heap of musty old papers even a brief account of its remote progenitor, the author of said account would probably secure an immortality of renown that might else never fall to his lot. Tt is only in view of this remote possibility that I bring myself to tell how townball was played. It will be dry reading1 , but perhaps for the end contemplated, the dryer the better.- My education in baseball has been sadly neglected, and hence I may often

258 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
fail in detecting points of coraparispn and contrast in the two games, the old and the new--but I will do the best I can.
The towiiball ground was not a diamond, but a larg*e circle. Its diameter varied with the size of unobstructed ground available for it, and also according- to the number of players. I suppose an average circle would have been about fifty yards in diameter. On this there were several equidistant marked spots called bases, each indicated by a circle about three feet in diameter. These might be more or fewer in number, according1 as the main circle was larger or smaller. Nothing depended upon the number, as they were simply for rest and refuge while a runner was making" the grand round.
The players "were not limited to nine, or any definite number on a side. If there were forty or more boys in the school they all "would be chosen in, one by one, by the two captains, choosing" turn about, in making up the sides. The- first choice was settled by lot--"Heads or Tails"-- or, if lacking a suitable coin, by ""Wet or D'ry." The first inning was decided in the same "way. The ins would go by turns to the bat, and one of tlieir number would deliver the ball, to them from a fixed station, located a predetermined distance from the little circle in which the batter must stand. It "will be seen that the pitcher's object was not to make the batter m-iss the ball, but to enable him to hit it. Hence, there "were no ( ' scientific curves" nor similar devices needed, as in baseball. The pitcher simply delivered the "ball 1 as the batter called for it, fast or slow, hig'li or low. The outs had a catcher behind the striker, to catch him out if possible when he missed, but three misses put him out anyhow--that is, out of the game for that inning.
There was no right and left fielders nor center stops, such as I have read of in the modern game. The captain of the outs distributed Ms men over the field, sending them where he thought best, some near and some far.
The ball was usually made of strips of elastic rubber,

Tii-E OLD FIELD SCHOOL

259

stretched tightly while "winding- it on a solid substance, frequently a leaden bullet. .It was wound with great care to keep it perfectly round, and when it had reached a size of some two inches in diameter, it was neatly and securely covered with buckskin. Such a ball was excecding-Iy elastic; it would bounce very high, and could be knocked by a good striker to a great distance. There were three or four kinds of bats, some1 round and some flat, i. e., simply a paddle, some heavier, and some lighter, and every one might select the bat that he preferred-- thus players of all sizes and degrees of strength could be suited. When the batter hit the ball, he might have another strike, or even two more, if he was not satisfied with the force of the blow delivered. But if he missed the ball at both these subsequent strokes he was out. He had discarded one, which wr as therefore equal to a miss, and had missed two more, "which made his three. But usually when he g*ot in a fairly good blow, he would drop .his paddle and run for the first base and on to as many more as he could make. If, however, any of the fielders caught the ball, either before it struck the ground or on its first bounce, the striker was out. Otherwise, it would be thrown as quickly as possible, cither at the runner or to some of the fielders in front of him, so as to shut him off from making" the round. The only way to put him out was to hit him with the ball. A runner on. a base must stay at it till the next striker hits the ball. There was no stealing of bases, and if he started before the ball was struck, it was a violation of the rules and put him out. Often a good batter could knock the ball so far that all on the bases could get home, and he himself make a complete round. Such times always marked the high tides of excitement, "with all the noisy, screaming, shouting and hurrahing accompaniments, naturally eng'endcrcd by such brilliant achievements.
In due course of time, what with being caught out by the cntcber, with failing' three times to hit the ball, with being caught out by the fielders, or put out on the run,.

260 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the whole side would be out, and then the others would have their innings.
This, I believe, gives a sufficiently clear and full de scription of this excellent play.
There was another game often played by us, "which, though not equal to Townball, was frequently preferred as a change. This, which was called Bullpen, has gone, I believe, entirely out, not even leaving a substitute. -Prop erly it was played with a lighter ball, made up mainly of yarn, as the game involved a great deal of hitting, which, with the rubber ball would have been too painful. The "pen" "was about thirty or forty feet square, made by the deep scratches of a stick drawn along the ground, and having each of the four corners marked with a circle like an ordinary "base." The players "were divided by choos ing in the usual way, and the two sides were alternately "bulls" and "bull-killer." The bull side al] went into the pen, and each of the four corners "were occupied by a killer, the rest of that side being out of the play until brought in. The ball was in the hand of one of the four killers, and was passed from one to another of them, while the bulls "were kept running to get as far away from it as possible. But while they were scampering away from it towards another corner, the hall could be thrown to the killer in that corner, and if he caught it, he could almost certainly hit a bull with it--and that bull was "dead." If the thrower missed, he was "out." As soon as he had thrown, he ran away as fast as he could, and as quickly as possible the ball would 'be thrown at him by a bull; and if he was hit he "was out, and his place taken by another of his side "who had not yet "been playing. The "dead bulls' left the pen. As their number diminished it became more and more difficult to hif those that were left, and so the killers were rapidly thinned out till their number was reduced to two. These two would take the ball 'and go off a few steps, and there, standing close up together, with their backs to the pen, , they would juggle--that is, they would decide which of

THE OLD FIELD SCHOOL

261

them should take the ball. "When they turned around, each had his right hand concealed in the bosom of his shirt, and as these two were no longer confined to the corners, but might throw from any part of enclosing lines, they would march up and down on opposite sides of the pen; and, as nobody knew which of them had the ball, it was a right ticklish time for the bulls. They were afraid to go too near1 to either, and could not get far from both at once, nor was it easy to watch both at once. At length, after much jeering and daring from the bulls, the ball would be thrown, and if, without hit ting, both killers were put out, and the innings changed.
For a rollicking, scampering, noisy game, it was not bad. Indeed, "when played "with life and spirit, it was very good.
We also played a rough and tumble game which we called "Steel Goods." The captains of the two sides "would toe a mark facing each other, would clasp each other's hand, and attempt to pull each other across the the mark, while their man would cling to them and to each other behind, and try to prevent it. There was a pile of goods--hats, coats, shoes, and what not--in the rear of each party, and while some were pulling and hauling, scuffling, falling down, shouting and hur rahing, others were trying to 'sneak around and "steal" the enemies' goods. Here fieetness "was sometimes of great advantage, for if the stealer was caught, i. e., touched by an "enemy," he had to stay in prison till one of his own side could deliver him, which was done by touching him.
This game was not as rough, nor yet as brutal as the present football is said to be (for I never saw it played), but for us boys it was rough enough, resulting in many a bruise and strain, and scratch, and tear--for we meant business, and defeat is never pleasant.
Our teacher, who, by the way, was never called teacher, but always "The schoolmaster," took part in most of these pastimes, and' I think the big boys took a

262 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MKMORIAI.S AXD IJF.GKNDS
special delight in hitting- Mm hard with tiie heavy ball and otherwise bringing him to grief. Of course, they "turned him out" whenever they wanted a holiday. lie would want it to, but if he gave it, the loss in tuition would be his, whereas if it was forced from him he would get pay for the day, as usual. He would, therefore, positively decline, with a. great show of determination and bluster.
But next morning he would find the doors securely barred and watchfully guarded. lie would command .and splutter, and threaten dire consequences, and we little boys would be sorely frightened, but as lie remained obstinate;, he would be seized by both legs, thrown over and securely held, and, not yet yielding, strong arms would lift him from the ground, and, holding his hands and feet as in a vise, would bear him, vainly struggling. down to the spring, and if he still held out, would duck him head and ears in the water. Commonly, however, the sight of the water would suffice, and with much apparent reluctance he would yield, but was not released until he had promised to inflict no punishment for this high handed act.
I suppose I went to this teacher the better part of two sessions, when, happily, the neighborhood got rid of him. He probably had good traits, but T remember him only as a poor teacher and a cold-blooded, cruel tyrant. True, he never whipped me but once, but be seemed to have an unappeasable spite against my older brother, Philip, whom he flogg'ed unmercifully, as he did many others. Philip would neither cry nor beg, but look him steadily in the eye, and take the fearful punishment like a Stoic. My next older brother, William, was too large for an attempted "whipping to be safe. I was in such mortal fear and dread that T took care to give no occasion; and so poor Philip was whipped for the whole family. I think Philip must have hated him "with perfect hatred, and as I recall it all, I almost hope lie did.

CHAPTER XXXIII
Georgia's Early Masonic History: A.n Important Volume Discovered.
T O find the beginnings of Masonry in Georgia, we must go back over a stretch of nearly two centuries to the fountain-head of the State's history. There is an old tradition which credits the existence of the first Masonic. Lodge in Georgia to the humane Oglethorpe; and for yours an old oak tree at Sunbury was venerated as the birth-place of the Society. This ancient land mark has long since disappeared. Even the town itself upon whose commons the old tree once east its 'ample shade can no longer be found upon the map. Every vestige of the town has been obliterated. Hut while these accounts are legendary with respect to details, the substantial fact to which they point, viz., that the Ma sonic order in Georgia sprang from the cradle in which the Colony was rocked, can be established at the present time, upon the basis of documentary evidence, beyond any question. Within recent months, a mutilated book, throwing a calcium light upon this topic of discussion, has been discovered among the Georgia manuscripts in the Library of Congress, in Washington, I). C. This volume--some of the pages of which are missing--con tains what was evidently a, portion of the minutes of a Lodge held in Savannah during' the year 1756. Thereare entries in. this volume which Indicate unmistakably the existence of a Lodge in Savannah, prior to the year 1734. and one in Augusta, prior to the year 1757. As

264 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the oldest record extant, it will prove of interest not only to Masons but to readers in general, for some of tlie members of this pioneer Lodg'e were among the most prominent of the colonists. Take for example, this page :

John Farmur M.
Charles Pryee Sir P. Houstoun
James Bo<Mie Gray Elliott Thomas Blaie Thomas Eurrington John Menzies
Noble Wimberly Jones
Samuel Gandy
F. C. James Habersham
Charles Watson
Thomas Vincent
Francis Goffe.
James Edward Powell

in Geo. Oct. 9:1734 E. D.

(in Geo. Aug. 26:1736 F. C.

(In Geoa. Aug. 26: 1756 F. C.

do July 10. 1771 M. A.

(in Geo. Aug. 5:1756 E. P.

do Jan. 19:1757 I". C.

(do.

Nov. 1758 F. P.

do

Jan. 19:1757 F. C.

(do Angt

5:1756 E. P.

do Jan.

19:1757 F. C.

do Jan.

19:1757 F. C.

(do Augt.

26:1756 E. P.

do Jan.

19:1757 F. C.

(do Aug.

26:1756 E. P.

do Jan.

19:1757 F. C.

(do Nov.

1756 E. P.

do Jan.

1756 F. C.

(Do Nov.

1756 E. P.

do Jan.

19:1757 F. C.

E.

............ do

do

GEORGIA'S EARLY MASONIC HISTORY

265

William Wright.................... do

May

Henry Lane....................... do

do

James Graham..................... do George Baillie. ..................... do

John Perkins....................... do

Let us examine this list somewhat in detail. Judge Noble Jones, who seems to have been the Master of the Lodge, was for years Colonial Justice and Treasurer

for Georgia. He came "with Oglethorpe to America in 1733 and established Ms home at Wormsloe, on the Isle

of Hope, an estate today owned by one of his descend

ants : Mr. W\ J. DeRenne. Sir Patrick Houstoun, a bar

onet, was at one time President of the King's Council.

He was also Registrar of Grants and Receiver of Quit Claims for the Province of Georgia. James Habersham, in association with the renowned Whitefield, founded Bethesda, the oldest orphan asylum in the New World. He was also at one time President of the King's Council and, in the absence of Gov. Wright, performed the duties

of chief-magistrate. John Graham, at the outbreak of the Revolution, was Lieutenant-Governor of the Province. Daniel and Moses Nunes belonged to an old pioneer fam ily of Jewish immigrants. Thomas Ba,rrington (incor

rectly spelled Burrington) was the founder of the fa mous Barrington family of this State. Fort Barrington, on the Altamaha River, was probably named for this pioneer. Noble W^ymberly Jones "was a zealous patriot,

afterwards deposed by the King from his office as speaker of the House of Assembly because of his violent Whig

sentiments. He was subsequently sent by his compa triots of Savannah to the Continental Congress. Most of

the by-laws governing this parent Lodge have been lost, but fragments, beginning with Article Eight, read as

f ollows:

Sthly.

That every member shall pay a Quartr 's Lodge Money when ye Quarter

commences, & ye Money to be paid for every Quarterly Feast shall be paid

ye Lodge Night before such Feast. And all savings to any Member by

his being abs'ent any Lodge Night shall be allowed him at ye Coinencement

of ye nest Quarter towards ye defraying his said next Quaterly Expenees.

266 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS,
9thly. That any Person desiring to be adimtted a. Brother slinU doiivei- a
Petition to y<* Secretary w<-'H shall be by him laid before ye next Lodge If ye Petition be, approved of, it shall remain. with y<? Secretary till ye nest Lodge after, -when. ye Candidate shall be ballotted for, by em-h Member's putting into a Jlat or Box, a black or -while Bean and if all prove white, the Candidate is duly elected, but if any member should' have thought proper to have put in a black Beau, the Candidate shall not be admitted at that Time, tho ' he may be proposed at another Time when any Prejudice may be removed.
IQthly. No Person shall be made a Uror. on & public Lodge iNight, but miy
Person after being duly elected shall be made (a Bw) ut any other convenient Time & when the Master thinks proper. 3 Hh]y.
That every Person admitted a 'Brcir ahull (mutilated") one Pound & one Shilling to be deposited for (rent.) uses, Ten Slull'mgs to ,ve Stock and five Shil (mutilated) the Tyler, and shall decently r-loath every (mutilated) present with a white Apron, and a pair of white Gloves and shall also give a Pair of White Gloves to every Rrors wife, and shall like wise give the Lodge a decent Collation. ISthly.
That no Brother unless he is1 madc> in this Lodge be admitted a Mem ber thereof until! he has applyed properly a^ before directed, and if he, is approved of by two thirds of the Members present, he may then be admitted, paying 5 Shillings for charitable "Uses and 5 Shil^. to ye PtiBT/icK STOCK. 3 Sthly.
Every visiting Bror present at any meeting of ye Lodge shall pay the same Sum as every Member paytl tort-;irds defraying- ye J^npence/s of .such Meeting. Approved of and Signed the 19th of Augt. 1750. "by
On another pag'c of this Minute-Book, the Master of the "Lodge speaks of the distanoe at Trhich he lives from Savannah. At the same time he takes occasion to rap some of the members whose homes were in town. Hut we will let the Minute-Book speak for itself. This para graph purports to give the Master's exact words. It reads.-
yc Lodge,

GEORGIA'S EARLY MASONIC TITSTORY

267

unavoidable Business, he can't attend, & ""being informal that wh. it So happens us aforesa. several Members who live near, & have no excuse, but their own imagining y* in ys Mai"K abseiir-e, 110 sort of 131.1 siness can be done vi-ifcht his p titular License for so doin, by w^' sevi. stated Lodge Kights have passed, vdtht. any meeting. For pvcnts. the like invonvcnincies for ye future, the Master desires &. it is agreed, that a Lodge shall be held, att every stata. tiin agreeable to yc Bye Laws by as many Members as can ho convened together, ye next officer or oldest Member yr present taking ye chair & ca. ;<nd yt all such business, that yi Numb!-, of Masons arc entituled to do, by ye Constitutions of Masonry, & yo Bye Laws of ye pticnlar
Lodge, may be by y m pformcd.
One of the most interesting' records preserved by this Minute-Book tells of tlie preparations made by tlie 3jodge for paying* a formal visit to Governor Ellis, at his Hon or's residence in Savaniiali. Tlie account runs as follows :

At a particular Meeting of the Lodge agreeable to last Nights reso lution, to wait on his Honour, Governor Ellis with our Address, wch after having order'd y^ 3 times 3 Guns' to be fired during ye Procession, vizt. 3 at leaving Lodge, 3 at entering yc Governors, & 3 at enfring the Lodge again (at yc return) & desiring Bror (Capt) Boddie to let his Men fire sfiid Guns on board his Vessel & having order'd & settled some other matters, &ca. proceeded in yo following manner, vizt.
(Capt) Tsnue Martin (youngest J3ro^.) with ye S'worcl.
(in absence of ye Tyler) BTOTR. 1ST". W. Jones & Jas. Habersham (as Stewards) with wants
" Jno Groham & AbrTM, Sarzetlas " Tho. Mathars & Tclemn. Plienix " Tho Vincent & Benj. Golclwire " Charles Watson & Xicholas Lawrence '' Jas. Boddie & Jn". Menzies '' Sir Bat. Iloustoun & \Vm. Spencer. " D. Nuncs Jno. Farmur (ye wardens)
X. J'ones (ye Master) When come to ye Gov^. ye Jihrethron. stopping-, opened & the M'. walked thro' ye Centre, ye Wardens following the Brethren following in order from ye Seniors, when came in; ye Master.
Since reference is made in this Minute-Book to the existence of a Jjodge in .Augusta prior to 1757, it will be of interest in tins connection to take a. glance at the minutes kept by the trustees of Richmond Academy.*

"Riahteenth Century in the Management of a School, a Town, and a, Clii up. 40-41.

268 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
There are certain entries in which local Masonic history is reflected. For instance, on April 1, 1790, it was re solved "that the Garret room of the Academy be arched and painted and another window put in each end; and that the Society of Free Masons be permitted to use it, provided they pay one-half of the expense." On Oc tober 5, 1791, "the old Academy was devoted to the ex clusive use of the Masonic Lodg'e Columbia for four years at 5 pounds per annum."
Our apology for preserving these records is the im portance which must necessarily attach to them as per haps the oldest well-authenticated fragments in existence, showing the 'activities of the Masonic order in Georgia during pioneer days.

CHAPTER XXXIV
Mrs. Wilson Comes Home
A LL Koine was there to meet lier. With the earliest glimmer of dawn the little city of the hills began to stir--but softly, like the tread of gentle snowflakes. Long" before the sun was up, every road was throng'ed with travelers from the neighboring" farms and hamlets, while every train brought its .burden of souls from the remoter towns and cities. It was a day to be remembered by the youngest child when an aged man or woman, a day whose significance made it a rare for get-me-not in the year's calendar of events. But, in stead of the emblems of rejoicing, the symbols of grief were displayed on every hand. Men spoke in whispers. The eyes of women were suffused with, tears', and even the faces of little children were sad. No sound of hammer or anvil smote the air. Shops were closed. The great wheels of industry were stilled, and over all there brooded a deep and solemn hush. It was Mrs. Wilson's home-coming; and this vast assemblage of friends was here to welcome in silence a returning daug'hter of Geor gia, one whose name was upon a nation's lips: the be loved First Lady of the Land.
But how vastly different this scene of sorrow from the gladsome festival to which the little city of the hills looked forward in the summer's earlier glow! The first week in October was to have been a gala week in Rome-- one long to be remembered for its brilliant social gaieties. Mrs. Wilson, in a letter from the White House, had

270 GEORGIA'S IJAT<H>MARKS, MEMORIALS AKD LEGENDS
promised to be the city's guest of honor, and invitations had been issued by the tens of hundreds. The Southern Railway, in preparation for this happy season of re union, had planted near its depot a bed of shrubbery, whose fresh young colors were just beginning to spell the words: "Welcome Home." But little did ;any one an ticipate the unfathomed pathos with which this symbol of greeting was soon to be applied.
As the days went by, the busy hum of preparation grew apace. Bomans were anxious for the leaves to turn. There was an eagerness for summer to depart-- for autumn to flood the air with her mellow musk and to flaunt her banners of gold upon the hills. But even while these plans "were under way there came with ap palling suddenness a message from Washington, stating that the Land's First Lady was alarmingly ill. This "was soon followed by another, announcing the presence in the White House of the dread Angel of Death. Mrs. Wilson "was coming home--not in October, but in August --and she was coming home to stay forever.
Savannah, Augusta, Princeton, Washington! There were many places, North and South, at which she tarried for a season; but there "was only one spot to whose recol lection the deepest chords of her heart responded--only one place in all the "world whose memory kindled for her a hearth-stone music and threw around her a magician's spell. Amid the brightest gatherings of the White House she looked in fancy upon the old familiar scenes of her girlhood's home in Georgia, and even when the kindling smile upon her lips told of the border lig-hts of the Better Land she turned longingly and lovingly in her thoughts to the dear old hills of Borne. Here were spent the golden years of her girlhood. Here the little cottage home still stood--its summer roses still in bloom. On these hills, with her classmates, she had delved into the deep mines of truth. Here was the little church from whose oldfashioned pulpit her father had "allured to brighter worlds." Here, last but not least, the man of her choice

MYRTUE HIUL

MRS. AVir.soN COMES HOJVT.E

271

--then barely twenty-six--'' a youth to fortune and to fame unknown," first breathed into her ear love's old, old story; and here, where the rivers meet and miiig'le, the current of her life met his in a song whose music was to echo clown the years.
Beautiful for situation is the lofty burial-ground of Rome. Overlooking the city's domes and spires, it forms a majestic citadel of silence, a marble-crowned Acrop olis. Keneath a giant oak, on this towering* hill-top, the Land's First Lady was gently lowered to her last long rest. No fairer spot ever charmed an artist. There, tenderly upon her tomb--high-lifted above the murmur ing waters--will fall the golden light of the stars. There morning's first beams and sunset's last rays win linger upon tier (Touch of dreams. There, fragrant with her thought for God's lowly children, will cluster in spring time the bluest of the violets, and there, on wintry days, in keeping" with her heart's pure sacrifice, will gather the whitest of the snows, rlome at last, she sleeps on Myrtle rlill, around her a silent ring' of Itoffian hearts and in her ear the sweet music of the Etowah.

SECTION III Historic Church-Yards and Burial Grounds

SECTION III
Historic Church-Yards and Burial Grounds
Colonial Park, Savannah
Originally the parish burial-ground of Christ Church, sonic of the earliest inhabitants of the Colony of Georgia here sleep. On the moldering tombstones of the little cemetery there are scores of historic names, not a few of which are still bright on the muster rolls of the Revolu tion; but Whigs and Tories alike lie here entombed. For more than fifty years after Georgia became a State, men of distinction in every sphere of life were here laid to rest in the very core of Savannah's heart. Just when the first burial was made in Old Colonial is uncertain; hut three distinct eras have contributed to the treasury of sacred dust which this little plot of ground contains-- Colonial, Revolutionary, and Commonwealth. ' No inter ments have been made here since the early fifties; but it was not until 1895 that by decree of the Superior Court of Chatham County it became the property of the city of Savannah. With this transfer of title, an old! issue be tween the parish and the town was happily adjusted, the walls on three sides were taken down, a competent force of workmen employed to repair the tombs, to open new walks, and to beautify the grounds; and thus out of the remnants of Colonial Cemetery emerged what is today known as Colonial Park.
Rounded by three of Savannah's busy thoroughfares, the park is reached in a minute's walk from the DeSoto Hotel. Here, at almost any hour of- the day, when the weather is pleasant, may be seen groups of little children, playing at hide and seek among- the tombs; energetic business men moving briskly along the walks which af ford them, convenient passage-ways to points beyond; or sightseers strolling leisurely over the green-carpeted area to read the inscriptions upon the ancient inonu-

276 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
mcnts. Some of the oldest of the tombstones have disappeared forever. Others rescued in broken frag ments have heen placed against the brick wall which still remains. It is only fair to historic truth to state that the agencies of time, in producing- this harvest of ruin, were re-enforced by the vandalism of Shermau's men, during the last year of the Civil War. Not content with rifling" the vaults for silver, they even made them abodes of habitation, emulating in this respect the example of a certain demoniac who lived at Gfadara; and to judge from the mutilation of epitaphs the latter were no less pos sessed of unclean spirits than were the former.
Entering the park from Oglethorpe Avenue -- former ly South Broad Street--the first object to attract the attention of the visitor is a fine old brick vault, which stands somewhat to itself. Entombed within this struc ture are the ashes of JAMBS HABEBSHAM:. He came to Georgia with the great Whitfield, rose to the highest civic station; and, during the absence of Governor "VVright in England, administered the affairs of the province. Though his sons were violent Whigs, he remained to the last a faithful old servitor of the Crown. The inscription on the marble tablet, which occupies a large space in the front wall, reads as follows :
Sacred to the memory of JAM"RS HABKKSTIAM, the ancestor of the family of that name. Ho. was born a.t Beverly, Yorkshire, Eng., in January, 1712, and died at Bnmswick, New Jersey, 28th of August, 1775, aged 62 years. He was an eminent Christian and a highly useful man in the then. Colony of Georgia, and held many im portant offices, among them, those of President of his Britannic Majesty's Council and acting Governor of Georgia during the absence of Governor Wright. He wag also in connection with Whitfiekl one of tho found ers of Bethesda, and for a long time a co-laborer in that good and great work.
Also to the memory of M!A."RY BOLTON", his most beloved wife, who died the 4th day of January, 1763, and was also buried in this vault.

COLONIAL PARK

277

Just above the foregoing inscription is the design of a crown-encircled cross, accompanied by the following words:

"Be thou faithful unto death and I will give thee a rown of life."

Included among the inmates of the same vault are the two noted patriots, whose zeal for the canse of inde pendence was a thorn in the parental fiesb--JOSEPH; and JOHN HABERSIIAM. The former became the first Post master-General of the United States, in the Cabinet of President "Washington. With Commodore Oliver Eowen he also officered the first vessel commissioned for naval warfare in the Revolution. Dr. James Habersham, a third son of the old loyalist, and like his brothers, a most intense Whig, is supposed also to be one of the occupants of this tomb.
Beside the Habersham vault is a slab level with the ground, on which the following- inscription appears :

In remembrance of MBS. MATEY CHARLOTTE JACKSON, daughter of WILLIAM and SOPHIA YOUNG, and widow of MA.TOB-GENERAL, JAMES JACKSON; also of her father and mother; of MB. and MRS. EOBEET DIKLON, her undo and aunt; and of an infant daughter; all of whom are interred near this tablet.

GENEBAIJ JACKSON, the husband of this lady, was the famous old patriot who fought the Yazoo fraud. He is buried in the Congressional Cemetery, in Washington, D. C., on the banks of the Potomac. After holding the office of Governor, he died while a Senator of the United States.

Next the attention of the visitor is attracted to a row of brick vaults, four in number, located at right angles to

278 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Oglethorpe Avenue. There is nothing' specially orna mental about these vaults ; but the most intense interest has centered around thorn for years. This reached a climax, in the spring- of 1901, when they were severally opened by an authorized committee in search of the body of MAJOR-GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE. They are known as "Colonial" vaults, because they belong- to distin guished families identified with Savannah since the ear liest settlement of the town.
In the first of these' repose the ashes of COLONEL KICITARD WYLLY, Deputy Quartermaster-General of the Continental Army in the Revolution.
The second is the famous Graham vault, in which the body of GENERAL GREECE was found. On a bronze tablet, unveiled with impressive ceremonies in the fall of 1902, is the following- inscription:
Here Tested for 114 years the remains of MAJ.-G-EN. NATHANIEL GREENE. Born in Rhode Island, Aug. 7, 1742. Died at Mulberry Grove, June 19, 1786. Hia remains and those of his oldest son, GTCOHGE WASH INGTON GBEENE, now lie under the monument in Johnson Square.
This vault belonged to the confiscated estate of the royal Lieutenant-Governor Graham, whose property was bestowed by the Legislature of Georgia upon GENERAL GREECE.
In the next vault reposed for a number of years the ashes of two of the most illustrious of the early founders of Georgia: JUDGE NOBLE JONES and DR. NOBLE WTTMBEHLEY JONES, his son. The former commanded the first Georgia Regiment of Colonial troops. He was also1 for twenty-one years a. member of the King's Council. The latter, by reason of his zeal for the cause of indepen dence, 'was styled "one of the morning stars of liberty." Both rest today in Bonaventure, whither they were re moved, with other members of the Jones family, several

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yours ago, under llie direction of Mr. George W. J. Deticnne, of Wormslow, a lineal descendant.
The last vault in the group belongs to the Thiots, an old family of Savannah. There arc no inscriptions upon any of these tombs, except the one which bears the tablet of G-ENEBAL GREECE,

Facing Abercorn Street, in an area of ground en closed by an iron fence, is an ova] slab, even with the ground, on which the following inscription appears:
The family vault <if GT5N. TjACTTTjAN McTNTOSJT, of the Revolutionary Army, of CHARLES HAKKIS, coiitisellor-at-la-iv, and of NICHOLAS S. BAYAHD.
GENEBATJ McT^Tosn was one of the most illustrious .soldiers of the first war for independence, but he sufferer! somewhat in reputation by -reason of the fatal conse quences of the duel which he fought with BUTTON GWIN-UETT. 13eside him sleeps his gallant nephew, COLONEL JAMES S. MolNTosit, who fell in the Mexican War.
In honor of CHABI/RS HABBIS one of the counties of Georgia has been named. He was one of the foremost lawyers of Savannah a century ago.

Not far removed from the Mclntosh tablet, in the same enclosed area, lies entombed another distinguished Georgian 'for whom a county in this State 'was named. The time-worn slab over his grave reads as follows :
Sac-ieO to the memory of -TAMF.S SPAI.rjTNCl, who departed this life in tbe. flOth. year of his age, at Sa vannah, on the 10th. Nov., 1794.

280 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LIEGENDS
BUTTON GWINNETT, -who fell at the hands of GENEBAL MoIisiTosH in a duel which occurred on tlie outskirts of Savannah, in 1777, is supposed 'to be buried in an un marked grave in Colonial Park. He was living in Sa vannah at the time, and there is no evidence to show that he was ever taken back to his old home on St. Catha rine's Island. He was one of the Signers of the Decla ration of Independence for Georgia, and at the time of his death "was President of the Executive Council and ex-officio Governor of the Commonwealth.
One of the strangest memorials in the cemetery is a cubical block of marble, on which is carved the figure of a serpent in the form of a complete circle. There is no inscription of any kind on the monument; and just what this strange reptilian monogram is intended to signify is one of the unsolved enigmas. But from "well authenticated tradition it is the common belief that in this particular spot lies one of the foremost of Georgia's early patriots--ARCHIBALD BTJLLOCH.*
Marked by a tasteful monument, in a small area of ground enclosed by an iron railing, is the grave of JOSEPH CLAY. He was one of the earliest of the Sons of Liberty; and from him a number of distinguished Georgians have descended. His son, who bore the same name, became a noted Federal jurist of Savannah. He afterwards entered the ministry of the Baptist Church, and at the time of his death was the most eloquent divine of this faith in the great city of Boston. The elder Clay, during the Revolution, held the office of Deputy Paymaster-Gen eral in Georgia, with the rank of Colonel. He was a member of the bold party of rebels "who broke into the
"Letter to the author from Prof. Otis Ashmore, of Savannah.

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281

King's powder magazine at Savannah, on May 11, 1775. He was also a conspicuous leader in the subsequent meet ings of the patriots.

COLONEL SETH JOHN CTJTHBEBT, a distinguished Rev olutionary patriot, who married a daughter of Joseph Clay, the elder, is supposed to be buried in the old ceme tery, but his name is not to be found on any of the tombs which time has spared. He was the father of the two dis tinguished Georgians: UNITED STATES SENATOR AT^FREO CXJTHBEKT and JUDGE JOHN A. CTJTHBERT. The only mem ber of the Cuthbert family, whose monument yet stands in Colonial Park, is GEORGE CUTHBERT. Since he died in 1768, he may havo been Seth John's brother--possibly his father.
Not far distant from the Habersham vault, on a hori zontal tablet of marble, raised some two feet above the ground by a wall of brick, is an epitaph inscribed to the memory of MAJOR, JOHN BERRIEN, a noted officer of the Eevolution. It was from the old Berrien home, near Princeton, N. J., that Washington, in 1783, issued his farewell address to the American Army. In the same historic mansion, JUDGE JOHN MAOPHKRSON BEKHIE^ST., afterwards a member of the Cabinet an'd a Senator from Georgia, "was born. He was a son of Major John Berrien. The latter joined the patriotic ranks when only fifteen. The inscription on the tomb reads:
This tablet records the death of MAJOR JOHN BEKRIEN, who departed this life at Savannah, Nov., 6th., 1815, in the 56th year of his age. In early yotzth he drew his sword in defence of his country and served with reputation in the war of the Revolution. He was an upright citizen and exemplary in all the relations of social life. His disconsolate widow and afflicted child ren have erected this tribute to his memory in humble hope that he rests in peace in the bosom of his Heavenly Father.

282 GEORGIA'S IJANDMARTCS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Major Berrien was decorated by tlio illustrions Wash ington himself with the emblem of the famous Order of the Cincinnati.
Trlere also sleeps Du. RICHARD M. BERIHEN, a halfbrother of Judge Berricii; ELIZA, the latter's wife; WTUJAM BEBHIEJT, his son, a lieutenant in the United States army, who died while on duty in Florida, at the ag'e of twenty-seven; and NIOITOLAS ANOIILUX BERRIEN, a, son who died in infancy. Judge Berrien himself sleeps in 'Laurel Grove. His death occurred after the old ceme tery was closed for burial purposes. BENJAMIN BCK-ROUGHS, a noted Georgian and a connection by marriage of-the Berrien family, occupies a handsome brick tomb fronting Aberconi Street.
On a marble box near the tomb of Major Berrien the following epitaph is inscribed to one of his gallant com rades-in-arms :
Sacred to the memory of MAJOR Ui>WAED WHTTK, an officer of the "Revolutionary Army, who died Jany. 9th., 1812. Act. 54.
Marked by a neat memorial in the shape of a marble cube is the grave of Savannah's first postmaster--ROBERT BOLTON, a connection by marriage of the PTabershams.
Underneath a horizontal slab of marble, even with the ground, lies the earliest of Georgia's historians--MA.TOR HUGH McC-ALL. The inscription on the tablet reads:
Sacred to the memory of THIGH McCALL, Brevet Major in the II. States army. Bom ill N". Carolina, Feb. 17, 170T. Died .lime 10, 1824.

COLONIAL PARK

288

He served the United States in various capacities thirty years; tlje lust twenty years under severe bodily Kuffe-ring, hnt with usefulness to himself, bis country, and lti,s friends.

Much historic interest attaches to an old tombstone which marks the last resting place of a gallant French officer, whose vessel gave substantial help to John Paul Jones in the renowned engagement between the " Serapis" and the "Bon Homme Richard." There is no ref erence to this fight in the epitaph itself, but the authen tic records of the battle will establish this fact. The inscription reads :
Sacred to the memory of BENTS L. COTTINEATJ T)E KEHLOQtTEN, a, native of Navies (France), for merly a Lieutenant in his late most Christian Majesty 's Navy, Knight of the "Royal and Military Order of St. Lonis, Capt. commanding a ship of war of the United States, during their Revolution, and a memlJer of the Cincinnati Society. Obit, ATov. 29, .1SOS. Act. 63 years; and also of ACHILLES ,T. M. COTTTSEA1T I)E KBR-
, his son, obit -Inly 11, 1S12. Aot. 22 years.

When Governor Troup came to the executive chair, in the early twenties, he appointed a bright young historian of Savannah to investigate the antiquities of the two principal Indian tribes of Georgia: the Creeks and the Cherokees. With consummate skill this task was most successfully accomplished; but soon after the author coinpleted lii.s work he "was seized with a violent illness, which, ill a few weeks, terminated his mortal career. The State of Georgia sustained a grievous loss in the

284 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
unrealized possibilities of tills gifted man. The follow ing epitaph is inscribed upon his tomb in Colonial Park:
Below this stone repose the bones of. JOSEPH "V LANCB BEVAN, who was born in Liberty County, and died in Savannah, 29th March, 1830, aged 32 ye ITis mind was enlightened and educated. His mann were simple and unpresuming. His heart was warm affectionate.
Reader: You may have known a wiser man t JOSMPH V. BEVAN, but you have rarely know better, and none, no none, against whose name -Recording Angel would more reluctantly have writ
The pathetic story of a talented young- artist who came to Savannah during the first decade of the last century, in search of the illusive boon of health, is told in the following brief inscription, lettered upon a ground slab:
Sacred to the memory of ME. EDWARD- G. METV BONE, the celebrated painter, son of the late Gen. John Melbone, of New Port, U. I. He was cut off in the meridian of Life and Reputation while travelling for the benefit of his health. Seldom do the records of mortality boast the name of a victim more pre-eminently excellent. His death has deprived the country of an ornament which ages may not replace and left a blank in the catalogue of American genius which nothing has a tendency to supply. He closed his valuable life, May 7, 1807, in the 29th year of his age.

'Another flat stone tells the story of a tragedy "which occurred in Savannah during the year 1831. The in scription reads:
ODREY MHjJj"ER, a native of Scott Co., Ky., who died from a wound inflicted by ---------------------, on the .13th. of July, 1831, aged 33 years. Just, honest, be nevolent, was his' reputation among strangers. He could ask forgiveness and as readily forgive but was ever imUgmuit at cruelty ajic.l oppression and wholly .JITOCOTIcilable to ignoble submission. Though this stone is de signed to mark the spot where they have laid him, his name atu'J his virtues will bo perpetuated in the affection and friendship of many who mourn bis untimely fate.
'SiE P.ATIUCLK .HOUSTOUN and IJADY HoTJSTOUN, after sleeping- for more than a hundred years in the old. ceme tery, were finally removed to Boiiaventure, where they repose under a massive granite monument. Bnt the old marble slab, containing the original inscriptions, together with the family coat-of-arms, has been incorporated in the handsome new memorial. GovEKNon EDWARD TELFAIK was also laid to rest here In a family vault, but he, too, was removed to Boiiaventure years ag-o, where he sleeps today in an elegant tomb. He was one of the earliest of the Colonial patriots. The old Governor married a daughter of WILLIAM GIBBONS, the most distinguished lawyer of his day in Savannah. If the latter is not in cluded among* the occupants of the Telfair vault, he oc cupies an unmarked grave in Colonial Park. He espoused the patriotic cause, but there is no evidence to show that he took any part in the actual hostilities. Plis income from the practice of law is said to have aggregated three thousand pounds sterling1, an immense sum of money in those days. WILLIAM: EWEN, the first President of the Executive Council1 ; JOHN GLEN, the first Chief Justice of Georgia; MAJOR WILLIAM PIEECE, a gallant soldier of

286 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the Revolution, who represented Georgia in both the Continental Congress and the great Constitutional Con vention of 1787 ; and other patriots of the Revolutionary period, doubtless lie here in unmarked graves.
Included among the curiosities of the old cemetery are the following epitaphs: MRS. CAROLINE LLOYD. Died 5th. December, 1836. Aged 1171 years and 8 months. W. RICHARDSON, SB., Died 16th. October, 1828. Aged 155 years. EDWARD ELLISTGTON. Died 30th. October, 1795. 152 years old. WILLIAM NUTLE. Died 9th. December, 3802. Aged 341 years. MRS. ANN MoLAL'oiiLis. Died 8th. December, 1839. Aged 186 years. MRS. M. E. IJONCJ. Died 12th. October, 1816. Aged 162 years. These phenom enal ages are due to the vandalism of some of Sherman's men, in 1865--desecrators, who by affixing: one or more figures to the epitaphs by means of a chisel, made the ages antedeluvian.
Bonaventure, Savannah
From the viewpoint of natural scenery, one of the most exquisite burial places of the dead in America is situated some four miles from Savannah, on the road to Thunderbolt--historic Bonaventure. The extensive area of ground is shaded by majestic live oaks, the youngest of which was planted long before the time of the Revolu tion. The midsummer heat seldom pierces the dense armor of foliage 'which nature 'wears in this beauti ful bower of evergreens; and beneath the gnarled and rugged boughs of the1 trees, in grass-covered beds of velvet turf, swept by the long pendant mosses, more than six g-enerations of Savannah's gathered dust here sleepsOn the edge of the cemetery, the Wilmington River chants a low requiem; and if aught is needed to bind the spell of beauty it is found in this little thread of silver. Bona venture was the picturesque old family seat of the Tattnalls. Though it was not made a cemetery, in a public sense, until 1849, the private burial g-round appurtenant

BONAVENTURE CEMETERY; en$ in Savannah's Historic Burial -Giround, Showing the Long Pendant

BON A VENTURE

287

to it held the remains of Governor Tattnall, who died in 1803, together with those of other members of his imme diate household connection. Resides, it was not long before a number of the old pioneer guard who belonged to Savannah's heroic age--including- the Joneses, the Telfairs, the Houstouns, and other Colonial families--were removed from the old burial-ground in Savannah to this spot; so that without exaggeration the registers of Bonaventure may be said to reach back in an unbroken line to the days of Oglethorpe himself. The charm of historic interest is here so great that, taken in association with the beauty of environment, it seems to invest death with a sort of fascination, and to make one almost covet the privilege of the sleeper who here

Surrounded by an iron fence, at the end of Oleander Drive, is the most historic shrine in !Boii aventure. It marks the last resting1 place of the revered soldier and jurist who accompanied Oglethorpe to the new world, who commanded the first regiment of Colonial troops, and who, for twenty-one years, served in the King's Council. There is no other spot around Savannah--unless it be the grave of Tomo-chi-chi--which connects the Common wealth of the present day with a period of time more remote. On the massive block of stone, mantled with ivy, the following inscription appears--half concealed by the overhanging drapery of green:
NOBI/K JONTCS, OF WOEMSLOE, KSQ. Senior Judge of the General Court tuu'l Act ing Chief-Justice of the Province of Georgia. For twenty-one years Mem
ber and sometimes President of His Majesty's Council. Colonel of the first Georgia Regiment. Died Xovember
2, 1775. Aged, 73.

288 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
To the last moment of Ms life, this pioneer Georgian remained a steadfast and loyal friend to the King, though his famous son, DR. NOBLE WYMBERLEY JONES, became one of the most violent of the Whigs. The ashes of NOBLE JONES first rested at Wormsloe, afterwards in the old Colonial Cemetery, in the heart of Savannah; but when the old grave-yard was closed by the local authorities, in the earl.y fifties, GEORGE WYMBERLEY JONES DE!ENNE, a lineal descendant, then the recognized head of the Jones family* in Georgia, removed the body of his ancestor to the spot which it now occupies. The site of the grave faces the open marshes, looking toward Wormsloe, the old home of NOBLE JONES on the Isle of Hope.
Underneath a block of marble, at the end of Palmetto Drive, rest the ashes of DR. NOBLE WYMBERLEY JONES, one of the earliest of the Revolutionary patriots. His name was attached to the famous card calling the Sons of Lib erty to meet for the first time in Tondee's tavern; and he was afterwards chosen a member of the first delega tion to represent Georgia in the Continental Congress, but he did not repair to Philadelphia, on account of the critical illness of his father, who died a few months later. DR. JONES first incurred the displeasure of the Crown in 1770, when his strong republican sentiments caused him to be deposed from the Speakcrship of the House of As sembly; but his zeal in the cause of independence knew no abatement. The grave of the old patriot is enclosed by an iron fence. It likewise fronts the open expanse looking toward Wormsloe. The inscription on the wellpreserved horizontal slab reads as follows:
Consecrated to the memory of DOCTK. NOBLE WIMBEELEY JONES, who died January 9th., 1805. He was born in England, came over with Gen. Oglethorpe in the year 1733, at the first settlement of this State. He served as eadct officer in Oglethorpe 's Regiment

BOISTAVENTTJBE

289

(Continued)
during the wars with the Spaniards and Indians, at that period. Acquired his professional education afterwards under the immediate direction of his father, DR. NOBI.E JONES, tlie friend, companion, and co-laborer of Oglethorpe. He was among the earliest and moststrenuous asserters of the liberties of his adopted coun try and filled not only the Professional but the most important Civil Departments with merit to himself and the highest value and satisfaction to the community. The warm friend, the patient, judicious, and successful physician., the most affectionate husband, and a pure, and humble and sincere Christian. In the midst of usefulness, and vigorous old age, he died as he lived,

has been ereeted by the filial gratitude of his son, as a tribute to virtue.

iving

Adjoining- the grave of Du,. NOBT.F, WYMBEKI-.EY JOKES is the tomb of his distinguished son, DR. GEORGE JONES, the only member of a large family of children to survive an illustrious father. During the last two years of the struggle for independence he experienced the horrors of war on board an Kngliyh prison ship, in the harbor of 'Savannah. In the "War of 1812 he commanded a com pany of reserves. Though, not a lawyer by profession, he "was made Judge of the Superior Court of the Eastern Circuit of Georgia, a tribute of the most unusual char acter; and from, the bench was called by executive ap pointment to fill an unexpired term in the Senate of the United States. The Jones family, of Wormsloe, was a family of physicians. Even Noble Jones himself brought with him to Georgia the professional prefix. Dr. Noble W. Jones was the first president of the Medical Society of Georgia; and Dr. George Jones was one of his suc cessors at the head of the same organization. On the latter's handsome monument of granite, enclosed by a heavy iron fence, is inscribed the following brief record:
GEORGE JONES, OF WOiiMSLOE. Judge of the
Superior Court of Georgia. Senator of the United States.

290 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
In an underground vault, which occupies an enclosed square facing Palmetto Drive, rest the remains of the dis tinguished antiquarian, scholar and gentleman, GEORGE WYMBEBLEY JONES DBRENNE. He rendered the State a priceless service by publishing- early Georgia manu scripts. The famous quartos bearing the imprint of Wormsloe constitute a library of history within them selves. Inscribed on the massive block of marble which stands in the center of the DeRenne Square, beside the entrance to the vault, is the following brief epitaph:
GEOBGE WYMBEBLEY JONES DE BENNE. Born July 19, 1827. Died Aug. 4, 1880.
Just beyond the DeRenne lot, facing the same drive way, in a square likewise enclosed by an iron railing, is the tomb of GOVERNOR EDWAUD TELPAIR, marked by an immense block of stone, some eight feet in height. One of the earliest of the Revolutionary patriots, he was also' one of the most conspicuous actors in the drama of independence, and represented Georgia twice in the Con tinental Congress. His name will be found affixed to the Articles of Confederation, the earliest bond of Amer ican Union. He "was the chief executive of Georgia at the time of Washington's celebrated visit to the State, in 1791. Governor Telfair was perhaps the wealthiest citizen of Savannah at the time of his death, and the ben eficiaries of his last will and testament included the Telfair Academy, the Telfair Hospital, the Georgia Histor. ical Society, the Independent Presbyterian Church, the Mary Telfair Home for Aged Women, and the historic orphan asylum at Bethesda. One of the counties of Georgia bears the name of this thrifty Scotch-Irishman. The remains of Governor Telfair, together with those of other members of his family, were transferred to this place years ago from the old Colonial Cemetery in Savan-

BONAVENTTJBE

291

nah. The inscription on the monument, "which stands just above the family vault, reads as follows :

In memory of EDWARD TELFAIR, of GEORGIA, who died Sept. 17, 1807, aged 64; and of his sons, EI>WASD TELFAIR, THOMAS TELFAIK, JOSIAII G. TELFAIR, ALEXANDER TEIjFAIR.
One of his sons, THOMAS TELFAIR, served Georgia in the United States Congress. The opposite side of the tomb contains an inscription to his wife, SARAH, a daugh ter of "Wat. GIBBONS, the noted lawyer and patriot. There is no inscription on the tomb to his daughters, for the reason that it was erected by them. WILLIAM B. HODGSOM, for whom Hodgson Hall was named--the home of the Georgia Historical Society--is memorialized by a handsome monument, which stands on the Telfair lot. He married one of the daughters of Governor Telfair.

Near the center of the cemetery, in a large square richly adorned with handsome memorials, is the 'old family burial plot of the TATTNALLS, several of whom rest here. JOSIAII TATTNALL, the stout old loyalist, who refused to bear arms against the King, is buried some where in England. He never returned to Georgia, after quitting Bonaventure, his beloved country seat. An il lustrious son, however, who bore the same name, who, escaping to America, joined the patriot army on the eve of the recapture of Savannah, -who afterwards became a brigadier-general in the State militia and a Governor of the Commonwealth; to whom also' the confiscated es tate of his father was restored in after years, and whose esteemed privilege it was as chief executive to sign the bill recalling the latter back from banishment, here sleeps in death where his infancy was cradled. He passed away at the early age of thirty-eight and was laid to rest in

292 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGEXDS
the same grave with his beloved, wife, "who preceded him to the tomb by only a few months. On the horizontal slab which covers the grave is inscribed the following record:
This stone is intended to pe-rpetuate the memory of MKS. TT. TATTNALL, consort of O"EjST. JOSIAK TATTNALL, who died the 3rd. December, 1802, aged 33 years. She was truly a pious Christian, affectionate wife, fond mother, and sincere friend. In life be loved, in death regretted. (Here follow the names of four deceased children, the eldest of whom was only eight.)
Also of JUSFAH TATTNALL, JR., ESQ., who after having enjoyed the highest 'honors of the State died at the age of thirty-eight years, in the year of 1803, an honest man rich in the estimation of all who knew
Tattnall County, in this State, commemorates the his toric name of JOBIAH TATTNALL.
Underneath a handsome monument, somewhat dis colored with age, there rests in the same enclosure the mortal remains of EDWARD FENWICK TATTNALL, a g'allant soldier and a former member of Congress. He was a son of the noted Governor. The inscription on his monu ment reads:
EDWABD PEN.WICK TATTNALL, who died in Savannah on the 21st. day of Nov., 1832, aged 44 years. This monument was erected by the Savannah Volun teer Guards which corps he, for a period of years, commanded, as a tribute: of affection for his great virtues as a man, a soldier, and a patriot. "Munera parva quidem sed magnam testarneuta amoTem."

A VENTURE

Marked by a handsome marble sarcophagus in an area of ground next to the tomb of GENERAL JOSIAH TATTNALL is the grave of his illustrious soil of the same name --the great American commodore. Carved on top of the sarcophagus there are three wreaths, connected by an officer's sword,- bearing three dates: 1812-1847-1861. These represent three great -wars in -which he bore a conspicuous part: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, arid
the War between the States. On the north side of the tomb is inscribed:

COMMODORE JOSTAH TATTNAKL, U. S. and C. S. N. Born near this spot, Nov. 9th., 1795. Med June 14th., 1871.

On the south side :

Erected by admirin grand manhood and an and without reproach.

friends' to the '.xalted character.

nemory of Without fei

His wife sleeps beside him. Other members of the Tattnall family connection who rest within the same en closure are: JOHN ROGER FENWTCK, a brigadier-g-eneral in the United States Army, born January 13, 1773, died March 19, 1842; CHARLOTTE, wife of Ebenezer Jackson and daughter of Edward Peiiwiek; JOSIAH MTJLLBYNE TATTNALL, of England, who died on a visit to Tioiiaventurc, in 1805; and JOHN K. V. TATTNALL, 1828-1907, an officer in the Marine Corps of the Confederate States, afterwards a colonel in the Confederate Army, -whose
,s;rave is the most recent one on the lot.

Swept by the pendant mosses, the beautiful burialground of Bonaventure holds a silent host of noted Geor gians, but only one Baron and. Baroness--SIR PATRICK and LADY HOTJSTOTJN. Both died prior to the out break of hostilities with England, and were laid to

294 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
rest in the old Colonial Cemetery, in Savannah, but years ago the deceased members of the Houstoun family were exhumed from, the old grave-yard of the early col onists and reinterred in this green lap of Arcadia, where they have since reposed. SIB PATRICK HOTJSTOTJN was for some time President of the King's Council. He was also Registrar of Grants and Receiver of Quit Claims for the Province of Georgia. His attachment to the Crown of England never wavered; but two of his sons, JOHN and WILLIAM, became illustrious on the honor roll of the Rev olutionary patriots. In the center of the Houstoun lot in Bonaventure, facing Tjve Oak Drive, stands a hand some monument of granite, surmounted by an nrn. It contains the fine old marble tablet from the original tomb, the inscription on which reads as f ollows :
On the right side of the monument is chiseled the name of the son to whom the title descended ; also the name of his wife. The inscription reads : Sra GEORGE IIousTOTJN, BARONET. 1744-1795. LADY ANNE HOTJSTOUN. 1749-1821. SIR GEORGE remained a staunch loyalist throughout the Revolutionary period. His home at White Bluff, on the Vernon River, furnished an asylum of safety for his rebel brothers, on more than one occasion, when hard pressed by the British.
One of the most conspicuous objects in the cemetery is a mammoth vault of granite, cubical in shape, the only lettering on which, in large characters, is the name of one of Georgia's most noted families;

BONAVENTTJRE
CLINCH
Entombed within this splendid mausoleum rest the ashes of BRIGADIER-GENERAL DUNCAN L. CLINCH, a distingniished soldier of the United States Army, who won his spurs in the second war with England. He afterwards achieved renown in the conflicts with the Indians. Relin quishing military life, he succeeded John Millen in the National House of Representatives. His home for many years was on the Georgia coast, near St. Mary's, where lie owned an extensive plantation. Clinch County, on the Florida border line, was named for this gallant Georgian, and one of his grandsbns, GOVERNOR DTJNCAN C. HEYWARD, lias twice filled the office of Chief Executive in the State of South Carolina.
At the extreme rear of the cemetery, occupying a site which overlooks the beautiful Wilmington River, is the grave of the famous soldier, diplomat, orator, jurist and poet--BRIGADIER-GENERAL HENRY R. JACKSON. The mon ument "which marks the spot is a handsome column of brown marble surmounted by an urn ; and the inscription lettered in gold upon the broad pedestal reads as follows:
IIENBY BOOTES JACKSON. Died May 23, 1898.
On the opposite side, the various roles which he filled in the public service are recorded:
Colonel 1st. Georgia Begiment in the Mexican War. Judge of Chatham Superior Court, 1849-1853. United States MinisFer to Austria, 1853-1858. Brigadier-General in the Army of the Confederate States of America, 18611865. United States Minister to Mexico, 1885-1887; and for twenty-four years President of the Georgia His torical Society. Statesman, Diplomat, Poet and Jurist. His life work faithfully done, he rests in peace.

296 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
General Jackson's second wife, Florence Barclay King Jackson, was recently laid beside him in Bonaventure. She was a daughter of the noted Thomas Butler King", of St. Simon's Island.
It "was from the pen of General Jackson that the cele brated poem entitled: "The lied Old Hills of Georgia," leaped into life during th,e late forties or early fifties. He was born on the hills of Athens; and though he loved the tide-water region, in which the greater part of his life was spent, there was always a tender chord in his soul, which vibrated to the call of the uplands. It seems a little strange that one should be lying^ in this spot, whose world-renowned song concludes with this stanza--almost a prayer:
"The red old hills of Georgia I never can forget;
Amid life's joys and sorrows, My heart is on them yet;
And when my course is ended-- ]SIo more to toil or rove,
iTy.y 1 be held in their dear clasp Close, close to them I love! "
Only a few feet removed from the Jackson lot is the . grave of another illustrious diplomat and soldier; BBIGADiRR-GENERAt AiYEXAjSTDER R. LAWTOK. He was for years a partner of General Jackson in the practice of law. His first introduction to fame occurred on the eve of the Civil War, when in command of an independent regi ment of Savannah troops he seized Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah Klvcr. At this time Georgia had not seceded from the Union. It was, technically, therefore, an act of treason against the United States Government; but from the Southern point of view it was an act of patriotism, justified by the logic of events. He was a graduate of West Point; and during the Civil War held the important office of quartermaster-general, after commanding a brigade in the field. Under Mr. Cloveland's first administration he became United States Min-

ister to Austria, an appointment held prior to the war by his old law partner. There were some little compli cations growing' out of the part played by General Lawton in the seizure of Fort Pulaski ; but his political dis abilities were finally removed. He was a strong minor ity candidate for the United States Senate, in 1880, against former Governor Joseph E. Brown, and several years later the chosen orator at the laying of the corner stone of the new State Capitol, in Atlanta. His beloved . wife sleeps beside him in Bonaventure. The graves a.re united by a handsome arch of marble, sculptured in Flor ence, Italy, by the famous Eomaiielli.
On the right column is this inscription:

ALEXANDER BOBERT JjAWTON. Bor . 1818. Died July 2, 1896.
On the left column:

SARAH ALEXANDER LAWTON. 1826. Diofl Xov.. 1, 1897.

On guard, at the entrance to the portal, stands the fig-lire of an angel, and just beneath are tliese words :

"Heirs together of the grace of life."

I

Two other distinguished Confederate brigadier-gen erals, both of them graduates of West Point, repose be neath handsome monuments in Bonaventure--HUGH W. MEKOKR and ROBERT II. ANDERSOW. The first was a son of the gallant Revolutionary soldier, GENERAI, HUGH MEKOER, who fell at the battle of Princeton. He was an officer under Washington, who accompanied the latter in his famous crossing of the Delaware; and the heroic death of this sturdy patriot is today memorialized by the name of the county in which New Jersey's capitol is

298 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
located. GENERAL ANDERSON was for years Savannah's chief of poJice. In the same area of ground sleeps his son, CAPTAIN' KOBEBT H. ANDERSON, JR., who died at Ma nila, in the Philippine Islands, in 1901.
BISHOP JOHN W. BEOKWITH, one of the foremost pul pit orators of his day, rests in Bonaventure. His grave marked by a handsome stone. Succeeding the lamented BISHOP STEPHEN ELLIOTT, in the oversight of the Episco pal diocese of Georgia, he brought to his hig-h office not only a gift of eloquence, seldom if ever excelled, but a genius for organization of the very highest order. He assumed the episcopal robes in 1868, and wore them with honor until his death, in 1890.
Marked by one of the loftiest granite shafts in the cemetery is the grave of KTJFTJS E. LESTER, for sixteen years a representative of the Savannah district in Con gress. His tragic death, the result of a fall which oc curred in Washington, D. C., while searching for his little grandchild, in the attic of his hotel, plunged the en tire State of Georgia in grief. He was a brilliant law yer, a stainless gentleman, and a faithful public servant. On a handsome tablet of bronze, near the base of the monument, is inscribed this epitaph:
BTJITTS EZEKIEL LESTER. Born in Bntke Co., Ga., Dee. 12, 1837. Died in Washington, D. C., June 16, 1906. A gallant Confederate soldier. State Senator, 1870-1879. Three years President of tho Senate. Mayor of Savan nah, 1883-1889. Member of Congress. 1890-1906. True to every trust.

LAUREL GROVE

299

Included among the other Georgians of note who sleep in Bonaventure may be mentioned: BRIGADIER-GENERAL W\ W\ GORDON, a distinguished veteran of both the Civil and the Spanish-American wars, a legislator and a man of affairs ; JOHN H. ESTELL, a gallant Confederate sol dier, for thirty years president of the Union Society and for forty years proprietor of the Savannah Morning News; HUGH M. COMEB, SB., long president of the Cen tral of Georgia, a noted financier and a public spirited citizen; DR. RICHARD D. ARNOLD and DR. WILLIAM C. DANIELL, both eminent physicians, the former one of the organizers of the Georgia Historical Society, the latter one of the mayors of Savannah; JUDGE WALTER S. CHISJTOIJVI, DR. JOHN GUMMING, TFTOMAS AKKWBTGIIT, a native of Preston, Eng.; REV. EDWARD NEUFVTLLE, D. ID., an emi nent Episcopal divine; WILLIAM: GASTON, P. M. KOLLOCK, GEORGE J. KOLLOCK, THOMAS II. HARDEN, BRANTLE\T A. DENMARK, and DR. R. J. NUNN, besides a mimber of others whose memories are still tenderly cherished by a grateful Commonwealth.

Laurel Grove, Savannah
Opened in 1852, Laurel Grove is still the chief burialground of the City of Savannah. It lacks the charm of natural beauty which belongs to Bonaventure, but in the green expanse of native woods there is much to please the eye, while a multitude of handsome vaults and monu ments give it a wealth of artistic attractions. T'he cemetery is situated on the southwestern, outskirts of the city, where it occupies an extensive area of land. It is famed as the last resting place of several thousand Con federate soldiers who perished in the operations around Savannah. Some of the.most illustrious of Georgia's honored dead also sleep here, including a number for whom counties have been named. Underneath a hand-

300 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
some block of granite, some four feet in height, com pletely covering the grave, sleeps the dust of the gallant Bartow. One of the most zealous advocates of secession, he became one of the first martyrs of the Civil War. As a member of the first Confederate Congress lie was instru mental in selecting gray uniforms for the Confederate soldier -- a color which was destined to become immor tally associated with heroic valor. He also participated in the dramatic seizure of Fort Pulaski. His company-- the Oglethorpe Light Infantry--left Savannah for the front on May 21, 1861 ; and he was1 subsequently made Colonel of the Eighth Georgia Regiment to which he was attached. There arose between Governor Brown and Colonel Bartow, an issue concerning the propriety of the latter's taking to Virginia the guns which belonged to Georgia and which "wore needed for the State's defense; but the historic reply of the gallant officer was: "I go to illustrate Georgia." Two months later, he fell on the field of Manassas. Death overtook him while making a victorious charge at the head of a brigade. In honor of the brave hero, Georgia, by an act of the Legislature, changed the name of Cass County in this1 State to Bartow. Inscribed on his monument, in Laurel Grove, is the fol lowing record:
FKANCIS S. BABTOW. Colonel 8th. Begiment, Georgia Volunteers, Confederate States Army. Born Savannah, Ga., September 6th., 1818. Fell at Manassas, July 21st, 1861.
On the right side :
<I go to illustrate Georgia.'
On the left side:

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301

His father, DB. THEODOSITJS BABTOW, who died in 1857, at the age of 83, occupies a grave in the same lot. He was a noted physician of Savannah in ante-bellum days but a gentleman of Northern birth.

Only a short distance removed is the grave of an illus trious Georgian in whose office Colonel Bartow began the study of law: JOHN MAcPiiBRSON' BERRIED. The latter's prestige as an orator, in the days when Webster and Calhoun and Clay were still upon the stage, caused him to be styled '' the American. Cicero.*' He became Attorney-General of the United States in the cabinet of President Jackson; and twice represented Georgia in the American Senate. The monument over the grave of Mr. Berrien is an octagonal shaft of beautifully sculptured white marble, resting upon an ivy-covered mound of rock. It is one of the most artistic memorials1 in Laurel Grove. The inscription on the monument reads as fol
lows:

The grave of JOHW ivTAcPHKIiSON BEBBJEjST, eldest son of M&jor John Berrien, and of Margaret MacPherson. Born at Eockin gham, near Princetom, N". J., Aug. 23, 1781. Died, at Savannah, Ga., Jan. 1, 1856.

On the right side of the column we read:
This monument is placed over Ms ashes by his' be reaved and loving children in. memory of a life laborious in the discharge of every duty, adorned with every Chris tian grace, illustrious in the public service, but more glorious in the milder light of those gentle virtues which rnade his home beautiful and holy and beamed upon all it incircled a love over which the grave can. achieve no victory.
On the other sides of the monument there are Biblical quotations.
Judge Berrien's mother was Margaret MacPherson. The 'Senator was named for her brother John who fell at

302 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Quebec, where lie was an aide-de-camp on Gen. Mont gomery's staff. Mrs. Berrien was1 never vigorous in health. She died early in life at Baisden's Bluff, then a summer resort, in Mclntosh County, where she was buried on the old Bailey plantation, afterwards the property of Dr. Troup. Her grave is near the old Oglethorpe road, some 12 miles from Darien.
The Senator's father is buried in Colonial Park. There, too, in the old cemetery, repose the ashes of his wife, with two of her children. The reason Judg-e Berrion himself is not there is due to the fact that at the time of his death the old cemetery was closed for burial purposes. Berrieu County bears the name of this great orator and states man. Judge Berrien's only rival for the palm of oratory during his day in Georgia "was the gifted JOHN FORSYTH, who lived for a time in Savannah but afterwards removed to Augusta. The latter died while Secretary of State, in the cabinet of President Van Buren, and "was buried in the Congressional cemetery, in Washington, D. C.
Within sight of the Berrien monument is the tomb of WILLIAM: WASHINGTON GORDON, one of the great pioneer railway builders of Georgia, in honor of "whom Gordon County in this State was named. There also stands on Bull Street, in the City of Savannah, a superb memorial shaft erected to him by the Central Railway of Georgia, of which he was the first president. The modest inscrip tion on the unpretentious stone which marks his' grave in Laurel Grove reads as follows :
Sacred to the memory of "WILLIAM WASHINGTON GORDON, son of Ambrose and Elizabeth Gordon, who was born near Augusta, June 4, 179G, and died at Sa vannah on March 20, 1842. lie lived among his fellowmen distinguished for lofty independence of character, for honesty and firmness of purpose, and for patriotic 'public services. He died in the bosom of his family, a Christian in humble hope of a glorious immortality
through the merits of his Saviour.

LAUREL GROVE

303

JUDGE ROBERT M. CHABLTOIT, a distinguished citizen of Savannah who was several times mayor of his native town, a jurist of note, a poet of rare gifts, and a states man who served Georgia in the United States Senate, occupies a grave in Laurel Grove; and on the hands'ome marble stone is inscribed the following tribute from his beloved wife:
My husband, ROB-EKT M. CHARI/TON. Bo ary, IStli, 1807. Died January 18th., 1S54.
"Green be the turf above thee, Friend of our happier days;
None knew thee but to Jove thee, ISTone named thee but to praise.''

Charlton County, in the extreme southeastern corner of this 'State, was named in honor of Judge Charlton. His noted father, THOMAS U. P. CI-IABLTON, who wrote "The Life of Major-General James Jackson," and who was also both a former mayor of Savannah and a famous jurist, is buried in the same area of ground. The latter rested for many years in the old Colonial burial-ground of Savannah; but in the early fifties, when the historic old grave-yard was closed by the local authorities, his remains, together with those of other members of the Charlton family, were removed to Laurel Grove where they have since reposed.

In the immediate neighborhood of the Bartow lot sleeps another distinguished hero of the War between the States --MAJOR-GEKERAIJ LAEAYETTE McLAWs. On the hands'ome block of granite which covers the old soldier's last bivouac is chiselled a sword. The monument erected by the Confederate survivers and citizens of Savannah bears the following inscription:
LAFAYETTE MoLAWS, Major-General Confederate States Army. Born, Augusta, Ga., January 15, 1821. Died, Savannah, Ga., July 24, 1897.

304 GEORGIA 's LAA-DMAKK.S, MEMOKIAJ.S AND
On the left side of the monument is inscribed this tribute from his comrades:
i and he always brought !
On the right side is the following sentiment quoted from the old soldier himself:
'' r fought not for what I thought to be right but fo principles that were right.''
General McLaws was a superb strategist--though he never held an independent command. He re-enforced Jackson's corps at Harper's Ferry in time to aid in the capture of 12,000 prisoners of war; while at Gettysburg his single division put to rout the Federal corps under General Sickles, in the second day's fight. Longstreet filed complaint against him for desisting from an attack which the former ordered upon Fort Sanders, but his conduct ^was justified by the court martial. In 1864 he was placed in command of the District of Georgia. On the issues -of Reconstruction, after the 'war, he gave his support to the dominant party in politics and 'was appointed collector of customs at Savannah, after which he held for a time the office of postmaster.
MAJOR-GENERATE JEREMY FRAKCIS GILMER, of North Carolina, a distinguished Confederate officer who com manded a division diiring the Civil War and who located in Savannah some time after the close of hostilities, occupies a grave in Laurel Grove, marked by a handsome block of stone. He was a, graduate of West Point, and served in the old army on the western frontier. At the time of his death, which occurred 'Dec. 1, 1883, he was

LAUREL, GROVE

305

engaged in railway enterprises in Georgia, with headquarters in Savannah.

Close by sleep two famous brothers, JOSEPH CLAY HABEBSHAM. and WILLIAM NEYLE H ABE us HAM, who fell within a few feet of each other while defending Atlanta in the celebrated battle of July 22, 1864. The former was a lieutenant, aged 23. The latter was a private, aged 20. Between the graves in which they lie there stands a beau tiful shaft of white marble, on the face of "which this in
scription is chiselled:

Underneath a handsome shaft of granite, to the left of the main driveway, repose the mortal ashes of the great editor and humorist, WILLIAM T. THOMPSON. He founded the Savannah Morning News, a paper of which he continued to be the editor for more than three decades; but he is best known to fame as the author of the renowned "Major Jones's Courtship," a classic of ante bellum wit and humor. The inscription on the tomb of Colonel Thompson reads as follows':
To the memory of WILLIAM TAPFAN" THOMPSON, Author and Journalist. Born August 31, 18J2, Died March 24, 1882. Dedicated by the Savannah Morning News to its Founder and during thirty-two years its faithful and able Editor; and by the Georgia Press Association to a distinguished and lamented member.
Marked by a neat shaft of marble is the grave of JOSEPH W. JACKSON, a former member of Congress and a lawyer of note. He was the youngest son of the cele brated old chief executive "who called down fire from.

306 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
heaven to extinguish the iniquitous records of the Yazoo fraud. The inscription on the monument is as follows:
Jackson, was born on 6th. of Dee.. 1796. at Cedar Hill
GENERAL HETTBY R. JACKSON, the noted soldier, diplo mat, statesman, and poet, who wrote "The Red Old Hills of Georgia," a nephew of the old Governor, sleeps in Bonaventure, but his first wife CORNELIA AUGUSTA DAVEN PORT lies entombed in the Jackson lot in Laurel Grove. This lot adjoins the one on which Joseph W. Jackson is buried. Here, too, rests CORNELIA JACKSON BARROW, the second "wife of UNITED STATES SENATOR POPE BARROW. His daughter FLORENCE BARCLAY BARROW also sleeps here, but the Senator himself is interred in the burial-ground of his ancestors, near the town of Lexington.
Longstreet's chief of staff, BBIGADIER-GENERAL G. MOXLET SORREL, occupies one of the handsomest vaults in Laurel Grove. On the outer "wall of the crypt "which con tains his mortal ashes may be read the following inscrip tion :
Another gallant Confederate officer who sleeps iin Laurel1 Grove is BRIGADIER-GENERAL GEORGE P. HARRISON, SB., whose son, GEORGE P. HARBISON, JR., held the same rank.

LAUREL GROVE

307

Tinder a handsome monument, near the Confederate reserve, rest the mortal ashes of .TTJLIAIT HARTRIDGE, one of the most brilliant men of his day in public life. He served with distinction in the Confederate Congress, after a brief experience in the field "with the Chatham Artillery; and subsequent to the war was twice elected to a seat in the National House of Representatives. "While s'erving his second^term in the latter high forum an illness, from which no one anticipated serious results, took an unex pected turn for the worse, ending in his death. As an advocate before a jury he possessed few equals. Though he held public office, his ambitions were not alongpolitical lines ; and he even declined at one time a seat on the Supreme Bench of Georgia. Inscribed on his tomb is the following epitaph:

BISHOP STEPHEN ELLIOTT, the first Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Georgia, and the great leader and organizer of the church in this State, where he labored for more than twenty-five years, is included among the illustrious dead of Laurel Grove. He was a native of South Carolina and a son of the distinguished naturalist who bore the same name. Bishop Elliott was one of the founders of the University of the South, at Sewanee, Tenn. He possessed a genius for organization equalled by few and surpassed by none. His labors were Hercu lean; and it was probably due to burdens which overtaxed his strength that he died at the age of sixty-one. His gifted son, BOEEET "W. B. ELLIOTT, became the first Bishop of Southwestern Texas. His daughter, Sarah Barnwell Elliott, is a brilliant writer. In almost every generation

308 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
this noted family has given birth to distinguished men. Bishop Blliott left a number of volumes to attest his varied intellectual activities ; hut the Episcopal Church of Georgia is his nohlest monument. The Bishop's grave is somewhat uniquely marked. Upon a brick foundation rests a heavy slab of gray granite, "which in turn supports a superstructure of red granite, rectangular in shape to a height of nine inches, when it assumes something of a Gothic curve, culminating at the roof in a Gfothic cross, of slender proportions, which extends the entire length of the tomb. At the head, is chiseled the Bishop's mitre. On the sides there are other emblems of the Church of England. The inscription is in Latin, lettered in old English characters'. Consequently it is difficult to read. Here is the inscription:
STEPHANtJS ELLIOTT. d. g. epis. Georgianus primus. Ob. in pace Jehu S. Thomas festo MDCCCL.XVI. Aet. LXI.
COLONEL CHARLES A. LAMAE, one of the owners of the famous slave-ship "Wanderer" and a gallant Confeder ate soldier, who fell near Columbus, Ga., in one of the last battles of the "war, sleeps under a handsome monument of marhle, designed in imitation of a broken column, draped at the top. The inscription on the monument reads:
CHAHLES A. L. LAMAB. Born in Savannah, April 1, 1824. Killed during the fight at Columbus, April 16, 1865.
At his side reposes his beloved "wife, CAROLINE AGNES, who survived him until 1902. In the same lot, which is shaped in the form of a triangle, sleeps his gifted sonin-law, one of the most magnetic orators known to the

LAUREL GROVE

309

public life of Georgia since tlie war; at one time also a strong- minority candidate for the Senate of the United States. The inscription on the neat granite headstone
reads as follows :

DTJ EIGNON.

In the close neighborhood of the Lamar lot sleeps JOHN MILLED, a distinguished member of the Savannah bar, for whom the town of Millen in this State was named. He was elected to a seat in the United States Congress, but death overtook him before he could assume the honors for which he was so well fitted by reason of his great talents. The grave is marked by a most substantial shaft of marble, on which the following- inscription is chiseled:
Sacred to the memory of JOHN" MILLEN", son of George and Margaret Millen. Representative-Elect from Georgia in the Congress of the United States, who died in Savannah, October 15, 1843, in the 39th. year of his age.
On the left side of the tomb appears this epitaph:
Possessing a mind of no ordinary character and a heart warm and enthusiastic, COL. MILLEN filled the stations of, son, brother, and friend surpassed by none, thereby ensuring to his mental worth and noble qualifications a remembrance that will ever live and be cherished in the hearts of those who mourn his loss. '' Oh tyrant, who shall snap thy bow or stay thy arrow when they have b'een leveled at the heart of thy victim?"
Over the Gettysburg dead, in the Confederate area, stands1 a monument which attracts much attention from visitors. It is a beautifully carved statue of Silence

310 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS ANB LTCGENDS
mounted upon a handsome pedestal of marble. inscription upon the "west side reads:

The

"To the Confederate Dead. Hero rest till Boll Call the Men of Gettysburg."

On the other side's of the pedestal appropriate verses are inscribed. The luxuriant ivy which clusters at the bas'e was brought from Gettysburg with the dead who
sleep around the monument.

To mention by name only some of the many other dis tinguished Georgians who sleep in Laurel Grove, the list
includes: JUDGE JAMES M. WAYNE, for thirty years an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and for three successive terms a member of Con gress ; JUDGE EDWAB.D J. HARDEN, a noted jurist, who wrote the '' Ijife of George M. Troup ;'' GEORGE W. OWENS, a former member of the National House of Representa tives ; MA.IOK WM. P. BOWEN, to whose initiative was due in large measure the monument in Savannah to Count Pulaski; JUDGE ~Ww. !B. FLEMING and JUDGE JOHN" C. NICHOLLS, both noted jurists and former members of Con gress; AViLLiAM LAW, one of the most celebrated lawyers of the late ante-bellum period; JUK.EMIAH L. CUYLER and RICHARD R. CUYLER, both noted railway pioneers and eminent members of the bar; THOMAS PURSE, the first
superintendent of the Central of Georgia; JUDGE ALEX ANDER PBATT ADAMS, a brilliant young jurist, whose early death at the age of forty-one, while in the prime of his intellectual powers, was a bereavement to the State; GEOKGE W. STILES, ISRAEL K. TEITT, DR. JAMES P. SCREVEN; DR. JOACHIM R. SAUSSY, a distinguished victim of the yellow fever in the epidemic of 1854; J)B. EDWARD H. MYEBS, a noted Methodist divine, who perished in the same fatal scourge; JOHN J. KELLY, GEOBGE B. GUMMING,

CATHOLIC CEMETERY--OLD JEWISH BURIAL GROUND 311
MAJOR JOHN FOLEY, DE. WILLIAM; B. WAKHSTG, DB. JAMES J. WAKING, Dn. COSMO P. RICHABDSOIT, CHABLES 1ST. WEST, WILLIAM H. BULLOCH, WILLIAM B. BULLOCH, DR. WILLIAM G-. BTJLLOCH, G-EOBGE W. STILES, BET. HENRY KOLLOCK, D. D., JOHN Y. NOEL, GEOBGE ANDERSON, EDWARD G. ANDEBSON, JOHN BOSTON, DR. JOHN CLAY HABEESHAM, and a host of otters whose names are still fragrant around the hearthstones of Savannah and in the hearts of Georgians.
Catholic Cemetery, Savannah
Situated on the road to Thunderbolt, two miles from the city, this handsome necropolis was established in 1853 by the Savannah Catholics. Here lies entombed the first Bishop of the Diocese of Savannah--the Eight Keverend E\ X. Grartland, "whose memory is today revered by thousands, irrespective of creed. He died a victim of the yellow fever in the great plague of 1854. Bishop Barren, who held a foreign jurisdiction, is likewise buried here. He, too, perished in the fearful scourge of the same year. Bishop Barry, "who, broken in health by his ard uous labors, "went abroad to recoup his strength, but died in the city of Paris, where he was the special guest of the Archbishop, is also buried here. He was first laid to rest in Pere-]a-Chaisc; but, at the request of his parish ioners, he "was brought back to Savannah for final inter ment by the side of his revered predecessor. Here also sleeps the beloved Bishop Bccker.
Old Jewish Burial Ground, Savannah
On Guerard Street, near the Union Station, is the old Jewish burial-ground of Savannah. It contains the ! tomb of the noted Mordeeai Sheftall, one of the earliest / pioneer residents of the town, who donated this tract of J

312 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
land to his people for burial purposes. Here also rests Sheftall Sheftal). Father and son--they were both pa triots of the Revolution, and both men of the most ex alted character.
St. Paul's, Augusta
The, church-yard of old St. Paul's, in Augusta, is thickly sown with historic dust. It is not alone the burialplace, but the cradle, of the ancient town, reaching- back to the earliest pioneer days. The site of the primitive little fort which was here built by order of Oglethorpc, in 1736, is today marked by a handsome Celtic cross, in the extreme rear of the church-yard, overlooking the Savan nah River. On the beautiful grass-covered lawn, under neath the shade of trees, some of which are more than two centuries old, may be seen a number of rare monu ments ; but the ancient edifice itself is, in many respects, the -most precious of Augusta's sacred heir-looms and memorials.
It marks the spot where Christianity "was first planted in the "wilderness of upper Georgia; and the name of the pioneer evangel, therefore, is an appropriate one for it to bear. The ashes of the great soldier-bishop, LIEUTENANT-GENERAT, TjEONtDAs PoT^K, repose underneath the sanctuary of the church. His wife sleeps beside him. Here, too, rest the mortal remains of two of the beloved rectors of St. Paul's--Dr. Edward Hi. Ford and D'r. William H. Clarke. Mi-. Richard Tubman, one of the most generous of Augusta's; public-spirited citizens, likewise occupies a crypt underneath the house of worship. There are also costly memorials within the edifice to United States Senator John I5 . King, for forty years president of the Georgia Railroad; to Captain John Carter, an of ficer in the Continental Army, who was1 the first senior warden of the parish after the Revolution, and to other distinguished residents of the town.

ST. PAUL'S

313

When the burial-ground was made a battle-field, in 1781, the oldest monuments were destroyed; but there are quite a number of memorials in the church-yard "which have reached the century mark. On the1 left of the his toric edifice there is only one grave of special note, but around it clusters a "wealth of fragrant associations. Here sleeps the famous inventor who, twelve months before the keel of Fulton's boat began to plow the Hud son, "was successfully applying steam to navigation on the waters of the same stream which his grave today overlooks. He died the victim of adverse fortunes; and in the simple epitaph inscribed on the time-worn slab above him there is a world of pathos. It reads :
Sacred to the memory of WILLIAM LONGSTKE"ET who departed this life, September 1, 1814, aged 54 years, 10 months, and 26 days. "All the days of the afflicted are evil; but he that is of a merry heart hath a con tinual feast."
"William Tjongstreet was the father of the celebrated Judge Augustus B. Long-street, who wrote "Georgia Scenes." He was also the grandfather of the no less distinguished General James Longstreet--Lee's old WarHorse.

Perhaps the tomb which attracts the chief interest on the part of visitors to St. Paul's is the tomb of old GOV ERNOR GEORGE MATHEWS, in the area of ground to the right of the church. An officer of note during the Revolu tion, he is credited with having saved the American army from rout at the battle of Brandywine. He "was notoriously i\ bad speller. At one time he wanted to thrash John Adams. While Governor of Georgia he committed the fatal blunder of approving the Yazoo Act. His grave is covered by an old-fashioned box of marble, on which the following inscription is recorded:

In memory of GENERAL GBOBGE MATHEWS, n-ho died 30 of August, 1812, in the 73rd. year of his nge.

314 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Next to Governor Mathews, in a similar tomb, sleeps ROBERT PORSYTII, the father of Georgia's illustrious statesman, Hon. John Forsyth. He was killed by the notorious Beverly Alien, whom lie was seeking to arrest, while United States marshal for the District of Georgia. The following epitaph is inscribed on the tomb:
Sacred to the memory of BOBEET 3TOKSYTH, Fed eral Marshal of Georgia, who, in the discharge of tlie duties of his office, fell a victim to his respect for the* Jaws of his country and his resolution in support of them, on the llth. of January 1794, in the 40th. year of Ms age. His virtues as an officer of rank and un usual confidence in the war which gave independence to the United States and in all the tender and endearing relations of social life have left impressions on his country and friends more durably engraved than this
Underneath a horizontal slab of marble, in the fore ground of the church-yard, lie the ashes of the gallant naval officer who commanded the very first vessel com missioned during the American Revolution. On account of the recognized priority of his claims in this respect, he has sometimes been styled by pre-eminence, the "Ad miral of the American Navy." The inscription on the slab is as follows:
This stone is placed by fraternal affection to the memory of COMMODORE OT.IVEB BOWBN", a native of the State of Khode Island, where he sprang from an honorable stock. He departed this life, July the llth. A. D. 1800, in the 59th. year of his age. A patriot of 1775, he was among the first in this State who stepped forth in Vindication of our Bights. His life equally with his property was' often risked in the Cause. His widow, his relations, and his many friends will ever regret the departure of the Benevolent and Honest Mat..

Stone by Fraternal
Memory e'f

. P&triot of 1775-.

s was among tlte firft n% ttas State 't

:1""'> wlio ftepd forth ,

;

': in Vindication of ow Rights >:

His life equally with his prope-rty

were often rifqueditt ttieCaufe.

f His "Widow "his Relations an<3 his mwry friends, will ever regret tti Of t"he

HORIZONTAL SLAB OVER THE TOMB OF COMMODORE OLIVER BOWEN, AUGUSTA, GA.

ST. PAUL'S

315

Commodore Bowen, at the outbreak of tlie Revolution, was a resident of Savannah. Most of his life was spent on the ocean front and how he came to be buried in Augusta is unknown. Dr. Chauncey C. "Williams, a former rector of the parish, in speaking of his services to the cause of independence, makes this statement:
"When "Washington was at Cambridge and powerless to1 dislodge Lord Howe from Boston, because he bad no ammunition, Commodore Bowen, by a clever and daring attack, captured a shipload of gunpowder off Savannah. One-half of this was sent to General "Washington, and enabled him to drive the British ont of Boston. It may almost be said, therefore, that this man, buried in St. Paul's church-yard, made the success of tbe Revolution possible. "*

Bordering' npon the main walk, just within the gate, is the last resting place of COLONEL AMBBOSK GORDON, a soldier of the Revolution and an officer in the State troops. He was tbe father of William Washington Gordon, the first president of the Central of Georgia, for whom Gor don County, in this State, was named. The monument over him is cubical in shape, built somewhat in the fash ion of an urn. The inscription reads as follows:
Sacred to the memory of COLONEL, AMBTCOSE GOTJDON, vtho, in the various relations of life, dis charged his duty with fidelity arid diligence. He was born in tine State of New Jersey, on the 28th. of .Time 1751 and departed this life in the State of Georgia, on the 28th. of Jan., 1804, aged 53 years.

WILLIAM THOMPSON, an officer of tbe Revolution, sleeps in a grave near Governor Mathews. His tomb bears the
*The Stor of St. Paul's Church, Augusta, Ga., A. D, 1750-1796, p. 7, pamphlet.

316 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
insignia of the Order of the Cincinnati. Inscribed on tlie surface of the marble box is the following record:
Here lies the body of WILLIAM THOMPSON, Esq., who was an Officer in the Oth. Pennsylvania Regt. of the late American Army from its formation in 1776 to its dissolution and amongst his American Brethren made an Offering of his Blood on the Altar of Liberty. He departed this life on J9th. day of March, 1794, Aged 45 Years. And as a testimony of her re gret and in remembrance of him, his disconsolate Widow hath caused this Stone to be placed as a covering to his bed of rest.
Near the east wall of the church is buried SEABORN JONKS, an uncle of the Congressman "who bore the same name. He was the first speaker of the House of Assem bly after the adoption of the Federal Constitution in 1789. His grave is marked by a massive square column, inscribed as follows:
GEORGE STEPTOE WASHINGTON, a nephew of General Washington, died in Augusta on January 10, 3809, and was buried in St. Paul's church-yard, but there is no stone to mark the spot. On the east side of the church is the grave of the first Presbyterian minister in Angusta, the REVEREND WASHINGTON MCKNIGHT. It is a fact of some interest that St. Paul's, though an Episcopal Church, was leased by the town authorities, in 1804, to the Presbyterians. This grew out of complications, which are elsewhere discussed. The property was in part re stored to the Episcopalians ill 1818.

SlJMMERVILLE

317

Summerville, Augusta
Some of Georgia's most distingnished dead--includ ing Governors, United States Senators, Congressmen, judges, editors, historians, and men of eminence in every sphere of usefulness--lie buried on the Sand Hills, near Augusta. The land for the cemetery was deeded to the village of Summerville by Thomas Gumming, Esq., and an Act to incorporate the trustees of this burial-ground "was approved by Governor Troup, on November 21, 1823. Mr. Gumming was the first intendant of the town'of Au gusta, and the first president of Georgia's oldest bank. His grave, near the center of the burial-ground, is marked by a substantial monument, from which we learn that he was born on May 30, 1765, and died on March 6, 1834.
Several members of his family sleep near him. One of these, a son, WILLIAM GUMMING, was a gallant soldier of the War of 1812, holding the rank of colonel in the United States army. He afterwards declined a briga dier-general's commission from President Jackson, and a major-general's commission from President Polk. In 1822 lie "was drawn into a duel "with the famous George McDuffie, of South Carolina, an affair in which the latter was severely wounded. The inscription on the monu ment to AVILLIAM GUMMING reads as follows :

In memory of WILLIAM GUMMING, eldest son of Thomas and Ann Cuniming, born Savannah, July 27, 178G, died, Augusta, Feb. 18, 1863. Distinguished by rare mental endowments and varied knowledge, his serv ices as a soldier and his high sense of honor commanded the respect of his comrades-in-arms, while his acknowl edged worth as a citizen, his integrity and truth, com manded for him esteem and confidence in the community and State, ill which was passed a long life.

Not far removed, there stands a shaft to GENERAL ALFBKD GUMMING, an early Mayor of Augusta, who after-

318 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
wards became Governor of Utah. Inscribed on his monu ment is the following epitaph.:
In memory of ALIPED GUMMING. Born at Summerville, Sept. 4, 1802. Died at the same place, Oct. 9, 1873. Aged 71 years.
"(Side) As' mayor of the city of Augusta, during the epi demic of 1839, he rendered services that were grate fully acknowledged by his fellow-citizens. As Superin tendent of Indian Affairs and Governor of Utah, he administered these trusts of the general government with courage and humanity, integrity and fidelity. In the relations of private life, a man of kindly, strong and generous affections.
In a lot immediately adjoining1, sleeps HENRY UARFORT> GUMMING, one of the ablest lawyers of his day in Georgia, to whose vig-orons initiative is largely dne the Augusta Canal. The following epitaph is inscribed upon his tombstone:
In memory of HENRY JIAKFOK.D GUMMING, dear to his family as the devoted husband, the tender father; honored in this community as the distinguished lawyer, the good citizen, the faithful friend, the fearless defender of the right, the peerless gentleman. Born, Oct. 15, 1799. Died, April 14, 1866.
Two distinguished sons sleep near him, JULIAN., a man of rare gifts, who gave his Hfe to the Confederacy, and GENERAL ALFRED GUMMING^ a distinguished com-

S U M MEKVILLE

319

manding officer on tlie Confederate side in tlie late Civil War. On the tomb of the former is inscribed:
His life, rich in the promises which: a rare intellect and a generous heart could give, he offered for his country; wounded and captured at Gettysburg, a mar tyred patriot, lie died a prisoner of war on Johnson's Island, Lake Erie, March 8, 1864. He breathed his latest breath among foes and strangers; he sleeps here in the midst of friends and kindred.
GENERAL ALFRED GUMMING, nephew and namesake of the distinguished Governor of Utah, sleeps under a hand some headstone, on which the following1 inscription is lettered:
ALFRED GUMMING. Born, January 30, 1829. Died, Dee., 5, 1910. God is the strength of my heart and my portion forever.
(Re; r)
ALFRED, son of Henry Hartford and Julia Ann Gumming. A Graduate of the West Point Military Academy and Briga,dier-General of the Army of the Confederate States.
DR. HARFORD MONTGOMERY GUMMING, an accomplished young physician, and a soldier of the Gonfederacy, who died at the age of thirty-four, is also buried in this area.

Underneath a square headstone, in a remote corner of the cemetery, sleeps the widow of William Long-street, a noted inventor, who anticipated Kobert Fulton in apply ing; steam to navigation. She was the grandmother of the noted Confederate general--Lee's "Old \Var-Horse." The inscription on her tomb reads:

320 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS JUDGE EBESTEZEB STARNES, a distinguished jurist, is
buried here.
Marked by a huge block of solid granite is the last resting place of MOSES "WADLEY, one of the railway pio neers of this State, long president of the Central of Geor gia. The monument bears this inscription:
There is a monument in this cemetery to GENEKAL W. "W. MOJN-TGOMEBY, though his ashes repose elsewhere. The following epitaph is inscribed on the monument:
His son, JUDGE W. W. MONTGOMERY, sleeps in an un marked grave on this same lot. His widow, to whom there is an inscription on the above monument, also rests here.
Underneath a horizontal slab, lifted some two feet above the ground, on marble pillars, rest the mortal ashes of an illustrious Georgian, the inscription irpon whose tomb reads as follows :
In memory of the IION". JOHN MILLEDGE, who de parted this' life on the 9th. of February, 1818, aged 61 years. The deceased was born in the city of Savannah and his political life is intimately connected with the history of Georgia.

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Quite a simple epitaph for one who "was both Gov ernor of the State and United States Senator, who repre sented Georgia also in the National House of Represen tatives, who gave to the State University. the land on which the present city of Athens is built, and whose name was conferred upon the historic town which re mained for sixty years the seat of government.

Close to Governor Milledge sleeps an honored Geor gian, upon whom, as chairman of the famous Secession Convention, of 1861, devolved the duty of pronouncing Georgia ''free, sovereign and independent." He filled the high office of Governor of the 'State, represented Geor gia in Congress, and held the portfolio of "war in the Cabinet of President Taylor. There is nothing whatever to mark the grave in which he lies; but the lot is en closed by an iron railing, and on the gate is lettered the illustrious name:

i

GEORGE W. CEAWFOBD

I

The distinguished Governor of the State who bore the executive seal of Georgia into exile rather than see it profaned by military usurpers in the days of Beconstruction, also sleeps here. His grave is marked by a handsome shaft of brown granite, on which may be read the following inscription:
Sacred to the memory of HOf-T. CHABLES J. JEN-KINS. Died June, 13, 1883. Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia, I860-] 865. Governor of Georgia, 18651868. In arduis fldelis.
The Latin motto quoted in the epitaph was stamped upon the handsome gold medal presented to him byi the State of Georgia. Translated it means "faithful in

322 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
hardships." The medal was a facsimile reproduction of the original seal which he rescued.
Further down the same walk, some fifty feet from the Jenkins lot, is a grave covered with an old-fashioned box of marhle, well preserved, but yellow with age, on which appears the following record :'
Sac-re tl to the memory of ALFRED CTJTHBERT. Born in the city of Savannah, Dec. 23, 1783. Died in Jasper Co., Ga., July 9, 1856, in the 71st. year of his age.
His wife, Sarah Cuthbert, sleeps beside him. Mr. Cuthbert represented Georgia with distinction in the Sen ate of the United States. He also served for a number of years in the national House of Representatives. His brother, John A. Cuthbert, a distinguished Congressman and jurist,.removed from Georgia to Alabama, where the last years of his life were spent.
Georgia's foremost historian, COLONEL CHARLES C. JONES, JR., a gentleman of profound scholarship,.of tire less research, of elegant manners, and of rare gifts of oratory, also sleeps here, under a handsome granite stone, surmounted by an artistic cross of marble. The inscrip tion on the monument reads:
CIIAKLES OOLCOCK JONES, JR. Born, Savannah, Ga., Oct. 2$, 1831. Died, Summerville, Ga., July 19, 1893.
Beside him sleeps his beloved wife. The lot is bor dered by four beautiful cedars, one at each corner.

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328

Included among the other distinguished Georgians who rest in this; little cemetery on the Sand Hills may he mentioned: H. II. HICKMAN , PLEASANT STOVALL, GEORGE T. STOVALL; JUDGE KOBERT FALLIGANT, a distinguished jurist, long a resident of Savannah, whose father fought under the first Napoleon and emigrated to America after the battle of Waterloo ; JOSEPH GANAHL, a representative member of the Georgia bar; and a number of others.

The Arsenal, Augusta
When the United States Government purchased the tract of land near Summerville, on which the present Ar senal is located, it assumed an obligation to preserve the private burial-ground of the Walker family, some of the members of which are included among the most distin guished of Georgians. The little area of ground has been enclosed by a high wooden fence, but the brambles of late years have been allowed to overrun it; and some of the tombs, under an accumulated mass of dead leaves, in a thick tangle-wood of bushes,, have moldered to such an extent that the inscriptions on them can hardly be deci phered. One of these is the tomb of MAJOR FREEMAN WALKER^ for whom Walker County, in this State, was named. The epitaph on the raised horizontal slab has been almost completely effaced; but happily this inscrip tion, which came from the pen of Richard Henry Wilde, the famous poet and member of Congress, who wrote the "Summer Kose," has been preserved in White's Statis tics of Georgia. It reads as follows :
Consecrated to the cherished memory and mortal relics of PBEEMAN WALKER, an able and successful advo cate, a graceful and fluent speaker. His influence as a Statesman, his reputation as an Orator, his urbanity as a gentleman, were embellished and endeared by social and domestic virtues. Long a distinguished Member of

324 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
(Continued) the Bar, often elected to the legislature of the State, lie at length "became one of her Senators in Congress, and retired after two years of honorable service, to resume a profitable profession which, he practiced with untiring in dustry and unblemished character, until shortly before his death. Generous, Hospitable, and Humane, of cheer ful temper and familiar manners, he was idolized by his family, beloved by his friends, and admired by his coun trymen. Even party spirit, in his favor, forgot some thing of its' bitterness, and those who differed from the politician did justice to the man. Born in Virginia, in October, 1780, his brilliant and useful life was termi nated by a pulmonary complaint, on the 23rd. day of September, 1827, in the 47th. year of his age.
One of the most distinguished soldiers of the Civil War, MAJOR-GENERAL WM. H. T. WALKER, who lost Ms life in the battle of Atlanta, on July 22nd, 1864, is also buried in this little enclosure of ground. His grave is handsomely marked with a monument of white marble, on which the following epitaph is inscribed:
MAJOR-GEN EKAL WM. H. T. WALKER. Born in Augusta, Ga., Nov. 26, 1816. Killed in the Battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864.
"His soul to Him who gave it rose; God led it to its long repose, Its glorious rest; And, though the warrior's sun has set, Its light shall linger round us yet, Bright, radiant, blest."
Some few feet distant sleeps his gallant/brother, GEN ERAL VALENTINE WALKER, under a neat memorial stone.

AUGUSTA
Further down the main walk repose the mortal ashes of the most' celebrated woman of lier day and time: MADAM OCTAVIA ^VALTON LF^ERT. Her mother was a member of the Walker family; and, after the death of T)r. Lie Vert, she removed from her former home in Mo bile, Ala., to the Sand Hills, near Augusta, where the last years of her life were passed. The grave of Madam LeVert is in the corner of a lot, surrounded by an iron fence and overarched by a number of beautiful shade trees. The ornamental headstone over her last resting place is somewhat discolored, but the inscription is still quite distinct:
OGTAVIA WALTON LE VEST.-- Born, August 11, 1811. Died, Mar. 32, 1877. "Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy."
On the same lot is buried her daughter, Cara Netta Reab, "who died at the age of thirty; also two grand children. Madam LeVert was the granddaughter of George Walton, one of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence for Georgia, and the daughter of George Walton, Governor of the Territory of Florida. She spoke fluently several different languages, traveled extensively over Europe, where she met the crowned heads, published a delightful volume entitled, "Souvenirs o-f Travel," and "was for years the best-known woman in the social life of America.
City Cemetery, Augusta
On the main driveway of Augusta's city cemetery, in "what is called "Poet's Row," sleep the mortal ashes of three noted Georgia poets. The first of the trio is the author of the greatest war song ever written. His grave is a bed of flowers bordered "with marble, and marked by a neat headstone, of ornamental design, on which the

326 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
artist has chiseled a cross, emblematic of the author's deep religious faith. The inscription reads:
JAMES RYDER RANDALL,. Born in Baltimore, MVI.. Jan., 1, 1839. Died in Augusta, Ga., Jan. 15, 1908. Author of '' My Maryland.''
Though a native of the State with whose name his matchless anthem is forever entwined, Mr. Bandall spent the greater part of his life in Augusta, where he occu pied an editorial chair on the Chronicle. He was also at one time the Washington correspondent of this paper, and still later the private secretary of Congressman W\ H. Fleming. It is quite a coincidence that while Mary land has given to Georgia one of her greatest poets, Georgia, in turn, hag given one of her greatest poets to Maryland. Sidney Lanier, who wrote "The Song of the Chattahoochee" and "The Marshes of Glynn," sleeps in an ivy-covered grave, otherwise unmarked, on the Turnhull lot, in Green Mount Cemetery, in Baltimore.
Just a few feet beyond the Bandall lot stands a tall marble slab, on which the signs of age are quite appar ent. It marks the last resting place of the celebrated poet, historian, orator, and Member of Congress, KICITABD HENRY WILDE. The grave is bordered with brick, and chiseled upon the time-worn slab is the simple epitaph:
RICHARD HENRY WILDE. Born, Sept. 24, 1789. Died Sept., 10, 1847.
His celebrated poem, "The Summer Bose," is one of the great American classics. The opening lines are famil iar to every one--
My life is like the summer rose That opens to the morning sky,
But ere the shades of evening close Is scattered on the ground to die.

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327

Mr. Wilde fell a victim to the yellow fever in the city of New Orleans. Defeated for re-election to Congress, after a. long" period of service, he took np his abode in the Louisiana metropolis. His remains were brought back to Georgia and for a number of years reposed in a grave on the Sand Hills. The following account of the re-interment is taken from an old file of the A.ngitsta Chronicle :
"Yesterday a party of ladies and gentlemen drove to the Sand Hills to witness the disinterment of the remains of the illustrious Kichard Henry Wilde. The soil was light and easily yielded to the spade. Almost without a flaw as to location the original limits of the grave were disclosed. The wooden box containing the zinc or lead coffin had crumbled away, leaving only fragments of rotten timber. The metal case had shrunk, leaving only the outlines of the skeleton. A small orifice, at one end, revealed the shoes worn by the deceased, in an excellent state of preservation. By some mistake, at the time of burial, the head was placed to the east, facing westward. This is not the case now. The poet sleeps with his face to the sunlit east in our cemetery, awaiting the resur rection. The grave of Wilde will no longer be remote or neglected. It will be lovingly decorated, and, at no distant day, appropriately marked. The summer rose will bloom upon it, and many a pilgrim will journey toward it as one of the Meccas of the mind."

Adjoining the lot in which the poet Wilde lies buried is the grave of PAUL H. HAYNE, the Southern laureate. There is nothing- in the way of a headstone to mark the last resting-place of this bay-crowned prince of song, but the lot is most exquisitely kept; and in this respect, when visited by the writer, in the spring of 1912, it contrasted most decidedly with the lot next to it, which holds the lamented dust of Wilde. The area in which the poet Hayne sleeps is beautifully planted in flowers. The grave

328 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
itself is neatly covered with brick, and at the head stands a luxuriant rose bush. Perhaps it is just the sort of a monument which the poet himself might have chosen. There is something about it which suggests the fragrant breath of his own songs. He loved the woods and the fields; and, far removed from the city's din, his little nest of a home at Copse Hill "was couched among' the ver dant pines. In the absence of an epitaph, the flowers above him seemed to whisper:
fe 'In sylvan nooks rejoicingly I met The wild-rose and the violet."

In a different part of the cemetery, on a lot encom

passed By an iron railing, stands a massive monument

of marblev It marks the last resting- place of a distin

guished lawyer and legislator, for "whom one of the coun

ties of the 'State has been named. Inscribed on the monu

ment is the following epitaph:

t

ANDREW .T. MTLLEK. Born in Camden County, March 21, 180G. Died in Augusta, 'Feb. 3, 1856. His life was devoted to the service of his fellow-men, to whom" his family and kindred commit the guardianship of his fame.

On one of the sides is this inscription:

The Oglethorpe Infantry to their lamented eoinmander. ' 'In h m the elements were so mixed that nati re
might star d up and say to all the world--this was a man. ' '

Judge Miller served in the General Assembly for more than twenty years. Throughout this entire period, he was the champion of a measure reserving' to the married woman her separate property rights. He failed to see his favorite bill crystallized into law, for the reason that old legal customs do not readily yield; but ten years after his death it became a statute, and is today embedded in the Constitution of Georgia.

AUGUSTA
Within a very short distance of the tomb of Judge Miller sleeps a noted soldier of the Seminole Indian wars, who afterwards represented Georgia in Congress, and whose name "was conferred npon one of the counties of the State in recognition of his distinguished services : GENERAL THOMAS GLASCOCK. The inscription on his mon ument was written by the celebrated Judge Jjongstreet, a "warm personal friend. It reads as follows:

Sacred to the COCK. Born Oct.,
years

EN THOMAS GLAS-

On this same lot, underneath a well-preserved marble box, sleeps HON\ ~W"M. GL-ASCOOK, Speaker of the House of Assembly during- the Revolution. His wife's grave is marked by a similar memorial. JUDGE WM:. TRACT -GouLD and JUDGE WM. "W. HOLT are buried in the same area, and each grave is substantially marked.

330 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
There is also in this part of the cemetery a monu ment which possesses a two-fold interest. It marks the last resting-place of an old Revolutionary patriot, who reached a phenomenal age. The inscription on the tomb stone reads as follows:
JOHN MARTIN, a soldier of the Bevolution, died in Augusta, Georgia, 14th February, 1843. Aged 105 years. He served in the Cherokee war of 1753 and was
ounded in the head by a tomahawk. He served through the whole of the ^Revolutionary War with honor. A tribute of respect by the ladies of Augusta.
A. E. WEIGHT, one of Georgia's most distinguished soldiers, is buried in the Town Cemetery of Augusta. He commanded a famous division during the Civil War, after which he became an editor of note. At the time of his death he was Congressman-elect from the Eighth Congressional District. The inscription on his monument reads:
To the memory of AMBROSE KANSOM WBIGHT, Major General C. 8. A. and member-elect of the FortySecond Congress. Born in Jefferson County, Ga., April 6, 1826. Died in Augusta, Ga., December 21, 1872.
The last resting-place of Victor J. B. Girardy, a native of Prance, who fell near Richmond, Va., at the head of his brigade, fighting for the liberties of the South, is marked by a neat monument. Tie died at the age of 26. Three of his comrades, GOODE BBYAN, J. K. JACKSON, and M. A. STOVALL, all brigade commanders, sleep near by in unmarked graves.
Underneath a monument, yellow with age, in a cor ner of the cemetery, near the tomb of Judge Miller, sleeps a soldier of the Revolution : CAPTAIN DANIEL MAC-

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331

MUBPHY. For a number of years he represented Rich mond in the General Assembly of Georgia. The old patriot's monument is inscribed as follows:

Sacred to the memory of CAPT. DANIEL MACMUEPHY, who died Oct. 27, 1819. Aged 82 years: Born in Antrim, Ireland, he came to Georgia- in 1756, identified himself with the colony and served his coun try during the Revolutionary War as soldier and legis lator.-
Also to the memory of his wife, SUSANNAH, who assisted in taking care of the wounded, after the battles of Eutaw and Guildford.

DK. WM. HENRY DOUGHTY, one of the inos^ distin guished surgeons of Augusta, is buried in this cemetery, where his grave is marked by four handsome columns, forming a portal, enclosed within which there is a marble urn, resting upon a granite base. There are several in scriptions on the monument, as follows:
(Front) WM. HENRY DOUGHTY, M. D.
(Side) His profound and resourceful knowledge of medi cine and skill in the practice, his kindliness of dispo sition, his strict integrity and unvarying devotion to every duty, won for him the respect and esteem of his colleagues, the confidence of the community and the love of all who knew him.
(Rear) Born Feb. 5, 1836, in this city, where he gave fifty years of faithful service as a physician, as a steadfast Christian, a valued member of the faculty of the Med ical College of Georgia, and a writer of valuable scien tific treatises, he served his generation, and in the midst of his activities was called to rest eternal, March 27, 1905.
(Side) He rendered meritorious service to the Confederacy as surgeon at various points.

332 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
On a mound of ivy, not far removed from the Doughty monument, there stands a handsome granite memorial to DR. Louis A. DUGAS, another distinguished surgeon and physician, whose brief inscription reads thus :
LOUIS ALEXANDER DUGAS. Born Jan. 3, 1806. Died Oct. 19, 1884.
Marked by a simple granite headstone, facing one of the main driveways, in the center of the cemetery, is the grave of a noted jurist: JUDGE CLAIBORNE SNEAD. The inscription lettered upon the headstone reads :
CLAIBORNE SISTEAD. Mar. 31, 1836. Jan. 25, 1909. A Confederate Soldie
There is also a family monument in the center of the lot.
Over the grave of Dit. JOSEPH A. EVE, one of the most beloved physicians of Augusta, there stands a hand some granite shaft surmounted by an urn. The monu ment is inscribed as follows:
(Front) In memory of DR. JOSEPH ADAMS EVE, M. D., LL. IX Aug. 3, 1805. Jan. 6, 1886.
" (Side) Majestic in form, noble in mind, tender in heart, and pure in life. Gentle, generous' and true. Our fa ther, who , was honored, among men, revered by the people, and devotedly beloved by our mother, consecra ted his .many days to the service of humanity and, having walked with God, ended his glorious life, in the fulness of divine joy.
Just beyond the Barron vault, there stands a hand some marble monument to DR. PAUL, F". EVE, the greater part of whose professional life was spent in Nashville,

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333

Term. When a student abroad, Dr. Eve distinguished himself in the service of Poland, for which he was awarded a badge of honor. His epitaph reads:

PAUL FITZSIMMONS EVE, M. D. Born, 27tk June, 1806. Hied, 3rd Nov., 1877. His professional motto was: '' The Lord healeth all our diseases.''

Underneath a handsome marble monument, sur mounted by an urn, sleeps one of the great industrial captains of Augusta: WILLIAM C. SIBLEY, to "whose con structive genius and wise management is due in large measure the wonderful growth of the famous Sibley Mills. On his tombstone the following epitaph is in scribed :
Sacred to the memory of WILLIAM CRAWEOHD SIBLEY. Born May 3, 1832. Died April 17, 1902. A good citizen. A patriot of the Southern Confederacy. A man devoted to his family. A Christian strong in faith and faithful to duty.

Only a. few feet distant from the Sibley lot rest the mortal ashes of a noted editor, whose pen was long a power in the journalistic ranks of Georgia: JAMES GABSNEB, for years editor of the Augusta Chronicle. The inscription on his monument reads :
In memory of JAMES GARDNER. Born in Au gusta, Ga., Jan. 28, 1813. Died at his residence, near bis birth-place, Oct. 7, 1874.
(Side) His culture and integrity illustrated his State in her prosperity; his wisdom in council and manhood in danger sustained her in adversity.

334: GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
James Gardner filled a large place in the history of his times. He presided over the famous Convention which renominated Herschel V. Johnson for Governor in 1855, and was himself a candidate for the Democratic nomination to this high office in 1857, missing- the coveted goal by only a few votes. His pen was a scepter of power in the politics of Georgia.
Beneath a weeping willow, which makes a beautiful canopy over his grave, sleeps one of the most beloved of Augustans. Perhaps his best monument is to be found in the great city whose material wealth he helped to create. He was also for years a power in State politics, and was permitted near the close of his long1 career of public service to occupy a seat in the American1 Senate. His fame as an editor will long endure; and when many a native-born son of the State is forg-otteii the memory of this genial Irishman will still be green in the hearts of his fellow-citizens. The violet-bordered grave is marked by an ornamental cross of marble, on which the following simple record is inscribed:
PATRICK WAT.SH. Bom Jan. 1, 1840. Died Mar, , 1899.
On a handsome box of Scotch'marble, in a square not far removed from the gr&^e" of Andrew J. Miller, is in scribed the following epitaph:
Sacred to the memory of BRIGADIER-GENERAL, WM. D. SMITH. July 28, 1825. Oct. 4, 1862. A gal lant soldier. An accomplished gentleman. AD earnest Christian. He died for his. country.

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335

Under a neat headstone of granite sleeps the gallant chief of artillery! in Liongstreet's corps, afterwards dis tinguished as an editor, a railroad builder, and a man of affairs. The inscription on his tomb is as follows:

In memory of EDWARD PORTER ALEXAN DER. Born in Washington, Ga., May 26, 1835. Died in Savannah, Ga., April 26, 1910. Graduate of West Point Academy into Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. Brigadier-General, C. S. A. Chief of Artillery, Longstreet 's Corps, A. X. V.

Nearby is the grave of JOHN S. DAVIDSON, one of the most distinguished masons of his day, at one time Pres ident of the Senate of 'Georgia. The spot is marked by a most substantial monument of granite, surmounted by a cross. Inscribed on the handsome stone is the follow ing epitaph:
JOHN SHELDON DAVIDSON. Born June 17, 1846. Died March 11, 1894. President of Senate, 18863887. Grand-Master Free and Accepted Masons. He was a man among men and a mason among masons.

Onc of the most conspicuous objects in the cemetery is the immense square vault of granite, in which lie entombed the ashes of the noted gambler, WYLLY BABEON, who owned and operated in A.ugusta for years an establishment which was famous throughout the land. It was a sort of Monte Carlo, at which some of the wealthiest ante-bellum planters of the old regime were often seen. In spite of certain grave faults, he was a man of chivalrous manners and of high ideals, belonging to a peculiar type which has long since passed away, called "the gentleman gambler." On more than one oc-

336 GEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
casion he is said to have refunded the money lost at his tables, especially "where the loser was an inexperienced youth. He lived to he an octogenarian, but lost the bulk of his fortune long before his death. The vault was probably built by him in the height of prosperity, for when the end came he is said to have been penniless. The inscription over the door of the vault is as follows :
"Farewell, vain world, I have enough of thee And no\v am earelos's -what thou sayesf of roe; Thy smiles I court not nor thy frowns I fear; My cares are past, my head lies quiet here. "What faults you know in me take care to shun And look at home, enough there's to "be done."
Then follows this record:
"W. W. BARRON". Born in Elbert Co., Oct. 8, 1807. Died Dec. 19, 1884. Aged 88 years.
There is some discrepancy in these figures, but they have been copied literally from the inscription on the tomb.
Judge Richard H. Clark has given us an excellent pen picture of Wylly Barren. 'Says ho, in an interview which appeared at the time of the lattcr's death: "I possess no personal acquaintance with "Wylly Barron, but he was often seen at the watering-places and in the principal cities of Georgia. He was among the most distinguished looking men in his prime I ever saw. Tall and slender, he appeared to be more than six feet hig'h, and carried himself like a prince. His hair was black, his complexion of the typical brunette kind, which sug gested Spanish, or Italian blood. He dressed elegantly, gave strict observance to the minutest details of fashion, and adorned himself with ornaments, including diamonds and other precious gems. His whole make-up was impres sive--even picturesque. It is said that he would never permit minors to play at his tables, nor young men known

AUGUSTA

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to have large amounts in trust, like cashiers and tellers. Byron writes of the Corsair as having one virtue linked with a thousand crimes. May not that be changed, so that a man, though a gambler, may have a thousand vir tues linked to one crime. The best of human nature may be only lower than the angels; and the worst only a little above the devils; and between the two there is an in
finite variety."

DR. JAMES S. IJAMAB, D. D., LL. D., a distinguished theologian, father of Hon. Joseph H. Lamar, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, oc cupies a grave in this favorite burial ground of Augusta; and on the handsome marble box which covers his last resting place is inscribed :
In memory of JAMTES S. LAMAR. Born in Gwinnctt Co., Ga., May 13, ] 829. Died in Augusta, Ga., Jan. 20, 1908. A student. A writer. A minister of God.

To mention by name only some of the many other distinguished Georgians who sleep within the quiet pre cincts of this beautiful city of the dead, the list includes : Congressman George T. Barnes, Judge Win. T. Gary, Colonel John D. Twiggs, George E. Sibley, Dr. Eugene Foster, Thomas Glascock Barrett, "Wm. Hale Barrett, Edward F. Clayton, John Phihizy, Dr. Louis D. Ford, Dr. H. H. Steiner, Porter Fleming, Frank H. Miller, Dr. James Bayard Walker, Major McP. Berrien Eve, Cap tain Francis Edgeworith Jones, Foster 'E(lodgett, Josiah Sibley, Amory Sibley, and a host of others. Qiuite a number of Augusta's dead here sleep in splendid mau soleums, some beneath towering monuments of massive stone. Perhaps thare are few cemeteries in which may be seen finer specimens of the sculptor's art.

338 QEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Old Midway, Liberty County
Perhaps nowhere in America can there be found a cemetery of equal area which is richer in historic dust than the little burial-ground of the famous Midway set tlement. It is situated on the old military road between Savannah and Darien, at a point some forty miles distant from each town. As a place of interment it has long since been abandoned. The little house of worship, whose spire rises above the tree tops, on the opposite side of the road, echoes but once a year to the tread of human feet; and the section for miles around is almost as desti tute of life as the little grave-yard itself. But here, at one time, centered the most prosperous rural community in Georgia. Men of large means, who cultivated great rice plantations, who accumulated libraries, who built schools, and to "whom religion was ever the chief concern peopled the district, and here, on the frontier belt of the wilderness, in the ordinary intercourse of daily life, they displayed a refinement which was not to be sur passed in the aristocratic suburbs of London. The little burial-ground embraces less than two acres; but from 1752 to 1865 something like 1,200 persons died in the im mediate settlement, according to the church records, most of whom presumably were buried here. Within the sa cred enclosure rest one Governor, one United States Senator, two generals of the Revolution, one commodore, one scientist of world-wide reputation, one diplomat, and eleven ministers of the Gospel, besides an army of de vout believers in the Word of God. It was not until 1813 that the brick walls enclosing the ancient burialground at Midway were completed; and, despite the cen tury of time which has since elapsed, the masonry is still intact. The grave-yard is swept by magnificent live oaks, the youngest of which cannot be less than two centuries old; and with the long pendent mosses drooping from the gnarled old limbs it is an ideal place of abode for the dead.

QLD MIDWAY CHURCH AND BURIAL-GROUND, LIBERTY COUNTY, GA.

OLD MIDWAY

339

Just to the right of the narrow gateway, by which the cemetery is entered, may be seen the family vault of UNITED STATES SENATOR JOHN EI.LIOTT, a structure of brick, well preserved. The distinguished statesman who sleeps here died in 1827, at the age of fifty-four. On a marble plate embedded in the front wall is this inscrip tion:
Sacred to the memory of JOHN ELLIOTT'S family. '' J know that my Redeemer liveth and that he will stand at the latter day upon the earth.''

Under a large live oak, on the left of the main walk, is the grave of a distinguished soldier of the Revolution, for whom Georgia has named one of her counties. The ornamental slab was doubtless a work of art when first put here, but time has taken heavy toll of the once hand some memorial. Inscribed on the stone is the following record:
GEN. DANIEL STEWAKT. Died May 27th, 1829. Aged 70 years.
General Stewart was an ancestor of lex-President Koosevelt. Crossing over to the opposite side of the walk, a small block of marble will be found in the north east corner of the burial ground^ which informs the vis itor that somewhere near this spot lies buried another gallant officer of the first war for independence. The in scription is as follows :
This stone marks the spot where, beside her re nowned brother, GEN. JAMES SCREVEN, are deposited the remains of Mrs. Elizabeth Lee, formerly widow of Rev. Moses Alien, second pastor of Midway church.
Mrs. Lee died December 12, 1843, at the age of 85. The presumption is that her illustrious brother is buried

340 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
under the north wall of the grave-yard. It was while reconnoitering in the neighborhood of Midway Church, in the fall of 1778, that GENERAL SCREVBN was fatally shot from ambush. He fell within a mile and a half of where his ashes today rest. He died at the home of John Elliott, grandfather of the United States Senator. 'Screven County in this State was named for this revered martyr of the Eevolution. It was not until forty years after the death of General Screven that the burial-ground was enclosed by brick walls, a fact which may serve to ex plain why it was that his grave, which was doubtless unmarked at the time, was covered in this manner. Mrs. Lee was probably the only person who knew the exact spot in which her brother was buried, and it may be that she failed to give directions in time for the boundary line to be altered. At any rate, it is certain that General Screven sleeps somewhere in this angle of the grave-yard.
Congress has recently appropriated the sum of $10,000 for a handsome monument to the two distinguished soldiers of the Revolution who are here buried. It will stand in the main walk, running from east to west, through the center of the cemetery; and to the left of the shaft will be General Stewart 's grave--General Screven's to the right.
NATHAN BBOWNSON, an early Governor of the State, a physician and a planter, is also numbered among the il lustrious dead of Midway; but if his grave was ever marked the slab has long since crumbled.
Louis LE; CONTE, a noted naturalist, who introduced the famous Le Conte pear, is buried here. His two sons,

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341

JOHN and JOSEPH LE CONTE, both natives of the Midway settlement, became world-renowned scientists. They made the University of California famous. They sleep within a short distance of each other, in the cemetery at Oakland, Calif.

- Marked by a plain headstone, near the west wall of the enclosure, is the grave, of a noted diplomat and lawyer, HON. JOHN E. WABD. He accumulated three handsome fortunes during his. life-time; but if the slab over him throws any light upon his means at the time of his death--at the age of 88--he must have been in reduced circumstances. The inscription reads:
. JOHN ELLIOTT WABD. Born Oct. 2, 18J4. Died
Nov. 29, 1902.
Mr. Ward was the first United States Minister to China after the opening of diplomatic relations "with this port. On account of the demands of his law practice, he refused an appointment to the United States Senate, tendered him by Governor Cobb, in the early fifties; but accepted the chairmanship of the convention in Cincin nati which nominated James Bnchanaii for President. He opposed secession, and subsequent to the war removed to the city of New York, where he became one of the fore most members of the great metropolitan bar. Toward the close of his long career he returned to Midway to spend his last days amid the haunts of his youth; and, though he had built a stately vault in Laurel Grove at Savannah, he preferred to rest in an humble tomb at Midway, beside the bones of his ancestors.

Here sleeps the revered old patriarch, JOHN QUABTEBMAN, from whose loins have sprung twenty-two min isters of the Gospel--four of them missionaries on the foreign field.

342 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Near the grave of Mr. Ward, in box-covered tombs, ranged side by side, sleep the parents of UNITED STATES SENATOR AUGUSTUS O. BACON. The Senator's father was a gifted young Baptist minister of the county, who died in less than six months after his ordination. He was closely followed to the grave by his youthful wife, the latter only 21, the former barely 23, leaving the future Senator an orphan, at the tender age of two years.
COMMODOBE JAMES McKiY MCINTOSH occupies a grave in Midway, the modest slab over which bears the fol lowing inscription:
HON. JAMES McKAY M'oINTOSH, a distinguished officer of the United States Navy. Born at Snnbury, Liberty County., Ga., Nov. 10, 1792. Died while in command of the navy yard at Pensacola, Sept. 1, 1860.
To the left of the main walk, near the east wall of the enclosure, there stands a handsome old monument which no one visiting the little burial ground should fail to observe. It marks the grave of JOHN LAMBEKT. Ac cording to tradition, he seems to have been a waif, found under a bridge on Lambert 's Causeway, in South Caro lina; hence the name Lambert which he bore. He was reared by an aged couple, who gave him a pair of chick ens with which to begin life; and on this modest founda tion he built a neat fortune. In 1838, the estate which he willed to the church, after making a number of lega cies, was sold for $40,000, and the amount reinvested in securities. Mr. Lambert died in 1786, at the age of seventy years.
One of the largest live oaks on the coast of Georgia stands just within the north wall of the grave-yard. It

OLD MIDWAY

343

is a majestic old monarch of the forest, measuring nine teen feet in circumference and covering at least a quarter of an acre of ground. Several families of the Midway settlement sleep in the shadow of this single tree. Close to the trunk may be seen the tomb of DB. ABNEB POBTEB, a young physician, who took his own life, on February 6. 1808, by severing one of the femoral arteries. Dis appointment in a love affair is said to have furnished the occasion for the rash act. He was only 34 years of age at the time of his death. The tomb has been lifted
several inches by the increasing size of the roots.

Decidedly the most unique inscription to be found among the quaint epitaphs in this ancient burial-ground of the dead is the quatrain in which the Rev. Cyrus Gildersleeve has embalmed the many virtues of his beloved spouse. The inscription, chiseled upon the marble box, reads thns:
'' She, who in Jesus, sleeps beneath this tomb, Had Hachel's face and Leah's fruitful womb, Abigail's wisdom, Lydia 's faithful heart, And Martha 's care, with Mary 's better part.''

Dr. James Stacy, the historian of Midway Church, calls attention in his book to some of the curious monu ments in the cemetery, made of cypress "wood, some of which are still standing in the ground after the lapse of more than a century of time. Says Jie: "I have a piece of one of them now before me that stood in the ground from 1776 to 1889--one hundred and thirteen years, the interior portion being still hard and firm. For the past fifty years, the preservation of' these pieces has excited the wonder and astonishment of every one who visits the ground."

344

GEORGIA'S'LANDMARKS, MEMOEIALS AND LEGENDS

To mention by name only the several ministers of the Gospel who sleep in the little cemetery at Midway, the list includes: REV. JOHN OSGOOD, the pioneer Con gregational minister, who came with the colonists to the settlement; REV. STEPHEN HOYT, a Congregationalist;; BE'V. THOMAS S. WINN, a Baptist; REV. JAMES C. CEOSBY, a Presbyterian; REV. AUGUSTUS O. BACON, a Baptist; REV. PETER \A^INN, a Presbyterian; REV. ROBERT QUARTEBMAN, a Presbyterian ; REV. SAMUEL J. CASSELS, a Pres byterian ; REV. HENBY J. STEVENS, a Baptist; REV. MOSES WAY, a Methodist; and REV. CHABLES C. JONES, I). IX, a Presbyterian. The last-named minister devoted his life largely to evangelistic work among the negroes. He was the father of the distinguished antiquarian, historian and scholar, COLONEL CHAELES C. JOKES, JB., of Augusta.

Old Cemetery, Louisville
Though Louisville was the State Capital for only ten years, there lived here in the early days a number of distinguished residents. In "what is called the old Geme^ tery of the town is the grave of a famous soldier and statesman, who, unhappily for his fame, became identi fied with the notorious Yazoo Act, of 1795, by which Georgia, for a mere pittance, agreed to cede her western lands. The inscription on the tomb reads :
Hero lies the body of BBIGADIEK-GENERATj JAMES GTJNN, who died on the 30th day of July, 180], aged 48 years, 4 months, and 17 days.
His former colleague in the United States Senate and his bitter political adversary, GTENEEAL JAMES JACK SON, who was chiefly instrumental in the repeal of the obnoxious measure, resided for a number of years in Louisville. The latter is buried in the Congressional Cemetery, in Washington, 15. C., where he died in 1806,

OLD CEMETERY

345

after resuming the toga. It may be said in justice to the memory of General Giinn that some of the foremost public men of the day were concerned "in the Yazoo land deals, among- them Patrick Henry, of Virginia; Thomas Glascock, of 'Georgia; and other patriots of the Revolu tion. They regarded the transaction purely in the light of a. business matter. There were no railroads in those days. It seemed hardly within the bounds of reason to expect any expansion of the State's populated area to a region so remote; and the lands for this reason were comparatively worthless.
In the opinion of Colonel N. J. Hammond, a noted lawyer and a former member of Congress, the course of General Jackson in assailing the Yazoo -Act was in the nature of a play to the grand stand; hut in the light of subsequent developments it made him a hero.* Gen eral Gunn's death, in 1801, "was probably hastened by the unpleasant notoriety to which he was subjected.

Just a few feet distant from the tomb of General Gunn lie the mortal remains of a noted jurist, who, in ad dition to serving G-eorgia on the bench, illustrated the State in Congress. He was the first bearer of a name which, three generations of his family have enriched with honor. Inscribed on this tomb in the old cemetery is the following epitaph:
Sacred to the memory of the HO^Sf. ROGER L. GAM BLE, who died on the 20th day of December, 1847, aged Sixty years. Industry, Perseverance, and Integ rity raised the deceased from the tumbler walks of life to a position of eminence an<-i usefulness. He served the country as a Commissioned Officer in the last war with Great Britain, as a prominent member of the Leg islature of Georgia, as a Representative in the Congress 'of the United States, and as a Jucige of the Superior Court of his native State. In the latter years of his life he served his Maker as an elder of the. Presbyterian Faith in the church militant.

irgia Driftwood, ;

befo: ! the Georgia Bar Asso>

346 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
New Cemetery, Louisville
Underneath a handsome shaft of Georgia granite, in the new cemetery at Louisville, so called to distinguish it from the ancient burial-ground in another part of the town, repose the remains of an honored citizen of Georgia, who served the State in the high office of Gov ernor, in the Senate of the Confederate States, and on the Superior Court Bench. He was also a candidate, in 1860, for Vice-President of the United States, on the ticket with Stephen A. Douglass. The monument rests upon a mound, in the center of a lot enclosed by an iron fence; and inscribed upon the stone is the following simple record:
EX-GOVEBNOB HERSCHEL V. JOHNSON. Born in Burke Co., Ga., Sept. 18, 1812. Died in Jefferson Co., Ga., Aug. 16, 1880.
His wife, whose maiden name was ANN F. POLK, sleeps underneath the mound beside him. She was a relative of President James K. Polk, and a lady of rare sociail charms. Mrs. Johnson was three years her hus band's senior. She was a native of Somerset County, Md., where she was born October 10, 1809. Her father was the Hon. William Polk, of Maryland; but she was the widow Walker at the time of her marriage to Gov ernor Johnson.
The grave of JTTDGE ROGER L. GAMBLE, a noted jurist, born 1829, died 1893> is marked by a substantial monu ment. His father, who bore the same name, also a noted jurist and a member of Congress, sleeps in the old ceme tery ; while his son, who likewise bore the ancestral name, a distinguished occupant of the bench, died in 1912. He sleeps not far from his honored father.

TOWN CEMETERY

347

One of the most exquisite epitaphs to be found in any burial-ground in the State is inscribed upon a hand some monument of marble erected here to HENRY GREG ORY WEIGHT. He was a brother of MAJOR-GENEBAL AM BROSE R. 'WEIGHT and an uncle of Georgia's present Comptroller-General, WILLIAM A. WRIGHT. There was at one time an editorial writer on the staff of the Au gusta,. Chronicle who bore the same name, but he "was a nephew, General Wright's son. The epitaph reads:

HENRY GREGORY WEIGHT. Born July 9, 1830. Died May 3, 1904. Whatever of human fault was in him, leaned to virtue 's side. His faith in the substance of religion never faltered. The shadows he never pur sued.

On the opposite side:

Never husband or father loved more or was more

beloved. In civic virtue he was of a chastity that an

un tempted vestal might have envied; and thus did he

earn the right to be hardly less proud of the enemies

he made than of the friends he cherishe 1. Successful

affairs, ev

nt of his life was

pHshed in the lofty spirit of Cato 's noble - ords:

'' 'Tis not in mortals to command success

But we '11 do more, Sempronius, we '11 des

Town Cemetery, Milled geville
For a period of sixty years, Milledgeville was the seat of government. Dating back to the year 1807, when the State Legislature here met for the first time, this noted old town has been the permanent home of some of Geor gia's most distinguished citizens. Less than a quarter of a mile from the ancient Gothic structure, on Capitol hill, in which the law-making power of the State once assembled--today a hall of learning- for the youth of Georgia--lies the little cemetery, on the outskirts of the

348 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOBIALS AND LEGENDS
town; and few strangers visit Milledgeville without taking the shaded highway of oaks which leads to God's acre, there to spend a quiet hour, communing with the State's illustrious dead and trying to decipher some of the quaint epitaphs upon the old tombs.
Perhaps the earliest memorial reared to a man of note is the monument 'which marks the last resting-place of GENEBAD JETT THOMAS, for w-hom Thomas County in this State was named. It was originally a fine specimen of -white Vermont marble, but the withering touch of time has long since turned the handsome column to a deep yel low; so much so, indeed, that the almost completely obliterated inscription can hardly be read--
Sacred to the memory of GEN. JETT THOMAS, who was born May 18, in the year of our Lord, 1776, and departed this life, Jan. 26, 1817. Aged 40 years, 7 months, and 24 days.
General Thomas was the builder of the State Capitol at Milledgeville. He was given the rank of Major-General for his bravery as Captain Jett Thomas in the War of 1812. The Legislature of Georgia also presented him with a Major-General's hat, sword, and sash. The last named article was worn by his1 grandson, Lieutenant Jett Thomas Howard, a gallant Confederate officer, through out the entire war, from 1861 to 1865.
Only a few feet removed from the Thomas lot is a weather-beaten obelisk under which repowes the elder JUDGE L. Q. C. LAMAE, father of the renowned jurist and. statesman, who bore the same odd name. Though still short of thirty-seven, at the time of his death, the dis tinguished Georgian who sleeps' here was styled "the

TOWN CEMETEBY

349

great Judge Lamar.'' Inscribed on the monument is the following somewhat lengthy epitaph:

Sacred to the memory of LUCrrjS Q. C. LAMAR, late Judge of the Superior Court of the Ocmulgee cir cuit, who during a brief service of five years discharged the duties of that high office with probity, firmness, assiduity, and unquestionable reputation. The devoted love of his family, the ardent attachment of personal friends, the admiration of the Bar, and the universal approbation of his enlightened administration of jus tice, attest the goodness and eminence of one arrested by death too early in the bright and useful career in which he had been placed by his native State. Born July 15, 1797. Died July 4, 1834.

Judge Lamar died the tragic victim of melancholia, on a day celebrated with rejoicing- as the anniversary of the nation's birth. His illustrious son is said also to have contemplated self-destruction, when depressed in spirit by conditions which followed the close of the Civil ~War; but a calmer mood at length prevailed, and he lived to become a United States Senator, a member of President Cleveland's first Cabinet, and finally an occupant of the Supreme Bench of the nation. This statement is made on the authority of the latter's son-in-law, Dr. Edward
Mayes, former chancellor of the University of Missis sippi.*

Marked by a handsome monument in this same part of the cemetery is the grave of DR. TOMLINSON FORT, a distinguished physician and former member of Congress.

Underneath a time-worn bos of marble, in a lot not far removed from Dr. Tomlinson's sleeps a Governor of the State whose administration was tossed upon a

ard Mayes,

nar: His Life, Tiir pp. 166-16S, Nashv

350 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
troubled sea. But he acquitted himself with credit in this high office, and toward the close of his second term voluntarily relinquished the public service. Mitchell County was named in his honor; also Fort Mitchell, a stronghold erected during the Indian wars, on the Ala bama side of the Chattahoochee River, near Columbus. Inscribed on the marble box is the following record:
In memory of DAVID BRYDIE MITCHELL. Sen ator from the County of Baldwin and former Governor of Georgia. Born near Nuthil, Perthshire, Scotland, 22nd Oct. 1766. Died in Milledgeville, Ga., 22nd April, 1837. Tliis stone is erected by vote of the Legislature of Georgia.
SEATON GRANTLAND, a noted editor and a former mem ber of Congress, grandfather of the late FLEMING Gr. DuBiGNON, sleeps under a massive structure of stone, on which the following brief record is inscribed:
SEATON GRANTLAND. Born in New Kent Co., Va., June 8th, 1782. Died at Woodville, Ga., Oct. 18th, 1864. "Mark the perfect man and behold the upright, for the end of that man is peace." Psalms 37: 37.
Near the Grantland lot, in a box-covered tomb, repose the ashes of a victim who came to his death in a singular manner. The inscription on the discolored marble top reads:
To the memory of JAMES D. ALLMAN, who died on the 16th of July, 1845, from the accidental dis charge of a cannon at the funeral obsequies of General Jackson. Honest, mirthful, and beloved, he acquired the title of Crockett. It lives with his memory.

TOWN CEMETERY

351

Underneath a massive granite headstone, handsomely sculptured, lie the mortal remains of a gallant officer who perished on the field of battle ; but who attained while still a mere youth the stars of a Brigadier-General. Inscribed on the handsome block of granite is the following epitaph:

Erected by his old comrades of the 4th regiment of Georgia Volunteers, A. N. V., in honor of BRIGADIERGENERAL GEORGE DOLES, killed in battle, at Cold Harbor, Va., June 2, 1864. Crowned with early fade less laurels, he lies sleeping upon this sacred spot where love is keeping his honored dust.

One of the costliest memorials in the cemetery marks the last resting-place of LEONIDAS JORDAN, a wealthy ante bellum planter and man of affairs. Another elegant shaft of marble adorns the grave of ZACHARIAH LAMAB, a dis tinguished former resident of Milledgeville, the fatherin-law of GOVERNOR HowELL COBB. The list of noted dead who sleep here includes also JUDGE THOMAS P. CARNES, an eminent jurist for whom the town'of Carnesville was named; JUDGE IVERSON L, HARRIS, a former occupant of the Supreme Court Bench; BRIGADIER-GENERAL BHYAN M. THOMAS, a distinguished Confederate officer; HON. NATHAN C. BARNETT, Georgia's secretary of 'State for nearly forty years; RICHARD MCALLISTEH ORME, one of Georgia's pioneer editors, who, "with Seaton Grantland, founded the famous Southern Recorder, and who re mained for years at the editorial helm; AUGUSTUS H. KENAST, a member of the Confederate Congress and a noted lawyer; LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOHN M. BROWN, who fell in the battle of Atlanta, a brother of Georgia's war Governor; DK. J. HARRIS CHAPPELL, the first president of the Georgia Normal and Industrial College; JUDGE DANIEL B. SANFORD, a distinguished jurist etnd soldier, long the ordinary of Baldwin County, in whose honor the

352 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
local camp of Sons of Confederate Veterans was named; and a host of others, including members of the General Assembly who died while serving- the State at Milledgeville, and to whom the State erected substantial monu ments.
Rest Haven, AVashington
Within a stone's throw of the gate, beneath a massive monument of white marble, perhaps the loftiest shaft in this beautiful city of the dead, sleeps the great Mirabeau of Secession: ROBEBT TOOMBS. There is nothing in the way of an epitaph upon the monument, but at the base of the column, in large Roman letters, is chiseled a name forever radiant in the annals of Georgia:
On the left side of the monument appears this inscrip tion:
EGBERT TOOMBS. July 2, 1810. Dee. 15, 1885.
Beside him sleeps Ms beloved companion to whom, amid the turmoils of public life, he once wrote: "I begin to be more anxious to see you than to save the republic. The old Roman Anthony threw away an empire rather than abandon Cleopatra, and the world called him an idiot; but I begin to think he was the wiser man and the world was well lost for love."
Just off the main driveway, not far from the Toombs lot, sleeps a pioneer resident of Washington, distinguish ed for frequent commissions with which he was entrusted to negotiate with the Cherokee and Creek Indians and for his early championship of the caus'e of female education:

REST

353

DiiNCAisr G. CAMPBEKL. One of the counties of Georgia bears his name; and, in after years, his son, Judge John A. Campbell, occupied a seat on the Supreme Bench of the United States. Col. Campbell died while still com paratively a young man. He was first buried on his plantation, near "Washington, but his body was after wards taken up and reinterred hi Kest Haven. On a hori zontal grave cover, resting upon a brick foundation, in the center of the lot, is inscribed the following epitaph:

To the memory of COL. DUNCAN G. CAMPBELTL, -who died July 31, 182G. Aged 41. His talents were given to his country, his property to Iiis friends, Ilia affections to his family, and his soul to God. Respected, beloved, and lamented, lie lived and died an honest man, a true Patriot and a sincere Christian.

JUDGE GARNETT ANDREWS, who presided for years on the Bench of the Northern Circuit and who wrote a delig'htful little book entitled ** Reminiscences of an Oldtime Georgia Lawyer," a work of rare value, "which throws some important side-lights upon the early history of this :State, is buried in Kest Haven. The substantial monument which marks his last resting place is inscribed as follows:
GABNETT ANDREWS. Born Get. 30? 1798. Died, August 13, 1873. Judge of the Superior Courts of the Northern Circuit of Georgia 24 years.
Besides the above mentioned Georgians, the list of distinguished dead buried in this cemetery includes: GTEN\ DUDLEY DUEOSK, formerly a Confederate Brigade Com mander and a member of Congress, who married a daugh-

354 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ter of General Toombs ; DR. MORGAN CALLAWAY, for years a professor of English at Emory College; Da. MABSHALL AKDBEWS, a beloved physician of the town, whose monu ment was erected by the people of Wilkes; ELIZA A. BOWEN", a noted educator and historian; NICHOLAS WILEY, a pioneer citizen of large means ; FATHER JAMES O 'BRIEN, founder of the Orphans Home for Catholic Children; and scores of others, including the Popes, the Hills, the Alex anders, the Sirnpsons, and the AVinns.
Smyrna Church-Yard, Eight Miles From Washington
Eight miles from Washington, on the old Lincolnton Road, stands Smyrna Church, in the rear of which there is an old burial-ground of rare historic interest. It con tains some of the most precious dust of this State, reaching back to Revolutionary times, and there is hardly an equivalent area of ground north of St. Paul's Church, in Augusta, in which so many splendid old pioneers sleep. Smyrna Church was organized by the Presbyterians early in the last century; but with the decreasing numbers of this denomination it eventually became the property of the Baptists.
Here, in an unmarked grave, lies JOHN TALBOT, per haps the most extensive owner of 'wild lands in the State of Georgia. The land for the church, including a tract of five acres, was donated by this wealthy pioneer. On the eve of the Revolution, he acquired in this region of the State, a tract of land, embracing 50,000 acres. He came originally from Virginia, and was a scion of the aristocratic old Talbot family of England.
His son, MATTHEW TALBOT, became an honored chief executive of this State. There is a well-preserved monu-

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355

ment over the grave of Governor Talbot on "which the following epitaph is inscribed:

Sacred to the memory of MATTHEW TALBOT, who was born July L>4, 1795, and died March 14, 1855. Aged 59 years, 7 months, and 10 days.

Near by sleeps THOMAS TAT^BOT, an elder brother. The inscription upon his tombstone reads :
Sacred to the rnemory of THOMAS TALBOT, who tied Snpt. 1, 1853. Aged 86 years.

Two soldiers of the Revolution lie here buried: COL. DAVID CBESWELL, an officer on Gen. Greene's staff, and MAJOR FRANCIS TEIPLETT, of Virginia. The former marrjied John Talbo;t's daughter, Phoebe; the laitter his daughter, Mary ^Villiston. COL. AVM. JO:N~ES, an officer of the ^Var of 1812, is also buried at Smyrna. He married Elizabeth Conway Talbot, a daughter of Thomas Talbot. SAMUEL BAENETT, cashier of the old branch bank of the State of 'Georgia sleeps in Smyrna church-yard under a handsome monument. There is also an ancient headstone which marks the grave of an early Congressman. It bears the following inscription :
WILLIAM BAENETT departed this life Oct. 1834. Aged 86 years and 11 months.

356 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Presbyterian Cemetery, Lexington
In the Presbyterian Cemetery, at L/exington, occupy ing the center of a square enclosed by a heavy iron fence, on the gateway to which is marked "Gilmer," stands a shaft of Italian marble, some ten feet in height. It rests upon a horizontal slab of granite, which covers completely the grave beneath, and the only inscription upon the monument is the one which follows, giving the name of the great statesman who here slumbers, together with the dates which tell when his1 career began and ended :
George B. Gilmer. Born April the llth, A. D., 1790. Died November tho 16th, A. TO., 1859.
On either side of the monument there are two hand some marble urns. To the right of the Governor's grave sleeps a kinsman, whose last resting-place is covered by a box of marble; while to the left there is a vacant space which was intended for Mrs. Gilmer, but the Governor's devoted "wife survived him by a number of years, and, dying while on a visit to relatives in Virginia, was buried near the home of her childhood. Shrubs and ever greens adorn the section, bespeaking the tender care which she bestowed upon it in by-gone days.
Several yards in front of the Gilmer lot, is another square enclosed in like manner, on the gateway to which is marked "Upson"; and the handsome shaft of Italian marble contains the following simple but sufficient in scription :
Stephen Upson. Died August, 1824.
There is a modesty refreshing to the reader in both of these epitaphs, neither of which in the slightest degree

TOWN CEMETERY
hints of the part which the illustrious dead played in the drama of events ; but when the muse of history is eloquent the marble needs no lengthened scroll. The Tips on lot is beautified by a number of rose bushes, which, throughout the summer months, burden the air with perfume; but in the annals of his adopted State the name of this lamented Georgian is not less fragrant. For dying at the early age of forty, without official prestige, there was enough to his credit in the -way of solid achievement to justify the creation of a county in his honor.
Two unmarked graves in the Presbyterian Cemetery at Lexington contain the ashes of noted men. One of these is CARLISLE McICiNLEY, a gifted poet, without a reference to whom no anthology of Southern literature is1 complete. The other is the REV. JOHIIT 'NEWTON, "who founded the oldest Presbyterian Church in the Synod of Georgia and whose unmarked grave at I^exirigton is a reproach to the great denomination for whose subsequent growth and power in Georgia he laid the foundations in pioneer days.
Town Cemetery, Greensboro
In the center of the beautiful cemetery at Greens boro, there is a horizontal tablet of marble, on which the following epitaph is inscribed:
Sacred to the memory of the Honorable Thomas "W. Cobb, -who departed this life on Monday, February 1. 1830', in the 46th year of. his age. He had been at successive periods a Representative and Senator in the Congress of the United States and was at the time of death a Judge of the Superior Courts of the State of Georgia. In his domestic circle, he was fond and affec tionate; as a friend, honorable and sincere; as a states man, independent and inflexible; as a judge, pure and incorruptible; amiable in private and useful in public life. "An honest man's the noblest work of God."

358 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Not far distant from the grave of Judge Oobb, there stands an obelisk of white marble, 'which, notwithstand ing the lapse of more than fifty years, is exceedingly well preserved. It ma-rks the last resting-place of another eminent Georgian. The inscription on this monument is as follows:
(West) William C. Uawson was born on the 4th day of Jan uary, 1798, and died on the 6th day of May, 1856. Bred to the Bar, he entered upon his profession in 1818 and prosecuted it successfully xmtil his death.
(South) In 3830, by order of the General Assembly, he com piled the Statutes of Georgia. In ] 845, he was ap pointed by the Governor to fill a vacancy on the bench of the Oemulgee Circuit, declining- a candidacy, at the expiration of his term. He represented his native county of Greeue in the Legislature for a number of years, and the State of Georgia in the representative branch of Congress, from December 1836, to November 1841. In November, 1847, he was elected a Senator from Georgia in the Congress of the "Union and dis charged the duties of the place for the constitutional term of six years.
(East) He was an a.ble jurist, an eloquent advocate, and an upright judge. Cautious, practical, and independent, he commanded confidence by frankness of his manners, purity of his motives, and candor of his counsel.
(North) The State of Georgia honors his memory for his fi delity to her numerous trusts, his neighbors cherish it because he was kind and liberal to them, his family re vere it because as husband, parent, and master, he was affectionate, considerate, gentle, and true.
The wife of Judge Dawson sleeps beside him. Her grave is marked by a monument somewhat similar in design.
Underneath a massive monument of white marble, sleeps a renowned jurist of the ante-bellum period:

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JUDGE FRANCIS H. CCXSTE. In 1844, Judge Cone became involved in a personal difficulty with Alexander H. Stephens, on the steps1 of the old Thompson Hotel in Atlanta, the sensational character of which has somewhat overshadowed his prestige at the Bar and on the Bench, but the fact remains that he was one of the ablest jurists of his day in Georgia. On each side of the monument, there is a carefully-worded inscription, dealing with some particular phase of his career. These, taken separately,
read as follows:

(Front)

Our Father. In memory of ITON". FRANCIS H. CONE, who was born on the 5th of September, 1797, and died on the 18th of May, 1859. Erected by his

children.

(Side)

A lawyer, able, a<mtc, diligent., learned, he attained confessedly to the front rank of his profession, with no superior, if any equals. A judge at that time, upon the highest judicial Bench of the State, he inaugurated numerous practical reforms, approved and followed to this day and, though no reporter preserved his decisions, Tradition at the Bar will long retain the memory of his

(Rear)
He sought not political honors and sat but once in the Legislative Halls of his adopted State. Yet this brief term as a Legislator was improved by the prepa ration and adoption of such various and important re forms in the Law that they alone would entitle him to the grateful remembrance of the people he served.
(Side)
In domestic and social life, he was most happy and beloved: an indulgent father, a merciful master, a loyal friend, and a genial companion. By his,ready wit, by his flowing conversation, by his universal charity and his kind disposition, he enchained the attention, claimed the admiration, and won the affections of all who knew him.

360 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Almost within the shadow of the Cone monument, rest the mortal ashes of a noted pioneer educator and minister of the gospel, DR. FRANCIS CUMMINS, wliose memory still abides in upper Georgia like a fragrant incense. He was the first Presbyterian . minister to preach in Greene County. On the horizontal slab which covers the grave of this devout pioneer is: inscribed the following' epitaph:
THE BEV. FRANCIS CUMMINS, D. T>. Died, Feb.
His widow, SARAH CUMMINS, who attained to tile same ripe age, is buried with her husband, in tho same tomb.
The famous schism of 1844, in the Methodist Episco pal Church of the United States, was due to the fact that when Bishop James O. Andrew married his second wife, a much beloved lady of Greensboro, he became the owner of slave property, with which he refused to part. Mrs. Andrew, the innocent cause of this upheaval, the result of which was the formation of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, sleeps in this burial ground. Her grave is marked by a neat monument inscribed as follows :
In memory of ANN LEONORA, wife of BEV. BISHOP ANDBEW. Born, July 20, 1801. Died at Oxford, June 10, 1854. As a wife, mother, step-mother, and mistress, she had i o superior. As a Christian, dil-
scientious. A bereaved husband and sorrowing children have inscribed this frail testimonial to her memory.
JUDGB HEURY T. LEWIS, a distinguished jurist, who served his State on the Supreme Court Bench, is buried here. In the famous Chicago Convention, of 1896, Judge

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Lewis, as the chosen spokesman of the Georgia delega tion, placed AVilliam J. Bryan in nomination. On the handsome granite headstone is lettered the following epitaph:

For years, with each successive session of the State 1 jcgislature, HON. TPEOMAS STOCKS, of Greensboro, was chosen to preside over the deliberations of the State Senate of Georgia. He ^vas a power in public affairs, a zealous advocate of internal improvements, and one of the founders of Mercer University, to which he contribu ted largely of his means. On the neat monument "which marks the grave of this pioneer citizen of Greensboro is chiseled an open Bible, underneath which the following epitaph is inscribed:
Near the tomb of Senator Cohb, there stands an obelisk, yellow with time, which marks the'last resting place of a soldier of the Revolution : JEBEMIAH SAKFOBD. The inscription on the monument reads :

362 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Oconee Cemetery, Athens
For more than forty years, the little cemetery on Jackson street, facing- the University campus, was the sole burial ground of the town of Athens. Here rest DB. MOSES WADDELL, one of the greatest of the presidents of Franklin College; REV. HOPE HULL, one of the ear liest of the local pioneers, and a host of others. In justice to these men, who blazed the way for the future town and who laid the foundations of the University, whose names--some of them at least--are household "words in Georgia, it is deeply to be regretted that the little cemetery has been permitted of late years to be come a thicket of weeds. The present beautiful burial ground of the city of Athens is most charmingly situated upon the banks of the Oconee River, on the extreme out skirts of the town. It comprises an extensive area of land; but when first opened in 1856 it embraced little more than twenty-five acres. To quote Mr. A. L. Hull, in his "Annals of Athens," it is one of the most beautiful of spots, "adorned by nature with forest trees, with vines' covering hillsides, clinging to rocks and climbing- the sombre pines, while at the foot of the hills the Oconee murmurs between banks redolent with honey-suckles and jessamines." Here a host of Georgia's distinguished men lie buried.
On the highest knoll in the cemetery sleeps GOVERNOR WILSON LTJMPKIN. Except for a circular area of ground, somewhere near the center of -which he is supposed to rest, there is nothing- whatever to mark the grave of this illustrious Georgian. Ho served the State in the high office of Governor, in the popular branch of Congress, and in the United States Senate. He was also one of the pio neers of railway development in Georgia, and the present capital of the State was at one time called Martlmsville in compliment to his daughter. Moreover, in honor of the old Governor himself one of the counties of the State was called Lumpkin. Much of the land embraced in the

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363

present cemetery belonged at one time to his extensive plantation; and lie sleeps today in sight of his old home place, Cedar Hill, where he resided for more than half a century. It seems like the irony of fate that he should till an unmarked grave amid such surroundings. But after all could there be reared to him a memorial more appropriate than the verdant mausoleum in which he sleeps, where every leaf and twig- and blade of grass recalls the epitaph of Sir Christopher Wren:
, "If you seek his monument, look around yon."

Under a magnificent shaft of granite repose the mor tal ashes of G-EJTERAL I-IowEivr., COBB, one of Georgia's most distinguished sons. His long list of public honors includ ed the 'Speakership of the national House of Representa tives, the treasury portfolio in Mr. Buchanan's cabinet, the high office of Governor of the State, and the presi dency of the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States of America. He was also a Confederate Majorgeneral. On the west side of the handsome*monumeut is inscribed:
HOWELL, COBB, son wife Sarah Kootes Cobb. Born, Cherry Hill, Jefferson Co., Ga., Sept. 7, ISIS. Died, jSTew York City, Oct. 9, 1868.
On the south side:
Representative from Georgia in tlie Congress of the United States, 1843-1851, 1856-1857. Speaker of the House of Representatives, 3.1st Congress. Governor of the State of Georgia, 1857-1860. President of the Pro visional Congress of "the Confederate States of America. Colonel 16th Regiment Georgia Volunteers', C. S. A. Brigadier-General, C. S. A. Major-General, C. S. A.

364 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Beside him sleeps his beloved wife, MARY AWN LAMAR CODE; and in the same area lie buried JUDGE HOWELL COBB, his son and THOMAS R. II. OOBB, his grandson. The latter was a young lawyer of the most brilliant promise, whose early death was a bereavement to the State. He was handsome, magnetic, and gifted.
In another part of the cemetery, on a large square lot, enclosed by an iron fence, stands a superb monument oi' marble. It marks the last resting place of one of Geor gia's purest and greatest men--GENERAL THOMAS R. R. COBB, a brother of the distinguished Governor. It was due chiefly to the eloquent appeals of this one man that Georgia in 1801, adopted the ordinance of secession. Until this time he had never held a political office or made 'a political speech. His zeal in the cause of Southern inde pendence, coupled with his deep religious nature, caused him to be likened to Peter the Hermit. He was the author of Cobb on Slavery, a masterpiece of leg-al litera ture, compile.d before lie was thirty-six. He was also one of the pioneer^ of the public school system in Georgia, arid the founder of -Lucy Cobb Institute. At the out break of the war, he organized and commanded Cobb's famous legion. He was killed by a shell at the battle of Fredericksburg; and his death was1 the occasion of a letter from General Lee, addressed to his brother, paying the highest tribute to his character as a soldier. Inscribed on the monument is the following brief record, in a list of the Cobb family names :
I THOMAS R. R. COBB. Born, April 1(3, 1823. Died, Dec. 33, 1862, at Fredoriekstarg, Va.
CAPTAIN HENRY JACKSON, a distinguished member of the Georgia bar, with his sons, DAVENPORT, THOMAS COBB, and HENRY R.. also sleep here; while in the same lot are

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buried DR. JOHN GEBDINE, a beloved physician of Athens ; PBOP. W. W. LTJMPKIN, a son of the Chief Justice and a former professor of Belle Lettrea in the University of Georgia; MB. A. L. HULL^ for years secretary and treas urer of the Board of Trustees; besides other members of the same family connection.

In the lot adjacent sleeps COLONEL JOHN ADDISON COBB, one of the pioneer citizens of Athens, for who'm the beautiful residence section known as Cobbham was named. He was the father of the two illustrious Confederate generals. The inscription on the handsome slab which marks his grave is as follows :
COLONEL JOHN ADDISON COBB. Bom 5th Jan., 1783. Died 23rd NOT., 1855. An affectionate husband, a kind, fond parent, a public spirited citizen, a friend to the friendless, a consistent Christian, he lived. Wept by his family, mourned by his friends, respected by all, without an enemy, in the triumph of faith, he died.

COLONEL WILLIAM H. JACKSON, who married MILDRED LEWIS, a sister of Colonel John Addison Cobb, is buried in this same lot. He was a member of the first graduating class of the State University and a son of the famous GOVEBNOB JAMBS JACKSON, of Savannah. The brief in scription on his tomb reads :
COLON!?!, WILLIAM H. JACKSON. 1788. Died Aug. 8, 1875.
This distinguished Georgian died at the age of ninety. He served in the State Senate of Georgia and was for years a member of the board of trustees of his alma mater. Colonel Jackson was an eccentric old man and some time prior to his death he formally executed a deed of gift conveying to an old shade tree the area of ground

366 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
which lies immediately around it. This tree--perhaps the only freeholder of the kind in existence--is still standing in Athens, enclosed by an iron railing.
PROF. WILLIAMS BUTIIBRFORD, who married LAURA, a daughter of Colonel John Addison Cob'b, is buried in this1 same enclosure, beside his wife. Here too sleeps his son, JOHN C. BUTHEHFORD, a distinguished lawyer of Maeon. Prof. Butherford occupied for thirty-three years the chair of mathematics in the State University, his alma mater. His father was a classmate of Colonel Win. H. Jackson, in the first class to graduate from old Franklin College. His daughter, MILDBED LEWIS, is the noted educator and historian.
Under a horizontal block of granite, in a corner of the Cobb lot, sleeps a gallant Georgian who perished on the field of battle. The inscription on the tomb roads :
j JEFFERSON MTRABEAU LAMAR, son of L. Q. C. Lamar and Sarah Byrd. Born in Milledgeville, Ga., Jan. Z, 1835. Died Sept. 35, 3862. He fell mortally wounded at the battle of Crampton's Gap, Maryland, leading Cobb's Georgia Legion. Tie was a true Southern gentleman, without fear and without reproach.
In the same part of the cemetery, perhaps a hundred feet distant from the Cobb lot, underneath a. handsome granite stone, sleeps the immortal discoverer of anes thesia. Beside him sleeps his beloved wife; and the

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367

monument erected to both, in the center of the square, contains the following inscription :

ORAWFOBD WIKLTAMSON LONG, it. D. Born November 1, 1815. Died June 16, 1878. "My profes sion is to me a ministry from God." CABOLISE SWAIN LONG. Born December 14, 182S. Died Sep tember 23, 1888. "They rest in everlasting ]ove."

Dr. Long's statue -will eventually be placed by the State of Georgia in Statuary Hall, in Washington, D. C. At the University of Pennsylvania a handsome medallion of the great physician was recently unveiled. There hangs a life-size portrait of him on the walls of Georgia's State capitol.

On a small headstone, in a corner of the same lot with Dr. Long, are chiseled the initials "H. L. S." The little block of granite marks the grave of HUNRI L. STTJAR.T, of New York. He presented to the Sta-te of Georgia in 1879 an oil painting of Dr. Long"; and while on a visit to Athens, after attending the formal exercises of presenta tion, he died suddenly and was buried at his request on the lot with Dr. Long. He seems to have been "without family ties or connections at the North.

Directly opposite the Long lot is the grave of DR. NATHAH HOYT, who for thirty-six years "was pastor of the old First Presbyterian Church, of Athens. Dr. Hoyt was the grandfather of MRS. WOODROW WILSON. In this same part of the cemetery sleeps MAJOR WILLIAM S. GRADY, the father of the South's great editor and orator; also DR. CHARLES W. LANE, one of the most beloved pastors of Athens, the successor to Dr. Nathan Hoyt. Handsome monuments mark the graves of both of these divines ; but

368 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
only a simple headstone tells where Major Grady lies buried.

Close to the river side in the center of a lot, somewhat overgrown with weeds, is a handsome family monument on the base of which is inscribed:

I

WADDELL

I

Here lie buried two distinguished educators, JAMES P. WADDELL and WILLIAM H. WADDELL, father and son, both of whom were long identified with the University of Geor gia. There are no epitaphs on the monument except one to a daughter of Prof. Wm. H. Waddell, who died at the age of 21. But both of the graves are marked by neat headstones. DR. MOSES WAPDELL, one of the early presi dents of Franklin College, is buried in the little cemetery on Jackson Street; but he is here memoralized by a little block of stone which tells of his interment elsewhere.
The Waddell monument is a work of art. It is sur mounted by the statue of an angel making an entry in the book of life. The entire structure is of white marble.

Enclosed by an iron fence, facing one of the main driveways of the cemetery, on the slope of the highest hill is the grave of a noted educator. It is not far distant from the tomb of General Howell Co'bb; and the inscrip tion on the monument reads :
HENKY JACKSON, M. D., IYL. D. Born in Eng land, July 7, 1778. Died near Athens, April 26, 1840. "We meet again."
His wife is buried beside him. Dr. Jackson, "when a young man, accompauied the great WILLIAM H. CBAWFORD to France, in 1813, and witnessed the famous scene in the

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369

audience chamber of Napoleon between the great diplo mat and the first emperor. Dn. JACKSON was the younger brother of old GOVERNOR JAMES JACKSON and the father of GENERAL HENRY B. JACKSON, both of Savannah.

Marked by a neat shaft of white marble, which time seems gently to have touched is the grave of a distin guished jurist and statesman for whom Georgia has named one of her counties--JUDGE AUGUSTTM S. CLAYTON. Judge Clayton represented Georgia with distinction both in Congress and on the bench. He was also a writer of brilliant satire. When a pupil at the Kichmond Academy, in Augusta, he received for the best declamation a copy of Sallust presented by the illustrious Washington, then President of the United States. The inscription on the monument is as follows:

Beside him sleeps his wife, JULIA CABBTJJS CLAYTOW.
Only a few feet distant is the grave of DR. ALONZO CHURCH, one of the most distinguished. presidents of Franklin College. He also filled for a number of years the chair of mathematics. His last resting place is beauti fied by a. handsome marble column, surmounted by an urn. Inscribed on the monument is the following brief record:
Sacred to the memory of BEVERENI) DOCTOR ALONZO CHUSCH. Born at Brattleboro, Vt., April 9, 1793. Died May IS, 1862.
In the same lot is buried his wife, SAEAH TRJPPE, STEELE, his daughter, MRS, ROEB, and his grand-daughter,

370 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
SARAH: CHAIG BARROW, the first wife of United States Senator POPE BABROW.

To the right of the main entrance to the cemetery is the grave of the noted DR. LIPSCOMB, the first of the chancellors. The spot is marked by a handsome shaft of marble, which bears the following- inscription:
ADGATE LIPSOOMB, D. IX, L.L. I>. Born in Georgetown, D. C., Sept. n, 1816. Died in Athens, Ga., Nov. 23, 1890. On the left side: Chancellor University of Georgia, 1860-1874. On the right side, a quotation from Scripture. In the rear:
"Life's race well run, Life's work well done, Life's crown -wall won,
Now comes rest.''
His gifted son, FRANCIS ADGATE LIFSCOMB, at one time professor of Belle Tjettres, occupies a neatly marked grave in the same area.

On the summit of the hill, near the Lnmpkin circle, sleeps CHANCELLOR MELL. The handsome obelisk of blue granite which marks the grave of the famous educator, parliamentarian, and divine, bears the following inscrip tion :

Sa ro 1 to the memory of Patr ck Hues Mell. in WaIt! ourv He, Liherty Co., Ga., July 18, 1814. at Ath en s, Ga , Jan. 20, 1888.

Born Died

On the side:

arvant of God, well done, 'Rest from thy loved employ;
: battle- fought, the victory i Enter thy Master's'joy.-'

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371

At the foot of the slope, just in front of the main entrance to the cemetery is the grave of CHANCELLOB WALTER B. HILL. It is covered with a neat layer of brick, but is otherwise unmarked. In the near future a hand some monument will doubtless beautify the spot. Mr. Hill was the first aJumnus of the institution to hold the office of chancellor. He was also the first layman; and from his induction into office dates the modern University, with its enlarged boundaries and with its new ideals1.
Not far from the grave of GOVERN OB COBB, facing the main driveway, stands a modest slab of marble, on which the following inscription appears:

GENERAL M. L. SMITH. Sept. 29th, 1829. July 29th, 1866.

GENEBAL SMITH was a graduate of Wr est Point and a classmate of GENEBAL LONGSTKEET. He married Miss Sarah Nisbet, of Athens; and, on resigning from the old army, he came here to live. He served ill the Mexican War and was one of the founders1 of the famous Aztec Clnb, composed of Mexican War veterans. His career in the Civil War was replete with honors, and he attained to the rank of Major-Genera] by reason of his prowess. At the close of hostilities, he "was made professor of Civil Engineering in the University but he died in Rome, Gfa., while an engineer of the Alabama and Tennessee Rail road.

To the list of distinguished dead here buried on the Oconee's green banks may be added: JOHN WHITE, who built the first cotton factory south of Baltimore; FEHBINAND PHINIZY and YOUITG L. G. HABTMS, two of the most noted financiers and business men of Athens; JACOB PHINIZY, an early pioneer; I)n. EUSTACE W. SPBEE, a noted educator and divine, the father of JUDGE EMOBY SPEEB ; ALBON CHASE, a wide-awake man of varied inter ests, who organized the Athens Banner; GKTS. BURWELL

372 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOBIALS AND IJEGENDS
POPE, an officer of the State militia; CAPT. HENBY H. CABLTON, a gallant Confederate soldier and a member of Congress; COL. WM. G. DELONEY, a brave commander who fell in battle and who sleeps in a grave unmarked; ALEX ANDER B. LINTON, THOMAS BISHOP, WM. H. DORSEY, THOMAS N. HAMILTON, JAMES CAMAK, WILLIAM DEABING, EDWARD R. HODQSON, DR. EDWARD R. WARE, DR. HENRY HULL, HON. ASBURY HULL, THOMAS MOORE, THOMAS STANLEY, MARCELLUS STANLEY, ROBERT TAYLOB, STEVENS THOMAS, WILLIAM A. TALMADGE, WILLIAM L. MITOHELL, DB. JAMES NISBET, JOHN NISBET, ELIZUE L. NEWTON, JOHN H. NEWTON, DR, JOHN S. LINTON, DR. RICHARD D. MOORE, THOMAS .STANLEY, MARCELLUS STANLEY, STEPHEN W. HABBIS, SAMPSON W. HABEIS, FBEDERICK W. LUCAS, OLIVES H. PRINCE, JB. ; WILLIAM M. MORTON, W. W. THOMAS, .GEOBGE D. THOMAS, JUDGE HOWARD VAN EJPPS, DB. JOSEPH B. CARLTON, ALBIN P. DEARING, JOHN W. NICKOLSON, REUBEN NICKEBSON, A. K. CHILDS, JUDGE S. P. THURMOND, PROF. CHARLES MORRIS, PKOF. C. P. WILLCOX, REV. ELLERSON D. STONE, a beloved minister and printer, who mar ried more couples than any man who has lived in Athens ; and a host of others. JUDGE CHARLES DOUGHERTY, for whom the State has named a county was for years a resi dent of Athens and is supposed to be buried in Oconee Cemetery; but his name cannot be found among the records.
Town Cemetery, Sparta
In the center of the beautiful little cemetery at Sparta sleeps the Demosthenes of Southern Methodism--Bishop George F. .Pierce. On a mound of ivy, at the head of the grave, stands a superb shaft of marble, on which has been deftly chiseled an excellent profile of the illus trious preacher. The monument is surmounted by an urn, and at the base in large raised letters is inscribed:

TOWN* O.EMETERY

373

On the front of the monument is the following epi taph :

GEORGE POSTER, PIERCE, D. D., LL. D. Born in Greene Co., Ga., Feb. 3, 1S11. Died in Hancock. Co., Ga., Sept. 3? 1884. Entered the Christian Ministry of the M. E. Church, South, in 3830. Ordained a Bishop of the M. E. Church, South, May, 1854.

On the left side:

On tlie right side:
JTe was the first President of 'Wesleyau Female Col lege at Macon, Ga. For six years lie was President of Emory College, at Oxford, Ga. The peerless preacher, the devoted husband and father, the humble and con sistent Christian, he lived, beloved and died lamented. "For me to live is Christ and to die is gain." St. Paul.
His beloved 'wife, Ann M. Pierce, sleeps beside him. His son, George F. Pierce, Jr., is also buried on the lot, besides a grandson.
Under a marble cube, surmounted by an urn, facing the main walk, is the grave of an old Revolutionary sol dier. The monument is somewhat dingy with age, 1mt the epitaph is still quite distinct. It contains the fol lowing record:
EGBERT FLOURNOYj a soldier of the Kevolutio departed this life the 6th ,of July, 1825, aged 62 year

374 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
In a grave covered by an old-fashioned box of marble sleeps the dust of a gallant officer of the struggle for independence, the inscription upon whose tomb is as follows :
GENERAL HENRY MTTOIIELL, who died May 17, 1839, in his 79fch year.
To another distinguished soldier of Georgia there is a neat memorial stone on which appears the following' inscription :
GENERAL EPPS BBOWN. Born Dec. 17 Died Aug. 27, 1827.
It is by no means least among- the claims to distinc tion possessed by this little cemetery at Sparta that it holds the dust of a distinguished citizen of Georgia, for "whom one of the counties of the State has been named. On the door of a massive vault of granite, to the left of the main entrance to the burial-ground, is a small metal plate, not much larger than a visiting card, on which appears simply the name :
WILLIAM TEBBELL
Dr. Terrell was for years the most eminent practi tioner of medicine in this section of Georgia. He amassed quite a handsome fortune, and left to the University of the State a legacy of $20,000, which still bears the name of the Terrell Fund.
Dr. Thomas Spencer Powell, the founder of the old Southern Medical College, in Atlanta, is buried under neath a handsome shaft of granite in the cemetery at Sparta. The list of distinguished dead also includes

ALTA VISTA

375

Charles W. .UuBose, a lawyer of note; Catharine Anne I^uBose, his wife, a writer of singular gifts; and a num ber of others. In vain one looks in the cemetery at Sparta for the tomb of Judge Linton Stephens. He is buried in the front yard of his old home, at the far end of the town, in what is now a thicket of magnolias, cedars, and oaks. There is no memorial slab or stone of any kind to mark the last resting place of this glorious Geor gian.

Alta Vista, Gainesville
Occupying one of the central lots in Alta Vista Ceme tery, surrounded by a magnificent amphitheater of hills, is the grave of Lee's old War Horse--General James Longstreet. The last resting place of the old soldier is marked by a huge boulder of mountain granite, hewn from the quarries of his own State. It suggests the rugged strength of character which belonged to the great field marshal of the South, and is also at the same time thoroughly artistic in design. The memorial was planned in every detail by his widow, the gifted Mrs. Helen Dortch Longstreet, who insisted that even the stone itself should be a product of the soil in which he sleeps. Crossed flags, representing the two national emblems for 'which he fought--Federal and Confederate--are chiseled upon the front of the monument, beneath which, on a pol ished surface, is lettered the following inscription:
JAMES LONGSTREET. In the military service of the United States, 1S33-1-861. Brigadier-Genera! Con federate States' Army, June, .1861. "Promoted MajorGenera], May 1862. Promoted lieutenant-General, September 1862. Commanding First Corps of Northern Virginia to April 9, .1865.
On the rear is inscribed this couplet:
'' How sleep tile brave, who sink to res By all their country 's wishes blest ?"

376 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Oni the left side:
Palo Alto to Chapultepec.
On the right side:
Manassas to Appomattox.
The monument occupies the center of the lot. Slightly to one side is the old hero's grave, on the headstone of which is inscribed: JAMES LONGSTBEET, 1821-1904. In the same area sleeps his first wife, Maria Louisa Garland, whom he married at the close of the Mexican War. There are also other graves on the lot. His widow is so thor oughly reconstructed that each year on Confederate Memorial Day she decorates the g~rave of General Longstreet with the flag of the United States.
Some few feet distant, in a lot enclosed by a substan tial wall of brick, is the grave of GOVERNOR JAMES M. SMITH, the first of Georgia's chief executives to occupy the chair of State after the days of Reconstruction. He was long a resident of Corambus, but his remains were brought to Gainesville for interment, because it was here that his wife was bur.ied. There is nothing to mark the last resting place of the Governor; but over the grave of Mrs. Smith there stands a neat monument, which states that her maiden name was A. B. Hester, and that she died at the age of fifty-three years.
Tn the same neighborhood is the grave of GOVERNOR AiiEif D. CANDLER, recently marked by a handsome mon ument, the gift of his appointees to office. On the same

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377

square is buried his distinguished father, Captain Daniel Gr. Candler. The latter's grave is marked by a neat shaft.

To the left of the sexton's office, in the center of the cemetery, is the grave of a distinguished surgeon and physician, in whose honor one of the counties of Georgia has been named. Under a design of sculptured lilies, on a marble monument, surmounted by an urn, is inscribed the following epitaph:

Beside him sleeps his wife, Martha B. Banks, who survived him for twenty-five years, dying in 1881. The graves of two of his daughters are also on the same lot. His son-in-law, Captain Walter S. Brewster, a gallant Confederate officer, who lost his life in the battle of Fredericksburg, is also buried here. He died of his "wounds on the day following the battle, December 14, 1862.
Among the other distinguished dead in Alta Vista Cemetery are Judge John B. Estes, a noted jurist; Colo nel C. C. Sanders, a brave Confederate officer, after whom the local chapter of Children of the Confederacy was named, also a successful financier, a thorough Bible scholar and a great traveler; Major Theodore Moreno and Captain John Venable, both of them splendid sol diers; Dr. James Wray Bailey, the renowned specialist; Colonel II. AV. J. Ham, at one time a member of the Legislature, whose lecture on the "Snollygoster" made him famous; Dr. Emmet E. Dixon, and a number of others. The little cemeterv at GainesviJle is rich in his-

378 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS., MEMORIALS AND LEGKNDS toric dust, containing two Governors of the State, an eminent physician, for whom Georgia christened one of her counties, and a soldier who commanded the veteran First Corps in the immortal army of Lee.
Town Cemetery, Forsyth Under a horizontal slab, to the extreme left of the main entrance, and only a few feet from the Confederate area, sleeps the mortal dust of JUDGE ROBERT P. TUTPVE, at one time a member of Congress, and afterwards an oc cupant of the Supreme Bencii of Georgia, The inscrip tion on the tombstone reads as follows:
ROBERT P. TRJPPJ2. Dee. 21, 1819. July 22, 1900'. "An honest man is the noblest work of God."
His wife sleeps beside him, and on the* same lot re pose two of his sons: ROBERT P., JB., and WILLIAM T., the latter of whom died by his own hand.
Here sleeps GENERAL GILBERT J. "WEIGHT, a g'aJlaiit Confederate officer and a well-known jurist. His grave is marked by a handsome headstone, on which the following epitaph is inscribed:
In. a remote part of the cemetery sleeps a renowned Baptist clergyman, educator, scholar and author: DR.

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379

SHALER Gr. HILLYER. The substantial monument over his grave is surmounted by a handsomely carved urn, and the inscription, a gem, reads as follows:

EEV. SIIAI/ER GEANBY HIT-iLYEK. Born, June 20', 1S09. Died, Feb. 19, 1900. Ordained to the Baptist ministry, 3835, he continued to preach for sixty-five years, eloquent, profound and faithful even to the last. The sunrise of his life was like that on the morning hills, steady, sure, forever increasing unto greater bright ness and a warmer glow; the sunset of his life was like that on the mountains at evening, full of quiet rest and glory. "The path of the just is as a shining light" etc.

His wife, 'DOROTHEA M. FTJRMAN-, sleeps in a grave beside him, and on the monument there is an appropriate inscription to her also.

Just a short distance removed from the Hillyer lot sleeps JOHN MILL-KEGE, a son of one of the early Gov ernors of Georgia, and himself a man of note in his day. His grave is covered by a horizontal slab, bearing this inscription:

Beside him rests his wife, CATHARINE ELLIOTT.
One of the handsomest monuments in the cemetery marks the last resting- place of Hoi*. WILLIAM H. HEAD, a sagacious financier and man of affairs, "who "was a leader in the town of Forsyth and a power in the State.

380 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
On the monument, a handsome shaft of marble, sur mounted by an urn, is inscribed the following epitaph:

JUDGE CISTCTNNATUS PEEPLES, a noted lawver and jurist, is buried here.
In this cemetery also sleeps HOIST. ZACHAHIAM II. HAR N, a famous lawyer of the ante-bellum period.

Marked by a neat headstone is the grave of all emi nent Georgian, who for many years adorned tbe Superior Court bench of this State. But the only inscription on the monument is as follows :

I

E. G. CABANISK. 1802-1872.

I

There is a like inscription for bis wife, SARAH C. CABANIKS, who followed him to the grave within four years.

Others of local prominence buried in the cemetery at Forsyth are: CYRUS SHARP (1799-1893), who died at the age of 96 years; AAROK TALMADGE (1801-1879), WILLIAM T. MAYNARD (1818-1905), ISAAC W. ENSIGN (1820-1907), DR. L. B. ALEXANDER (1829-1890), DR. B. F. EUDICILL (1834-1901), ALFOED H. BRAMLETT (1835-1899), T. B. HOLLIS (1855-1901).

HOSE

381

Rose Hill, Macon
Situated on the green slopes of the Ocmulgce River, there are few burial places of the dead "which, in natural -charm, can surpass Bose Hill. It is a garden of loveli ness. Here native forest oaks, interspersed with fra grant bays and cedars, lend a peculiar beauty to the land scape ; while the river murmuring softly in the distance chants a requiem for the silent loved ones who here sleep in the cool shade of the trees. Opened in 1841. the cemetery was named in honor of Simri Rose, a publicspirited citizen of Macon. On passing through the hand some gate "which constitutes the main entrance to Rose Hill, the eye is attracted by a majestic! shaft of granite, which towers to the right of the principal driveway. The inscription on the base of the monument reads:

WASHINGTON
It is the family lot of a distinguished former resident of Macon--HOIT. JAMES H. R. WASHIKGTO^. Pie was both a planter and a banker, and held at one time the office of mayor. Though opposed to secession, he devoted his princely fortune to the cause of the South, and was a tower of defence to Macon during the dark days of the Civil AVar. His famous old home, on the hill where, in ante-bellum days, he dispensed a lavish hospitality, is still one of the local landmarks. The inscription on the marble plate which covers his grave reads as follows:

JAMES IT. R. WASHINGTON. Born in Wilkes Co., Ga v July 19, 1809. Died - M'acon, Ga., Nov. 21, 1866. Mayor of Milledgeville, 1844. Mayor of Macon, 1851. Banker, Planter, Legislator. He fulfilled every duty with courage and fidelity.

Beside him sleeps his beloved wife, the founder of the D. A- B. in Georgia and the first real daughter. She was also a charter member of the national organ-

382 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ization. The father of Mrs. Washington was Colonel Samuel Hammond, a distinguished officer of the Amer ican Revolution, a former member of Congress, and the first territorial Governor of Upper Louisiana. Recently a handsome memorial bust of Mrs. AVashington has been placed by the National Society in Continental Hall, in Washington, D. C. Inscribed on the marble plate which covers her grave is the following epitaph:
MARY A. HAMMOND WASHINGTON. Born St. .Louis, Mo., May 12, 1816. Died Macon, Ga., Nov. 2, 1901. Founder of the Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Georgia. Her life was the ex pression of herself, all that was noble and beautiful and true in womanhood.
"Faith that withstood the shocks of toil and time, Hope that defied despair, Patience that conquered care
A loyalty whose courage wa^ sxiblime."
Mrs. Washington died in her eighty-sixth year. Six children are buried on the family lot: SAMUEL HAMMOND, a lieutenant in Company F. of the Third' Georgia Beginient of Infantry; LEROY HAMMOND, "who resigned from the United States Navy in 1861 to serve the Confederate cause, becoming first an officer on board the "Jackson," at New Orleans, in 18G2, afterwards a private in the Macon Light A.rtillery; ROBERT PORTER, MARY ELIZABETH, ANNIE TTTFFT, and HUGH VBENON. The last named rep resented Georgia as a special commissioner at both the Louisiana Purchase and the Jamestown Expositions. He also organized the Macon Athenaeum, and gave the ini tial impetus to a number of important civic reforms.
Only a few feet distant towers a handsome monument to HENE.T J. LAMAR, one of the wealthy merchants of Macon.

ROSE IlruL

383

"Under a plain marble shaft, resting upon a granite base, in a lot some distance to the left of the main drive way, repose the mortal ashes of ALFRED II. COLQTJITT, one of the most distinguished Georgians of his day and time. Twice elected to the high omce of Governor, he was also twice commissioned by the Legislature to a seat in the Senate of the United States. During the Civil War he attained the rank of Major-General in the Con federate army; and, for a brilliant victory achieved over the Federals by a clever piece of strategy, at a time when his ammunition was ^almost exhausted, lie was styled "the hero of OJustee"--a sobriquet "which at tached to him through life. He was also a minister of the Gospel. Inscribed on the monument is the following brief epitaph:
ALi'EBB HOLT OOTjQTJlTT. Bom April 20, 3824. -Died Mar. 2G, 1394. The memory of tho jnst is WesseU.

Enough for one whose life is written in the annals of Georgia. The grave is covered by a flat stone, bor dered with brick. In the center of the lot, which is handsomely enclosed by an iron railing, stands a beau tiful magnolia. There are several other graves on the lot, only one of which, however, is marked. This is the grave of a little grandchild, Alfred Colquitt Marshall.

Adjoining the Colquitt lot is the lot of GOVERNOR GEOHGE W. TOWNS, likewise enclosed by an iron railing; but except for the name oil the gate there is naught what ever to suggest that here lies a Georgian upon whom many public honors were once lavished. Governor Towns represented the State in Congress for several terms, in addition to occupying the chair of State. His health began to fail soon after his retirement from the latter office; and he died in the full vigor of his intellec-

384 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
tual powers. Georgia has named one of her counties in honor of this well-beloved son.
Two other distinguished citizens of Georgia "who are neighbors in death to Governor Colquitt, both of them occupying graves at present unmarked, are JUDGE BICHARD H. CLARK and COLONEL THOMAS O. HOWARD. The former was one of the original codifiers of the Georgia statutes, a distinguished jurist, and a man of wonderfulpowers of memory, who possessed at his tongue's end tile family antecedents of nearly every one in Georgia. The latter was one of the State's most brilliant editors, a man of sparkling wit, who was always the most zealous champion of Governor Colquitt. There was not an office in the gift of the people which he was not competent to fill, but he preferred to remain an humble subaltern in the ranks. His father, the noted Methodist divine, REV. JOHN* HOWARD, whose monument is one of the old landmarks of tlie cemetery, was the foremost orator of his day in the Methodist pulpit, not even excepting- the famous Dr. Lovick Pierce, who was one of his contempo raries. WILLIAM SCHLEY HOWARD, the present member of Congress from the Fifth District, is a son of COLONEL THOMAS C. HOWARD.
Marked by a handsome g'ranite monument, occupying the center of' a lot bordered with stone, is the grave of JOHN BASIL LAMAR, a wealthy planter and a noted man of letters, who fell mortally wounded at the battle of Crampton's g"ap in Maryland, while serving on the staff of his brother-in-law, GENERAL HOWELL, COBB. The in scription on the west side of the monument is as follows :
JOHN BASIL LAMAB, son of Zachariah Lamar and his wife, Mary Ann Lamar. Born in Milledgeville, Ga., NOT. 5th., 1812. Died in Maryland, Sept. 15th., 1862.

ROSE HILL
On the south side the inscription reads:
Colonel Lamar, while serving in the army or the Confederate States, was mortally wounded at the battle of Crampton's Gap, Maryland, Sunday, Sept. 14th, 1862, and died the following day.
As a writer of short stories, Colonel Lamar has won an established place in the literature of the South. One of his most famous productions, "The Blacksmith of the Mountain Pass," fell under the eye of the great Dickens, who borrowed the central idea for one of his own novels. Colonel Lamar declined a nomination to Congress, pre ferring the life of a planter to a seat in the national councils. lie never married.
In the immediate neighborhood of the Lamar lot stands a weather-beaten ^cenotaph, the [inscription on which recalls one of the saddest catastrophes in the his tory of the State. It reads thus:
OLTV.EK HILJjHOUSE PRINCE and MABY B. PBINOi;, wiho perished in the wreck of the steamship "Home," Monday, Oct. 9, 1837. "They were lovely and pleasant in their lives and in their death they were not divided."
Further down on the slab appears the following record:
This tablet is erected to perpetuate the beloved mem ory of our parents' by their bereaved and sorrowing
MB. PBINOE represented Georgia in the Senate of the United States. At the time of his death, he was en route to New York for the purpose of bringing out a second edition of his celebrated digest. "The Militia Drill," in Longstreet's "Georgia Scenes/' is credited to the pen

386 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of Mr. Prince. He possessed a keen sense of Immor, associated with.rare literary gifts.
On a high bluff, immediately overlooking the river, stands one of the handsomest marble piles in Rose Hill. It marks the last resting place of a wealthy planter who met his death while in the act of defending one of his slaves, "who had been struck by the overseer of an ad jacent plantation. His estate, on the eve of the Civil War, was appraised at something over $1,000,000. There is nothing on the monument to record this story of sacri fice, bnt it deserves to be embalmed in the memory of Georgians. The brief inscription on the tomb reads :
JOSEPH BOND. Born Jan. 11, 1815. Died Mar. 2], 1856.
At the time of Mr. Bond's death, the only man in Macon who possessed the means to purchase his palatial house on the hill was JEREMIAH COWLES, the famous rail way pioneer, who bought and completed the old Monroe Koad, at a time when the enterprise was threatened with collapse. It now forms part of the Central of Georgia between Macon and Atlanta. Subsequently encountering financial reverses, Mr. Cowles lost his fortune; and his grave in Rose Hill is today unmarked.
While lingering in this part of the cemetery there is a monument which must not be overlooked. It marks the grave of a noted physician and dnelist, who was for years prominent in the public life of the State--DR. AM BROSE BAEER. He came to his death at the bedside of a patient, while taking a dose of medicine to show the sick man that the liquid was harmless. It seems that

ROSE HILL

387

the mistake was caused by a misprint in the formula of a certain compound, the use of which had been most effective; and the drug clerk, detecting the error, had attached a note to the bottle, warning the invalid not to take it, on account of the deadly nature of the contents. When Dr. Baber called on his patient the next day, he was provoked to find that he had not taken the medicine, and he swallowed a part of it himself 'as an object lesson to his patient; but in less than twenty minutes he was dead. The monument is planted upon a mound of ivy.
Inscribed thereon is the following epitaph:

AMBROSE BABER. Born in Buckingham Co., Va., Sept. 12, 1792. Died in Maeon, Ga., Mar. 8, 1846. But though the righteous be prevented by death yet shall he be at rest. For honorable age is not that which stancTeth in length of time nor is marked by length of days. But wisdom is the gray hair unto men and an unspotted life is old age. Erected by Macon Lodge, No. 6, and Constantino Chapter, No. 4, to their deceased brother and companion, who was for many years their presiding officer, also past Grand Master of the Grand Lodge
of Georgia.

CHIEF JUSTICE JAMES JACKSON, of the Supreme Court of Georgia, a former member of Congress, and a grand son of the illustrious GOVERNOR JAMES JACKSON, is num bered among the honored dead at Rose Hill. So likewise
is CHIEF JUSTICE THOMAS J. SIMMONS.

Near the foot of a slope overlooking the river rest the mortal ashes of the noted jurist who framed Georgia's
ordinance of secession. When the Supreme Court of the
State was organized in 1845, he was one of the celebrated trio of judges chosen to preside upon this august bench. Subsequently he also represented Georgia in Congress.

388 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Judge Nisbet was one of the State's most polished ora tors and one of her purest men. The inscription on the handsome monument is as follows:
EUGENIUS A. NISBET. Born Dec. 7, 1803. Died Mar. 18, 1871.
In adjoining lots repose his distinguished brother, JAMES A. NISBET, and his honored son, JAMES T. NISBET, both lawyers of note, who frequently served the public in high official1 positions.
On a green slope, not far removed from the Bond monument, sleeps a distinguished Georgian, HON. HENRY Q. LAMAB, who ably served his State on the Bench, in Congress, and on important missions to the Cherokee and Creek Indians. In 1857, he "was a strong minority candidate for the Gubernatorial nomination. His wife sleeps beside him; and on the handsome shaft of metal is lettered the following inscription:
To the memory of our father and mother. HENBY G-. LAMAR. Born, July 10, 1798. Died, Sept. 10, 1861. MAHT ANN LAMAR. Born, August 16, 1807. Died, May 3, 1882.
Nest to the Lamar lot, in a new-made grave, sleeps UNITED STATES SENATOR AUGUSTUS O. BACON, a son-inlaw of Judge Lamar. 'Senator Bacon was serving his fourth term in the "upper house of Congress when death removed him from the councils of the nation. As a par liamentarian, he was unsurpassed. At the time of his death he was chairman of the Committee on Foreign Re lations and one of the most trusted advisers of President TVlIson. The first "wife of Chief Justice O. A. Lochrane is buried on this same lot. She was a daughter of Judge Lamar.

ROSE HILL

389

At the foot of a hill, in sight of the I^amar monument, stands a massive but plain shaft of gray marble, be neath which lies a distingnished soldier of the ~Wax of 1812, MAJOB PHILIP COOK, at one time commandant in charge of Port Hawkins. The inscription on the monu ment reads:

MAJOR PHILIP COOK, U. S. A., ]S12. Son of Capt. John Cook and Martha Pearson, his wife. Born, Fairfield District, S. C., 1775. Died, Twiggs Co., Ga., Nov. 7, 1841. A Scholar. A Patriot. A Christian.
Beside him sleeps his wife, Anne Wooten Cook. On this same lot lies buried his son of the same name, who illustrated Georgia with brilliant distinction on the field of battle, in the office of Secretary of State and on the floor of Congress. His epitaph, on the opposite side of the monument, reads:

GENERAL, PHILIP COOK, C. S. A., 1861. Son of Philip Cook and Anne "Wooten, his wife. Born, T-wiggs Co., Ga., July 31, 1817. Died, Atlanta, Ga., May 23, 1894. A good name is better than great riches.
His "wife, SARAH Gr. COOK, is buried in a gra\7e imme diately adjoining. She died in 1860.

One of the most artistic monuments in the cemetery is the handsome cross of granite "which marks the last resting place of CONGRESSMAN JAMES H. KLOTJNT. It rests upon a massive pedestal of the same kind of stone, mounted by granite steps, on the second round of which is the figure of an angel chiseled in marble. Inscribed on the monument is the following epitaph:

JAMBS H. BLOUNT. Sept. 12, 1837. Mar. 3, 1903. '' Lord, who shall dwell in thy tabernacles; or who shall rest npon thy holy hill? Even he that leadeth an uncorrupt life and doeth the thing which is right and speaketh the truth from his heart.''

390 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Mr. Blount was several times elected to Congress. On retiring from the national councils, .he was sent by President Cleveland as a special envoy to the Ha waiian Islands, at a time "when serious international complications were threatened. He was chosen to fill this office by reason of his peculiar fitness for the task in hand; and the manner in which he performed his diffi cult errand is a part of the nation's history.
WASHINGTON POE, a distinguished lawyer, who de clined a seat in Congress after an election to fill it, is likewise numbered among' the dead of Rose Hill.
Here sleeps JUDGE B. D. TRACF, a noted jurist. His son, a gallant Confederate brigadier-general, who bore the same name, is also buried here. Another son, COLO NEL PHILEMON TRACT, "was killed at the battle of Sharpsburg, in Maryland. The latter rests among his Northern kindred in the cemetery at Batavia, N. Y. Ho was one of the most gifted "writers in the ante-bellum group of 'Georgia journalists, thoug-h barely more than a youth "when he met a hero's death.
The list of Rose Hill's distinguished dead includes also: COLONEL THOMAS HABDEMAN, ,Jn., a. former member of Congress, a brave soldier, and a matchless orator"; STIRLING LANIER, a noted landlord of ante-bellum period; SIMEI ROSE, a pioneer citizen for "whom the cemetery was named; JUDGE RICHARD F. IJTON, a noted lawyer and a former occupant of the Supreme Bench; JOHN B. Ross, an early merchant prince of Macon; CLIFFORD L. ANDERSON, long the State's Attorney-General; ROBERT S. LANIEK, LEEOY M. WILET, THOMAS COOPER NISBET, I. C.

OAK HILL

391

PLANT, the famous railway magnate, "who organized the Plant System; E. H. PLANT, a wealthy "banker, -whose tragic death shocked the entire State; JTJDGE THADDEUS Q-. HOLT, COLONEL WM. S. HOLT, JUDGE JOHN J. GBESHAM, JUDGE GEOEGE T. BABTLETT, NATHAN MONEOE, a pioneer banker; MAJOE JOHN W. PAEK, CAPTAIN EOBEET E. PAEK, the latter for a number of years State Treasurer of Georgia; CAPTAIN ISAAC HOLMES, JUDGE ABNER P. PowEBS, DE. HENBY KOLLOCH GBEEN, DB. JAMES MEEOEB GBEEN, SAMUEL J. RAY, SAMUEL T. BAILEY, W. K. DEGBAFEENEEID, HENBY J. LAMAB, WASHINGTON DESSAU, IBA
B. FOET, ELAM ALEXANDEE, L. N. WHITTLE, and a host of others. On the Holt lot, overlooking the river, at the far end of the main driveway, sleeps the second wife of AS SOCIATE JUSTICE L. Q. C. LAMAB, of the United States Su preme Court. Here the remains of the latter rested until taken back to Mississippi for final interment. On tho slopes of Rose Hill sleeps a silent army of the Confed erate dead, most of whom perished in the battles around
Macon during the last year of the Civil War.

Oak Hill, Griffin
Some of the most distinguished of Georgia's sons lie buried in this little cemetery at Griffin. Within a few feet of the gate is the grave of a former Associate Jus tice of the Supreme Court of Georgia, HON. ALEXANDEB M. SPEEB. Inscribed upon the handsome monument of marble is the following inscription :
ALEXANDER- MIDDLBTON SPEEK. Born in Afcbeville District, S. C., July 27, 1820. Died March 28, 1897.
Just a short distance further on lies buried How. JOHN D. STEWABT, formerly a member of Congress, a Judge of

392 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the 'Superior Court and a minister of the Gospel. The grave is covered by a horizontal slab of marble, with an ornamental urn at the head. On the family monument, in the center of the lot, is this inscription:
In loving remembrance of JOHN D. STEWART. Born August 2, 1833. Died, January 28, 1894. "I {have fought a good fight,'' etc. In life he was loved and honored; in his death the people mourned; and liig memory will be embalmed in tne hearts of the many whom he loved so well and served so faithfully.
GENERAL JOHN MclNTOSH KELL, one of the most dis tinguished of Confederate naval officers, and, at the time of his' death, Adjutant-General of the State of Georgia, lies buried in this cemetery, underneath a handsomely carved block of solid marble, on which the sculptor has chiseled an anchor. Inscribed on the old hero's tomb are these -words:
JOHN McINTOSH KULL, 1823-1900. PatriotHero--Christian. Mizpeh.
During the Civil War, General Kell was associated with'Admiral Raphael Semmes in command of the famous Confederate cruiser, the Alabama. This gallant sea-rover was sunk in the British Channel, after an unequal fight lasting for several hours with one of the stoutest armored vessels afloat, the Kearsarge; but the annals of the sea will be searched in vain for a more brilliant record of captures than was made by this renowned ship before she went to her final doom beneath the waves. It was not until the deck of the vessel was covered -with water that either Semmes or Kell were willing to leave the ship. On leaping into the sea, they were rescued by English yachts and landed upon the docks at Portsmouth, Eng.

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GOVEBNOB JAMES S. BOYNTON, an honored chief execu tive of this State, a former Judge of the Superior Court, and a man of the strictest integrity of character, is buried in Oak Hill, beside his first wife, FANNIE LOYALL. The grave of the ex-Governor is marked by a substantial monument, on which the following epitaph is lettered:

JAMES STODDAKD BOYNTON. Born, May 7, 1832. Died, Dee. 22, 1902. He was a public man with out vices, a private citizen without reproach, a neighbor without fault, and a Christian -without hypocrisy.

Under a handsome granite monument, on a beautifully shaded lot, sleeps DAVID J. BAILEY, a former member of Congress and one of the towering men of his time. The inscription on bis tombstone, in keeping with his mod esty as a man, reads as follows :
DAVID JACKSON BAILEY. March 11, 1812. June 14, 1897.

To mention by name only a few other Georgians of note buried in Oak Hill, the list includes : EBASMUS AV. BECK and JAMES FBKEMAN, both at one time members of Congress; JUDGE JOHN I. HALL, a distinguished jurist, "who held the office of Assistant Attorney-General of the United States, under President Cleveland; JOHN LAMAB, GILMAN J. DRAKE, JOHN B. REID, DB. MILTON" DANIEL, COLONEL FREDERICK Dr. DISMTJKE, COLONEL E. ~W. HAMMOND, DB. JOHN T. BANKS, DEFOBBEST ALLOOOD, JOSEPH D. BOYD, DB. JOHN TJ. MOOBE, and a host of others.
Stonewall Cemetery immediately adjoins Oak Hill, and in this little burial ground repose several hundred Confederate soldiers, some of whom died in the Griffin

394 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
hospitals, while others were brought from the battle field of Jonesboro and from other nearby points.
Oak Grove, Americus
On a beautifully kept lot, to the left of the- main driveway, near the gate, repose the mortal ashes of the noted jurist and statesman, CHARLES F. CRISP. Twice elected to the Speakership of the national House of Rep resentatives, Judge Crisp was one of the foremost men in the public life of the nation. He was also a power in debate; and during the long period of time* in which he represented Georgia in Congress, he commanded the respect of his colleagues, regardless of party lines. While occupying the office of Speaker, ho declined an appoint ment to the United States Senate, in deference to exist ing obligations ; but -was later called by the unanimous voice of the State to assume the toga. His death occurred on the eve of the assembling of the Legislature, nearly every member of whicli had been instructed to vote for him for Senator. For a number of years Judge Crisp served Georgia on the Bench. His parents -were cele brated actors. The monument which covers his grave is a handsome shaft of marble, on which appears the fol io-wing inscription:
CHAKLBS PBEDEBICK CEISP. Born in Shef field, ~Eng., Jan. 29, 1845. Died in Atlanta, Ga., Oct. 23, 1896. Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States, Fifty-Second and Fifty-Third Con gress.
His wife, a daughter and two sons occupy graves on the same lot, each of them neatly marked. There is also a memorial to his father and mother. Judg-e Crisp's son, CHARLES E. CEISP, succeeded him in Congress for the unexpired term. He then served for a number of years

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on the City Court Bench of Americus, after which lie was again returned to the1 national House of Represen tatives.

Included among- the other distinguished Georgians who sleep in Oak Grove may be mentioned: JUDGE WILLIS A. HAWKINS, a former member of the Supreme Court of Georgia and a noted lawyer; COLONEL SAMUEL H. HAWKINS, a distinguished financier, who devoted his fortune to developing Georgia's railway interests; JUDGE ALLEN FORT, long a member of the State Railroad Com mission; EEV. SAMUEL ANTHONY, a minister of State-wide reputation; COLONEL E. G. SIMMONS and COLONEL A. S. CUTTS, both eminent lawyers and legislators, besides a host of others. JUDGE HENBY K. McKAY, a celebrated jurist, who, after serving in the Supreme Court of Geor gia, ^was elevated to the Federal Bench, is not buried here, though Americus was his home for years. He sleeps in Westview Cemetery, in Atlanta.

Town Cemetery, Oxford
Underneath !a marble obelisk, in the little cemetery at Oxford, sleeps the mortal dust of BISHOP JAMES OSGOOD ANDREW, the first bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. For years Bishop Andrew was the most dominant figure in Southern Methodism. Because of his ownership of slave property, he was singled out for martyrdom by the Northern, or anti-slavery, element of the Methodist Church; bnt in the famous General Con ference at Bialtimore, in 1844, his brethren of the South supported him "with overwhelming unanimity, urged him. not to resign, and, in the end, seceded, to form an inde-

396 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
pendent organization. Inscribed on the monument to !Bishop Andrew is the following simple epitaph:
("West) BISHOP JAMES OSGOOD ANDBEW. Born, May 3, 1794. Died, March 2, 1871. "Even BO also them which sleep in Jesus will God bring with Him.''
(East) "For he was a Good Man, full of the Holy Ghost and of faith."
As an educator, BISHOP ATTICTJS Gr. HAYGOOD took rank among the foremost men of his time. He was one of the ablest presidents of Emory College, an institu tion which, has called to its helm some of the brightest minds of Methodism. His views on the race question brought him into wide favor throughout the North, in consequence of which he was intrusted as Agent with the administration of the John F. Slater fund, an official trust "which he discharged with consummate ability, and which he relinquished only to become a bishop of the Southern Methodist Church. The inscription on his mon ument, a plain shaft of "white marble, twelve feet in height, reads as follows:
ATTICUS GREEN HAYGOOD, P.. 1}., LL. D. Preacher and Philanthropist. Born in Watkinsville, Ga., Nov. 19, 1839. Licensed to preach by Bev. W. K. Branham at Salem Camp Ground, Sept. 13, 1858. M'arried to Mary F. "^arbrough, June 6, 1 859. Sunday School Secretary, M. E. Church, South, 1870-3875. Pres ident of Emory College, 1875-1884. Editor Wesleyan Christian Advocate, 1878-1882. Agent John E. Slater Fund, 1S82-1S91. Author of The Man of Galilee, and other books. Bishop of the M. E. Church, South, 18901886. Died iu Oxford, Ga., Jarj. 19, 1896. He lived not unto himself and being dead, yet speaketh.

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His sister, LATISA, a noted educator, for years prin cipal of the Girls' High School, of Atlanta, and after wards a missionary to China, is also buried in the ceme tery at Oxford.

Here also sleeps DK. ALEXANDER MEANS! (1801-1883), a former president of the college, wlio, fifty years in ad vance of Ms day, predicted the marvels of electricity, in cluding the motor car and the electric light. Dr. Means was both a scientific scholar and a poet.

Linnwood, Columbus
This beautiful garden of the dead, on the outskirts of Columbus, possesses a claim to distinction which it shares in common with no other cemetery in the land, and which gives it a recognized pre-eminence among the burial-grounds of America. It was here, on April 26, 1866, that the custom of decorating annually the graves of the heroic martyrs of the Lost Cause was first ob served ; and from this initial ceremony started also the custom which the Grand Army of the Republic has since adopted of holding exercises yearly in the Federal cem eteries throughout the South. On a neat headstone, near the center of the cemetery, is inscribed the followingtribute to the author of Memorial Day:
The Soldier's Friend. LIZZIE BUTHERFOBD EL LIS. ' ' She hath done what she could.'' Mark 14 : 8.
On the reverse side:
A loving tribute to our co-worker, MBS. IjIZZIE RTrTHKBFOKD ELLIS. In her patriotic heart sprang the thought of our Memorial Day.

398 GEORGIA'S LANDMA&KS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
On the horizontal grave cover:
LIZZIE RUTHERFORD. The Soldier's Friend and Suggester of MEMORIAL DAY. Secretary Soldier's Aid Society, 1861-18G5.
"Voices have blessed her now silent and dumb Voices will bless her for long years' to come.''
Married ROSWELL ELLIS, Captain of Columbus Guards, November 23, 1868. Daughter of Adolphus Skrine and Susan. Thweatt Rutherford. Born, June 1, 1833. Died, March 31, 1873. Erected by Lizzie Ruth erford Chapter, Daughters of the Confederacy.
Just a few feet distant is the grave of a lady, through whose gifted pen the observance of Memorial Day "was first brought to the attention of the public. The inscrip tion on her tomb reads:
MRS. CHARLES .T. WILLIAMS. In loving recog nition of her memorial work by her co-workers.
Marked by a handsome monument of white marble, which the elements have kindly spared, despite the lapse of more than three-quarters of a century, is the grave of JUDGE ELI S. SHORTER, one of the most noted men of his day in Georgia. It bears the following inscription :
Erected as a tribute of love by his family to the memory of ELI S. SHORTER, who departed this life Dec. 13, 1>83G, in the 44th year of .his age. The emi nent distinction of Judge Shorter was founded in the happiest union of the social, kindly, and intellectual elements of character. Profound and distinguished, as a .jurist. Ardent as a friend. Just and kind as a citi zen. His name will be long revered in the circle of his acquaintance.

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In the same neighborhood there stands a time-worn obelisk of marble, severely simple in design, on which
appears the following1 pathetic epitaph:

Erected by MIKABBAU B. LAMAB in memory of his wife whose death has left him no other happiness than the remembrance of her virtues.

The gentle woman who sleeps here was Miss Tabitha Jourdan. She died in the bloom of her youthful beauty, soon after her marriage to the future soldier and states man. In 1834, the bereaved husband, overwhelmed with grief, left Georgia--a homeless wanderer. The outbreak of the war for Texan independence attracted him to the West. He plunged headlong into the struggle, rose like a flash to the front as an officer, won the famous victory at San Jacinto, and became the second President of the Republic of Texas. General I^amar was also a diplomat and a poet.

The first native-born Presbyterian minister in Geor gia sleeps in Ldnnwood--REV. THOMAS GOTJLDI^G, I), D. His son was also a distinguished divine of the same faith. But the latter's chief claim to distinction rests upon his authorship of "The Young Marooners," one of the most famous stories ever written. The inscription on the tomb of the elder Goulding is as follows:
REV. THOMAS GOULDING, D. D. Born in Liberty Co., Ga., March 14, 1786. Ordained to the Gospel Min istry, January 1, 1816. Fell asleep in Jesus, June 21, 1848. He was' an able and faithful pastor, a skilled comforter of the sick and afflicted. Eminently chari table, he was greatly beloved. After a long life of successful labor in the ministry, he departed this life in faith and hope, ardent fox the crown of righteousness. In testimony of their affectionate regard for the mem ory of their venerated pastor, a grateful people have erected this monument and the table in the Presbyter ian Church.

400 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
His wife, AKIN* H. GOULDING, sleeps beside him. She died in 1878, at the advanced age of 92.
In an unmarked grave on the Jeter lot repose the mortal ashes of JUDGE WALTER T. COLQTJITT, one of the most illustrious of Georgia's honored sons. He died in 1856. As an orator he possessed few equals. On the hustings he never met a superior. He served Georgia in the Senate of the "United States, in the popular branch of Congress, and on the Bench. He was also an ordained Methodist preacher. It is understood that at some time in the near future the grave of .Judge Colqnitt will be marked by an impressive memorial.
Underneath a marble slab, resting upon a granite base, in the Dillingham-Ticknor lot, sleeps the immortal author of " Little Glffen." Elsewhere will be found an account of this famous poem. The inscription on the tomb is as follows:
In loving memory of Francis Orray Tieknor. Phy sician and Poet. Born in Baldwin Co., Ga., Nov. 9th, 1823. Died in Columbus, Ga., Dec. 18th, 1S74. " I am the resurrection and tho life, ffaith the Lord. lie that believcth on me, though he were dead, yet shall he live."
One of the most distinguished members of the ante bellum group of Georgia lawyers who practiced at the Columbus bar was COLONEL SEABOKN JONES. He also represented the State with marked ability in the national House of Representatives. As aide to Governor Troup, in 1825, when the great Lafayette was a guest of the State, it devolved upon him to act as master of cere monies at the famous banquet which was tendered the old paladin of liberty, at Milledgeville, then Georgia's

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State capital. The occasion was perhaps the most bril liant in the social annals of the State, prior to the Civil War ; and Colonel Jones, in presiding over the historic banquet, is said to have been the embodiment of grace itself. This courtly gentleman of the old regime is in cluded among the honored dead of Linnwood. He sleeps beside his beloved wife; and, on the monument which commemorates both, is inscribed this simple record:

SEABORN JONES, son of Abraham and Sarah

Jones. Born Feb. 1, 1788. Died Mar. 18, 1864.

MAKY, wife of SEABOBN JONES. Born Jan. 13, 1788.

Died Feb. 4, 1869.

Daughter of John and Jane

Howard.

"Old Rock,"--to nse the term of endearment bestowed upon the great soldier and jurist, who married a daugh ter of Colonel Seaborn Jones--sleeps in a grave not far removed. Whether on the field of battle, in the forum of legislation, or on the Supreme Bench of the State, GENERAL HENRY L. BENNING served Georgia "with a fidel ity which no one ever surpassed. The inscription on his tomb reads:
HENRY LEWIS BBNN1NG, son of Pleasant M. and Malinda L. Benning. Born April 2, 1814. Died July 10, 1875. Brigadier-General, C. S. A. "Old Rock." This was a man.
His wife, MAEY HOWARD; BENNING, sleeps in a grave beside him. SAMUEL SPENCER, who married a daughter of General Benning, was the first president of the South ern Railway, and one of the foremost industrial captains of his day and time in this section. Mr. Spencer was a native of Columbus. He met a tragic death near the boundary line between North Carolina and "Virginia, while traveling in his private car, on Thanksgiving Day, 1906. He is buried in Oak Hill Cemetery, near Wash ington, D. C.

402 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Two other distinguished former judges of the Su preme Court of Georgia sleep in Lirmwood: JUDGE MAR TIN J. CHAWJFOBD and JUDGE MARK H. BLANDFORD.
Underneath a granite shaft, on a lot encompassed by an iron railing, near the center of the cemetery, reposes the famous Nestor of Southern Methodism. Inscribed on the monument is the following brief record:
REV. LOVICK PIERCE, D. D. Born in Halifax Co., N. C., Mar. 24, 1785. Died in Sparta, Ga., Nov. 9, 1879.
Dr. Pierce, at the time of his death, was in his ninetyfifth year. As an orator, he was scarcely inferior to his gifted son, the* Bishop. His wife, a Miss Foster, sister of Congressman Thomas F. Foster, occupies a grave in the same area of ground.
COLONEL ABSALOM H. CHAPFELL, a former member of Congress and a lawyer of high rank, whose eventide of life was devoted to the writing of his famous "Miscel lanies of Georgia" is buried in Linnwood, beside his wife, Loretta Lamar Chappell, a sister of the famous General Mirabeau B. Lamar, of Texas. The inscriptions read as follows:
' ABSALOM H. CHAPPELL. Born in Hancock Co., Ga., Dec. 18, 1801. Died in Columbus, Ga., Dec. 11, 1STS. "Blessed are the pure in heart for they shall see God."
To his wife:
LORETa'A REBECCA LAMAR CHAPPELL. Born in Putnam Co., Ga., July 26, ISIS. Died in Columbus, Ga., August 29, 1905. "He giveth his beloved sleep."

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At the time of her death, Mrs. Chappell was in her eighty-eighth year. She was one of the most noted women of her day and time in Georgia. In the same area of ground sleeps THOMAS J. CHAPPELL, a distinguished lawyer and legislator, and a son of Colonel Absalom H. and Loretta Lamar Chappell. The wife of Prof. J. Harris Chappell, of Milledgeville, late President of the Georgia Normal and Industrial College, is also buried on this lot. The graves are each marked with handsome memorials.

One of the handsomest granite shafts in the cemetery adorns the Garrard lot, where, beside Ms wife, sleeps the lamented Louis F. GARHAHD, at one time Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives, a lawyer of note and a strong minoTity candidate for United States Sen ator. The list of distinguished dead in Linnwood in cludes also General Paul J. Semmes, a brave Confed erate officer, who fell at Gettysburg; and three former members of Congress--HINES HOLT, THOMAS F. FOSTER and, THOMAS "W. GRIMES, but in a somewhat hasty tour of the cemetery the graves of these eminent Georgians were not located. On the Hurt lot, in a grave marked by a handsome monument of marble, sleeps COLONEL PEYTOU H. COLQTJITT, a gallant officer, who fell at the head of his regiment in the battle of Chickamauga. He was a son of Judge Walter T. Colquitt and a brother of Governor Alfred H. Colquitt. Here, too, rest COLONEL, JOHN A. JONES, who was killed at Gettysburg, a distin guished lawyer; COL. THOMAS M. NELSON, who fell leading the Sixth Mississippi Cavalry; REV. ROBERT CARTER, I). IX, a noted minister of the Gospel, and a number of others. COLONEL RAPHAEL J. MOSES, the famous Confederate quar termaster, a noted lawyer and a magnetic orator, is buried at Esquiline, his old country home, some five miles from Columbus. JUDGE MARSHALL J. WELLBORN, a former member of Congress and a Baptist minister, long a resi-

404 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
dent of Columbus, sleeps in Oakland Cemetery, in Atlan ta. GOVERNOK JAMES M. SMITH, also a former citizen of Columbus, is buried in Alta Vista Cemetery, at Gainesville. GOVEKNOR JAMES JOHNSON, provisional chief execu tive of the State during the days of Reconstruction, rests in Linnwood.
Town Cemetery, Decatur
Decatur is one of the oldest towns of the Georgia foothills. For this reason, though not a large community, it has been the home of a number of distinguished people, during the century of time "which has passed over the little town. Two soldiers of the Revolution are known to be buried here, and there are doubtless others who sleep in unmarked graves. Under a rude granite slab, fast crumbling "with age, encompassed" by a pipe railing, with stone posts at each end, lies one of these old heroes of the first war for independence. Carved by the un lettered muse, on this simple monument, is the following epitaph, which some little skill is required to decipher :
COLONEL JOHN MAFFETT, an old Revolutioner. Supposed to be 87.
Only a few feet distant, on a lot enclosed in the same rude fashion by a pipe railing, but overhung by the boughs of an immense oak tree, there are three graves in a row, each marked by an ancient headstone, on which thte lettering is quite uniform and distinct. The one in the center bears this inscription:
Sacred to the memory of JOHN HAYES, a Revolu tionary Soldier. Born, Nov, 2, 1751. Departed this life, June 17, 1S39. Aged 87 years, 7 months and 15 days.

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To the right of the old soldier is buried his wife, MARY, who survived him by only two days. She died on June 19, 1839, at the age of 78 years. On his left is the grave of bis son, THOMAS, born just at the close of the Revolution. He died on January 7, 1831, several years in advance of his parents, at the age of 45.

In the center of a lot, perhaps two hundred feet to the left of the main entrance to the cemetery, near the south wall, is a grave of historic interest, covered by an old-fashioned box of marble, on which a draped urn is surmounted. It marks the last resting place of DR. THOMAS H. CHIVERS, an eccentric genius, from whom it is claimed by competent critics that Edgar Allan Poe caught the poetic inspiration and borrowed the peculiar measure of his celebrated masterpiece--"The Raven." Prone to melancholy the poems of Dr. Chivers are tinc tured with sadness; and some of them are weird in char acter. But undoubtedly he possessed rare poetic gifts. He was also a physician and a draftsman, like Dr. Ticknor--a man of varied talents. The inscription on his tomb is as follows :
Here lie the remains of THOMAS H. CHIVEBS, M. L>. Of Ms excellence as a lyrie poet, Ms -works will remain a monument for ages after this temporary tribute of love is in dust forgotten. This soul winged its flight Heavenward, December 19th, 1858. Aged 52 years.
His wife, HARRIET, is buried in the same "lot. She survived him until 1888. On the south side of the urn, above Dr. Chivers, there is a brief inscription to Mrs. Chivers. On the north side there is also one to his son, THOMAS H., JR., who died in 1892.

On the highest point of ground within the little enclo sure, under an impressive monument of white marble,

406 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the handsomest work of art in the cemetery, sleeps Hera. CHAELES MUBPHEY, a former member of Congress. It bears the following inscription:
In memory of HON. CHARLES MUKPHE Y. Born, May 9th, 1799. Died, January 16th, 1861. Wise as a legislator, conservative as a statesman, he won early in life the confidence of Ms coxintrymen, -which he held uninterrupted and unshaken to the day of liis death. Kind as a neighbor, honest and reliable as a counselor, he never failed to receive upon all occasions the warm support o a large majority of his fellow-citizens of DeKalb County, In the more intimate relations of parent and master, indulgent to a fault, he was loved almost to admiration. In affectionate remembrance of his many deeds of love and kindness, his only sur viving daughter has placed this monument over his re-
At the north end of the same lot is the grave of his son-in-law MILTON A. CANDLER, also a member of Con gress and a lawyer of note. The handsome stone, which is beautifully overarched by a green bay tree, is inscribed as follows:
MILTON A. CANDLES. January 11, 1837. Angus; 8, 1909. "And I heard a voice from heaven saying untt me, Write, Blessed are the dead -which die in the Lord,' etc. Rev. 14: 13.
Marked by an elegant headstone of solid marble, some few feet to the south of the Murphey lot, is the grave of COLONEL, GEORGE W. SOOTT, the beloved philanthropist and soldier, "whose liberality founded Agnes Scott College.

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407

His wife sleeps beside him; and on the monument which commemorates both the following record is inscribed:
GEOBGE W. SCOTT. February 22, 1829. October 3, 1903. KEBECCA SCOTT. May 20, 1834. July 12, 1899.

CAPTAIN EDWABD Cox, who slew COLONEL BOBEKT A. ALSTON in the old State Capitol, sleeps here in a grave not far from his victim's. Both, graves are simply marked. Here repose CHABLES and ELEATTOB SWIFT IJATIMER, the parents of the distinguished Mrs. Wm. H. Felton, both, of whom reached the age of eighty-five. The list of former residents of Decatur who are also buried here includes: BEV. DONALD FBASER, who was long pastor of the Presbyterian Church; JAMES WALLACE KIBKPATBIGK, JOHN BBYCE, ADAM HOYLE, REV. JOHN E. DtrBosE, evangelist of the Atlanta Presbytery; REV. WM. HENBY CLABKE, BEV. "W. M. SAMS, BOBEBT HOLLINGSWOBTH, JOHN W. MEDLOCK, STANHOPE AUGUSTUS SAMS, and REV. J. A. BOSSEB.
Confederate Cemetery, Marietta
In the Confederate Cemetery at Marietta something like 3,000 Confederate soldiers lie buried. They sleep al most within the shadow of Kennesaw Mountain, on whose fiery slopes, during the last year of the Civil War, many of them met death. But the entire line of Sherman's march, from Dalton to Marietta, has contributed to swell the silent ranks. The wooden headstones which were used at first to mark the graves were destroyed by sparks of "fire from the constantly passing engines of the West ern and Atlantic Bailroad, upon "whose tracks the 'Ceme tery borders. But under the energetic direction of Mrs. B. T. Nesbitt, who became president of the local Memor ial Association, an interest ^as revived in this sacred

408 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
burial ground of the Lost Cause; and, though many of the names were hopelessly lost, handsome stone mark ers were placed over each grave, and Georgia, through her law-making power, was finally induced to take the consecrated area under her perpetual guardianship. Towering1 like a sentinel above the long rows of head stones is the handsome monument erected by Kennesaw Chapter of the U. IX C., in 1908, while spanning the walk which leads to the monument there is an archway of marble, from the floor of which bubbles a fountain. On the face of the massive structure of stone, at the top of the 'hill, the artist has deftly chiseled a flag, wreathed with laurels, and on this side of the monument appears the following inscription:
To our Confederate Dead.. Erected and Dedicated by Kennesaw Chapter United Daughters of the Confed eracy, Marietta, Ga. 1908.
On the left side:
To our Cobb County Soldiers who so nobly illus trated Georgia, on many a hard won field, to those who died for a sacred cause, and to those who lived to win a nobler victory in. time of peace.
In the rear, under a sculptured design of the Con quered Banner:
"For though conquered, they adore it, Love the cold dead hands that bore it."
On the right side:
To the 3,000 soldiers in this cemetery, from . very Southern State, who fell on Georgia soil in defen. e of Georgia rights and Georgia homes.
"They sleep the sleep of our noble slain, Defeated, yet without a stain,
Proudly and peacefully.''

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409

Some twenty-five feet distant stands a little brass cannon which, after falling into the hands of the enemy, was restored to the State and formally unveiled on Memorial Day, in 1910. It was one of four artillery pieces belonging: to the famous old Georgia Military Institute. The guns were captured by General Sherman on his
celebrated march to the sea.

Beneath a massive shaft of granite, in the far end of the cemetery, sleeps a distinguished Georgian, who was three times elected to a seat in the "United States Sen ate. On the west side of the monument, in large raised letters, is chiseled the name :

On the west side:

ALEXANDER STEPHENS CLAY. Born, Sep tember 25, 1853. Admitted to Marietta Bar, 1877. Speaker House of Representatives, 1889-1890. Presi dent of Georgia Senate, 1892-1893. Chairman Demo cratic Executive Committee, 1894-1895-1896. Elected United States Senate, 1896-1903-1909. Died, November
13, 1910.

On the north side:

HCee retreated ith the aspect of a victor and though

he surrendered he seemed to conquer. H.0-1i.s0 ;

went

down amid the splendor of an eternal dawn.

On the west side:
Honest and capable, faithful, courageous, patriotic, and God-fearing.
*' His life was gentle; and the elements So mixed in him that Nature might stand up And say to all the world--this was a man."

41O GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Included among the State's distinguished dead who are buried in the Confederate Cemetery at Marietta are: JUDGE GEORGE D. ANDERSON, a noted jurist, who died at Spring Place, in Murray County, Ga., while engaged in the duties of his circuit--a young man hut possessed of the most hrilliant gifts; JUDGE GEORGE N. LESTER, a wellknown jurist and a one-armed Confederate soldier, who unsuccessfully opposed Dr. Felton for Congress; COLO NEL JAMES D. ^VADDELL, a distinguished author, a former clerk of the House of Representatives, and a gallant Confederate officer; REV. ISAAC ^VATTS ^VADDELL, D. D., a noted Presbyterian divine; GENERAL ANDREW J. HANSELL, COLONEL JOHN HEYWAHD GLOVER, and a number of others. GOVERNOR CHARLES J. McDoNALD is buried in the Episcopal Cemetery, in another part of town. GENERAL, WILLIAM PHILLIPS, who commanded the famous Legion, is buried at his old home place, on the outskirts of Marietta. REV. AViLLiAM II. SPARKS, the noted his torian, who wrote "Memories of Fifty Years," died here, but an effort to locate his grave has been unsuccessful.
Town Cemetery, Cartersville
On entering the cemetery, the first memorial of gen eral interest to arrest the eye of the stranger is the horizontal slab of white marble which covers the grave of DR. WLLIAM H. FELTON. Statesman, orator, minister of the Gospel, physician, controversialist, he was one of the State's most illustrious citizens. Dr. Felton was often a leader of minorities, often subjected to harsh and bitter criticism, but in natural powers of oratory it is doubtful if he has ever been surpassed in the arena of Georgia politics. On the smooth surface of the marble slab is inscribed the f ollowing epitaph:
WILLIAM HARKELL FELTON. 1823-1909. An heroic soul ever enlisted in the cause of the right. En dowed with a magnificent mind, matchless eloquence,

TOWN CEMETERY

411

(Continued)
and the commanding force which acknowledged integ rity and lofty courage inspire. He gave to his country efficient, patriotic, and unsullied service in State and National legislation. He lavished tender consideration and affection on his beloved home, while for more than fifty years the best efforts of this superb intellect and noble heart were devoted to the continuous, zealous, gratuitous, and consecrated work of a minister of the gospel.

Just beyond the Fclton lot is the grave of the worldrenowned evangelist, SAM P. JONES. It is marked by a handsome shaft of Georgia granite, severely simple in design, but most substantial in character. On one side of the monument is inscribed simply his name:
SAM JONES
i______ On the opposite side appears the following inscrip tion :
REV. SAM! P. JONES. Born, Oct. 1C, 1S47. Died, Oct. 15, 1906. "They that turn many to righteousness shall shine as the stars for ever and ever.'' Daniel 12: 3.
One of the handsomest monuments in the cemetery marks the grave of a Georgian who seemed to he destined to the highest civic honors. But he died on the thres hold of achievement. The inscription on the granite shaft reads as follows:
JOHN WESLEY AKIN. Born, Cassville, Ga., June 10, 1859. Died, Cartersville, Ga., Oct. 18, 1907. Chris tian, Jurist, Statesman, Orator, Man of Letters. At the time of his death President of the Senate of Georgia.

412 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
In this same neighborhood is the Tumlin vault, a massive cube of granite, in which lies entombed one of the wealthiest citizens of Bartow County, a distinguished pioneer, and a leader in public affairs. The only inscrip tion on his tomb is the following record :
COLONEL LEWIS TUMLIN. Born, May 19, 1809. Died, June 2, 1875.
Some fifty yards distant is the grave of Georgia's noted philosopher and humorist--"BiLi-. ABP. " It is un pretentiously marked; but there is not a spot in the cemetery more sacred to Georgians. On a flat marble slab, somewhat elevated above the ground, is inscribed the following brief epitaph:
In loving memory of CHARLES H. SMITH. "BILL AKP." June 15, 1828. Aug. 24, 1903.
There follows underneath an inscription to his grand child. At the head of the grave is a cross, which bears the following simple legend:
From his Confederate Veteran friends.
On one of the highest points in the cemetery there stands an impressive shaft of marble, which marks the last resting place of one of the most gallant officers of cavalry in the Confederate ranks, afterwards both a statesman and a diplomat--GBHBBAI. P. M. B. Yousra.

TOWN CEMETERY

413

The inscriptions on the elegant marble shaft are as fol lows :

(East)
Sacred to the memory of Pierce M. B. Young, son of Robert M. and FA Caroline Young. Born at Spartanburg, S. C., Nov. 15, 1836. Died, in New York, July 6, IS 96.
(North)
Appointed Cadet West Point, U. S. A., 1857. Com missioned 2nd Lieutenant, C. S. A., "Feb. 1, 1861. Ad-jutant Cobb's Georgia Legion, Aug. 15, 1861. Lieu tenant-Colonel, Nov. 16, 1801. Colonel, Nov. 1, 1862. Brigadier-General, Sept. 28, 1863. Major-Genera], Nov. 15, 1864.
(South)
A member of the Fortieth, Forty-First, Forty-Sec ond, and Forty-Third Congresses of the United States. XJ. S. Commissioner Paris Exposition, in 1878. Ap pointed Consul-Genera I of IT. S'. A. to Russia, June 17, 1885, Appointed Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to Gautemala and Honduras, April 4, 1S93.

Not far removed from the monument to General Young1 is the grave of a distinguished citizen of Cartersville, who held the office of Attorney-General in the Cabi net of President Grant. The grave is marked by a handsome stone. On the front of the monument is in scribed :
AMOS T. AKEBM1AN. Born at Portsmouth, N. H., Feb. 23, 1821. Died, Dec. 21, 1880.
On the left side:
In thought clear and strong, in purpose pure and elevated, in moral courage invincible, he lived loyal tq his convictions, avowing them with candor and support ing them wTith firmness. A friend of humanity, in his zeal to serve others, he shrank from no peril to himself. He was able, faithful, and true.

414 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
On the right side:
A member of Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1S68. United States Attorney for District of Georgia. Attorney-General of TJ. S.
Myrtle Hill, Rome
Overlooking the waters of the Btowah, Rome's lofty burial-ground is beautiful for situation. It is in strict literalness a marble-crowned Acropolis; and rising from the velvet slopes of the wooded promontory, some of the handsomest monuments in the State adorn the long spiral driveways, winding from the base to the summit. The most conspicuous object to attract the eye, on en tering the cemetery, is a superb mausoleum, the archi tectural design of which suggests some mediaeval castle. Over the doorway of this handsome stone sepulchre is the following brief inscription :
DR. ROBERT BATTEY. 1891.
Despite the meagre epitaph, no Georgian of the past generation would need to be told that the man of science who sleeps here was the renowned specialist, who in the particular sphere of practice which he chose for his life's work was admittedljr without a peer in the South. Dr. Battey was born in Augusta, Ga., in 1828, but his earliest American ancestors were English Quakers, who emi grated to Providence, E. I. During a short residence at one time in the State of Michigan he clerked for Zach Chandler, afterwards the famous United States Senator. He located in Rome, when a young physician; and here the remainder of his life was spent. He became distin guished as a surgeon, accumulated a fortune, and re ceived the degree of LL. D. in recognition of his marked attainments.

' MYRTLE HILI.

415

Underneath- a massive block of granite surmounted by a draped urn is the grave of the noted philanthropist and financier of Rome, who founded Shorter College. His wife sleeps at his side; and the inscription on the monument "which commemorates both is couched in the briefest terms. It reads :
ALFRED SHORTER. NOT. 23,3803. July 18, 1882. MARTHA B., his wife. Jan. 25, 1799. Mar. 22, 1877.
Nothing else in the way of an epitaph is to be found on the monument, but what further need be said of one whose best monument is the great school of learning which tops a neighboring' hill and whose memory still lingers like an incense in the hearts of Romans ?

On a simple headstone, facing one of the main drive ways of the cemetery, is inscribed the following brief record:
JOHN W. H. UNDERWOOD. Born Nov. 20, 1816. Died July 18, 1888. He rests from his' labors.
Jurist, Congressman, wit--Judge Underwood was one of Georgia's most gifted sons. His father, Judge Wm. H. Underwood, equally famed for his Attic salt, sleeps in another burial-ground.

AUGUSTUS R. ^YBIGHT, a distinguished occupant of the Superior Court Bench, a former member of Congress, and an orator of unsurpassed gifts, is also buried on Myrtle Hill.

Covered by a horizontal slab of granite is the grave of the renowned "Demosthenes of the Mountains." On the base of the handsome family monument which stands in the center of the lot is inscribed:
MILLER

416 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
The epitaph on the slab reads:
H. "V. M. MILLEK. 1814-1896. A Christian who faithfully served his God. A Physician who loved his fellow-men. A Soldier and a Senator from Georgia. He never did anything that caused a citizen of Georgia to put on mourning. Adsum.
Underneath a handsome shaft of granite, surmounted by a draped urn, is the grave of a distinguished former citizen of Rome, who served in three separate State Legislatures--first in South Carolina, then in Alabama, and last in Georgia. The inscription on his tomb reads:
BENJAMIN CtTDWOKTH YANCEY. Born April 27, 1817. Entered into rest Oct. 24, 1891. True man, true hero, true philanthropist, thy golden motto duty without fear.
Colonel Yancey was a brother of the noted "William L. Yancey, of Alabama, the great orator of secession, to whose impassioned eloquence was due in large meas ure the revolt of 1861. But the distinguished Georgian whose dust hallows this spot was scarcely less illus trious. He received from President Buchanan an ap pointment as United States Minister to Argentina, and on his return to America was informed by Mr. Buchanan that he was slated for the Court of St. James. But the appointment was never formally tendered, due to the oncoming of the Civil War.
On a neat headstone, near the top of the hill, ap pears the following brief inscription, to which attaches no small degree of historic interest:
COLONEL DANIEL R. MITCHELL, one of the Pounders of Rome. He gave the eity its name in 1834.

OAKLAND

417

Included among the many other distinguished former citizens of Rome who sleep on Myrtle Hill may be men tioned: JOHN* WESLEV EOTJNSAVILLE, EOBEBT F. NIXON, DANIEL S. PEINTTJP, HENBY J. DICK, GENEBAL GEOBGE SEABOBN BLACK, COLONEL, CHABLES M. HAEPEE, E. T. FOUCHE, DB. B. V. MITCHELL, EEV. GEOBGB T. GOETCHIUS, L\ IX, CAPTAIN C. N". FEATHEBSTONE, THOMAS BEBBY, MITCHELL A. NBVIN, EOEEBT MITCHELL, and a host of others. JOHN H. LtJMPKiN, a candidate for Governor in the famous deadlock of 1857 and a representative from
Congress in Georgia, is buried elsewhere. On the sum mit of the liill stands a handsome monument of marble erected to the heroes of the Lost Cause. It is sur mounted by the figure of a private soldier, holding his
musket at parade rest.

On August 11, 1914, the mortal dust of Mrs. Woodrow Wilson--the First Lady of the Land--was laid to rest on Myrtle Hill in the presence of a vast concourse of people; and here at the close of a life, crowned with the highest honors of a grateful republic, will doubtless1 rest the ashes of an American President.

Oakland, Atlanta
Atlanta's earliest burial-ground was located on .Peachtree Street, between Cain and Baker, in the imme diate neighborhood of what was afterwards the home of Hon. N. J. Hammond, a distinguished member of Con gress. But, in 1850, a tract of land, just beyond the eastern boundaries of the city, was obtained from Colo nel L. P. Grant, and to this site the bodies were removed. The new cemetery was called Oakland. James Nissen, a druggist, was the first resident of Atlanta to occupy a grave in the new burial-ground, by direct interment. His grave is just to the right of the main driveway, near the Hunter Street entrance, and is marked by a slab yel-

418 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
low with age, on which the inscription can scarcely be deciphered. At the request of Mr. Nissen, an incision was made in his jugular vein, prior to burial, by T)r. Charles D'Alvigny, an operation which the latter per formed at the grave side, in the presence of a number of witnesses. Oakland originally contained only one acre of ground, but additional purchases were made from time to time. At present it comprises eighty-five acres, and there are more than 86,000 graves in this beautiful city of the dead. The bodies of some three thousand Confederate soldiers are also buried here, most of them having been gathered from the battle-fields around Atlanta, under the supervision of the devoted women who composed the local Memorial Association. In the center of this area stands the Confederate monu ment, an obelisk of Stone Mountain granite, majestic in height, erected in 1873. Not far removed is a marble reproduction of the famous Lion of Lucerne, unveiled in 3895 to the unknown heroes. Oakland belongs to the city of Atlanta. It has yielded quite a large revenue from the sale of lots, but the area is now well filled. The grounds have been beautifully plotted and the spa cious enclosure adorned with many costly monuments and burial vaults. Some of the State's most illustrious dead repose in Oakland; and, with respect to the num bers interred, it is the largest of Georgia's silent cities.
To the right of the Hunter Street driveway, in the extreme eastern part of the cemetery, is the grave of Georgia's illustrious orator--UNITED STATES SENATOB BENJAMIN H. HILL. Beside him sleeps his beloved wife. In the same enclosure is the grave of his distinguished son, Hon. Charles D. Hill, for twenty-six years solicitorgeneral of the Atlanta Circuit. The first wife of Judge Benjamin H. Hill, Jr., is also buried here. The Senator's daughter, Mrs. Kidley, who sustained fatal injuries in an accident which occurred in 1883, while out driving,

OAKLAND

419

is another occupant of the lot. Eiach grave is substan tially and neatly marked. On a monument of white mar ble, surmounted by a draped urn, in the center of tlie square, may be read the following inscription:

(West)
BENJAMIN H. HILL. Born in Jasper Co., Ga., September 14, 1823. Died in Atlanta,, Ga., August 16, 1882.
(North)
When too feeble to speak, ho wrote the following: ' If a grain of corn will die and then rise again in s'o much beauty, why may not I die and then rise again in infinite beauty and life? How is the last a greater mys tery than the first? And by as much as I exceed the grain of corn in this life, why may I not exceed it in the new lifef How can we limit the power of Him who made the' grain of corn and then made the same grain arise in such wonderful newness of life.''

In the shadow of the Confederate monument, under a handsome block of granite, sleeps the Chevalier Bay ard of the South--GENERAL JOHN B. (TOHDOIT. The plot of ground in this immediate vicinity has been set apart to the Confederate veterans. It is covered with a mantle of blue grass and is 'well kept by the workmen in charge. The inscription on the great soldier's tomb contains nothing1 beyond the name and the vital dates. But what else is needed. It reads as follows:

I JOHN B. GOKDON. Feb. 6, 1832. Jan. 9, 1904.

I

Equally brief is the lettering on the tomb of the gal lant hero and gentleman who commanded Gordon's fa mous division at Appomattox, and who succeeded him

420 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
years later at Vac head of The United Confederate Vet erans :
GBNBEAL CLEMENT ANSLT5M EVANS. Febm ary 25, 1833. July 2, 1911.
General Evans is buried within thirty feet of the granite shaft "which commemorates the Lost Cause. His grave is marked by a plain bnt substantial headstone. In the same area of ground, between General Evans and General Gordon, sleeps another brave Confederate of ficer--General Alfred Iverson, the younger. His grave is at present unmarked.
Just, a few feet distant is the grave of GOVEBNOB "Wivr. J. NoBTHisif. It is marked by a double headstone, half of "which is reserved for his wife. Tho simple inscrip tion reads as follows: "Wm. J. Northen. 1835-1913." On the horizontal grave cover is the single word '' Father.''
Perhaps the costliest monument in the cemetery is the handsome shaft of marble "which marks the last rest ing place of JOSEPH E. BBOWN, Georgia's famous war Governor, afterwards Chief Justice of the State and United 'States Senator. It occupies the center of a square in the northwest corner of the cemetery, and is con spicuous for) its elegance of design no less than for its height. The monument is surmounted by a statue of the archangel Gabriel, trumpet in hand, while on opposite sides of the shaft there are two angels facing north and south. On the solid base of the massive column is in scribed in large capital letters the family name:

OAKLAND

421

The inscriptions higher up on the monument are as follows:

(West)
Near this stone repose the remains of JOSEPH KMEBSOIST BKOWN. He was born in Fickens District, S. C., April 15, 1821, and died hoping and relying, through faith, for salvation, in the future world, alone upon the mercies of Jesus Christ and the atonement made by Him, in Atlanta, Ga., Nov. 30, 1894. He was State Senator, 1849-1850; Presidential Elector, 1852; Judge of the Superior Courts, ] 855-1857; Governor of Georgia for four consecutive terms, 1857-1865; ChiefJustice of Georgia, ] 868-1870; United States Senator, 1880-3801; President W. & A. E. K. Co., 1870-1S90. His history i? written in the annals of Georgia.
(East)
By the side of those of her husband repose the mor tal remains of ELIZABETH GKISHAM BROWN, wife of Joseph E. Brown and daughter of Rev. Joseph and M'ary Steele Griahain. She was born in Pendleton, S. C,/ July 13, 1826; married in "Westminster, S. C., July 13, 1847; died in Atlanta, Ga,, Dec, 26, 1896. In all the duties of life she, was faithful and true. She was a loving daughter, a faithful wife, a devoted mother, u true friend, and a sincere Christian. ' * Xict not your heart bo troubled; ye believe in God, believe also in me,'-'

'Besides the inscriptions above given, there are also inscriptions to his children on the other two sides of the monument. The grave of Senator Brown is covered by a solid block of granite, oh which is carved a cross. JETis beloved wife sleeps near him. Her grave is marked by a handsome marble headstone, on which,, in addition to her name, is chiseled an excellent likeness of Mrs. Brown. On the sam<3 lot arc buried Julius TJ. Brown, franklin Pierce Brown and Charles McDonald Brown, fchree sons of Senator Brown; Colonel "William Steele Grisham. a brother* of Mrs. Brown, and several others. Charles 'McDonald Brown died while a student at Athens. In honor of this splendid youth, the ,sum of $50,000 was

422 GEORGIA'S LA^DMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
afterwards given to the State University by the bereaved father, an amount which the former was to have received on the twenty-first anniversary of his birth. Franklin Pierce Brown died at the age of seventeen. On the monument is inscribed this estimate of him from the pen of Alexander H. Stephens: "Such a prodigy of intel lect and virtue in a body so frail I never met with in any other human form and never expect to if I were to live a thousand years." Julius L. Brown was tile eldest of the Senator's children. At the time of his death in 1910 he was a distinguished member of the Georjfia bar.
Three hundred yards east of the Brown lot is the grave of COLON EL NATHANIEL J. HAMTVCONO, a former mem ber of Congress from the Atlanta district and a lawyer of wide reputation. It is marked by a plain shaft of granite, bearing this inscription:
In memory of Nathaniel J. Htimmond. Dee. 26, 1833. April 20, 1899. "Behold the upright, for the end of that man is peace.''
On the base below, in large raised letters, is inscribed :
HAMMOND
In a separate lot nearby sleeps his honored father, COLONEL AMOS W\ HAIMMONU, with whom for a number of years he practiced law.
To the left of the Hvmter Street driveway, not far from the Confederate monument, is a handsome marble column, around "which is entwined a wreath of sculptured ivy. It is one of the finest memorial shafts in the ceme tery--an exquisite work of art. The grave "which it marks is the last resting place of CHIEF JUSTICE OSBOENE

OAKLAND

423

A. LOCHRANE. The inscriptions on the monument are as follows :

(West)
In Memoriam. Judge Osborne Augustus' Lochrane, Born, Armaugh, Ireland, 1829. Died, Atlanta, Ga., 1887,
(North)
Generous spirit, kingly heart., matchless orator, up right j uristj loving father, ten der husband, princely man; sweet be thy sleep until the glad resurrection morn shall summon thee to a glorious reunion with those whose hearts now bleed--
"Por the touch of a vanished hand And the sound of a voice that is' still,''
(South)
"Land of my adoption, where the loved sleep folded in the embraces of your flowers, would that today it were my destiny to increase the flood-tide of your glory, as it will be mine to share your fortune, for when, my few more years tremble to their close, I would sleep be neath your soil, where the drip of April tears might fall upon my grave and the sunshine of your skies would warm Southern flowers to blossom iipon my breast,"

GTEITEIIAL ALFRED AusTELL, the noted financier, wlio or ganized the first national bank in the Southern States, just after the close of the Civil War, and Dr. Abner W. Calhoun, the distinguished specialist, occupy handsome vaults in this same neighborhood.

At the Fair Street entrance, an unpretentious shaft marks the last resting" place of a distinguished minister of the Gospel, Congressman and jurist. It contains the following- epitaph:

MARSHALL J. WELLBORN. Died at Columbus,

Ga,, Oct. 16, 1874, in the sixty-seventh, year of his age.

Ever embarrassed by physical infirmities, he ros'e by in

tellectual excellence and rare energy to high judicial dis

tinction and served with honor in the halls of Congress.

In the fullness of worldly success lie forsook all to follow

Jesus, and lived and died an able, devoted, and self-

denying- minister of the gospel.

_______

424 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGKNDS
His nephew, JUDGE MARSHALL J. CLARKE, for a number of years judge of the Atlanta Circuit, sleeps beside him.
To the south of the Brown monument, in the north west part of the cemetery, is the grave of JUDGE JUNIUS HILLYER, an eminent jurist, Congressman and man of af fairs. The spot is impressively marked by a handsome shaft of marble, on which is lettered the following simple epitaph:
JUNTOS HILLYER. Born April 23, 1807. June 21. 1S86,
Just a few feet to the east, under a shaft of marble somewhat colored with age, sleeps one of the pioneers of Presbyterianism in upper Georgia, a distinguished edu-< cator and a noted pastor. The inscription on his monu ment reads:
KEVD JOHN S. "WILSON, D. D. Born, Jan. 4, 1796. Died, Mar. 27, 187S. For more than half a cen tury a standard-bearer of the cross, he closed his long and useful ministry as pastor for fifteen years of the First Presbyterian Church in Atlanta, Ca.
*' Servant of God well done, Best from thy loved employ.
The battle fought, the victory won, Enter thy Master's joy."
In this same part of the cemetery sleep MAJOB CAMP BELL WALLACE, a noted financier and railway builder; CAPTAIN W. A. FULLER, who overtook and captured the notorious raider Andrews, in one of the most thrilling exploits of the Civil War; COLONEL W. A. HEMPHILL, long the business manager of the Atlanta Constitution;

OAKLAND

425

JITDGE W. H. HTJLSEY, a distinguished lawyer; COLONEL W. T. WILSON, a gallant Confederate officer, who fell at Manassas, one of the first victims of the Civil War, and
MAJOR SIDNEY BOOT, a useful pioneer citizen.

To the south of the foregoing group, in an unmarked
grave, repose the mortal ashes of the foremost criminal advocate of his day and time in Georgia; GENERAL LTJOITJS J. GABTBELL. Prior to the Civil War, General Gartrell was a memher of Congress. On the field of battle he> won merited distinction, and in 1882 he opposed
Alexander H. Stephens for the hig-h office of Governor. It is to he hoped that ere long a substantial monument will mark the last resting place of this lamented Geor gian.

Another eminent citizen of the State wThose grave in Oakland .Cemetery is at present unmarked, is the re vered CHIEF JUSTICE LOGAN E. BLECKLEY; hut the proba
bilities are that a handsome memorial in the very near future will be placed over his ashes.

Just a few feet from the Bleckley lot is the grave of COL. BASIL H. OVEHBY, marked by a substantial head stone. Judge Overby was perhaps the first man in Geor gia to run for Governor on a straight Prohibition ticket. Judge Bleckley and he married sisters, daughters of General Hugh A. Haralson. Still another sister married General John B. Gordon.

On the left of the Hunter Street driveway, some three hundred yards from the gate, under a simple monu-

426 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ment of marble, sleeps COLONEL JAMES M. CALIIOUN, At lanta's war-time mayor. On the south side of the monu ment is inscribed the following1 epitaph:
M. CALHOUN. Born in Calhoun Settle ment, Abbeville District, S. C., February 12, 1811, and died in Atlanta, Ga.? Oct. 1, 1875. Aged 64 years, 7 months and 18 days. An able and faithful lawyer, a true and honorable public servant, an upright and con scientious citizen, a generous and warm-hearted friend, an affectionate husband and father. "His life, taken all together, was an eminent success and he left the world with friends, relatives', and a great city to mourn
In a neighboring lot his son, Judge William Lowndes Calhoun, a gallant Confederate soldier, a former mayor, and a well-known lawyer--for years the Ordi nary of Fulton County--lies buried.
ME. RICHARD PETERS, one of Atlanta's earliest pioneer citizens, a substantial man of affairs, is likewise buried on the south side of the Hunter Street driveway, where his grave is handsomely marked. IRA O. MO'DANTEL and JAMES E. WILLIAMS, both early mayors of the city, the former the father of Governor Henry D. McDaniel, are also buried in this part of Oakland. On the north side of the driveway is the Collier vault, in which reposes the body of JUDGE JOHN COLLIER, who framed Atlanta's ear liest municipal charter.
One of the handsomest mausoleums in Oakland Cem etery is occupied by the GRANTS--Jonisr T. and WM. P.-- father and son, two of Atlanta's wealthiest citizens.
In the neighborhood of the Hill lot, on an eminence to the right of the main driveway, at the eastern extreme

OAKLAND

427

of the burial-ground, is a neat shaft of marble, which marks the last resting1 place of PROFESSOR BERNARD MALLON, the first superintendent of Atlanta's public schools. The inscriptions on the monument are as follows:

(North) Bernard Mallon. Born in Ireland, Sept. 14, 1824. From Nov., 1848, until Aug., 1879, n citizen of Georgia. Died in Texas, Get. 21, 1879.
(South)
A trusted leader among Southern workers in the cause of popular education, for thirty-one years. As teacher and superintendent, he devoted his life to organ izing public schools in Georgia.
(West)
Kreeted by the teachers and pupils of the public schools of Atlanta. Our Pirst Superintendent.
(East)
Patient and wise teacher, he loved God and little children. Gentle and pure man, honor was his shield, his golden motto, duty without fear.

The list of Oakland's distinguished dead includes also : HON. JONATHAN NORCEOSS, JUDGE SAMUEL B. HOYT, Da. E. N. CALHOUN, JOSEPH WINSHIP, founder of Atlanta's pioneer iron "works; JOHN F. MIMS, an early mayor; GREEN B. HAYGOOD, REUBEH CONE, JULIUS A. HAYDEN, THOMAS G. HEALEY, N. L. ANGIER, AMMI WILLIAMS, WALTCEE P. INMAN, HUGH T. INMAN, RHODE HILL, WILL IAM MARKHAM, C. E. BOYNTON, E. P. CHATVIBERLTN, W. A. JVAWSON, E. E. RAWSOJST, WM. M. LOWR.Y, PHILIP DODD, GREEN T. ]^)ODD, M. C. KISEE, J. F. KISBE, F. Iy[. COKEE, JOHIT NEAL, T. B. NEAL, COLONEL It. F. MADDOX, JOHN T. GrLENN, PORTER KING, J. W. RUCKEE, JOSEPH HIESCH, W. A. MOORE, E. W. MAESH, W. B. Cox, IRA T. SAGE, JUDGE WILLIAM EZZAB.D, G. J. POREACHE, JOHN R. GRAMLING, CoLoisrEij E. N. BEOYLES, MAJOR B. E. CRANE, HON. MOSES

428 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
FORMWALT, Atlanta's first mayor, in a grave unmarked; COLONEL, WM. H. DABNEY, ^VM:. C. SANDERS, JOHN R. GR-AMLING, JOHN D. TTJRNEB, W^M. B. Cox, JUDGE JOHN TJ. HOPKINS, JUDGE JOHN BBSKINE, JAKED I. WHITAKEB, JOHN M. HILL, JUDGE JOHN L. HOFKINS, R. H. RICHARDS, JOHN HiYAN, ANTHONY MURPHY, PROF. ~W. A. BASS, DR. IX C. O'KEEFE, one of the founders of Atlanta's public school system; COLONEL REUBEN ARNOLD, DB. H. H. SMITH, and a host of others, who may not improperly be called the real builders of the Gate City of the South.
Perhaps the most unique memorial structure in Oak land is the JASPER N. SMITH vault, to the1 right of the main driveway, near the Hunter Street gate. Above the door of the vault is a granite statue of Mr. Smith, which, portrays him seated in an easy chair, 'with his beaver in his hand, looking toward the ISTorth. There is no semblance of a necktie about the collar-band, for the reason that no one ever saw him when he wore this unnecessary article of adornment. The original of the statue is still in life, an eccentric old gentleman of large means, "whose first contribution to Atlanta's architec tural attractions was the quaint structure, at the corner of Peachtree and F'orsyth, known as the "House that Jack Built." The inscription on the vault, waiting to be completed hereafter, is as follows :
Jasper N. Smith. Born in Walton Co., G:i., Dee. 29, 1833.
Westview, Atlanta
Westview, the modern cemetery of Atlanta, is lo cated four miles from the center of the city, on the Green's Fterry road. It is controlled by a joint stock company, organized in 1884. The site is a beautiful one

WESTVIBW

429

for tlie purpose, and the grounds have been highly im proved. There are several hundred acres of land within the enclosure, and for years to come it is likely to be the city's favorite burial-ground, though other ceme teries have since been opened. Here, also, a handsome Confederate monument, surmounted by the statue of a private soldier, musket in hand, lias been erected on one of the highest points, and there are many substantial and costly memorial stones. The cemetery contains a number of historic shrines, including the vault in which the ashes of the illustrious Henry W. Grady are en tombed.

To the left of the main driveway, near the foot of the first bill, occupying a lot donated for the purpose by the corporation, is the grave of Dewey's flag lieutenant, who planned the battle of Manila Bay and hoisted the American flag above the Philippines. The handsome granite shaft, on which is designed a rope coiled and knotted in sailor fashion, emblematic of service on the high seas, contains the following brief inscription:
UEUTENANT THOMAS M. BRtJMBT, TJ. S. N. Died, December 17, 1899, aged forty-four years.

Some distance from the Brumby monument, but to

the right of the same driveway, on the slopes of one

of tile highest hills in the cemetery, is the Grady vault,

an impressive structure of marble, in which rest the

mortal -remains of the South's great orator and editor.

On the crypt of the vault which contains the ashes is in

scribed :

- ,, ..

WOODFIN GEADY. Born May 24th, 1850. Died Dec. 23rd, 1889.

4:30 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
On tlie same sidei of the vault sleeps bis wife, Julia King Grady; on the opposite side is David Banks Gould.
Directly across the main driveway from the Grady vault is the tomb of CAPTAIN EVAN P. HOWE:LL, for years an associate with Mr. Grady in the ownership of the Atlanta Constitution, and himself one of Georgia's most distinguished sons. The monument which marks his last resting place is a handsome shaft of granite, on which is lettered the following record:
(North) EVAN PABK HOWELL. Dec. 10, 1839. Aug. 6, 1905.
(South) A Confederate soldier. A patriotic American. A pioneer builder of Atlanta.
In the same neighborhood, under a most substantial and elegant shaft of granite, sleeps PBOF. WILLIAM HENRY PECK, the novelist.
Still nearer the crest of the same hill on which the Grady vault stands may be seen a boulder of rough-hewn granite, the beauty of which cannot fail to catch the eye. It marks the last resting place of JOEL CHANDLER HARHTS, the South's most illustrious man of letters and the cre ator of the far-famed "Uncle Eemns." On a copper plate embedded in the surface of the stone is inscribed in raised letters the following record:
JOEL, CHANDLER HARHIS. Born, Eatonton, Ga., Dee. Oth, 1849. Died, Atlanta, Ga., July 3rd, 1908.
Then follows a quotation from the author's pen: "I seem to see before' me the smiling faces of thou-

Tomb of Henry W. Grady, the South's Great Orator Journalist
HISTORIC TOMBS AT WESTVIEW.

WESTVIEW

431

sands of children, some young and fresh and some "wear ing the friendly marks of age, but all children at heart and not an unfriendly face among them; and, while I am trying hard to speak the right word, I seem, to hear a voice lifted above the rest, saying: 'Yon have made some of us happy,' and so I feel my heart fluttering and my lips trembling, and I have to bow silently and turn away and hurry hack into the obscurity that fits me best."
Modest to a fault, simple in his tastes and habits, rugged in his character, unselfish in his love, especially for little children, nothing in the way of a memorial to Mr. Harris could possibly be more appropriate than this boulder of mountain granite, inscribed with the sen timent "which it .reproduces from his own "writings.

On the summit of the hill, near the grave of Uncle Remus, sleeps G-EOKGE ~W. ADATB, a pioneer citizen, for more than twenty-five years a close neig'hbor to Mr. Harris in West End; DR. Hfiinrr HOLCOMBE TTJCKEB, an eminent Baptist educator, publicist and divine; JOHK SILVE.Y, one of Atlanta's pioneer merchants; MAJOR D. N. SPEEB, for many years treasurer of the State of Georgia; COLONEIJ WM. L. SCBTJGGS, an ex-United States Minister of Colombia and Venezuela; T-.ATJB.ENT DnGivE, an ex-consul of Belgium, who built Atlanta's first opera house; and DAVID MAYEB, a public spirited and generous Hebrew, one of the founders of the local system of public schools. The inscription on the monu ment of the last-named citizen of Atlanta is a model. It reads:

Broad in his philanthropies, generous in apprecia tion of his fellow-men, he moved through the circle of his days, uninfluenced by trie spirit of prejudice against either creed or sect; thrilled by every song, mo ;d by every prayer, and sharing every tear of our < humanity.

432 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
The list of former distinguished residents of Atlanta buried in AVestview includes also: JUDGE RUFUS T. DOESEY, DR. R. T. SPALDING-, DB. HTJNTER P. COOPER, REV. E. H. BARNETT, D. D., for years an honored pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, of Atlanta; JUDGE DANIEL PITTMAN, REV. I. T. TTCHNOR, D. D., long secretary of the Educational Board of the Baptist Church in Georgia; COLONEL. T. W. LATHAM, COLONEL B. F. ABBOTT, CAPTAIN T. S. LEWIS, J. M. HIGH, W. A. RUSSELL, W. J. GARRETT, J. B. ^VHITEHEAD, COLONEL L. P. GRANT, JUDGE HENRY iv. McKAT, JUDGE JOHN S. BIGBY, and JUDGE HENRY B. TOMPKINS.
In an unmarked grave, on the slopes of Laurel Hill, the highest point of Westview, sleeps DB. JAMES G. ARM STRONG, an Episcopal clergyman of rare attainments, "whose resemblance to the Booth family of actors was most striking. He was rector of St. Philip's Cathedral for a number of years, but was unfrocked some time in the eighties for alleged offences in regard to which there has always been a diversity of opinion. At the time of his death he was the ripest Shakespearean scholar in the 'State. He was also an authority on Goethe; and was profoundly versed in the German, French and English philosophies. His son-in-law, HON. WILLIAM C. GLBNN, at one time Attorney-General of Georgia, sleeps in an unmarked grave beside him. The State could well afford to build the latter a monument. He was the author of the famous Gleim tax hill, afterwards enacted into law, by virtue of which a vast sum of money was realized. Prior to the adoption of this measure it is said that rail road property, aggregating in value something" like $60,000,000, was exempt from taxation.*
Town Cemetery, Greenville
Greenville is only a small country town, with a popu lation barely exceeding one thousand souls, but in the
*See Memoirs of Georgia, Vol. I, p. 7S6, Atlanta

TOWN CEMETERY

433

quiet little graveyard on the liill there sleeps a Chief Justice, a member of Congress, who was also an Assist ant Postmaster-General; a noted educator of Georgia youth, a Judge of the Superior Court, and a Governor of the State, who was also an Attorney-General of Geor gia and a United States Senator. Near tlie center of the burial ground, in a lot enclosed by a handsome iron railing, sleeps the mortal dust of CHIEF JUSTICE HIRAM: WARNER. His grave is marked by an obelisk of white marble, devoid of anything like elaborate ornamentation. It merely records the fact that he was Georgia's Chief Justice, giving the date of his birth, 1802, and the date of his death, 1881.

Underneath a shaft of marble, somewhat more or namental in design, there rests within this same enclos ure the mortal remains of JUDGE OBADIAH WARNER, a younger brother of the Chief Justice and a jurist of very great note. The inscription on his monument reads a s follows:
OBADIAH WAHNBB. Born January 8, 1811. Died August 5, 1891. Aged eighty years and seven months. Judge of the Superior Court of the Cowcta Circuit. He never fell below that standard of manhood which men recognize as of the highest type.

On this same lot sleeps ALEXANDER FRANKLIN HILL, a much beloved citizen of Greenville, who married a daughter of Judge Hiram Warner. He was the father of Judge Hiram Warner Hill, of the present Supreme Court of Georgia.
Handsomely marked by a double headstone of solid granite is the last resting place of HON. JOSEPH M. TEE-

434 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

HELL, one of Georgia's most distinguished sons. On the front is inscribed:

JOSEPH MEBIWETHEB TEBBEIjL. 1861. Nov. 17, 1912.

June 6,

On the rear of the monument are recorded the various positions of honor which he held, as follows :
United States Senator, 61st. Congress. Governor of Georgia, 1902-1907. Attorney-General of Georgia, 1892J902. legislator, 1S84-1886-1890.
His father, Dr. Joel E. G. Terrell1, whose career was likewise cut sliort at the age of fifty-two, is buried on the same lot, underneath a beautiful monument of marble. The lot is enclosed by an iron railing.

One of Georgia's most noted educators, HON. WM. T. REVILL, is buried on this hill. Two of his pupils sub sequently became Governors of the State: William Y. Aikinson and Joseph M. Terrell. At the time of his death he was a member of the General Assembly of Georgia. The following" inscription is lettered on his monument:
WM. TINSLEY BEVIKL. Born Feb. 17, 1836. Died May 9, 1904. A fond husband, tender father, and loyal friend. True to his convictions, he left to pos terity a priceless heritage, that of an untarnished name. After life's fitful fever, he sleeps well.

Here sleeps beneath a towering obelisk of granite the mortal ashes of a former member of Congress : HON. HENRY R. HAKRIS. He represented Georgia in the halls of national legislation from 1872 to 1878, and from 1884

OAK HILL

435

to 1886, after which he became an Assistant PostmasterGeneral under President Cleveland. The inscription on his monument reads :

HENRY E. HARRIS. Feb. 2, 1828. Oct. 15, 1909. His record is on high.

The lot is enclosed by an iron railing, bnt opens through a gateway into an area of much smaller dimen sions, in the center of which stands a fine old marble obelisk, somewhat begrimed with age, on which the fol lowing inscription appears :

IJENEY HABRtS. Born May 15, 1781. Died Dec. 24, 1858. In life he was upright. In death triumphant.
Mr. Harris was one of the pioneers of Greenville. He "was also the founder of a most distinguished family in this State. His son, Henry R. Harris, as above noted, became a member of Congress and Assistant PostmasterGeneral of the United 'States ; "while two of his descend ants have become Governors of States : Governor Tjuther E. Hall, of Louisiana, and Governor John M. Slaton, of Georgia.

Oak Hill, Newnan
There is not a burial ground of the dead in Georgia more Taeantifully kept than Oak Hill, at Newnan, nor a sexton more courteous than Mr. W. 1). Palmer, under whose supervision the cemetery has grown in attractive ness until today it is one of the beauty spots of the State. It contains a number of costly monuments, not a few of "which mark the graves of distinguished Georgians. Just to the right of the main driveway, on entering this beautiful citadel of silence, is the last resting place of Governor William T. Atkinson, whose death soon after his relinquishment of office brought to a premature close

436 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
one of tlie most brilliant of public careers. The grave of Governor Atkinson is ornamented by an unpreten tious but handsome stone, with this inscription:

WILLIAM YATES ATKINSON. 1S54-1899.

I

On the marble grave-cover is carved the following epitaph:

As son, brother, husband, father, he was tender and true. A friend to the poor and the weak. In the path of duty he knew no fear. His fellow-citizens' recogniz ing- in him a leader among men called him to "be Gov ernor of Georgia. A friend of public education, ho was the author of the acts establishing the Nownan Public Schools and the Georgia Normal and Industrial College. While still in his young manhood he was called from earth to a more perfect home in Heaven.

Underneath a handsome box of marble, to the left of the main driveway, near the entrance, sleeps the mortal dust of a former member of Congress: HON. WTLLJAM !B. "W. DENT. At one time Colonel Dent "was the owner of Stone Mountain. He died in the prime of life, on the eve of the Civil War. The inscription on his monu ment reads as follows:
Here lies what is mortal of WM. B. W. D~ENT, who was boi-n in Bryantown, Md., Sept. 8, 1806, smrt tliert at, Newnan, Sept. 7, 1855. He came to Georgia in 1820. Served in the Creek War of 1836, as Captain of the Heard County Volunteers. Was iu the State Legisla ture of 1843 as a representative from the County of Heard. 'Was elected a member of Congress from the 4th. District in 1853. In his death society has lost a
aluable member, the church an efficient servant, and the ountry a warm and devoted patriot.

OAK HILL

437

Within a few feet of the Dent lot there stands a hand some monument of marble, the inscription upon which informs us that a noted ex-Congressman and jurist is here buried. On the front of the monument appears this inscription:

HUGH BUCHANAN. Born in ArgylesMre, Scotland, Sept. 15, ] 823. Died in Ncwnan, Ga., June 11, 1890.
(Side)
As a Confederate soldier, he was brave and true; a Judge of the Superior Cotirt, he was learned and just; a member of the United States Congress', he was wise and patriotic. As husband, fattier, friend, and citizen, he was all that love could aak, all that loyalty could claim, all that the State could demand. He died as ho had lived, a Christian.

To the right of the main driveway, near the entrance, there is a boxed tomb, the inscription on which records a fact of much interest. It reads as follows :
WM. POTTS NIMMONS. May 2, 1829. August 11, 1909. He was the first male child born in Newnan. He spent his whole life here, loved and respected by all who

Forever asociated with Ncwnan's local history is the name of PROFESSOR M. P. KELLOGG, a distinguished edu cator and scholar, who founded tho renowned Temple College. The monument over his grave was erected in large part by those who formerly sat at his feet in the 'class-room. It is a handsome shaft of granite, sur-

438 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS ANT> LEGENDS

mounted by an urn, and lettered with the following brief inscriptions :

(Front)

M. P. KELLOGG. The faithful teacher.

Aetat 66.

(Side)

(Bear)

Erected IT? his pupils and friends.

Underneath an ornamental headstone of marble, on which the sculptor has chiseled an open Bible, sleeps the mortal dust of DB. JAMBS STACY, a distinguished minister of the Gospel, scholar and historian. Dr. Stacy was for more than forty years, pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Newnan. He also published a number of books, historical and religions, including a History of the Presbyterian Church in Georgia. The brief inscrip tion on his monument reads as follows :
REV. JAMES STACY, D. IX beloved by God and man.
Two Revolutionary soldiers, Raiidall Robinson and William Smith, are buried in the cemetery at Newnau (see Vol. I). EX-CONGRESSMAN CHAHLES L. MOSES sleeps in Oak Hill, but as yet his grave is unmarked. On the Bigby lot there are a number of beautiful monuments to various members of the family, but the noted jurist and former member of Congress, JUDGE JOHN S. BIGBY, is buried in Westviow Cemetery, in Atlanta. Included among the many other distinguished Georgians who rest in Oak Hill, most of them under elegant monuments, are: DB. A. B. CALHOTJN, GEBTEBAL B. M. STOBEY, REV. JAMES HAMILTON HALL, D. D., JTJDGE JOHK O. BERRY, ROBEBT D. COLE, ROBEBT H. HABDAWAY, WM. B. BEBEY, THOMAS J'. BERRY, JOHN* RAY, JOHN MEBTWETHEB HILL, ^^M. G. HILL, HENBY WILLIS HILL, JUDGE BENJAMIN- WEIGHT, DB. K. C. DIVINE, and others.

SECTION IV
Myths and Legends of the Indians

SECTION IV
Myths and Legends of the Indians
The Legend of Nacoochee
-Long before the Anglo-Saxon had made his first foot prints on these "western shores; long before even the Genoese visionary had dreamed of a new world beyond the columns of Hercules, there dwelt in this lovely valley a young maiden of wonderful and almost celestial beauty. She was the daughter of a chieftain--a princess. In doing homage to her, the people of her tribe almost forgot the Great Spirit "who made her and endowed her with such strange beauty. Her name was Naeoochee--"The Evening Star." A son of the chieftain of a neighboring and hostile tribe saw the beautiful Nacoochee and loved her. He stole her young heart. She loved him with an intensity of passion such as only the noblest souls know. They met beneath the holy stars and sealed their simple vows "with kiss'es. In the valley, where, froni the inter locked branches overhead, hung with festoons, in which the white flowers of the climate and the purple blossoms of the magnificent wild passion flower, mingled with the dark foliage of the muscadine, they found a fitting place. The song of the mocking-bird and the murmur of the Chattahoochee's hurrying "waters were marriage hymn and anthem to them. Tliey vowed eternal love. They vowed to live and die with each other. Intelligence of these secret meetings reached the ear of the old chief, Nacoochee's father, and his auger was terrible. But

442 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOBIA^S AND LEGENDS
love for Laceola "was stronger in the heart of ISTacoochee than even reverence for her father's commands. One night the maiden was missed from her tent. The old chieftain commanded his warriors to pursue the fugitive. They found her with Laceola, the son of a hated race. In an instant, an arrow was aimed at his breast. Naeoochee sprang before him and received the barbed shaft in her own heart. Her lover was stupefied. He made no resistance, and his blood ming'led with hers. The lovers were buried in the same' grave and a lofty mound was raised to mark the spot. Deep grief seized the old chief and all his people, and the valley was ever after called Naeoochee. .The mound which marks the trysting-place and the grave of the maiden and her betrothed, surmounted by a solitary pine, are still to be seen, arid form some of the most interesting features of the landscape of this lovely vale.*
II
The Legend of Hiawassee
Over a century ago, a hitter warfare raged between the Catawba and Cherokee tribes of Indians. In one of those frequent and bold excursions common among the wild inhabitants of the forest, the son of the principal Cherokee chief surprised and captured a large town be longing to the Catawba tribe.
Among the captives was the daughter of the first chief of the Catawbas, named Hiawassee, or "the beauti ful fawn." A young hero of the Cherokees, whose name "was Notley, which means "the daring horseman," instantly became captivated with the majestic beauty and graceful manners of the royal captive; and was over whelmed with delight upon finding his love reciprocated
'Reproduced from "White's Historical Collections of Georgia. Author ship unknown.

THE LEGEND OF HIAWASSE

443

by the object of his heart's adoration. With two attend ants, he presented himself before the Catawba warrior, 'who happened to be absent when his town "was1 taken by the Cherokees. To this stern old chief he gave a brief statement of recent occurrences, and then besought hid daughter in marriage. The proud Catawba, lifting high his war-club, knitting his brow, and curling- his lips, with scorn, declared that as the Catawbas drank the "waters of the east, and the Cherokees the waters1 of the west, when this insolent and daring lad could find where these waters united, then and not till then might the hateful Cherokee mate with the daughter of the great Catawba. Dis couraged but not despairing, Notley turned away from the presence of the proud and unfeeling father of the beautiful Hiawassee, and resolved to search for a union of the eastern with the "western "waters, "which "was then considered an impossibility. Ascending the pinnacle op the great chain of the Alleghanies, more commonly called the Blue Ridge, "which is known to divide the waters of the Atlantic from those of the great west, and traversing its devious and winding- courses, he could frequently find springs running each "way, and having their source within a few paces of each other; but this was not what he desired.
Day after day "was spent in the arduous search, arid there appeared no hope that his energy and perseverance would be rewarded. But on a certain day, when he "was well nigh exhausted with hunger and other privations, he came to a lovely spot on the summit of the ridge, afford ing a delightful plain. Here he resolved to repose and refresh himself during the sultry portion of the day. Seating himself upon the ground, and thinking of Hia wassee, he saw three young fawns moving toward a small lake, the stream of which was rippling at his feet; and whilst they "were sipping the pure drops from the trans parent pool, our hero found himself unconsciously creep ing toward them. Untaught in the wiles of danger, the little fawns gave no indication whatever of retiring.

444 GEOBOIA'S LANDMARKS, MBMOKIALS AND LEGENDS
Notley had now approached so near, that he expected in a moment, by one leap, to seize and capture one, at least, of the spotted prey; when, to his surprise, he saw another stream running out of the beautiful lake down the western side of the mountain.
Springing forward with the bound of a forest deer, and screaming with frantic joy, he exclaimed, "Hiawassee! O Hiawassee! I have found it!"
The romantic spot is within a few miles of Clayton. Having accomplished his object, he set ont for the residence of Hiawassee's father, accompanied by only' one warrior, and fortunately for the success of the enter prise, he met the beautiful maiden with some confidential attendants half a mile from her father's house. She in formed him that her father was indignant at his pro posals, that he would not regard his promises.
"I will fly away with, you to the mountains," said Hiawassee, "but my father will never consent to our marriage." Notley then pointed her to a mountain in the distance, and said if he found her there, he should drink of the waters that flowed from the beautiful lake. A few moments afterward, Notley met the Catawba chief near the town, and at once informed him of his 'wonderful discovery, and offered to conduct him to the place. The Catawba chief, half choked with rage, accused Notley of the intention to deceive him, in order to get him near the line of territory, 'where the army of the Cherokees was waiting to kill him. "But," said he, "since yon have spared my daughter, so "will I spare you, and permit you at once to depart; but I have sworn that you shall never marry my daughter, an<i I cannot be false to my oath." Notley's face brig-htened, for he remembered the old warrior's promise. "Then," ex claimed he, ' ' by the Grreat 'Spirit, she is mine!'' and the next moment he disappeared in the thick forest. That night brought no sleep to the Catawba chief, for Hiawas see did not return. Pursuit was made in vain. He saw his daughter no more.

THE LEGEND OP THE CHEROKEE ROSE

445

NotJey, bounding- through the mountains, soon met his beloved Hiawassce. Solemnizing1 the marriage according' to the customs of the wilderness, they led a retired. ]ife in those regions for three years, and npon hearing of the death of his father, JSTotley settled in the charming- valley of the river on the western side of the mountain, and called it Hiawassee, after his beautiful spouse. Tn proc ess of time, he was unanimously chosen first chief of the Cherokees, and was the instrument of making perpetual peace between his tribe and the Catawbas.*

Ill
The Legend of the Cherokee Rose
Once upon a time, a proud young; chieftain of the Seminoles was taken prisoner by his enemies the Chero kees and doomed to death by torture; but he fell so seriously ill, that it became necessary to wait for his restoration to health before committing him to the flames.
As he was lying', prostrated by disease, in the cabin of a Cherokee "warrior, the daughter of the latter, a darkeyed maiden, became his nurse. She rivalled in grace the bounding- fawn, and the young warriors of her tribe said of lier that the smile of the Great Spirit was not more beautiful. Is it any wonder, then, though death stared the young Semmole in the face, he should be happy in her presence 1? Was1 it any wonder .that each should love the other?
Stern hatred of the Seminoles had stifled every kindly feeling in the hearts of the Cherokees, and they grimly awaited the time when their enemy must die. As the color slowly returned to the cheeks of her lover and strength to his limbs, the dark-eyed maiden eagerly urged him to make his escape. How could she see him die? But he would not agree to seek safety in flight unless she
*Reprodueed from "White's Historical Collections of Georgia,. Author unknown.

446 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
"went with, him; he could better endure death by torture than life without her.
She yielded to Ms pleading. At the midnight hour, silently they slipped into the dim forest, guided by the pale light of the silvery stars. Yet before they had gone far, impelled by soft regret at leaving her home forever, she asked lier lover's permission to return, for an instant that she might bear away some memento. So, retracing her footsteps, .she broke a sprig from the glossy-leafed vine which climbed upon her father's cabin, and preserving it at her breast during her flight through the wilderness, planted it at the door of her home in the land of the Seminoles.
Here, its .milk-white blossoms, with golden centers, often recalled her childhood days in the far-away moun tains of Georgia; and from that time this beautiful flower has always been known, throughout the Southern States, as' the Cherokee Rose.*
The Legend of Lover's Leap
In the early part of the nineteenth, century the region watered by the lower Chattahoochee was inhabited by two powerful tribes of Indians. They "were bitter and relentless rivals, though, both belonged to the Confed eracy of Creeks, and besides being equally matched in numbers, they possessed alike proud names. There was not a tribe in the nation which dared to vaunt itself be fore a Cnsseta or a Coweta.
It may have been a small matter from which the jealousy of these tribes originally sprung, but the tiny tiling had been cherished till, like a serpent, each hissed at the sound of the other's name. The proud chief of the Cussetas was now become an old man, and much was' he
*Mitchell: "Georgia Land and People," pp. 11-12.

THE LEGEND OF LOVER'S LEAP

447

venerated by all who rallied at his battle-cry. The boldest heart in all his tribe quailed before his angry eye, and the proudest did him reverence. The old man had outlived his own sons; one by one had the Great Spirit called them from their hunting grounds, and in the flush of their manhood had they gone to the Spirit Land. Yet he was not alone. The youngest of his children, the darkeyed Mohina, was still sheltered in his bosom, and all his love for the beautiful in life was bestowed upon her--ah, and rightly, too, for the young maiden rivaled in grace the bounding fawn, and the young warriors said of her that the smile of the Great Spirit was not so beautiful. While yet a child she was betrothed to the young Eagle of the Cowetas, the proud scion of their warrior chief. But stern hatred had stifled kindly feelings in the hearts of all save these two young creatures', and the pledged word was broken when the smoke of the calumet was extinguished. Mohina no longer dared to meet the young chief openly, and death faced them when they sat in a lone, wild trysting-place 'neath the starry blazonry of midnight's dark robe. Still they 'were undaunted, for pure love dwelt in their hearts, and base fear crouched low before it, and went afar from them to hide in grosser souls. Think not the boy-god changes his1 arrows "when he seeks the heart of the Red Man; nay, rather with truer aim, and finer point, does the winged thing speed from his bow, and deeply the subtle poison sinks into the young heart, while the dark cheek giows with love's proper hue. The deer bounded gladly by 'when the lovers met, and felt he was free, while the bright-eyed maiden leaned upon the bosom of the young Eagle. Their youthful hearts hoped in the future, though all in vain, for the time served but to render more fierce that hostile rivalry, more rank that deadly hatred, which existed between the tribes. Skir mishes were frequent among the hunters, and open hostilities seemed inevitable. And now it was told by some who had peered through the tangled under-wood and the matted foliage of those dim "woods, that the Coweta

448 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
had pressed the maiden to Ms heart in those lone places, and that strange words and passionate were even now breathed by him to her ear. Then the hunters of the Cussetas sprang from their couches, and made earnest haste to the dark g-len. With savage yell and impetuous rush they bounded before the lovers. They fled, and love and terror added wing's to their flight. For a while they distanced their pursuers. But the strength of Mohina failed her in a perilous moment, and had not the young EJagle snatched her to his fast-heating heart, the raging enemy had made sure their fate. He rushed onward up the narrow defile before him. It led he forgot whither. In a few moments he stood on the verge of a fearful height. "Wildly the maiden clung to him, and even then, in that strange moment of life, his heart throbbed proudly beneath his burden. The bold future alone was before him; there was no return. Already the breath of one of the pursuers, a hated rival, came quick upon his cheek, and the gleaming tomahawk shone before him. One moment he gazed on him, and triumph flashed in the eye of the young chief, then without a shudder he sprang into the seething waters below. 'Still the young maiden clung to him, nor did the death struggle part them. The mad waves dashed fearfully over them, and their loud wail "was a fitting requiem to their departing spirits.
The horror-stricken warriors gazed wildly into the foaming torrent, then dashed with reckless haste down the declivity to bear the sad tidings to the old chief. He heard their tale in silence, but sorrows were on his1 spirit, and it was broken. Henceforth his seat was un filled by the council fire, and its red light gleamed fitfully upon his grave.*
apli to make it confoi

TlIE I^EGEKD OF SwKETWATEK BRANCH

449

The Legend of Sweetwater Branch
Three miles from the quaint old town of St. Mary's, on the Georgia coast, tlie public road is crossed by a stream called Sweetwater Branch. It threads the land scape like a skein of liquid silver, winding- in and out through the dense foliage, and in spite of tlje solemn mosses which bend over it on either side, the little stream dances merrily among the ancient live-oaks and sends its langhter rippling through the gloomy depths of the forest. The waters of this tiny streamlet are not only crystalclear, but pleasant to the taste--whence the name. In the olden time, when the red men still roamed the wilderness in this vicinity it is told that old Withlacoochee, an aged chieftain, was one day seated beside the road vainly trying' to extract a thorn from his foot. Pretty Marv Jones, a belle of the white settlement and a maiden whose bright eyes and quick sympathies were well matched, chanced to lie coming- along' the road just at this moment, and seeing- the old warrior's predicament, volunteered her assistance, with the result that the ^.ugly thorn was soon extracted.
Full of gratitude, the old Indian told the girl that if she ever needed help she must be sure to let him know. Shortly after this pleasant interview, a United States recruiting- vessel appeared in the harbor and beg-an to solicit yonng- men to enlist in the navy. She bore the somewhat jocnlar name of the Smashing Nancy, but the trim uniforms of the marines and the splendid appoint ments of the vessel constituted an appeal which the youngmen of the town could not resist. Among- the number who felt the mag'ic spell and who hastened to enlist in the crew of the vessel was Ben Johnson, a youth to whom Mary Jones was betrothed. When poor Mary learned the sad news her heart was broken. She dreaded the uncertainties of the long cruise and expected never to see her lover again.

450 GEORGIA'S TJANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND T.JKGENDS
Half-distracted she "was "walking1 along' the sa..me road, loudly weeping and bewailing her fate, when she 'was espied by "Withlacoochee, who quickly approached her and, in kind tones', inquired the cause of her distress. Between violent sobs, the poor girl told her story. The old chief smiled, hut there was no derision in the playful gleam of the warrior's eye. "You were good to "WithlacoocheGj" said the old chief, "and now Withlacoochee will be g'ood to you;" and so saying- he gathered a handfiil of red berries and green leaves and scattered them on the water of Sweetwater Branch. "Now see," lie resumed, "AVithlacooehce lias cast a spell on these "waters, and whoever shall drink of them shall surely return. Bring your lover here and make him. drink." Inspired with new hope, Mary brought Ben to the stream and he drank. He "went away on the cruise, but the spell brought him back; and be and faithful Mary were happily wedded.*
VI
Yahula
Years ago, before the Revolution, Yalrula was a pros perous stock trader among the Cherokees, and the tink ling of the bells, hung around the necks of his1 ponies, could be heard on every mountain trail, Once there was a great hunt, and all the warriors were out, but when it was over and they were ready to return to the settlement, Yahula was not "with them. They waited and searched., but he could not be found, and at last they went back without him, and his friends grieved for him as for one dead.
Some time after, his people were surprised and de lighted to have him walk in among' them and sit down as they were at supper in the evening. To the questions1
T. Vocele, of St. Ma

which were aslced him, Yahula replied that he had been lost in the mountains, and that the Numiehi or Immortals, had taken him to the town in which they dwelt, and here he had been kept ever since, with the kindest care and treatment, until the longing" to see his old friends had brought him back. Importuned to join them at supper, he said that it was now too late--he had tasted the fairy food and could never again eat with, human kind, and for the same reason he could not stay with his family, but must go back to the Nimnehi. His wife and children and brother begged him to stay, but he said that he could not; it was either life with the Immortals or death with his own people, and he thereupon arose to go. They saw Mm as lie sat talking- to them and as he stood up, but the moment he stepped from the doorway he vanished as if he had never been.
After this strange occurrence, he came back often to visit his1 people. They would see him first as he entered the door, and as he sat and talked he was quite himself in every way, but the instant he stepped across the thres hold lie was gone, though a hundred eyes might bo watch ing. He came often, but at last the entreaties for him to remain at home became so urgent that the Nunnehi must have been offended, for he came no more. On' the mountain at the head of the Creek, about ten miles above the present town of Dajilonega, is a smal] square en closure of uncut stone, without roof or entrance. Here it was said that he lived, so the Cherokees called it the Place of Yahula, and they also g'ave his name to the stream. Often at night a belated traveler, coming along the trail by the creek, would hear the voice of Yalinla, singing' certain favorite old songs which he used to sing as he drove his pack of horses1 across the mountains, the sound of a voice urging them on, arid the crack of a whip and the tinkling of bells went with the song, but neither driver nor horses could be seen, although the sounds passed close by= The songs and the bells were heard only at night.
There was one man. a friend of Yahula'3, who sang

452 GEORGIA'S LAXDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS
the same songs for a time after Yahula had disappeared, but he died suddenly, and then the Cherokees were afraid to sing these songs any more until it was so long1 since any one had heard the sounds on the mountain that they thought Yahnla must have gone away, perhaps to the west, where others of the tribe had already gone. It is so long- ago now that even the stone house may have been destroyed by this time, but more than one old man's father saw it and heard the songs and the hells a hundred years ago. When the Cherokees went from Georgia to Indian. Territory in 1838 some of them said, i *Maybe Yahula has gone there and we shall hear him." but they have never heard him ng*am.*:
VII
The UstutH
There was once a great serpent called the [Jstu.tli, that made its haunt upon Cohutta Mountain. It did not glide like other snakes but had feet at each end of its body, and moved by strides or jerks, like a great measuring worm; hence the name, which means "foot snake." The feet wei'e three-cornered and flat and could hold on to tlie ground like suckers. It bad no leg's, but would raise itself up on its hind feet, with its snaky head "waving high in the air until it found a good place to take a fresh hold; then it "would bend down and grip its front feet to the ground "while it drew its body up from behind. It could cross rivers and deep ravines by throwing its head across and getting a grip "with its front feet and then swinging its body over. "Wherever its footprints were found there was danger. It used to bleat like a young fawn, and when the hunter heard a fawn bleat in the woods he never looked for it, but hurried away in the other direction.
called Yahuiai, hy the Cherokees, or "Place of Yahula."

THE USTUTLI

453

"tip the mountain or down, nothing- could escape the Ustutli's pursuit, but along tlie side of the ridge it could not go, because the great weight of its swinging' head broke its hold on the ground when it moved sideways.
Kiiially it came to pass that not a hunter about Cohutta would venture near the mountain, for dread of TJstutli. At last a man from one of the northern settle ments came down to visit some relatives in the neighbor hood. When he arrived they made a feast for him, but had only corn and heaiis, and excused themselves for having' no meat because the hunters "were afraid to go into the mountains. He asked the reason, and when they told him he said he would go himself tomorrow and either bring home a deer or find the Ustutli. They tried to dissuade him from it, but as he insisted upon going1 they warned him that if he heard a fawn bleat in the thicket he must run at once, and if the snake ran after1 him he must not try to run down the mountain, but along the side of the ridge.
Tn the morning he started out and "went directly toward the moimtain. Working his way through the bushes at the base, he suddenly heard a fawn bleat in front. He guessed at once that it was the Ustutli, but he had made up his mind to see it, so he did not turn back, but went straight forward, and there, sure enough, "was the monster, with its great head in the air, as high as the pine branches, looking in every direction to discover a deev. or maybe a man, for breakfast. It saw him and made for him at once, moving in jerky strides, every one the length of a tree trunk, holding its head high above the bushes and bleating as it came.
The hunter was so badly frightened that he lost his wits entirely and started to run directly up the mountain. The great snake came after him, gaining half its length on him every time it took a fresh grip with its fore feet, and would have caught the hunter before he reached the top of the ridge, but that lie suddenly remembered the warning and changed his course to run along the side of

454 GEORGIA'S LAxcirARKS. JlEiioniALs AXD LEGENTJS
the mountain. At once the snake began to lose ground, for every time it raised itself up the weight of its body threw it out of a straight Hue and made it fall a little lower down the side of the ridge. It tried to recover itself, but now the hunter gained and kept on until lie turned tlie end of the ridge and left the snake out of sight. Then he cautiously climbed to the top and looked over and saw tlie Ustutli still slowly working its way toward the sum mit.
He went down to the base of the mountain, opened his fire pouch, and set fire to the grass and leaves. Soon the fire ran all around the mountain and began to climb upward. When the great snake smelled the smoke and saw the flames coming it forgot all about the hunter and turned in full speed toward a high cliff near the summit. It reached the rock and stood upon it, but the fire followed and caught the dead pines above tlie base of the cliff until the hea,t made the Ustutli's scales crack. Taking a close grip of the rock with its hind feet it raised its body and put forth all its strength in an effort to spring across the wall of fire that surrounded it, but the smoke choked it and its hold loosened and it fell among- the blazing pine trunks and lay there until it was burned to ashes.*
VIII
Agan-unitsi's Search for tHe Uktena
Once upon a time, the Cherokees, in battle with the Shawano Indians, who were famous for magic, captured a great medicine man whose name was Agan-unitsi. Oil being tied ready for the torture, he begged for his life, and engaged, if spared, to find for them the famous wonder-worker, the Ulrmsuti. Now this was an object greatly to be desired, but the quest was fraught with the most deadly peril. The prize in question was a blazing

AGAN-UXITSI'S SEARCH FOR THE UKTENA

455

star set in the forehead of the great llktena serpent, and the medicine man. who could possess it might do marveloils things, but every one knew that it was almost certain death to meet the Uktena. They warned him of all this, but he only answered that he was not afraid, for his medi cine was strong-. So they gave him his life on condition that he find the coveted charm, and he began the search.
The Uktena used to lie in wait in lonely places to surprise its victims, and especially haunted the dark passes of the Great Smoky Mountains. Knowing this, the magician went first to a gap in the range on the far northern borders of the Cherokee country ; and here he searched until he found a monster black snake, larger than any one had ever before seen, but it was not "what he wanted, and he only laughed at it as something too small to be noticed. Coming southward to the next gap he found there a great moccasin snake, the largest ever seen, hut when the people wondered he said it was noth ing. In the next gap he found an immense green snake and called the people to see Y 'the pretty salikawayi," but "when they found an immense green snake coiled up in the path they ran away in fear. Coming to Bald moun tain, he found there a great lizard, ba.sking in the sun, but although it was large aud terrifying to look at, it was not what he wanted, and he passed on. Going still further south to Walasiyj, he found a great frog squat ting in the gap, but when the people who came to see it were frightened like the others and ran away from the monster, he mocked at them for being afraid of a frogand went on to the Gap of the Forked Antler and to the enchanted lake of Atagahi. At each place he found monstrous reptiles, but he said they were nothing. He thought the TJktena might be in hiding- in deep "water at the Leech place, on Hiawassce, where other strange things had been seen before, and going there he dived far down under the surface. He saw turtles and waiter snakes, and two immense sun perches rushed at him and retreated again, but there was nothing more. Still going

456 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGEXDS
southward, lie continued to try other places, and at last on Galmti mountain lie found the Uktena asleep.
Turning without noise, he ran swiftly down the moun tainside as far as he could g'o with one long' breath, nearly to the bottom of the slope. There he stopped and piled up a great circle of pine cones, and inside of it he dug- a deep trench. Then he set fire to the cones and came back again up the mountain. The Uktena was still asleep, and, putting an arrow to his bow, Agan-unitsi shot and sent the arrow through its heart, -which was under the seventh spot from the serpent's head. The great snake arose and, with the diamond in front flashing fire, came straight at its enemy, but the magician, turning quickly, ran at full speed down the mountain, cleared the circle of fire and the trench at one bound, and lay down oil the ground inside. The Uktena tried to follow7, but the arrow "was through its heai't, and in another moment it rolled over in the death struggle, spitting poison over all the mountainside. But the poison drops could not cross the circle of fire, but only hissed and sputtered in the blaze, and the magician on the inside was untouched except by one small drop which struck upon his head as he lay close to the ground; but he did not know it. The blood, too, as poisonoiis as the froth, poured from the Uktena's wound and down the slope in a dark stream, but it ran into the trench and left him unharmed. The dying monster rolled over and over down the mountain, breaking down larg'e trees in its path, until it reached the bottom. Then Agan-unitsi called every bird in all the woods to come to the feast, and so many came that when they were done not even the bones were left.
After seven days he went by night to the spot. The body and the bones of the snake were gone, all eaten by the birds, but he saw a bright light shining in the dark ness, and going over to it he found, resting on a lowhanging branch, where a raven bad dropped it, the diamond from the head of the Uktena. He wrapped it up carefully and took it with him to the Cherokees, among

THE EXCIIAXTED MOUNTAIN

457

whom he became the greatest medicine man in the whole tribe. Where the blood of the Uktena had filled the trench, there was afterwards formed a lake, the water of which was black, and here the women came to dye the cane splits which were used in making baskets.*

. IX .

!v

The Enchanted Mountain

Ten miles north of the Blue Kidge chain, of which it forms a spur, is the Enchanted Mountain, so called from the great number of tracks or impressions of the feet and hands of various animals to be found in the rocks. The main chain of mountains is about fifteen miles broad, forming- the great natural barrier between the eastern and western "waters, and the average elevation is about 4,000 feet above the Atlantic level. The number of welldefined tracks is one hundred and thirty-six, some of them quite natural and perfect, others rather rude imitations, and all of them, from the effects of time, have become more or less obliterated. They include the outlines of human feet, ranging from those of the infant, some four inches in length, to those of the great warrior, the latter measuring seventeen and a half inches in length and seven and three-quarters in breadth across the toes. And, rather strange to say, all the human feet are perfectly nor mal except this large one, on which there are six toes, proving the owner to have been a descendant of Titan. There are twenty-six of these human impressions, all bare save one, which presents the appearance of having been made by moccasins. A fine-turned hand, rather delicate, may be traced in the rocks near the foot of the great war rior. It was no doubt made by his faithful squaw, who ac companied him on all his excursions, sharing- his toils and soothing his cares. Many horse tracks are also to be

*James Mooney, in Myths of the Cherokee, TJouse Documents, Vol. 318.

458 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AIN-D LEGENDS
seen. One seems to have been shod. Some are quite small, yet one measures twelve and a half inches by nine and a half inches. This, the Indians say, was the great war horse which was ridden by the chieftain. The tracks of numerous turkeys, turtles, and terrapins are likewise to be seen. And there is also a larg'e bear's paw, a sna,ke, and two deer.
Tile Indian traditions respecting' these singular im pressions are somewhat variant. One asserts that the world v/as once deluged by water, and all forms of life were destroyed, with the exception of one family, to gether with various animals necessary to replenish the earth ; that the great canoe once rested upon this spot; and that here the whole troop of animals was disem barked, leaving the impressions as they passed over the rocks, which, being' softened by long submersion, kindly received and retained them. Others believe that a very sanguinary conflict took place here at a very remote period, between the Creeks and Chcrokees, and that these images or hieroglyphics were made to commemorate the tierce encounter. They say that it always rains when one visits the spot, as if sympathetic nature wept at the recol lection of the sad catastrophe, which they were intended to commemorate. According to a later tradition, it is the sanctuary of the Great Spirit, who is so provoked by the presumption of man in attempting' to approach the throne of Divine Majesty that he commands the elements to proclaim his power and indignation by awful thunderings and lightning's, accompanied by down-pours of rain, so that his subjects might be kept in awe of him and con strained to venerate his attributes.
On the morning of the 3rd of September, 1834, our party left the Nacoochee Valley, for the purpose of verifying these traditions, which, for the last half century have created so much curious interest in the minds of speculative philosophers.
At six o'clock we arrived at the summit of the moun tain. As we approached it, the heavens, which, for several

THE ENCHANTEI) MOUNTAIN

459

days and nights preceding had worn a brightened coun tenance, began to scowl and threaten; we advanced in haste to the foot of the rock and spread out our breakfast on the "table of stone," poured out a libation to appease the wrath of Jupiter, drank a few appropriate senti ments, and then, with chisel and hammer, commenced the resurrection of one of the tracks. Though I claim to possess as little superstition as any one, I could not sup press a strange sensation of wonder, in fact, almost a conviction that here a sanguinary and long-contested battle had at one time been fought, for around us were piled huge heaps of loose rock, seemingly in veneration for the heroic dead. The tradition being so completely fulfilled, rather astonished me; for no sooner did we arrive on consecrated ground than it began to threaten rain, and the first stroke of the hammer in the sacrelig-ious act of raising the track of a human being evoked.a loud peal of thunder; the clouds continued to thicken and condense, attended by the most vivid flashes of lightning; and soon a deluge of rain was precipitated upon our offending heads. I continued, however, to labor inces santly, until I succeeded in disintegrating the impression of a youth's foot, which I carefully wrapped up and then sounded a retreat, still, however, looking back toward the sepulchres of the slain, in momentary expectation of see ing a legion of exasperated ghosts issuing forth to take vengeance on the infidel who would presume to disturb the sacred relies of the dea,d. A.s soon as we passed the
confines of the mountain, the rain ceased, the sun broke out, and all nature resumed her cheerful aspect. At night we encamped upon the summit of the Blue Ridge, and after partaking of refreshments we retired to rest.
The rock upon which these impressions were found is an imperfect sort of soapstone, which more than any other circumstance, induced us to believe that it was a "production of art. After excessive fatigue and no little danger, we were now ready to return home, but before descending the long slope we paused to feast our enrap-

460 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS
tured eyes upon one of the most magnificent panoramas to be found on the North American continent. To the north, and west, range after range of lofty mountains rise by regular graduations, one above another, until they are lost in the azure mists. On the east is Tray, peering above the clouds, and giving rise to several mighty rivers, while southward, in the distance, rising proudly pre-eminent above the surrounding battlements, is the majestic figure of Old Yonah.*
X
The Burnt Village: A Tale of the Indian \Vars
The Burnt Village lies sis or eight miles west of LaGrrang'e, in the County of Troup, on the west bank of the Chattahoochee River, where the great Wehadka Creek empties its limpid waters into the tawny stream. Previous to the year 1793, it was the great central point of the Muse ogee Nation, the crossing-place of all the trading and marauding parties west of the Chattahoo chee, where the untamed savages planned those noctur nal attacks upon the helpless and unprotected dwellers on the outskirts of the white settlements, by which con sternation and dismay were spread throughout the land. On account of the sparse population, of the country, at this time, the settlers, for mutual protection, were forced to concentrate in forts, hastily improvised upon the borders. It was the place where many a scalp, perchance of some bright-eyed youth or maiden, had been the cause of deep savage exultation, as the warrior in triumph would exhibit the blood-stained trophies and describe to the half-astonished women and children of the forest the dying' shrieks and screams of the slaughtered victims-
It was after one of these predatory excursions of the Creek Indians into the settlements of the whites--and
*'Dr. Stevenson, of Dahlone^a. Reproduced, with slight variations, from s.n old scrap-book.

THE BURNT VILLAGE : A TALE OF THE IXDIAX WARS 461
the ashes of many a building served to mark the path of desolation--that other plans of murder and plunder had been arranged, for the "warriors of the nation had as sembled at the little town of which we are speaking, to the number of several hundred, to celebrate the Green Cora Dance, "which "was a custom among then], and to take the Black !Drink, an ablution deemed necessary to reconcile the Great Spirit to the enterprise in which they "were about to engage.
But there was an irony of fate in these g'ruii orgies. For, even while the conspirators were preparing them selves for the expected feast of crime, a few hundred men, under the command of Colonel if. and Major Adams, who had volunteered and resolved to strike a blow at the heart of the nation, arrived within a few miles of the river, and they were only waiting for the sun to sink, before crossing the Cliattahoochee. Night came, and they "were still baited in silence on the bank of the river opposite the Indian town. All was hushed and still as death; not a sound was heard, save the savage yell and war-whoop of the Indian, with occasionally a monotonous war-song, bursting forth amid the revelry, in which all agos and sexes seemed to join. The moon had commenced to shed a dim light through the over hanging clouds, and the water, breaking over the rocks, had the appearance of the ghosts of the murdered whites, entreating their brethren upon the bank to take signal vengeance, or else admonishing them of great danger ; and many were those who heard strange sounds in the air-- deep mournings and screams of "Bewa,re." But there was amongst them one who was unappalled. The night was far spent, and the noise from the other bank had ceased--the voice of the wearied Indian was hushed and still--all had sunk to rest, or the little army had been discovered. It "was a solemn pause. But time was pre cious, and the blow must bo struck, or all was lost.
Some one suggested to the officers that they cross the river and ascertain the situation of the Indians, so

462 GEORGIA f s LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AKD LEGENDS
as to be able to lead the little band to certain triumph. Colonel M. declined the hazardous enterprise. Major Adams resolved to go. He sought a companion for the perilous passage across the stream; but he had nearly despaired of finding one -who would volunteer to share his dangers, when a rather small and somewhat feeble man, whose name was Hill, advanced from the ranks and proposed to accompany him on the trip. The two men set out together; but the force of the current soon overpowered the brave Hill, and swept him down the stream. Major Adams sprang to his relief, and at the imminent hazard of his own life, rescued his friend from a watery grave; with his athletic arm he buffeted the rapid current, and bore the exhausted Hill to the bank which they had left. He then set otit alone. The ford which he had to cross "was narrow and difficult. More over, it lay over rocks and shoals, sometimes knee-deep, then up to the neck. Near the middle of the stream was an, island, and the trunks and limbs of old trees' which had drifted upon the island seemed, by the dim light of the moon shining through clouds, to be so many savages ready to pounce upon him; but with a firm step Major Adams proceeded, and soon reached the bank in safety.
The town was situated on the edge of the river swamp, about three hundred yards from the water, and so numerous and intricate were the paths leading in every direction from the ford into the swanrp, and the dark ness prodiiced by the thick underbrush was so great, that when he reached the hill or dry land, he! discovered by the fire, around which the Indians had held their revels, shooting up occasionally a meteoric blaze, that he was far below the point at "which he aimed. Bending his course cautiously along the margin of the swamp, he soon reached the Border of the town; an Indian dog seemed to be the only sentinel, and after a. few half growls and barkings, as though he had but dreamed, sunk away into perfect quiet. In a few moments he was in

THE BURNT VILLAGE : A TALE OF THE INDIAN WARS 463
the center of the town. Besides those in the cabins, there lay stretched upon the ground in every direction, hundreds of "warriors, "with rifles and 'tomahawks in hand; the earth was literally covered with them.
Major Adams examined the fastenings of the cabin doors by running his hands through the cracks1 and feeling the log- of wood or the peg- by which they were secured. lie was convinced that no alarm had been given, and that the Indians did not suspect an enemy to be so near. A huge sava,g'e, close: to whom he was passing', raised himself upon bis elbow, grasped his rifle, and looked around, as though he heard, or dreamed he heard, strange footsteps. Major Adams, perceiving him stir, threw himself down amidst a group of snoring- In dians, and the "warrior, observing nothing unusual, con cluded he had dreamed, and again sunk into the arms of sleep. Our hero proceeded cautiously, examining with a military eye every point of attack and defence, arra,nged his plans, and prepared to return to the anxious army on the other side of the river. His exertion in crossing the stream had been great. He was fatigued, and, perceiving an Indian pony tied to a sapling, he believed that the little animal would pursue the ford to which he was most accustomed--perhaps show him one less difficult to cross. So he resolved to ride it over the river. He did not observe the bell which hung about the animal's neck; and, frightened at his approach, it snapped the rope of bark by which it -was fastened, and scampered off through the town, with a hundred dogs at its heels, whose bark, together with the tinkling of the bell, produced a frightful noise through the -wil derness. Major Adams sprang into the river, but missed his path, and found himself surrounded by the briars and thick undergrowth of the river swamp. The Indians passed within a few paces of the places -where he stood, half suspended by the briars, in mid-air, and returning from their fruitless search, he thought he heard them speak of strange sights and sounds, such as were told

464 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS A:ND LEGENDS
in Home of the fall of Great Caesar. They returned, and again slept.
Major Adams proceeded in a direct line to the river, glided into the stream, and swam quietly and safely to the other bank. lie told "what he had seen, and stated his plan of attack. The little army listened, amazed and delighted at its gallant leader; each individual felt that the danger to which he exposed himself was in curred for them, and, with one voice, when orders "were given to march, declared that they would be led by no other commander than the intrepid Adams. Compre hending* the situation, Colonel M. was forced to yield. They "were led across by Major Adams, and it is needless to say that he led them to victory, without the loss of a man.
Scarcely a warrior escaped. The town was burned; but as far as possible the "women and children of Ihe savages "were saved. Posts may yet be seen standing' in the midst of the saplings which have sprung up where the town "was burned, but these are the only memorials which are left to tell the traveler "where once stood the Burnt Village of the Muscogees/*
The Enchanted Island
Many moons ago there dwelt on an island in the great Okennokee Swamp a race of Indians, whose women were incomparably beautiful. Neither among the daugh ters of the brave Creeks, who occupied the lowlandsr nor among* the dark-eyed maidens of the stalwart Cherokees, "whose towns were scattered over the far moun tains to the north, could there be found a damsel to match in loveliness of person these angelic beings, who were not formed of common clay, like other mortals,
itli slight variations, from White's Historical Collectio story originally appeared in an old newspaper.

TI-ITC EXCHA^TKD ISLAND

465

but were born of the great orb of day, from whicli cir cumstance, as well as because of the radiant beams of light which they seemed everywhere to diffuse, thdy were called Daughters of the Sun.
The island on which they dwelt in the deep recesses of the swamp was indeed a fragment of the Lost Para dise. It was embowered by the most delightful foliage, "which, throngiiout the1 whole year, remained perennially greet). This was because, on every side, it was well pro tected by the dense everglades. There "were sparkling" streams of the most transparent crystal, there were fruits the like of which grew nowhere else, and there were flowers of such an exquisite hue and fragrance that they seemed to have dropped from heaven. P>ut "words can give no hint or suggestion of the beauty which be longed to this rare bower. The task must be left to the imagination.
On one occasion some hunters, in pursuit of game, found themselves hopelessly entangled in the deep laby rinths of the great swamp. They wandered for hours through .the bogs and marshes, finding no means of egress, "when finally, on the verge of despair, they beheld through an open vista the most inviting of visions--an island, whose soft fringes of emerald, contrasting with the coarse underbrush abont them, beckoned the hunters to approach. Revived by the prospect, they pressed eagerly forward. There was no longer any sense of fatigue. They "were now invigorated in every limb, whereas a moment ago they were about to faint with exhaustion. Strange it is "what a power the mind exer cises over the body, thus to give it renewed strength in an instant, simply by an exchange of mental pictures!
As the Indians approached the island, its wealth of attractions became more and more apparent. They es pied in the distance, through the green lace-work of foliage^ a lake, whose surface glistened like polished steel in the clear sunlight, while bordering it were orange trees whose lus-eious globes gave it an exquisite fringe of

466 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
gold. But, having- so far penetrated with the eye into this strange fairyland, they were destined to approach no further. The very tortures of Tantalus now seized them, for "while they continued to move "with impulsive haste in the direction of the island, it came, visibly at least, no nearer. At last they were again overcome by fatigue. They also began to feel the sharp pangs of hunger, and once more the Indians were about to sink to the ground, when there arose before them, seemingly out of the very air itself, so ethereal was the dream-like ap pearance "which they presented, a group of beautiful women, who proved to be none other than the Daughters of the Sun.
If the hunters were bewitched by the scenery of the island, they were transported by the loveliness of the fair inhabitants. But ere the rising raptures within them could be put into articulate expression, they were told to advance no further. The women were exceed ingly gracious. They spoke in accents of music and with divine compassion they smiled upon the hunters; but they warned them of the danger in "which they stood from irate husbands, who were fierce men, and exceed ingly cruel to strangers. But the sense of fear produced no disturbance in the presence of such radiant appari tions. The hunters were like men transfixed. They re fused to betake themselves to flight.
Finally the "women, in tears, besought them to leave at once. The hunters "were quite naturally touched by this display of emotion. They were ignorant of the way back to the settlement, but agreed to go, first craving a morsel of food to sustain them along the journey home. Without a moment's loss of time they were given abun dant supplies, among other things, delicious fruits, marsh eggs, and corn pones, the most delightful they had ever eaten. The hunters "were then shown a path by which they might return in safety to the settlements. With great reluctance the Indians proceeded to take it, but thev mentally resolved to return with re-enforcements

TAMAR ESCAPES FROM THE INDIANS

467

and to conquer this mysterious region, for they wished to make wives of these beautiful Daughters of the Sun. No sooner were they ready to depart than the women vanished as suddenly as they had come into sight; and the hunters, after encountering* manifold difficulties, at la.st arrived in the settlements. When the adventurous story was told about the camp-fires, there was no lack of volunteers to undertake the hazardous expedition; but every effort to find the enchanted island resulted in utter failure. It was effectually concealed by some subtle power of mag-ic in the bosom of the great swamp.

XII
Tamar Escapes from the Indians
Not long" after the Revolution there lived, on the banks of Goody's Creek, in the flat woods of what is now the County of Elbert, a poor but worthy man by the name of Mr. Richard Tyner. During his absence one day a party of Indians made an attack upon Ms home, and Mrs. Tyner was killed, together with her youngest child, "whose head "was dashed against a tree. Another child was scalped, and left for dead, while a third, whose name was Noah, succeeded, amidst the con fusion, in escaping the notice of the Indians, and crept into a hollow tree, which for many years afterwards was known by the name of Noah's Ark. An elder son of Mr. Tyner fled to the Savannah River and was pur sued by some of the savages, but he effected his escape. Mary and Tamar, two daughters, were carried by the Indians to Coweta Town, and here they remained for several years, until an Indian trader named John Manack purchased Mary, "who returned "with him to the County of Elbert, and became his wife. At another time he offered to purchase Tamar, tat the Indians refused to sell her. The main employment of Tamar was to bring wood. One day, an old Indian woman informed her

468 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGEXDS
that her captors, suspecting her of an effort to escape, had resolved to burn her alive. The feelings of the poor girl can be better1 imagined than described. She deter mined, if possible, upon immediate flight. The old woman obtained for her a canoe, well supplied with provisions, and gave her directions how to proceed down the Chattalioochee River. Bidding adieu to her benefactress, Tamar launched her canoe and commenced her perilous voyage down the stream. During the day she secreted herself amidst the thick swamps of the river, and at night pursued her course. She finally reached Appalachicola Bay, embarked on a vessel going eastward around the peninsula of Florida, and at last arrived in Savannah. With the assistance of some of the citizens she was enabled ere long to reach her home in Elbert, where she afterwards married a Mr. Hunt, and many of her descendants are still living in Georgia.*
XIII
De Soto and the Indian \Vidow
Learning that the queen's mother, who resided some twelve leagues down the Savannah, was a widow, De Soto expressed a strong desire to see her. This wish was doubtless born of the fact that she was reported to be the owner of many precious pearls. Upon intimating his pleasure, the queen of Cutafa-chiqui dispatched twelve of her prominent subjects to entreat her mother to come and see the "wonderful strangers and the extraordinary animals which they had brought with them. To these messengers the widow administered a severe rebuke, declining to accompany them, and returned to her daugh ter words condemnatory of her conduct.
Still intent upon Ms object, De Soto dispatched Juan do Anasco, with thirty companions, to secure the pres-
*White's Historical Collections, witn slight verbal clianges.

DE SOTO AND TH INDIAX WlDOW

469

eiice of the queen mother. They "were accompanied by a youthful warrior, whom the queen selected as a g'uide. He was a near relative of the widow, and had been reared by her from an infant. It was supposed that he, of all others, could best bespeak for the expedition a con siderate reception. In the blush of early manhood, he possessed handsome features. His head was decorated
with lofty plumes. He wore a mantle of dressed deer skin. In his hand he bore a beautiful bow, so highly var nished as to appear as if highly enameled; and at his shoulder hung a quiver full of arrows. Indeed, his whole appearance is said to have made him an ambassador worthy of the young and beautiful princess, whom he served.
What next befell the deputation, we relate in the lan guage of Theodore Irving, who quotes from Garcilasso de la Vega :
"Juan de Anasco, with his comrades, having pro ceeded nearly three leagues, stopped to make their mid day meal and take their repose beneath the shade of some "wide-spreading trees, as the heat was oppressive. The Indian guide until now had proved a cheerful and joj'ous companion, entertaining them along the way with accounts of the surrounding country and the adjacent provinces. On a sudden, after they had halted, he be came moody and thoughtful, and, leaning his head upon his hand, fell into a reverie, uttering repeated and deepdrawn sighs. The Spaniards noted his dejection, but fearing to increase it, forbode to demand the cause.
"After a time he quietly took off his quiver, and, plac ing it before him, drew out the arrows slowly, one by one. They were marvelous for the skill and excellence with which they were formed. Their shafts were reeds. Some were tipped with buck's horn, wrought with four corners like a diamond; some were pointed with the bones of
fishes, curiously fashioned; others with barbs of the palm and other hard woods, and some were three-pronged. The Spaniards could not sufficiently admire their beauty,

470 GEORGIA ;s LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
and they passed them from hand to hand, examining and praising their workmanship and extolling the skill of their owner. The youthful Indian continued thoughtfully emptying his quiver, until, almost at the last, he drew forth an arrow with a point of flint, long and sharp, and shaped like a dagger; then, casting' around a glance, and seeing the Spaniards engaged in admiring his darts, he suddenly plunged the weapon in his throat and fell dead upon the spot.
1 ' Shocked at the circumstance, and grieved at not having* been able to prevent it, the Spaniards called to the Indian attendants and demanded the reason of this melancholy act in one who had just been so joyous. The Indians broke into loud lamentations over the corpse; for the youth was tenderly beloved by them, and they knew the grief his untimely death would cause both to the queen and her mother. They could only account for his self-destruction by supposing him perplexed and af flicted by his embassy. He knew that his errand would be distasteful to the mother, and apprehended that the plan of the Spaniards was to carry her off. He alone knew the place of her concealment, and it appeared to his g'enerous mind an unworthy return for her love and confidence thus to betray her to strangers. On the other hand, he was aware that should he disobey the mandates of his young mistress he would lose her favor and fall into disgrace. Either of these alternatives would be worse than death; he had therefore chosen death, as the lesser evil, and as leaving to his mistress a proof of his. loyalty and devotion.
'' Such was the conjecture of the Indians, to which the Spaniards "were inclined to g'ive faith. Grieving over the death of the high-minded youth, they mournfully resumed the journey. They now, however, found them selves at a loss about the road. None of tile Indians knew in what part of the country the widow was con cealed, the young guide who had killed himself being' alone master of the secret. For the rest of the day and

THE MAN WHO MARRIED THE THUNDERER'S SISTER 4'ti
till the following noon they made a fruitless search, taking- prisoners some natives, all of whom professed utter ignorance on the subject. Juan de Anasco, being a fleshy man and somewhat choleric, was almost in a fever with the vexation of his spirit, the weight of his armor, and the heat of the day; he was obliged, how ever, to give up the quest after the widow, and to return to the camp much mortified at having for once failed in an enterprise.
"Three days afterwards, upon an offer of an Indian to guide him, by water, to the point where the widow se creted herself, Anasco, 'with twenty companions, departed in two canoes for the purpose of capturing her. At the end of six days he returned, vexed and chagrined at the failure of the expedition. Thus did the queen's mother avoid the Spaniards and preserve her pearls.*
:\iv
The Man Who Married the Thunderer's Sister
In the old times people used to dance often, and all night. Once there was a dance at the old town of Sakwiyi, at the head of the Chattahoochee, and after it was well started two young- women with beautiful long hair came in, but no one knew who they were, or whence they had come. They danced with first one partner and then another, and in the morning slipped away before any one knew that they were gone; but a young- warrior, who had fallen in love with one of the sisters on account of her beautiful hair, and after the manner of the Cherokees, had asked her, through an old woman, if she -would marry him and let him live with her. To which the youngwoman replied that her brother at home must first be consulted, and she promised to return for the next dance, seven days later, with an answer, but in the meantime,
Reproduced, witli minor variations, from tlie History of Georgia, by Charles C- Jones, Jr.

472 GEOKGIA'S LAXDMAKKS, MEMORIALS AXD LKG^NDS
if the young man really loved her, lie must prove his constancy by a rigid fast until then. The eager lover readily agreed and impatiently counted the days.
In seven nights there was another dance. The young1 warrior was on hand early, and later in the evening- the two sisters appeared, as suddenly as before. The one with "whom he was infatuated told him that her brother was "willing, and after the dance she "would conduct the young man to her home, but warned him if he told any one where he "went or what he saw he would surely die.
He danced with her again, and about daylight he left "with the two sisters, just before the dance closed, so as to avoid being followed, and they started off together. The women led the way along a trail through the woods, which the young man had never noticed before, until they came to a small creek, where, without hesitating, they stepped into the water. The young- man paused in sur prise on the bank, and thought to himself, "They are walking in the water; I do not wish to1, do that." The women understood his thoughts, just as thoug'h he had spoken, and turned and said to him, '' This is not water; this is the road to our house." He still hesitated, but they urged him on until he stepped into the "water raid found it was only soft grass that made a fine level trail.
They went on until the path came to a large stream, which he knew to be Tallulah River. The women plunged boldly in, but again the warrior hesitated on the bank, thinking to himself, "That water is very deep and will drown me! I cannot go on." They knew his thoughts again, and turned and said; '' This is not water, but the main trail that goes past our house, which is now close by." He stepped in, and instead of water, there was tall waving grass that closed above his head as hefollowed them.
They went only a short distance and came to a cave of rock close under Uguuyi, the Cherokee name for Tal lulah Falls. The women entered, while the warrior stood at the mouth, but they said, "This is our housef

THE MAX WHO MARRIED THE THTTXDKREK's SISTER 4<3
come in, our brother will soon be at home; he is coming now." They heard low thunder in the distance. He went inside and stood up close to the entrance. Then the women took off their long hair and hung- it up on a rock, and both their heads were as smooth as pump kins. The man thought, "It is not hair at all," and he was more frightened than ever.
The younger woman, the one he was about to marry, then sat down and told him to take a seat beside her. lie looked, and it was a large turtle on which she sat, and it raised itself up and stretched out its claws, as if angry at being disturbed. The youth refused to -sit down, insisting that it "was a turtle, but the woman again as sured him that it was a seat. Then there was a louder roll of thunder, and the woman said, "Now our brother is nearly home." While he still refused to come nearer or sit down, suddenly there was a great thunder clap just behind him, and turning quickly he saw a mail stand ing' in the doorway of the cave.
"This is my brother," said the woman, and he came in and sat down upon the turtle, which again rose up and stretched out its claws. The young "warrior still refused to come in. The brother then said that he was just about to start to a council, and invited the young man to go "with him. The hunter said he "was willing to go, if only he had a horse; so the young woman was told to bring one. She went out and soon came back, leading a great uktena snake, that curled and twisted along the whole length of the cave. Some people say that it "was a white uktena and that the brother himself rode a red one. The hunter was terribly frightened and said, "That is a snake; I cannot ride that." The others insisted that it was not a snake, but their riding horse. The brother grew impatient and said to the woman, "He may like it better if you bring him a saddle and. some bracelets for his "wrists and arms." So they "went out again and brought in a saddle and some arm bands, and the saddle was another turtle, which thev fastened on

474 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AKD LEGEXDS
the nktena's back, and the bracelets were living slimy snakes, which they made ready to twist around the hunter's "wrists.
He was almost dead with fear, and said, "What kind of horrible place is this ? I can never stay here to live with snakes and creeping things." The brother "became very angry and called him a coward, and then it was as if lightning" flashed from his eyes and struck the young' man, and a terrific crash of thunder stretched him sense less.
When at last he came to himself again, he was stand ing with his feet in the "water and both hands grasping' a laurel bush that grew out from the bank, and there was no trace of the cave or the Thunder People, but he was alone in the forest. He made his way out and finally reached his own settlement, but found that he had been gone so long that all the people thought him dead, al though to him it seemed only the day after the dance. His friends questioned him closely, and, forgetting the warning, he told the story; but in seven days he died, for no one can come back from the underworld and tell it and live.'*
XV
A Tragedy of the Swamp
Over in what is known as the "Pork"--in the angle which Brier Creek makes with the Savannah River--a number of curious relics have been discovered from time to time of the race who here lived and roamed the woods before the bold Genoese navigator found a new "world in the West. On this particular spot there mnst have stood an important settlement or village, for number less have been the weapons of war and the utensils for dome'stic use which have been here found. Indeed, it "was the logical site for the red man's camp. The Savan-
*James ZMooney, in Myths of the Cherokee, House Documents, Vol. 118.

A TRAGEDY OF THE SWAMP

475

nah River, on one side, and Brier Creek, on the other, abounded in the finest fish, while the dense swamp which extends for miles over this region of country was full of game. It is well within the bounds of fair inference to assume that there was here an Indian village which was even more important than the one which overlooked the river from the high bluff at Yamacraw, "where Sa vannah is today situated.
Deep in the labyrinths of this swamp there may be seen, among- other things, "what is said to be an old Iiidiaii well. As far back as the oldest inhabitant's grandsire can recollect, this hole has been here, and here it still remains. It was evidently dug' to be used as a well --for what other purpose could it serve in this remote part of the swamp ? But late researches have made it. quite certain that this deep hole was not dug by the In dians. It was not the habit of the red man to dig' wells, when spring's and streams were near at hand.
In the immediate neighborhood of this well there for merly stood a large mound, some fifteen feet in length, supposed by those who observed it here for years to have been the last resting place of some Indian warrior. This lonely part of the swamp is nearly two miles di rectly east of the old Saxon place--an unfrequented lo cality; but not long ago. three young men of Sylvania. interested in antiquities, made a trip into this quarter for purposes of investigation. They found that on top of the mound a pine tree had taken root and had grown to be a forest giant, perhaps a hundred years old, its roots spreading in all directions over the supposed tomb. Of course, there is no way of telling how much further back the mound itself dated, but the evidence furnished by the tree suffices to fix the minimum age limit.
Though somewhat disappointed in failing to find the bones of an Indian chief, they unearthed what was still more startling--the remains of a small cabin or struct ure of some kind, which had been burned ; and it was the ruins of this structure "which formed the mound. It was

4v6 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
evidently an abode of primitive character, for what re mained of the charred poles showed that they had simply been stuck in the ground; but they were probably brought together in wigwam fashion and covered with some kind of bark. The fact that it 'was once a human habitation "was confirmed by the discovery of small pieces of timber which seemed to have been carefully cut and by numerous fragments of domestic pottery which were imearthed from the ruins.
Bringing- the historic imagination constructively to bear upon these disclosures it became evident to the in vestigators that a tragedy of some kind had taken place here in the swamp--it may have been two centuries ago. The place was destroyed by fire; but "whether it was due to accident or to murderous intent there was nothing to indicate. In the light cast upon the problem by the bits of pottery, the lone inhabitant of this primitive abode could not have been an Indian. This rude hut in the swamp was not the work of a red man. It evinced the skill of a hand accustomed to better structures than the savage home-maker kuew how to build.
Who, then, was the mysterious occupant?
Let us go back. After the pious Salzburgcrs came and settled at old Ebenezer, on the Savannah River, some thirty miles below this place, in the year 1733, there was a story told by the Indians .of a Lone I-Imiter--a pale face--who lived in a swamp higher up the river and who was seen only at intervals by the Indians. This man was a mighty hunter, skilled in the1 use of the rifle; and he sometimes came to the Indian village to exchange game for corn. He dressed in cloths made of the furs of ani mals which he had slain and he learned to speak a few words of the Indian tongue, so that he could communicate with the natives. But the Indians managed to make the Salzburgers understand that he was not of the same race

A TRAGEDY OF THE SWAMP

477

with the new comers at Ebenezer, nor with the pale face settlers at Savannah. From the accounts given by tile red men it is clearly evident that lie was a Spanish sol dier--a member of the bold but cruel race which played so prominent a part in the early explorations and con quests of the new world and whose memorials on the continent of North America have not been obliterated by two centiirie'S of Anglo-Saxon domination.
It was during this period that the Spaniards, who were then in possession of Florida, made frequent in cursions into Georgia and South Carolina; and perchance the Lone Hunter may have been a Cavalier, who, wearied and sick, had fallen by the wayside, where he was left to die. Or, he may voluntarily have deserted his com rades for this lonely life in the swamp. Here, in this secluded spot, not far from the Indian village, where sup plies could be obtained when needed, he had doubtless, with the implements usually carried by the Spanish sol dier, fashioned the small timbers for his house and built his wigwam cabin. Here, too, with the pick, which lie wT as in the habit of carrying on his back, when, on the march, he patiently dug the well that he might be constantly supplied with water.
How long he lived here is only a ma,tter of vague speculation, but there is every reason to believe that he perished with his home, which some enemy must have fired--perhaps some skulking- Indian from the village who had looked with envious eyes upon the Ijone Hun ter's sword arid rifle. We can almost see him stealthily approaching the little cabin, stopping ever and anon be hind some large tree to reconiioiter--then creeping slowly onward again. From the top of the Hunter's hut rises a thin line of smoke, for he is cooking some beaten corn, "which he has purchased from the Indians a,nd on the coals he is, broiling1 a steak, cut from the deer "which fell before his rifle on yester eve. Beaching the door, with the noiseless tread of a panther, the savage springs upon Ms unprepared victim--then a fierce struggle en-

478 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
sues. But tlie Hunter, taken unawares, at last suc cumbs. His body is dragged away, his home is pilfered, and then an ember from the fire is applied to the dry bark on the sides, and soon the1 cabin is a smoldering- ruin.
It may have been thus. This much is true. The Lone Hunter was never found by the Salzbnrgers, though they made a search for him where the Indians said he lived; and there was a minor Indian chief who long boasted of a Spanish rifle and sword which he claimed to have received from one of the invaders. The site of the old Indian village was near the Black plantation, some three miles distant from the Lone Hunter's cabin.'"
XVI
Queen Elancydyne
Sixteen years before the beginning of our narrative a war broke out between the Cherokee and the Upper Creek Indians. The former claimed the territory as far south as the Tishmaugu and the latter as far north and east as the lacoda Trail, which was nearly identical with the present Athens and Clarkesville road. Their first engagement was at Numerado, near the confluence of Hurricane Creek and Etoha River, above Hurricane Shoals. Amercides, apparently an Indian with a Greek name, was leader of the Cherokees, and as gallant a brave as ever drew the bow. He rode a white horse and dashed from place to place as if trained on the battle fields of Europe.
Talitch-lechee, commander of the Creeks, anxious for a personal encounter, placed himself at a favorable point and awaited the expected opportunity. It soon came and the Creek buried his tomahawk in the gallant leader's side. When the white horse "was seen running riderless through the forest of Numerado, the Cherokees began to
*We are Indebted for the above story to an article which appeared in a Sylvania paper, signed "W. M. H."

QUEEN ELAXCYDYXE

479

retreat. But soon the scene changed. Elancydyne, the wife, or as she was generally called, the queen of Amereides, committing a small child which she was holding in her arms to the care of an attendant, mounted the riderless horse and' at once took command. She was greeted by a yell from the Cherokees that echoed and re-echoed up and down the river and forward and back ward across the valley. Soon the air was thick with flying arrows and whizzing- tomahawks.
The conflict deepened and the battle waged on. The commander was more cautious than her fallen lord, but rode unflinchingly in the face of every danger. At last, the Creeks, finding their ranks so fatally thinned, re treated hastily. Another yell--this time the yell of vic tory, reverberated over the hills and the heroine of the day, forgetting all things else, hastened to see if her child was s~afe. She found it sleeping" soundly in the arms of an attendant who, to shield the babe from harm, had received an arrow deeply in her own shoulder. Her name was Yetha ; and though the wound was thought to be fatal, she lived to be very old.
Soon a band of young warriors gathered around the queen and, carrying her over the battlefield, in grim mockery introduced her to the fallen Creeks as their conqueror. Elated by their decisive victory, the Cherokees considered the country conquered territory as far as they claimed and began a march across it to take for mal possession. In the meantime, however, the Creeks ha,d received substantial recruits, and since Talitch-lechee was a wily old chief of long experience the enterprise was doubtful. His enemy, still lead by what her followers considered their invincible new queen, moved slowly and cautiously forward until they reached the verge of the plateau which dips toward Cold Spring, where they met Talitch-lechee in command of a larger force than at Num-
erado. The Creeks gave the gage of battle and soon the en
gagement became general. Though queen Elancydyne

480 GEORGIA'S LAXDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD TJEGEXDS
showed that she was a skilful and fearless leader, she was finally overcome by numbers, but by a masterpiece of strategy, she made a flank movement, and, going still forward, camped that night at Arharra on the plain where Prospect Church now stands and "within hearing of the waters of Tishmaugu, the object of her expedition. This singular movement on the part of an enemy who had shown such consummate skill so puzzled Talitch-lechee that he hesitated to offer battle. The nest morning", how ever, an accident brought on a general engagement, with varying- success. This continued at intei'vals until .noon when the Creek chief sent Umausauga, one of his trusted braves, to conceal a number of expert bowmen in the branches of some spreading trees that grew in an adja cent forest. Late in the afternoon the conflict again be came general.
Elancydyne, on her "white horse, led the van, and her example so inspired her followers that they g'ave another deafening yell and rushed forward to engage at close quarters; but the Creeks retreated in the direction of the concealed bowmen. Again the Cherokee queen was in the thickest of the fray, and soon fell from her horse, pierced by many bristling arrows. The wT ail of lament i( Oncowah, Oncowah-!" rising from the field of carnage, disheartened the Cherokees and they in turn sullenly re treated to the north, tenderly carrying their fallen queen with them. If she had srirvived the battle it is difficult to say what would have been the result.*
*ETxtract from The Early History of Jackson County, Georgia, etc., by J. G. N". Wilson. Edited and published by W. E. "White, 1914.

SECTION V Tales of the Revolutionary Camp-Fires

SECTION V
Tales of the Revolutionary Camp-Fire
Gunpowder For Bunker Hill
Perhaps it may have been too small an item for the historians of Xew England to chronicle, but the State of Georgia made a contribution to the battle of Hunker Hill* which was deemed to be of very great value at the time to the cause of independence and which undoubtedly in fluenced in no slight degree the subsequent fortunes of the Revolution. On the 10th. of May, 1775, there came to Savannah, by special courier, the first tidings of the bat tle of Ijexmgton. It stirred the' patriots to the highest pitch of excitement, and some of the bolder spirits of the colony hastily devised a plan of action which "was destined to startle the royal Governor. Sear the eastern extremity of the town was the magazine. It was built of brick and buried some twelve feet under ground. Within this subterranean vault there "were large supplies of am munition, which Gov. Wright deemed it unnecessary to protect because of the substantial character of the struc ture. But he little suspected the resourcefulness of the ^Revolutionists.
Though Georgia Was still nominally within the British allegiance, the necessity of securing- the contents of this magazine for future operations became urgent; and Dr.

484 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Noble Wymberley Jones, Joseph Ilabersham, Edward Tolfair, William Gibbons, Joseph Clay, John Milledge and several others, most of whom "were members of the Cormcil of Safety, organized themselves into a band and at a late hour on the next evening broke into the magazine and removed therefrom about six hundred pounds of gunpowder. Gov. Wright soon caug'ht wind of the affair and issued a proclamation offering one hundred and fifty pounds sterling for the arrest of the offenders; but the raiders were not betrayed. Some of the gunpowder was sent to Beaufort, S. C., for safe-keeping; and the rest "was concealed in the g'arrets and cellars of the houses of the captors; but some of it was later on sent to Boston, where, in the battle of Bunker Hill, it illnminated the opening drama of hostilities.
II
Georgia Commissions the First Warship
Another gunpowder incident is -well authenticated. On the 4th of July, 1775, the Provincial Congress met in Savannah to sever the tie of allegiance between the Col ony and the Crown; and, after choosing' delegates to the Continental Congress, in Philadelphia, the next step was to fortify the State against assault by providing the nec essary sinews of war. To this end a schooner was com missioned and put in charge of two stout patriots, Oliver Bowen and Joseph Habcrsham, who, it appears from subsequent events, were already in possession of infor mation which promised to yield substantial results.
Notified of the fact that a ship was en route to Geor gia, having on board a supply of powder for the use of the Royalists, the Committee of Safety, at Charleston, S. C., resolved to capture the vessel. Accordingly forty men were selected for the hazardous enterprise; and, embarking in two barges, they proceeded to the mouth

GEORGIA COMMISSIONS THE FIRST WABSHIP

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of the Savannah River and encamped on Bloody Point, in full view of Tybee Island. Whether directly or indi rectly, word reached Savannah of what was in the air, and the Provincial Congress decided to re-enforce the South Carolinians and to participate in the haul. The Georgia schooner took a. position beyond the bars and some dis tance in advance of the two barges, where it quietly lay in wait. On the fifth day, a vessel was sighted above the horizon. It proved to be Captain Maitland's ship, with the powder on board, for "which the patriots "were looking". But the Captain, observing- the Georgia schooner, sus pected at once some evil design, and, without trying to enter the river, he turned around and pnt back to sea. Instantly Captain Bowen started in pursuit. He was an experienced sailor, the schooner was comparatively light, and, under his skillful manipulation, it cut the waters like an arrow. The fugitive vessel was soon overtaken; and, with the help of the Sonth Carolinians, the military stores on board were seized.
Georgia's share of the prize "was nine thousand pounds of powder, a quantity which was none too large for her needs, in view of her exposed water front; but, impor tuned by the Continental Congress, she sent over half of the amount to Philadelphia to meet the needs of the Northern Colonies and to be distributed among- the em bryo armies which were then being- organized to protect them. It has often been said to the disparagment of Georgia that she was the last of the original thirteen Colonies to lower the English flag. But she was the young est member of the sisterhood, she was in need of the mother country's protection against threatened troubles with the Indians, she possessed an excellent chief-mag istrate in Gov. Wright, and she bore the favorite name of the House of Brunswick. There was much to justify her in holding back until the last moment. But, having espoused the cause of freedom, it wTas in no sulky mood that she entered the struggle; and Georgia must be cred-

486 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ited with the first capture made by the first vessel com missioned for naval warfare in the Kevolution.*
However, this was not the powder which. Governor Wright was expecting from the British depot of supplies, in consequence of a letter addressed by him to Gen. Gage some weeks earlier. The helpless condition of the Province had induced the Governor to send dispatches to Gen. Gage and also to Admiral Graves, asking for immediate re-enforcements. But the letters were inter cepted by good Whigs who suspected the character of the contents and who, using the same envelopes, substitu ted fictitious enclosures, stating that the situation in Georgia, was perfectly tranquil. Though the letters in due time reached the proper destination, there was nat urally no response; and Gov. Wriglit "was puzzled for an explanation until years afterwards, when he chanced to meet Gen. Gage in Jjoiidon.
III.
The A.rrest of Governor ^fright
Not long after the adjournment of the famous con vention which placed Georgia ill the patriotic confeder acy, there occurred in Savannah an event of the most sensational and dramatic character. It was the capture of Governor Wright, the royal chief-magistrate. He was not only arrested, but actually imprisoned within the walls of his own residence; and the whole affair "was planned and executed by one man, Joseph Habersham.
In consequence of the arrival at Tybee of two menof-war, "with a detachment of King's men, it "was decided by the Council of Safety that the arrest of certain influ ential loyalists, among them John Mullryne, Anthony Stokes, and Josiah Tattnall, the elder, was demanded
"History of Georgia, by Cha

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by tlie exigencies of the situation. To secure the person of the Governor was made the initial object of the pa triots, and Major Habersham volunteered to perform the difficult task. His plans were already well laid, and on the same evening- he proceeded without delay to the house of the Governor, where the King's Council had assembled to consider ways and means of checking the in surgent uprise. lie passed the sentinel at the door, en tered the hall, and, marching to the head of the counciltable, laid his hand upon the shoulders of the Governor, saying as he did so.
"Sir James, you are under arrest." The audacity of the officer produced the desired effect. Supposing from the bold manner of his entrance that he "was heavily supported by military re-enforcements in the background, Governor Wright felt himself to be power less. Surprised by the unexpected turn, he was probably for the first time in his life bereft of the King's English. But he soon found himself, at the same moment, quite as helplessly abandoned by the King's Council. Puttinggravity aside, the sage advisers of the administration betook themselves to flight, some finding' an exit through the rear door, others leaping through the windows, in
the most undignified: confusion. There was an irony of fate in the sad predicament of
the Governor. ^Despite the most diligent efforts on his part to capture the raiders engaged in the magazine af fair, here he -was himself captured by one of the very patriots whose punishment he sought. The fortunes of war had converted the executive mansion, for the time being, into the colonial Bastile. Giving his solemn parole to hold no communication with the ships at Tybee and to remain upon the premises, he -was allowed to stay in the royal residence, under guard. Says Bishop Stevens: "This is one of the most signal instances of deliberate and successful daring in the history of the war. For a youth of twenty-four, unarmed and unsupported, to enter the mansion of the chief-magistrate, and, at his own

488 ^ GEOEGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS
table, amidst a circle of counsellors, place him under arrest, is an act of heroism ranking- "with the most bril liant exploits in American history/' It is possible that the bold officer was not without re-enforcements behind the scenes. The authorities are not agreed upon this point; but in either event his intrepidity remains unchal lenged.
"When the Governor saw an opportunity to escape, his solemn parole was forgotten. Through the estate of John Mullrync, at Thunderbolt, he made his way to the British vessels lying in the harbor and succeeded in get ting back to England. On the fall of Savannah into the hands of the British some three years later, he returned to Georgia, and convened the assembly which passed the famous disqualifying- act of 1780. Governor Wright was in many respects an excellent chief-magistrate, devoted to the public weal. But he was an officer of the Crown; and Georgia need not blush for the Klnglish noblemen who, in every phase of fortune, whether good or ill, remained uncompromisingly steadfast in his allegiance to George the Third.
IV
The Adventures of Robert Sallatte
There lived in St. John's Parish, during1 the Revo lution, a man greatly distinguished for his opposition to the Tories, by the name of Kobert Sallctte. It is not known with certainty to what particular command he was attached, for he appears to have been a sort of rov ing character of the district, and a law unto himself, do ing- things in his own way. The Tories stood very much in awe of Sallette ; and well they might for they possessed no deadlier foe among the patriots of Georgia; and they sought by every means possible to shorten his days.
On one occasion, a Tory "who possessed larg'e means, offered a reward of one hundred guineas to any person

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who would bring him Salletto's head. Among- the very first to learn of the offer was Sallette himself, and he resolved to claim the reward. So, easting1 about for a bag, in which he placed a pumpkin, he proceeded at once to the house of the Tory to deliver the prize. At the door way, he informed his enemy that, having learned of the offer of one hundred g'uineas for Sallcttc's head, he was there to claim the amount in question, and pointed tri umphantly to the bag, in which the pumpkin was con cealed. The Tory clutched for the precious treasure, which bulked like a sack of pirate's gold. He was com pletely deceived, by the clever ruse. His eyes fairly sparkled. But Sallette held him off, until the guineas were counted; and then, as the last glittering coin rang in his fingers, he put his hand to his head, aud, raising his hat, exclaimed: "Here is Sallette's head!"
The answer so terrified the Tory that he immediately took to his heels, but a well-directed shot from Sallette brought him to the ground.

At another time, with Andrew Walthour, for whom ^Valthourville in Georgia is named1, Sallette was in tho advance guard of the American army, and coming upon the advance guard of the British army, a smart skirmishtook place, in which the British were driven back. Among the enemy killed was a very large man. Noticing a p'air of boots on the feet of the dead soldier, Bob resolved to possess them. He was pulling the boots off, when his comrades, alarmed at his peril, called to him to leave; but lie answered with rare good humor:
"I must have the boots. I want them; for little John Way.''
Sallette was frequently known to leave the American army, in the midst of the battle, get in the enemy's rear, and kill many of them before he was discovered.
On one occasion, he dressed himself in British uni form, dined with a party of the enemy, and whilst the

490 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
toasting and drinking were going on, suddenly drew his sword, killed Ms right and left hand man, sprung upon Ms horse, without having time to throw the bridal over Ms neck, and rode off amidst the fire of his pursuers. Sallette's motto was never to forgive a tory; and, if one was liberated, he was apt to follow close behind, with deadly intent.
But the time came when he spared the lives of two Tories, for a time at least. With Andrew Walthour and another companion, he was riding along a narrow trail late one afternoon, when they met three other horsemen, near Fraser's 'old mill, whom they suspected to be Tories bent on mischief. Hastily devising a plan of capture, it was agreed that Walthour, who was riding in front, should pass the first and second horsemen, and that Sallette should pass the first; then as Walthour came to the third man and Sallctte to the second, leaving their com panion to the first, it was decided to seize the guns of the three men simultaneously; and in this way the Tories "were disarmed.
"Dismount, gentlemen!" said Sallette. Then addres sing the leader he inquired :
"What is your name?" The man replied by giving some fictitious answer. "Where is your camp?" asked Sallette. "We are from over the river," replied the man, pointing toward the Altamaha. "Where did you cross?" was the next searching ques tion. "At Beard's Ferry," returned the leader, indicating a point on the river where AVhig's "were most numerous. "That's a lie!" came the answer from Sallette. He then catechized the second man in the same man ner, with like results, and finally turned to the third. "If you do not tell me the truth," said Sallette, ad dressing himself to the last man, "off comes your head." The man repeated his answer, whereupon Sallette took deliberate aim and fired. Realizing the iiselessness

THE TORIES: GEORGIA'S 'SiEioisr OF T.ERKOR

491

of further parley, his companions confessed to the truth, begged for mercy, and offered to conduct Sallette to the enemy's camp. On this condition, he agreed to spare them; and, aided by his prisoners, he succeeded in cap turing- quite a number of Tories. 1

Curious as we may be to know something of the per sonal history of ^Robert Sallette, it is not to be found chronicled in the books. The French twist to his name makes it probable that he was a descendant of those un fortunate Acadians who years before had been stripped of lands and possessions in Nova Scotia by the British, and they themselves transported. They were scattered at various points along* the American coast. Some were landed at Philadelphia, and some were carried to Louisi ana. Four hundred were sent to Georgia. The British had to answer for many acts of cruelty in those days, but none more infamous than this treatment of the gentle and helpless Acadians. It stands in history to-day a
stain upon the British name. Another fact that leads to the belief that Robert Sal
lette was a descendant of the unfortunate Acadians was the ferocity with which he pursued the British and the Tories. The little that is told about him makes it certain that he never g*ave quarter to the enemies of his1 country. 2

V
The Tories: Georgia's Reign of Terror 3
In proportion to the population there were more Tories in Georgia than in any -other State* Some of
1 Reproduced, with minor variations, from White's Historical Collections of Georgia.
3 Joei Chandler Harris, in "Stories of Georgia." s This chapter on the Tories was written by Or. J. I-Iarris Ghappell, of Milledg-eville, Ga., and substantially the same discussion will toe found in his "Georgia History Stories."

492 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
them were no doubt honest people, who really believed that the Americans were wrong in rebelling1 ag'ainst the English G overnment; but many of them were mean and selfish men, who only wished to be on the strong or winning side. By the British subjugation of Georgia nearly all of the patriots of fighting age were driven out of the State, leaving their property and their helpless families behind, while the Tories remained unmolested at home. James "VVrig'ht, the royal governor, came back from England and was once more placed at the head of the Georgia Government.
By the 1st of February, 1779, the British were in ah most complete possession of the State. The commander, Colonel Campbell, issued a proclamation calling on the people to take the oath of allegiance to the King and Government of England. He promised that those who wonld take the oath should not be molested but declared that those who refused "would be driven from the colony and what property they left would be confiscated. Frightened by this threat, a great many people took the oath and became British subjects; these people were called Tories. But many refused to take the oath be cause they would rather suffer banishment, or even death, than give "up the heroic struggle for independence; these were called Patriots. So the people of Georgia were divided into these two parties, Tories and Patriots, and they hated each other with a bitter hatred.
Soon after the fall of Savannah, a reign of terror was inaugurated. Between the British and the Tories, there wi-;s no end to the suffering inflicted upon the State; but the Tories were far worse than the British. They formed themselves into military companies, which were nothing more than bands of ruffians. They roved over
*Georg'ia was the youngest of the origina named for George II, whose family was still also fortunate to have an excellent royal gcr
;ed by the India

THE TORIES: GEORGIA'S K-EIGN OP TERROR.

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tlie country on horseback and

The worst of these Georgia Tories was a man by the name of Thomas Brown. He had always been a Tory; and in the early days of the Revolution, he had made him self so obnoxious to the patriotic people of Augusta, where he lived, that one day a crowd of men dragged, him out of his office, and, stripping him to the wai.st, poured over his naked body a pot of soft tar, and then over the tar emptied a pillow case full -of feathers, which stuck to the tar and made poor Brown look like a big, ugly, frizzled chicken. .Thus tarred and feathered, they seated him in an open wagon drawn by three mules and hauled him about the streets of Augusta, while a, great crowd followed with, hoots and jeers. A.fter parading him for an hour or two they turned him loose with the warning that if he did not leave town within twenty-four hours they would kill him. For quite a while Brown kept his negro servant busy washing' the tar and feathers from his body; then he put on Ms clothes, and, raising his right hand "toward heaven, he took a solemn oath that he would be avenged for this great shame and outrage. He left; but many months afterwards he came back, and how well1 he kept his oath is a story written in blood!
It was when Georgia fell into the hands of the British that Brown came back, and soon he became the chief lea der of the Tories in the State. He was a well educated, intelligent man, and possessed military skill, so that he

494 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
was made a Colonel in the English army, and was placed in command of Augusta, Ms old home. The force under him was composed of about half and half of Tories ar)d Indians. His opportunity had now- come. All of the Patriots of fighting age had left Augusta and were in the American army. Brown confiscated their property, threw their old grey-haired fathers and grand-fathers into prison, expelled their helpless wives and children from home, and drove them two hundred miles away into North Carolina. The sufferings along the journey were awful. Some of them died from exposure and exhaus tion, and many were made invalids for life by the hard ships endured on the dreadful march.
In September, 1780, General Elijah Clarke, with a small army of Patriots, undertook to recapture Augusta. He succeeded in driving Brown's army out of the city, and they took refuge in a large building just outside of the town known as the White House. Brown had the doors and "windows barricaded and bored holes in the walls, through which his marksmen, with long-range riflles, held the Americans at bay. The building was completely surrounded by the Patriots, but General Clarke had no cannon with which he could batter down the house, so he had to depend upon starving out the Tories. For four days and nights he held them besieged, till provisions were nearly exhausted, and every drop of water was gone. In one of the large, upper rooms of the house lay forty poor, "wounded Tories, with no medicines and no bandages or salves for their "wounds and not a drop of water to appease their feverish thirst. Even in the American camp, their shrieks of agony and their wild criea for "water! water!" could be plainly heard. Brown himself was severely wounded, shot through both thighs, and was suffering dreadfully; but he never gave up. He had himself carried round from room to room in an arm-chair to direct and encourage his men, who were nearly crazed with exhaustion. General Clarke sent a flag of truce to the unsubdued officer and begged him in

THE TORIES : GEORGIA 's REIGN OP TERROR

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tlie name of humanity to surrender, but lie positively refused. He was as brave and heroic as lie was bad and cruel.
At last, on the morning- of the fifth dav. the relief for which Brown had been looking, came. Colonel Crug-er, with a large detachment of British regulars, suddenly appeared on the other side of the river, in response to a secret message "which Brown had sent to him, on the day he left Augusta. General Clarke, knowing- that he could not contend against this large force, withdrew his army
and quickly retreated. He left behind him thirty wounded Americans who were unable to march, supposing, of course, that they would be treated as prisoners of "war. He knew not then the cruel heart of Thomas Brown, though he afterwards learned to know it well.
Selecting- thirteen of the wounded American soldiers, Brown caused them to be hanged from the high balus trade of the staircase in the White House, so that he might witness the dying agonies of these men as he lay on his couch in the hall below. And as each victim was pushed from the balustrade and fell with a dnll thud at the end of the rope, Brown would utter a grant of satis faction. He turned the rest of the prisoners over to the tender mercies of the Indian allies, who, forming a circle around them in the front yard of the "White House, put them to death by slow and fiendish tortures.
When, in 1781, Augnsta was at last captured by the Americans, Brown "was taken prisoner. Knowing that if the soldiers could put hands on him, they would tear the poor fellow limb from limb, the American commander had him carried down the river in a boat under a strong guard. It is strange that he was not court-martialed and hanged, a fate which he richly deserved. The Americans were too merciful to him. Brown was afterwards ex changed and re-joined the British army, and till the end of the war, continued his fierce fighting and cruel work. After the war was over, realizing that he could not live in America, he took refuge in England. There, in the year

496 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS ANP LEGENDS
1S12, lie was convicted of forgery and thrown into prison, where he ended his infamous life in disgrace and ig nominy.
Colonel Grierson was another bad Tory, and Brown's right-hand man. They were two of a kind, companions in arms and companions in cruel deeds. Never was there joined together, in the commission of lawlessness, two men worse than Brown and Grrierson, the Georgia Tory, Grrierson, like' Brown, was a Colonel in the British army. Fort Grierson, at Augusta, was named for him. It was one of the strongest forts in Georgia, and around it at the siege of Augusta, was fought one of the bloodiest battles of the devolution in the State. AVhen Augusta was captured by the Americans, Grierson, like Brown. was taken prisoner. To save him from being mobbed by the soldiers, the American commander had him hid den away in a little honse some distance from town and placed a strong guard around Mm; but suddenly, about twilight, a soldier on horse-back galloped up and, before the guards knew what he "was about, threw his gun to his shoulder, shot Grierson through the window, and then, Wheeling, galloped away. During the night, in dreadful agony, Grierson died of the wound. The man who shot him was supposed 'to be Samuel Alexander, the son of John Alexander, an old man seventy-eight years old, whom Grierson had treated with savage cruelty, when he and Brown held sway in Augusta. Young Alexander was never arrested or tried for the deed.
Daniel McGirth was another notorious Tory of Geor gia. Unlike Brown, he was an ignorant, uneducated man; and, unlike Brown, too, he started out as an ardent Pa triot. He was born and reared in South Carolina and "was a good frontiersman, as active and lithe as a panther. He was also a fine horseman and a splendid shot, and was

THE TOBIES : GEORGIA 's REIGN- OF TERROR

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among the first to take up arras in the American cause. Somehow he drifted into South Georgia, where ho be longed to the little band of Patriots Who so bravely re sisted the invasion of the British from Florida. Ho acted as a scout and spy for the Americans, and he ren dered them most important service.
McGirth brought with him from South Carolina a thorough-bred horse, of which he was very proud. She "was an iron-gray mare with a. snow-white blaze in her forehead, and he called her Gray Goose. She was con sidered the finest horse in the American army, beautiful, intelligent, and swift as the wind. A Captain in the Am erican army took a great fancy to the animal and tried to buy her from McGirth, offering- him a large price, but McGirth refused to part with her. This angered the Captain, "who, out of spite, mistreated McGirth in many ways, as an officer can mistreat a subordinate, if he chooses. McGirth was a high-spirited fellow. Irritated beyond endurance, he one day insulted the officer and raised Iris arm to strike him; but some one intervened and stopped the blow. Now, to strike a superior officeris a grave crime in the army, so McGirth was tried by court-martial and sentenced to receive ten lashes "with a cowhide on his bare back three days in succession. The first whipping was administered and he was put into the guard house to await his second humiliation. The feel ings of this higli-spirited man can be imagined, as he paced up and down in his cell and brooded over the bitter shame to which he was being subjected.
About twilight, as he was gazing through his prison bars, McGirth spied Gray Goose, hitched to a tree not far away. He gave a low, peculiar whistle, and Gray Goose, recognizing the signal, raised her beautiful head and uttered an affectionate whinny in response. This was more than he could stand. With a, broken trowel which he found in his cell, he tore the masonry from around the prison bars; then, with almost superhuman strength, he pulled out one of the bars and, through the

498 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
narrow crack, squeezed his long body and, rushing ont, sprang on Gray Goose and dashed away. The guards called to him to halt, but he only shook his fist at them and yelled a dreadful curse, and plunged into the darkness on his fleet-footed steed, heedless of the musket-balls that whistled about his head.
McGirth's whole nature was seemingly perverted by the bad treatment which he had received. He deserted to the enemy and joined the British army, and from then to the end of the war fought ferociously against the Americans. Of course, the bad treatment which he re ceived from the American officer was no excuse, but McGirth was as unprincipled as he was bravo and fierce.
He was made a Colonel in the British army and put at the head of a powerful Tory band, which for many months "was the scourge of the State. He wT as a perfect ruffian in his manner of "warfare. From the Florida line to Elbert County and over into South Carolina his name "was a terror to the people. Many were the fearful stories told of McGirth and his blaze-faced horse. A whole book might be written about his daring deeds and his inhuman cruelties. He "was twice "wounded, but was never taken prisoner. A big reward was offered for his capture, and thousands were trying to catch him and often had him in a tight place; but in every emergency he was saved by the fleet foot of his best friend, Gray Goose.
After the "war "was over, he went to Florida, which "was then owned by the Spaniards. For some ofrense or crime there he was arrested and thrown into prison in the old fort of St. Augustine. After an imprisonment of five years, he "was released, but he "was so "weak and broken in health that he could barely drag himself back to his wife in his rude country home in Sumter District, South Carolina. There he soon died in peace, and there he now lies buried.
But there were some Tories of an altogether different pattern. Mr. John Couper, in a letter written "when he

THE TORIES: GEORGIA'S REIGN" OP TERROR

499

was eighty-three years of age and dated St. Simon's Is land, April 16, 1842, narrates an anecdote of the famous and eccentric Captain Kory Melntosh, who was attached as a volunteer to an infantry company, at the time of the siege of Fort Morris. The company was within the lines which Col. .Fuser had thrown around the fort and the adjacerit town of Sunbury. Early one morning" "when Ivory had in ado free "with mountain dew, he insisted on sally ing' out to summon the fort to surrender. His friends could not restrain him, so out he strutted, cJayrnore in hand, followed by his faithful slave Jim, and approached the fort, roaring out :
' * Surrender, you miscreants. How dare yon. resist his Majesty's arms!"
Col. John McTntosh, his kinsman, was in command of the fort, and, seeing his situation, he forbade any one firing1 , threw open the gate, and said:
"AValk in, Mr. Mclntosh, and take possession." "Xo," said Rory, "I_will not trust myself among such vermin; hut 3 order you to surrender." Just then a rifle "was fired, the hall from which passed through his face, sidewise, under his eyes. He stumbled and fell backwards, but immediately recovered, and nour ishing his sword retreated. Several shots followed. Jim called out: ''Run, massa, run, dcy kill, you." "Run, poor slave," indignantly exclaimed Eory; "thou mayst run, but I come of a raco that never runs." Jim stated to Mr. Couper that, in rising from the ground, his master put his hand for the first time to oneof his cheek-bones and, finding it bloody, he raised it to the other also; both were covered with blood. He backed, safely into the lines.*

*White's Historical Collections of Ge<

500 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGKKDS
VI
Mclntosh at Fort Morris: "Come and Take It"
The gallant defense of Fort Morris, on the Georgia coast, near Sunbury, constitutes one of the most brilliant episodes of the Revolution. Col. John Mclntosh -was in command. The fort was ill-prepared for an attack, and there is every reason to believe that the rude earth-works could not have wit]]stood the enemy's fire for more than an hour. Only one hundred and twenty-seven continen tal troops, with some few militiamen and citizens from Sunbury were in the garrison, -but they "were brave pa triots. Moreover, they were commanded by a Scotchman of proverbially shrewd "wit, who "was an absolute stranger to fear.
Col. Fnser, in command of a fleet of vessels, bearing some five hundred men, besides heavy iron mortars, was moving toward the fort from St. Augustine. It was planned that Col. Prevost, at the head of one hundred British regulars, and supported by the notorious McGirth, with three hundred Indians and Tories, should meet him at Sunbury, making- the journey over land, and dire havoc, to Georgia was anticipated from this union of forces.
Delayed by head winds, it was late in November, 1778, when Col. Fuscr anchored near the mouth of the Midway River, opposite Colonel's Island. Col. Prevost "was be yond, the reach of communication, having' entered upon his retreat; but the commandant of the fleet was resolved npon bringing the fort to terms. Some of the men "were landed at the ship-yard, from "which point they inarched along the main road to Sunbury, equipped with several field-pieces. Sailing- up the Midway River in concert, the armed vessels took position in front of the fort and in the waters opposite the town, while the land forces in vested it from an opposite direction.
The plans of the enemy were well laid. There seemed to be no hope for the feeble garrison render Col. Mcln-

MdNTOSH AXD FOKT MORRIS

501

tosh, and the town was otherwise wholly unprotected. As soon as the preparations for the assault were completed, the British officer dispatched the following letter to Col. Mclntosh, demanding- the immediate surrender of the fort:
'' Sir:--You cannot be ignorant that four armies are in motion to reduce this Province. One is already under the guns of your fort, and may be joined when I think proper by Col. Prevost, who is now s,t the Midway Meet ing-House. The resistance you can or intend to make will only bring destruction upon this country. On the contrary, if you will deliver to me the fort which you command, lay down your arms, and remain neuter until: the fate of America, is determined, you shall, together with all the inhabitants of this parish, remain in peace able possession of your property. Tour answer, which I expect in an hour's time, will determine the fate of this country, whether it be laid in ashes, or remain a,s above proposed."
To the foregoing tart message, he subjoined the following postscript:
"Since this letter was closed some of your people have been scattering shot about the line. I am to inform you that if a, stop is not put to such irregular proceed ings, I shall burn a house for every shot so tired."
These were high-sounding phrases. They were well calculated to intimidate a man of less spirit than Col. Mclntosh. He possessed no means of ascertaining the full streng'th of the British forces. He knew the' weak ness of his own little garrison. But courage often wins against seemingly hopeless odds. He resolved to assume a bold front, and accordingly dispatched the following brave answer to the British officer's demand:
*' Sir:--^Ve acknowledge we are not ignorant that your army is in motion to endeavor to reduce this State. We believe it entirely chimerial that Col. Prevost is at the Meeting-House; but should it he so, we are in no degree apprehensive of danger from a juncture of his

502 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
army with yours. We have no property which we value' a rush, compared with the object for which we contend; and would rather perish in a vigorous defense than ac cept of your proposals. We, sir. are fighting the battles of America, and therefore disdain to remain neutral till its fate is determined. As to surrendering the fort, re ceive this laconic reply: COME AND TAKE IT. Major Lane, whom I send with this letter, is directed to satisfy you with respect to the irregular, loose firing mentioned on the back of your letter."
With the foregoing- letter, Major Lane sought the headquarters of Col. Fuser, who read it "with unaffected surprise. In explanation of the irregular firing, he in formed the British officer that it was maintained to pre vent the English troops from entering1 and plundering Sunbury; an answ^er which did not tend to soften the feelings of Col. Fuser. As for the threat that a house should be burned for every shot fired, Major Lane stated that if Col. Fuser sanctioned a course so inhuman and so totally at variance with the rules of civilized warfare he would assure him that Col. Mclntosh, so far from being intimidated by the menace, would apply the torch at his end of the town whenever Col. Fuser should fire it on his side and let the flames meet in mutual conflagration.*
The expected assault -was not made on Fort Morris. Waiting- to hear from the scouts whom he had sent into the country to ascertain the whereabouts of Prevost, he learned that he was hastening back to St. Augustine, hav ing be'en -worsted in a contest of arms near Midway Meet ing-House, and unwilling to hazard an engagement with the continental forces supposed to be advancing from the Great Ogeeehee River. Deeply chagrined over this sudden turn of affairs, Col. Fuser raised the seige, for getting the harsh terms of his manifesto. The troops were re-embarked for St. Augustine. Tn the St. Jolm's Eiver, he met the returning forces of Col. Prevost. At
History of Ce

How SAVANNAH "WAS CATTURED

t 503

last the two wings of the expedition were united; but it was under drooping banners.
Mutual recrimations are said to have ensued between these officers, eaeli taxing the other with responsibility for the failure of the expedition. Thus one of the most promising campaigns of the whole war was brought to naught by an unterrified American officer, whose forti fications were too weak to be maintained in open conflict. His defiant answer was a masterpiece of bold strategy; and it abundantly compensated for the Jack of other mu nitions. The Legislature of Georgia handsomely ac knowledged the conspicuous gallantry of Col. Mclutosh on this occasion and voted him a sword on which were en graven the talismanic words : COME A.ND TAKE IT.*

VII.
How Savannah Was Captured
Through a swamp, which lay in the rear of the town, ran a path, the existence of which was known to few. One of the number was Colonel George Walton. Ho called the attention of General Howe to this passage-way, at the same time urging him to guard it with a force suffi cient to make it safe; but General Howe ignored the sug gestion. Unimportant as the path seemed to be, it fur nished the avenue through which the British entered triumphantly into Savannah, to hold the town uninter ruptedly against the allied armies for more than two years. It was at Girardeau's Landing, about two miles' below the city, that the foe disembarked. Crossing the causeway to the top of Brewton Hill, on the site of what was afterwards the plantation of T. F. Soreven, the strength of the American position was at once perceived by Colonel Campbell, the commander of the troops. The marsh presented a problem 'which was difficult of solution.

504 . GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
However, in his reconnoissances, the commander en countered an old negro named Quanimo I3olly, generally called Quash, who informed him of the private path through the swamp, by -which the rear of the American line could be gained. Overjoyed at this discovery, Camp bell returned to his command and ordered Sir James Baird, with the light infantry and the New York volun teers to follow the ,neg-ro through the swamp and attack the first body of troops found. To deceive the Amer icans, he maneuvered his troops in front as if about to at tack. Incorrectly informed from the very start concern ing the force of the enemy, Genera] Howe "was now still further misled, and ordered the artillery to play upon the enemy's stronghold. The British did not return the lire, but maneuvered, waiting to hear from .Baird. He fol lowed the negro through the swamp, coming out at what is now Waringsville, and striking" the "White Bluff road,. down "which he advanced, falling suddenly upon a small force under Colonel "Walton. This was swept away, after a short but brave resistance, in which Colonel Walton was severely wounded. The firing served to notify Campbell of the success of the stratagem.
There was no need of "waiting1 for Colonel Prevost toarrive from Florida. With the aid of the fleet in the river, under command of the British admiral, Sir Hyde Parker, the city was soon taken. The remnant of Howe's army escaped into South Carolina, leaving the city to tile mercy of the enemy who at once seized the most distin guished civilains, placing them on board the prison-shipsin the river.*
VIII.
Elijah Clarke: The Bedford Forrest of the Revolution
Stern and relentless--a besom of destruction to th& foes of liberty--Elijah Clarke was the most colossal

ELIJAH CLABICE

505

figure of the Revolutionary War period in Georgia. He was only an unlettered man of the frontier; hut he possessed the rugged elements of strength which made him a leader in times of great stress. When the tocsin of war sounded, the genius of command arose within him; and, "without waiting to receive a commission, he gathered about him a band of sturdy woodsmen, like himself, whom he trained for combat in the verdant arenas of the forest. During the dark days of the struggle for independence "when Toryism, drunk with power, unloosed the furies of war upon the State it was to this singular man of destiny that the whole of the up-country turned for deliverance a,s if by a sort of common instinct; and he became liter ally a pillar of fire in the wilderness. He gave the Tories no quarter; and backwoodsmen though he was, his burly arm of strength "was felt across the seas, where it planted the challenge of the Georgia forest on the very steps of the English throne.
Little is known of the early life of Elijah Clarke. Beyond the fact that he was born in Edgecombe County, 1ST. C., in 1733, there is nothing definite to be gleaned from the records. Equally silent is the voice of history in regard to his1 lineage, though he is supposed to have 'oecn of Scotch-Irish extraction. The family located in what is now ^Vilkes, on the lands purchased by Governor Wright, in 1773, from the Indians. Since there were no formal grants made at the time, the settlers "were free to locate "where they chose, but they were forced by the exigencies frontier life to fortify themselves against dis possession by exhibiting shot-gun titles. The Indians learned to dread the austere North Carolinian long before his sword was unsheathed against the red-coats of King George the Third.
It was in command of a body of horsemen that this bold knight of the up-country first appeared upon the scene in the opening drama of hostilities with England. We find him at this time guarding some wagons which were loaded "with supplies for the little army at Savannah.

506 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD I^GENDS
Attacked by Indians while crossing a stream, a severe contest ensued, but the skirmish ended in the flight of the savages. Not long after this encounter, he joined General Howe in the latter's ill-timed expedition against St. Augustine and was severely wounded in the disastrous fight which followed. He then returned to his home in the up-country, where the deep solitude of the forest seemed to hide him, until the invasion of Georgia by the British, when first Savannah and then Augusta lowered the patriotic flag. To complete the subjugation of the State, a body of Tories under Colonel Boyd was dispatched to take possession of the forts' on the frontier.
But in the meantime Colonel Clark was not idle. When word came of the fall of "Savannah he knew what it meant. Georgia was soon to be overrun by her enemies. He was still nursing an old wound; but he no sooner heard the news than he reached for his sword which hung upon the walls of his cabin. At the same time he strapped his trusty rifle across his shoulders. Then committing his loved ones to the care of Providence, he mounted his horse and rode day and night over the country, gathering to gether his little baud of patriots. At the head of his troops he then hastened to join Dooly and Pickens in bidding defiance to the invader. The two hostile armies met at Kettle Creek, not far from the present town of Washington, where, by the shrewd fore-sight of Elijah Clarke, in seizing a strategic point in the enemy's rear, the tide of battle was turned in favor of the Americans. Colonel Boyd was mortally wounded, his army annihi lated, and Toryism in Georgia for a season at least over thrown.
However, Colonel Innis, a Scotch loyalist, was soon dispatched to the frontier, giving rise to another series of engagements. For months, a,t the head of his little band of patriots, Clarke waged a guerilla warfare, spending most of his time in the swamps. He scarely knew what it was during this period to sleep with a roof over his head. Often he was face to face with hunger. The weariness of

ELIJAH CLAKKE

507

exhaustion if not of discontent began to show itself in the haggard features of his troops. But in the end Innis was rented and, on to Augusta, Clarke led his victorious men of the woods. He knew that permanent peace could never come to the up-country nntil this stronghold was recover ed. So, mustering strength for the decisive blow, he hurled himself against the town. Success was almost at hand. In fact, he was temporally in possession, when the British garrison was unexpectedly re-enforced. The torture of Tantalus seized the backwoodsman _at this sudden turn of affairs, but realizing the futility of further efforts in this direction, lie withdrew to await future developments.

It was at this critical moment when Toryism was again threatening upper Georgia that Elijah Clarke col lected the helpless women and children of the Broad River settlement and, with the aid of Colonel William Candlcr, conveyed them over the mountains to the Watauga valley in the extreme north-east corner of Tennessee. This humane task having been successfully accomplished, he was soon back in the midst of the fight ing. Though not in actual command, it was Colonel Clarke, at the head of his Wilkes riflemen, "who won the day in the battle of Black-stocks in South Carolina, by skillfully turning the enemy's flank. Again wounded at Long Cane he had scarcely recovered before he was seized by an attack of small-pox. But ho was neverthe less on hand at the seige of Augusta, where the final con summation of his dream was realized in the hoisting above the fort of the triumphant American colors.
As a reward for his gallant services in the Revolution, the State of Georgia gave him a commission as MajorGeneral and a handsome grant of land. He was also chosen to represent the State in treaty negotiations with the Indians. AVhenever there was trouble in upper G-eorgia, the settlers turned instinctively to Elijah Clarke; and

508 GEORGIA'S IJA^TDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LTEGENDS
some few years later, at the battle of Jack's Creek, with his son, John Clarke, then barely more than a lad never theless a fighter and a veteran of the Revolution, he added another trophy of war to his belt of victories.
Then came an episode in the career of Elijah Clarke which has somewhat eclipsed and darkened his fame as a patriot, viz., his effort to establish a trans-Oeonee republic and his connivance with foreign powers. But nothing- in the way of real dishonor attaches to his motives even in these transactions, not withstanding the odor of treason which seems to invest them. He was an old soldier who had never cultivated the grace of restraint and who had always commanded an independent body of troops, sub ject to no higher power than himself, and ho merely sought in his own way to rid Georgia of the incubus of an Indian problem. The fact that two European powers made overtures to him is testimony of the most pro nounced character to his military genius. Misjudged by his friends and maligned by his1 foes, G-cneral Clarke retired to his home in Wilkes, where death eventually brought him "surcease of sorrow". He died on January 35, 1799. His last "will and testament is on record in the county of Lincoln; and, while there is no positive evidence in regard to the place of his burial, the local traditions point clearly to Lincoln, which was cut off from Wilkes soon after the decease of the old hero.
Iron and velvet were strangely mixed in the character of this singnlar man. His life presents an enigma, in the solving of which the historians are at sea. lie was the very embodiment of gentleness in shielding the defence less women and children of the Broad River district but in dealing with the Tories' there was no milk of human kindness in his breast. To the qnality of mercy he "was an absolute stranger; and Shylark himself was not more remorseless in exacting his ponnd of flesh from the Merchant of Venice. He squared accounts with the Tories, by pinning them to the letter of the Mosaic law-- "an eye for an eye and a tootli for a tooth." But when

THE STORY OF AUSTIN DABXJJY

509

"we remember "what he suffered at the hands of the Tories, who turned his family out of doors, who burned his home to ashes, "who murdered an inoffensive son in the presence of his wife, and whose hands were red with the blood of babes in the cradle, "we can hardly blame him for register ing an oath to be revenged upon the perpetrators of deeds so foul in the face of heaven. "Without training in the school of arms--an uneducated, rustic--he was not unlike the great Confederate horseman, G-eneral N". B. Forrcst. In the opinion of not a few critics the latter was the fore most soldier of the Civil War; and there will be no one to challenge the1 statement that among- the soldiers of Geor gia in the American Revolution the stalwart form of the victor of Kettle Creek lifts by far the loftiest rjlume.

IX
Tlie Story of Austin Oatmey
One of the finest examples of loyalty displayed during the period of the American Revolution was furnished by Austin Dabney, a negro patriot. He came to Pike with the Harris family within a very short while after the new county "was opened to settlement, and here he lies buried near the friends to whom in life he was devotedly at tached. The story of how he came to enlist in the patriot army runs thus: When a certain pioneer settler by the name of Aycock migrated from North Carolina to Geor gia, he brought with him a mulatto boy whom he called Austin. The boy passed for a slave and was treated as such; but when the struggle for independence began, Aycock, who was not cast in heroic molds, found in this negro youth a substitute, who was eager to enlist, despite the humble sphere of service in "which he moved. The records sliow that for a few weeks perhaps1 the master himself bore arms in a camp of instruction, but he proved to be such an indifferent soldier that the Captain readily agreed to exchange him for the mulatto boy, then a yotith

510 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
of eighteen, upon Aycock's acknowledgement that the boy was of white parentage, on the mother's side, and there fore free. T'his happened in the county of Wilkes. When the time came for enrollment, the Captain gave Austin the sirname of Dabney, and for the remainder of his life Austin Dabney was1 the name by "which he was every where known. He proved to be a good soldier. In numerous conflicts with the Tories in upper G-corgia, he was conspicuous for valor; and at the battle of Kettle Creek, while serving under the famous Elijah Clarice, a rifle ball passed through his thigh, "by reason of which lie ever afterwards limped. Found in a desperate condition by a man named Harris, lie was taken to the latter's house, where kind treatment was bestowed upon him, and here he remained until the wound healed. Austin's grati tude to his benefactor was so great that for the rest of his life he considered himself in the latter's debt, and in many ways he befriended Harris, when reverses overtook him. He appears to have been a man of sound sense and to have acquired property, at the close of the Revolution. He removed from "Wilkes to Madison, taking the family of his benefactor with him. Dabney was fond of horseracing, and whenever there was a trial of speed anywhere near he was usually found upon the grounds, and he was himself the owner of thoroughbreads. He drew a pension from the United States government, on account of his broken thigh, and the Legislature of Georgia, in the dis tribution of public lands by lottery, awarded him a tract, in the county of Walton. The noted Stephen Upson, then a representative from Oglethorpe, introduced the meas ure, and, in terms of the highest praise, he eulogized Dabney's' patriotism. There was some dissention among- the white people of Madison over this handsome treatment accorded to one of an inferior race. It doubtless arose, through envy, among the poorer classes. But Austin took no offense, and "when an opportune moment came, he quietly shifted his residence to the land given to him by the State of Georgia. He was still accompanied by

THE STORY OF AUSTIN DABNKY .

511

the Harris family, for whom he continued to labor. It is said that he denied himself many of the comforts of life, in order to bestow the bulk of his earnings up^n his white friends. He sent the eldest son of Mr. Harris to Franklin College, and contributed to his maintainance while he studied law under Judge TJpson at Lexington. It is said that when young Harris stood his legal examination in open court Austin Dabney outside of the bar with the keenest look of anxiety on his face and that when the youth was finally admitted to practice the old negro fairly burst into tears of joy. He left his entire property to the Harris family, at the time of his death. The celebrated Judge Dooly held him in the highest esteem, and when tlv latter was attending court in Madison it was one of Dab ney 's customs to take the Judge's horse into his special custody. He is said to have been one of the best authori ties in Georgia on the events of the Revolutionary war periods. Once a year Austin Dabney made a trip to Savannah, at "which place he drew his pension. On one occasion--so the story goes--he travelled in company with his neighbor, Colonel Wiley Pope. They journeyed together on the best of terms until they reached the out skirts of the town. Then, turning toward his dark com panion, the Colonel suggested that he drop behind, since1 it was not exactly the conventional thing for them to be seen riding side by side through the streets of SavannahWithout demurrer Austin complied with this request stating- that he fully understood the situation. But they had not proceeded far before reaching the home of General Jackson, then Governor of the State. What was Colonel Pope's surprise, on looking behind him, to sec the old Governor rush from the house, seize Austin's hand in the most cordial manner, like he was greeting some long lost brother, drew him down from the horse, and lead him into the house, where he remained through out his entire stay in Savannah, treated not perhaps as an equal but with the utmost consideration. In after years, Colonel Pope used to tell this anecdote, so it ii?

512 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
said, with much relish, adding that he felt somewhat abashed, on reaching1 Savannah to find Austin an honored guest of the Governor of Georgia, while he himself occu pied a room at the public tavern.
X
The Siege of Augusta
With the completion of Fort Cornwallis, Augusta hecame a strong-hold of such resistive power that the hope of retaking it became a dim spark in the breast oi the American patriot. But there was at least one man in the American army who seems to have taken a vow at the altar of independence that Augusta should not remain under the flag of the king. It was Colonel Elijah Glarke. There was not within, the borders of the State a more relentless foe to the enemies of Georgia. His plan of attack "was first to seize Fort Grierson, which was occu pied by militia, whereas Fort Cornwallis was manned Dy seasoned regulars. He hoped either to capture or to destroy the Lieutenant-Colonel on his retreat to the stronger fortification. The movement was successfully executed. Hardly a member of the garrison escaped ex cept to be made a prisoner of "war; the Major "was slain, and the Lieutenant-Colonel who commanded the fort was among the number captured. The next assault "was upon
Fort Cornwallis. It was here that the Klijah Clarke's real fight was to be made; but Colonel Vow: "Down Clarke was not despondent. He was With the Flag." ready for the tug of war. Says Dr.
Williams: " Cato was not more insistent that Carthage must be destroyed than was Colonel Clarke that Augusta's fort must be taken. From the day that Browne took possession of it and hoisted the British flag, Clarke went everywhere, gathering recruits to drive him out. It was Clarke who planned the attack upon the White House, which deserved success but failed at the

THE SIEGE OF AUGUSTA

513

moment of impending victory. It was he who gathered

the forces which under Pickens and Williamson and Mc-

Call, came and sat down here before the

"Light Horse

town for two months resolved never to

Harry" Lee To go away until the English flag came

the Eescue.

down. At last Colonel Lee was sent

with Ills famous Legion to re-enforce

and take command of the investing army. lie saw at

once, with the practiced eye of a soldier, that Browne had

built a fort which was impregnable to any assault which

he could make upon it. He therefore resorted to the

ing'enius device of building a tower, thirty feet high, out

of hewn log's, filling it with stones and other material.

Near the top he built a platform and the logs were sawed

to let in an embrasure for cannon. The British had

mounted the eight original guns of Fort Augusta. They

ha,d a garrison of 400 men, besides 200 negroes who did

duty in the fort. In adition to these,

The Maham Tower: there were a number of prisoners

A Grecian Strategem. and others who fled to the fort for

protection. The Americans had but

the one piece of artillery which Greneral Lee had brought

with him. This six-pounder was hoisted to the floor of the

tower, from which eminence it completely commanded the

interior of Fort Cornwallis. The tower was the device

of Major Maha.m, of South Carolina, and was erected near

where the Cotton Exchange now stands. Browne tried to

neutralize the effect of this movement by building a plat

form at the southwest corner of the fort and mounting

upon it two of his heaviest guns. Pint from the hour that

Lee's six-pounder opened fire from the top of the Maham

tower the fort was doomed. The first shot "was fired from

the tower on the morning of June 2, 1781. Before noon

the two pieces of British ordinance were dismounted from

the platform. The whole interior of the fort was raked

except the segment nearest the tower and a few spots

sheltered by traverses. So deadly was the fire that the

besieged were driven to dig holes in the ground and

514 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
literally to bury themselves in tlie earth. The Church was a blackened ruin.. The guns which had so long pro tected it were at last powerless to save it from destruc tion. The colonial days were passing put in thunder and blood and smoke. The fort was never rebuilt. Thanks to a kind Providence, it was never again needed. But the Church, like the Brooklyn at Santiago, loomed out of the smoke to go upon her way and pluck victory from the jaws of seeming defeat. Her mission is never ended."*

James Jackson Fires Another distinguished Georgian

the Despondent

whose tall figure was conspicuous at

Troops: an Eloquent the siege of Augusta and whose

Appeal.

name was destined to become lumi

nous in the future history of the

State was James Jackson. He was then in command of

an independent Legion, but the ink was hardly dry on

his commission. He was appointed by General Greeue,

perhaps at the instance of General Morgan by whom he

was introduced to the former, but General Greene, on his

own account, is said to have been deeply impressed by

the personal appearance and grave demeanor of the

young soldier. In connection with the siege of Augusta,

Dr. White has preserved this incident: "Just before the

reduction of Augusta, the militia had begun to manifest

signs of despondency. Overcome by long service, desti

tute of almost every necessary of life, and giving up all

hope of succour from General Greene's army, they had

formed the resolution of returning home. Jackson being

informed of this state of feeling, instantly repaired to tlie

camp and, by his animating eloquence, quelled the tumult

and called upon them in a manner peculiar to himself not

to tarnish the laurels which they had gained by deserting

tlie cause in a time of so much need. His interference was

*See Dr. Chauncey C. 'Williams, in The Story of St. Paul's Chu

Ttos SIEGE OF AUGUSTA

515

effectual. The drooping spirits of tlio militia were aroused, and they resolved to bid defiance to the foe. Jackson led one of the advance parties in tho attack upon Augusta and performed other perilous duties with great credit to himself. After the surrender of the town he received orders to level the fortifications, to collect as many men as possible and to join the army of General Greene; but, having- marched about thirty miles, he found it impossible to reach the main army, and there fore returned to Augusta, where he had been appointed Commandant.' '*

An Assassin It was during the summer months' which

in Camp.

followed the reduction of Augusta that this

same man of destiny whose mission in after

life "was to defeat the Yazoo conspirators and to vindicate

the honor of Georgia, narrowly escaped death by assassi

nation. Dr. "White thus tells the story: "In July he was

ordered to advance toward Savannah and to take post

midway between this town and Augusta. It was here

that a conspiracy was formed in his infantry to kill

Colonel Jackson in his bed, but happily it was discovered

by a soldier "who acted as his "waiter, named Davis. This

honorable man, observing that something uncommon was

going on in the camp determined to find it out. T'o ac

complish his object, he mingled among the men and

branded the Colonel "with many opprobrious epithets.

Supposing they might have a useful accomplice in Davis.

the conspirators divulged the secret to him, "which he

immediately communicated to Colonel Jackson. The in

fantry were drawn out, the ring leaders instantly arres

ted, tried by a court-martial, and executed. Davis was

rewarded for his fidelity by the Legislature, with a gift

of 500 acres of land, a horse, saddle, and bridle."*

*See White's statistics of Georgia, pp. 339-340. *See "White's Statistics og Georgia, p. 340.

516 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
Capt. Robert Ware, father of U. S. Senator Nicholas Ware, took part in tho seige of Augusta. Capt. Sherwood Bngg was among the wounded and Capt. John Martin among- the dead, James Martin and Marshall Martin, brothers of the latter were also present.
XI.
St. John's Parish
There was never at any time among the Midway colonists' any strong attachment for the reigning- house of Hanover. They were the descendants of English dis senters. The principle of local self-government "was ex emplified by them in religious affairs and they stoutly be lieved in the wisdom of its application to secular inter ests as well. The very first oppressive acts of the British Parliament aroused in them a spirit of resistance, and the earliest avowed declaration in favor of independence emanated from the Midway settlement. Throughout the Province there was little feeling of hostility to Eng land. Georgia was the youngest of the original thirteen colonies and to the last moment she continued to. be the most loyal to the Crown. In Savannah, "where the effects of the iniquitous Stamp Act were directly felt by the mercantile interests there -were early protests made by the inhabitants against these offensive measures. But the plea for separation was first raised in the Parish of St. John. It was here that the first bold stand for liberty "was taken; and -when the charter of Massachusetts was revoked and the port of Boston closed to commerce, the indignation of the Georgia Puritans was aroused to fever heat. The gore "which bespattered the streets of the great metropolis of New England and which cried from the ground to be avenged -was the blood of kinsmen. So -while there was parleying and dallying elsewhere, there was prompt resolve here; and however calm might be the pulse-beat of the Province at large, due to the fact that

ST. JOHN'S PABISH

517

the people of Georgia were in the main descendants of Cavaliers, there was fire in the veins of the Midway settlers.
The refusal of the Provincial Congress which met in Savannah, on Angust 10, 1774, to send delegates to me Continental Congress 5n Philadelphia, was received hy these bold radicals "with an outburst of scorn. They first sought connection with the Charleston patriots, through a petition sent by a committee appointed at Mid way, on February 9, 1774, which committee consisted of three members, Daniel Roberts, Samuel Stevens, and Joseph Wood; and, when this application was denied, they resolved to act for themselves. Meanwhile, on January 23, 1775, some forty-five members of the Provin cial Congress' entered into a compact neither to import nor to export articles of merchandise from which Eng land was to reap the benefit.
But this action was not sufficiently radical to satisfy the enraged Puritans of Georgia. The Parish of St. John at this period embraced nearly one third of the entire wealth of the Province. Its planters were large slave owners, who cultivated extensive tracts of land. Consequently, they assembled in convention, on March 25, 1775, and chose Dr. Lyman Hall to represent them in the Continental Congress. He accepted the commission, made the journey to Philadelphia on horseback, and for months sat in the Continental Congress an accredited delegate from the Parish of St. John in the Colony of Georgia. To the sufferers in Boston large supplies of rice were also forwarded by the Midway people, to relieve them from immediate distress. There is little cause for wonder that Sir James: "Wright, alluding in one of his letters to the Parish of St. John calls it "a nest of Oliverians." Nor is the tribute of Dr. Stevens, in his address before the Georgia Historical Society of Savan nah undeserved. Says he: "Alone she stood, a Pharos of Liberty in England's most loya] Province, renouncing every fellowship that savored not of freedom and refus-

518 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ing every luxury which contributed to ministerial coffers. With a lialter around her neck and the gallows before her eyes, she severed her self from surrounding association? and cast her lot, while as yet all was gloom and darkness, with the fortunes of her country, to stand upon her rightf or to die in defending them. Proud spot of Georgia soil!"
XII.
Colonel John White: Hero of the Great Ogeechee
In December, 1778, the British captured Savannah.* In September, 1779, Count d'Estaing with a .force of about 1,700 men acting under instructions from the French government effected a landing at Beaulieu, and shortly thereafter was joined by Gen. Lincoln. The pur pose was to recapture Savannah by siege. Gen. Prevost, the British commander, immediately summoned from all outposts every portion of his scattered command. Some reached the British lines in safety. But Capt. French was not among- this nnmber. "With 111 regnlar troops, accompanied by five vessels and their crews of forty men, he sought to join Gen. Prevost, but interrupted in Ms attempt to enter Savannah by news of the investment of the town, took refuge in the Great Ogeechee river, about twenty-five miles below Savannah, disembarked and formed a fortified camp on the left bank of that stream.
Col. John White, of the Fourth Georgia Battalion of Gen. Lincoln's force conceived a brilliant plan for the capture of French's command. Accompanied only by Capts. George Melvin and A. C. G. Elholm, a sergeant, and three privates, a total force of seven men (some acv counts state five), on the night of Oct. 1, 1779, this daring band located the British camp on the Ogeechee and built many watch-fires at various points around it, placing the fires at such positions as to lead the British to believe that
*E. H. Abrams: Article in the Savannah Morning News, July 4. 1909.

COLONEL JOHN "WHITE

519

they were surrounded by a large force of Americans. This was kept up throughout the night by White and his force marching from point to point "with the heavy tread of many when, accompanied by the challenge of sentinels at each point surrounding the British camp, each mount ing a horse at intervals, riding off in haste in various directions, imitating the orders of staff officers and giving fancied orders in a low tone. Anticipating the presence of the enemy, Capt. French believed that he was entrap ped by a large force. At. this juncture Col. White, un accompanied, dashed up to the British camp and demand ed a conference with Capt. French.
"I am the commander, sir," he said, "of the American s'oldiers in your vicinity. If you will surrender at once to my force, I will see to it that no injury is done to you or your command. If you decline to do this I must can didly inform you that the feelings of my troops are highly incensed against you and I can by no means be respon sible for any consequences that may ensue."
The bluff worked. Capt. French at once fell into the trap and agreed to surrender, as he thought it was useless to battle with the large surrounding force. At this moment, Capt. Elholm dashed up on horseback and de manded to know where to place the artillery. "Keep them back," replied White, "the British have surrender ed. Move your men off and send me three guides to con duct the British to the American post at Sunbury." Thereupon the five vessels were burned, the three guides arrived, and the British urged to keep clear of the sup posed infuriated American army hovering about, marched off, while Col. White, hastened away, collected a force of neighboring militia, overtook the British led by his guides and conducted them as prisoners to Sunbury.
'Nine days after this remarkable exploit, Col. White was severely wounded at the assault upon Savannah made at the Spring Hill redoubt. He succeeded in making his escape from the British, but the wounds received so much

520 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
impaired Ms health that he was obliged to retire from the army and died soon afterwards in Virginia.*
A Revolutionary Puzzle
These old rhymes were written in the early part o.f the Revolutionary War--about 1776. If read as written they contain a tribute to the king and his army, but if read downward on either side of the comma, they indicate an unmistakable rebellion against both king and parliament. The author is unknown :
"Hark, hark, the trumpet sounds, the din of war's alarms O'er seas and solid grounds, doth call us all to arms Who for King George doth stand, their honors soon shall shine Their ruin is at hand, who with the Congress join The acts' of Parliament, in them I might delight,
*The account of this remarkable capture is taken from White's "His torical Collections of Georgia," and accepted by that historian as correct. It is corroborated by a manuscript furnished that author ty the Hon. Robert M. Charlton, giving a sketch of the life of Col. "White.
Capt. Hugh McCall, one of the earliest of Georgia's Historians, on page 60 of Vol. II of his history, mentions briefly the occurrence accepting the foregoing statements as true.
C. C. Jones, Jr., in his History of Georgia, Vol. II, p. 390, also mentions this statement as true.
In Volume II, page 180, of the Historical Magazine and Notes and Queries, is found an article communicated by I. IK. Teft, in which the author corroborates the foregoing tacts by an order then in his possession, given by Maj. "William Jackson upon certain vendue masters for $50'0.00 "in the cause of the captors and claimants of the vessels taken in Ogeechee river by Col. White, being his fees in said cause."
242, Vol. II), records as facts the details above outlined. This is substantial proof of its trustworthiness.
Col. White was sui married Thomas Gordc first married William L
property to St. John's Church. The will is recorded, in Book M. P. 211, of the Ordinary's office. The writer has in his possession the papers of Mrs. Hayden, and among them are several military orders dra,wn by Col. White, a copy of Mr. Teft's communication, with notations thereon by Mrs. Hayden, and a letter from the widow of Col. "White, written to Gov. John Houston in 1789, requesting him to recover for her a house and lot in Savannah owned by her late husband, and which had, through mistake, been con fiscated as British property.--E. H. Abrahams.

COLONEL JOHN WHITE
I hate their cursed intent, who for the Congress fight The Tories of the'day, they are my daily toast, They soon will sneak away, who independence boast, Who non-resistent hold, they have my hand and heart May they for slaves be sold, who act the Whiggish part, On Mansfield, North, and Bute, may daily blessings' pour, Confusion and Dispute, on Congress evermore; To North and British Lord, may honors still "be done, I wish the block and cord, to General Washington.' '*
trs. Foster's Revolutionary Reader, p. 112.

521

SECTION VI Georgia. Miscellanies

SECTION VI

GEORGIA MISCELLANIES

Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia

louring' the lirst twenty-one years of Georgia's colo

nial life the government was administered by Trustees,

under whom General Oglethorpe was appointed Governor

and Commander-in-Cliief. The number of Trustees, from

first to last, was seventy-two; and the membership of

the board included some of the most distinguished men

of England, among whom were scions of the nobility,

ministers of the Gospel, and members of Parliament.

I>ue to the fact that they were more familiar with the

etiquette of courts than with the needs of the savage

wilderness, some of the measures adopted by the Board

were ill-advised. The effort to introduce the manufac

ture of silk was unsuccessful; and the regulations in re

gard to rum, slavery and land tenure, having been fouud

to operate as a check upon industry, were rescinded,

one by one, until little was left of the original designs.

But the Trustees were pure philanthropists. They served

without fee or reward; they sacrificed both time and

money in the prosecution of the enterprise; and no body

of men was ever organized for nobler ends or dominated

by loftier ideals. Georgia owes it to herself to keep in

grateful remembrance the names of these English gen

tlemen :

'

NAMED IN TrTK CHABTT5B

1. JOHN, LOKR PERCIV^J., first President of the Board. 2. EDWARD DlGBT, afterwards a baronet.

526 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
3. GEORGE, LORD CARPENTER. 4. JAMES OGLETHORPE, M. P. 5. GEORGE HEATHCOTE, M. P. 6. THOMAS TOWER, M. P. 7. ROBERT MOORE, M. P. 8. ROBERT HTJCKS, M. P. 9. ROGER HOLLAND, M. P. 10. "WILLIAM SLOPER, M. P. 11. SIK FRANCIS EYLES, M. P., a "baronet. 12. JOHN LAROCHE, M'. P. 13. JAMES VERNON, ESQ. 14. WILLIAM BELITIIA. 15. REV. JOHN BURTON, D. D. 36. REV. RICHAXD BUNDY, IX D. 17. REV. ARTHUR, BEDFORD, A.M. IS. REV. SAMUEL SMITH, LL. B. 19. ADAM ANDERSOX, an author. 20. THOMAS CORAM, a philanthropist. 21. REV. STEPHEN HALES, D. D.
ELECTED IN 1733
22. JAMES STANLEY, EARL OF DERBY. 23. ANTHONY ASIILEY COOPTCR, EARL OF SHAFTSBURY. 24. JOHN, LORD TYRCONNEL. 25. JAMES, LORD LIMERICK. 26. JAMES, LORD J>'ARCY. 27. RICHARD CHANDLER, ESQ. 28. THOMAS FREDERICK, M. P. 29. HENRY L 'APOSTRE. 30. SIR WILLIAM HEATIICOTE, M. P., a baronet. 31. JOHN "WHITE, ESQ. 32. ROBERT KETTDALT,, ESQ. 33. JOHN PACE, M. P. 34. WILLIAM HANBUR^, ESQ. 35. CHRISTOPHER TOWER, M. P. 36. SIR ERASMUS PHILIPPS, M. P., a "baronet. 37. SIR JOHK GONSON, a knight. 38. GEORGE TYRF.R, Esq., an alderman of London.
ELECTED IN" 1734
39. REV. THOMAS RUNDLE, D. D. 40. WILLIAM, LORD TALBOT. 41. RICHARD COOPE, ESQ. 42. WILLIAM WOLLASTON, M. P. 43. ROBERT EYRE, ESQ. 44. THOMAS ARGUES, M. P.

TRUSTEES FOR ESTABLISHING THE COLONY OF GEORGIA 527
HENRY ARCHER, M, P. FRANCIS WOI/LASTON, ESQ. SIR EGBERT GARTER, a knight.
ELECTED IN 173? 49. SIR JACOB DE BOUVERIE, a baronet.
ELECTED IN" 3738 50. Sm HARRY GorjGii, M. P., a baronet. 51. SIR HARRY BURGOYKE, M. P., a baronet.
ELECTED IN 1739. 52. SIDNEY, LOKD BEAU CLERK, M. P.
ELT^CTED IN 3741 53. HEKRY, EARL BATHTJRST. 54. HON. PHILIP PERCIVAL. 55. SIR JOHN F'RESISRICK, M. P., a baroaet.
ELECTED IX 1742 HOK. ALEXANDER HUME CAMPBELL, M. P. SIR JOHN BARRINQTON, if. P., a baronet. SAMUTCL TUKNBULL, M. P. SIR IIE7JK.T CALTITORFE, M. P., K, B.
ELECTED IN" 3743 GO. Sin JOJJN- PBJLiPi-s, M1. P., a baronet, 61. VET.TERS CORNE^VALT^ M. P. 62. Jonx WEIGHT, ESQ.
ELECTED IN 1745 63. :REV. THOMAS WIT.SON, D. D.
ELECTED IN 1747 ' 04. PRAXCIS- COKAYKE, ESQ. 65. SAMITEI., LLOYD, ESQ.
ELECTED IN 3749 66. EARL OF F.OMONT, son of Lord Pcrcival. <67. ANTliONY EWKR, ESQ. 68. EDWARD HOOPER, M. P. 69. Sis JOHN CUST. M. P., a baronet. 70. Hox. SLI^GSBY BETKEL, M. P. 71. HON. STEPHEN THEODORK JANSKN, M. P.
72. ElCMAKD CAVENDrSH, 51. P.
At the expiration of the twenty-one years, which fixed the limits of the original charter, the Trustees quite naturally desired to be relieved of further rcsponsibili-

528 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ties. They accordingly sent a memorial to the Lords of the Council, proposing to surrender the control of the Province of Georgia, and to deed back to his Majesty the lands which they held in trust; the King acquiesced, and on June 23, 1752, the last meeting- of the Trustees was held. Not an obligation of any kind remained against them unredeemed; and, having formally executed a deed of surrender, the seal of the corporation "was de faced and the Colony of Georgia passed under the direct control of-the King of England. When the Trustees met for the last time, only six of the original number sur vived. The scene was full of tender pathos; for, while they had made mistakes in governing the Colony, they had established in America an asylum for the oppressed, which was destined to become great and powerful, and they had nobly exemplified the motto engraved upon the colonial seal: "Non Sibi Sed Aliis."
The Margravate of Azilia
Oglethorpe's humane enterprise was not the first ef fort to colonize the territory of Georgia. Fifteen years before the good ship Anne started upon her long voyage to the new world, Sir Robert Montgomery conceived the ambitious idea, of planting a colony between the Savan nah and the Altamaha Rivers, to be called the Margravate of Azilia. It "was the most unique scheme of empire build ing which the human intellect ever conceived. The region was pictured to the imagination of the prospective colon ist as another Land of Promise, and there was no lack of zeal on the part of Sir Robert in exploiting the enter prise. But it came to naught. The story is one with which Georgians ought to be familiar. Colonel Charles G. Jones, Jr., tella it as follows: "Tn the summer of 1717, Sir Robert Montgomery secured from the Lords Proprietors of Carolina a grant of land lying between the Altamaha and the Savannah Rivers, with permission

THE MARGRAVATE OF AZIL.IA

529

to make settlements on the south, side of the latter stream. This territory was to be erected into a separate and inde pendent province, "was to be holden of Sir Robert, his heirs and assigns forever, and was to be called the Margravate of Azilia. A yearly quit-rent of a penny per acre for all lands occupied was to be paid; such payment, how ever, not to commence until three years after the arrival of the first ships transporting1 colonists. In addition, Sir Robert covenanted to render to the Tjords Proprie tors one-fourth of all the gold, silver, and royal minerals which might be found within the limits of the ceded lands. Courts of justice were to be organized and such laws enacted by the freemen of the Margravate as might conduce to the g'eneral good and in no wise conflict with the statutes and customs of England. The naviga tion of the rivers was to be free to all the inhabitants of the colonies of North and South Carolina. A duty was to be laid on skins, and the revenues thus derived were to be applied to the maintenance of the clergy. Sir Robert, in consideration of this cession, agreed to transport at his own cost a certain number of families and all necessaries for forming1 new settlements within the specified limits. It was mutually covenanted that if such settlements were not made witliin three years from the date of the grant it should become void.
"In the 'Discourse concerning the Designed Estab lishment of a New Colony to tlie South of Carolina in the most Delightful Country of the Universe,' prepared by himself and printed in London in 1717, Sir Robert, in glowing- terms, sought to unfold the attractions of his future Eden. 'It lies/ said he, 'in the same latitude as Palestine itself, that promised Canaan which was pointed out by God's own choice to bless the labors of a favorite people.' After commending- in the hig-hest terms its woods and meadows, its fruits and game, its soil and climate, its mines and odoriferous plants, its flower and agricultural capabilities, he proceeds to ex plain his plan of settlement. He did not propose to sat-

530 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
isfy himself 'with building here and there a fort, the fatal practice of America, but so to dispose the habita tions and divisions of the land that not only out-houses, but whatever else we possess will be enclosed by military lines, impregnable against the savages, and which will make our whole plantation one continued fortress. At the arrival, therefore, of the first men carried over, proper officers shall mark and cause to be entrenched a square of land in just proportion to the number. On the outsides of this square, within the little' bastions or redoubts of, the entrenchments, they will raise light timber dwellings, cutting down the trees 'which every where encompass them. The officers are to be quartered with the men whom they command, and the governorin-chief is to be placed exactly in the center. By these means the laboring- people, being so disposed as to be always "watchful of an enemy's approach, are themselves within the eyes of those set over them, and altogether under the inspection of their principal. The redoubts may be near enough to defend each other "with muskets, but field pieces and patareros "will be planted upon each, kept charged with partridge shot and pieces of old iron. Within these redoubts are the common dwellings of the men who must defend them, and between them runs a pal isaded bank and ditch, which will be scoured by the artil lery. One man in each redoubt, kept day and nig-ht upon the guard, will give alarm upon occasion to the others at work. So they will cultivate their lands, secure their cattle, and follow their business with perfect ease and safety. Exactly in the center of the inmost square will be a fort defended by a large cannon, pointing every way, and capable of making- strong resistance in case some quarter of the outward lines should chance to be surprised by any sudden accident. The nature of this scheme, when weighed against the ignorance and wildness of the natives, will show that men thus settled may at once defend and cultivate a territory with the utmost satisfaction and security, even in the heart of an Indian

THE MARGRAVATE os1 AZILIA

531

Country. Then how much rather a place considerably distant from the savage settlements ?'
'' Next he proceeds to give an explanation of the plan for fixing the districts or divisions in the Margravate. The whole diagram was to be a square twenty miles long each way, containing 256,000 acres. It was agreed that the men to defend the district should be hired in Great Britain or Ireland; that they should dwell in the forti fied angles and cultivate the land immediately around them; that they should be hired for a definite term of years, and that at the expiration of this time such among
them who should marry or come married hither might have a right of laying claim to a 'certain Fee Parm, ready cleared, together with a house built upon it, and a stock sufficient to improve and cultivate it, to be en joyed Tax and Rent free during life as a reward for service.' 'By which means two great advantages must naturally follow: (1) Poor laboring men, so secured of a fixed future settlement, will thereby be induced to go thither more willingly and act when there with double diligence and duty and (2) When the time of service expires, possession just long enough to pass their lives upon at ease and to bring up their children on honestly, the families they have will prove a constant seminary of sober servants of both sexes for the Gentry of the colony, whereby they will be under no necessity to use the dan gerous help of Blackamoors or Indians. The lands set apart for the purpose are to be two miles in width, sur rounding the district, and lying next within the Mar grave's own reserved land. The 116 squares into which the inner quadrangle is divided are to be one mile each -way, or 640 acres, bating only for the highways which di vide them. These are the estates belonging- to the Gentry of the district, -who being so confined to an equality in land; will be profitably emulous of outdoing- each other in improvement; and when the Margravate is strong enough to form many districts the estates will be given gratis to honest and qualified gentlemen in Great Britain and

532 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
elsewhere who, having numerous and well educated fam ilies, possess but little fortune and will therefore be chosen to enjoy these advantages. The four great parks or forests are each to be four miles square ; sixteen miles around each forest, in "which are to be propagated herds of cattle of all sorts. The middle hollow square, "which is full of streets crossing each other, is the city, and the belt embroidered with trees is to be used for a thousand purposes, among the rest as being airy and affording a fine prospect of the town near it. In the center of the city stands the Margrave's house. This is to be his con stant residence, and to contain everything requisite for the dispatch of business. This likewise is to be separated from the city by an embroidered belt like the one sepa rating the city from the rural districts.'
"Sir Robert enlarges upon the profits to be realized from this charming country in the cultivation of rice, tea, figs, raisins, currents, almonds, olives, silk and coch ineal. Large gains were expected from the manufacture of potash. Liberal offers were made to all "who might wish to become colonists in the Margravate of Azilia and ample guarantees given for protection. Although subscription books "were opened in the Carolina Coffee House, near the Royal Exchange, it does not appear that much stock was taken in the enterprise. To the King, Sir Robert addressed a petition specifying the tract of land called Azilia, with which he had been invested by the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, declaring that he had a bona fide intention of founding a colony there and requesting the privilege of establishing in the city of Edinburgh a lottery of 100,000 tickets,' at the rate of forty shillings per ticket, for the purpose of raising funds with which to defray the expenses of the adventure. A memorial "was received from the Lords Proprietors, ex plaining the proposal of Sir Robert for settling the most southern parts of Carolina, of which he "was to be Gov ernor. It was referred to a committee of the Privy Coun cil for consideration. The board of trade, while reeom-

TrrE MARGRAVATC, -,i< AZILIA

533

mending Sir Bobert as a proper person for Governor, in order to avoid complications, suggested to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina the advisability of surrendering to the crown their powers of government over the places . included in the proposed Margravate, reserving to them selves only the property in the lands. The whole matter was referred to the attorney-general, who reported that he saw nothing in the cession prejudicial to the rights of the crown, but he doubted whether the powers granted to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina could be divided in the manner proposed. To remove the difficulty he sug gested that if the Lords Proprietors would surrender to his Majesty their powers of government over the new province to be erected, reserving to themselves only the rig'ITt of property therein they might lease the la,nd on such terms as they saw fit and then his Majesty could create a new government upon such conditions and with such powers as he deemed proper.
"Despite the efforts made to induce immigration into the favored region at the expiration of the three years allowed by the cession from the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, Sir Kobert Montgomery found himself without colonists. His grant expired and became void by terms of limitation. His Azilia remained unpeopled, save by the red men of the forest. His scheme proved utterly Utopian, and it was reserved for Oglethorpe and his com panions to wrest from primaeval solitude and to vitalize with the energies of civilization the lands lying between the Savannah and the Altamaha. . . . Nevertheless, the attorney-general's suggestion with respect to sur rendering powers to the crown was adopted with respect to the wThole of Carolina. The disputes and conflicts be tween the Lords Proprietor and the colonists continued to be so constant "that all except Lord Carterct, taking advantage of the provisions of an Act of Parliament, surrendered to the King, not only their rights and in terests in the government of Carolina, but also their own ership of the soil. The indenture of purchase and sale

534 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
"was duly executed and the consideration was 22,500 pounds sterling. Thus, for this small sum, were seveneighths of the extensive territory constituting the prov ince of Carolina sold by the Lords Proprietors to the crown. The other eighth was owned by Lord Carteret, Baron of Hawnes. 'Subsequently by deed, dated Febru ary 28, 1732, he conveyed to the Trustees for establishing; the colony of Georgia in America, the one undivided eighth part of all lands lying between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers. The other seven-eighths was ceded to them by the crown. AVith this explanation, we un derstand why, in the charter granted by King George II, dated June 9, 1732, royal cession "was made of only seveneights of the lands to be erected into a province to be called Georgia."*
Coligny's Huguenot Colonies
Not long after De Soto's ill-fated expedition, a band of French colonists skirted the coast of Georgia and gave to the rivers of this State the earliest names by w*hich they were known to Europeans. The adventurous Frenchman crossed the Atlantic in two ships, under command of Jean Ribault, to found a colony of Hugue nots in the new world, an enterprise which they "were encouraged to undertake by the zeal of the famous Gaspard de Coligny, the first nobleman of France "who dared to profess himself a Protestant. Says Bishop Stevens: "The expedition sailed from Havre de Grace on Febru ary 18, 1662, and in two months reached Florida, at a place which "they named Cape Francois. Thence coast ing north, they soon entered the mouth of the St. John's "which, because discovered on the first day of May, they called the River of May. Here, on a sandy knoll, they erected a pillar of stone, on which was engraved the arms
*Condensed from History of Georgia, by Charles C. Jones, Jr., Vol. I, pp. 70-75, Boston, 1883.

COLIGNY'S HUGUENOT COLONIES

535

of France. Coasting still northward, they discovered the St. Mary's, which Ribault named the Seine, because it was 'like unto the River of Seine in France.' Leaving St. Mary's, they soon cast anchor off the mouth of the Satilla, termed by them the Somme; and manning two boats they rowed up the river to examine its banks and to hold converse with the Indian king. They next discov ered the Altaxnaha, which they called the Loire; further north, they came to Newport Eiver, emptying into Sapelo Sonnd, which they termed Charente; next, St. Catharine's Inlet, which they called the Garonne; then Ossabaw Sound, receiving the waters of the Ogeeehee River, to which they assigned the name of Gironde; and still fur ther on they entered the broad mouth of the Savannah, styled by* them the River Grande; thus bestowing upon the noble streams of Georgia the names of the beautiful rivers of France. Bach of these waters was well ex plored and glowingly described."*

At the time of this expedition, the entire South At lantic coast was given the name of Florida. The set tlement which Ribault made at Fort Caroline, near the spot on. which Beaufort, S. C., now stands, was ill-fated, and the story of how the starving colonists braved the open sea, after waiting in vain for Eibault's return from France, is one of the most pathetic in American annals. Equally tragic was the fate of the settlement made by Laudonnier at the mouth of the St. John's. Spain coiild not brook even a trans-Atlantic resting place for the ene-' mies of her faith. Menendez was dispatched by Philip II to uproot the Protestants. He executed the commission by a relentless and thorough, massacre of the inhabitants, and every vestige of the settlement was obliterated. Fur ther down the river a fort was constructed by the Span-
*Wm. Bacon stevens, M. D., D. D-, in History of Georgia, Vol. I, pp. 30-38. New York, 1847.

536 GEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ish commander; and here, on September 8, 1565, were laid the foundations of the oldest city in America--St. Augustine.
Silk Culture in Georgia
Georgia's earliest industry was the production of raw silk, it was the dream of the Trustees to save to England vast bumsi of money paid annually to foreign countries for this expensive material, and they even sent to Italy for persons to teach the colonists how to feed the wo-rms and to obtain the threads from the cocoons. But the in dustry languished. In the course of time, it was confined exclusively to the Germans at Ebeiiezer, while the fila tures at Savannah wore abandoned long prior to the Rev olution. Says Colonel Charles C. Jones, Ir.: "Aware of 1he fact that the mulberry tree was indigenous to Georgia and informed that the climate was favorable to the silk-worm, the Trustees were encouraged by 'Sir Thomas Lombe to b~elieve that raw silk of a superior quality could be readily produced in the province, and tLat vast sums which were annually expended in the pur chase of foreign silks might be saved to the nation. Ogleihorpe was firmly persuaded that England could thus be most materially benefittecl and the Trustees resolved to engage persons in Italy acquainted with the methods of feeding the worm and winding the threads from the co coons to accompany the first settlers and instruct them in the various processes.''* . . . ' i The encouragement extended the Trustees and the Board of Trade to the production of raw silk in Georgia was not without some palpable results. From time to time samples were re ceived. In May, 1735, the trustees, accompanied by Sir Thoma's Lembe, exhibited a specimen to the Queen, who desired that it should be wrought into a fabric. This was done, and her majesty was so much pleased with
History of Georgia, Vol. I, p. 97, Boston, 1883.

PATRIOTS OUTLAWED BY THE TORY GOVERNMENT 537
the manufactured silk that she ordered it to be made into a costume, in which she appeared at court on her birthday." Ibid., page 190. For the information of those who wist to pursue tile subject further, the follow ing references are given: History of Georgia, by Charles C. Jones, Jr., Vol. I, pp. 97, 190, 272, 371-374^ 433-435, 532, Boston, 1883. There are also fair accounts of the industry in the histories by Stevens and McCall. While the Trustees excluded rum from the colony, they en couraged the manufacture of wine; but this, too, declined. Failure in both cases was probably due to the protracted wars with the Spaniards, to the rules of the Trustees gov erning slavery and land tenure in the colony, and to the fact that other products like rice, cotton and indigo of fered larger immediate profits.
Georgia Patriots Outlawed by the Tory Government
On July 6, 1780. soon after the fall of Savannah, an Act was passed by the Tory Legislature and signed by the Royal Governor, James AVright, condemning- the "wicked and unprovoked rebellion" against his Majesty in the Province of Georgia, and disqualifying certain parties mentioned therein. At the same time full am nesty was offered to all who should hasten to enroll them selves under the royal banners, by taking the oath of allegiance to the House of Brunswick. The outlook was dark for the patriotic cause, but even in this despondent hour there were few to desert the colors. The following civilians and soldiers "were by name declared to be spe cially obnoxious to the crown of England. The list is now Georgia's cherished Roll of Honor:
1. ,Tonx TIOTJSTOTJN, rebel Governor. 2. ,TOHH ADAMS TREUTI.EN, rebel Governor. 3. LAOm.AN MclNTosK, rebel General. 4. GEORGE WAT.TON, Member of rebel Congress. 5. WILT.IAM STEPHENS, rebel Attorney-General. 6. JOHN jSIcCTAjRE, rebel Major.

538

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
7. JOSEPH CLAY, rebel Paymaster-General. 8. N. WYMBERLEY- JOKES, Speaker rebel Assembly. 9. MORDECAI SIJEFTALL, Chairman Rebel P. Com. 10. WILLIAM O 'BRYAN, rebel Treasurer. 11. JOHN WEIIEAT, rebel Counsellor. 12. EDWARD TEI^AIR, Member of rebel Congress: 13. EDWARD DAVIES^, Member of rebel Assembly. 14. SAMUEL ELBERT, rebel General. 15. SETH JOHN CUTIIBERT, a rebel Major. 16. WILLIAM HOLSENUORF, a rebel Counsellor. 17. HICHARD HOWLEY, a rebel Governor. 18. GEORGE GALFIIIN, rebel Sup. Indian Affairs. 19. ANDREW WILLIAMSON, rebel General. 20. JOHN WHITE, rebel Colonel 21. NEHEMIAH WADE, rebel Treasurer. 22. JOHN TwiGGS, rebel Colonel. 23. WM. FEW, rebel Counsellor. 24. EDWARD LANGWOKTHY, rebel Delegate. 25. WM. GLASCOCK, rebel Counsellor. 26. EGBERT WALTON, rebel Com. .of Forfeited Estates. 27. JOSEPH WOOD, JR., Clerk to the rebel Assembly. 28. ------------ PiGGlisr, rebel Colonel. 29. WM HORNET, Distiller. 30. PIEIICE BUTLER, rebel Officer. 31. JOSEPH WOOD, Member of rebel Congress. 32. REV. WM. PEIRCY, Clerk. 33. THOMAS SAVAGE, Planter. 34. THOMAS STONE, rebel Counsellor. 35. BENJAMIN ANDREW, President of the Rebel Council. 36. JOHN BAKER, Senior rebel Colonel. 37. WM. BAKER, rebel Officer. 38. FRANCIS BROWN, Planter. 39. NATHAN BROWN-SON, Member of rebel Congress. 40. JOHN HARBY, Captain of a rebel Galley. 41. THOS. MORRIS, rebel Officer. 42. SAMUEL MILLER, Member of rebel Assembly. 43. THOS. MAXWELL, Planter. 44. JOSEPH WOODRUFF. 45. JOSEPH OSWALD, Planter. 46. JosiAH POWELL, Planter. 47. SAMUEL SALTUS, a Committeeman. 48. JOHN SANDIFORD, Planter. 49. PETER TABLING, rebel Officer. 50. OLIVER BOWEN, rebel Commodore. 51. LYMAN HALL, member of rebel Congress. 52. ANDREW MOORE, Planter.

PATRIOTS OUTLAWED BY THE TOBY GOVERNMENT
53. JOSHUA INMAN, Planter. 54. JOHN DOOLY, rebel Colonel. 55. JOHN GLEN, rebel Chief-Justice. 56. RICHARB WYLfSY-, President o.f the rebel Council. 57. ADAM FOWLER BRISBANE, rebel Counsellor. 58. SHEM BUTLER, rebel Assemblyman. 59. JOSEPH HABERSIIAJI, rebel Colonel. 60. JOHN STIRK, rebel Colonel. 61. RAYMOND DEMERE, rebel Clo. General. 62. CHAS. ODINGSEJ.L, rebel Captain. 63. WM. PEACOCK, rebel Counsellor. 64. JOHN BRADLEY, Captain rebel Galley. 65. JOSEPH REYNOLDS, Bricklayer. 66. RTJDOLPII STROHA~KER, Butcher. 67. CilAS. COPE, Butcher. 68. LEWIS COPE, Butcher. 69. HEPWOKTH CARTER, rebel Captain. 70. STEPHEN JOHNSTON, Butcher, 71. JOHN MclNTosn, JR., rebel Colonel. 72. JAMES HOUSTON, Surgeon. 73. JAMES HABERSHAM, Merchant. 74. JOHN HABERSHAM, rebel Mayor. 75. JOHN MILLEDGE, JR., rebel Assemblyman. 76. LEVI SHEFTALL, Butcher. 77. PHILIP JACOB COHEN, Shopkeeper. 78. JOHN SUTCLIFFE, Shopkeeper. 79. JONATHAN BRYAN, rebel Counsellor. SO. JOHN SPENCER, rebel Officer. 81. JOHN HOLMES, Clerk. 82. "WILLIAM GIBBONS, the elder, rebel Counsellor. 83. SHEFTALL, SHEFTALL, rebel Officer. 84. PHILIP MiiNis, Shopkeeper. 85. COSHMAN POLOCK, Shopkeeper. 86. ROBT. HAMILTON, Attorney at Law. 87. BENJ. LLOYD, rebel Officer. 88. JAMES ALEXANDER, rebel Officer. 89. JOHN JENKINS, rebel Assemblyman. 90. SAM. STIRK, rebel Secretary. 91. PHILIP DENSLEK, Yeoman. 92. HENRY CUYLER, rebel Officer. 93. JOSEPH GIBBONS, rebel Assemblyman. 94. EBENEZER SMITH PLATT, Shopkeeper. 95. MATTHEW GRIFFIN, Planter. 96. PETER DEVEAUX, Gentleman. 97. BEN. ODINGSELL, rebel Officer. 98. JOHN GIBBONS, V. Master.

539

540 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
99. JOTTN SMITH, Planter. 100. WM. LE CONTE, rebel Counsellor. 101. CHARLES FE. CHEVALIER, rebel Counsellor. 102. PETER CHAMBERS, Shopkeeper. 103. THOS. WASHINGTON, rebel Officer. 104. ELISHA MAXWELL, Planter. 105. THOS. MAXWELL, JR., rebel Mayor. 106. WM. GIBBONS, the younger, Planter. 107. WM. DAVIS, rebel Officer108. JOHN" GKAVES, Yeoman. 309. CHARLES KENT, rebel Counsellor. 110. JOHN BACON, Mariner. 111. NATHANIEL, SAXTON, Tavernkecpcr. 132'. PITIT.IP LOWE7 rebel Officer. 113. SAMUEL SPENCER, Mjarincr. 114. .JOHN WINN, SEN'R, Planter. 115. I>EVEAUX JARRAT, rebel Assemblyman, 116. SAMUEL WEST, Gentleman. 117. JOSIA.II DUPONT, Planter. 118. JAMES PITCH, Planter. 119. FREDERICK PUGH, Planter. 120. JAMES KA^, Planter. 121. JAMES MARTIN, Planter. 122. JOHN MARTIN, rebel Sheriff. 123. TTIOS. PACE, rebel Officer. 124. BENJ. FELL, rebel Officer. 125. DTONTSIUS WEIGHT, Planter. 126. CTIESLET BOSTICK, Shopkeeper. 127. LITTLEBBRRY BOSTICK, Planter. 128. LEONARD M'ARBCJRY, rebel Officer. 129. JOHN SHARP, Planter. 130. JAMES HARRIS, Planter. 131. HENRY JONES, rebel Colonel. 132. HUGH MCGETC, rebel Captain. 133. JOHN WJT.SOX, Gentleman. 134. GEORGE WYCHE, rebel Officer. 135. WM. CANDLER, rebel Officer. 136. ZECHARIAH TENN, Planter. 137. WM. MclNTOsH, rebel Colonel. 138. DAVID BRADIE, Surgeon. 139. ANDREW MCI^EAN, Merchant. 140. SIR PATRICK HOUSTOUN, Baronet. 141. McOARTiN CAMPBJCLT,, Merchant. 142. JAMES GORDON, Planter. 143. JOHN KELL, Gentleman. f 144. JOHN MCLEAN, Planter.

EARLIEST POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS--PARISHES

145. 146. 147. 348. 149. 150. 151.

JOHN SXJDEE, Planter. JOHN ELI-IOTT, rebel Officer. THOMAS EULIOTT, rebel Officer. RICHARD SWINNBY, Yeonian. KIJCH jVtiDDLETON, rebel Officer, JOB PRAY, Mariner. JOSIAII McTjEAN, Planter.1

541

Earliest Political Subdivisions
Deeming it conducive to the convenience of the inhab itants and proraotive of gx>od government, the Trustees, on April 15, 1741, divided the Province of Georgia into tw'o counties--Savannah and Frederica. The former in cluded all settlements upon the Savannah River and upon both hanks of the Great Ogeechee River, and such addi tional territory south of the latter stream as should be designated when a proper map of the country could be prepared. Within the latter were embraced I>arien, Fredcrioa and the entire region lying south of the Altamaha River. 2
Parishes
Perhapg the most important Act passed by the pro vincial legislature during the administration of Governor KllJs, the (second Royal Governor of Georgia, was one dividing the several districts of the province into par ishes, providing for the establishment of religious wor ship according to the rites and ceremonies of the Church of England, and for other purposes. This Act "was ap proved March 15, 1758, and by it the Province of Georgia was erected into eight parishes, to wit:
THE PARISH OF CHRIST CHXIRCTH, which included the town and district of Savannah, together with adjacent islands.
THE PARISH OP ST. MATTREW, embracing the district of Ebenezer, to gether with Abercorn and Goshcn.
1 White's Historical Collections of Georgia. 2 History of Georgia, by Charles C. Jones, Jr., Vol. I, p. 416, Boston, 1383.

542 GEOEGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
THE PARISH OF ST. GEORGE, -which -was created from the district of Halifax, embracing an area of which the site of the present town of Waynesboro was the center.
THE PARISH OF ST. PAUL, which included the district of Augusta. THE PARISH OF ST. PHILIP, embracing the town of Hardwick and the district of Ogeechee, together with Ossabaw Island. THE PARISH OP ST. JOHN, which included the Sunbury and Midway set tlements, together with St. Catharine and Bermuda Islands. THE PARISH OF ST. ANDREW, which embraced the town and district of D'arien, south of the Altamaha, including Sapelo and adjacent islands. THE PARISH OF ST. JAMES, which embraced the town and district of Frederica, including Great and Little St. Simon and adjacent islands.
In accordance with, the provisions of an Act dated March 25, 1765, the newly acquired territory between the Altamaha and the St. Mary was divided into four parishes, to wit:
THE PARISH OF ST. DAVID, embracing a tract of lanrl between the Alta maha and the north.branch of Turtle River.
THE PARISH OF ST. PATRICK, embracing an area "between the north branch of Turtle Biver and the south branch of the Little Satilla.
THE PARISH OF ST. THOMAS, extending from the south branch of the Little Satilla to the South Branch of the Great Satilla.
THE PARISH OF ST. MART, which included an area between the south branch of the Great Satilla and the south branch of the St. Mary, together with the sea islands embraced within these limits.
Delegates to the Continental Congress
Archibald Bulloeh ........................... 1775-1776 Lyman Hall* ................................ 1775-1 777 John Houston. ............................. .1775-1777 ISToble Wymberly Jones. .......... .1775-1776; 1781-1783
*Dr. Lyman Hall was first elected in 1774, and took his seat as from the Parish, of St. John, in the Colony of Georgia, but did no re-elected In 1775, at which time be was joined by his colleague

DELEGATES OF 1781 AND 1787
Joseph Wood...............................1777-1779 Joseph Clay.................................1778-1780 William Few. ................... .1780-1782; 1785-1788 Biehard Howley............................. 1780-1781 William Gibbons............................ 1784-1786 William Houstoun........................... 1784-1787 Abraham Baldwin. .......................... .1785-1788 John I-Iabersham. .......................... .1785-1786 William Pierce.............................. 1786-1787

543

Delegates to the Federal Convention of 1781 Who Signed the Articles of Confederation

George Walton,

Edward Telfair,

Edward Langworthy.

Delegates to the Federal Convention of 1787 Who Signed the Federal Constitution

Abraham Baldwin,

William Few.

N". j3.--William Houstoun and William Pierce were also elected, but did not sign the Federal Constitution.

United States Senators

William Few. ......... .3789-1733 James Jacfaron........ .1793-1795 George Walton......... 1795-1796 Josiah Tattnall. ....... .1796-1799 Abraham Baldwin-.... .1799-1807 George Jones. ........ .1807-1807 Wm. H. Crawford. .... .1807-1813' W. B. Bulloeh. ........ .1813-1813 W. W. Bibb. ......... .1813-1816 George M. Troup. ..... .1816-1818 John Forsyth.......... 1818-1819 Freeman Walker. ..... .1839-1821 Nicholas Ware. ....... .1821-1824 Thomas W. Cobb. ......1824-1828 Oliver H. Prince ...... .1828-3831 George M. Troup. ..... .1831-1833

James Ghinn. ......... .1789-1801
James Jackson. ....... .1801-1806 John Milledge*......... 1806-1809 Charles Tait.......... .1809-3819
John Elliott. ......... .1819-1825 John M. Berrien. ..... .1825-1839 John Porsyth.......... 1829-1835

President pro tern, of the Senate.

544 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

John P. King. ....... .1833-1837 Wilson Lumpkin. ..... .1837-3843 John M. Berrien. ...... .1841-1852 Robert M1. Charlton. ... .1852-1853

Alfred Cuthbcrt.. ..... .1835-

Joslina Hill. .......... .1871-1873
Jolm B. Gordon. ...... .1873-1880 Jos'eph E. Brown. ..... .1880-1891
John B. Gordon. ...... .1891-1807 Alexander S. Clay..... .1897-1910 Joseph M. Terrell. .... .3910-1911 Hoke Smith............ 1911H. V. M. Miller. ...... .1871-1871

3 from 1861 to 1873) T. M'. Norwood. ...... .1871-:
1714 1914

Members of Congress
FIRST CONGRESS, 1787-3791.--Abraham Baldwin, Jan Jackson, George Mathew-s.
SECOND CONGRESS, 1791-1793.--Abraham Baldwin, John Milledge (elected to succeed Anthony Wayne), Anthony Wayne (scat declared vacant after contest), Francis Willis.
TJTIRD CONGRESS, 1793-1795.--Abraham Baldwin, Thomas 1'. Carncs. .FOURTH: CONGRESS, 1795-1797.--Abraham Baldwin, John Milledge. FIFTI-I CONGRESS, 1797-3.799.--Abraham Baldwin, John Millcilge. SIXTH CONGRESS, 1799-1801.--James Jones, Benjamin Taliaferro. SEVENTH CONGRESS, 1801-1803.--Peter Early (elected to succeed John Mil-
ledge). John Milledge (resigned, 1802), David Meriwether (elected to succeed Benjamin Taliaferro), Benjamin Taliferro (resigned, 3802). EIGHTH CONGRESS, 1803-1805.--Joseph Bryan, Peter Early, Samuel Hammond, David Meriwether. NINTH CONGRESS, 1805-3807.---"William Wyatt Bibb (elected to succeed Thomas Spalding), Joseph Bryan (resigned, 3SOG), Peter Early, Cowle.s Mead (election successfully contested by Thomas Spalding), David Meriwether, Dennis Smelt (elected to succeed Joseph Bryan), Thomas Spaldirxg (resigned, 1807). TENTH CONGRESS, 1807-1889.--"William Wyatt Bibb, Hem-ell Cobb, Dennis' Smelt, George M. Troup. ELEVENTH CONCRTCSS, 1809-1811.--William Wyatt Bibb, Howell Cobb, Den nis Smelt, George 2Vf. Troup.

MEMBERS OF CONGRESS

545

TWELFTH CONGRESS, 1811-1813.--William Barnett (elected to succeed Howell Cobb), William Wyatt Bibb, Howell Cobb (resigned, 1812), Boiling Hull, George M'. Troup.
THIRTEENTH CONGRESS, 1813-1815.--William Barnett, William Wyatt Bibb (elected to succeed William H. Craw.ford, 17. S. Senator), Alfred Cuthbert (elected to succeed W. W. Bibb, resigned, 1813), -John Forsyth, Boiling Hall, Thomas T elf air, George M. Troup.
FOURTEENTH CONGRESS, 1815-1817.--Zadoc Cook (elected to succeed Alfred Cuthbcrt), Alfred Cuthbcrt (resigned, .1816), John Forsyth, Soiling Hull, Wilson Luinpltrn, Thomas Telfair, Richard Henry Wilde.
FiPTEENTjt CONGRESS, 1817-1819.--,1 oel Abbott, Zadoc Cook, Thomas W. Cobb, Joel Crawford, John Forsyth (elected to succeed George M. Troup, IT. S. Senator), Kobert Raymond Reid (elected to succeed John Forsyth, resigned, 1819), William Terrell.
SIXTEENTH CONGRESS, 1819-1821.--Joel Abbott, Thomas W. Cobb, Joel Crawford, John A. Cnthbert, Robert Raymond Reid, William Terrell.
SEVENTEENTH CONCKKSS, 1821-1823.--Joel Abbott, Alfred Cuthbert, George R. Gihner, Robert Raymond Reid, Edward F. Tattna]!, Wiley Thompson,
EIGHTEENTH CONGRESS, 1821-1825.--Joel Abbott, George Carey, Thomas W. Cobb (died 1823), Alfred Cnthbert, John Forsyth, Edward F. Tattnall, Wiley Thompson, Richard Henry Wilde (elected to succeed Thomas W. Cobb, deceased).
NINETEENTH CONGRESS, 1825-1827.--George Carcy, Alfred Cuthbert, John Forsyth, Charles E. Haynes, James Meriwether, Edward F. Tattnall, Wiley Thompson.
TWENTIETH CONGRESS, 1837-1829.--John Floycl, Tomlinson Fort, George R. Gihner, Charles E. Ilayncs, Wilson Lumpkin, Wiley Thompson, Richard ITenry WJlde.
TWENTY-FIRST CONGRESS, 1829-1831.--Thomas F. Foster, Charles G. Haynes, Henry G. T.amar, Wilson Lumpkin, "Wiley Thompson, James M. Wayne, Richard H. Wilde.
TWENTY-SECOND COKGEESS, 1831-1833.--Augnstin Smith Clayton, Thomas F. Foster, Henry G. Lamar, Baniel Newnan, Wiley Thompson, James M. Wayne, Richard H. Wilde.
TWENTY-THIRD CONGRESS, 1833-1835.--Augustin Smith Glayton, John Cof fee, Thomas F. Foster, Roger L. Gamble, George R. GiJrr.er, Seaborn Jones, William Schley, James M. Wayne, Richard H. Wilde.
TWENTY-FOURTH CONGRESS, 1835-1837.--Julius C. Alford (elected to suc ceed George W. Towns), Jesse F. Cleveland, John Coffee (died, 1836), William C. Dawson (elected to succeed John Coffee, deceased), Thomas Glas'cock, Seaton Grantland, Charles E. Haynes, Hopkins Halsey, J'abez Jackson, George W. Owens, George W. Towns (resigned, 1836).
TWENTY-FIFTH CONGRESS, 1837-1839.--Jes'se F. Cleveland, "William C. Dawson, Thomas Glascock, Seaton Grantland, Charles E. Haynes, Hopkins Halsey, Jabez JacksoO, George W. Owen, George W. Towns.
TWENTY-SIXTH CONCRKSS, 1839-1841.--Julius C. Alford, Edward J. Black,

54:6 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS .AND LEGENDS
Walter T. Colquitt (resigned, 1848), Mark A. Cooper, William C. Dawson, Richard W. H after sham, nines Holt (elected to succeed Walter T. Colquitt), Thomas Butler King, Eugenius A. Nisbet, Lott Warren. TWENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS, 1841-1843,--Julius C. ^ford, Edward J. Black (took his seat March 2, 1842), Walter T. Colquitt (took his seat February 1, 1842), Mark A. Cooper (took his seat February 1, 1842), George W. Crawford (elected to succeed Richard W. Habersham), William C. Dawson, Thomas F. Foster, Roger L. Gamble, Richard "W. Habersham (died, 1842), Thomas Butler King, James A. Meriwether, Eugenius' A. Nisbet, Lott Warren. TWENTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS, 1843-1845.--Edward J. Black, Absalom H. Chappcll, Duncan L. Clinch (elected to succeed John Millen), Howell Cobb, Hugh A. Haralson, John H. Lumpkin., John M'illen (died, 1843), Alex. II. Stephens, Win. H. Stiles. TWENTY-NINTH CONGRESS, 1845-1847.--Howell Cobb, Hugh A. Harals'on, Seaborn Jones, Thomas Butler King, John 11. Lumpkin, Washington Foe (resigned in 1845, without having taken his seat), Alex. H. Ste phens, Robert Toombs, George W. Towns (elected to succeed Washing ton Poe). TiriHTiET-H CONGRESS, 1847-1849.--Howell Cobb, Hugh A. Haralson, Alfred Iverson, John W. Jones, Thomas Butler King, John H. Lumpkin, Alex. H. Stephens, Robert Toombs. THIRTY-FIRST CONGRESS, 3 849-1851.--^Howell Cobb (elected Speaker De cember 21, 1849), Thomas C. Haekett, Hugh A. Haralson, Joseph W. Jackson (elected to succeed Thomas Butler King), Thomas Butler King (resigned, 1849), Alien F. Owen, Alex. H. Stephens, Robert Toombs, Marshall J. Wellborn. THIRTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1S51-1S53.--David J. Bailey, E. W. Chastain, Junius Tlilyer, Joseph W. Jackson, James' Johnson, Charles M'urphey, Alex. H. Stephens, Robert Toombs. THIRTY-THIRD CONGRESS, 1853-1855.--David J. Bailey, E. W. Chastain, Alfred II. Colquitt, Win. B. W". Dent, Junius Hillyer, David A. Reese, James L. Seward, Ales. H. Stephens. THIRTY-FOURTH CONGRESS, ] 855-1857.--Howell Cobb, Martin J. Crawford, Nathaniel G. Foster, John H. Lumpkin, James L. Seward, Alex. H. Stephens, Robert P. Trippe, Hiram Warner. THIRTY-FIFTH CONGRESS, 1857-1859.--Martin J. Crawford, Lucius J. Gartrell, Joshua Hill, James Jackson, James L. Seward, Alex. H. Stephens, Robert P. Trippe, Augustus R. Wright. THIRTY-SIXTH CONGRESS, 1859-1861.--Martin J. Crawford, Lueius J. Gartrellj Thomas Hardeman, Jr., Joshua Hill, James Jackson, John J. Jones, Peter E. Love, John W. H. Underwood. The Georgia delegation retired from the House January 23, 1861. Joshua Hill was the only member who formally- resigned. THIRTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS, 1861-1863.--Vacant. THIRTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS, 1863-1865.--"Vacant.

MEMBERS OP CONGRESS

547

THIRTY-NINTH CONGRESS, 1865-1867.--Vacant. FORTIETH CONGRESS, 1867-1869.--Joseph W. Clift, W. P. Edwards, Samuel
F. Gove, Charles H. Prince, Nelson Tift, P. M. B. Young. (These members were seated July 25, 1868.) FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS, 1869-1871.--Marion Bethune (seated January 16, 1871), Stephen A. Corker (seated January 24, 1871), Jefferson P. Long (seated January 24, 1871), Win. W. Paine (seated January 23, 1871), Wm. P. Price (seated Feb. 24, 1871), Richard H. Whiteley (seatea February 9, 1871), P. M. B. Young (seated February 24, 1871). FORTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1871-1873.--Erasmus W. Beck (elected to succeed Thomas J. Spccr), John S, Bigby, Dndley M. DuBose, A. T. MeTntyrc, Wm. P. Price, Thomas J., Speer (died, 1872), Richard H. Wliiteley,
P. M. B. Young. FORTY-THIRD CONGRESS, 1873-1875.--Hiram P. Bell, James H. Blount,
Philip Cook, James C. Freeman, Henry B. Harris, Morgan Rawls (un seated by Andrew Sloan), Andrew Sloan (chosen in place of Morgan Bawls), Alex. H. Stephens, Richard H. Whiteley, P. M. B. Young. FORTY-FOURTH CONGRESS, 1875-1877.--James H. Blount, Milton A. Candler, Philip Cook, Wm. H. Felton, Henry B. Harris', Julian Ilartridge, Garnett McMIllan (died, 1875, without having taken his seat), Benjamin H. Hill (elected to succeed Garnett McMillan), Wm. E. Smith, Alex. H.
Stephens. FORTY-FIFTH CONGRESS, 1877-1879.--JTiram P. Bell, James H. Blount,
MUton A. Candler, Philip Cook, Wm, H. Felton, Henry E. Harris, Julian Hartridge (died, 1879), Wm. E. Smith, Alex. II. Stephens. FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS, 1879-1881.--James H. Blount, Philip Cook, Wm. H. Felton, N. J. Hammond, John C. Nicholls, Henry Persons, Wm. E. Smith, Emory Speer, AJex. II. Stephens. FORTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS, 1881-1883.--George B. Black, James H. Blount, Hugh Buchanan, Judson C. Clements, Philip Cook, N. J. Hammond, Seaborn Beese (elected to succeed A. II. Stephens), Emory Speer, Alex. H. Stephens (resigned to become Governor of Georgia), Henry G.
Turner. FORTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS, 1883-1885.--James H. Blount, Hugh Buchanan,
Alien I). Candler, Judson C. Clements, Charles F. Crisp, 1ST. J. Ham mond, John C. NichoIIs, Seaborn Beese, Henry G. Turner. FORTY-NINTH CONGRESS, 1885-1887.--George T. Barnes, James H. Blount, Alien D. Candler, Judson C. Clements, Charles F. Crisp, N. J. Hammond, Henry B. Harris, Thomas M. Norwood, Seaborn Keese, Henry G. Turner. FIFTIETH CONGRESS, 1887-:I889.--George T. Barnes, James H. Blonnt, Alien D. Candler, Henry H. Carlton, Juds'on C. Clements, Charles F. Crisp, Thomas W. Grimes, Thomas M. Norwood, John D. Stewart, Henry G.
Turner. FI^TY-FIRST CONGRESS, 1889-1891.--George 'T. Barnes, James H. Blount,
Alien D. Candler, Henry Jl. Carlton, Judson C. Clements, Charles F.

548 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AKD LEGENDS

Crisp, Thomas W. Grimes, Bufus E. Lester, John D. Stewart, Henry G.

Turner.

FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893.--James H. Blount, Charles F. Crisp,

Bobert W. Everett, Thomas G. Lawson, Rufus E. Le^er, Leonidas F.

Livingston, Charles L. Moses, Henry G. Turner, Thomas E. "Watson,

Thomas E. Winn. FIFTY-THIRD CONGRESS, 1893-1895.--J. C. C. Black, Thomas B. Cabaniss,

Charles F. Crisp, Bufus E. Lester, Leonidas, F. Livingston, John W.

Maddox, Charles' L. Moses, Thomas G. Lawson, Benjamin E. Russell,

F. Carter Tate, Henry G. Turner. FIFTY-FOURTH CONGRESS, 1895-1897.--Charles L. Bartlett, J. C. C. Black,

Charles F. Crisp (died, 1896), Charles R. Crisp (elected to succeed

Charles F. Crisp, his father), Thomas G. Lawson, Rafus E. Lester,

Leonidas F. Livingston, John W. Maddox, Charles L. Moses, F. Carter

Tate, Henry G. Turner.

FIFTY-FIFTH CONGRESS, 1897-1899.--Win. C. Adamson, Charles L. Bartlett,

Win. G. Brantley, Wm. H. Fleming, James M'. Griggs, Wm. M. How

ard, Bufus E. L-cster, Elijah B. Lewis, Leonidas F. Livingston, John

W. Maddox, F. Carter Tate. FITTY-SIXTI-I CONGRESS, 1899-1901.--Wm. C. Adamson, Charles L. Bartlett,

Wm. G. Brantley, Wm. H. Fleming, James M. Griggs, Wm. M. Howard,

Kufus K. Lester, Elijah B. Lewis, Leonidas F. Livingston, Johm W.

Macldox, F. Carter Tate.

FIFTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS, 1901-1903.--Wm. C. Anderson, Charles L. Bart

lett, Wm. G. Brantley, Wm. H. Fleming, James M. Griggs, Wm. M.

Howard, Bufus F. Lester, Elijah B. Lewis, Leonidas F. Livingston,

John W. Maddox, F. Carter Tate.

FIFTY-EIGIITII CONGRESS, 1903-1905.--Win. C. Adamson, Charles L. Bartlett,

Wm. G. Brantley, James M. Griggs, Thomas W. Hardwick, Wm. M.

Howard, Bufus E. Lester, Elijah B. Lewis, Leonidas F. Livingston,

John W. Mkddox, F. Carter Tate. FIFTY-NINTH CONGRESS, 1905-1907.--Wm. C. Adamson, Charles L. Bartlett,

Thomas M. Bell, Wm. G. Brantley, James M. Griggs, Thomas W. Hard-

wick, Wm. M. Howard, Gordon Lee, Kufus E. Lester (died, 1906),

Elijah B. Lewis, Leonidas F. Livings-ton, J. W. Overstreet (elected to

succeed Bufus E. Lester).

SIXTIETH CONGRESS, 1907-1909.--Wm. C. Adamson, Charles L. Bartlett,

Thomas M. Bell, Win. G. Brantley, Charles G. Edwards, James M.

Griggs, Thomas' W. Harclwick, Wm. M. Howard, Gordon Lee, Elijah

B. Lewis', Leonidas F. Livingston.

I

SIXTY-FIRST CONGRESS, 1909-1911.--Win, C. Adamson, Charles L. Bartlett,

Thomas M. Bell, Wm. C. Brantley, Charles G. Edwards, Thomas W.

Hardwick, Wm. Schley Howard, Dudley M. Hughes, Gordon Lee, Samuel

J. Tribble.

SIXTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1911-1913.--Wm. C. Adamson, Charles L. Bartlett,

Thomas M. Bell, Charles B. Crisp, Charles G. Edwards, Thomas W.

GOVERNORS

549

Hardwick, Win. Schley Howard, Dudley M'. Hughes, Gordon Lee, Samuel J. Tribble, J. Kandall "Walker. SIXTY"-THIRD COKGKESS.--William C. Adamson, Charles L. Bartletfc, Thomas M. Bell, Charles R. Crisp, Charles G. Edwards, Thomas ~W. Hardwiek, Wm. Schley Howard, Dudley M. Hughes, Gordon Lee, Prank Park (elected to succeed S. A. Roddenbery), S. A. Boddenbery (died, 1913), Samuel J. Tribble, J. Eandall "Walker. SIXTY-FOURTH CONGRESS.--William C. Adamson, Thomas M. Bell, Cliarles B. Crisp, Chas. G. Edwards, Wm. Scliley Howard, Dudley K. Hughes, Gordon Lee, Frank Park, Samuel J. Tribble, Carl Vinson, J. Eandall Walker and J. W. "Wise.

Governors
COLONIAL
James Edward Ogletliorpe, humanitarian arid soldier, Founder of the Colony of Georgia. .............. .1732-1743
William Stephens, Acting Governor. ................. .1743-1751 Henry Parker, Acting Governor. ..................... .1751-1754
PROVINCIAL
John Reynolds....................................... 1754-1757 Henry Ellis. ....................................... .1757-1760 James Wright, created a Baronet. .................... .1760-1776
PROVISIONAL
Archibald Bulloch, President of the 'Executive Council. . . .1776-1777 Button Gwinnett, President of the Executive Council. .. .1777-1777
STATE
John A. Treutlen. .................................. .1777-1778 John Houstoun...................................... 1778-1778 John Wereat. ...................................... .1778-1779 George Walton...................................... 1779-1780 Richard Howley..................................... 1780-1781 Stephen Heard, President of the Senate. .............. .1781-1781 Nathan Brownson. ................................. .1781-1782 John* Martin........................................ 1782-1783 Lyman Hall. ....................................... .1783-1784 John. Houstoun...................................... 1784-1785 Samuel Elbert ..................................... 1785-1786 Elbert Telfair....................................... 1786-1787 George Mathews.....................................1781-1788 George Ilanclly. .................................... .1788-1789 George Walton. .................................... .1789-1790 Edward Telf air. ................................... .1790-1793

550 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
George Mathews. ....................................1787-1788 Jared Irwin. ...................................... .1796-1798 James Jackson......................................1798-1801 David Bmanuel................................ .fc ... 1801-1801 Josiah Tattnall. ............................... f. .. .1801-1802 John Milledge....................................... 1802-1806 Jared Irwin......................................... 1806-1809 David B. Mitchell. ..................... ............ .1809-1813 William Kabnn......................................1817-1819 Matthew Talbot, President of the Senate. ............ .1819-1819 John Clark..........................................1819-1823 George M. Troup....................................1823-1827 John Forsyth.......................................1827-1829 George E. Gilmer....................................1829-1831 Wilson Lumpkin. ................................... .1831-1833 William Sehley. .................................... .1833-1837 George E. Gilmer. .................................. .1837-1839 Charles J. McDonald. ................................ 1839-1843 George W. Crawford. .............................. .1843-1847 George W. Towns................................... 1847-1851 Howoll Cobb........................................1851-1853 Herschel V. Johnson. ............................... .1853-1857 Joseph E. Brown.................................... 1857-1865 James Johnson, Provisional. ........................ .1865-1865 Charles J. Jenkins. ................................. .1865-1868 General T. IT. Rnger, TJ. S. A., Military. ............. .1868-1868 Bnfus E. Bullock, Reconstruction. .................... .1868-1871 Benjamin Conley, Reconstruction, President of Senate. . . .1871-1872 James M. Smith.....................................1872-1876 Alfred H. Colquitt................................. .1876-1882 Alexander H. Stephens............................... 1882-1883 James S. Boynton, President of the Senate. .......... .1883-1883 Henry D. MeDaniel. ................................ .1883-1886 John B. Gordon.................................... .1886-1890 William J. Northen. ................................ .1890-1894 William Y. Atkinson................................. 1894-1898 Alien D. Candler. .................................. .1898-1902 Joseph M. Tcrrell. ................................... .1902-1907 Hoke Smith......................................... 1907-1909 Joseph M. Brown. .................................. .1908-1911 Hoke Smith.........................................1911-1911 John M. Slaton, President of the Senate. . ........... .1911-1912 Joseph M. Brown. ................................... 1912-1913 John M'. Slaton. ................................... .1913-1915 Nathaniel E. Harris, Governor-Elect........................ 1915-

GEORGIA'S STATE FLAG

551

Georgia's State Flag
"The flag of the State of Georgia shall be a vertical hand of blue next the staff and occupying one-third of the entire flag; the remainder of the space shall be divided into three horizontal parallel bands, the upper and lower of which bands shall be scarlet in color, and the middle band white."1

"Every battalion of volunteers shall carry the flag of the State, as its battalion colors. But this require ment shall not be construed to prevent it from carrying, in addition thereto, any other flag or colors of its own adoption.' '2

"Whenever a sufficient number of the militia to con stitute a -regiment or battalion shall be detailed for service to operate beyond the limits of the 'State, such regiments! shall be furnished by the Governor with two flags --one the regimental colors, bearing the arms of the >State, the other the national colors, bearing the arms of the United States ; both inscribed with the name of the regiment, etc." 3
'Acts, 187S-9, p. 314; Code of 1895, Vol. I, p, 319. 2 Acts, 187S-9, p. 113; Code of 1S95, Vol. I, p. 337. s Acts, J87S-9, p. Ill; Code of 1S95, Vol. 1, p. 343.

SECTION VII
Historic County Seats, Chief Towns and Noted Localities

SECTION VII
HISTORIC COUNTY SEATS, CHIEF TOWNS AND NOTED LOCALITIES
APPLING
Old Holmesville. It was not until 1874 that Baxley be came the county-seat of Appling. For
nearly half a: century the official business of the county was transacted at Holmesville, a town whose existence is today only a dim memory of the past. Appling' was made a county in 1818 out of treaty lands acquired from the Creeks and was named for Colonel Daniel Ap pling, a distinguished soldier of the war of 1812. But, due to unsettled conditions on what wa.s then our western border, ten years elapsed before a county-seat was chosen. Finally an Act was approved December 8, 1828, which fixed the site for public buildings on a lot owned by one Solomon Kennedy, said lot having been selected by the judges of the Inferior Court.* This was the Deginning of Holmesville. Its charter of incorporation as a town was granted in 1854.
Baxley. But Holmesville was fated. It was not on the iron highway of travel. It was not much of a
center for trade, and other communities Were begin ning to bristle with the life of a new era. At last a bill was put through the Legislature, approved August 23', 1872, submitting the question of a new county-site
*Aets, 1S2S, p. 168.

556 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
to popular vote. Messrs. Seaborn Hall, Gideon H. Hoiton, Alien P. Surrency, Isham Keddish, and James Smith were designated as commissioners to choose a site for public building's, in the event a majority advocated re moval. 1 As a result, Baxley, a town located on what is now the Southern Railway, 'was two years later made the new county-seat. Baxley was named for William Ba'xley, an early pioneer settler in this neighborhood from the Stale of North Carolina. The town was in corporated by an Act approved February 23, 1875, with Messrs. B. ]}. Mobley, J. M. Powell, Philip Ketterer, W. W. Beach and J. H. Comas as commissioners.2 Baxley is today a progressive town, with up-to-date public utilities. Its schools are among the best, and there is not a community1 in the State with a finer body of citi zens.
BACON
Alma. On July 27, 1914, an Act -was approved creating by Constitutional amendment, the new county of
Bacon. It is proposed to create this new county out of lands embraced within the present limits of Appling, Pierce and Ware Counties, in the extreme Southern part of the State. Since there was no opposition to the bill on the part of the counties' directly involved, the amendment to the Constitution passed both houses by safe majorities, and its ratification at the ballot box will be more or less of a formality. The bill creating the new county designates Alma as the county-seat. This is a small town on the Atlanta, Birmingham, and At lantic Railroad, the commercial activities of which have already commenced to attract population from remote points. The county "will bear the name of Hon. Au gustus O. Bacon, one of Georgia's most distinguished and honored sons. In the high office of United States
1 Acts, IS72, p. 3S5. 2 Acts, 1S75, P. 156.

BAKEK

557

Senator, a position to which he was four times elected, Major Bacon was the intellectual peer of any of his col leagues ; and at the time of his death was chairman of the Senate committee on foreign relations. As a par liamentarian, as a, ready debater, and as a sound Consti tutional lawyer, he possessed few equals. Major Bacon was the first member of the United States Senate to be returned to the upper house of Congress, under the new law providing' for the popular election of United States Senators, at which time he was re-elected for a fourth term without opposition. His death on February 15, 1914, in ^Vashington, !D. C-, on the eve of a threatened rupture with Mexico was deplored as a national calamity, and messages of regret were received from every part of the world, some of these coming from crowned heads. Senator J. L. Sweat, of the Fifth District, stated in the Senate, when this measure "was ponding, that in 1872, during the administration of Gov. James M. Smith, this county had been authorized by the Legislature, under the name' of Nicholls County, but was vetoed by the Gov ernor for Constitutional reasons.

BAKER
Newton. In 1825, Baker was formed out of a part of Early County, land named for Colonel John
Baker, of the Revolution. The original county-seat of Baker was a little hamlet called Byron. But, under an Act approved .December 26, 1831, stating as a cause of complaint that the county-seat was then within a mile of the Lee County line, a commission was appointed to locate a new county-site on lot number one hundred and seventy-two, in the eighth district; and out of this pro vision grew the present town of Newton. The following commissioners were appointed to lay off the new town into half-acre lots and to provide for the erection of public buildings, viz., Joel Tj. Scarboro, Henry B. Nelson, William Thomas, James Chance, and Green Tinsley.*
*Acts, 1S31, p. 07.

558 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
It was probably for Sergeant John Newton, of the Revo lution, that the present county-seat of Baker was named, though local traditions may be at variance with this statement. Newton was incorporated as a town on Jan uary 20, 1872, with the following board of commission ers, to wit: A. L. Hawes, J. V. Norris, Howell Will iams, "W. C. Odum, and A. W. Muse. 1

BALDWIN

The Great Anti-

Major Stephen II. Miller, in his

Tariff Convention: Bench and Bar of Georgia, has pre-

Forsyth and Berrien served the following- detailed * ac-

in a Battle Royal. count of one of the most dramatic

debates ever known in the politics

of this State. 2 This was the historic occasion, to which

allusion has already been made, when two of the most

illustrious of Georgia's ante-bellum orators wrestled

for the palm of victory in a contest which lasted for

three days. The issue between them grew out of the

famous tariff of 1832 ; and Forsyth supported, while

Berrien antagonized the Jackson administration. Says

Major Miller:

"As another scrap of political history deserving preservation, the author makes no apology for a somewhat extended notice of the Anti-Tariff Con vention held at Milledgeville. The official record of tho proceedings is now before him, and he copies' the names of the delegates, with such other matters are seem most relevant. [These names are important as showing the leaders of opinion in Georgia in the early thirties.] The Convention met in the Representative Chamber, at 3 o 'clock in the after noon of Monday, the 12th of November, 1832, when the following delegates appeared : APPT.ING--MALCOI-M MORBISON. BAKER--Young Alien. BAI/DWIN--William H. Torrence and Samuel Rockwell. BIBB---Robert A. Beall and Robert Collins. BUIXOCH--SAMUEL L. LOCKS:ART,

1 Acts, 1872, p. 303.
a B'ench and Bar of Georgia, Vol. I, Chapter on Berrien. Vol. II, Chapter on Forsyth.

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559

BURKE--J. Lewis, E. Hughes, and DAVID TAYLOR, JR.

CAMDEN--H. R. WAR.D and J. HULL.

CHBROKEE--z. B. HARGROVE and W. W. WILLIAMSON.

CLARKE--A. S. Clayton., Thomas Moore, and J. Ligon.

COLUMBIA--Isaac Ramsey, W. A. L. Collins', and J. Cartledge.

COWETA.--THOMAS WATSON and OWKN II. KENAN.

CRAWFORD--HENRY CROWELL and HIRAN WARNER.

DECATUR--DRURY POKT and Jehu W. Keith.

DE KALB--LEWIS J. DIJPREE, IX KIDDOO, and O. CLARK.

DOOLY--THOMAS H. KEY.

EARLY--JOSIAII S. PATTERSON.

EFFINGHAM--Clem Powers.

ELBERT--Beverly Alien, I. N. Davis, J. M. Tate.

EMANUEL--JOHN R. DANIEL.

GLYNN--Thomas Butler King.

GREENE--W. C. Dawson, J. G. M'atthews, and "W. Greer.

GWINNETT--J". G. PARK, W. MALTBIE, Hines Holt, and S. McMtiLLiN.

HALL--W, H. P/NDERWOOD, J. McAFEr;7 E.. SANFORD, and W. GARRISON.

HANCOCE--THOMAS HAYNES, Tully Vinson, and JAMES LEWIS.

HARRIS--Jacob M. Gueny and BARKLY XrARTiN".

HEARD----Kene Pitzpatrick.

HENRY--A. E. MOORE, GIBSOK CLAR.K, J. JOHNSON, and J. COKER.

HOUSTON--WALTER L. CAMPBKLL, HUGH LAWSON, and C. WELLBORN.

IRWIN--WILT.IAM SLONE.

JACKSON--David Witt, J. Park, and J. G. PITTMAN.

JASPER--ALFRED CUTHBERT, L\ A. EEKSE, and M. PHILLIPS.

JEFFERSON--Roger L. Gamble, and Philip S. Lemlie.

JONES--W. S. C. Eeicl, J. L. Lewis, and T. G. Barron.

LAURENS--David Blaekshear, and Eason Alien.

LEE--JOHN G. OLIVER-

LINCOLN--HEM REMSEN and Peter Tjama,r.

MADISON--TITOMAS LONG and "W. M'. MORTON.

MARION--Wiley Williams.

MclNTOSH--Thomas Spalding and James Troup.

MERIWETHER--W. W. Alexander and HUGH W. ECTOR.

MONROE--John Macpherson Bcrrien, Thomas N". Beall, George W. Gordon,

and Elbridge. G. Cabaniss.

MONTGOMERY--Joseph Ryals.

MORGAN--W. S. Stokes', Van Leonard, and C. Campbell.

MUSGOGEE--Alien Lawhon and W. S. CT,IFTON.

NETVTOW--^Gharles Kennon, Richard L. Sims, and Seth P. Storrs.

OGLETHORPE--George R. Gilmer and John Moore.

PULASKI----^BURVi^ELL. W. BRACEWELL.

PUTNAM--L. W". Hudson, C. P. Gordon.

RABTJN--SAMUEL PARRTS and HENRY T. MOSELY,

RANDOLPH--^BENJAMIN HOLLAND,

,

560 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

RICHMOND--JOHN FORSY.TII, WILLIAM GUMMING, and JOHN P. KING.

SCREVEN-- A. S. Jones, and P. I;. "Wade.

TALBOT--Samuel W. Flournoy and N. E. POWELL.

k

TALIAFERRO--Absalom Janes and S. C. Jeffries.

r

TATTKALL--Joseph Tillman.

THOMAS--WILLIAM H. REYNOLDS and A. J. Dozier.

TKOUP--Samuel A. Bailey and Julius C. Alford.

UPSON--Reuben J. Crews and John Robinson.

WALTON--THOMAS W. HARRIS, T. J. HILL, and ORION STROUD.

WARREN--Henry Loekhart and THOMAS GIBSON, JR.

- WASHINGTON--S. ROBINSON, J. Peabody, and MORGAN BROWN.

"From the above roll, it appears that one hundred and thirty delegates presented credentials from sixty-one counties. [Chatham does not appear to have sent delegates, but John Macpherson Berrien, though credited to Monroe, was a citizen of Chatham. He was also leader of the anti-tariff forces. The names in capitals represent the Forsyth delegates; the names in small letters the Berrien delegates.] Hon. George R. G-ilmer was elected President, and William Y. Hansell, Benjamin T. Mosely, and Mansfield Torrance, Bsqs., were appointed secretaries.
"On motion of Mr. [W. H.] Torranee, it was decided to appoint a Com mittee of Twenty-One, whose duty it should be to report resolutions' ex pressive of the sense of the Convention in regard to the best mode of ob taining relief from the Protective System, to report what objects ought to engage the attention of the Convention, and to suggest the most eiTecive means of accomplishing the same. [Time was required for selecting this important committee; and consequently, after transacting a few minor matters, the Convention adjourned.]
"On the second day, Mr. Forsyth' moved that a committee of five be appointed by the President to examine and report at the next meeting by what authority the various persons present were empowered to act as delegates, the credentials which they possessed, etc. Mr. Torrance, in lieu thereof, moved as a substitute that a Committee of Elections be named to inquire into the right of any member to hold his' seat, whenever the same should be contested. Both motions were laid on the table for the time being. The President then announced the Committee of Twenty-One, to wit: Messrs. Blackshear, Berrien, Forsyth, Gumming, Clayton, Cuthbert, Gamble, Reese, Spalding, Tate, Eoekwell, Beall of Bibb, Taylor of Burke, Bailey, Warner, Dawson, Haynes, Gordon of Putnam, Clark of Henry, Janes and. Harris.
"On the third day Mr. Forsyth called up his resolution of the day before, and M,r. Berrien moved to amend. Thus began the battle royal be tween the giants'. Perhaps on no other occasion in Georgia, was there such an imposing display of eloquence. M'r. Forsyth stood forth in the majesty of his intellect and the graces of his unrivaled elocution. For

BALDWIN

561

three days the Convention and the crowded galleries listened to the debate with rapt attention. All conceded the victory to Mr. Forsyth in the pre liminary discussion. He seemed like a giant, "bearing down all obstacles in his' way. Mr. Berrfen took the floor amid plaudits from the galleries. He waved his hand and shook his head gravely, his beaming face upward, to repress the demonstration in his favor. What delight he afforded all present by his polished style and sweet deliverey may be imagined "by those who have had the good fortune to hear this American Cicero. Other speakers participated in the discussion; but the author does not remember all of them, though a spectator. Col. "William Gumming, in point of, dignity and force, called to mind a proud Roman Senator. Messrs. Olayton, Torrance, BoekivelL Cuthbert, Spalding, Sea.ll, G. W. Gordon, Hayues and Alford" were among the principal debaters. Gov. Orilmcr made an argument with his usual zeal and ability on the main, question,, at another stage of the Convention.
'' OTJ Friday, General Blaekshesr, Chairman of the Committee of TwentyOIH?, made a report, which was read to the Convention by Mr. Berrien. It emphasized State Eights, set forth the limited powers of the Federal Gov ernment, and declared the several tariff acts of Congress, designed for the protection of domestic manufactures, to be unconstitutional and void. It also recommended unanimity of action on the part of the aggrieved States of the South, and authorized the president of the Convention to communicate the action of the body to these sister Commonwealths.
"Mr. Forsyth offered a substitute for this report, denying the necessity for any radical action of this kind in regard to the tariff, and suggesting that the Legislature "be asked to appoint delegates to a Southern Conven tion to discuss measures of relief, whenever the other States of the South were agreed in regard to the wisdom of this method of redress.
' ' The substitute was lost, .but before a vote was' taken in the Conven tion on the Report of the Committee of Twenty-One, Mr. Forsyth laid on the secretary's table a protest signed by himself and some fifty delegates, all of, whom, then retired together from the Convention. The scene was very exciting, but it passed off quietly; and, after slight amendments, the report was adopted by a vote of 64 yeas and six nays. Two important committees were appointed--one to address the people of Georgia, consisting of Messrs. Berrien, dayton, Gordon of Butnam, Beall of Bibb, and Torrance; and the other styled the Central Committee, consisting of Messrs. Torrance, Rockwell, John H. Howard, Samuel Boykin and James S, Calhoun, to take whatever steps were necessary to give effect to the measures adopted.
"The author has dwelt freely on these topics for the principal reason that the young men of the State should understand the condition of parties, at a season of great peril to the. Union; and also because the Convention was anterior to the "Ordinance of Nullification" in a sister State. No formal action was ever taken at the ballot-bos to carry out the objects of the Convention. "

562 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
The Secession One of the best narrative accounts of the Convention. great Secession Convention at Milledge-
ville was written by CollKiel Isaac W. Avery for his well-known "History of Georgia--18501881," and from the chapter which deals with this sub ject the following resume is condensed. Says he:
'' The Secession Convention was the ablest body ever convened in Georgia. Its membership included nearly every well-known public man in the State, and represented nearly every shade of political opinion. The President of the Convention was George W. Crawf ord, who had been Governor of the State from 1843 to 1847, a gentleman of commanding ability and wide influence, and a recognized popular leader for years. There was Robert Toombs, United States Senator, afterwards Secretary of State; the two famous Stephens brothers, Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-president of the Confederate States, and Linton Stephens, Judge of the Supreme Court; ex-Governor Herschell V. Johns'on, candidate for Vice-President on the I>ouglas ticket and ex-United States Senator; Eugenius A. Nisbet, exMtember of Congress and ex-Judge of the Supreme Court; Benjamin, H. Hill, afterwards United States Senator; Alfred H. Colquitt, subsequently a Major-General, Governor, and United States Senator; Henry L. Benning and Hiram "Warner, the one an ex-Judge and the other an ex-Chief Jus tice of the Supreme Court. There was also Augustus H. Kenan, Washington Poe, David J. Bailey, ex-President of the Georgia Senate; William T. Wofford, afterwards a Major-General; Francis S. Bartow, soon to be the first martyr of Manassas; Thomas R. ~R. Cobb, an eminent lawyer, afterwards a. Brigadier-General, killed at Fredericksburg; Dr. H. R. Casey, Judge R. H. Clarke, Hiram P. Bell, afterwards both a Confederate' and a Federal Con gressman ; Dr. J. P. Logan, an eminent physician; William H. Dabney, D. P. Hill, Goode Bryan, Judge William B. Fleming, Henry B. Harris, afterwards a Member of Congress; Thomas P. Saffold, Judge Augustus Reese, Dr. Alexander Means', afterwards President of Emory College; Parmedus Reynolds, Arthur Hood, Henry D. McDaniel, afterwards Governor; Charles Murphey, afterwards a Meirter of Congress; Willis A. Hawkins, afterwards Judge of the Supreme Court; T. M. Furlow, A. H. Hansell, S. B. Spencer, P. W. Alexander, James P. Simmons, Nathaniel M. Crawford, Carey W. Styles, M. A. Carswell and John I/. Harris.
"Among these gentlemen two were the most unexpected and potential workers for secession. Judge Eugenius A. Nisbet, the author of the Ordi nance of Secession, had always been a very conservative public man. He was' small of sta-tue, though of great personal dignity. He possessed uuusual culture and erudition, and was a Christian of profound piety. Having been a Congressman and a Judge of the Supreme Court, ha was known for eloquence, learning and ability, and was characterized by a moral and social character of exquisite purity. The other of these two unlooked-for

BALDWIN

563

disunion advocates was Thomas E. E. Cobb. Like Judge Nisbet, he was an earnest, fervent Christian worker, but, unlike his distinguished col league, he had never taken any part in State or national politics. He was a lawyer of marvelous industry and acumen. But the secession issue had aroused the fervor of his earnest soul, and the election of Lincoln threw him into the political arena, the most intense, unwearied champion of secession in the State. All of the powerful energies of his will and mind were bent iipon withdrawing Georgia from the Union and establishing a Southern Confederacy. As Mr, Stephens fitly called him, Mr. Cobb was a sort! of Peter the Hermit in tliis secession crusade, pursuing it with an almost fanatical enthusiasm.

"Mr. Albert Lamar was made the Secretary of the Convention. Gov ernor Brown and JIoii. Howell Cobb were invited to seats on the floor. The assemblage was addressed by James L. Orr, Commissioner from South Carolina, and by Hon. John G. Shorter, Commissioner from Alabama, ex plaining the attitude of those States, and seeking the co-operation of Georgia in disunion. On January the 18th, Judge Nisbet introduced a resolution calling for a committee to report an ordinance of secession. This precipitated the issue. .For Judge Nisbet's resolution, ex-Governor John son, acting in concert with Mr. Stephens, offered a substitute, written by the former, proposing a plan of co-operation among the Southern States and suggesting a Congress for this purpose, to be held in Atlanta on the 16th of February, 1801. There were various other recitals in the substitute, dealing with the difficulties of the situation and setting forth the wrongs of the South j but the main idea of the substitute was to secure concert of action before any radical steps wore taken. It was further provided that on the 25th of February an adjourned meeting' of the Convention was held for final deliberation upon the matter.
'' The discussion of this issue was elaborate, able, and eloquent. Judge Nisbet, Governor Johnson, T. B. B. Cobb, Mr. Stephens, Alexander Means, Augustus Reeae, Ben Hill and Francis' S. Bartow, all spoke. It was a battle of giants. The secession champions were Nisbet, Cobb, Toombs, Beese, and Bartow, and pitted against them in favor of a further attempt at a friendly settlement of, troubles, were Johnson, Stephens, Means and Hill. The key-note of the secessionists, as condensed by Mr. T. E. E. Cobb, in a speech of rare power, was: * We can make better terms out of the Union than in it, ' and Mr. Stephens was of the opinion that this single, focal idea of Mr. Cobb, looking to a more certain re-formation of the TJnion on a higher vantage ground outside the Union, did more to carry the State out than all the arguments! of all the others eombined. The position of the anti-secessionists w-as enunciated by Mr. Stephens' in the sentence that 'the point of resistance should be the point of aggression.' Secession as a remedy for anticipated aggressions was deemed to be neither wise nor politic, and these gentlemen opposing secession believed that Georgia,

564 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
standing firm with: the "border States in an effort to obtain a redress of grievances, would succeed; but a Higher Power was ruling the occasion.

*' Governor .Johnson's motion to refer both resolution and substitute to

a special committee was lost; and after the debate was over, the previous

question being called and sustained, the Convention was brought to a direct

vote on Mr. Nisbet 's resolution favoring secession. The resolution was

passed by a vote of 166 yeas and 130 nays. It gave the secessionists the vic

tory, but emphasized the strength and character of the conservative senti

ment. The truth is that some of the strongest intellects of the State op

posed secession, not as a right, but as a remedy for existing evils. Mr.

Toombs' was the undoubted head of the secessionists in the Convention.

His superb qualities of leadership and his double leverage as a Senator of

the United States and as a delegate upon the floor, equipped him for hasten

ing the march of the revolution. He had made a speech in the United

States Senate, on January 7, 1861, or surpassing! power, in which he set

forth the demands of the South, all of them based upon Constitutional

guarantees; and, fresh from this great tilt in the national arena, he was

the acknowledged leader of the disruptive forces. [The fact that Mr.

Toombs, in 1850,'when secession was first advocated in Georgia, had sought

to extinguish the fires and had repeatedly avowed his devotion to the

Union, both in and out of Congress, only gave him an additional element of

strength.]

;

"The secession battle was1 fought and won over Judge IN'isbet's reso

lution. Amidst the wildest excitement, the colonial flag of Georgia wa,s

raised upon the Capitol. Judge Nisbet promptly moved that the commit

tee report an ordinance of secession, to consist of seventeen members. It

was carried, and both sides were represented in the personnel of this commit

tee, as follows': Judge Eugenius A. Nisbet, Chairman; Kobert Toombs,

Herschel V. Johnson, Francis S. Bartow, Henry' I,. Beuning, William M.

Bro-vvne, George IX Rice, T. IT. Trippe, Thomas R. K. Cobb^ Augustus H.

Kenan, Alexander TI. Stephens, James Williamson, D. P. Hill, Benjamin H.

Hill, E. W. Chastain, Alfred H. Colquitt, and Augustus Eeese. Immediately

after the appointment of the committee a message was received from

Governor Brown, in response to a resolution, furnishing the ordinance of

Georgia ratifying the Constitution of the United States, and also a copy

of resolutions adopted by the New York Legislature, tendering aid to the

President to uphold the Union. The Committee of Seventeen made the

following report:

" 'AN OlttXTNANCE

" 'To dissolve the Union between the State of Georgia and other States united with her under a compact of Government entitled: "The Constitution of the United States' of America."

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565

" 'We, the people of the State of Georgia, in Con vention assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained:
*' ' That the ordinance adopted by the people of the State of Georgia, in Convention, on the second day of January, in the year of our Lord 1T88, whereby the Con stitution of the United States was assented to, ratified and adopted; and also all acts and parts of acts of the General Assembly of this State ratifying and adopting amendments of said Constitution, are hereby repealed, rescinded and abrogated.
' ' ' We do further declare and ordain, That the Union now subsisting between the State of Georgia and other States, under the name of the United States of America, is hereby dissolved, and that the State of Georgia is in the full possession and exercise of all those rig-Ms of sovereignty, which belong- and. appear tain to a free and independent State.'
*' On motion of Mr. Toombs the ordinance was twice read. 33cn Hill moved as- a substitute for the ordinance, the preamble and resolutions offered by ex-Governor H. V. Johnson. When the roll was called, the vote stood 133 yeas and 164 nays, a slight gain in the anti-secession vote, though the motion was lost, Mr. Nlsbet then moved the, passage of the ordinance, and the vote stood 208 yeas to 89 nays, showing that 44 of the anti-secession members voted for the ordinance upon the idea that its passage was a foregone conclusion, and, further opposition being -useless, it was wise and patriotic to give all the moral force possible to the act. Mr. Hill voted on this ballot for secession. But Governor Johnson, the Stephens brothers', General Wofford and Judge "Warner still voted against it. The announcement of the President of. the Convention, Governor George W. Crawford, that it was his pleasure and privilege to declare the State of Georgia free, sovereign, and independent, was followed by applause, tempered only by the gravity of thoiightf'ul men over a step of serious and unknown import. The hour of the passage of this momentous ordinance was two o'clock in the afternoon of January the 19th, 3861.
"Before adjournment, Mr. Nisbet, for the sake of unanimity, moved that the entire membership of the Convention, without regard to individual approval or disapproval, be required to sign the ordinance as a pledge of united determination to sustain and defend the State in her chosen remedy of secession.
"At twelve o'clock on Monday, the 21st day of January, 1861, the ordinance of secession was signed in the presence of the Governor and State House officers', judges, and a throng of spectators, and the great seal of the State was' attached. The delegates all signed the ordinance, but six of them did so under protest, as follows:

566 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
" 'We, the undersigned delegates to the Convention of the State of Georgia, now in session, while we most solemnly protest against the action of the majority in adopting an ordinance for the immediate and separate secession of this' State, and would have preferred the pojrcy of eo-operation with our Southern sister States, yet as good citizens, we yield to the will of the majority of her people as expressed by their representative, and do hereby pledge 'our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor' to the defence of Georgia, if necessary, against hostile invasion from any source whatsoever.
JAMES P. SIMMONS, of Gwinnctt. THOMAS M. McRAE, of Montgomery. F. H. LATIMER, of Montgomery. DAVTS WHELCHEL, of Hall. P. M'. BYRD, of Hall. JAMES SIMMONS, of Pickens.
"This decisive act of Georgia settled the revolution. "Whatever doubts had existed as to the policy or purpose of the South in regard to secession were dissipated. The spirit of the Georgia , Convention, so riven as it was by a conflict of opinion as to disunion, yet so conciliatory and har monious in the final action, confirmed the effect of its example abroad. Committed to secession, after a stubborn conflict and a close division, the State was compactly welded in its cordial support of the policy adopted. The ship was' given, to the lightning ami! the gale against the wishes of a powerful majority of her crew, but when the venture was made every man leaped to his post for the storm, devoted, loyal, intrepid and invincible. The news of the action at Milledgcville was flashed over the wires. Ratification meetings were held everywhere. Guns were fired and orators spoke in burning words. The die was cast for war, and the chivalrous spirit of a brave people gave back a unanimous and deopsouled response. Tn the sister States of the South the effect was elec trical."*
How the On the final passage of the ordinance of Vote Stood, secession the vote was 208 yeas and 89 nays.
Not less than 44 of these were opposed to secession, having1 voted ag^ainst the motion to report an ordinance; but the majority was against them, and, both sides having- been represented on the committee to report an ordinance, there was quite an accession of strength
*Condensed f from Chapter XVII, of I. W. Averys History of Georgia, 1S50-1SS1, with additions from other sources.

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to the secession ranks on tMs ballot. The vote is given below in detail:
APPLING--Seaborn Hall, Yes; J. H. Latimer, Yes. BANKS--W. B. Bell, No; S. W. Pruett, Yes. BAKER--Alfred H. Colquitt, Yes; C. D. Hammond, Yes. BALD-WIN--Augustus H. Kenan, No; L. H. Briscoe, Yes. BEKRIEN--"W. J. Mabry, No; J. C. Lamb, Yes. BIBB--"Washington Foe, Yes; John B. Lamar, Yes; Eugcnius A. Nisbet,
Yes. BROOKS--G. S. Gaulden, Yes; Henry Briggs, Yes. BRYAN--C. C. Slater, Yes; J. P. Hines, Yes. BUTXOCH--S. L. Moore, Yes; Samuel Harville, Yes, BURKE--E. A. Alien, Yes; E. B. Gresham, Yes; "W. B. .Tones, Yes. BUTTS--'David. J. Bailey, Yes; Henry Hendricks, Yes. CAMDEN--N. J. Pattcrson, Yes'; F. M. Adams, Yes. CAMPBELT..--J. M. Cantrell, Yes; T. C. Glover, Yes. CALHOUN--W. C. Sheffield, Yes; E. Padgett, Yes. GARROLL--B. W. Wright, Yea; B. W. Hargrave, Yes; Alien Rowe, Yes. CASS--W. T. Wofford, No; H. P. Price, No; T. H. Trippe, No. GATOOSA--Presley Yates, No; J. T. McConnell, Yes. CHARLTON--F. M'1. Smith, No; H. M. M'erehon, Yes. CHATHAM--Francis S. Bartow, Yes; A. S. Jones, Yes; John W. Anderson,
Yes. GSATTAIIOOCHEE--E. A. Flewellen, Yes; James' A. Smith, Yes. CHATTOOCA--Wesley Shropshire, No; L. Williams, No. CHEROKEE--W. A. Teasley, Yes; E. E. Fields, Yes; John MeConnell, Yes. CLARICE--Thos. E. B. Cobb, Yes; Asbury Hull, Yes; Jefferson Jennings,
Yes. CLAYTON--E. E. Morrow, No; James F. Johnson, Yes. CLAY--"W. H. C. Davenport, Yes; B. F. Burnett, Yes. CLINCH:--Benjamin Sermons, Yes; F. G. Ramsay, Yes. CODE--George D. Rice, Yes; A. A. Winn, Yes; E. H. Lindley, Yes. COFFEE--Eowan PafEord, No; J. H. Frier, No. COLUMBIA--W. A. S. Colling, Yes; H, E. Casey, Yes; B. S". Neal, Yes. COLQUITT--H. C. Tucker, Yes; John G. Coleman, Yes. COWETA--A. B. Calhoun, Yes; J. J. Pinson, Yes; W. B. Shell, Yes. CRAWFORD--W. C. Cleveland, Yes; Isaac Dennis, Yes. BADE--S. C. Hale, No; R. M. Paris, No. DAWSON--Alfred Webb, No; R. H. Pierce, No. DECATUK.--Richard Simms, Yes; G. J. Munnerlyn, Yes. DE KALB--Charles Murphey, Yea; G. K. Smith, No. DOQLY--John S. Thomas, Yes,- Elijah Butts, Yes. DOUGHERTY--Richard H. Clark, Yes; C. E. Mallary, Yes. EARLY--B. W. Sheffield, Yes; James Br.ehanan, Yes.

568 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

ECHOES--Harris Tomlinson, Yes; J. B. Pres'cott, Yes.

EFtfiNGHAM--E. W. Solomons, Yes; A. G. Porter, Yes.

ELBERT--J. C. Burch, Yes; L. H. O. Martin, Yes.

*

EMANUEL--A. L. Kirkland, ISTo; John Overstreet, No. JP

FANNIN--W. C. Pain, No; E. W. Chastain, Yes.

FA-yETTE--M. M. TidweU, Yes; J. L. Blaloek, Yes.

FLOYD--James Ward, Yes; Simpson Fouche, Yes; P. C. Shropshire, Yea.

FORSYTH--Hardy Stricklaiid, Yes; Hiram P. Bell, No.

FRANKLIN--John H. Patrick, No; Samuel Knox, No.

FULTON--Dr. J. P. Alexander, Yes; L. J. Glenn, Yes; Dr. J. P. Logan, Yes.

GLASCOCK--Joshua F. Usry, Yes; Calvin1, Logue, Yes.

GLY.NN--John L. Harris, Yes; H. B. Trcmp, Yes.

GILMER---Joseph Pickett, No; "W. P. Milton, No.

GORDON--'"W. H. Dabney, Yes; James Freeman, No; R. M. Young, Yes.

GREENE--Nathaniel M. Crawforcl, Yes; E. J. Willis, Yes; T. N. Poullain,

Yes'.

GWINNKTT--E. D. Winn, No; J. P. Simmons, No; T. P. Hudson, No.

TIABERSHAM--R. C. Ketchiim, Yes; Singleton Sisk, Yes.

HALL--E. M. Johnson, No; P. M. Byrd, No; David Welchel, No.

HANCOCE:--Liuton Stephens, No; B. T. Harris, Yes; T. M. Turner, Yes.

HABALSON--W. J. Head, Yes; B. B. Walton, Yes.

HARRIS--IX P. Hill, Yes; W. J. Hudson, Yes; II. D. Williams, Yes.

HART--E. S. Hill, Yes; J. H. Skelton. Yes.

HEARD--E. P. "Wood, No; C. W. Ma"bry, No.

HENRY--F. E. Mans'on, No; E. B. Arnold, No; J. H. T,ow, Yes.

HOUSTON--J. M. Giles, Yes; PA F. Gunn, Yes; B. W. Brown, Yes.

TirvviN--M. Henderson, Yes; Jacob Young, No.

JACKSON--J. J. M'cCulloch, Yes; J, G. Pitman, Yes; I>. E. Lyle, Yes.

JASPER--Aris Newton, No; Reuben Jordan, No.

JEFFERSON--Herschel V. Johnson, No; George Stapleton, No.

JOHNSON--William Hurst, No; J. E. Smith, No.

JONES--James M. Gray, Yes; P. T. Pitts, Yes.

LAURENS--Nathan Tucker, Yes; J. W. Yopp, Yes.

LEE--W. B. Eichardson, Yes; Goode Bryan, YcS.

LIBERTY--W. B. Fleming, Yes; S. M. Varnadoe, Yes.

LINCOLN--Lafayette Lamar, Yes; C. E. Strother, Yes. .

LOWHDES--C. H. M. Howell, Yes; Isaiah Tilman, Yes.

LTJMPKIN--Benjamin Hamilton., No; William Martin, No.

MADISON--J. S. Gholston, Yes; A. C. Daniel, Yes.

MACON--W. H. Robinson, Yes; J. H. Carson, Yes.

MARION--W. M. Browue, Yes; J. J\I. Harvoy, Yes.

MclNTOSH--J. M. Harris, Yes; G. W. M. Williams, Yes.

MERIWETHER--Henry E. Harris, Yes'; W. D. Martin, Yes; Hirarn Warner,

No.

MILLER.--W. J. Cheshier, Yes; C. L. Whitehcacl, Yes.

MILTON--Jackson Graham, No; J. C. Street, No.

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569

MITCHELL--William T. Cox, Yes; Jesse Reed, Yes.

MONROE--B. L. Eoddey, Yes; Hiram Phinizy, Jr., No; .T. T. Stephens, Yea.

MONTGOMERY--T. M. McRae, No; S. J-T. Latimer, "No.

MORGAN--Thomas P. SafColcl, Yes; Augustus Reesc, Yes.

MURRAY--Anclerson Farns'vorth, No; "Euclid Waterhouse, No.

MTJSCOGEE--J. N. Ramsey, Yes; Henry L. Benning, Yes; A. S. Rutherford,

Yes.

NEWTON--"W. S. Montgomery, Yes; Alexander Means, Yes; Parmcdus

Reynolds, No.

OGLETHOKPE--D. D. Johnson, Yes; Samuel Glenn, Yes Willis Willing-

ham, No.

PATJLDING----Henry tester, Yes; J. Y. Algood, Yes.

PICKENS--James Simmons, No; W. T. Day, No.

PIERCE--E. D. Hendry, Yes'; J. W. Stevcns, Yes.

PIKE--B. B. Gardener, Yes; G. M. McDowcll, Yes.

POKE--W. E. West, Yes; T. W. Uupree, No.

PULASKI--T. J. McGriff, Yeg; C. M. Bozeman, Yes.

PUTNAM--H. T. Davis, No; D. B. Adams, Yes.

QTJITMAN--E. C. Ellington, Yes; L. P. Dozier, Yes.

EAJBD-N--Samuel Bcek, ATo; H. W. Cannon, No.

KANDOLPH--M'arcellus D'ouglas, Yes; Arthur Hood, Yes.

RICHMOND--George W. Crawford, Yes; Jacob Phinzy, ST., Yes; J. P.

Garvin, Yes.

SOHLET--H. L. French, Yes; ^V. A. Black, Yes;

SCREVEN--C. Humpnries, Yes; J. TJ. Singleton, Yes.

SPALDING--W. G. Dewberry, Yes; JTejiry M'oor, Yes.

STEW ART--James A. Fort, Yes; James Hilliarcl, Yes; G. Y. Banks, Yes.

SUMTER--WiJIJs A. Hawking, Yes; Timothy M. Furlow, Yes; Henry Daven

port, Tea.

TALBOT--W. R. Ncal, No; W. B. Marshall, Yes; L. B. Smith, Yeg.

TALIAI-ERRO--Alexander II. Stephens, No; S. II. Perking, No.

TATNALL--Benjamin Brewton, No; Henry Striekland, No.

TAYLOR---W. J. F. Mitchell, No; H. H. Long, Yes.

TELF'AIR,--H. McLean, No; James Williamson, No.

'

TERRELL--William Harrington, No; D. A. Coehran. No.

THOMAS--A. H. Hansell, Yes; S. B. Spencer, Yes; W. G. Ponder, Yes.

TOWNS--John Corn, No; Elijah Kimsey/No.

TROTTP--Benj. H. Hill, Yes; W. P. Beasley, Yes; J. E. Bcall, Yes.

TWIGGS--John Fitzpatrick, Yes; S. L. Richardson, Yes.

UNION--J. H. Huggins', No; J. P. "Wellborn, No.

HI-SON--I*- W. Alexander, No; T. S. Sherman, No. .

WALKER--G. G. Gordon, No; E. B. Dickerson, No; T. A. Sharpe, No.

WALTON--George Spence, Yes; Willis Kilgore, No; Henry D. McDaniel,

Yes.

WARE--W. A. M'cDonald, Yes; Carcy W. Stiles, Yes.

WARREN--M. D. Cody, Yes; N. A. Wicker, Yes.

570 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

WAYira--Henry Fort, Yes; H. A. Cannon, Yes.

WASHINGTON--E. S. Langmade, Yes; Lewis Billiard, Yes; A. C. Harris, Yes

WEBSTER--P. F. Bro-wne, Yes; M. H. Bush, Yes.

>

WHITE--Isaac Bowen, Yes; E. F. Starr, No.

f

WI-IITEFIELU--J. M. Jackson, No; F. A. Thomas, Yes; Diekerson Talia

feiro, No.

Wrr,cox--D. A. McLeod, Yes; Smitli Turner, Yes.

WlLKES--Robert Toombs, Yes; J. J. Robertson, Yes.

WILKINSON--N. A. Carswell, No; It. J. Coehran, No.

WORTH--R. G-. Ford, Sr., Yes; T. T. Mouuger, Yes.

Oglethorpe Univer- Two miles and a half to the west of sity: Where Sidney Milledgeville there flourished before Lanier was Taught. the war an institution of learning,
on whose alumni rolls the name of Sidney Lanier blazes like a star of the first magnitude, and from which a recent Chief Executive of Georgia, Joseph M. Brown, received his diploma. Oglethorpe Uni versity was one of the first of Georgia's schools to receive a charter. It was located at a place called Midway, after the famous settlement on the Georgia, coast. During the brief quarter of a century in which it nourished it made a record, the influence of which will he felt to the end of time; but in the -wreckage entailed by Sherman's destruc tive march to the sea, old Oglethorpe went down, to rise no more-->at least upon the Oconee heights.
The story of how the institution came into existence may be briefly told. Ftor years there existed under the fostering care of the Educational Board of Georgia two manual labor schools: the Midway Seminary and the >Gwinnett Institute; and -when the dissolution of the board necessitated a division of interest, the trustees of Mid-way Seminary, in the spring- of 1835, tendered the school to Hope-well Presbytery, believing that ecclesias tical supervision might yield better results. The offer was accepted, and a committee appointed to report on the expediency of elevating the school to college rank.
As chairman of the committee, Hon. Eugenius A. Nisbet,

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afterwards Judge of the Supreme Court of Georgia, submitted a report in which strong grounds1 were taken in favor of an institution of the proposed character to be under the exclusive government and control of the Pres byterian Church. The report met with unanimous adop tion. Accordingly, a board of trustees consisting of 24 members, was appointed by Presbytery to take charge of Oglethorpe University, the name by which the new school was to be known. The first meeting of the board was held at MilledgeviDc, on October 21, 1835, and within two months thereafter a charter was procured from the General Assembly of Georgia. Under the terms of the charter it was made a penal offense, in the sum of $500, for any one to sell merchandise of any character "within a mile and a half of the University and in addition the form of deeds granted in the sale of lots belonging to the University required the forfeiture of such lots to the institution, in the event the law was violated.
On November 24, 1836, the university was organized by the election of the following faculty: Rev. Carlisle P. Beinan, D. IX, president, to hold the chair of chem istry and natural philosophy; Hon. "Eugenius A.. Nisbet, vice-president, to teach belle lettres and natural philos ophy; Rev. Samuel K. Talmage, professor of ancient languages; Rev. Charles Wallace Howard, chaplain, to teach moral philosophy; and Rev. Nathaniel Macon Crawford, professor of astronomy and mathematics. The corner-stone of the main building was laid on March 31, 1837, at "which time an address was delivered by Hon. Joseph Henry Lumpkin, afterwards Chief Justice of Georgia. Dr. Talmage, in "writing of the school at a later period, thus describes the building: "It is a brick structure, painted white, two stories high, besides a base ment. It is constructed after the Grecian Doric order, "without and "within. The central part contains the finest college chapel in the United States; its whole dimensions a,re fifty-two feet front by eighty-nine feet deep, includ ing a colonnade fourteen feet deep, supported by four

572 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

'

massive pillars, and the vestibule of the chapel is eleven feet deep. The dimensions of the chapel are forty-eight feet by sixty in the main story, and fortyjeight by sev
enty-one in the gallery, the latter extending over the vestibule. The ceiling of the chapel is in the form of an elliptical arch, resting on a rich cornice and con taining- a chaste and original centre piece. Attached to the building are two "wings, thirty feet front by thirtyfour deep, and three stories high; making the entire front of tile edifice one hundred and twelve feet in length. Kach story in the wings is divided into a professor's office in front, and a recitation or lecture room in the rear. There are in the basement story and wings sixteen rooms, affording ample accommodations, museum, 'apparatus and all other conveniences for college purposes." On each side of the campus there was a row of dormitories, one story in heigiit, for the use of the students. The other buildings were the president's house, on the south side, below the dormitories; the academy, a large twostory edifice opposite, on the north side; and an old chapel, the interior of which was converted into recita tion rooms.

On the first Monday in January, 1838--before the main building was finished--the college commenced oper ations. The attendance by 1842 registered 125 students, of which number 50 "were in the collegiate and 75 in the preparatory department. The college year was divided into two sessions: the "winter session from January to May and the summer session from June to November, Commencement was usually on the second ^Vednesday of the last-named month. In the fall of 1839, at the re quest of the Board of Trustees, Presbytery tendered the institution to the Synod of South Carolina and Georgia, bv which body it was eagerly accepted. President Beman resigned his position in 1841, and Rev. Samuel K. Talmage, a graduate of Princeton and an uncle of the great

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Brooklyn divine, was electetd to succeed Mm as presi dent. He remained in office nntil Ms death, in 1865, a period of nearly twenty-five years. Toward the close of the war, the exercises of Ogietliorpe University were suspended, due to the lack of necessary funds and to the impoverished condition of the State. Besides, a large percentage of the young men of Georgia were at the front. From 1867 to 1869 feeble efforts to resuscitate it were made. The office of president was repeatedly declined. Finally Kev. W. M. Cunningham accepted the office, but, on the eve of the college opening, he died. In 1870, Dr. David Wills succeeded him. The school was then removed to Atlanta, where it opened in General Sherman's former headquarters, on Washington Street, diagonally across from the present State Capitol. But the change failed to produce the expected rcinvigoration; and in 1872 the doors of Ogietliorpe University were closed. In the opinion of many no greater misfortune ever befell the State. The apparatus was afterward used by the Talmage High School, at Midway, to which school the other property holdings also reverted. Dr. Wills, the last president of the institution, is living today in Washington, D. O., an old man, verging upon the cen tury mark.
During the spring of 1912 a movement to reorganize Ogietliorpe University was launched in Atlanta under the vigorous initiative of Rev. Thornwell Jacobs, a most enthusiastic and wide-awake Presbyterian. The idea "was pressed in such a way that it fired the imagination of the church, not only in Georgia, hut throughout the South. In less than six months over one hundred men of means were found "who were willing to lend financial aid to the enterprise; a temporary organization was ef fected ; a beautiful tract of land at Silver 1/ake, on Peachtree Road, was secured as a donation to the school, and pla,ns devised for la,ying the corner-stone of greater Ogie tliorpe University during the monster Presbyterian jubi lee, in May, 1913, when four General Assemblies were

574 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
scheduled to convene in Atlanta : an auspicious time for the Phoenix to rise once more from the ashes.
We quote the following paragraph from Dr. Talmage :*
"The Midway Hill is an elevated region, traversing from east to west, abounding in botanical and mineral productions, two and a half miles south of Milledgeville, and terminating in a "bold bluffi on the Oconee River, at a point where the picturesque ruins of old Port Wilkinson, one mile and a half from the university, may be seen. The hill affords an abundant supply of pure, cold water. The foundation of the college is on a level with the cupola of the State House. The view from the cupola of the college is highly impressive, commanding a prospect for twenty miles around, in a beautifully undulating- country, of the most varied and romantic kind, abounding in hill, valley, and forest, with the city of Milledgeville in full view."
The Banquet to In March, 1825, while General LaGeneral Lafayette, fayette, accompanied by his son,
George Washington Lafayette, and his secretary, Oolonel Lavoisier, was making a trium phal tour through the United States, a magnificent re ception was tendered the distinguished visitor by the people of Milledgeville. There was a public dinner in the open air on the Capitol lawn and a grand military ball iat night in the Capitol building, and scores of the most prominent people in the State were present to par ticipate in the festivities. Some eight or ten visiting companies were on hand. The marshals of the day were John S. Thomas and R. L. Buchanan. The military or ganizations were under the chief command of MajorGeneral Daniel Newnan, who made quite an impressive appearance in his handsome regimentals.
Says Major Stephen H. Miller, who witnessed the splendid pageant:
*' Wishing to show ourselves and to get a glimps'e of the Nation's guest, the -writer's company, the Lafayette Volunteers, from Twiggs, or
ated, p. 7, Penfield, is'42.

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ganized for the occasion, marched into town, ami halted opposite the Gov ernment House, where General Lafayette was quartered. Our Captain went in and was introduced by Governor Troup; then the Captain introduced the three Revolutionary veterans, William D-uffel, John Shine, and Charles Raley, to General Lafayette, who, on seeing Father; Duffel, cordially em braced him, saying, "I remember you well; you were one of my "body guard, and helped to carry me from the field when I was wounded at Brandywine; I am happy to see you."
' * Two tables, each about one hundred yards long, with cross-tables of fifty feet at the> ends, were covered with barbecue, roast beef, bread and other edibles.
'' At the upper end, in the center, G-eneral Lafayette, with Governor Troup on one side, and Colonel Seaborn Jones, his' aide, who was master of ceremonies, on the other side, of the Nation's guest. Governor Troup 's staff, including Colonel Henry G. Lamar, Colonel Samuel T. Bailey, Colonel Sa-muel A. Bailey, Colonel Yelverton P. King, Colonel John W. A. Sanforcl, and perhaps others, were arranged at the same end of the table, all taking part in the administration of order, in the proper observance of etiquette, and somei of them reading the regular toasts prepared by the Committee of Arrangements.
"The author was within seeing and hearing distance of the General. Tlis son, George "Washington Lafayette, was also pointed out. The latter's head was bald; and the father's wig gave him the advantage in youthful appearance. Colonel Lavoisier, the author could not identify. There was quite an array of public characters present, men known in the history of Georgia, among them, General John Clarke, formerly Governor of Georgia.
'' The appetite being satisfied with strong meat, next came the wine, "bottles of which, with wine glasses, were distributed on the tabels so that every one could have a share. Then a proclamation was made by Colonel Jones, 'Gentlemen, fill your glasses for a toast from General Lafayette,' Thereupon the Apostle of Liberty, the> companion and bosom friend of Washington, rose to his feet, and in broken English, which all heard with delight, he gave 'The Georgia Volunteers: the worthy sons of rny Revolu tionary brethren.' Cheer after cheer resounded, the music struck up 'Hail to the Chief,' the cannon uttered its loud rejoicing, and soon all was' quiet again.
ft 'Prepare for a toast from Governor Troup,' was the next order; and, with solemn, distinct enunciation, our Julius Caesar of a Chief Mag istrate gave forth, 'A union of all hearts to honor the Nation's guest, a union of all heads for the country's good.' Again the air was rent with cheers, the band played a national march, and the cannon fairly jarred the square.
'' The next order was, ' Prepare for a toast from General Clarke.' Until then the author had never seen this celebrated party leader. In re sponse to the call, a tall, bony man, with an open, honest face, rose at

576 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the table and, in a shrill voice, gave 'Count Pulaski, the gallant Fr&H civilian who fell at Savannah.,' and we emptied our glasses in honor of the French Count, as though history had not been contradicted 4y the statement. [Count Pulaski was a native of Poland.] General Lsffayette must have esteemed it a special compliment to himself for such renown to be trans ferred to France in the presence of such an assemblage of witnesses. "Whether the mistake was' accidental or otherwise, it did not detract in the slightest degreet from the valor or integrity of General Clarke. At most it only signified that his youth wa.s' spent in fighting tlie battles of his country, instead of being enervated within tlie walls of a college.
'' It should be remembered that before the military retired from the square they were formed into line, and General Tjafayette, leaning on the arm of Governor Troup, walked along a little lame, and shook hands with every man, officer and private, Colonel Jones officiating in the introduction. The author was mentioned to him as ' Sergeant JVI----------,' and the response was, < Sergeant M--------------, I am very glad to see you.' This joy was expressed to all, and was more than, reciprocated by all the volunteers. The hand of General Lafayette had been grasped--that was glory enough then. It is still a pleasant remembrance, but thirty years of hardship in the eamp of life have rather tended to prove, to the author at least, that glory is not communicated in so easy and simple a manner."*
While the banquet to General Lafayette was in pro gress two very sensational events occurred on the Cap itol lawn, and there might have been a panic had it not been for the calm demeanor of Major-General Daniel Newnan, who was in chief command of the troops. The first episode was the sudden swooning of Major James Smith, of Clinton, on discovering that he had been robbed of his pocketbook, which contained something like five thousand dollars in bills. The other was still more serious. The shirt-sleeves of the man whose duty it was to load the cannon had caught on fire; and, without being1 aware of the fact, he put his hand into the large cartridge bos for another round, when the fire was com municated to the powder, and the whole lump, containing not less than twenty or thirty pounds, instantly exploded, blowing the poor man several feet into the air and se-
*Stephen H. Miller, Vol. 2, Bench and Bar of Georgia.

BAHBOW

577

verely wounding two others who were standing near the cannon. There was a general rush of people to the spot. Major Miller, "who "was present, says that he can never
forget the appearance of the poor man who was most injured. His body was literally burnt to a black cinder; and his agony "was inexpressibly great. He died "within a day or two, but the others, after much suffering, re covered. This melancholy affair hastened the close of the festivities.

BABBOW.
Winder. On July 7, 1914, a Constitutional amendment authorizing the new County of Barrow was ap
proved by Governor John M. Slaton. Three counties, Jackson, Walton and Gwinnett, each contributed to form the new County of Barrow, so called in honor of the present distinguished Chancellor of the University of Georgia, Dr. David C. Barrow, one of the most popular men in the State, and one of the most successful college heads in America. Winder will be the new county-seat. This "wide-awake young metropolis has surrendered a most unique distinction among the towns of Georgia, in exchange for its new honors as a seat of government. Heretofore each of the above-named counties has formed an angle within the corporate limits of Winder; and such has been the peculiar situation of the town "with reference to county lines that part of its population has been in Waiton, part in Jackson and part in Gwin nett. Moreover, in a number of cases, the same man has crossed the street from his office in one county to his residence in another county, and looked out of his window upon property "which he owned in a third county --all embraced within the corporate limits of Winder. This condition of affairs naturally gave rise to a most embarrassing situation, and constituted an argument for the new county, which was not to be answered by

578 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
its opponents. To quote Mr. H. N. Bainey, Jr., it was frequently difficult for a man even to die in Winder, as it was sometimes necessary to take out tetters of ad ministration in all of the counties. Mr. Rainey "was a zealous supporter of the bill, and was naturally quite elated over the result achieved. He lives at Winder and represents Jackson County in the present House. But the fight for Barrow County "was not "won without the most pronounced opposition, each of the counties above named taking an active stand in the matter. The move ment for a new county was started ten years ago, when the town of Winder first awoke to its possibilities as a center of trade. Session after session the advocates of a ncwT county "went before the Legislature, only to find the way effectually blocked. But there was no furling of banners. At the last session of the Legislature, after a splendid victory in the House, an unforeseen defeat was sustained in the Senate; but "when the Legislature reconvened this year the bill "was reconsidered in the Senate and passed--a result due largely to the tactful generalship of Senator rl. T. T)uBose. The original name of the new county-seat "was Jug Tavern, so called from a jug factory in this immediate neighborhood; but in 1893 the name "was changed by a legislative act to Winder, in honor of a former president of the Seaboard Air Line. At the same time it -was granted a charter of incorpora tion as a city, and since then its marching columns have never once come to a halt. Governor Slaton, after attach ing his signature to the bill, relinquished to Mr. Rainey the pen with which he performed the executive act.
BARTOW.
Prehistoric Memor- Perhaps nowhere on the continent of ials: The Famous North America can there be found Etowah Mounds. today memorials of a more colossal
character or of a more intense inter est, testifying to the existence of the very earliest inhabi-

BARTOW

579

tants of the western hemisphere, than in the famous monumental remains of the Etowah, some two miles dis tant from the present town of Cartersvillc. These an cient relics of an unknown race are located on what was formerly the property of Colonel Lewis Tumlin. There are similar structures to be foimd in the valley of the Mississippi and along the Ohio and the Scioto Kivers, but none to 'compare in magnitude with these splendid piles. Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr.,* who visited the locality some time in the fifties for the purpose of making scientific investigations, has put on record an exhaustive monograph, dealing- with the subject from almost every point of view. lie thus describes these immemorial mounds:
'' Situated upon the right bank of the Etowah River, in the midst of a perfectly alluvial bottom, they tower above ail surrounding objects, changeless amid the revolutions of centuries. They consist of a series of mounds, surrounded by a large and deep moat--the traces of which are quite distinct; and, when filled with the tide of the river it effectually isolated the entire space included within its boundaries. The Etowah River here turns to the south; and, after a gentle sweep again recovers its wonted course, thus forming a graceful bend. This"moat originally communicated, at either end with the river, a fact which is still apparent, although the current of the stream, in its flow of years, has filled :Jto a very great ex tent, the mouths of the ditch, thus preventing the infKrx and reflux of the tide. Formerly the water must have coursed freely through it, thus isolating the entire space and constituting qiiite an obsta.de in the path of an attacking foe. This ditch varies in depth and width; in some places possessing still a depth of twenty feet--in others, of not more than eight or ten; and differing in width from fifteen to forty feet. North and west of the mounds situated within this enclosure, and along the line of the moat, are two excavations, ea.ch having at present a conjectured area of about an acre, and a depth of some twenty-five or thirty feet. With these ex cavations the moa.t communicates' directly, so that the same rising tide in the river, which flowed into the ditch, would also convert them into deep ponds or huge reservoirs'. The reason why these excavations were made is evident. The earth removed in constructing the moat was not sufficient to build even a moiety of the immense tumuli within the enclosure. Hence the Mbund-Builclers were compelled to resort to these enormous excavations', which still exist and will remain for ages yet to come. The space included
"Historical Remains of Georgia, by Charles C. Jones, Jr., pp. 27-29, Savannah, 1861.

580 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND L
within the limits of the moat is between forty and fifty acres. Prom the general appearance and natm'c of the works,, we are induced to be lieve that these excavations were designed to answer another purpose. They might have been, and probably were, intendjte. as huge reservoirs, wherein a supply of water, sufficient to flood the entire moat, might have been detained and preserved ready for an emergency. The streams of this region, springing as they do from hilly sources and passing through valleys, are subject to great increase and diminution in volume. When, therefore, the water was' low in the Etowah, it might have been difficult, if not impos sible, to have filled the moat.''
Speaking of the mysterious structures enclosed within this ditch, the same authority says :*
"Within the enclosure there are seven mounds. Three of them are pre eminent in size; one in particular far surpassing the others in its stupen dous proportions, and in the degree of interest which attaches to it. This large central mound stands almost midway between the moat and the river--a little nearer the latter. Its position is' commanding, and to the eye of the observer it seems a monument of the past ages. It belongs not to, this generation. The hunter tribes had naught to do with its erection. The offspring of an ancient people, who have passed forever beyond the confines of this beautiful valley, it stands a solemn monument, ever re peating the story of what they achieved, while they themselves and all else connected with them are sleeping beneath the shadow of a forgotten past. Composed of native earth, simple yet impressive in form, it seems calculated for an almost endless duration. Although no historian has chronicled the names and deeds of those who aided in its' erection--although no poet's song commemorates the virtues, the manners, the loves, the wars, the brave deeds of those who here dwelt--still this monument exists, speak ing a language perchance more impressive than the most studied ivpltaph upon Parian marble.
' ' This central tumulus is some eighty feot or more above the level of the valley. There is no geological formation entering in the smallest degree into its composition. To all appearances, it consists entirely of the eartli taken from the moat and the excavations, together with the soil removed from around its "base, having received no assistance whatever from any natural hill or elevation. In view of this circumstance, its stupendous proportions "become the more surprising. It is somewhat quadrangular in form, if we disregard a small angle to the south; its apex diameter two hundred and twenty-five feet, measured east and west, and two hundred and twenty-two feet, measured north and south. It is nearly level on top.
*Ibid., pp. 107-110.

BARTOW

581

Originally this tumulus was crowned with the most luxurious vegetation, but the utilitarian arm of the husbandman has shorn it of this attraction. A solitary tree stands near the northern extremity. The native weeds and annual grasses flourish, however, in such rich profusion that the steps of the observer are seriously impeded. The view of-the surrounding country from the summit of this tumulus is highly attractive. Almost at its base flows the ever-changing tide of the Etowah Eiver. Alternate fields and forests charm the eye. The rich alluvial bottoms, teeming with the prod ucts of intelligent husbandry--the crests of the neighboring hills, adorned with pleasant cottages and covered with well-cultivated orchards--the con secrated spire, rising from the oak grove which marks the suburbs of the neighboring village--all proclaim in glad accord the happy reign of peace and plenty. Tender must have been the attachment with which the MoundBuilders regarded this beautiful valley."

Curious Belies According- to Colonel Jones, the follow-

Taken From ing curious relics, among a number of

the Tumuli.

others, have been found from time 'to

time as the result of excavations made

within the area enclosed by the moat. 1. A pipe, fash

ioned of a species of green stone, almost equal to Egyp

tian granite. It is three and a half inches in height. It

. represents a human figure seated in oriental fashion, the

extended arms of which uphold an urn of classic pattern,

which constitutes the bowl. The latter is two inches iif

diameter, with ornamented rim and unique handles. The

countenance of the figure is clearly not Indian in a single

feature. The head is thrown back, and the uplifted

eyes seem to be resting upon some superior, unseen, yet

adorable divinity. The chiseld hair upon the front is

gathered upon the top in a fold, and thence flowing back

ward is confined behind in a knot. Ears prominent. 2.

' A pipe, likewise of stone, four and one-quarter inches in

height, similar in design to the first, but ruder in its con

struction. 3. Clay pipes--some perfectly plain, others

with rude impressions upon the outside, and scalloped

rims. Probably of Indian origin. Bowl at right angles

with the stem--some of baked, others of undried clay.

4. An idol. This interesting relic, made of a coarse, dark

582 GEORGIA'S LAX DM ARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
sand-stone, is twelve inches in height. It consists of a human, figure in a sitting posture, the knees drawn up, almost upon a level with the chin, the h&ids resting* upon the knees, lie treating chin and forehead--full head of hair, gathered into a knot behind -- face upturned--eyes angTiJar. Not a smgic feature, not an idea connected with this inmg'e is Indian in its character. Everything about it suggests the belief that it must have been fash ioned by the ancient Mound-Builders. It is an interesting fact, in this connection, that the Chcrokees were never worshippers of idols: Both Adair and Bartram testify in positive terms to this effect. 5. A stone plate. This singular relic is circular in form, eleven inches and a half in diameter, one inch and a quarter in thickness. Be tween the scalloped edges and the central portion of the plate, thei'e are two circular depressed rings. The mate rial is of a sea-green color. "Weight--nearly seven pounds. It was probably never employed for domestic or culinary purposes. "We incline to the belief that it "was a conse crated vessel, in which was exposed the food placed by the Mound-Builders before the idols which they wor shipped. 6. A shell ornament. Five and a quarter inches in length; four and a half inches in width; ovoidal in form; various designs chased on both inner and outer sides; numerous apertures cut--some circular, some el liptical. It was probably worn as an ornament, sus pended from the neck. The impressions cut upon this shell appear to indicate the fancy and taste of the artist, rather than any positive attempt at representation of any particular object or thing. The carved lines may be hieroglyphical, but "who at this clay can reveal the hidden meaning? ~We are inclined to refer this relic to the handi work of the Mound-Builders. 7. Fragments of isinglass. In the construction of mirrors, this material was con stantly used by the Mound-Builders. The most extraor dinary specimen of this character was found at Circleville, in the Scioto Valley, twenty-six miles south of Columbus. It was three feet in length--one foot and a

BARTOW

583

naif in breadth--and one inch and a half in thickness-- while on it a plate of iron had become an oxide. 8. Stone pestles. 9. Numerous fragments of pottery. 10. Head and neck of bird, a specimen of clay--baked. 11. Various little images. These remains were found upon the sur face of the tumuli and in the fields around them. We may, therefore, eagerly anticipate the revelations which will come to light when the Herculean task of exploring them has been successfully accomplished.

The Mound

Like the unsolved riddle of the Sphinx,

Builders : an XJn- there obtrudes upon the imagination

Solved Problem. this question, which time has not yet

answered: Who were the mysterious

Mound-Builders? They must have been an extraordi

nary race of people to have reared such enduring fabrics.

But the clays when these primitive inhabitants roamed

the continent lie far away in the remote background of

the past, beyond even the shadowy range of tradition.

The mantle of oblivion rests upon them. No historical

records have been left behind; and only from the internal

evidence of these tumuli can the least information be de

duced. But Colonel Jones speculates interestingly upon

the subject. Says he:*

"It will be at once rcn:arked by those who even to a limited degree have bestowed any attention upon the antiquities' of our State, that these remains are not at all Indian, in point of origin. They have nothing in common with those which were ascertained to have been constructed by the Indians who wero here when the region was first peopled by the whites. We have also the positive testimony of the Cherokees to the effect that they
ere made. The authors of these tumuli we

*Ibid., pp. 3T-41.

584 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
erection of such vast earth works, involving- immense labor and designed for almost endless duration. Men must have emerged from the hunter state; they must have become more advanced in civilization; population must have become more dense before the ereetion^Rf such temples--such fortifications--could have been undertaken. There was not in the sixteenth century a single tribe of Indians, between the Atlantic and the Pacific, w'ao had means of subsistence sufficient to enable them to apply to such pur poses the unproductive labor necessary for the erection of such a work. Nor was there any in siich a social state as to enable a chief to compel the labor of the nation to be thus applied. It is only under despotic form? of government that pyramids will ever be erected in honor of princes--or such huge earth works be dedicated to religious purposes- It is' evident that these monuments were never constructed by the Indians who pos sessed this region when Georgia was first peopled by the whites. Without pausing to enumerate the proofs upon which the supposition rests, we may here state in general terms that all the probabilities point to Asia as the country whence came the earliest inhabitants of America. When or what place they located, cannot at this remove be definitely ascertained. While there are indications now and then of what may be termed an intrusive type of civilization, referred by some to occasional adventures and migra tions, having an impulse from the east toward the Atlantic coast, we in cline to the opinion which looks to Mexico as the parent of the immediate civilization which originated in this valley, and which resulted in these me morials to the industry, religious zeal and military skill of a people who, in the absence of s'ome definite name, are denominated Mound-Builders. The remains which they have left behind them are in many instances precisely similar to those which have been exhumed in the valleys and at the base of these ancient temples, seated upon the plains of Mexico. Another fact worthy of notice is this: these remains are generally located upon or near streams, having communication directly or indirectly with the Gulf."*
Testimony of a Since the locality in question was visSkeleton: Perhaps ted by Colonel Jones, light from other a Race of Giants, sources has been thrown upon these
mysterious tumuli. The following item is copied from one of the old scrap-books of Judge Richard H. Clarke. It reads:
"Several years ago an Indian mound was opened near Cartersville, Ga., by a committee of scientists' from Smithsonian. After removing the dirt for some distance a layer of large flag-stones was found, which had evi dently been dressed by hand, showing that the men who quarried the rock
Charles C. Jones, Jr., in Monumental Remains of Georgia, pp. 27-110.

BARTOW

585

understood the business. These stones were removed, and in a vault be neath them was found the skeleton of a giant, measuring seven feet and two inches. His hair was coarse and jet black, and hung to the waist, the brow being ornamented with a copper crown. The skeleton was re markably well preserved and was taken from the vault intact. Nearby were found the bodies of several children of various sizes. The. remains of the latter were covered with beads made of bone of some kind. Upon removing these the bodies were found to be enclosed in a net-work of straw or reeds, and underneath these was a covering of the skin of some animal. In fact, the bodies had been prepared somewhat after the manner of mummies and will doubtless throw new light upon, the history of) the people who reared these mounds. On the stones which covered the vault were carved inscriptions, and if deciphered will probably lift the veil which has enshrouded the history of the race of giants which undoubtedly at one. time inhabited the continent.' '*

Kingston: Story One of the most historic old landmarks

of the Old

in Cherokee Georgia is the famous old

Beck Home.

Beck home, at Kingston. It is situated

a half mile from the town center, but

within a stone's throw of the railroad track. This relic

of ante-bellum days was purchased in 1850 by the noted

author, Dr. Francis K. Goulding, who remodelled the

building: to suit the needs of a school which he here

successfully taught for a number of years. The top

story of the honse was' converted into a large danc

ing hall and equipped with a stage for private theat

ricals and school exhibitions. Appurtenant to the house,

there is a bold, spring of 'water, crystal clear, to which

White, in his '' Statistics of Georgia,' * makes refer

ence, stating that it threw out several hundred gallons

a minute, boiling" from under a cleft of rocks. Some

fine old beech trees cast a luxuriant shade over the spa

cious grounds; and, after years of absence, gray-haired

men have returned to Kingston to find their names cut

high into the bark, where they had cut them low on

*Extract from a letter written by a Mr. Hazleton to J. B. Toomer am published in the "Banner," of Athens, Ga., date unknown. Reproduce* from one of the scrap-nooks of Judge Ric'ha*-d II, Clark, in the Carneglr Library, In Atlanta, G'a.

586 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the trees in the eai'ly fifties. While residing in the old Beck home, Dr. Goulding wrote his world-renowned story: "The Young- Marooners." The property was ac quired in 1858 by its present owner, Mrs. Josephine Hardin Beck.
During the Civil War this famous old landmark of 'Kingston was used as a hospital by the Federal Army, under General Sherman, and one hundred and fifty Union soldiers were buried in the back yard. These were after wards removed to the Federal Cemetery at Marietta. In the meantime, quite a number of the inscriptions had faded and some of the wooden boards had rotted away, but Mrs. Beck--though a Southern lady--was so unre mitting in her watchful care over these graves, in whicn slept the soldier boys of the North, that she was able to restore each epitaph, by means of a note-book which she faithfully kept. Today not one of them sleeps in an unknown grave at Marietta. There is quite an interest ing story in regard to the fine old mahogany furniture from San Domingo, still used in the old Beck home. It was purchased by Colonel William Hardin, Mrs. Beck's father, from Governor George R. Gihner. The latter ordered it from England, for his use in the executive man sion while Governor, but it was so long- on the way that the old Governor was not only out of patience, but out of office when it finally arrived. Colonel Hardin, on taking his cotton to Charleston, in 1836, managed to get on the track of this furniture, bought it from Governor Gilmer and transported it to his home on the Etowali. In 1859 it became the property of his daughter, Mrs. Beck. Colonel Hardin took an important part in the removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia, in 1837, and was put in command of one of the detachments. He was the father of the late- Colonel Mark Hardin, for years clerk of the Georgia House of Representatives.*
Authority: Miss Ada Beck, now of Laredo Seminary, Laredo, Texas,

BARTOW

587

It was on one of the hills around Kingston that Brig adier-General Wofford, then in command of the Depart ment of North Georgia, surrendered his army at the close of the Civil War. Three breastworks erected during the campaign of 1864 still stand within the corporate limits of the town. So compact is the clay of which these for tifications were constructed that they have undergone no diminution since they were first built, nearly half a cen tury ago; and on top of them today there are growing large trees. In the cemetery at Kingston 250 nameless Confederate soldiers are buried, besides two soldiers who wore the blue uniform. Years ago the Ladies Me morial Association erected a shaft of marble in honor of these unknown heroes, placing it in the center of the consecrated area of ground. Since then the Women's History Club has marked each grave with a neat head stone of marble. The Union soldiers are included among this number and are designated by the initials "IT. S. A." For more than forty years the women of Kingston have cared for these graves. Consequently when it was pro posed some time ago to remove the bodies to Marietta they protested. The very thought was a nightmare to them. One of the earliest settlers in. the neighborhood of Kingston was Mr. Levi Jolly, who came to this locality from North Carolina soon after the removal of the In dians. His daughter, Mrs. E. K. Van Metre, still re sides here. Major Charles H. Smith once lived at King ston, and the original Bill Arp, from whom the great humorist derived his celebrated pen name, was likewise a Kingstonian; but a most nondescript character, "gin tales be true.'' The Reynolds home, commonly known as the Branson place, a mile and a quarter from Kingston, is an interesting old mansion of the ante-bellum type. It was built of brick made by slave labor on the planta tion; and with its large white columns in front it is not unlike the old home of General Lee at Arlington. The town of Kingston was named for United States Senator John P. King, of Augusta, one of Georgia's earliest rail-

588 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
way pioneers and for years president of the Georgia Railroad.

Cassville: its Former Fragrant with the memories of a

Glories Recalled.

past generation is the historic little

town of Cassville, once the most

famous seat of learning* and the most important center

of population in the whole of Oherokee Georgia. Here

the Supreme Court held its first sessions and rendered

its first decisions.* Here, in elegant homes, lived sonic

of the wealthiest people of tho State. Here flourished

two noted schools : the Cassville Female College and the

Cherokee Baptist College, both of which were formerly

the scenes of gay commencements. It is doubtful if any

community in the State has ever known an abler group

of lawyers than Cassville boasted before the war, some

of them men of the very highest eminence at the Bar.

Here, it is said that the first brick sidewalks in upper

Georgia were laid, and the first prohibitory measures

against the sale of intoxicants were put into effect. Here

sleep, in unknown graves, over 300 Confederate soldiers,

over whom stands one of the oldest Confederate monu

ments ever erected; and here one of the first memorial as

sociations in the State was organized. But Cassville was

not a friend to railroads. Moreover, it lay in the track

of General Sherman's fiery march to the sea, and when

he quit the town there "was little left except blackened

ruins. Today Cassville is only a small village, its former

prosperity a dream of yesterday; but it still boasts some

splendid citizens.

Cassville dates back to 1832. It was made the countyseat of Cass County by an Act of the Legislature creat-
Authorities: Mrs. M. L. Johnson, of Cass Station; Mrs. W. H. Felton, of Cartersville; Mr. T. "Warren Akin, of "Washington, D, C.

BABTOW

589

ing this county out of lands then recently vacated by the Cherokees; and some of the first settlers are named in the charter granted to the old Cassville Academy, to wit: John W. Hooper, William L. Morgan, Malachi Jones, Charles Cleghorn, and Thomas G. Barren. 1 However, the town was not incorporated until December 27, 1843, "when the following residents "were named commissioners ; Samuel Morgan, William Latimer, Thomas A. Sullivan, George B. Bussell and Julius M. Patton. The court house was situated in a grove of magnificent oak trees, some of which still linger upon the square as stately re minders of an era which has long since vanished.
The nearest depot--two miles and a half distant--is Oass Station. Prior to the "war, Cassville's population numbered 2,000 souls, quite a large one for those days, when the population of the State was chiefly rural and nearly every one lived on plantations. In 1853, "when her two famous schools "were incorporated, Cassville, at the request of her own citizens, was placed under laws re stricting the sale of intoxicants, and she was probably the first town in the State to adopt measures looking
toward ultimate prohibition. Cassville "was named for General Lewis Cass, of
Michigan. At this time, the old soldier was widely popu lar throughout the South, but his subsequent views on the subject of African servitude, alienated Ms formeifriends in the slave-holding States. In 1861, when the name of the county was changed to Bartow, an effort was made to change the name of the town to Manassas; but the United States postal authorities refused to ratify this legislative act.2 Cassville loved her colleges; and it was due largely to the supposed harmful effect that the railroads were likely to have upon these institutions that she refused the State Road surveyors the right of way to her doors. Charters for both the Cherokee Baptist

1 Acts, 1843, p. 94. 2 Acts, 1861, p. 101.

590 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
College and for the Cassville Female College were granted on the same day--January 10, 1854. According to Mrs. William H. Felton, the former of thes schools was burned before she refugeed from Cassville^ her old home; the latter "was burned by the modern Attilla: General William T. Sherman.
It is not a, little singular that a town like Cassville should have become the storm center of such bitterness as to warrant its utter destruction by the Federals. Various explanations have been given. One is that Gen eral Sherman, in a spirit of retaliation, 'wished to re buke the State Leig'slature for its action in repudiating General Cass. Others assign as a reason for the town's destruction, its conversion of public building's into hos pitals and its stout loyalty to the Confederate cause. . Still another ground for resentment is traced to the fol lowing incident: When some Federal prisoners, on a certain occasion, were brought through Cass Station, one of a number of young ladies from Cassville attached her mourning veil to> a cane and waved it at these prisoners, who, angered by the spectacle, swore to be revenged whenever an opportunity should occur. But whatever the reason for destroying Cassville, it became an accom plished fact when General 'Sherman appeared upon the scene in 1864. We close this story of Cassville with the following eloquent apostrophe from a recent speech delivered by one of her sons on ail anniversary occasion : "Dear classic, historic old Cassville, always held by the things of the past! She purposely and designedly iso lated herself from the swift current of commercial life; refused to allow her peace, quiet and dignity to be in vaded by the screech of the locomotive and the rumble of traffic; waived aside the coming of the State Road and retired within her classic shades to preserve her schools of learning and her home life from the raw and ruthless touch of commercialism. Alas, for her! The breath of

BARTOW .

591

war blasted her dreams and laid her homes in ashes. But her scattered people arc still true to the past and revere the conditions that placed her upon the pinnacle of Cherokee Georgia's ante-bellum achievements."

The Old Cemetery. In the old cemetery at Cassville, over 300 Confederate soldiers lie buried
in unknown graves. I5ut they are not forgotten. Over looking the sacred area of ground, in which these knights of the Southern Gross repose, there rises an impressive monument--one of the earliest ever erected to Confeder ate valor. ' This shaft was reared, at infinite sacrifice, "by the devoted women of Cassville, out of the poverty of a desolated region. It is built of brick, in each of the four sides of which there is embedded a marble shield, bearing* an appropriate inscription. The first Confederate sol dier buried in this enclosure was a Mr. Carpenter, of Virginia, whose uncle lived at Cassville.* The latter,

Thou wert a place of quietude and sweet domestic joys, Outstanding on the noble hills were school for girls and. boys; And no mean poltroon trained the thoughts, but sages true and i Taught the young idea how to shoot, in science most profound.

E'en thus it was in bygone days, But now the lyre has changed its i That-winds, in whispering murmur, Aiirl owlfs and bats their vigils ke*

Sad desolation marks the spot, but still assemble there,

A few to share each other's toils, or join in mutual cheer;

Nor will they, as the years roll round, forget the appointed day,

'

loved ones far av

h a little flower s twilight hour?

592 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
on hearing of his nephew's serious wounds, caused him to be brought to his home, where he was given the best medical attention, but without avail. In tljjs same burialground sleep Hon. Warren Akin and General William T. Wofford, two of Georgia's most distinguished sous.
Early Settlers and Cassville, on account of its prestige Noted Residents. as a seat of culture and as a center of
refining influence, intellectual and so cial, early became the home of some of Georgia's best families. Dr. H. V. M. Miller, afterwards a United States Senator from Georgia, resided here at one time, later removing to Rome. Here lived Judge Augustus R. Wright,3*a noted Congressman and jurist; Colonel Warren Akin, at one time a strong minority candidate for Governor; General William T. Wofford, a gallant Con federate officer, 'who commanded the Department of North Georgia, at the close of the war; Judge John W. Hooper and Judge Turner H. Trippe, two strong judges of the Cherokee Circuit. The list also includes: Lewis Tumlin, Zachariah Hargrove, B. D. Hamilton, Major S. T-J. Chunn, Dr. Underwood, William Headen, John Chester Hawks, Jesse P. Jones, Joseph Bogle, Dr. R. H. Patton, Thomas Dunlap, William Tjatimer, John H. Rice, J. M. Wilson, Hawkins Price, Nelson Gilreath, G. H. Gilreath, Richard Gaines, Abda Johnson, Mark Johnson, A. M. Franklin, H. W. Cobb, William Goldsmith, and a host of others. With the decline of Cassville', not a few of the old families removed to Rome.
Cartersville. Cartersville, the county-seat of Bartow County, "was named for Farish Carter, Esq.,
perhaps the wealthiest landowner in the State during
the ante-bellum period. The town was incorporated by

BEN HILL

593

an Act approved February 5,' 1850, with the following commissioners : K. H. Cannon, ~W. W. Leak, William H. Puckett, J. F. Sproull, and Coleman Pitts.* Its earliest city charter was granted in 1872. Just after the first battle of Manassas, the name of the county was changed from Oass to Bartow, in honor of the gallant Francis S. Bartow, "who perished at the head of his regiment, in this opening battle of the war. At the same time, without success, an effort was made to change the name of the former county-seat from Cassville to Manassas. Never theless, when Cassville was destroyed by General Sherman in 1864, the county-seat was changed to Cartersville, then a thriving town on the Etowah. Due to its splendid railway facilities and its .high altitude, Cartersville is today one of the liveliest trade centers of Georgia, "with a promising future outlook. Some of the most distin guished men of Georgia have been residents of Carters ville, including Hon. Mark A. Cooper, General P. M. B. Young, Dr. W. H. Felton, Eev. Sam P. Jones, Major Charles H. Smith, better known as "Bill A.rp;" Dr. Charles AVallace Howard, former United States Attor ney-General ; Amos T. Akerman, Hon. Lewis Tumlin, Hon. John ~W. Akin and many others.

BEN HILL

Volume I.

Ben Hill: Dramatic The most colossal figure in Georgia

Incidents in the during- the days of Reconstruction

Career of the Great Orator.

was the man of consummate eloquence for whom this 'county was

named. He was a statesman of proven fidelity, of keen insight into governmental prob

lems, and of unquestioned moral courage. The spectacle

which he presented in Davis Hall, in 1867, when oblivious

*Acts, 1S49-1S50-, p. 103.

594 GBOKGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
to the presence of an armed soldiery, he hurled his ter rific denunciations and his burning; anathemas into the teeth of the men who represented the ca*pet-bag' regime in Georgia, is wholly unique; and together with the dra matic figure of the rugged old Governor who denounced fraud and tyranny in the earlier days of Georgia, it will be treasured in the enduring1 affections of the Common wealth. The outlines of the picture will never need to be retouched.
Judge Hill, in the excellent biographical memoir which he has written of his distinguished father; thus narrates the circumstances:* "In 1867 the Reconstruc tion measures were passed by Congress and submitted to the Southern States for ratification. It is not the pur pose of the writer to enter into a discussion of these measures. It is enough to say that they were enacted by a fanatical body of law-makers in bitter hatred of the South and for the purpose of degrading' her people. A few citizens of Atlanta met together for the purpose of taking such action as might be deemed necessary to meet the exigency of the hour. 'These men looked around for leaders. Brown was advocating" the prompt accept ance by the South of the terms proposed. Stephens was in silent despair at liberty Hall. Toombs was abroad. Howell Cobb declined to give advice. Herschel V. John son promised to write a letter reviewing- the situation. Mr. Hill came to Atlanta to confer with his fellow citi zens. After doing so, he secured copies of the military bills and promised to give advice in a few days, at the expiration of which time he notified the gentlemen that lie was ready to make a speech in Atlanta at such time as they might wish. July 10, 1867, is an ever-memorable day in the history of the South. On the night of that day a voice was raised in behalf of Southern honor and manhood for the first time since the surrender. The speech of Mr. Hill put courage in the place of despair,
Senator Benjamin H. Hill: His Life, Speeches and Writings, by Benj. H. Hill, Jr., pp. 50-51, New York, 2891.

EERRIEN

595

and that night the glorious fight for political redemption was inaugurated.' 7
One "who was present on this occasion describes the scene from the standpoint of an eye-witness.* Says he: "The hall was insufficiently lighted and the pallor of men's faces in the pit almost put to shame the lamps which here and there flickered. Mr. Hill appeared in a full dress suit of black. His superb figure showed to best advantage, his gray eyes flashed, and his face paled into dead white with earnestness. Just before he began, the Federal generals, in full uniform, "with glittering staff officers, entered the hall and marched to the front, their showy uniforms and flushed faces making sharp con trast with the ill-dressed crowd of rebels through whicli they pushed their way, and sat in plain censorship over the orator and his utterances. With incomparable un concern, Mr. Hill arose. The threatening presence of the soldiers, the jails which yawned behind them, the dang-ers which the slightest nod from the officers mig'ht bring, had no effect upon him. Without hesitation he launched his denunciations upon them and upon the power which they represented. For two hours he spoke as mortal seldom spoke before, and when he had done Georgia was once more on her f^et and Georgians were organized for the protests of 1868 and the victories
of 1870."

BEKRIEN
Nashville. Tn 1856 Berrien County was formed out of Coffee, Lowndes and Irwin Counties, and
named for Judge John MacPherson Berrien, the "Amer ican Cicero.'' The commissioners chosen at this time to select a county-site were: William Roberts, Josiah Parish, Cornelius Tison, Jasper M. Luke, and Owen
*Ibid., p. 294.

596 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Smith. 1 Nashville was granted a charter of incorpora tion on December 20, 1892; with TV. L. Swindle, Esq., as Mayor, and with Messrs. John T. Tayloik W. E. Lamb, L. A. Carter, L. L. Albrittin, and T. I. (Trinin as Councilmen.2 In 1900, Nashville was reincorporated, this time as a city, with its area considerably extended. It has grown rapidly of late years; scores of strong busi ness and professional men have located here on account of the splendid outlook of the town; and today Nashville is one of the most important trade centers and one of the most progressive communities of South Geoi'gia.
Indian Fighting Captain Levi J. Knight was a celein the Swamps, brated Indian fighter. The following
story, in which he figures with some prominence, was found in an old scrap-book kept by the late Judge Richard H. Clarke. It 'was told by Bryan J. Roberts, a wealthy pioneer citizen of Lowndes, 'who sev eral years before his death divided a larg-e estate between his children. It runs as follows: "In 1836 the rumors of depredations committed by the Indians in other portions of the State caused widespread alarm in this section, and the citizens organized companies for protec tion. Captain Levi J. Knight commanded the company to which Mr. Roberts belonged. This company was on duty for 105 days, and was engaged in two bloody fights with the red-skins. Some time in the fall of the year mentioned, a squad of Indians raided Mr. ^Villiam Parker 'a home, not far from Milltown, in what is now Berrien. They carried his feather beds out in the yard, cut them open, emptied the feathers and appropriated the ticks. They also robbed him of provisions, clothing, and money in the sum of $308.
"Captain Knight was soon on the trail of the squad and overtook them near the Alapaha River, not far from
' Acts, 1855-1856, p. 112. 2 Acts, 1892, p. 162.

BEKBIBN

59T

Gaskin's mill-pond. The sun was just rising1 when the gallant company opened fire on the savages. A lively fight ensued, but it soon terminated in an utter rout of the Indians, who threw their gnns and plunder into the river and jumped in after them. A. few were killed and. a number "wounded. One Indian was armed with a fine shot-gun. This he threw into the river. He also tried to throw into the stream a shot-bag, but it was caught by the limb of a tree and suspended over the water. Strange to say, it contained Mr. Parker's money, every cent of which was recovered. The fine gun was fished out of the river and was afterwards sold for $40, a tre mendous price for a gun in those days.
Having driven the Indians from the dense swamp be yond the river, Captain Knight marched his company as rapidly as possible in the direction of .Hrushy Creek, in the southwest part of the county [i. e., Ijowndes]. In the distance they heard a volley of small arms. On arrival, they found that a battle had already been fought, and the volley was only the last tribute of respect over the grave of a comrade-in-arms, Pennywell Folsom. Mr. Robert Parrish, who became quite prominent and lived near Adel, had his arm broken in this fight. Edwin Henderson was mortally wounded and died near the battle-field, and there were two others killed. The In dians lost 22, besides a number wounded. The battle was fought in a swamp where Indian cunning was pitted against Anglo-Saxon courage, and in five minutes after the engagement opened there was not a live red-skin to be seen. From this place Captain Knight marched his company into "what is now Clinch. He overtook the Indians at Cow Creek, where a sharp engagement oc curred. Three were killed and five made prisoners. Mr. Brazelius Staten was dangerously wounded, but finally recovered. This ended the Indian fighting in which Cap tain Knight's company was engaged. More than three quarters of a century has since passed, and the actors in the bloody drama are now at rest.

598 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGEKDS
BIBB
Fort Hawkins: the One of the special features of the Cradle of Maoon. Sixteenth Annual Cahference of the
State D. A. S. in Macon was the unveiling' by Nathaniel Macon Chapter of a handsome marble tablet on the site of old Fort Hawkins--the birth place of the present city of Macon, and the most impor tant stronghold on the Georgia frontier in pioneer days. Following an elegant repast at the Hotel Dempsey, over which the newly elected State Regent, Mrs. T. C. Parker, most graciously presided, the visiting daughters and invited guests, promptly at 3 o'clock, on the afternoon of Tuesday, February 17, 1914, were conveyed in auto mobiles to the site of the old fort, some three-quarters of a mile from the town center. It was underneath a cloudless sky and on an afternoon balmy with the breath of opening spring-time that the following program was rendered:
Invocation. Song, "The Bed Old Hills of Georgia," by the School Children. Remarks by the Slate Regent, Mrs. 8. W. Foster, introducing the
orator of the day. Address, by Hon. Lucian Lamar Knight. Song, "Georgia," by the School Children. Benediction.
On an eminence overlooking the city of Maeon and the sinuous bed of the Ocmulgee Eiver, the site of old Foirt Hawkins commands a prospect unsurpassed 'in the 'State for magnificence of view. But nothing today remains of the ancient stronghold which once stood upon these heights, except a few broken fragments of rock. The handsome memorial tablet is a work of art. Chiseled into the polished face of the tablet is a sculp tured design of the old fort as it looked when first built in 1806, while underneath is inscribed in large letters :
POET HAWKINS.
The base is formed of original stones used in the con struction of the old fort. These are said to have been

BIBB

599

drag-god from the bottom of the river. On the reverse side is this inscription :
From 1806 to 1828.
Capt. Benjamin Hawkins Cnpt. Philip Cook Major-General .John Mc'Intosh Major-Goneral John Floyd Brigadier-General David Blackshear Major Christopher Strong Colonel David Booth Colonel Ezckiel Wimberly Capt. James SafTold

The MeTntosh trail began here.

It was during- the Regency of Mrs. Edgar A. Boss, who founded the Nathaniel Macon Chapter, that a move ment looking- toward a memorial for old Fort Hawkins was first launched. Between Mrs. Ross and the late Colo nel Charles R. Pendleton, editor of the Macon Telegraph, there waged a controversy relative to the date of Macon 's birthday, the latter contending for 1823, when lots were first sold in Macon, the former for 1806, when Fort Haw kins was built on an eminence overlooking the Ocmulg'ee River, from a site included within the present city limits. Since the Macon Telegraph began its career at Fort Hawkins, Colonel Pendleton was forced in the end to surrender, and some time afterwards the Macon Tele graph ordered a lot of post-cards to be printed contain ing a picture of old Fort Hawkins, described as the birth place of Macon.
Major Philip Cook. One of the early commandants at Fort Hawkins, was Major Philip
Cook, of the Eighth United States Infantry, who was sta tioned at this point on the,frontier at the outbreak of the War of, 1812. His father, Captain John Cook, was

600 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
an officer in the famous legion of cavalry commanded by Colonel WilHam Washington; "while his mother was Martha Pearson, who came of a noted Revolutionary household of Virginia. Major Cook married a famous beauty, Ann Wooten, whose father, Major John Wooten, lost his life at Fort Wilkinson. As an Indian fighter, Major Cook won early distinction. But he was also a most accomplished gentleman and a man of wide in formation. His knowledge "was almost encyclopedic. On the topics of the day he was so well versed that ques tions were often referred to him which no one else on the frontier could answer. Two of his sons attained dis tinction : Dr. John Baiford Cook, a Confederate surgeon, and General Philip Cook, a gallant soldier and civilian, who served Georgia on the tented field, in Congress and as Secretary of State, succeeding in this last position the lamented Nathan C. Barnett. The present distinguished Secretary o? State, Hon. Philip Cook, Jr., is the grand son of Major Philip Cook, the commandant at Fort Hawkins.
Macon's First While stationed here Major Cook hecame White Child. the proud father of the first child of white
parentage horn within the limits of the present city of Macon--Martha Pearson Cook, after wards the much-beloved Mrs. Isaac "Winship. There is ample authority for this statement.* But the premier honors in this respect are not Mrs. Winship's sole title to distinction. She "was a tireless "worker in the hospitals during the dark days of the Civil War; and, wherever an old soldier survives, the memory of this sainted woman is a fragrant recollection, sweeter than spikenard or myrrh. Three distinct Georgia, cities witnessed her pa triotic activities--each in the order named--Atlanta, Grif fin and Macon. In the first-mentioned place she headed the hospital relief corps. At Griffin she was instrumen-
*J. C. Butler, in History of Macon. Mrs, W. L. Pee], of Atlanta, in a statement mafle tb the author, Hon. Philip Co'ok, Secretary of State.

BIBB

601

tal, as president of the Ladies' Memorial Association, in building the first Confederate monument in Georgia, and at Macon she was the moving spirit in the erection of the handsome memorial unveiled to the heroes of the South, in 1879. To quote the words of her granddaughter, Mrs. Martha Cook Flournoy: "She carried carloads of coffins to the battle-field of Jonesboro, and with colored help gathered up our dead from the trenches and caused the bodies to be buried decently in the cemetery at Grif fin.'* This work "was done with money raised by Mrs. Winship's personal efforts. Her last days were spent in Macon, the home of her girlhood. Mr. Isaac "Winship "was one of the founders of the celebrated iron "works, with which the Winship family of Georgia is still iden tified. Captain Emory Winship, a hero of the SpanishAmerican War arid a well-known financier, is a lineal de scendant.

Lost at Sea: the United States Senator Oliver H. Prince, Shipwreck of who perished at sea on board the illthe "Home." fated steamship "Home," in 1837, was
a resident of Macon. The particulars of the tragic disaster are thus narrated by Governor Gilmer:
"About the first of July, 1837, my wife and T left home, in com pany with Mr. and Mrs. Prince, they for Boston and New York, and we for Western "Virginia. The four of us' had passed the time of the session of the Legislature of 1824 in the same public house, where we had our own private table and drawing-room. Mr. Prince and I had served in Congress together in 1834-35. We had acted together as trustees of Franklin College, and belonged for many years to the same bo.r in the practice of law. Mrs. Prince was an exceedingly pretty woman. Mr. Prince was a man of wit. "We went by the way of Charleston to Norfolk. The ladies were ill most of the time. I had looked upon the ocean before, but had never ..been out of sight of land. Its vast expanse of ever-moving waters kept me so excited that I scarcely left the deck of the vessel until we reached port.
"Mr. Prince .went to the jSTorth to have printed a new. edition of his Digest of the Public Laws of Georgia. When the work was completed, he and Mrs. Prince left New York for Georgia in the steam vessel, the

602 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Home. The dreadful catastrophe which befell the ship, Mr. and Mrs. Prince, "and almost all the passengers, made such an impression upon tlie whole
country that the event is still freshly remembered by *very one, whenever the bursting of boilers, the burning of steamers and the^rr-ck of vessels are mentioned. Soon after the steamer left Xew York there arose a violent storm, which drove the vessel to the North Carolina coast in a sinking con dition. All were stimulated to do whatever could be done to save the vessel and themselves.
"Mr. Prince took command of the hands at the pump, where his selfpossession and strong strokes showed that he worked for a nobler purpose than fear for his own life. When, exhausted by his efforts, he joined his wife, to devote himself to her safety. The self-sacrificing nature of Mrs. Prince would not yield to the temptation of clinging to her husband, when his exertions' might be necessaryf to the safety of others on board. She urged him to return to his efforts at the pump. Immediately afterwards she attempted to obey the advice of the Captain, to remove from one part of the vessel to another less exposed to danger.
"As she stepped out of the cabin into an open' space, a Vave passed over and through the vessel, and carried her into the ocean. When the storm subsided, her body was found deposited on the shore. Mr. Prince, resuming his labors at the pump, was spared the pangs of knowing- the fate of 'his wife. To a young man who 1 lived to report the story, Mr. Prince said: 'Remember me to my child, Virginia.' If there was aught else the uproar of the ocean prevented its being heard. ~No : aceount was ever given of the last struggle for life by those who worked at the 'pump. In a great heave of the ocean, the vessel parted asunder and went to the bottom. "*

Mercer University.
Historic Old Wesleyan.

Vol. I., Pages 313-314; Vol. II, Greene County.
Volume I, Pages 200-203.

The Last Hours

Says a biographer of the great jurist:

of Justice Lamar.

*< in December, Mlr. Lamar, with his wife,

left Washington, intending to visit again the

Mississippi coast. On the day of his' departure he was attacked, while

en route, with an acute pain of the heart, and was obliged to lie over for

two days in Atlanta, where he was entertained by Hoke Smith, Esq. He

*Ge rge R. Gilmer, in Ske

BIBB

603

then left for Macon [Mrs. Lamar's old home], where there wore great numbers of loving friends, and many reminiscences of his early manhood.
Here he remained until the end came. "For a while Mr. Jjamar seemed to be improving. There were numbers
who expected to see him within a few weeks resume his place on the Bench; but thts great jurist was already entering the dark penumbra. He and Mrs. Lamar* were not staying at the latter's home in Macon, but were visiting Captain W. TT. Virgin, a son-in-law of Mr. Lamar 's, in Vinevillc, a suburb. He made occasional trips to the city on thp, electric cars. On Monday, the 23rd of -January, 1893, he called at the office of Captain E. E. Park, in company with Dr. Flewellen, a cousin of Mrs. Lamar's. They sat for perhaps a half hour with Captain Park, dis'cussing various topics, and when they left he carried with him several magazines to read at night. He conversed freely with Dr. Flewellen while returning home on the car, and said that his exercise made him feel like eating a good.'meal. He dined with the family shortly after six o 'clock and partook of his accustomed dishes with his usual appetite.
' < pinner over, he walked with the family into the sitting room, and during the conversation extended Dr. Flewellen a cordial invitation to visit him in "Washington the approaching summer. About 7:30 Dr. Flewel len left the house, commenting upon the apparent improvement in Justice Lamar's general health. But it was hardly fifteen minutes later when the jurist complained of symptoms of his old attack, also saying that his arms felt benumbed. He soon retired without any very unusual trouble; and the family were disposed to attribute his' condition to exhaustion from the trip to town. After going to bed he complained of suffocation, and it then became impossible for him to breathe freely until he was placed comfort ably in a chair near the fire. Tie grew worse, however, and it soon became evident that he was sinking.
"Captain Virgin boarded a street cai- and went at once for Dr. Parker, returning with the physician about 8:40. He was found to be speechless and unconscious, and to the physician evidently beyond the reach of help. His1 head hung almost limp in the hands of one of the attendants, who was relieved by Captain Virgin. In this position his life passed out with out a struggle, and so quietly and peacefully that those about him did not know the exact moment at which the.soul took flight. In frequent conver sations he alluded to his condition, but said that he was not afraid of death. His1 chief wish was to visit his' father's grave and some of the scenes of his earlier years; but this was denied him. The thought of his Creator was his great consolation, and he died enjoying the full appreci ation of the revealed truth.

*Mr. Lamar's seco: id wife was Henrietta J. Holt, widow of Genera -William S. Holt, of Mac an. His first wife was Virginia Longstreet, daughte of the celebrated Judge A. B. Ijongstreet, author of "Georgia Scenes," am
at one time President of Emory College, at Oxford.

604 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

* ' Every tribute was paid to his memory "by State and nation. He was buried with civic honors in Riverside Cemetery, in Macon, on the banks' of the Ociimlgee River, a.nd thousands gathered beside tlfe open grave to pay the last sad tribute of respect to the illustrious dead.^In the fall of 1894 the remains of Mr. Lamar were removed to Mississippi and laid beside the wife of his youth and the mother of his children, in St. Peter's' Ceme tery, at Oxford. "*

Sidney Lanier.

Vol. I, Pages 236-240.

Birthplace of

Harry .Stillwell Edwards, one of the

Sidney Lanier. State's most brilliant men of letters,

was only a lad when Sidney Lanier

left Macon to find a permanent home in Baltimore, Md.

But he well remembers the great poet. Before the Macon

History Club, at its1 February meeting in 1913, Mr. Ed

wards read a charmingly written paper on the physical

surroundings of Lanier's early life. As a contribution

to our none too abundant knowledge of a man of genius

whose place in the literature of song is now universally

recognized, this paper will doubtless be preserved. It is

too precious a document to serve only a transient pur

pose; and if the limitations of space permitted us to do

so we "would gladly reproduce it in full. Mr. Edwards

has greatly endeared himself to lovers of Lanier for

this service to the poet's memory, the value of which even

now is priceless. His description of the home in which

Lanier first saw the light of day will be read by every

one with deep interest. Says Mr. Edwards:

* ' On High street, near the Crutchfield's, is the cottage generally ac cepted as the birth-place of Sidney "Lanier. I remember its condition in 1869, when I left school and went away from Macon temporarily. As it now stands, it has a porch across the front, with dormer windows above. But originally it had only a little square porch, at the front door, with two small square columns in front and two pilasters behind. Four or five steps led up to the porch, and a gravel walk cut to the gate, with ever greens on both sides, and johnquils and spirea growing- in the yard. The gate and fence were square pickets. The street was a favorite one with

*Edward Mayes, in Lucius Q. C. Lamar: His Life, Times ana Speeches.

BROOKS--BRYAJST

605

BROOKS
Quitman. In 1858, by an Act of the Legislature, Brooks County was formed out of Lowndes and
Thomas Counties, and named for Hon. Preston S. Brooks, of South Carolina. The same Act authorized the Inferior Court judges to select a site for public build ings, to be called Quitman. The town "was incorporated by an Act approved December 19, 1859. Quitman is today one of the most progressive communities of South Georgia, occupying the center of a rich agricultural belt, with splendid railway connections, an extensive trade, both "wholesale and retail, a strong local Bar, several properons banks, a .public-school system unsurpassed in the State, and a citizenship, public-spirited, wideawake, enterprising, and united. The reader is referred to the preceding volume of this work for additional information in regard to Quitman.

BRYAN

Hardwiek: One On the west side of the Ogeechee

of the Lost

River, fourteen miles from the sea, are

Towns of Georgia, the ruins of an old town, which was

once expected to become the capital

of Georgia. The movement to make it such was favored

by two royal Governors, but the dream failed to mate

rialize, and today there are only a few pathetic frag

ments to tell where Hardwiek once stood. The town

"was laid out, February 4,. 1755, and "was named in honor

of Lord Hardwiek, a kinsman of Governor Reynolds

and a Lord High Chancellor of England. "When Gov-

was published in the Macon Telegraph, February 1C, 1913.

606 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
ernor Reynolds visited the town, on his tour of inspec tion, he was so delighted with the situation that he wrote to the Board of Trade in London, declaring it to he the only fit place for the capital. 1 The choice Tvas indeed in many respects an ideal one. The town "was situated upon a bluff, at a point where the river formed an elbow and where there existed an earlier settlement, to which was given the name of George Town. At this time there wTere a number of serious objections offered to Savannah, among which--to quote the language of Governor Rey nolds--were "the shoalness of the river arid the great heig'ht of the land," making it inconvenient for the load ing and unloading of ships. Its location, on the extreme edge of the province, was another ground of complaint. As soon as the project for removal "was agitated, there fore, an instant demand was created for lots in the new town. There "were as many as twenty-seven sold, and land to the extent of 21,000 acres in the immediate vicin ity was granted to various parties, who pledged them selves to the success of the proposed scheme. JBut the home government failed to vote the necessary funds for making the transfer of the capital, and, notwithstanding an effort which was subsequently made by Governor Bills toward the same end, the movement eventually col lapsed. Deprived of the dignity upon which it counted, the town of Ilardwick became scarcely more than a vil lage, though DeBrahm reckoned it among the five sea port towns, and recommended its fortifications. 2 Gov ernor Wright was never partial to Ilardwick. He, there fore, discouraged any attempt to revive the old agitation, on the ground that Savannah was conveniently located, both for trade with South Carolina, and for inter course with the Indians. He could see no advantage ill moving' the capital so short a distance, even if removal were deemed wise. The views.of Governor Wright upon this subject were largely influenced by the fact that he
1 Ft. M. Public Records, London, Vol. 35, Georgia, B. T. 2 H. M. Public Records, London, Vol. 13, No. 14, Maps, B. T.

BRYAN

607

was born in South Carolina; but his judgment was no doubt sound. When Bryan County "was organized, in 1793, Hardwick became temporarily the county-seat, but it does not appear that any public buildings were ever erected; and as early as 1797 the General Assembly des ignated as the site of the court-house, a point at or near the Cross Roads about two miles from Ogeechee Bridge. In 1829 Sherwood found the town of Hardwick only a cluster of houses.* In 1866 an effort was made to revive the town, but it bore little fruit. Thus passed into ob livion an ambitious little town of the Georgia coast, which was favored by two royal Governors of the province, and which was named for an eminent Lord High Chancellor of England. The site of the old town is two miles from Genesis Point, a locality made famous by Port McAllister during the Civil \Var.

Belfast: The Home One of the most substantial of the of James Maxwell. old Colonial homes of Georgia was
in this county, the residence of James Maxwell, on Bryan's Neck, a fertile stretch of alluvial land between the Midway and Ogeechee Rivers. He called it Belfast. Colonel Maxwell was a ScotchIrishman. His ancestors moved to the north of Ireland from Maxweltoii, on the Nith, in Dumfries, Scotland, and lived for some time either at or near Belfast, a cir cumstance which accounts for the name which he gave to his elegant mansion on the coast of Georgia. It over looked the Midway River, a tidewater stream, which is little more than an arm of the sea; and to judge from the blocks of tabby which still mark the site of the old historic Maxwell home, it must have been built upon ample proportions. Much of the social life of the period, "when knee-buckles and powdered wigs were in vogue, found picturesque expression.here in more than one gor-

60S GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
geous entertainment, which brought together the wealthy nabobs of the low country, many of whom were sworn officers of the Crown. Though an aristocratic seat, its doors were never barred against the stranger; and the ample feasts 'which were here spread, in the spacious days before the Revolution, set the pace for much of the proverbial hospitality of later times. Miss Maria J. Mclntosh. in one of her novels entitled: "Lofty and Lowly," has charmingly pictured the old Maxwell home, under the name of " Montrose Hall." Surrounded by magnificent live oaks and embellished with ornamental shrubs and plants of every kind, the grounds were lav ishly in keeping "with the fine old manor, and the whole atmosphere of the place evinced the gentle blood, the exquisite culture, and the large means of the thrifty owner.
James Maxwell was an early pioneer settler. To gether "with his brother, Thomas Maxwell, and several other residents of South Carolina, "most of whom were men of easy fortunes," he applied on December 12, 1747, for an extensive grant of land, lying on both sides of the Midway River. They wanted 6,000 acres; but to deed such large bodies of land was not in accordance with the policy of the government at this time, and they were forced to be content with 500 acres each. James located near the point which is today occupied by an important lumber mill industry and which still bears the original name of the place--Belfast. Thomas located on the op posite side of the river, at a point called Hester's Bluff. Another brother, Audley Maxwell, settled in St. John's Parish, at or about the same time, locating near the head of Midway River, at a place which he called Limerick. James Maxwell 'was one of the original trustees to whom was entrusted the work of laying out the town of Sunbury. He was also a member of the first provincial Con gress of Georgia. It is thought by some that the Lieu tenant Maxwell, who fought with General Oglethorpe at the battle of Bloody Marsh, was James Maxwell. The

BBTAN-

609

records state that Lieutenant Maxwell was appointed an aide de camp, together with Hugh Mackay.* At any rate, it is certain that James Maxwell had a son of the same name who married Ann Mackay, a daughter of Cap tain James Mackay, of Strathy Hall. The latter was a member of the King's Council and a very prominent man.
Elizabeth, one of the daughters of James Maxwell, married Thomas Young", who was styled the "richest Tory in Georgia," an epithet which was doubtless true to the facts, if exception be made of the royal Governor, Sir James Wright. McCall gives an account of a dinner which was given in 1777 by the owner to a number of British officers at Belfast, in honor of the King's birth day, and while the guests were seated at the table, drink ing his Majesty's health, a detachment of American sol diers surrounded the house and made the British officers prisoners of war. "Buekland Hall," "Kilkenny" and many other places in Bryan County were originally old Maxwell homes. An engagement occurred at Belfast on the night of June 4, 1779, in "which Colonel Cruger, of the British army, and some of his officers, were captured by Captain Spencer, commander of an American priva teer then lying in the Midway. Learning that the offi cers were that evening dining with a certain Tory named Thomas Young, at Belfast, Captain Spencer ascended the river in small boats, landed about eight o'clock with twelve of his men, surrounded the house and captured all present at the dinner. The prisoners were paroled the next morning, and Colonel Cruger was soon after ward exchanged for Colonel Mclntosh, "who had been captured at Brier Creek., There is now a post village on the site of the old town.
"Letter of Ogletliorpe, dated Krederica, July 30, 1742.

610 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
BULLOCH.
Statesboro. To find the beginnings of the present town of Statesboro, we must go bjek to an Act ap
proved December 19, 1803, by Governor John Millcdge. In this Act a certain tract of land, conveyed by George Sibbald to the Inferior Court of Bulloch, containing 200 acres,, is declared to be the site for public buildings in the new county, said town to be known by the name of " Statesborough. " l Hon. Peter Cone, an early pioneer, of Bulloch, whose home was in the neighborhood of Statesboro, was for years a dominant figure in the poli tics of Georgia. Entering the State Senate in 1830, he was returned at each successive electio'n continuously, with only one exception, until 1852, when he voluntarily withdrew from public affairs. Some of the early repre sentatives of Bulloch in the State Legislature wr ere: Charles MeCall, John Rawls, Drewry Jones, Shepherd Williams, Samuel S. Lockhart, Alien Eawls, Michael Young, Malachi Denmark and Francis MeCall, who served in the Senate down to 1830, when Peter Cone en tered the arena of politics; and among the members of the House were: Andrew E. W^lls, Lewis Lanier, Sam uel Lockhart, John Burnett, Sherrod MeCall, R. T. Stanaland, Malachi Denmark, James Eawls, James Wilkinson and Wm. H. 'McLean.
BUTTS.
Jackson. Jackson, the county-seat of Butts, was named for General Andrew Jackson, then President
of the United States, and was incorporated as a town by an Act approved December 26, 1826, at which time the following commissioners were named, to-wit.: Samuel Lovejoy, Edward Butler, William V. Burney, John Rob inson and Henry Hatley.2 Besides these, some of the
1 Acts, 1826, p. 177. E Clayton's Compendium, 145.

BUTTS

611

early pioneer settlers were: John Hall, Wiley Ferrell, John McCord, James "W. Harkness, Flem Childers, John Goodman, James H. Stark, David J. Bailey and Fred Stewart. The first school building stood on what is now Oak Street, and the teachers were Mr. and Mrs. Hiram Clark, A. B. Florence and Algernon Fellows. The first mercantile firms were Hurd and Hungerford, and An drews and Little; while the pioneer lawyers included David J. Bailey, afterwards a member of Congress; Rufus McCune, and James H. Stark.
In 1850, the Baptists built the first house of worship in Jackson. Rev. W. G. McMichael became the pastor of this flock, and for more than twenty years ministered to this congregation. In 1881, when the old East Ten nessee, Virginia and 'Georgia Railway, now the Southern, was completed from Macon to Atlanta, the town received a decided impetus and became at once the most impor tant station between the points above named. Jackson Institute was built in 1889, and among the first teachers "was Rev. J. ~W. Beck, father of Judge Marcus "VV. Beck, of the State Supreme Court. Here, too, Miss Leonora Beck, afterwards Mrs. Ellis, began her brilliant career as an educator. Ex-Governor Hogg, of Texas, was a na tive of Butts, in which county he spent his boyhood days. David J. Bailey and Henry Hendrick represented this county in the Secession Convention at Milledgeville, in 1861. The population of Jackson at the present time is nearly 4,000. It is a city of splendid banking institu tions, of strong commercial establishments, and of beau tiful homes.*

The Varner House. Mrs. A. H. Alfriend, Regent of the Piedmont ^Continental 'Chapter, D.
A. R., and chairman of the General William Mclntosh Memorial Association, is making what promises to be
'Authority: Mrs. J. D. Jones, Regent, D. A. R., Jackson, Ga.

612 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND JJEGENDS
a successful effort for the purchase of one of Georgia's most historic shrines : the famous old Va.rner House at Indian Springs. To this end she has ^formulated ai bill asking- for an appropriate on of $8,000 Crom the treasury of the State, and this Mil is now pending in the General Assembly of Georgia. The Varner House was built in 1823 by the brave Indian chief, whose memory is today revered by every true and loyal Georgian. It was built as a hotel for the convenience of the great multitudes "which even at this ea,rly day visited the famous Indian Springs. On the counter, which is still preserved intact, General1 Mclntosh, in ] 825, signed the fateful treaty "which proved to be his death "warrant. Loyal to the Indian, as well as to the white man, he obtained for his tribe, under1 this treaty "with the government, a domain of territory equal in extent to that which was ceded, be sides a moneyed consideration of approximately $5,000,000. But he "was rewarded "with death at the hands of his own people. As the result of this treaty agreement with the Creek Indians, Georgia acquired a vast extent of territory, embracing millions of acres, yet Georgia has never in any "way shown her appreciation of this brave chief, to whom she owes a debt of gratitude which can never be repaid. Without an exception, the Varner House at Indian Springs is the most important unmarked historic spot in this 'State. The honse stands today just as Mclntosh bnilt it, except for the veranda, which was formerly two storied, "with large square columns. Two partitions have also been put into the lower floor. But the expenditure of a very small sum of money will suf fice to make necessary alterations, so that the building can be used for conventions, public gatherings, etc., and to furnish accommodations at a minimum rate to per sons of limited means anxious to obtain the benefit of the springs. Much of the original furniture still remains in the honse, including books, pictures and trinkets of various kinds. The reader is referred to. Vol. I of this work for a detailed story of the famous treaty which

THE VARNER HOUSE: Where Gen. Mdntosh Signed His Death-Warrant in the Famous Treaty at Indian Springs in 1825.

CALHOUN

613

cost General Mclntosli his life. Under the head of Oarroll County will be found an article which tells how Gen eral Mclntosh was murdered. Mrs. Alfriend is sure
to succeed in her patriotic undertaking. She comes of fine old Eevolntionary stock, and defeat is a word with which she is absolutely unfamiliar. Her great-grand father, Joseph Winter, was Secretary of the Committee on Safety, on Washington's staff, and read the Declara tion of Independence to the public in New York, on July 18, 1776, at which time the British coat-of-arms was torn from the front of the City Hall. Her grandfather, John Gano Winter, was one of the greatest promoters and financiers of this State.

CALHOUN
Morgan. On February 20, 1854, an Act was approved creating out of Baker and Early Counties, in
the extreme southwestern part of the State, a new county, to be called Calhoun, in honor of the great apos tle of Nullification. The Inferior Court of the county was empowered to select a county-site and to superintend the erection of buildings. The site selected was called Morgan. There "was an old family of this name: residing here "when the town was established, "which makes ns question the none too well authenticated tradition that it was named for General Daniel Morgan, of the Revo lution. On March 5, 1856, the town was formally char tered with the following-named commissioners: W. G. Pierce, W. E. Griffin, George Goodson, John Shropshire and Hiram Morgan.*
Arlington. Situated on the dividing line between Calhoun and Early Counties, is Arlington, a rapidly growing city, which will
doubtless same day'be the capital of a new comity in this part of Georgia. The town was named for General Lee's old home on the Potomae River,
*Acts, 1855-1S56, p. 381.

614 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
and was granted a charter of incorporation on September 13, ] 881, at which time the corporate limits were fixed at one half a mile in every direction from the depot of the Southwestern Railroad. But the necessi ties of growth within the next decade demanded a ne charter; and, on October 9, 1891, the town was incorporated by an Act repealing the old charter and designating Hon. 1ST. A. Beckom to hold the office of Mayor, and Messrs. .T. S. Celling, S. T. Nance, D. A. Carter and G. W. Harrison to servt as aldermen, pending an election to be held on the first Tuesday in September, 1892.1 The present public school system was established in 1905, with Messrs. G. W. Harrison, Y. W. Fudge, W. H. C. Cunningham, J. S. Cowart, R. TT. Bostwiek and H. M. Oalhcmn named as the first official board or trustees. The commercial enterprises of the town are financed by strong banks, and there are few communities in the State with a finer body of enterprising business men. Many beautiful homes have recently been built in Arlington, some of which woiild be an ornament to Atlanta 's far-famed ' ' Peachtree.' !2
CAMDEN
St. Patrick. At the close of the Revolution, there were few settlements in Camden, except on Cum
berland Island, and for a number of years the county was unrepresented in the State Legislature, due to the scarcity of population. But the need of a town on the mainland was fully realized. Accordingly, a number of the new settlers on Cumberland Island undertook to build a town on the north bank of the St. Mary's River, at a place called Buttermilk Bluff. On December 12, 1787, a tract of 1,672 acres was purchased from Jacob Webb, who held an original grant from the State. The price paid for this land was thirty-eight dollars. There must have been an Irishman among the number, for thename given to the new town was St. Patrick. Each sub scriber was to own fonr lots, on one of "which he "was to build within six months a house covered with shingles ; and if he failed to comply "with this agreement, he was to forfeit his land. The town was laid out in 1787 by James Findley, County Surveyor; and the first settlers of St. Patrick were: Isaac Wheeler, William Norris,

CAMDEN

615

Nathan and WTm. Ashley, Jas. Seagrove, Lodwick Ashley, Jas. Findley, John Fleming;, Robert Seagrove, Henry Osborne, Thomas Norris, Jacob Weed, John Alexander, Langley Bryant, Johnathan Bartlett, Stephen Conyers, William Ready, Prentiss Gallup, 'Simeon Dillingham, and Richard Cole. The streets of the town were named in honor of these men. St. Patrick was the first countyseat of Camden. On an old ballot list prepared for the first town election in 1788, appear some additional names, showing that among; the new settlers were : Talinage Hall, James Woodland, Thomas Staffold, John King, and others. In 1792, the name of the town was changed by an Act of the legislature to St. Marys.*

St. Marys.

Volume I. Pages 350-356.

Some of the To add a few names to the above list: Na-

Fioneers.

than Atkinson, a native of Northampton

County, Va., became a resident of Camden,

in 1785, followed some ten years later by his brother

John; and from these progenitors have sprung one of

Camden's most distinguished family connections. Isaac

Ijang arrived soon after the close of the Revolution and

located where the town of Jefferson afterwards arose.

His descendants for more than a hundred years have

been prominent in county affairs. Likewise among the

early arrivals were David and Hugh Brown. The for

mer married a Miss Atkinson, and became a wealthy

planter. The latter also accumulated a larg-o property.

He is said to have been a man of massive intellect, and

holds the record for length of service in the Legislature.

John Hardee came from North Carolina in 1788, and

founded the family from which the groat Confederate

tactician, Gen. "Win. J. Hardee, sprang. Thomas Miller,

*History of Camden County, Georgia, by James T. Vocelle.

616 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
a Scotchman, was also an early settler. He was an an cestor of Judge Andrew J. Miller, for whom Miller Coun ty was named. Gen. John Floyd, his son, Ge^. Charles It. Floyd, the Hazzards, the Scarletts, the Holzendorfs, the D'emeres and the Hulls were also pioneer families of Camden. Here also at one time lived the famous Mclntosh family; and what is now known as Refugee Planta tion, was granted to George Mclntosh when Georgia was a Province of England.

Former Days Oam<len County was the home for many years of Captain

Recalled.

William Cone, a distinguished fighter in the War of 1812.

He was also great Indian fighter, and the story is told

of him that on one occasion he was captured "by the Indians,, who were

delighted at having in their possession the "Big Captain." They carried

him to their camp and after "binding him and placing him between two

warriors, they lay down to sleep. During the night Cone managed to get

loose from his fetters, and after taking all the shot from the gun; shells

of his captors, without arousing them from their slumbers, went down the

road about one hundred yards from the camp,, and sat down awaiting day

light. Great was the consternation of the Indians when they awoke and

found their prisoner gone. They had only to go a short distance, however,

before they came across him seated on a log. One warrior raised his gun

to his shoulder and fired. Cone placed his' hand to his heart and showed

the shot to the Indiana, but the shot had been in his hand all the while.

Another Indian fired at him with the same effect, and then convinced that

Cone was what they had always siispected him to be, the Evil One, took

to their heels and fled. Captain Cone represented Camden County for many

years in the General Assembly of the State, and, although uneducated

and unpolished, rose to a high place in that body. He was the father of

the late Peter Cone, of Bulloeh, who was long a commanding figure in

legislative halls.

The house is still standing in St. Marys, where many years ago Aaron

Burr was entertained as the guest of Major Archibald Clark, then a dis

tinguished resident of the old town. Major Clark was a warm personal

friend of the former "Vice-President. It was not long after this visit

that he was captured in Alabama on the charge of conspiracy against the

United States government. Major Clark also entertained General Winfield

Scott at his residence in St. Marys, when that distinguished1' fighter was

returning from the Indians wars in Florida. It is said that General Scott

was so tall that he was obliged to bend his head in order to enter Major

Clark's front door. JXiring the War of 1812 the English occupied St.

CAMDEN

617

Marys'. Major Olark was at that time collector of the port and had quite a lot of government money in his possession. The British, after making an unsuccessful attempt to get this money, took Major Clark a prisoner and carried him away from his home. Mrs. Clark, who was a descendant of Captain "Wordsworth, of Charter Oak fame, was often forced to entertain the British at her home. One day a British officer was' seated in. the parlor, and looking clown at the carpet on the floor, remarked: '' Mrs. Clark, I see you have the British crown in your parlor." "Yes," replied Mrs. Clark, '' but it is under our feet.''
Colonel Eclmound Atkinson, who commanded the 26th Georgia Infantry during the Civil War, was a native of Camden. He was a gallant officer find a kind and considerate commander. Judge Spencer R. Atkinson, an ex-justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia, a.ncl Judge Samuel C. Atkinson, a present member of this same high bench, are distinguished, sons of Camden. Their father was the late Captain A. S. Atkinson, and their mother Miss Mary A. McDonald, daughter of ex-Governor Charles J, McI>onald. Camden County furnished to the Confederacy, during the Civil War, one lieutenant-general (William J. HarO.ee), five colonels, fourteen captains and two full companies of soldiers, all out of a white population of 3,000.

Coleraine.

Volume I. Pages 358-359.

Oamden's
Noted Residents.

Volume I. Pages 361-362.,

Fort Tonyn. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, Charles and Germyn Wright, brothers of Governor Wright, of Georgia,
built a fort on their lands on the St. M'arys River. As near as can be ascertained this fort was located where Scrubby Bluff now is. The Wrights called it Fort Tonyn, after the royal Governor of Florida. Fort Tonyn became a rendezvous for all the Tories and outlaws in this part of the country. Spoils were brought to this place and divided among the members of this gang, who bore the appellation of Florida Rangers. But when General Howe, in 1778, reached Fort Tonyn, on his way to East Florida, he found the fort evacuated and demolished *

618 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

'CAMPBELL

Early Settlements In 1826 there were living La Campbell

and Pioneers.

on well-tilled plantations We Colquitts

and the Randalls. John Colquitt and

Mrs. Randall were brother and sister of Hon. Walter

T. Colquitt, the noted jurist and statesman. Judge Col-

quitt 'was also an early resident, coming from his home

in AValton County to Pumpkintown Ferry, on the Chatta-

hoochee, where he bought lands of one Sanford Bell, who

was later killed in the Texan war of 1836. The fertile

lands were slowly settled because of the dread of an out

break of the Creeks against Chief William McTntosh.

It was generally supposed that an attack would occur

from the Campbell or Coweta side of the Chattahoochee,

hut the party of Indian warriors who murdered Gen

eral Mclntosh formed in Alabama at a time when the

waters of the Chattahooche were swollen by a freshet.

When the son, Chilly Mclntosh, escaped in a travelers'

coat and swam the river with the treaty papers, it was

Cheadle Cochran, of Campbell County, who first gave

him aid.

Since the white man's ownership, the' /county has

not been rich in fish or game, but it abounds in Indian

legends and relics. Numerous trails leading to the Pive

Notch Eoad can he found, also plateaus in the creek bot

toms, where their corn dances occurred. These were

witnessed surreptitiously by the Colquitt and Randall

slaves.

There is a steep hill called "Slip-Down Mountain"

between Pumpkintown and McTCoy ferries. Tradition

says that a fierce battle happened here between the Chero-

kees and Creeks, in which the vanquished were pushed

into the river. This was verified in 1890 by the higli

waters washing up particles of human bone, also beads,

pots and arrows.

On the Douglas side, above Campbellton, is a mound

now covered with a pine growth, said to be the grave

of ah Indian que'en, Anawkqua. A strip oh either side

CAMPBELTj

619

of Sweetwater was neutral ground, where Creeks and Cherokees made treaties. Here Gov. Charles McDonald owned a mill site which he sold to Pendleton Watson. In the section near "Salt Spring," or Lithia, the first white settlers "were the Watsons, Stricklands, Duncans, McLartys, McElroys and Van Zants.*
When the time was ripe for the establishment of a county-seat, Judge Colquitt proposed Pumpkintown. Even today its broad fields present a prosperous, invit ing aspect. The cheery breezes whisper of thrift and en terprise. But Pumpkintown lost.

Historic Campbellton Eight miles above Pumpkiutowii three brothers, Alfred, George and
Lang Camp, owned large plantations, adjoining which was the uncleared tract of Frank Irwin. The latter planned a town called Campbellton, and offered free lots to those "who would live upon them. It "was the accepted county-site. A substantial brick court-house was built in 1828 by Contractor Glascock, and still stands on an old red hill overlooking the river. The Colquitts, dis gusted, moved to LaGrange, the Eandalls to Alabama.
Judge Colquitt, though an eminent jurist, was also a man of varied affairs. His business agent in charge of his mercantile and farming interests was young Benjaman Camp, who came with him from Walton to Camphell. Selling his share of the Colquitt interests for ne groes, he participated in the general exodus from Pumpkintown, went to South Carolina and married. Return ing in 1834, he bought the lands of Tarleton Sheets, Bennett Lee and Billy Johnson, nearer Campbellton, and be came a pioneer of progress in Campbell. Campbellton "was then a flourishing town, "with commodious, elegant homes. Prominent people were the Lathams, Smiths,
Authority: Mrs. Lee C. Moore, now of Decatur, Ga.

620 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Cantrells, Hornsbys, McClures, Germans, McTCoys, Beavers, Butts, Hopkins and Blacks. i
Across the river were the planta*ons of "Wade White, Alston Arnold, James Nelson, Thomas Gamp, the Hintons, Hammonds, Bullards, Rutledges, Longinos, Olecklers, Varners and Hntchinsons. Near Sand Town lived the Danforths, Campbells, Bryants, Wilsons and Aderholts. Here lies buried a Revolutionary soldier, John Oibson.
For many years the planters hauled their cotton to the Augusta market, returning with the luxuries .of life. They had the necessities at home. The houses in the clearings were of the log double-pen style. Later, weather boarding, an upper story and shed rooms were added. The open areaway became a hall, with a square portico, and columns at the front. The kitchens were in sepa rate out-buildings. Schools were conducted by itinerant Northern or Irish masters, of "whom the first requirement was the ability to make rapidly and well a goose quill pen. The Friday afternoon sessions were devoted to lessons in etiquette.
The high schools in Campbellton and Palmetto pre pared the young men for the ^Jniversity.
Crowds always thronged Campbellton during court "week and on muster days. The center of interest to the young, next to the Judge's silk hat or Colonel Camp's plumed headpiece, was the ginger cake cart of old Mis tress Teale. Once some mischievous boys pushed it down the hill into the river, but reimbursed the distracted old lady.
There was much "wealth ill Campbellton, but the spirit of the place was neither commercial nor intellectual. It was simply gay. The perpetual pursuit of the frail pop pies of pleasure; the curse of drink; the bitterness of the Reconstruction era, resulting in tragedy and murder, blighted its growth. The best blood of its citizenship, which was largely professional, was sacrificed to the 'Confederacy. The drift of population toward the route

CAMPBELL

621

of the West Point Railroad left Campbellton in isolation. Among the citizens who left to give their energy to the upbuilding of Atlanta were Lucins J. Gartrell, Alfred Anstell, Jett Rucker and W. J. Grarrett.
In 1870 the county-seat went to F'airburn, and at that time in Campbellton stood rows of good houses, aban doned, with hearthstones long cold, and weeds overrun ning the flowers at the doorstep--a deserted village, memory-haunted, more to the taste of Poe than of Groldsmith. Today a shadow broods over the country road, once a street of life and joy. While the court-house, academy and Masonic lodge stand dark and silent, two churches on their original sites have opened their doors, Sunday after Sunday, to the people of the country-side.
Occasionally another sleeper finds rest among the mossy marbles of the old Methodist church-yard. Old Campfoellton is with the past. New Campbellton consists of two modest dwellings nestling near the country store.

Fairburn. Fbirburn, the present county-seat of Camp bell, was incorporated by an Act of the Leg
islature, approved February 17, 1854, 1 at which time it was on the old boundary line between Fayettc and Camp bell counties. But subsequently an Act was passed an nexing a part of Fayette County to Campbell; and in this Act, approved October 17, 1870, provision -was made for a new county-site, as follows : 2 "Be it further en acted that the county-site of Campbell be, and is hereby moved to some convenient and suitable place on the Atlanta and West Point Railroad, in Campbell County; that such place be selected by a popular vote of all the citizens entitled by law to vote in the County of Camp bell, laid off and described in section eighth of this Act, which election shall be held, on Tuesday after the first Monday in November next, at the several precincts in cluded within the limits of the county; that the superin-
1 Acts, 1S53-1854, p. 244. 2 Acts, 1S70, pp. 15-10.

622 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
tendents of said election shall meet at Campbellton, on the day after the election, and consolidate the election returns of said 'County-site before the Quinary, who shall, with four commissioners to he selected by him, residing near the county-site, without delay, purchase a sufficient tract of land for the court-house and jail, and proceed to build the same out of any funds belonging to the county, not otherwise appropriated, etc." Under the terms specified in this Act, Pairburn was made the new county-site of Campbell, in the late fall of 1870. Among the early settlers in this neighborhood, the names most prominent were McBride, Brewster, Short, Roan, Henderson, and Boberts.
Palmetto. The town of Palmetto was chartered by leg islative act, approved February 18, 1854, and
the following well-known residents "were named as the first commissioners: Willis P. Menifee, Samuel Swanswer, James J. Beall, Reuben Melsaps and John M. Edwards.* But the town existed as an unincorporated community for several years prior to the date of this charter; and the name is said to have been conferred upon the little village at this place by a company of South Carolina soldiers en route to the Mexican War. Pal metto, at an early date, restricted the sale of intoxicating liquors. The present public school system of Palmetto was established in 1885. Some of the most substantial families in this vicinity during pioneer days included the Watts, the Gentrys, the Joneses, the Griffiths, the McLarens, the Tatums, the Menefees, the Hollemans and the Cochrans.
'Acts, 1863-1854. p. 264.

CANDI.ER

623

CANDLER

Metter. On July 17, 1914, Governor Slaton approved a bill creating by Constitutional amendment the
new County of Gaudier. It is to be carved out of terri tory formerly embraced within three contiguous coun ties, to-wit.: Tattnall, Bulloeh and Emanuel. Metter, a wideawake little town, on a branch line of the Central, of Georgia, will be the new county seat. There was prac tically no opposition to the measure at this session of the Legislature, as the varioiis counties affected by the proposed legislation were friendly to the bill; but in former years the champions of the measure have waged a losing fight against bitter opposition. Since the cre ation of the new county involves an amendment to the Constitution, it is first necessary to submit the same to popular vote for ratification; but the result can be safely foreshadowed. The new county is named for Governor Alien D. Gaudier, one of Georgia's most dis tinguished sons. On the field of battle, in the halls of Congress, in the chair of Governor, in the office of Secre tary of State, and, last but not least, as Compiler of State Records, he "was called upon to serve the State in many distinguished capacities; but in not one of these high stations did he fail to approve himself a statesman and
a man.

Says the Atlanta C' onstitiition : '' Governor Slaton on Friday signed the bill creating the new county of Candler, and thus ends one of the most determined fights waged in the Legislature. The effort of the people of Metter to secure the creation of the county of Candler is only equaled by that of the people of Winder, "who succeeded some days ago in passing the bill to create the county of Barrow. The first bill to create Candler County was introduced ten years ago. For ten sessions the people of Metter have been knocking at the doors of

624 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS.
the General Assembly, and finally they have been suc cessful. This success is largely duo to F. II. Sills, editor of the Metter Advertiser, and Dr. W. D. T^nnedy. who helped finance the project. Dr. Kennedy was the first to conceive the idea of a new county. Three years ago Mr. Sills was put in charge of the campaign, and during that time he has given the legislature no rest. Governor Slaton signed the bill with a special fountain peri, which the people of Metter presented to Mr. Sills in recogni tion of his services. Oandler County will have a popula tion of 12,725; tax values of $2,729,000, and an area of 361 square miles."

CARKOLL

The Murder of

On the west side of the Chattalioo-

General Mclntosh. c i iee Ri ver , within the borders of the

present County of Carroll, stood the

old home of General William Mclntosh, the famous chief

of the Cowetas or Lower Creeks. The unfriendly In

dians, piqued by the relinquishment of the Georgia lands,

were bent upon the death of the brave chief, at "whose

door lay the responsibility for the treaty at Indian

Springs. He "was accordingly condemned in general

council, under color of what was claimed to bo an unwrit

ten law, exacting the forfeiture of life for the offence in

question. Quite a party of Indians, numbering in the

aggregate one hundred and seventy, undertook to exe

cute the sentence; and, proceeding furtively to the home

of General Mclntosh, they concealed themselves under

cover of the "woods until just before dawn, on May 1,

1825. They "were provided "with light-wT ood knots, for

the purpose of setting fire to the house, and they were

also well armed.

Before emerging from ambush, they first sent an

interpreter, James Hutton, along "with two Indians, to

ascertain, without arousing suspicion, what temporary

CAEBOLL

625

sojourners the Mclntosh abode sheltered. In an out house in the yard, which was usually allotted to guests, the chief's son, Chilly Mclntosh, "was found, sharing the apartment with an old peddler. But the spies barely put foot upon the doorstep before the young man, guided by instinct, scented danger, and leaped at one bound through the open window. Fire was opened upon him, but the shots failed to overtake the mercurial youth.
And now the entire body of Indians surrounded the house in which General Mclntosh slept, and began to light the fagots underneath the doors and windows. The sti fling smoke awoke the brave chief, only to greet him with the crackling flames and to show him in the funeral glare of the red torches what deadly peril surrounded him. It was the most lurid dawn upon which he ever looked; and, fully comprehending the awful horror of the wild scene, he realized that he was now to perish amid the blazing rafters of his home. But tlie proud old Indian spirit within him nerved his sinews for the ordeal. He was determined to die game; and, though denied the honors of equal battle, he could at least greet the shades of his ancestors with the war-cry upon his lips.
Behind barricaded doors, with the aid of an Indian friend who was the only other occupant of the building at the time, he returned for several moments the blasting fire which came from the red belt. But an entrance was soon forced; and, hurling himself upon the invaders who now rushed in, the faithful ally was the first to fall, rid dled with bullets. General Mclntosh, retreating up the stairway in the suffocating smoke, fired shot after shot as he "went, making the foul murderers pay heavy cost for the life which they were now about to take. But at last the brave chief lay prostrate upon the floor bleeding from countless wounds. And now the fiendish glee of the red devils filled the air with the most infernal music of pandemonium. They sang and danced and shouted about the mutilated body while the flames underneath and around roared and seethed. It was like the glimpse which one might get at hell-gate.

626 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS.
Still the bruta] instincts of the savages were not yet fully gorged. The brave chief was next dragged by the
heels into the yard, and while his lips yeAbreathed the challenge of an unsubdued old warrior, the bloody knife "was plunged into his heart. It straightway ended the death struggles, and, lifting his mangled face to the fading dawn stars, William Mclntosh, chief of the Cowetas, bravest of the brave, Georgia's true and tried friend, slept the heavy sleep of his fathers.
Rapine was next added to the measure of revenge which included already murder and arson. Everything of value about the place, which they were not able to carry off, they ruthlessly destroyed, like the savage hordes of Attilla. The devastation was made complete, and the rising sun found the home of the brave chief a mass of ruins. Georgia has always felt, some twinge of conscience over the &ad fate of Mclntosh. It is said, on good authority, that the Indian chief, realizing the immi nence of danger, had sent to Milledgeville for armed protection, and though it was readily promised, it was never received. General Mclntosh was at all times the staunch friend of Georgia. In the War of 1812 he had resisted the most tempting overtures of the British emis saries ; and, espousing the American cause, he had earned tlie rank of Brigadier-General. Later he had fought under General Jackson, in the campaign against the Seminole Indians in Florida. He was ever marked by an un swerving integrity of character, and to the famous High land clan, of which he was a member, he brought new laurels. General Tjachlan Mclntosh, of the Revolution, was a kinsman. Governor George M. Troup, then Gov ernor of the State, was a cousin. The latter's mother was a Mclntosh, an own sister to the General's father. Though Governor Troop himself could boast no Indian blood in his veins, he possessed both the grim determina tion and the courage of his kinsman. The crisis which he was now called upon to face was well calculated to testthe metal of the man in the executive chair.

CARROLL

627

Carrollton. When tlie County of Carroll' was organized
in 1826 out of lands acquired from the Creeks, under a treaty which cost the brave Mclntosh his life, it extended from the borders of the Cherokee nation on the north, to the Alabama line, at what is now West Point, on the south. It was called the "Free State of Carroll," partly on account of its magnitude, and partly for the reason that it boasted at this time comparatively few slaves. The county-site "was first lo cated at what is today known as Old Carrollton, a point eight miles northeast of the present town. But in 1829 the site of public buildings wa,s changed to a locality better adapted to the purpose, but the original name was still retained. Both the county and the county-site were named for Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, who lived to be the last survivor of the immortal group of patriots 'who signed the Declaration of Independence. On Decem ber 22, 1829, an Act "was approved, making ISTew Carroll ton the permanent site for public buildings, and incor porating the town with the following commissioners: Henry Curtis, Hiram Sharp, William Bryce, George Gibson and Giles S. Boggess.* Carrollton is a wideawake business community, "with a splendid body of citizens, numerous solid mercantile establishments, several strong banks, and many beautiful homes. The present public school system "was established in 1886.

Unmarked Grave of Overlooking 'the Chattahoochee General Mclntosh. Eiver, on the famous Mclntosh Re
serve, within the present borders of Carroll, is the grave of General William Mclntosh, un marked, except for a pile of flint rocks, in a thicket of underbrush. As the result of his friendship for Georgia, several millions of acres were acquired by the State, under what is known as the second treaty of Indian Springs. But his own brave life was forfeited; and
*ActS, 1823, p. 201.

628 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
there will rest a foul blot upon Georgia's escutcheon until she marks with an appropriate memorial the last resting place of her true and tried friend: jfoe martyred chief of the Cowetas.

CHAKDTON
Folkston. In 1854, Charlton County was organized out of Camden, 1 and named for (Judge IR. M.
Charlton, of Savannah. The commissioners to choose a county-seat "were: Thomas Hilliard, A. J. Bessant, Thomas IX Hawkins, and Kobert King. 2 Folkston is only a small village, named for an old family then resi dent in this neighborhood. Since the building of the A. B. & A. Railroad, on which the town is located, its growth has received a fresh impetus.

Center Village.

Volume I.

Savannah Founded 1733.

CHATHAM Volume I, Pages 378-380.

First Jury Em-

One of the chief concerns of Ogle-

paneled in Georgia, thorpe, after fixing the site of the

town, was the erection of a court

house, for the administration of justice in the settlement.

Though a somewhat rude affair, the building, which was

speedily raised for this purpose, also met the religious

needs of the 'Colony for several years. The following per

sons composed the first jury ever empanelled in Georgia:

iSamuel Parker, Thomas Young, Joseph Cole, John

Wright, John West, Timothy Bowling, John Milledge,

out or W.ayne and Appling, lSr>3-1854, p. 290.

ertently stated in Vol. I.

CHATHAM

629

Henry Close, Walter Fox, Join Grady, James Carwell, and Richard Cannon. The recorder was Noble Jones. His constables were Kichard Cannon and Joseph Cole, while bis bailiffs were George Symes, Richard Hodges and Francis Scott. The first tax collectors, or tithingmen, were Francis Magridg'e and Thomas Young. The following prominent citizens were made conservators of the peace: Peter Gordon, William ^\raterland, Thomas Causton, Thomas Christie, George Symes, Richard Hodges, Francis Scott and Noble Jones. 1

Georgia: the Only Under the laws enacted by the TrusFree-Soil Colony. tees slavery was forbidden in Georgia.
It is an interesting fact that at this time the institution was elsewhere unchecked. There were 'Slaves in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, as well as in Virginia and South Carolina. The earliest pro hibitive legislation upon the subject emanated from the Trustees of Georgia; and the first of the English colo nies in America to outlaw slavery was the colony founded by Oglethorpe.*
Other enactments of the Trustees made it impossible either to sell or to mortgage lands in Georgia. They excluded rum from the colony, and sought to encourage the manufacture of wine and silk. Such restrictions were ill-adapted to meet the demands of competition. The colony began to languish. Discontent became wide spread, and finally these measures were repealed. 2
First Commercial James Haborsham, in association "with House in Georgia. Charles Harris, established in Savan
nah in 1744 the first commercial house in Georgia. The firm was known as Harris and Haber-

630 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
sliam. It gave great encouragement to planters, from whom were purchased deerskins, poultry, lumber, and other wares, a cargo of which, valuedjat $10,000, was shipped to England in 1749. This was frie beginning of the foreign trade relations through, the port of Savannah. The establishment of Ilabersham and Harris was located near the "water's edge, in the rear of where the commis sion house of Robert Habersham afterwards stood. 1

The Jews in Georgia:

Volume T, Pages 97-103

Georgia's First "On the Sunday morning "before leaving South Caro-

Barbecue.

lina > the colonists Iield a special thanksgiving service,

after which Oglethorpe, at his own expense, gave a

grand dining, to which., in the name of the colonists, he invited the soldiers

from the barracks, besides a number of citizens. More than three lumdred

people partook of the feast, at which was1 served, so we are told by one

who was present, four fat hogs, two fine English beeves, eight turkeys,

one hundred chickens and ducks, a. hogshead of ruin punch, a hogshead of

beer, and a barrel of wine. Notwithstanding the large quantity of liquor

consumed, not a man became intoxicated, and perfect order was preserved.

This was the first Georgia barbecue; for, though spread in South Carolina,

it was given by the first Georgian, and was served in the abundant and

generous way which has since made Georgia barbecues the most famous of

feasts.' *

Traditions Of

'' ^n ascending the Savannah River, Oglethorpe

Sir Walter Raleigh. is said to nave carriea with him the Journal of

Sir Walter Raleigh. From the general character

istics of the place, from the latitude which it occupied, and especially from

the traditions of the Indians, he was led to believe that the celebrated

English explorer had landed at Yamacraw bluff and had conversed with

the natives. In fact, a grave-mound, distant some half a mile from the

1 Lee and Agnew, Jones, Stevens, McCall, etc. a J. Harris Chappell, in Stories of Georgia.

CHATHAM

631

Christ Church.

Volume I, Pages 77-80.

The Wesleys:

When Oglethorpc returned to Geor-

John and Charles, gia, in 1736, after a sojourn of several

months in England, there sailed with

him to Savannah two young religious enthusiasts, whose

names were destined to become household words through

out the whole of Christendom: John and Charles Wesley.

It "was the founder's anxiety for the spiritual "welfare

of the colony "which induced him to make overtures to

these devout men. On the other hand, it was the some

what ascetic creed of self-denial embraced by the Wes

leys which induced them to exchange the luxurious life

of an English country-side for the privations of an un

explored wilderness beyond the Atlantic. Reared under

the pious roof of old Samuel Wesley, who, for more than

forty years, was rector of the church at Epworth, both

heredity and environment impelled them toward the pul

pit. However, it was 'not until they became students at

Oxford that they acquired the austere habits of life which

set them peculiarly apart; and here, in association with

congenial spirits, few in number but kindred in charac

ter, they formed a club, which drew upon them no small

amount of ridicule and abuse. They wT ere regarded in

the light of pietists. The name "which finally stuck--

Methodists--seems to have been given to them by a

fellow of Merton College. At first John Wesley declined

the offer of Oglethorpe. His father was recently de

ceased and his mother was old. The latter, however,

rallied him "with mild rebuke. "Had I twenty sons," said

she, "I should rejoice that they "were all so employed,

632 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
though I should never see them more." Thus admon ished, he waived his scruples and agreed to accompany Oglethorpe to Georgia, his special desire Joeing for mis sionary work among the Indians; and fof this purpose he came with full religious ordination. But Charles en gaged himself in the capacity of private secretary to Ogiethorpe; and his acceptance of purely secular work in preference to holy orders is said to have given ofFense to John, whose paramount reason for sailing to Georgia was "to save his soul." But Charles, almost from the outset, felt himself to be a misfit. It was at the expense of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in For eign Parts that John embarked upon the expedition. At first he refused to receive the stipend of fifty pounds per annum, hut he afterwards agreed to take it. An other of the Oxford band who joined the brothers was Benjamin Ingham, a man of parts, "who later joined the Moravian brethren, .married a titled lady, and became the head of a sect called the Inghamites.
It was late in the fall of the year when two vessels, the Symond and the London Merchant, each of 220 tons burden, quit the English docks, bearing three hundred emigrants to Georgia. The ^Vesleys traveled in the former. Among the passengers were twenty-six Mora vians, whose demeanor during the progress of a some what stormy voyage made an extraordinary impression upon the Oxford men ; and such "was John W^esley's eager desire to converse "with them that he immediately began the study of German and acquired no little familiarity with the language before reaching port. The piety of these devout Moravians moved him to admiration. In deed, he questioned the genuineness of his conversion prior to meeting them. In his mission to the new world he was destined to meet with little apparent success, but He needed just the mental and spiritual discipline which it gave him. To quote Dr. J. "W. Lee: '' The John Wes-

CHATHAM

633

ley -who went out to Georgia was still in a crysallis con dition ; lie had yet to learn how to expand his "wings. It is not true that his career in Georgia was the utter failure it has been represented to he in many treatises. It is true, however, that it was hampered by the uncertain condi tion of will which is apt to precede some great spiritual change." On the 14th of February, 1736', which proved to he the Sabbath, the vessels anchored in one of the coves of an island, probably Cockspur. The day was calm and beautiful. Early in the morning the voyagers "went ashore, and there, on a rising- knoll, with his fellow voyagers around him, John "Wesley lifted bis voice in prayer for the first time in the new -world, where the present generation sees his followers numbered by mill ions. Soon after reaching Savannah, John "WesTey was designated to succeed Samuel Quincy, in charge of the religious affairs of the settlement, while Charles, in com pany with Oglethorpo, journeyed still further to Frederica.

The Grave of Tomo-Chi-Chi.

Volume I, Pages 85-87.

Bethesda.

Volume I, Pages 80-85.

The Cradle Of

"Through John and Charles Wesley, the early life of

Methodism.

Savannah and of the Colony of Georgia is linked

with one of the most powerful religious movements

of the eighteenth century. John Wesley himself says: 'The first rise to

M'ethodism was in 3729, when four of us met together at Oxford. The

second was at Savannah in 1730, when twenty or thirty persons met at my

house. The last was at London, on this day, May first, 1738, when forty

or fifty of us agreed to meet together every Wednesday evening.' Of the

four young men who met together at Oxford, all visited Savannah, John

and Charles Wesley, Benjamin Ingraham and George Whitefleia, three of.

thorn having the charge of churches' in the colony. Verily,. Savannah has

every right to be a stronghold, of Methodism. But a mistaken notion has

somehow caught the popular credence regarding the Wesleys and Whiteficld.

634 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
They were all Church of England men, and were appointed as such to be chaplains in Savannah. Their methods of life gained them, the name of Methodists; applied at first simply to those who performed rigid outward observance of devotional duties; and it gradually Aquirecl and- embodied the doctrines peculiar to Wesley as they were unfoMed.
"Another event which lends luster to the small settlement on the banks of the Savannah River was the establishment of a Sunday-school in the parish of Christ Church by Reverend John Wesley, nearly fifty years be fore Robert Raikes began his system of Sunday instruction in Gloucester, Eng., and eighty years' before the first Sunday-school in America, modeled after his plan, was established in New York. . . . This Sunday-school begun by Wesley, was perpetuated by "Whitefield at Betkesda, and has con tinued until the present--constituting the oldest Sunday-school in the world. Nor does this end the claim of Savannah upon John Wesley. Here in Savannah was his first book of hymns written, though it was published in Charleston, in1 1737. But one copy is known to be in existence, dis covered in England in 1878. Rare as any Shakespeare, this hymnal escaped the search of both English and American collectors; no biographer of John Wesley so much as dreaming of its existence. It is also interesting as' an early-printed American book, apart from its interest as a hymnal and a portrayal of Wesley's mind during his eventful visit to Georgia. The volume is a small octavo volume of seventy-four pages, the title page of which reads': 'A Collection of Psalms and Hymns--Charleston. Printed by Timothy Ijewis, 1737.' "*

John Wesley Quits Savannah: His Love Affair.

Says Dr. James W. Lee, in narrating the circumstances under which the great founder of Methodism left Savannah, in 1736 :

'' During his stay at Ebenezer, Wesley opened his' heart to Spanenberg on a matter which was weighing heavily upon his mind; and he has placed on record his approval of the good pastor's advice. On. his return to Savannah the affair was to assume a very serious aspect, and to bring to an abrupt termination his career in the1 settlement. The chief man at Savannah was a certain Thomas Causton, who began his career as the com-

* Adelaide Wilson, in Historic and Picturesque Savannah. Consult also:
"Though Savannah has been called the "cradle of Methodism," it was not until 1807, nearly three-quarters of a century after the Wesleys, re turned to England, that this new religious denomination, succeeded in ob taining- a foothold in Savannah. Rev. Hope Hull, in 1790, undertook to hold a series of meeting's in a chairmaker's shop, but, according to Dr. "White, his preaching aroused mob violence, and his success was smallWhite's "Historical Collections of Georgia," under Chatham.

CHATHAM

635

pany 's storekeeper, and was successful in securing the good will of Oglethorpe. This led to rapid advancement, which, however, was undeserved; for, some years later, lie was detected in a course of fraudulent 'dealing and was summarily cashiered.
"There was living in his household at this time an attractive young lady, named Sophia Christina Hopkey, or Hopkins, his niece, who showed herself a devoted attendant at church services, and most receptive to the min^ istrations of the handsome young pastor. Desirous of learning French, she found in him an excellent teacher. Wesley's London friend, Delamotte, however, who regarded Miss Sophia as sly and designing, and doubted the sincerity of her professions, warned John Wesley against her. Wesley seems also to have discussed the matter of her sincerity--or rather of her fitness to be a clergyman's wife--with the excellent Moravians. The ad vice which they gave him coincided with Delamotte's, and the result was a distinct coolness in his manner toward the young lady. She resented the change, and, understanding its'- significance, accepted the advances' of a less' scrupulous suitor named Wilkinson, a man by no means conspicuous for piety. As her spiritual adviser, Wesley1 still continued to visit Mrs. Wilkinson.
''At length, believing that he perceived in the lady's conduct distinct marks of spiritual degeneracy, he deemed it his duty to repel her from holy communion. This summary and injudicious step was naturally in terpreted in an unpleasant way. The husband and uncle of the lady sued him in the civil court for defamation of character; and, in the1 squabble which followed, the people took part against Wesley. Holding peculiar views respecting the limited jurisdiction possessed by civil courts over cler gymen, Wesley refused to enter into the necessary recognizances, and a warrant .for his arrest was accordingly issued. To avoid further trouble, he determined to fly, like Paul from Damascus. He left the place secretly by night, in the company of a bankrupt constable, a ne'er-do-well wife-beater named Gough, and a defaulting barber. They rowed up the river in a boat to the Swiss settlement at Purysburg, and proceeded thence on foot to Beaufort; but, misdirected by an old man, they lost the way, wandered about in a swamp, and, for a whole day, had no food but a piece of ginger bread. Finally they arrived at Beaufort, where Delamotte joined them, and thence they took boat to Charleston. Here Wesley preached again 'to this careless people,' and four days later took leave of America, embarking on board the 'Samuel,' Captain Percy.
"On the voyage, which was a stormy and unpleasant one, he devoted himself to ministering to the spiritual wants' of those on board. In the solitude of his cabin he gave himself up to deep heart-searching. He felt that the want of success which attended, his work in America was due to some lack of real devotion in himself. As he expressed it very tersely in a note to one of the entries in his journal: 'I had even then the faith of a servant, though not of a son.'
''Meanwhile, George Whitneld, to whom he had sent a pressing invita-

636 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
tion to join him in Georgia., had embarked on his journey; 1 find, the two vessels, as it happened, the one outward bound, bearing Whitfield, all aglow with missionary enthusiasm, the other about to enter port, carrying the disappointed Wesley, met at tho mouth of the Thames. The question whether Whit field should proceed or return weighed hjfevily on the mind of the older man, who seems to have thought that the decision rested with him. At length, having cast lots--a "Biblical practice shared by him with the Moravians--he sent word to Whitfield that he had better return. But Whit field did not-highly esteem this method of coining to a practical de cision, resolved to continue on his voyage; and, in due time, he landed at Savannah. "*

Georgia "Bishop F. R. Hcndrix had the good fort'.no, while

d

OIL a v^s^ to ^ n^land in 1900 as the fraternal

delegate of the Methodist "Episcopal Church, South,

tQ the British Wesleyan Conferences, to come into

possession of the original diary kept by John Weslcy during his stay

in Georgia. This rare manuscript journal has been in the hands of only

two families since it was given, in 1817, by the Rev. Henry Moore to Miss

Elizabeth Taylor, of Caermarthcn. She left it by will, in 1847, to the

Key. John Gould A very, a Wesleyan preacher, who valued it so highly that

it was retained in the possession of himself and his only daughter, Mrs.

Norton .Bell, the wife of a London architect, until bought, in 1897, by

Mr. B. Thursficld Smith, J. P., of Whitechureh, Shropshire, a retired engineer

and iron manufacturer.

"The book is a small duodecimo, bound in leather, and contains one hun

dred and eighty-six pages, all but eleven of which are numbered, and are

filled with Wesley's handwriting. Each of the numbered pages is devoted

to the doings of a single day, and each line to the work of a single hour,

except on one or two occasions \vhcn the writer was traveling. The whole,

therefore, contains a minute account of the way in which Wesley spent

every hour of every (lay during- the time embraced in the record. The

first entry is dated Saturday, May 1, 1736 [Old Style]; the last is dated

February 11, 1737. Weslcy relates in his printed journal that he 'first set

foot on American ground,' Friday, February 6, 1736, entering upon his

ministry in Savannah on Sunday, March 7, of the same year; and on

Friday, December 2, 1737, he continued, 'I shook off the dust of my feet

and left Georgia, after having preached the gospel there--not as I ought

but as "1 was able--one year and nearly nine months.' He took his final

leave of America on the twenty-second. This record therefore) relates to

the greater part of the time spent by him as a missionary in Georgia.

"In the journal, the entries for the day begin at fouri o'clock in the

*Rev. James W. Lee, D. D., in Illustrated History of Methodis

CHATHAM

637

morning, and end at nine o'clock at night; and also every hour of the flay is inserted, whether the writer was on land or sea. The elates are given at the head of each page with the utmost exactness. The handwriting- is neat and clear, and resembles that found in Wesley's later manuscripts. It was all written with a quill pen, on good paper, and with durable ink. The book is stained with oil or sea water, for he carried1 it with him on his voyages during his stay in America, several of such voyages being mentioned in the book. In one passage he uses the shorthand of Byrom 's system, which he learned as' ea,rly as 1731.. The book showsr that he was often attacked by ailments which ordinary mortals would have regarded as severe. Again and again he is seized with 'cholick,' which he some times spells with and sometimes without the ' k.' The first registered attaek was on May 5th. It was on this date he met with trouble by declining to baptize a child because the mother refused to have it clipped. Wesley dined there, and 'took a glass of spirit and water to cure me of the cholick.' He abstained 'from spirituous liquors, ' unless in cases of extreme necessity' or 'at a wedding feast.'
"On one occasion he suffered from an attack of 'St. Anthony's fire,' which ' smarted much.' He was also attacked by ' shocking headaches,' intermittent fever, violent and protracted nausea, dysentery, and boils. He was' also occasionally deprived of sleep by the attacks of nocturnal insects. He had often to take 'physick,' and was frequently 'in pain' or 'sick.' The only robust exercise he took was 'walking' or 'felling trees,' or 'nailing pales.' References arc made to different places about Savannah, such as 1'rederica and Thunderbolt, and. to the different people whom he, chanced to meet. lie1 speaks of Tomo-chi-ehi and the Indians. "While in Savannah, Mr. Wesley acquired German, Spanish and Italian. He pre pared while there a small volume of seventy-four pages, with the titlepage : ' A Collection of Ps'alms and Hymns. Charles-town: printed by Lewis Timothy.' This was the first Methodist hymn-book ever published."*

Wormsloe. Brampton.

Volume I, Pages 87-90. Volume I, Pages 93-97.

Georgia's First Se- "Memorable in the political annals cession Convention, of the colony were tlie proceeding's
of the Provincial Congress, 'which assembled at Savannah on the 4th of July, 1775. Every parish was represented, and the delegates were fitting
i W. Lee, D. IX, In Illustrated History of Methodism, Appendix A.

638 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
exponents of the intelligence, the dominant hopes, and the material interests of the communities from which they respectively came. This was Georgia's jfirst secession convention. It placed the province in a^ive sympathy and confederated alliance with the other twelve Amer ican colonies, practically annulled within her limits the operation of the obnoxious acts of Parliament, questioned the supremacy of the realm, and inaugurated measures calculated to accomplish the independence of the plan tation and its erection into the dignity of Statehood."
The following members submitted proper credentials and came together at Tondee's Long Room:
TOWN AND DISTRICT OF SAVANNAH.--Archibald Bulloch, Noble Wymbcrley Jones, Joseph. Habersham, Jonathan Bryan, Ambrose Wright, William Young, John Glen, Samuel Elbert, John Houstoun, Oliver Bo wen, John MeOlure, Edward Tclfair, Thomas Leo, George Houstoun, Joseph Reynolds, John Smith, William Ewen, John Martin, Dr. Zubly, William Bryan, Philip Box, Philip Allman, William O 'Bryan, Joseph Clay, Seth John Cuthbert.
DISTRICT OF VERNONBURGH.--Joseph Butler [declined to take his scat], Anarew EIton Wells', Matthew Roche, Jr.
DISTRICT OF ACTON--David Zubly, Basil Cowper, William Gibbons'. SEA ISLAND DISTRICT.--Colonel Deveaugh, Colonel Delegall, James Bul loch, John Morel, John Bohun Girardeau, John Barnard, Robert Gibson. DISTRICT OF LITTLE OCEECHBE.--Francis Henry Harris, Joseph Gibbons, James Robertson [declined to take his seat]. PARISH OF ST. MATTHEW.--John Stirk, John Adam. Trent! en, George Walton, Edward Jones, Jacob Wauldhauer, Philip Howell, Isaac Young, Jcnkin Davis, John M'orel, John Flert, Charles McCay, Christopher Cramer. PARISH OF ST. PHILIP.--Colonel Butler, William LeConte, William Max well, James Maxwell, Stephen Drayton, Adam Fowler Brisbane, Luke Mann, Hugh Bryan. PARISH OF ST. GEORGE.--Henry Jones', John Green, Thomas Burton, William Lord, Davidi Lewis, James Pugh, John Fulton. PARISH OF ST. ANDREW.--Jonathan Cochran, William Jones, Peter Tarlin, Lachlan Mclutosh, William Mclntosh, George Threadcraft, John Wereat, Roderick MteTntosh, John Witherspoon, George Melntosh, Allan Stewart, John Mclntosh, Raymond Demere. PARISH OF ST. DAVID--John Cuthbert Seth, William Williams, Sr, PARISH OF ST. MART.--Daniel Ryan. PARISH OF ST. THOMAS.--John Roberts. PARISH OF ST. PAUL.--John Walton, Joseph Maddock [declined to take Ms seat], Andrew Burns, Robert Eae, James Itae, Andrew Moore, Andrew BuiMiey, Leonard Marbury.

CHATHAM

639

The congress was organized by tlie election of Archi bald Bulloch as president and of George "Walton as sec retary. Both these officers "were unanimously chosen. Its organization having' been perfected, the body ad journed to the meeting-house of the Rev. John J. Zubly, who preached a sermon on the alarming state of Amer ican affairs.*
Bonaventure. Volume I, Pages 90-93; also Volume II, Historic Church-Yards, etc.

Georgia's First

Among other important changes made

General Assembly, by the Trustees, a Colonial Assembly

was authorized, consisting of sixteen

members, proportioned to the population of the different

parishes or districts, writs of election were issued, and

the members were required to convene at Savannah, on

the 15th of January, 1751. The Assembly met on the

day appointed. Francis Harris was chosen speaker, and

Noble Jones and Pickering Robinson, were appointed a

committee to prepare a report on the state of the colony,

said report to furnish the basis of discussion. Oaths of

allegiance and abjuration were administered to members

on the day following. The gentlemen who constituted

the first General Assembly of Georgia "were:

SAVANNAH DISTRICT.--Francis Harris, Speaker; Jolin. Milledge, William Francis, "William Bussell.
A.TJGUSTA. DISTRICT.--George Catogan, David Douglass. .EBENEZEK DISTRICT.--Christian Keicllesperger, Theobald Keiffer. ABERCORN AND GOSHEN DISTRICTS.--"William E-wen. JOSEPH Towx DISTRICT.--Charles Watson. VEGNONBOTJRGH DISTRICT.--Patrick Hountoun.

*CharIes C. Jones, Jr., in History of Georgia, Vol. 2.

64:0 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

ACTON DISTRICT.--Peter Morell.

LITTLE OGEECHEE DISTRICT.--Joseph Summers.

SKID.VWAY DISTRICT.--John Barnard.

MIDWAY DISTRICT.--Audley Maxwell.

f

DAKIEN DISTRICT.--John Mackintosh, B.

It appears that the powers of the Assembly amounted, to little more than those of a grand jury, in making a presentment of grievances to be redressed1. Several articles were laid before the president, but the members were powerless to enact laws, and the business of the Assembly being- finished, the house adjourned, after a session of twenty-two -days. 1
According to the; basis of representation fixed by the Trustees, every town or district, which numbered ten families, was entitled to one deputy; and wherever thirty families were settled, they were entitled to two dep uties. Savannah, being much the largest town in the province, was allowed a representation of four deputies; but Ebenezer and Augusta were restricted to two. For some reason, ITre cleric a was not represented in the first general assembly at Savannah. Doubtless the town had commenced to decline; but two delegates were apportioned to Frederica, provided the settlement at this place could muster thirty families.
Some of the qualifications for future membership in the assembly possess an amusing interest. Tn the first place, it was provided that after June 24, 1751, no person could be chosen a deputy who had not one hun dred mulberry trees planted and fenced upon every fifty acres he possessed; and in the next place, it was provided that after June 24, 1753, no person could be chosen a deputy who owned an excess' of negro slaves ibeyond the fixed proportion, who had not at least one female in the family who was well instructed in the art of reeling silk, and who did not produce fifteen pounds of silk upon every acre of land.2
One of the recommendations of the first General Assembly was that the militia be organized, and President Parker, immediately after his ap pointment, proceeded to carry out this recommendation. General Oglethorpe 's regiment having- disbanded, the colony was left almost without protection against the Indians, whose friendship was uncertain. Those citizens' who owned as many as three hundred acres of land were ordered to appear at Savannah at a certain time on horseback, to be organized as cavalry, and all who owned leas land were to be organized as infantry. The first general muster or gathering of the militia was held in Savannah in

1 Capt. Hugh MeCall, in History of Georgia, Vol. I.

CHATHAM

641

Jane, 1751, when about two hundred and twenty men paraded under Captain Noble Jones.*

First Bally On July 34, 1774, there appeared in the of Patriots. Georgia Gazette, a card calling upon the
friends of liberty to meet at Tondee's Tav ern on the 27th day of the same month. It was signed by Noble TVymberley Jones, Archibald Bulloch, John Houstoun, and John Walton, the last a brother of the signer. At the appointed time and place a number of patriots assembled, but some of the parishes were not represented. Another meeting was, therefore, set for August 10, and, notwithstanding the Governor's procla mation of "warning, it was well attended. Strong resolu tions were passed; and, though it was thought best not to send delegates to the Continental Congress, the action of the assemblage was unequivocal. Thus the youngest of the original thirteen colonies and the most Joyal to Eng land of the entire sisterhood was at last aroused; and nothing save the most strenuous activities of Governor Wright prevented the most radical steps from being taken.
Some of the more radical members, in protest against the conservative action of the body, met and chose Noble Wymberley Jones, Archibald Bulloch and John Houstoun to represent the province in the Continental Con gress. However, since they lacked the proper creden tials they did not repair to Philadelphia; they simply addressed a letter to John Hancock, expressing the sym pathetic attitude of Georgia. The Puritans of the Mid way settlement alone went to the full limit of protest. They dispatched Lyman Hall to Philadelphia, singlehanded and alone, to represent the Parish of St. John. It was not until after the battle of Lexington, in 1775, that the tie of allegiance to England was formally sev ered by a famous convocation held at Tondee's Tavern.
*Lawton B. Evans, in School History of Georgia.

642 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS ANT> LEGENDS

Tondee's Tavern.

Volume I, Pages 385-386.

Georgia's First Twelve years prior to the battle of Lex-

Newspaper:

ington, the earliest printing-press was

"The Gazette." installed in Savannah; and on April 7,

1763, appeared the initial number of

the Georgia Gazette, edited by James Johnson. It was

the eighth newspaper to be published in the colonies.

Beyond the announcement of vital statistics, the arrival

and departure of vessels in the harbor, and items relating

to traffic, the little weekly sheet contained no local news.

According' to one authority, Savannah and Charleston

exchanged brieflets in regard to each other: the Charles

ton editor would gather information about Savannah

from visitors who came to trade in Charleston; and this

he would publish in the Charleston paper. Two weeks

later it would appear in the Georgia Gazette, and vice

versa.

But the local column was soon developed. The spirit

of resistance to the oppressive measures of the British

Parliament bore fruit in news items, which were pub

lished at first hand. The earliest bugle call for the

patriots to assemble in Savannah "was sounded through

the columns of the Georgia Gazette, on July 14, 1774.

They were requested to meet at the Liberty Pole, in

front of Tondee's Tavern, on July 27 following, and

the card was signed by the famous quartette of liberty:

Noble ^Vymberley Jones, Archibald Bnlloch, John IIous-

toun and John Walton, the brother of the signer. Though

a large number responded at the appointed time, the

Province at large was not represented, and another call

was issued for August 10, 1774. At this time, in spite

of the Governor's solemn edict of "warning, also pub

lished in the Gazette, they met together and took con

servative but firm action. The strong influence of the

Governor and the effective opposition of such pro

nounced Loyalists as James Hahersham and Noble Jones

alone kept the assemblage from sending- delegates at this time to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia.
Among the patriots "who responded to the earliest
summons were: John Glen, Joseph Clay, Noble Wymberley Jones, John Houstoun, Lyman Hall, John Smith, "William Young, Edward Telfair, Samuel Farley, John Walton, George Walton, Joseph Habersham, Jonathan Bryan, Jonathan Cochrane, George Mclntosh, William Gibbons, Benjamin Andrew, John Winn, John Stirk, David Zoubly, H. L. Bourquin, Elisha Butler, William Baker, Parmenus W^y, John Baker, John Stacy, John Morel and others.

Other Historic Sheets In 1796, some three years before the

of Savannah.

suspension of the Georgia Gazette,

arose the Columbian Museum and

Savannah Advertiser, a periodical which appeared semi-

weekly, on Tuesdays and Fridays. It finally merged into

the Museum and Gazette. On January 1, 1802, appeared

the first number of the Georgia Republican, also a semi-

weekly, owned and edited by John F. Everett. Later it

became a tri-weekly, appeared in the afternoon, and also

underwent a change of name, styling itself the Georgia

Republican and Savannah Evening Ledger." On Octo

ber 17, 1817, it became a daily during the fall and winter

mouths. . Espousing the Whig- principles, it adopted, in

1840, this motto: "The Union of the Whigs for the

Sake of the Union." Among the men of talent who were

associated with the editorial columns of this influential

paper were P. W. Alexander and James E. Sneed. It

ran for seventy years, covering twenty-four changes of

management.

With the advent of the Christmas holidays of 1818

appeared the first issue of the Georgian, edited by John

M. Harney, an erratic geniris, whose "Farewell to Sa

vannah" still abides among the local traditions. Written

in clever verse, it calls down the direst maledictions of

644 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS heaven upon the city, whose dust he was preparing to shake from his shoes. One of his earliest successors was Israel K. Tafft, a name fragrant in Savannah. Later E. D. Arnold and "William H. Bulloch became joint edi tors and proprietors, and, in 1849, Henry R. Jackson, fresh from the fields of Mexico, brought martial honors, as well as literary gifts, to the editorial helm. Succes sive changes occurred; and finally, in 1859, on the eve of the Civi'l ^Var, it ceased to exist. The gifted Albert R. Lamar also at one time edited the Georgian. In 1852 came the Evening Journal, founded by J. B. Cubbege, and from time to time other sheets appeared.
But the newspaper most conspicuously and brilliantly identified with Savannah entered the lists in 1850: the Savannah Morning Netus. It "was founded in 1850 by John M. Cooper, in association with the famous humor ist, William T. Thompson. The latter's pen for more than thirty years flashed from the editorial page. Tinder him the p'aper became one of the most powerful dailies of the State; and, though proprietors came and went, he remained steadfastly at his post. Joel Chandler Harris was also at one time on the editorial staff.
Upon the Federal occupation of Savannah, S. W. Mason took possession of the plant, and began the pub lication of the Savannah Herald, subsequently settling the claims of the former proprietors, which were sub mitted to arbitration. It then became the Savannah News and Herald, but in 1867 Mr. John H. Estill pur chased an interest in the paper, and, buying his part ner's stock some time later, he resumed the original name: the Savannah Morning News. The business sa gacity of Colonel Estill, who was one of Georgia's ablest financiers, soon retrieved the disasters of the paper, en larged its area of circulation and made its influence felt more potentially than ever upon the political life of the Commonwealth.

CHATHAM

645

Gazaway Hartridge, one of the most brilliant youngmen of liis day in Georgia, edited an afternoon paper in Savannah at one time; but accepting a position in New York he removed to the metropolis, where he soon after wards died. On USTovemebr 19, 1891, under the manage ment of Pleasant A. Stovall, proprietor and editor, was launched the Savannah Evening Press, one of the most powerful and popular dailies of the State. In the recent election for United States Senator, Mr. Stovall was one of the strongest minority candidates.* Since the election of Woodrow Wilson," whose nomination he was amongthe first to advocate, Mr. Stovall has been appointed U. S. Minister to Switzerland.

Mulberry Grove.
Savannah's Revolu tionary Monuments.

Volume I, Pag-es 108-113. Volume I, Pag-es 103-108.

Roman Catholic Diocese of Sa vannah: Cathedral of St. John.

Right Reverend Benjamin J. Keiley, Bishop of Savannah., contributes the following outline sketch of the Roman Catholic Church in Georgia. Says Bishop Keiley:

*' The present diocese of Savannah, embracing the entire State of Geor gia, was, at first, subject to the spiritual jurisdiction of the Bishop of Bal timore, 1ft. Rev. John Can-oil, who was appointed in 1790. The impossibil ity of earing for such an extended territory was soon evident., and thirty years afterwards the three States of North', Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia were separated from the jurisdiction of Baltimore and a, See established in Charleston, to which Rev. John England, an Irish priest, was appointed. Bishop England was consecrated in Cork, in September, 1820, and, sailing from Belfast, arrived in Charleston December 30 of the same year. He labored in his diocese for twenty-two years. He was in all probability the ablest man that the hierarchy in these States has pro-

His ah, by Adelaide Wils<

646 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
duced. A man of great learning, untiring zeal, and striking force, he wielded a great influence outside his fold. Bishop England' found about 1,000 Catholics in his diocese, and left more than 12,000, besides' 16 churches, 21 priests and 2 convents. He was the founder of the institution of the Sisters of Mercy, to which Savannah and Charleston are indebted for devoted work during the yellow fever epidemics.
'' The great obstacle which confronted Bishop England was the unrea soning and un-Christian prejudice against Catholics. It was during his episcopate that jSTortli Carolina repealed her Constitutional enactment, whereby civil rights were denied Catholics. Xor was the feeling in Georgia less decided. One of the striking anomalies of human nature . is shown when men who ostensibly leave home to escape persecution for religion's -sake, no sooner establish themselves under new conditions, than they set up a, system of exclusion and persecution. It was not confined to the melldlesome and intolerant Puritans to justify the accusation of 'falling fii'st on their knees and then on tlie aborigines.'
"Reasons similar to those which induced the creation of the See of Charleston demanded the erection of the See of Savannah, and on November 10, .1850, Rev. P. X. Gartland, V. G., of Philadelphia, was consecrated the first bishop of the See of Savannah. Bishop Gartland had as priests in his new diocese Fathers Whelan, Barry, Jerry O'Neill, Sr., Jerry O'Neill, Jr., Kirby, Duggar, Quigley and James O'Neill. He died of the fever in 1854, and his successor, Father Barry, was not consecrated until August, 1857. After Bishop Barry came Bishop Verot, who died Bishop of St. Augustine, having been transferred in 1870. Bishop Persico came nest in succession, but his health failing he resigned, and Bishop W. H. Gross became the fifth bishop of Savannah. The latter was transferred to Ore gon, and Bishop Becker, of Wilmington, Del., was selected by the HolySee as' the sixth incumbent of the Savannah diocese. Bishop Becker died July 29, 1899, and the present bishop was appointed as his successor and consecrated at 3?ic'hmond, Va., June 3, 1900.
* * The records of the church in Georgia, however, antedate the coming of Bishop England.
"From the records of our Cathedral, I find, under the date of Satur day, October 15. 1796, the following entry; ' Today the funeral service was supplied in the cemetery of Savannah, at the grave of the venerable and zealous man, John Le Moyne, parish priest of the city of Marly le Hoi, in France, who died on the 16th. day of November 1794; by me, a priest an'd canon regular of the Order of St. Augustine in France, in the pres ence of Messrs. Charles Pardeilles, M.'D, and Thomas Etecheneaux, a mer chant of Savannah, who have attested this with their signatures.
" 'LE MEBCIER, Canon Regular. " 'CHARLES PARDEILKES, \L D. " ' THOMAS DECHENEATJX.'
'' Father Le Mercier appears to have served the few Catholics in Savannah (mostly from San Domingo and Ireland) until 1804, when Tfev.

CHATHAM

647

Anthony Carle seems to have been the pastor of the Chiu-ch of St. John the Baptist; a small chapel having "been built near where St. Patrick's school-house now stands. Father Carle's name continues as rector until DecemBer, 1819, when a vacancy existed for some time. During the period of these two rectors there are found entries signed by Rev. Felix McCarthy. Father Le Mercier was here in 1806. but his name appears as rector of the church in Charleston.
"On the 21st of January, 1821, our records contain the following notice, in the well-known hand of Bishop England:
" 'The See of Charleston has been created on the llth. of July 1820, and I having been consecrated first bishop thereof, on the 19th. day of January 1821, I visited this city and appointed the Rev. Robert Brown. of the Order of Hermits, of St. Augustine, to discharge the pastoral duties therein.
" 'JOHjSTj Bishop of Charleston. "Bishop England found only one resident pastor when he came, viz., the one at Augusta.''

"Father Brown remained as rector of the Church of St. John the Bap tist until 1825, when he was succeeded by Rev. Francis Boland, whose name does not occur on the record after August 15, 1826. There are found the names' of Rev. J. "W. McEncroe during the rest of 1826 and o Rev. John McGinnis until December, 1827. After that date Rev. Joseph Stokes is signed to the records as pastor of Savannah. During a portion of hi incumbency, Father McGinnis seems to have acted as assistant. The last entry made by Father Stokes is under date of October 22, 1833, and on November 23, there is' the record of a- baptism performed by Rev. John Barry, and on November 21, there is a marriage performed by J. F. O'Neill (Father Jerry O'Neill, whose memory and name are held in benediction in Georgia wherever Ms ministry called him), who for nearly forty years lived in Savannah. Father Jerry was a devoted friend of the South. His death took place some twenty years ago. He "brought the Sisters of Mercy to Savannah in 1845, where they yet carry on, institutions of education and charity. One of the original colony, Mother Agnes, only died a few. years ago. During Father O'Neill's pastorate a new church was erected in Savan nah, as the number of Catholics' had increased. Other names, dear to the older Catholics, are found on our registers: Fathers) Peter Whelan, J. F. Kirby, P. J. Kirby, Edward Quigley, C. C. Prendergast, P. Dufau, V. Van Roosbroeck, W. J. Hamilton, Patrick, Aloysins, John (the last three being companions of Bishop Persico), J. B. Xianglois and M. Cullinan.
In 1877, I find the first entry of a baptism performed by the late re vered Father Cafferty. Savannah now has three churches for white and one for colored Catholics, an. infirmary, a home for the aged poor, under the charge of the Little Sisters of the Poor, an orphan asylum for the white and one for the colored children, and a Catholic population of about

648 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
7,000. The Sacred Heart Church has been recently erected, with a college for boys, in charge of the Benedictine Fathers.
The magnificent cathedral of St. John the Baptist, in Savannah,
JKev. Kobb "Whit who of his own accord gave $5 in gold. Tenders o temporary quarters came from the Savannah Guards, the Young Men's Hebrew Association and Ecv. Charles H. Strong, of St. John 's Protestant Episcopal Church, who at once offered the parish hall. Letters of sympathy also came from tlie
Church and the wardens
Episcop abbi of Temple Mlckva Israel, cathedral fund. "
The Old Masonic From, an old copy of tlie Savannah MornHall: an His- ing Neius, dated March 28, 1888, is contoric Rookery. densed the following item in regard to
one of the old landmarks of Savannah:
'' The two-story wooden building on a brick basement, fronting on President Street, was erected by the members' of Solomon's Lodge, in 1799, and was used by the Masonic fraternity until 1858, when; they re moved to the building on the northeast corner of Bull and Broughton streets, having sold the old site to the city in 1856. Together with this particular piece of property, the city also bought the lot adjoining on the west, which was at one time the residence of General Lachlan Mclntosh, of the Revolutionary Army, intending to erect thereon a guard-house or police station; but the people in the neighborhood objected, and. it was s'old to the late John J. Kelly for $1,000. He afterwards bequeathed it to the Union, Society. The workmen yesterday pulled down the partitions which divided the old lodge-room into bedrooms, and it once more assumed the appearance of a meeting-place of the brethren. It was here that Hon. William Stephens, General James Jackson, Governor Josiah Tattnall and other illustrious Georgians and Masons met in the early days; and here it was1 also that the young Cuban patriot, General Lopez. who was soon afterward garroted in Havana, was made a Mason in 1850. The Whitefield Building, a noble structure, will succeed the old hall, and the site is vir tually a Masonic* contribution; for not only was the land itself the gift of the late John J. Kelly, "but the money for the erection of the new struc-

CHATHAM

649

ture is part of the bequest of the late William P. Holland, to the Union Society; and both of these public benefactors were Masons of high rank. The building will be an appropriate memorial to George Whitefield, the founder of the Bethesda Orphan- House, and to John J. Kelly and William P. Holland, two members of the society, whose timely "beneficence has added this property to the assets from which is to be derived an income for the sup port of the orphans of the "Union Society, the present guardian of "Whitefield's sacred trust to the people of Savannah."

"Concerning the origin of the first Masonic Lodge in Georgia there is an interesting tradition to the effect that in 1733 a number of Masons under the leadership of General Oglethorpe, while at Sunbury, then a small settlement on Me d way River, organized, under an immense live oak, a lodge which was afterwards known as Savannah Lodge. However, the authentic records begin ivith an organization which was chartered in 3735 as Solomon's Lodge. This is the Mother-Lodge of Georgia. Prom the old tree under which the first shrine is supposed to have been erected, a relic of precious value has been carved in the form of a chair, which ornaments the lodge-room of the Masonic Hall. After the year 1800, "Union, L'Esperance, Hiram and Oglethorpe lodges were instituted. During the Morgan excitement, these were broken up, however, and only Solomon's Lodge remained. The first hall erected for the meetings of the brothrhood \VE-IS the two-story building on President Street, to which reference has been made in the above newspaper extract. The present hall is an elegant brick structure on the northeast corner of Bull and Broughton. "

Chatham Academy:

Savannah's

'

Pioneer School.

it was- not until isi2 that work ,,,,_,.,._,-^_-
tlle ere<^tion of Chatham Academy; but the terpriae derived its legal beginning from an Act of the Georgia Legislature, passed on February

650 GEOHGIA 's LANDMARKS., MEMORIALS AND LEGEKOS
gift by placing it in the hands of the trustees for the projected academy, with, the proviso that nothing therein should bar the claim of any legal heir to the property of the said Zouberbuhler. But troubleAjirose, and, on De cember 8, 1791, the Legislature passed an Act to quJl the heirs. They were required, however, to pay an annuity of one hundred pounds, for the ensuing four yetirs, to be applied to the support of the Academy; and, on failure to do so, the trustees were authorized to recover same in the courts.
Still the matter dragged. Finally, on December 23, 1808, thej Legis lature passed an Act providing for the sale of the property of Bethesda, both real and personal, in order that the purposes of the institution might be more effectively served. It was stipulated that the debts of the insti tution should be paid first; and then, of what remained, one-fifth was to be given to the Savannah Poor-House and Hospital. The rest was to be divided equally between Chatham Academy and Bethesda Orphanage; and in connection with this donation the former institution was directed to edu cate, without cost, at least five orphan children.
Funds having accumulated stifficient to warrant the building of an academy, the City Council, in 1810, on the joint application, of the trus tees of Chatham Academy and the president of the Union Society, passed an ordinance granting five lots in Brown. Ward as a site for a structure to be erected by the two institutions for educational purposes. The work was put in charge of a committee of the two organizations, of which Mr. John Bolton -was chairman. The basement walls were laid with heavy rock ballast, probably brought from abroad in the vessel coming to Sa vannah. On January 5, 1813, at noon, the completed structure as formally opened for the reception of scholars. Dr. Hen.ry Kolloek delivered an eJoquent address, and two hundred and nineteen pupils were enrolled. At a meeting of the Union Society, on May 7, 1813, it was decided to sell to Chatham Academy the interest of Bethesda Orphanage in the common prop erty, an exception being made of the western wing. This was used for a number of years as a hotel. However, in 1887, it was purchased by the trustees of Chatham Academy and converted into class-rooms. This hand some addition was1 christened Hunter Hall, in honor of Mr. William Hunter, for many years president of the board. At the present time, Chatham Acad emy occupies the entire "building, one of the most substantial and elegant structures in Savannah, with the main entrance on Bull Street.*

ll Lafayette

This happy event took place on Saturday, March

Arrives OH

^> 1825. ^P * *ae ^as* hUT almost, the time

Georgia Soil.

fr the arrival of our ^nerated guest was but

*

conjectural, opinions were various as to - the

moment at which he might be expected. The stages' and packets were

crowded with passengers, particularly from the South. The Light Dra-

*Adelatde "Wilson, in Historic and Picturesque Savannah.

CHATHAM

. 651

goons from Liberty County, under the command" of Captain W. M. Max well and the Barien Hussars, commanded by. Captain Charles "West, had reached town on the preceding Tuesday. At half past five o 'clock on Saturday morning, by a signal from the Chatham Artillery, the various organizations were warned to repair to the several parade grounds. The line -was formed at eight o 'clock,, after which, there being no appearance of the boat, arms were stacked and the troops dismissed Aintil the arrival. The first tidings of the welcome vessel were announced by the Exchange Bell, and almost at the same moment the volumes of smoke which accompanied her was perceived over the land; she was then about twelve or fifteen miles off, but rapidly approaching. The troops were immediately formed .and marched to the lower part of Bay Street, where they were placed in position on the green in front of the avenue^ of trees. It proved to be an ideal day. About' nine o 'clock the mists dispersed, the skies became clear, and a. gentle breeze arose, blowing directly up the river, as if to add speed to the vessel -which was to lancl the distinguished visitors upon our shores.
As the steamboat passed Fort Jacks'on she was boarded by the Commit tee of Reception, and the General was addressed by the chairman, George Jones, Esq. The boat now approached in gallant style, firing, by the way, while a full band of music on board played the Mjarseillaise Hymn and other favorite French and American airs. At the anchorage a salute was fired by the Revenue Cutter Gallatin, under the command of Captain Matthews, and General Lafayette'was assisted to- the first barge, accom panied by the committee, the other "boats being occupied toy the remainder of the suite. At the docks were assembled the leading dignitaries and officials of the State; deputations from the Hibernian, St. Andrew's and Agricultural Societies, all bedecked with badges; besides a multitude of citizens. The Savannah Volunteer Guard, in honor of the Nation's guest, wore the Revolutionary cockade. As' the General placed his foot upon the landing place, a salute was fired by the Chatham Artillery, in line on the bluff, with four brass field pieces, one of which was captured at Yorktown. He was here received by William C. Daniel, Esq., Mayor of the eity, amid cheers from the assembled spectators.
On arriving at the top of the bluff, he wa.s presented to Governor Troup, by whom, in the most cordial manner, he was welcomed to the soil of Georgia. Lafayette replied in feeling terms, and was' then introduced to several Revolutionary soldiers, among whom were General Stewart, Colonel Shellman, Eb. Jackson, Sheftall Sheftall and Captain Bees. The eyes of the old General sparkled. He remembered Captain Rees. who proceeded,to narrate some incident. "I remember," said Lafayette, taking the captain's hand between both of his own, and, with tear-filled eyes, the two men stood for a moment, absorbed in the recollection of youthful days. The officers of the brigade and of the regiment were then 'introduced, after which the procession moved as prescribed in the arrangements of the day, and aboxit half-past five o'dock in the afternoon he arrived at the lodgings assigned

652 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
to him, at Mrs. Maxwell's, where Governor Troup-also was lodged. During the passage of the proees'sion, windows and doors everywhere were crowded to excess; and the expression of feeling displayed by all was most en thusiastic, from 'the highest to the lowest. He was sahed by the ladies with the waving- of handkerchiefs; which he returned by^the repeated and continued inclination of the head in acknowledgment. At sundown, another salute was fired by the Marine "Volunteer Corps.*

Savannah's Con-

One of the artistic features of For-

federate Monument, syth Park, where it stands upon a

high mound overlooking a beautiful

expanse of velvet green, is Savannah's handsome monu

ment to the Confederate dead. It is a structure of

'Gothic design, massive in proportions. The corner-stone

was laid on June 19, 1874, at which time Captain George

A. Mercer delivered the address, while the city council,

the military, and the Masonic orders took part. The

unveiling occurred on May 24, 1875, when Hon. Julian

Hartridge, then a member of Congress, delivered the

address. At the urgent request of the Savannah Me

morial Association, General Joseph E. Johnston acted

as grand marshal. Surmounting the handsome pile

stands the bronze figure of a Confederate soldier at pa

rade rest. This, together with the iron railing which

surrounds the lot, was the gift of Mr. G. "W. J. Dettenne,

of Wormslow.

Memorial Arch: On February 14, 1914, the handsome Colonial Park. memorial arch which forms an exquisite
gateway of stone to Colonial Park, was formally unveiled by Savannah Chapter; of the D. A. R., in the presence of a large concourse of people. Georgia's
* Accompanying General Lafayette from Charleston were several dis tinguished South Carolinians, including the Governor; but, according to the laws of the Palmetto State, her Chief Magistrate was not allowed to cross the border, and he, therefore, returned, after making the proper apologies. However, two of the escort. Colonel Huger and Major Hamilton, remained and participated in the exercises.

CHATHAM

653

Chief-Executive, Hon. John M. Slaton, was an honored guest of the occasion and took a prominent part in the exercises. There is not a burial ground in the State whose soil is consecrated by the ashes of a greater nnmber of Revolutionary patriots, and the monument was reared to commemorate the heroism of these brave men. Here sleep the Habershams, the Clays, the Cuthberts, the Wyllys, the Bullochs, the Mclntoshes, and scores of others identified with the heroic struggle of indepen dence. The following- detailed report of the ceremonies of unveiling is reproduced from a newspaper account:*
With fitting ceremonies the beautiful memoi-ial areh erected at the main entrance to Colonial Cemetery by the Savannah Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, was unveiled Thursday morning, Georgia Day, and formally presented to the city, in memory of the soldiers of the Revolu tion -whose remains are interred there.
The occasion -was an inspiring one. A number of distinguished guests, including Governor Slaton, were on the speakers' platform, and soldiers, including the coast artillery corps from Fort Screven and the National Guard of Georgia, in their bright uniforms, were on every hand. The un veiling was preceded by a parade of the military.
When the time came for the unveiling of the monument Otis Ashmore, master of the ceremonies, and Mrs. John S. Wood, regent of the Savannah chapter, descended from the speakers' platform and walked to the first row of chairs in front of the arch, where were seated Miss Rosalind Wood, daughter of the regent, and Miss Susie Cole Winburn, daughter of a former regent, who were to act as sponsors.
As the two young women were escorted to their stations, the band began playing ' ' To the Flag,'' and at this signal the two immense Amer ican flags that had previously hidden the memorial from view were drawn slowly back, disyplaying the beautiful design. As the arch came into view the heads of the men in the gathering were bared, and the soldiers stood at "salute."
The parade formed in front of the City Hall. The line of march was headed by the band from Fort Screven, followed by squads from six com panies of regulars stationed there. Then came a picked company from the First Georgia Regiment, Captain Morgan in command, and the rear was Georgia Hussars, Captain Frank P. Mclntire commanding. The mili tary formed a square about the monument.
In front of the arch and to the left of the speakers' platform were seated the members of the Savannah Chapter, Daughters of the American
ah Morning- News.

654 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Revolution, the hostesses of the occasion, and their guests. Behind these were as many people as could crowd into the limited space, and the streets were blocked for some distance on either side.
The Eight Rev. F. 3?. Reese, Bishop of the Episcopal Dtocese of Georgia, pronounced the invocation. The dedicatory address was dRivered by Judge Walter G. Charlton, of the Superior Court of Chatham County, who pre sented the arch to the city in perpetuity. John Eurlie, Jr., in the ab sence of Mayor Richard J. Davant, accepted the gift on behalf of the city.
CHATTAHOOCHEE
Cusseta. On February 13, 1854, an Act was approved creating- out of the two counties of Muscogee
and Marion a new county, to be called Cbattahoochee, after the river which formed its western border. The following commissioners were empowered by this Act to choose a county-site and to negotiate a purchase of land on which to erect public buildings, viz., James E. Love, William Bag-by, David M. Grlenn, William Wooldridge and Joshua M. Cook. Near the center of the county a site -was chosen, to which, in honor of a tribe of the Lower Creek Indians, -was given the name Cus seta. The town was incorporated in 1855. Since obtain ing railway connections, Cusseta lias commenced to bris tle with new life and to enter upon a new era of develop ment. The Cusseta Institute was chartered in 1897, with the folio-wing- board of trustees: J. M. Leightner, Dr. ' C. N. Howard, W. F. Cook, J. J. Hickey, C. C. Wilkinson, John Stephens, J. C. F. McCook, D. J. Fussell, J. S. Brewer, and C. W. F. King.*
CHATTOOGA
Suminerville. AVithin a few months after Chattooga County was created in 1838 from Walker
and Floyd, an Act was approved by Governor Charles J, McDonald, making the site for public buildings per-
*Acts, 1807, p. 182.

CHEROKEE

655

manent in the town of Summervine. 1 During- the' same year a charter was granted to the Sumrnerville Acad emy, the original trustees of which institution were: John Hunter, Robert Bailey, John T. Story, Edwin Sturclivant, and Middleton Hill. 2 Three years later five new trustees were added to this number: Charles A. Heard, Charles Price, S. E. Burnett, D. C. Hunter and E. "W. Jones. The Summerville Male and Female Academy was chartered in 1856. It is said that the name of this town was suggested by its peculiar charm of environ ment, in a picturesque open valley of the mountains. Sequoya, the modern Cadmus, 'who invented an alphabet for the Cherokee language, lived at one time near Al pine, on the borders of Chattooga. Two famous Indian villages of frontier days in this county were: Broom Town and Island Town. Judge John W. Maddox, at one time a member of Congress, and Hon. William C. Grlenn, a former Attorney-General of Georgia, were natives of Chattooga.

CHTCROKEE.
Canton. Originally the name of this historic town was Etowah, so called from the river "which divides
the county into two almost equal parts. Soon after the county was erected out of lands then recently acquired from the Cherokees, Etowah was chartered by an Act of the Legislature, approved December 24, 1833, at which time the following residents were named as commission ers : Howell Cobb, Philip Croft, M. J. Carnden, James Burns and "William Gresham." These gentlemen were also made trustees of the town 'academy, with the excep tion of Mr. Camden, in whose place William Lay was chosen. But Etowah. did not suit the people for some reason, and on December 18, 1834, the name was chang-ed

1S33, p. 331.

656 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS
to Canton. 3 Early in the forties, one of Georgia's most illustrious sons, Joseph E. Brown, afterwards Governor, Chief Justice and United States Senator, cljpse this town as his future home; and late in the riftiels the County of Cherokee became the birth-place of another Governor, Joseph M. Brown. Canton was for years the home of Dr. John W. Lewis, a Senator of the Confederate States, and here, at a green old age, resides Judge James R. Brown, a noted jurist and a brother of Georgia's war Governor.
History of the There are few people living in Georgia Famous "Joe who have not heard of the famous weapon Brown Pike." of defence devised by Georgia's war Gov
ernor to meet the exigencies of a very grave situation in this State during the late civil conflict. It was known as the "Joe Brown Pike." But while the name of this 'hostile instrument may be a familiar one to the ear there is not one man in a hundred who knows what the "Joe Brown Pike" resembled or where and how it was manufactured. The following article on the subject from the pen of Clark HoweU, Jr., appeared in the Atlanta, Constitution of July 14, 1912. Says Mr. Howell:
*' Half a century ago, when the Civil War was well under way and the Union forces were making their dreaded invasion of the Southland, when all the gun factories' and practically everything in a manufacturing line was owned by the !Nortli, Georgia's famous war Governor. Joseph E. Brown, issued an official call to the mechanics of Georgia, urging them. to produce the so-called 'Joe Brown Pike. ' The South was short on weapons or defence and the Governor adopted this as a dernier resort.
"The call '-was issued from the executive department of the old State Capitol at Malledgeville, February 20, 1862. Along with the call there was sent to every mechanic and blacksmith in the State a letter urging him personally to help in the general work of aiding the Confederacy in its dire troubles by making pikes. If the receiver of one -of these letters notified the Governor that he was favorably disposed he was sent fnll'in-
2 Acts, 1834, p. 263.

CHEROKEE

657

structions as to how to manufacture the implements, as well as 'a sample . pike.
'' The pikes were 'made with a long white oak or hickory stick with an iron head. The wooden part of the pike was 6 feet 7 inches long and was bound by four iron bands, the blade being 18 inches long and reminding one of the two-edged swords of the Crusaders. The blade, ivhen not in. use, could be lowered into the stock, which was about twice the size of an ordi nary broom handle, but could readily be placed in position for defence or attack by releasing a spring, which pushed the blade into position, where it was held by the upper bands. In the same way it was dropped and caught by'the lower bands.
"The celebrated order of Georgia's war Governor is here produced:
" 'Executive Department, Milledgeville, Ga., February 20, 1862. ' ( ' To the Mechanics of Georgia:
'' The late reverses which have attended our armies show the absolute necessity of renewed energy and determination on our part. "We are left to choose between freedom at the end of a desperate and heroic, struggle and submission 'to tyranny, followed by the most abject and degraded slavery to which a patriotic and generous people were ever exposed. Surely we cannot hesitate. Independence or death should be the watch word and reply of every free-born son of the South.
" ' OUT enemies have vastly superior numbers and greatly the advantage in the quantity and quality of their arms. Including those, however, which have been and will be imported, in spite of the blockade, we have guns' enough in the Confederacy to arm a very large force, but not enough for all the troops which have been and must be called to the field. What shall be done in this emergency? I answer: use the 'Georgia pike,* with a side knife, 18-inch,1 blade, weighing about 3 pounds. Let every army have a large reserve, armed with a good pike and a long knife, to be brought upon the field, with a shout for victory, when contending forces are much exhausted or when the time comes for the charge of bayonets. When the advance columns come in reach of the balls let them move in dmible quick time and rush with terrific impetuosity into the lines' of the enemy. Hand-to-hand the pike has vastly the advantage of the bayonet, which is itself but a crooked pike with a shorter staff, and must retreat before it. When the retreat commences let the pursuit be rapid, and if the enemy throw down their guns' and are likely to outrun us, if need be, throw down the pike and keep close to their heels with the knife, till each man -has hewn down at Wast one of his adversary.
" 'Had five thous'and reserves, thus armed, and well trained to the use of these terrible weapons, been brought to charge at the proper time, who can say that the victory would not have been oxirs at Fort Donaldson? But it is probably unimportant that I state here the use to be made of that which I want you to manufacture. I have already a considerable number of pikes and knives, but desire within the next month ten thousand more

658 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of each. I must have them, and appeal to you, as one of the most patriotic classes of our fellow citizens, to make them for us immediately.
" 'I trust that every mechanic who.has the means of (turning them out rapidly and the owner of every machine shop in this Stat^ftvill at once lay aside all other business and appropriate a month or two to the relief of the country in this emergency. Each workman who has the means of turn ing them out in large numbers without delay will be supplied with a proper pattern by application to the ordinance department at Milleclgeville. Appealing to your patriotism as a class and to your interest as citizens, whose all is at stake in this great1 contest in whicli1 you are en gaged, I ask an immediate response.
" 'In ancient times that nation, it is said, usually extended its conquests further whose arms were shortest. Long range guns sometimes fail to fire and waste a Irundred balls to one that takes effect, but the short range pike and the terrible knife (as they can be almost in a moment) wielded by a stalwart patriot's arm, never fail to fire and never waste a single load.
" 'I am, very respectfully, ' ' ' Your fellow citizen, " 'JOSEPH E. BROWN.'
*' In addition to the pikes' made by the free men of Georgia, in response to the Governor's call, two or three thousand were1 made by the convicts in the State penitentiary at Milledgeville. These were crated in coffin-like boxes, a hundred to the box, and sent to Savannah, where they were to be usd in the defence of Fort Pulaski. There was never occasion to use them in. actual fighting, although, several battalions were well drilled in the use of the pike and knife.
"After the war a large number of these pikes were stored in the arsenal at Augusta, where they remained until ten years' ago, when they were sold at public auction by the Government. There were four different patterns of the knives. The sale was avertised by the Government, and people came from Maine to California to buy the curious war implements."

Oldest State Uni versity in America. Franklin College:

OLAEKB
Volume I, Pages 139-146, 425-436.

Historic Homes Unrivalled among- the cities of Georgia

of Athens.

for its majestic old Southern mansions

of the ante-bellum type, Athens,' even at

the present day, pictures to the imagination what life in

DR. CRAWFORD W. LONG'S OLD HOME, ATHENS, CiA.

CLAKKJS

659

Dixie was before the war; for while commercially a town of the most progressive pattern, it is nevertheless, in its domestic ideals, still charmingly reminiscent of the Old South's palmiest days and best traditions. Several years before the war, Colonel John T. Grant, one of the wealthiest citizens of the State, erected on Prince Avenue a magnificent home, which is still one of the glories of Athens. Its graceful Corinthian columns, its wide porticos, its lofty arches, make it still the finest specimen extant of the classic style of architecture, pecu liar to the ante-bellum period. This stately old mansion is a beautiful monument within itself to the civilization which produced it: proud, aristocratic, ample, elegant. It was built by Colonel Grant soon after his. marriage to Miss Martha Cobb Jackson, a granddaughter of the peer less old Governor who fought the Yazoo fraud ; but on his removal to Atlanta at the close of the war Colonel Grant sold his splendid old home in Athens to Hon. Ben jamin U. Hill, afterwards a United States Senator, who located in Athens mainly for the purpose of educating his two boys, Ben and Charlie. When Mr. Hill removed to Atlanta in 1875 this handsome property was purchased by Mr. James White, its present owner and occupant.
Scarcely inferior to the old Grant home, either in stateliness of proportions or in simple elegance of de sign is the fine old Joseph H. Lumpkin mansion, on Prince Avenue. It was built by the great Chief Justice soon after his removal to Athens from his former home in Lexington; and, when first built, it occupied an emi nence some distance from the avenue which it over looked. Kising out of a wealth of evergreens, it pre sented a semi-regal aspect, and, due to its elevation, it made a more impressive picture to the eye than did the Grant home, which was built on a level with the street, with a smaller area of ground in front. Here the famous Home School was taught for a number of years by the Sosnowskis. The handsome old mansion is today occu pied by Mr. W. !_.. Childs, and is owned by himself and his sister, Mrs. T)avid C. Barrow, wife of the Chancellor.

660 GEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
What is known as the Tom Cobb pi-ace, a stately old mansion on the same avenue, was built by Mr. Charles McKinley and sold by him to judge Joseph Henry Lumpkin, who gave it to his daughter, Mrs. T. E. Jf. Cobb. It is now owned and occupied by Mr. A. M. Dobbs. On the opposite side of the street stands the Camak home, one of the oldest landmarks in Athens. It was built by James Camak, Esq., shortly after his removal to Athens in 1817, and here for the remainder of his days this, pioneer rail way builder and financier resided. It is today owned and occupied by his son's "widow, Mrs. M. ~W. Camak. The old Bearing home, on Milledge Avenue, a handsome specimen of Colonial architecture, was built by Mr. Albon I>earing, -who.se son of the same name is its present owner and occupant. The old Hull home, a stately mansion of the best ante-bellum type, is still one of the ornaments of Milledge Avenue. It "was formerly owned by Colonel Benjamin C. Yancey, and later acquired by the Hulls.
On Prince Avenue, at the intersection of Grady Street, stands the majestic old mansion in which the South's great orator journalist spent his boyhood days and to which he feelingly referred in his famous NewEngland speech. It was built by Colonel Robert Taylor, who sold it early in the fifties to Major "William S. Grady, a -wealthy business man of Athens, who fell at Peters burg, in 1863. The Grrady home is now owned and occu pied by Mrs. L. D. DuBose. Standing some distance back from this same avenue, near the intersection of Barber Street, looms an impressive old land-mark: the Thomas home. It was built by General Howell Cobb and sold by him to Mrs. Nina Thomas. The stately old resi dence is now owned and occupied by Mr. ~W. I. Abney. The handsome old home on Milledge Avenue, now the property of Judge Strickland, was built by Dr. Jones Long, a brother of Dr. Crawf ord W. Long.
General Howell 'Cobb built the handsome old home on Hill Street, which continued to be his home for a number of years, and -where his son, Judge Howell Cobb,

BOYHOOD HOME OF HENRY W. GRADY, ATHENS,GA, From an original sketch by Miss Gavland Smith.

CLAEKE

661

afterwards resided. It is now the home of Mr. I. "W. Richardson. On Pulaski Street, a fine old Colonial man sion, was built by Mr. Blanton Hill, whose daughter, Mrs. Augusta Noble, occupied it for a number of years after his death. It is today the property of Mr. John IX Moss. On this same street, a stately old home 'was also built by Mr. Stevens Thomas, a wealthy ante bellum citizen of Athens. It is now used by the Y. "W. C. A. as a home for -working girls, and faces on Hancock
Avenue.
Tlie old Lucas home, at the south end of Jackson Street, was built by a Mr. Hopping. Afterwards, for a while it became the home of Hon. Eugenius A. Nisbet, and still later the home of Mr. F. ~\V. Lucas, who occupied it for years. It is now owned by the University of Geor gia and used for the time being- as a dormitory for stu dents. The home of the late Mr. Stephen O. Upson, on Prince Avenue, was built by Hon. Henry G. Lamar, the marriage of whose daughter to Hon. O. A. Lochrane, afterwards Chief Justice, was here solemnized. 'The Chancellor's home on the University campus was built for Dr. Alonzo Church when he was president of Frank lin College. The Crawford W. Long home, on Prince Avenue, an attractive structure of the modern type, be came in after years the boyhood home of Judge Peyton L. Wade, of the State Court of Appeals. Cedar Hi]], the famous old home of Governor Wilson Lumpkin, on an eminence overlooking the Oconee Eiver in the imme diate environs of Athens, was inherited by his daughter, Mrs. Martha Lumpkin Compton, from whom the place subsequently became known as Compton Hill. It is now owned by the University of Georgia. The old home has recently been removed to one side, in order to make room for the new agricultural building, and some of the stu dents now reside here during the college sessions. The old Hamilton home, built by Dr. James S. Hamilton, is now owned and occupied by Mr. E. E. Hodgson, Jr. Dr.

662 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOBIAT.S AXD LEGEKDR
E. S. Lynden 's home, at the north end of Jackson Street, was built by DT. Edward Ware.*

The Lucy Cobb Institute.
John Howard Payne's Georgia
Sweetheart.
Origin of the Southern Cross of Honor.

Volume I, Pages 437-438.
Volume II, Pages 62-71.
Volume I, Pages 222-224.

James Camak. One of the earliest pioneer residents of Athens was James Camak, Esq., whose
name was inadvertently omitted from a list of settlers in Volume I of this work. But no history of Athens can be written without some account of this eminent citizen of the ante-bellum, period, who, coming to Atbens from Milledgeville, in 1817, built the stately old mansion on Prince Avenue, still owned by the family, perhaps the oldest surviving landmark of a community famed for its historic homes. With far-sighted ken, Mr. Camak was quick to see and prompt to grasp the possibilities of the Iron Horse. He became one of the builders of the Geor gia Kailroad, a corporation with whose directorate he was identified until the hour of his death. The town of Camak, an important station on the main line, today com memorates the part played by this wise builder in the railway development of his State. Mr. Camak, in 1834, organized in Athens the famous old Branch Bank of the State of Georgia, a financial institution of which lie be came the first executive head. He married Helen Finley,
^Authority: Miss Garland Smith, Athens, Ga.

CLABKE

663

the daughter of an early president of Franklin College; and for years was an honored trnstee of the oldest State University in America.

Where the Geor- To quote a distinguished local histor-

gia Kailroad

ian: "The Georgia Kailroad, one of

Originated.

the most important enterprises in the

State, had its inception in Athens. The

first meeting- was held here in June, 1833, with Mr. As-

bury Hull as chairman, and later, during the same year,

he introduced in the Legislature a bill for its incorpora

tion. Here for years the annual meetings of the road

were held, and all its directors were Athens men until

the line "was completed. The board of directors in 1835

was composed as follows: James Camak, William Will

iams, John A. Oobb, Elizur L. Newton, Alexander B.

Linton, James Shannon, W. M. Morton, and W. B. Cun

ning-ham. The road was originally intended to run be

tween Augusta and Athens, while a branch line to

Greensboro was contemplated. Subsequently the Greens

boro branch became the main stem, extending to Atlanta,

after "which Athens was left on the branch road."*

The Cobbs. Dr. Henry Hull, one of the most distin guished of the ante-bellum residents of
Athens, has left us the following unique comparison be tween the two famous brothers, Howell and Thomas B. R. Cobb. It was written soon after the close of hos tilities, when Dr. Hull was quite an old man. Though both of the Cobbs were distinguished soldiers, the title which he gives the former is '' Governor,'' while the latter he calls "General." Says Dr. Hull:
'' The question has often been asked, "Which was the more talented of the, two. One may as -well' inquire which is the greater genius, a great painter or a great philosopher? There is no unit of measurement with
*A. L. Hull, Annals of Ath

664 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
which to compare them. So of these two brothers'--their minds were of different structure. The Governor controlled men by unequalled manage ment and tact; the General by the irresistible force of ^argument, The Governor was the greater politician, the General the greatff lawyer. "While the wonderful talents of both commanded respecf, the social qualities, the genial bon homme, the generous open-heartedness of the Governor secured your love; the commanding power of intellect in all the General said or did excited the admiration. The Governor would, in commercial language, look at the sum total of an account, without regard to the items, or grasp the conclusion of a proposition without examining each step by the demon stration. The General received nothing as true which could not be proven, and submitted every question to the crucible of reason before he pronounced upon its absolute truth.
" I do not speak of the public acts of these brothers, but remember them only as boys, students, and fellow-citizens. The? Governor was gen erous and liberal, almost to prodigality. When his father, from a reckless disregard of economy and mismanagement of his affairs, had allowed his debts to accumulate to an amount which could not be paid by the sale
left him by an uncle, Ho well Cobb,. for whom he was named--to the liqui dation of the remaining liabilities, so that no man should say that he had been injured by his father. "With a hand open as day to melting charity, he gave to those who asked; of him, and from those who would borrow of him he turned not away. And many were the cases of a princely gener osity; and charity of which this world never heard, but which were else where recorded. The General gave as much, or perhaps more, in propor tion to his means than the Governor, but in a different way. His benefac tions were governed by the dictates of reason, rather than by the impulses of feeling. All plans suggested for the promotion of the public good re ceived his efficient and hearty support. He took a lively interest in every thing connected with the prosperity of the town, including the University, the schools and the churches. He was the founder of the Lucy Cobb In stitute, and contributed more of his time, influence and money to insure its success than did any half dozen' men put together.
"General Cobb was prominent in every association of which he was a member. He was a man of the most wonderful versatility of talent, and would concentrate the power of his wonderful mind on the propriety and necessity of secession, on some intricate and abstruse point of law, on the best manner of conducting a Sunday-school, or on any subject which men thought of and talked about, with equal facility, and as' if the matter under discussion was the only one he had ever studied, and with a rapidity of transition from one to another, which was almost startling, even where the topics were totally dissimilar. The patient and long-continued investiga tion of the most abstruse subject was pastime to him, ami after such labor he would meet you with a cheerful smile on the brightest face, and crack

CLAEKE

665

his jokes as if he did nothing else all his life. He was surely the most remarkable man of his day."

To the foregoing* parallelism it may be added that General Cobb took no active part in politics until the election of Mr. Lincoln. He then fairly electrified the State with his eloquence, advocating immediate and un conditional surrender. The suddenness of his appear ance upon the hustings and the popular enthusiasm which he aroused over Georgia caused Mr. Stephens to liken him to Peter the Hermit, a comparison which was pe culiarly apposite, in view of Mr. Cobb's intensely relig ious nature. He was one of the most pious of men. "With reference to his capacity for labor, Judge Richard H. Clark, who was associated with him in the, first codifica tion of the laws of Georgia, states that at the close of each day's 'work his mind was invariably fresh and buoy ant. He was an absolute stranger to mental weariness, though he performed the labors of Hercules. At the age of 36 he wrote Cobb on Slavery, a masterpiece of legal literature. As chairman of the Judiciary Commit tee of the Provisional Congress, he also drafted the Con stitution of the Confederate States. The original docu ment, in General Cobb's own handwriting, is still pre served in the family of his daughter, Mrs. A. L. Hull.

The Lumpkins: Mr. Augustus L. Hull, of Athens, Ga., who possessed an intimate personal ac
quaintance with the Lumpkins, has given, us the following' pen-picture of the famous brothers, Wilson and Joseph Henry Lumpkin, both of whom 'were long residents of Athens :
"The one, the eldest, the other, the youngest, of eight children, they were as dissimilar as brothers could be. One a shrewd politician, the other abhorring politics j one commanding, by his ability, the other persuading by his eloquence; one robust in his aggressiveness, the other fond of study; one a Baptist, the other a Presbyterian; one an adherent of Clark, the other

666 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of Troup; one a Democrat, the other a "Whig; one tall, the other short in stature; but both men of striking presence, and both of great abilities.
"Wilson Lumpkin was Congressman, United States Senator and Gov ernor of Georgia. During Ms administration the Stfee road was built, and he devoted his energies to the material development of the State. Governor Lumpkin was long the president of the Board of Trustees of the University of Georgia. As lie headed the procession to the chapel on commencement occasions, with a tall, commanding presence, erect and dig nified, with long hair brushed back from his head and falling over his shoulders in gray curls, he seemed one of the most impressive men I have ever seen. He was thrice married, and biiilt the old stone house, now in the campus extension, in which he lived for many years', and where he died in the closing days of 1870. One of his children, a very bright and at tractive boy of six or seven years, wandered one afternoon away from the house and lost his way in the woods along the river. Though search was made all night, he was not found till next morning, exhausted with wan dering and wild with terror. The horrors of the darkness of that night de stroyed hi mind, and though he grew to be a man of fine proportions and pleasing countenance, mentally he was never any older than on the morn ing when he was found, and forty years afterward, as though he recalled that dreadful night, he wandered again, into the woods and was drowned in the river, not far from the place where they found him before.
' 'Judge Lumpkin was a "learned jurist and a finished scholar. He loved study, and was a great reader. His speeches, of which no record now remains, were full of pathos, and the fire of eloquence, and his decisions while on the Supreme bench are models of clearness and elegant compo sition. A natural teacher, for many years he imparted instruction to the young men in his office and in the Lumpkin Law School, charming them alike by the elegance of his language and the thoroughness of his knowlegde. He was a great temperance advocate, and his voice, always heard on the side of righteousness, was a power for good.
'' Judge Lumpkin was the first Chief Justice of Georgia; and one of his successors in office, Chief Justice Bleckley, said of him: *His liter ary power was in vocal utterance. In the spoken word he was a literary genius, far surpassing any other Georgian, living or dead, I have ever known. Indeed, from no other mortal lips have I ever heard such har monies and sweet-sounding sentences as came from his. Those who never saw and heard him cannot be made to realize what a great master he was.' Judge Lumpkin died June 4, 1867, from, a stroke of paralysis."
One of Wash- In an old cemetery, near the historic site ington's Men. of Cherokee Corner, lie the mortal re
mains of diaries Strong', Sr., a Revolu tionary soldier, who served under the immediate com-

CLAY

667

mand of General Nelson. His commission was issued, by William Lochren, January 18, 1781. He was present when Cornwallis surrendered to Washington at Yorktown, in Virginia, after which he removed from his old home in Goochland County, Va., to a plantation in Clarke County, Ga., near Cherokee Corner, where he died Octo ber 15, 1848. There are numerous descendants in Geor gia of this revered soldier and patriot.*

CLAY
Fort Gaines. During the Creek Indian War there was built near the site of the present town of
Fort Gaines, on the Chattahoochee River, a stronghold to protect the extreme western frontier of Georgia. It was named for General Edmond P. Gaines, an officer of the United States Army, and a prominent figure in the military operations of this period against the Creeks. We find from the records that by an Act approved De cember 14, 1830, the town of Fort Gaines was chartered, "with the following named commissioners, to wit: Gabriel Johnson, John Dill, Edward Deloney, George W\ Prescott and James V. Robinson. 1 One year later, the old Fort Gaines Academy was chartered, at which time Messrs. Samuel Johnson, Thomas B. Patterson, Sr., Leonard P. McCollom, Ira Cushman and James Buchanan were named as trustees.- But one school was not enough. Though on the frontier, Fort Gaines was edu cationally wideawake, and, on December 31, 1838, an Act of the Legislature was approved, granting a charter to the Fort Gaines Female Institute, one of the earliest pioneer schools for young ladies. The management of this school 'was entrtisted to the following trustees : John Dill, Simon Green, Samuel Gainer, James P. Holmes,

668 GEORGIA'S LANPMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
and "William Mount.1 "When Clay County was organized from Randolph and Early in 1854, the county-seat of the new county was made permanent at Fort <Jraines. Clay's first representative in the Legislature was L. B. Dozier. Others who followed him were : Peter Lee, F. T. Cullens, John L. Brown, W. A. Graham, S. R. Weaver, R. A. Tnrnipseed and John B. Johnson.
CLAYTON
Jonesboro. On the site of the present town of Jonesboro, there was formerly a village known as Leaks-
ville, an academy for which was chartered as early as December 22, 1823, with the following pioneer residents named as trustees :2 Thomas Wilbnrn, Robert Leak, John Chislum, Jack Wilburn and Columbus Watson. When the Central of Georgia reached this point, impart ing new life to the town and giving rise to visions of civic importance, the name of Leaksville "was discarded, and, in compliment to one of the civil engineers who surveyed the line, Mr. Samuel G. Jones, the town was called Jones boro. Mr. Jones was the father of the late Governor Thomas G. Jones, of Alabama, afterwards a District Judge of the United States. When the County of Clayton was organized in 1858, Jonesboro was made the county-site of the new county; and "by an Act of the Leg islature, approved December 13, 1859, the town was in corporated with the following-named commissioners: James B. Key, Sanford D. Johnson, G. L. W^arren, Joshua J. Harris, W. H. Sharp, R. K. Holliday and James Alford.8 One of the strongest advocates of the measure creating Clayton County was Judge George Hillyer, a member of the present Railroad Commission.
1S23, 1859,

CLINCH

669

Judge Hillyer was then just entering public life, and he made a host of warm friends by his plendid work for the
bill.

Pioneer Settlers. As gathered from the oldest records extant, some of the pioneer settlers of
Clayton were as follows : James B. Key, John M. Hnie, Stephen Gr. Dorsey, K. E. Morrow, Philip Fitzgerald, Abner Camp, James Davis, J. B. Tanner, N. O. Adamson, G. W. Adamson, A. Y. Adamson, Andrew L. Huie, A. J. Mundy, Joshua J. Hanes, James Daniel, ~W. W. Camp, Thomas Moore, John Stanley, Elijah Glass, Hilliard Starr, W. Y. Conine, James McConnell, Luke John son, Reuben Wallis, James F. Johnson, Thomas Johnson, James S. Cook, William Cater, Moab Stephens, James H. Chapman, Thomas Byrne, Zachariah Mann, Patrick H. Alien, Peter Y. Ward, and others. James F. Johnson was the first State Senator and Elijah Glass the first Representative, both elected in 1859.

CLINCH.
Homerville. Homerville, the county-seat of Clinch County, was founded in the year 1859 by
Dr. John Homer Mattox. The public building's were first located at Magnolia, but the need of a central location and the desire to be on a railroad brought about the re moval of the court-house to Homerville in 1862. As soon as the Atlantic and Gulf Line was completed to this point, Dr. Mattox saw a bright future for a town in this neighborhood. Accordingly, he began to lay off some of his land into town lots. This property was first ac quired, in 1842, by his father, Elijah Mattox, and, at the latter's death, was inherited by Dr. Mattox.
The new town was first called "Station Number 11." However, in a few years the name was changed to Homerville, in honor of Homer Mattox. At this time, a

670 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGEXDS
group of homes, a small store and a shed designed for the railroad station, marked the beginning of the future county-seat. Today Homerville possesses ^ bank, two handsome church building's, several stores, and some of the most attractive homes in this part of Georgia. Water works and electric light plants have recently been in stalled, while a telephone system has been in use for sev eral years. The Bank of Homerville has a capital stock of $25,000, with a surplus equal to half this amount. Its officials are: President, E. G. Dickersou, a former State Senator and one of the State's foremost men; Vice-Pres ident, W. T. Dickerson, also formerly State Senator and a prominent lawyer; and Cashier, G. A. G-ibbs.
Among the prominent citizens of Homerville, in ad dition to the bank officials mentioned, are Judge John T. Dame, the Ordinary; his brother, George M. Dame, a strong factor in county and town affairs; S. L. Drawdy, Judge of the County Court of Clinch, and a former Rep resentative; his brother, Charlton C. Drawdy; J. F. Barnhill and J. H. Ferdon, two prominent naval stores men; W. V. Musgrove, and many others. Homerville was first incorporated in 1869. In the western part of the town is the handsome new school-house, DuBignon Institute, named in honor of the late Fleming G. DuBignon, one of Georgia's most gifted sons. The original building was destroyed by fire in 1909, but on the same site the present structure was completed the following year.*
COBB
Marietta: A Nestling almost within the shadow of KenBrief Sketch, nesaw Mountain, the little city of Marietta
is identified with some of the most heroic memories of the Civil War. On either side of the town there are beautiful cemeteries consecrated to the ashes
Folks Huxford, Ho

COBB

671

of the gallant dead, most of whom fell in fiercely con tested battles around Marietta, in the campaign of 1864. The Federal Cemetery, a magnificently wooded area, to the east of the town, contains the graves of 12,000 Fed eral soldiers; while over 3,000 wearers of the- gray uni form sleep in the beautiful enclosure of ground, known as the Confederate Cemetery, just to the, west of the State Road.
But the history of Marietta antedates by more than a generation the titanic death grapple between North and South. It came into existence when Oobb County was erected out of a part of the territory wrested from the Cherokee Indians, and was made the permanent countysite by an Act of the Legislature, approved December 19, 1834, at which time the following pioneer citizens were named as commissioners: Leonard Simpson, Wrashington Winters, James Anderson, George ~W. Cupp and Lemma Kerkly.* As a health resort, Marietta enjoyed from the start a peculiar prestige among the towns of the Georgia uplands. It furnished a delightful retreat in summer for scores of families from the coast and developed excellent schools, which made it a seat of culture and a center of refinement, long before the Civil War.

John Hey- Perhaps the pioneer citizen to whose ward Glover, constructive leadership the city of Mari
etta owes its largest debt of gratitude was Colonel John Heyward Glover, a native of Beaufort District, S. C. Settling at Marietta, in 1848, he became at once a dominant factor in the affairs of the town and was the first citizen to hold the office of mayor. He do nated the land for the present court-house and public square; while his widow, in after years, donated the tract today known as the Confederate Cemetery, but used for general purposes of burial. He was one of

672 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Marietta's earliest captains of industry; and his tire less energies supplied an impetus from which much of the subsequent growth of Marietta has resulted. He died in the prime of life, on March 28, 1859jr and his un timely death was made the subject of resolutions adopted by the town council of Marietta and by the local Bar, at a meeting- over "which Judge George D. Rice presided.

Some Early But there "were many other men of note

Pioneers.

connected with the beginnings of Marietta.

Captain Arnoldus V. Brumby, "who founded

the Georgia Military Academy, famous in war times as

our Georgia West Point, came to Marietta in the early

flfties. He was followed, in 1858, by his brother, Prof.

Kichard T. Brumby, at one time a partner of the noted

William C. Preston, of South Carolina, in the practice

of law, and afterwards an educator of eminent distinc

tion. D,T. Isaac Watts Wadclell, an early pastor of the

Presbyterian Church, was one of the tall landmarks of

his denomination in Georgia. Mrs. Lizzie T^addell

Setze, his daughter, has lived in Marietta continuously

since 1842. Dr. Scott, the first rector of St. James, af

terwards became a Bishop. On the present site of the

Episcopal Church, John E. Winters helped to build the

first house in Marietta. General A. J. Hansell built the

handsome old home where Miss Sarah Camp now lives,

on Kennesaw Avenue. Governor Charles J. McDonald

was a pioneer resident of Marietta, and a part of his

original home place is today owned and occupied by

Governor Joseph M. Brown. Judge George D. Ander-

son, Colonel George 1ST. Lester, Colonel James D. ^Vad-

dell, Colonel James ^V. Kobertson, afterwards Adjutant-

General of Georgia; Judge David Irwin, one of the orig

inal codifiers of the law of Georgia; General William

Phillips, who commanded a noted legion of cavalry dur

ing the Civil War; his brother, Colonel Charles D. Phil-

COBB

673

lips, Hon. William Y. Hansell" and many other men of note were identified with Marietta's early days.

The Georgia Mill- On December 8, 1851, an Act was

tary Institute.

approved, chartering the famous

Georgia Military Institute at Mari

etta, as a private enterprise, under the control of certain

well-known citizens, to wit: David Irwin, Andrew J. Han

sell, William P. Young, John H. Glover, Martin G-.

Slaughter, David Dobbs, John Jones, Charles J. McDon

ald, William Harris, Mordecai Myers and James Bran-

non.1 Some few years later it became an institution of

the State. Colonel A. V. Brumby was the first superin

tendent. He was the father of the gallant officer of

Dewey's flagship, Lieutenant Thomas M. Brumby, who

raised the first United States flag at Manila.

The first commandant was Colonel James W. Bobert-

son. In the wake of Sherman's march to the sea, the

Georgia Military Institute became a blackened ruin;

but during the fourteen short years in which it existed

as an institution, it literally sowed the dragon's teeth

from which an army of trained warriors "was destined

to spring. As a feeder for the Confederate ranks, it

'became famous throughout the land, and there must

have been a thrill of peculiar satisfaction in the breast

of the great Federal commander when he applied the

torch, to an institution which was the dread and terror

of Yankeedom. The following account of the origin of

this school is condensed from White. 2 Says he: "Its

first session opened on July 10, 1851, with only seven

cadets; but before the close of the term the number was

increased to twenty-eight. Since then the number has

steadily and rapidly increased at each session until the

present time; and now, having completed but two years

1 Acts, 1851-1852, pp. 298-299. 3 "White's Statistics.

674 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of its history, it numbers one hundred and twenty cadets, five professors and one assistant professor. It was in corporated by the Legislature as a college, during the session of 1851-1852. At the same time, the Governor was directed to make requisition upon the government of the United States for arms and accoutrements. These have been received. The government and discipline of the Institute are strict. The course of study is thor oughly scientific and practical, and the whole is modeled after the United States Military Academy at West Point."
"With the approach of General Sherman towards Marietta, in 1864, the cadets were organized into a bat talion, under the command of Major, afterwards Bridgadier-General, F. W. Capers, and there were no better fighters in Johnston's army than these beardless boys.
They served from May 10, 1864, to May 20, 1865. Scores of them "were wounded in battle. ISTot a few of them were killed outright. In every action they gave a brave account of themselves; and, according to Judge Robert L. Rodgers, one of the gallant band, they consti tuted the last organized body of Confederate soldiers on duty east of the Mississippi River. Under an order from General Lafayette McLaws, dated May 1, 1865, after both Lee and Johnston had surrendered, they ren dered service to the Confederate government by guard ing- the military stores at Augusta, until relieved by a garrison of Federal soldiers, who came to take posses sion.
Thus it was reserved for these cadets of the Georgia Military Institute to obey the last orders of a Confed erate officer during the war between the States.
Where Two Gov- The town of Marietta has given the ernors Have Lived: State two Governors who occupied An Historic Home. the same home site : Charles J. Mc
Donald and Joseph M. Brown. TBe latter, when an employee of the "Western & Atlantic

COBB

675

Railroad, in the capacitj* of traffic manager, with little thought of what the future held in store for him, pur chased the old McDonald place at Marietta, and after his marriage, on February 12, 1889, to Miss Cora McCord, made this his home for the future. He purchased the property from 'General Henry R. Jackson, of Savan nah, from whose name it borrows an added "wealth of associations, and here, surrounded by stately forest oaks, he has since spent the greater part of his time, in the en joyment of an ideal home life, semi-rural in character. The site was happily chosen by Governor McDonald dur ing the early ante-bellum period. It included originally quite a large portion of the present town, and somethinglike 110 acres -were embraced in the tract conveyed to Governor Brown. The old residence, "which was built and occupied by Governor McDonald, was burned to the ground by General Serman. But the comparatively new residence of the present Governor was built only a stone's throw from the old chimney piles which survived the general wreck.
The present Governor's father was a warm admirer of Governor McDonald. It is said that the former, after drafting his first inaugural address, submitted the manu script to Governor McDonald for approval and was more than gratified by the fact that the old Governor could suggest nothing in the way of improvement or correction. As a further proof of the friendship which existed be tween them, one of the sons of 'Georgia's "war Governor was named for Governor McDonald. They were both men of positive convictions, and were both trained in the Jeffersonian school of politics.
Governor McDonald was born in Charleston, S. C., but his sturdy virtues "were cast in the rugged molds of the Scottish Highlands. He came to Georgia when a lad and lived for a while in Hancock. At the age of twenty-eight he was elected Judge of the Flint Circuit and two years later was made Brigadier-General of the State militia. From 1839 to 1843 he held the high office

676 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of Governor, and from 1855 to 1859 he wore the ermine of the Supreme Court of Georgia. He 'was an ardent advocate of State rights, a strict Constru^tionist of the Federal Constitution, and a devoted patriot. Due to his extreme views upon questions of the day, he "was defeated by Howell Cobb for Governor in 1850, but scarcely more than a decade passed before the State came to his way of thinking and adopted the ordinance of secession. He died in Marietta, on the eve of the Civil War, at the age of sixty-eight.
Governor Brown was first elected to the office of Gov ernor in 1908. He had previously been a member of the State Railroad Commission, an office to which he was appointed by reason of his familiarity with railroad matters. But he took a position in regard to port rates at variance "with the views held by Governor Smith, in consequence of which there occurred an open rupture between them. The Commissioner's resignation was demanded. To vindicate himself before the people, Mr. Brown became a candidate for the office of Governor, and in the ensuing election "was victorious at the polls. There is a story told to the effect that Mr. Brown had sent a communication to Governor Smith voluntarily relinquish ing his office as commissioner, but that Governor Smith had refused to open it, thereby hurling a fire-brand into Georgia politics, which ultimately compassed his defeat. It is certain that Mr. Brown sent a letter to Governor Smith, "which the latter returned to him with the seal unbroken; but what it contained has never been divulged.
The -whole State was divided into Brown and Smith camps, and the political feud between Clark and Crawford was re-,enacted upon a "wider 'stage of politics. Though Governor Brown was successful in the first elec tion, Governor Smith opposed him in the second cam paign, and was again elected to the office of Governor. But, during his term of office, the Legislature elected him to fill the unexpired term of Senator -Clay, a race in which he defeated Hon. Joseph M. Terrell, who was tern-

COEB

677

porarily filling the vacancy under an appointment by Governor Brown. Tims the fight was still on. Upon the election of Governor Smith to the United States Senate, the friends of Governor Brown urged him to re-enter the field for Governor. He did so; and, on December 7, 1911, was re-elected. The interval of sixty days between the retirment of Governor Smith and the inauguration of Governor Brown was filled by the President of the State Senate, Hon. John M. Slaton, who became ad in terim Governor of Georgia. The only instance on record in the history of the State, where father and son have held the office of Governor, is furnished by the Browns. The library of the present Governor contains a number of rare books, and is particularly rich in works which deal with early American antiquities. Several years ago, he published a romance, entitled "Astyana,x," in which he portrays the ancient civilization of Mexico. Though not an orator in the forensic sense, he "wields an effective pen, and is characterized by much of his father's far-sighted ness of vision. Besides the home place at Marietta, Gov ernor Brown cultivates an extensive plantation in Cherokee.

Governor Charles J. Judge Spencer K. Atkinson, a McDonald: An Epi- grandson of Governor Charles J. sode of His Career. McDonald, and himself a Georgian
of distinguished 'attainments, has preserved the following dramatic incident in the life of the illustrious statesman. Says he :
'' Governor McDonald came into office imder trying circumstances'. The State treasury was empty. The evil effects of the great panic of 1837 were still pressing upon the people, like a nightmare. The great work of building the "Western and Atlantic Railroad was languishing. The public
days. Worst of all, the State credit was at a low ebb, because of the pro test of an obligation of three hundred thousand dollars, which had been contracted by the Central Bank under authority of the General Assembly of Georgia. Commeree and business generally were paralyzed. In 1837

678 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the Legislature had passed an act allowing the counties of the State to retain the general tax, the same to "he applied by the inferior courts to county purposes. As might have been expected, the counties frittered away the money. The bank was nearly destroyed by putting Jpon it a burden which did not belong to it, and the State was left without resource or credit.
1; Governor ZUcDoiiald had inherited from his' Scotch ancestors a hard head and a sound judgment. Never did lie need his inherent qualities more than he did in the situation which then confronted him. _He first recom mended that the State resume the- entire amount of the State tax which .had. been given to the counties, with but little benefit to them and greatly to the injury of the State. This recommendation prevailed, and a law was enacted ordering the State tax to be turned into the treasury. Almost im mediately following this necessary action, the Legislature, in 1841, passed an Act rednr-ing the taxes of the State twenty per cent. This Act Governor afc Donald promptly vetoed, with an argument, brief and pointed, and a statement which made his veto message unanswerable. He had been reelected in 3841 and, on November 8, 1842, in his annual message urging upon the Legislature the only effective remedy for relieving the State from its difficulties, he used these words: 'The difficulty should be met at once. Had there been no Central Bank the expense of the government must have been met by taxation. These expenses have been paid by the Central Bank and have become a legitimate charge upon taxation. This .must be the resort, or the government is inevitably dishonored. The public faith must be maintained, - and to pause to discuss the question of prefer ences between taxation and dishonor \vould be to cast a re-flection upon the character of the people, whose servants we are.'
"The issue was joined. The Legislature had rejected a measure calling for additional taxation to meet these just claims. The session was near its close. Tt was evident that unless some drastic action was taken the Legislature would adjourn, leaving an obligation of one hundred thousand dollars unmet. Governor SIcDonald acted with firmness and promptness. He shut the doors of the treasury in the face of the members of the Gen eral Assembly of Georgia. Great excitement followed. The members of the Legislature denounced him as a tyrant worse than Andrew Jackson, who had gone beyond the limits of reason. Even his political friends, alarmed at the storm which had been raised, urged him to recede from his position and to rescind his order to the Treasurer. He resolutely refused. As a result, the necessary bill was finally passed, and at the next session he was able to report an improved condition of the finances and a revival of confidence in the Central Bank. It was without doubt a most fortunate thing for Georgia at this1 critical period in the history of the State that a man of Governor ilcDonald 's firmness, prudence, and business sagacity was at the head of affairs.'
Governor McDonald is buried in the Episcopal Ceme-

COBB

679

tery, at Marietta. The grave is handsomely marked by a monument of marble, which consists of a solid column surmounted by an urn, the whole resting upon a pedestal of granite. The coat of arms of Georgia is chiselled into the column, while above the device is inscribed "McDon ald." Underneath appears the following epitaph:

Gobb in the

In 1845, when hostilities with Mexico he-

Mexican War. gan, a company of soldiers "was dis

patched from Cobb to the seat of war. It

was called the Kennesaw Rangers, and was annexed to

the Georgia Regiment of Volunteers, in command of

Colonel Henry R. Jackson, of Savannah. Its officers "were

as follows : Captain, A. Nelson; First Lieutenant, James

M. Dobbs; Second Lieutenant, W. J. Manahan; Ser

geants, J. H. Mehaffey, H. Trotter, Andrew B. Heed and

Joseph H. Winters; Corporals, S. M. Anderson, William

IX Neal, William D. Gray and William H. Craft. Ninety-

two members enrolled.

The Little

There stands in the Confederate Ceme-

Brass Cannon, tery, at Marietta, a little brass cannon,

concerning which there is a story of dra

matic interest. During the year 1852, the Georgia Mili

tary Institute, at Marietta, "was presented by the State

"with four six-pounder guns, made of brass, to be used in

the artillery drills. On the occasion of the inauguration

of Governor Herschel V. Johnson, at Milledgeville, in

1856, the cadets were present. They took with them

two of the guns, to be used in the inaugural ceremonies;

but while a cadet was loading One of them it fired prema

turely, mutilating an arm of the gunner. The disastrous

680 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
affair occurred on the Capitol grounds. Two years later
the cadets witnessed the induction into office of Governor Joseph E. Brown, on which occasion they ^gain took two of the guns with them; but fortunately tnis time there was no mishap.
When the Institute was closed, in 1864, by reason of the imminence of hostilities, due to the approach of Gen eral Sherman, a battalion of cadets was formed. As the boys, however, were armed "with Belgian rifles and were enlisted as infantrymen, they did not need the heavy guns. iSo the six-pounders were left on Ithe parade grounds at the Institute. At the close of the war they were not to be found in Marietta.
Judge Robert L. Eodgers is of the opinion that they
were brought to Atlanta, in the wake of Johnston's army,
and that in the battles around the beleaguered citadel of
the Confederacy, the guns fell into the hands of the Fed
erals. At any rate, they "were captured by the enemy, whether at one place or at another.
Years elapsed "without bringing any "word in regard to the missing guns. Finally, in 1909, Governor Joseph M. Brown, who "was then in office, was notified by the War Department at Washington that in the arsenal at Watervliet, N. Y., there "was a little brass cannon having on it the inscription: "Georgia Military Institute, 1851." At the same time it was stated that the trophy of war could be purchased for the sum of $150. In proportion to the sentimental value of the old relic, the amount was nominal1. But Governor Brown was not authorized to pay the money out of the treasury of the State. More over, thei ex-cadets were scattered throughout the Union--the few who still survived the flight of fifty years. So the Governor referred the matter to the La dies' Memorial Association, at Marietta. These patri otic women immediately went to "work. They enlisted the co-operation of Senators Bacon and Clay and of Con gressman Gordon Lee, the latter of whom represented the district. Together, they induced the Government to

donate the cannon to the Ladies' Memorial Association, of Marietta. It was a generous act on the part of the Federal authorities, especially in view of the partisan role which such an engine of war is supposed to have played, hut the cannon was never fired by the cadets against the United States flag.
Soon after the matter was thus happily settled the cannon arrived. In due time it "was installed upon a pedestal of granite and placed in the Confederate Ceme tery, at Marietta, within sight of Kennesaw Mountain, to guard the heroic dust "which here sleeps. On April 26, 1910, it was formally unveiled with impressive cere monies. Judge Robert L. Rodgers, of Atlanta, welcomed the little cannon back home in an eloquent speech, while the veil "was drawn by Miss Annie Coryell, th,e charming little granddaughter of Colonel James W. Robertson, the first commandant of the Institute. There "were a number of the old cadets present, besides a host of distinguished visitors, including his excellency, Governor Joseph M. Brown. The site of the famous old school is in the imme diate neighborhood of the spot "where the little cannon keeps vigil.

Kennesaw Mountain.

Volume I, Pages 208-211.

Cheatham's Hill: On June 27, 1914--fifty years after the

The Illinois

battle of Kennesaw Mountain--a su-

Monument.

perb monument of Georgia marble was

formally imveiled by the State of Illinois,

at Cheatham's Hill, a part of the historic battle ground,

near Marietta. 'Governor E. F. Dunne, representing the

State of Illinois, accompanied by a special delegation

from, the General Assembly of his State, and Governor

John M. Slaton, representing the State of Georgia, with

a special committee from the Georgia House and Senate,

took part in the impressive exercises. One of the features

of the day was a basket-dinner served by two of Mari-

682 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AKD LEGKNDS
etta's patariotie organizations: Kennesaw Chapter, U. T). C., and Fielding Lewis Chapter, I). A. B. The monument is built of silver gray Georgia marble, twenty-six feet in height and nineteen feet wide at the base. It carries a bronze statue of a soldier, seven feet in height, inter posed between two allegorical figures, and the total cost of the structure was $20,000, which amount was appropri ated by the Legislature of Illinois. Miss Sara Sadely, eleven years old, of Anderson, Ind., a little granddaugh ter of W. A. Payton, of Danville, 111., the supervising architect, who constructed the monument, drew the cord which unloosed the veil from the handsome structure. Both of the chief executives delivered eloquent speeches, full of the spirit of reconciliation. Governor Dunne, in a beautiful word picture, paid tribute to the soldiers of the two great armies who here struggled for mastery; to the followers of Johnston, as well as to the men under Sherinan; and he closed his splendid address by quoting the following stanza from Finch's great poem:
"Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day;
Love and tears for the Blue, Tears aud love for the Gray."

Lieutenant Brumby During the war with Spain, in 1898,

Raises the American it was reserved for an American

Flag at Manila.

sailor, whose boyhood was spent in

Marietta, to achieve signal distinc

tion. This was Lieutenant Thomas M. Brumby, whose

father, Colonel A. V. Brumby, was the first superinten

dent of the Georgia Military Institute at Marietta, a sol

dier who followed the Stars and Bars, and a gentleman

who "was universally esteemed. '' Tom'' Brumby was a

lieutenant on board the famous "Olympia," the flagship

of Admiral Dewey. He is credited by one of the war

correspondents, Mr. E. W. Harden, of the Chicago Tri

bune, with having suggested the plan of the battle, and

since the Spanish fleet was completely annihilated by this exploit, "while not an American boat "was injured nor an American sailor killed, it is no slight honor to have planned such an engagement. However, there are other things to the credit of this gallant officer "which cannot be questioned. It devolved upon him to hoist the American flag over the surrendered citadel, an act which not only announced the formal occupation of the Philip pine Islands by the United States government, but also proclaimed a radical change of national policy, which, reversing the precedents of one hundred years, elected to keep the American flag afloat upon^tbe land-breezes of the Orient.
Returning home, some few weeks later, Lieutenant Brumby was the hero of the hour in Georgia. The most enthusiastic demonstration was planned in honor of the brave officer; and on the Capitol grounds, in Atlanta, before an audience which numbered thousands of people he was awarded an elegant sword. Hon. Clark Howell, President of the State Senate, introduced Governor Alien D. Candler, who, in turn, made the speech of pre sentation. Sea-fighter though he was, Tom Brumby faced the great concourse of people like an embarrassed school girl. He felt more at home "when riding over the perilous torpedoes, but be managed to stammer his sim ple thanks and to tell the audience that he merely did his duty as a sailor. Unobserved by many in the vast throng, whose eyes were riveted upon the hero, there quietly sat in the background an old lady, who was bent with the weight of fourscore years. It was Torn Brum by's mother. Thus was the master touch added to a scene which lacked none of the elements of impressiveness. But the irony of fate was there, too; for ere many weeks had softened the echoes of applause, the brave lieutenant was dead. The spectacle presented on the grounds of Georgia's State Capitol was only the first part of the hero's "Welcome Home-

684 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Boswell.

Volume II, Pages 2.1.5-222.

Dr. Francis R. Goulding.

Volume II, Pages 222-225.

The Grave of In the little burial-ground of the PresDr. Goulding. byterian Cemetery, at Roswell, lies the
dust of the famous author, -whose tale of "The Young Maroouers" has endeared him to the heart of childhood in two hemispheres. The grave is unmarked by any towering- shaft. Only the simplest pieces of mar ble, one at the head and one at the foot--neither of them six inches above the ground--tell where the great author steeps. There is a peculiarity about the inscription which I have never witnessed in any other burial-place of the dead. It consists of his name alone; but scant as the epitaph is, it is divided between the two stones. The one at the head spells "Rev. Francis E." The one at the foot reads "Goulding." Unless the visitor is guided to the spot by the caretaker of the little grave-yard, lie is apt to miss it, so dwarfed are the simple markers be side the splendid piles "which rise in the immediate neigh borhood. Perhaps the lowly grave is in keeping with the modest life which Dr. Goulding lived. He was only an liumble shepherd of Zion, whose duty it was to feed the lambs of the Master. He preached in obscure places. He walked in wayside paths. But the -whole -world today is filled with the fame of Dr. Goulding. The author of '' The Y'eung Marooners'' is one of the immortals; and if the children whose fancies he has charmed could only build him a monument by each contributing a mite it would overtop the tallest pine at Roswell.

The Tomb of It was the wish, of Boswell King to be Boswell King-, buried near the factory which he built
in the little town which bears bis name. Consequently, when the old pioneer died he was laid to

COBB

685

rest on a liill overlooking the busy theatre of his labors. Perhaps he imagined that the whir of the spindles might lull him to peaceful dreams. At any rate, his dying request "was fulfilled; and on the spot "where he was bur ied a monument of massive proportions was afterwards reared. It bears the following inscription:
'' In memory of Roswell King, born at Windsor, Conn., May 3, 1765, and died at Boswell, Cobb County, Ga., February 15, 1844. Aged 78 years, 9 months, and 12 days. He was the founder of the village which bears his
name, etc. J '

Though somewhat soiled by the touch of time the
shaft is -well preserved. The interment of Boswell King at this place caused a grave-yard for public use to be
opened on the hill, and today it goes by the name of the "Old Presbyterian Cemetery," others more recent hav ing superceded this pioneer burial-ground. Barrington King, who succeeded his father as president of the fac
tory, sleeps in the "New Presbyterian Cemetery," not far removed from D'r. Goulding, where his grave is hand somely marked. There is still another cemetery in Eos-
well, which is owned by the Methodists; and in view of the fact that the population of the little town has rarely exceeded one thousand inhabitants it has been lavishly
supplied with facilities for leaving the world.

Where an Kx-Presi- Less than fifty feet distant from the

dent's Grand-

tomb of Eoswell King is the grave of

father Sleeps.

Major James S. Bulloch, the grand

father of ex-President Theodore

Eoosevelt. It is marked by a slab somewhat dingy with

age, on which, however, the lettering is quite distinct.

The inscription reads:

"James S. Bulloeh. Died in Roswell, February 18, 1849, in the 56th. year of his age. There are no partings in heaven.''

686 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Major Bullock was an exceedingly devout man. He was superintendent of the little Presbyterian Sundayschool at Roswell, and one day, when indent upon his duties in this capacity, he was stricken with paralysis and summoned from his useful work to his crown ofreward.
COFFEE
Douglas. Coffee County was organized in 1854 out of four other counties: Clinch, ^Vare, Telfair
and Irwin, and was named in honor of General John Coffee, a distinguished soldier and civilian of this State. The place selected as a county-seat was called Douglas, in honor of the noted Stephen A. Douglas, styled the "Little Giant." For years the growth of the town was slow; hut, "with the coming of railway facilities, it has forged rapidly to the front. Douglas was chartered as a town in 1895 and as a city in 1897.

COLQUITT

Recollections of

Major Stephen F. Miller, in his

Walter T. Colquitt. Bench and Bar of Georgia, speaking

of Walter T. Colquitt, says :

"It made DO difference how many speakers of rjote were assembled on the platform at a mass-meeting, whether from other States or from Geor gia, whether ex-Governors or ex-members of the Cabinet, he towered above them all in energy of declamation and in power to sway the multitude. His was an eye which could look any nian or any peril in the face, without blanching-, as an eagle is said to gaze upon the sun.
'' Judge Colquitt imitated no model. He grasped the hand of a poor man as' cordially and treated him with as much respect as if he had been the richest in the land; and if his attentions to either varied, it was only to show more kindness to the humble, to ward off any appearance of neglect. As an advocate, he stood alone in Georgia, perhaps in the whole South. Nc man could equal him in brilliancy and vigor where the passions of the

COLQUITT

687

jury were to be led. In criminal eases, where life or liberty was at stake, he swept everything before him. ]Sfo heart could resis't his appeals, no eye withhold its tears, on such occasions. He has IIP en known to get down upon his knees and to implore j \irors by name to save the husband, the father, the son; not to break anxious hearts at home, not to stamp disgrace upon innocent kindred. At other times he would go up to certain members' of thei'jury and address them: 'My Baptist brother,' 'My Methodist brother,' * My young brother,' ' My venerable brother,' applying suitable expressions to each one as the facts might authorize, and, with a look and a prayer to heaven, which impressed the greatest awe, would stir thd soul to its very depths. Many examples of the kind might be given, as' the author has been informed by eye-witnesses: he never heard Judge Colqtiitt make a speech in court, but has heard him in other places. It is said that he rarely failed to obtain verdicts in favor of his clients when the occasion called forth his energies. Delivery, gesticulation, pathos, ridicule, scorn, mimicry, anecdote, the tone of his' voice, the motion of his features--all acted a part, all assisted in the incantation. No wizard could have been more potent in exercising his charms. In all this exhibition there was much to offend particular schools of acting; but it was nothing more than holding a mirror up to nature--nature in a tempest.
''Nor was Judge Colquitt at a loss for other methods. He could be as gentle as a zephyr when it suited his' purpose, when there were pictures of bereavement or sorrow to press home to the jury. Then 'the sweet, plaintive tones of liis voice, the melting sadness of the heart, and the glistening pearldrops from the eye, would dissolve all opposition. Tie wo\ild take a poor, fainting mortal in his arms, and softly as an angel he would lay him clown to repose amid the flowers of Eden.' '*

Moultrie.

Volume I.

The Colquitt

Judge Walter T. Colquitt was three times married/

Familv Record.

II*S nrst wif> whom he married ^February 23, 1823,

was ISTancy H. Lane, daughter of Joseph !Lane,

Esq., for many years a Representative in the Legislature from Newton.

Six children were the result of this union, four of them reaching mature

years. Alfred H. Colquitt became a Major-General in the Confederate

Army, Governor of the State, and United States Senator from Georgia, fill

ing the chair once occupied by his' distinguished father in the upper na

tional arena. Peyton H. Colquitt became a Colonel in the Confederate

Army and was killed at the head of his regiment in the battle of Chicka-

mauga. Emma married Samuel M. Carter, son of Colonel Parish Carter,

*Stephen F. Miller, in Bench and Bar of Georgia, Vol. I.

688 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
and himself an eminent planter; while another daughter married Hon. O. E. Fit-klin, of Illinois, at the time a Representative in Congress.
The second marriage of Judge Colqnitt was in 1841 to Mrs. Alphia B. I^auntleroy, formerly Miss Todd, sister of the late H.r . Todd, Esq., of West Point, and aunt of Dr. J. Scott Todd, of Atlanta. She lived only a few months.
Judge Colquitt was united in marriage the third time to Harriet M. Boss, daughter of Luke Boss, and sister of the late well-known merchants J. B. and W. A. Koss, of Mac-on. l'\mr children were born of this uniozt, among them Hugh Haralson Oolqnitt.
The father of Judge Colquitt was Henry Colquitt, a native of Vir ginia, who emigranted to Georgia and settled in Wilkes. His mother was Nancy Holt. "Related to him, on the maternal aide, were Judge William W. Holt, of Augusta; Judge Thaddeus G. and General William S. Holt, of Miieon; Hon. Hines Holt, of Columbus, and Mrs'. Judge 1ST. L. Hutehins, of Lawrem-oville. mother of the late Judge Hutchins. After the death of her first husband, the widow Colquitt married the father of the late General Hartwell H. Tarver, of Twig-gs.

The Colquitts: A During" the memorial' exercises, held in

Parellelism.

the United States Senate Chamber, on

January 8, 1895, in honor of Alfred

II. Colquitt, United States Senator from Georgia, Gen

eral John B. Gordon, his colleague and life-long friend,

delivered an address, in the course of which he drew the

following comparison between the two Colquitts, both of

whom became United States Senators. Said he:

"Walter T. Colquitt--the father--was one of the most brilliant Geor gians of his day. He filled many positions of responsibility and trust, and . illustrated them all. As an advocate before a jury he had no s'uperior and few peers. As a lawyer or political debater there was scarcely a limit to his mental activity, to his capacity for grasping facts analyzing arguments, and forcing his convictions upon others. In the court-house, legal techni calities and even venerated precedents went down before his fiery eloquence, the impetuosity of his assaults, arid the blighting effects of his' withering sarcasm. His form and face, eye and voice, all reflected the action of his brain and the rapture of his spirit; and when greatly aroused there was not an emotion or passion or sensibility that he did not touch and master. He was preacher, judge, general of militia, member of the House of Repre sentatives, and Senator. The versatility of his' genius and the power of his endurance, both physical and mental, were almost phenomenal. It is a tra dition of his early career that he united a couple in marriage, drilled his

COLUMBIA

689

brigade of militia, tried a man for his life, sentenced him to be hung, and preached a great sermon, all on the same day.
"Alfred H. Colquitt, my long-cherished friend and recent associate in this Chamber, whose death we mourn, was the eldest Son of this remarkable man. The two, father and son, possessed traits and characteristics in com mon; but in many particulars they widely differed. Both were possessed of the keenest insight into human nature. Both were emphatically men of the people. Both had in them the martial instinct and the spirit of com mand. Both were members of the House of Representatives and of the Senate. Both were devoted and prominent communicants of the Methodist Church; and both were accustomed, while engaged in other avocations, to minister at its altars and teach from its pulpits.
"These two distinguished men differed widely, however, in the method and manner of presenting truth, whether from rostrum, hustings, or pul pit. The elder a.s a public speaker was fervid, lucid, rapid, impetuous. The younger Colquitt was perhaps less emotional, biit more logical; less passionate, "but more persuasive. The elder was more the natural orator than his gifted s'on, with a more intense nature and electric style. He was greatest when confronting a multitude differing from him in opinion. On such occasions he was almost matchless. When in the whirlwind of political debate, his words came in a tempest of invective against supposed personal wrongs or injustice to his party and people. The younger Colquitt excelled, however, in. the more orderly and logical, if not more forceful presentation of his arguments and convictions, in pathos and persuasive power, and in the enduring .hold upon the hearts and control over the actions of men.
It is no exaggeration to say of him, Mr. President, that few men with a career so long and brilliant have lived a life so pure and blameless, and left a legacy so rich and inspiring to the young men of the country. He died as ho had livel, beloved by his people anl accepted of God. In the "bos'om of his native State we have laid him, and on his chosen hillside, where the music of Oemulgee's waters and the weird songs of the pines will chant above him their everlasting anthem of praise and benediction."

COLUMBIA

Old Kiokee: Daniel On the first day of January, 1771,

Marshall's Arrest. Daniel Marshall, an ordained Bap

While Planting the tist minister, sixty-five years of age,

Baptist Stand

moved from Horse Creek, S. C., and

ard in Georgia.

settled "with his family on Kiokee

Creek, abovit twenty miles north

west of Augusta. He had been residing for some time in

South Carolina, "where he had organized two churches,

690 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGEXDS

and while living at Horse Creek had made frequent evan

gelistic tours into Georgia, preaching with wonderful

fervor in houses and groves.

*

"We will gaze upon him as he conducts religious serv

ices. The scene is in a sylvan grove, and Daniel Mar

shall is on his knees, engaged in prayer. While he be

seeches the Throne of Grace, a hand is laid upon his

shoulder, and. he hears a voice say:

' ' ' You are my prisoner! ' "Rising to his feet, the earnest-minded man of God finds himself con fronted by an officer of the law. He is astonished at being arrested under such circumstances, for preaching the gospel in. the Parish of St. Paul;
but he has violated the legislative enactment of 1758, which established religious worship in the colony according' to the rites and ceremoneis of the Church of England. He is made to give security for his appearance in Augusta on the folio wing Monday, and is then allowed to continue the services. But to the surprise of every one present, the indigation which swells the bosom of Mr. Marshall finds vent through the lips of his wife, who has witnessed the whole scene. With the solemnity of the prophets of old, she denounces the law under which her husband has been appre hended, and to sustain her position she quotes many passages from the Holy
Scriptures, with a force which carries' conviction. "One of the most interested listeners to her exposition was the con
stable, Mr. Samuel Cartledge, who was so deeply convinced by the inspired words of exhortation which fell from her lips that Ms conversion was the result; and, in 1777, he was baptized by the very man whom he then held
under arrest. After the interruption eaus'ed by the incident above de scribed, Mr. Marshall preached a sermon of great power, and before the meeting was over he baptized, in the neighboring creek, two converts, who proved to be relatives of the very man who stood security for his appear ance at court. On the day appointed Mr. Marshall went to Augusta, and after standing a trial wTas ordered to desist; but he boldly replied in the
language of the Apostles, spoken under similar circumstances:
' ' ' Whether it be right to obey God or man, judge ye.' "It is interesting to note that the magistrate who triad him, Colonel Barnard, was also afterwards converted. Though never immersed, he was strongly tinctured with Baptist doctrines, and often exhorted sinners to
flee from the wrath to come. He lived and died in the Church of England. Following this dramatic episode, Mr. Marshall does' not seem to have met
with further trouble; but the outbreak of the Revolution soon suspended
religious activities.' '

COLUMBIA

691

"D'aniel M'arshall was burn at Windsor, Conn., in 1706, of Presbyterian parents. He was a man of great natural ardor and holy zeal. .For three years be buried himself in the wilderness and preached to the Mohawk Indians near the head waters of the .Snsquehanna Uiver. War among the savage tribes led him to remove ultimately to Virginia, where he became a convert to Baptist views. Tie was immersed at the age of forty-eight, his wife submitting to the ordinance at the same time; and then, after preaching for several years in the two Carolines, he eame to Georgia, settling on Kiokee Creek at the time above mentioned.
'' Though neither learned nor eloquent, he possessed the rugged strength of mind which fitted him for pioneer work, and he knew the Scriptures, i'rom his headquarters on Kiokee Creek he went forth preaching the Gospel with great power. By uniting those whom he had baptized in the neighbor hood, with other Baptists who lived on both sides of the Savannah River, he formed and organized Kiokee Baptist Church, in the spring of 1722; and this was the first Baptist Church ever constituted within the limits of Georgia.
1 ' The Act incorporating the Kiokee Baptist Church was signed by _Kdward Telfair, Governor; Seaboard Jones, Speaker of the House, a7id Nathan Brownson, President of the Senate, it is dated December 23, 1739, seven teen years subsequent to the actual time of organization. The first meet ing house was built where the town of Appling now stands. Daniel iiarshall became the pastor. He served in this capacity until Xovember 2, 1784, when he died in his seventy-eighth year. Abraham Marshall, his son, continued his work.
( ' When this pioneer minister moved into the State, he was the only ordained Baptist clergyman within its bounds; but he lived to preside at the organization of the Georgia Association, in the fall of 1784, when there were half a dozen churches in the State, hundreds of converts, and quite a number of preachers. His grave lies a few rods' south of Appling Court House, on the side of the road leading to Augusta. He sleeps neither forgotten nor unsung, for every child in the neighborhood can lead the stranger to Daniel Marshall's grave."*

On December 23', 3789, the pioneer Baptist church in Georgia 'was incorporated by an Act of the ^Legislature, under the name of the ''Anabaptist Church on the Kioka," with the following trustees: Abraham Marshall, "William Willing-ham, Edmond Cartledge, John Lenders, James Simms, Joseph Bay and Lewis Gardner.*

piled by the Christian Inde:

692 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Peter Craw- Some time ago, while engaged in makingford 's Tomb, certain researches in Columbia County,
Prof. Alfred Akerman, oftthe State Uni versity, stumbled upon an old burial-groimd, almost com pletely overrun by weeds and briars. Even the inscrip tions upon the tombs were so blurred that he could hardly decipher them; but he finally manag'ed to trace the let ters. One of these tombs contained the following- epi taph:
In memory of PETER CRAWFORD, a native of Vir ginia. He became early in life a citizen of Georgia. Highly gifted mentally and physically, he closed a long life of distinguished usefulness. As clerk of the Supe rior Court and Senator of the County in the Legislature of the State, during nearly the whole period of his man hood, these records attest the value of his services. Under a sense of right he was inflexible. His social virtues were marked "by an expansive hospitality and benevolence. The widow and the orphan gratefully bestowed on him the honorable title: Their Friend. Born February 7, 1765. I>ied October 16, 1830. My father.
Peter Crawford was a power in Georgia politics. For years he voted the "Whig ticket; and during the latter part of his life became involved in a controversy the out come of which was a duel fought between his son, Hon. George W. Crawford, and a talented young lawyer of Appling, Hon. Thomas E. Burnside. Gov. Crawford manfully espoused his father's side in this quarrel, since the latter was then an old man, and jeopardized his own life in order to avenge his father's honor. His filial de votion is further shown in the erection of this monu ment, for which he probably wrote the epitah. On a neighboring tomb, this record is inscribed, no doubt also from the pen of Governor Crawford:

CRAWFORD

693

In memory of MARY ANN, wife of PETER GBAWPORIX A cherished wife, she was the mother of a large family. For many years the survivor of her partner, she was the center and light of a large social circle. A Christion, she bestowed her charities with the gentleness of her sex. A woman, she was steadfast to her sterner duties. Her four-score years only weakened the tie which binds life to the body; all else was clear and calm. Born May 9, 1769. Pied January 22, 1852.

Pioneer Senators

During the early ante-bellum period of the

and Representatives. State J s history, Columbia was represented in

the General Assembly of Georgia by a brilliant

galaxy of men. Some of her pioneer Senators included: James O 'Neil,

Thomas Carr, John Foster, William Wilkins, Peter Crawf ord, Archer Avary,

Abner P. Robertson, .William B'. Tankersley and Thomas H. Dawson. On

tho list of Representatives we find: Walter Drane, James Simms, Benjamin

Williams, John Foster, Hugh Blair, John Hardin, Solomon Marshall, Will

iam B. Tankersley, Thomas Carr, Archer Avary, George Carey, Arthur

Foster, Thomas E. Btimside, Turner Clanton, Nathaniel F. Collins, Nathan

Crawford, Thomas N. Hamilton, John Cartledge, Moody Burt, and Robert

M. Gunby.*

Duels Foug-ht by the Crawfords.

"Volume II. Under the Code Duello.

CRAWFORD.
Fort Lawrence. This stronghold was built to protect the old Creek Indian Agency on the Flint
River, and was located on the east hank of the stream, occupying an eminence not far from where the Flint River is crossed by the main highway running- from Macon to Columbus. The last vestige of the ancient fort has longsince disappeared; but it was probably a stockade fort built after the fashion common in pioneer days. If con structed by Col. Hawkins, who resided here for sixteen years as agent among the Creek Indians, it was probably
*See Vol. I of this ork, pp. 34-39.

694 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD IJEGEXDS
not unlike the defensive structure at Port Hawkins, a stronghold huilt under his immediate supervision.

Survivor of Goliad Few of Fannin 's men escaped the

Massacre.

brutal massacre at Goliad, in the war

for Texan independence, in 1836, but

one of these was a former resident of Crawford: Mr.

John T. Spillers. Surviving the frightful holocaust, Mr.

Spillers returned to his old home in Georgia, "where his

last days were spent. He probably joined the company

organized in Macou by Colonel William A. Ward. This

company passed through Knoxville, Ga., en route to Tex

as, where it was annexed to Fannin's command. "While

passing through Knoxville, a flag of "white silk bearing' a

lone star of bine was presented to the company by Miss

Joanna E. Troutman--afterwards Mrs. Vinsoii--who de

signed "with her own hands this unique and beautiful em

blem, which afterwards received adoption as the national

flag of Texas.* During the year 1913, the body of Mrs.

Vinsoii was exhumed from its former resting place at

Knoxville and re-interred with official honors in the State

cemetery at Austin, Texas.

Most of the gallant men to whose keeping1 this his

toric flag was entrusted by its fair designer, met an igno

minious death at the hands of the treacherous Mexicans;

but Mr. Spiller escaped. How he managed to do so is

explained in an affidavit given to his attorney, Mr. Wil

liam I. Walker, of Crawford, in 1874, when the latter was

seeking to obtain for him a pension from the State of

Texas.

Mr. Spillers was at this time quite an old man, as

nearly forty years had elapsed since the Goliad massacre ;

and he was probably also in reduced circumstances. The

old soldier states in this affidavit that he is entitled to a

*r>oeuments in the possession of Mrs. E. T. Kcttingbani, of ThomiiRLcn.

CRAWFORD

695

pension "by reason of his having' served as a volunteer in the army of Texas, under Colonel Fannin, in the Texas revolutions, in the years 1835 and 1836, having escaped the massacre of Fannin's command by reason of beingkept a prisoner and laborer by the Mexicans.' '* Mr. Wal ker believed implicitly in the justice of the old soldier's claim, to secure "which he made a special trip to Texas, bearing a letter of introduction, from Governor James M. Smith.

Anecdote of Mr. Crawford's School-Days.

Joseph Beckham Cobb narrates the following' incident of Mr. Crawford 's school-days at Mount Oarniel:

"It was determined by himself and some of the elder school boys to enliven the annual public examinations by representing a play. They se lected Addison 's Cato; and, in forming the east of characters., that of the Roman Senator -was of course, assigned to the usher. Crawford was a man of extraordinary height and large limbs, and was always ungraceful and awkward, besides being constitutionally unfitted, nn every way, to act any character but his own. However, he cheerfully consented to play Cato. It was a matter of great sport, even during rehearsal as his com panions' beheld the huge, unsightly usher, with giant strides and stentorian tones, go through with, the representation of the stern, precise old Roman. But, on the night of the exhibition, an accident, eminently characteristic of the counterfeit Cato, occurred, which effectually broke up the denoument of the tragedy. Crawford had conducted the Senate scene with tolerable success', though rather boisterously for so solemn an occasion, and had even managed to struggle through with the apostrophe to the soul; but, when the dying scene behind the curtain came to be acted, Cato's groan of agony was1 "bellowed out with such hearty good earnest as totally to scare away the tragic muse, and set prompter, players and audience in a general, unrestrained fit of laughter. This was, we believe, the future statesman's first and last theatrical attempt."*

Knoxville. Four counties of Georgia were organized by an act approved December 23, 1822, viz.,
DeKalb, Bibb, Pike and Crawford; and, for the last
*Joseph Beckliam Cobb, in T-eis-

696 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
named of these counties, the site of public buildings was fixed at a convenient place called Knoxville> in honor of Gen. Henry Knox, of the Revolution. The4own was in corporated on December 24, 1825, with the following pio neer residents named as commissioners: John Harvey, John Vance, Prank Williamson, Jesse Stone, Martin T. Ellis. 1 At the same time a charter was granted to the Knoxville Academy, "with Messrs. James Lloyd, Coleman M. Roberts, Edward Barker, Levi Stanford, and Wm. Lockett as trustees. 2 Miss Joanna B. Troutman, who designed the Lone Star flag of Texas, 'was a resident of Knoxville, where she was living when the war for Texan independence began in 1836.

Bullsboro.

COWETA. Volume 1. pp. 484-486.

Newnan. Newaan, the county-seat of Coweta Covmty, has already been treated at some length in the
former volume of this work, as the successor of old Bulls boro, a town out of which it grew, and the site of which is today marked by an old pecan tree which stands some two miles to the north-east of the present court-house. During the past few years the growth of Newnan has been marked. Its cotton mills employ an army of operatives and produce annually an enormous output of the best fab rics. As a commercial center, with fine railway facilities, the town supplies an extensive trade, while the sur rounding- country is rich in agricultural products. There is a briskness, a vim, and a stir about the city of Newnan, an evidence of thrift on its streets and in its market places, the like of which can be found in few communities of its size; and with the impetus acquired from its re-
1 Acts, 1825, p. 183. 2 Acts, 1825, p. 9.

COWBTA

697

cent growth, it "will eventually become one of the largest towns of the State. Its per capita of wealth is already considerably above the average. Many of its homes are palatial; its schools afford the very best educational ad vantages ; and its local affairs are controlled by men of intelligence, of character, and of enthusiasm for the pub lic weal. Long before the war it was widely known as a seat of learning on account of the prestige of its noted Temple College. Some of Georgia's best families have long been identified with Newnan, such as the Dents, the Berrys, the Bigbys, the Norths, the Piusons,- the Kirbys, the Halls, the ^Vrights, the Thompsons, the McLendons, the M&Kinleys, the Calhouns, the Hills, the Bays, the Caldwells, the Coles, the Hardaways, the Nimmonses, the Orrs, the Robinsons, and the Powells. From its profes sional and business ranks have come some of the most distinguished men of Georgia, such as Hon. ~W. B. "W. Dent, Judge Hugh Buchanan and Judge John S. Bigby, all of whom were members of Congress; Gov. Wm. Y. Atkinson, former Attorney-General, Hewlette A. Hall, Dr. A. B. Calhoun, "whose son, the renowned specialist, lately deceased, Dr. A. \V. Calhoun, spent his boyhood days in Newnan; Hon. Peter Francisco Smith, a distinguished le gal scholar, writer, and man of affairs ; Judge Dennis F. Hammond, Judge L. H. Featherstone, Jvidge Owen H. Kenan, Judge John D. Berry, Judge B. W. Freeman, Dr. James Stacy, for more than forty years pastor of the Presbyterian church, a scholar and a historian; Prof. M. P. Kellogg, a noted educator; Carlisle McKinley, a gifted poet and journalist; Hon. Ezekiel MeKinley; Hon. J. J. McClendon, and a host of others.

Oak Hill.

Historic Church-vards and Burial-Grounds.

College Temple. One of the most noted institutions of learning in Georgia during the last half of the Nineteenth Cen.
tury was '' College Temple,'' at Newnan, a college for women, and the first

698 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
to grant the higher degree, for in a printed address "by the president, Prof. Kellogg, given on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the school he refers to "that maiden commencement (in 1855). when the degree--Magistra in Artibus (M. A.)--was conferred the -first time by a imale college in America.''
The college was the life work of Prof. Moses Payson Kellogg, the sole proprietor and president. Prof. Kellogg was born in Kiehford, Vt., on May 19th, 1823. He graduated at the University of "Vermont, at Bur lington, and came to Georgia about 1843. His first school was' at Rock Springs Academy, in Coweta County; and his success there attracted the attention of the trustees of the ISTewnan Academy, who invited him to take charge of that institution. This he did in 1849.
Prof. Kellogg was a very scholarly man, splendidly educated, with a wonderful amount of executive ability. He kept fully abreast of the times and introduced into his school many useful aids for imparting knowledge. When teaching at the academy he had a telegraph instrument with wires encircling the building, and brought to the town a daguerreotype artist with his newly invented instrument.
In December, 1851, Miss Harriet Eobie Baker came from Weare, jST. H., where she was born, August 14th, 1825, to teach at the Academy under Prof. Kellogg. They were married the following August 4th. Throughout, his wife was his counsellor and chief assistant, always at his side.
Prof. Kellogg believed thoroughly in the higher education of girls as an important factor toward improving the men of the future, and he con ceived the idea of founding in Newnan, a college for women only. This he located on a plot of ground on the east side of the present Temple Av enue between Clark and College Streets. The corner stone of the first building of "College Temple" was laid on May 19th, 1852, and the first term of the s'chool was opened on Sept. 7th, 1853. The college was chartered by an act of the State Legislature on Feb. llth, 1854, and the first grad uating class of eight girls received their M. A. degree in June, 1855.
The school buildings were three in number, all of attractive architecture, designed by Prof. Kellogg. These were located on extensive grounds laid out in artistic style with long hedges and walks, and groups of trees and shrubs'. The dormitory was a large square three-story building, entirely surrounded by an upper and lower veranda. The main building, known as Arcade Hall, contained a large auditorium, school assembly hall, class rooms and library. This library was one of the interesting features of the school and held several hundred volumes of reference books, classics and high class fiction, besides numerous globes, charts, astronomical and geo metrical maps and maps on physical geography. Many specimens of gold and other minerals' were used in the study of mineralogy. The third build ing, the Laboratory, was well equipped with instruments for experiments in chemistry, electricity and physics.
The "Fly Leaf," the school paper, made its first appearance in 1855, and continued many years. It was edited by the senior class, and after the

CRISP

699

first few years, set up and printed by them at the college. The school con tained a primary- and a collegiate department, with a large corps of teachers. In the collegiate department besides Greek and Latin, the Ger man, French and Italian languages were taught.
Important to note is the fact that this was the first school for girls in the state to teach industrial work, typography and telegraphy having been taught almost from the beginning. Cooking and sewing were taught also at this period, but left to the choice of the pupil. The students came from Georgia and the surrounding states, and a few from jSTew England and the "West. No pupil was turned away for lack of money, and hundreds of girls were educated free "by this good man. In these Prof. Kellogg took great pride. The annual commencements lasted several days, and attracted large crowds'.
In 1864 the school session was discontinued for several months, and the 7 buildings occupied by hospitals for wounded and siek Confederate sol diers. The senior class was, however, graduated that year as' usual. The school continued without other interruption until the last class received its diplomas in June, 1889.
Owing to Prof. Kellogg >s advanced age and the establishment of the public school system in ISTewnan in 1888, the college was discontinued. All the buildings were destroyed in 1904. except the Laboratory, which was made into a dwelling. There is a large marble shaft in the Newnan cem etery erected to Prof. Kellogg by his loving pupils, which recalls the past of this noble institution, and the work of this good man.'

CEISP.
Fort Early. Some twelve miles to the south of the pres ent town of Corclele was located a strong
hold "which, in pioneer days, played an important part in defending our exposed frontier : Fort Early. It was named for a distinguished Governor of this State who oc cupied the executive chair when the fort, was built during1 the war of 1832. It was constructed by Gen. David Blackshear, a noted Indian fighter, and afterwards used by Gen. E. P. Gaines and Gen. Andrew Jackson. As to the character of the fort, little is known, but it was probably a stockade fort like Port Hawkins, designed especially for Indian warfare on the border. Between Fort Early
"Authority: Miss Ruby Felder Ray, State Editor, D. A. K. Atlanta, Ga

700 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS
and Cordele runs a little branch known as Cedar Creek, "where the la.st attack made by the Creek Indians upon the whites in this section of Georgia was kiccessfully repelled, on January 22, 1818. Two gallant American soldiers, Capt. Leigh, and a private, Samuel Loftis, per ished at this place while trying to find a safe passage across the swollen stream for a portion of Jackson's army. They were shot by the savages from ambush.

Cordele.

Vol. I. pp. 499-501.

BADE.
Trenton. On December 25, 1837, an Act was approved by Gov. George !R. Gilmer, creating the county
of Dade ont of lands formerly included in Walker. The place chosen as a county-site was first called Salem. But there were a number of localities throughout the State, including not a few old churches and camp-grounds, which bore this name. Consequently, in 1840, it was changed to Trenton. 1 On .February 18, 1854, the town was incorpor ated "with the following named commissioners: James M. Hill, Robert L. Hawkins, Horace Lindsay, Wm. C. Shanock, and Manoes Morgan. 2
1 Acts, 1S40, p. 36. 2 Acts, 1854, p. 251.

*

DAWSON

(01

DAWSON

Dawsonville. Dawson County was formed from Lumpkin,
in 1858, and named for the distinguished Win. C. Dawson, a United States Senator from Georgia, then lately deceased. The site chosen for public building's was called Dawsonville; and, on Dec. 10, 1859, the town was incorporated with the following- named commis sioners: Dr. John Hockinhull, J. M. Bishop, Lawson Hope, Samuel 0. .Johnson, and "Win. Barrett.*

Recollections of

In a letter to Major Stephen F. Mil-

William C. Dawson. ler, Judge Dawson's son, Edgar G.

Dawson, writes thus concerning the

distinguished statesman and jurist:

"I see that the Masonic Fraternity is' preparing- to raise a monument to his memory arid to establish a 'Dawson Professorship' in the Masonic Fe
male College.
* * My father was very liberal in his donations to such institutions. He was always active in the cause of education. As you are aware, he was eminently social--remarkably fond of the chase--always kept a fine pack o? fox-hounds, the fleetest in the country, for he spared no expense in procuring them. He was the best horseman I ever saw, surpassing all his companions in his' exploits upon the field. I have frequently seen him from day-break until night in the chase of the red fox, and then return home and work in his office until twelve or one o 'clock. I think he was one of the most industrious men I ever knew.
"He made companions of his children, and never failed to have them with him, when not inconvenient to do so--upon the circuit, at Washington, in his travels, on the plantation. He seemed delighted in the chase to see Ms sons' well mounted, contesting with him the palm of horsemanship, in leaping fences and ditches, and in keeping nearest the hounds in full pur suit through woods and fields.

** Just a few months prior to bis death he wrote me: * I shall return to the practice in the spring, and, having naught to draw my attention from
it, I shall expect to be pointed at by the people and to hear them say: ' There is a rising and promising young man who will soon make bis mark

Acts, 1859, p. 162.

702 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS^AND LEGENDS
at the bar.' He always contended that he was never over thirty years of age, and in fact, he was as able and active at fifty-eight as he was at thirty-eight. > '
DECATUR
Bainbridge. Tinder an Act, approved December 19, 1823, organizing the county of Decatur, the follow
ing named commissioners were chosen to select a countyseat to superintend the erection of public buildings there on, to-wit: Duncan Ray, "Win. Hawthorn, Philip Pittman, John Sanders, and Martin Hardin 1 The site chosen was a point of land overlooking the Flint River, within a mile of Fort Hughes. . It was called Bainbridge, in honor of the gallant naval officer, William Bainbridge,' who com manded the celebrated frigate "Constitution." The coun ty itself was named for the illustrious American Com modore Stephen Decatur. On December 22, 1829, the town was chartered with the following named commis sioners : Peter Cohen, Daniel Belcher, Jethro W. Kieth, Matthew R. Moore, and Jeremiah H. Taylor. 2 The old Decatur Academy was chartered on December 19, 1829, with Messrs. Alexander McGowan, "Win. Whiddon, John DeGraffenreid, "Wm. Williams, Wm. Powell, and Thomas King as trustees. 3 Tn 1840 a female seminary was char tered. Bainbridge is today one of the most important commercial centers of the State, with extensive railway and steamboat connections. It is also the center of a territory rich in agricultural resources. See Vol. 1. for additional facts in regard to Bainbridge.
'Acts, 1S23, p. 53. 3 Acts, 1829, p. 186. * Acts, 1829, p. 10.

Fort Hughes (Bainbridg-e).

DECATTJR

703 Volume 1. Page 504.

Fort Scott. This stronghold was built during one of the campaigns against the Seminole Indians
in Florida. It was located on the west hank of the Flint River, a stream, then called by the Indians "Thronateeska." The Fort was named for G-en. "Winfield Scott, a distinguished officer of the United States Army, under whose leadership the campaign was conducted. Nothing is known at this time concerning the character of the fort, which was probably little more than an earthwork, en closed by a stockade.

Distinguished Res idents of Decatnr.

Volume I. Pages 506-507.

AttapUlgTlS. Attapulgus, a town on the Southern & Florida line, in the lower part of the county, is one of the! oldest com
munities in Deeatur, founded some time in the eighteen -thirties. The Pleasant Grove Academy, located at this place, was chartered in 1836, "but three years later the name of the school was changed to the Attapulgus Academy, and at this' time the following trustees were chosen, to-wit. : Thomas, Hines, William Williams, Daniel T. Lane, John Durham, Asa Hiitehings and Hiram King.1 Five new trustees were added in 1841, as follows: James E. Martin, Edmond Smart, William Martin, Joshua Grant and Isaac M. Griffin.2 In 1849, John H. Gibsori:' Daniel McKinnis and Robert J. Smallwood were added to the board.3 On January 22, 1852, a charter was granted for .a female school, with the following named trus tees, to-wit. : James' Gibson, Andrew McElroy, Emery Lassiter, William Smith, Thomas E. Smith, Charles J. Munnerlyn. and John P. Dickinson, to* "be styled "Trustees of the Female Amademy of Attapulgus. "* The town was incorporated December 21, 1866, with Messrs. Emery Lasseter, George W. IDonalson., Thomas E. Smith, W. A. B. Lasseter and L. K. Peacock named as commissioners.
1 Acts, 1839, p. fi. 2 Acts, 1841, p. 10.
, 1S51-1852, p. 329.

704 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
DEKALJ3
Decatur. DeKalb County was organized te 1822 from Henry and Fayette counties and was named for
Jthe celebrated Baron DeKalb, of Revolutionary dis tinction. The county-site was called Decatur, for the famous American Commodore, Stephen De'catur, whose brilliant naval exploits were then still fresh in the public mind. Decatur was formally incorporated as a town, on December 10, 1823, with the following named commis sioners : Reuben Cone, Wm.% Morris, Wm. G-resham, James White, and Thos. A. Dobbs. 1 The DeKalb County Acad emy was chartered on December 18, 1825, but the charter was amended one year later, at which time the following trustees were named: Samuel T. Bailey, Zachariah Holloway, "Wm. Ezzard, Joseph Morris, Joseph D. Shoemate, Reuben Cone, James Blackstocks, Wm. Towns, Merrill Collier, Samuel Prewett, and James M. C. Montgomery. 2 Decatur is one of the strongest Presbyterian communi ties of the State, outside of the large cities. The church of this denomination here is the mother church of this section of Georgia.
Agnes Scott College, one of the most noted schools of the country for the education of young ladies, is lo cated here, under Presbyterian control. Decatur 'was the home of the famous poet and painter, DT. Thomas Holley Chivers. Hon. Charles Murphey and Hon. Mil ton A. Candler, both members of Congress, also lived in Decatur. This wideawake community has recently or ganized^ a Chamber of Commerce, whose enterprising ac tivities have been the wonder of the State resulting lo cally in a rapid increase in the town's volume of business, besides arousing the emulation of other communities.
1 Acts, 1S23, p. 169. 3 Acts, 1825, p. 5.

Stone Mountain.
Distinguished Eesidents of DeKalb.

DODGE

705 Pages 245-252. Vol. 1. pp. 512-514.

DODGE
Eastman. On October 26, 1870, an Act was approved cre ating the new county of Dodge out of lands
formerly included in three large counties of this section: Montgomery, Telfair and Pulaski. Under the terms of this same Act, the county seat was fixed at Eastman, oth erwise known as station number 13, on what was then the Macon and JSrunswick Railroad. 1 The town "was chartered in a separate Act approved on the day fol lowing, at which time Messrs. John L. Parker, David M. Buchan, J. J. Rozar, E. E. Lee, and John F. Livingston were named commissioners. 2 The county was named for William E. Dodge, of New York, a "wealthy merchant, whose lumber interests in this immediate section were extensive, in addition to large holdings on St. Simon's Island. The town was named for Mr. W. P. Eastman, a native of New England, who organized the Dodge Land Company, a syndicate largely instrumental in develop ing this part of Georgia. The present public school sys tem of the town was established in 1894. Eastman is the center of a rich agricultural section and is one of the most progressive trade centers in Georgia, possessing several stronr- banks, a number of solid business estab lishments, and iL^ny elegant homes.

The Eastman Riot. Eastman, the capital of Dodge County, in what is known as Middle South Georgia, has an un
usual record. Here a hanging occurred in 1882, in which four men and a woman suffered the penalty of death. This is believed to be the largest
'Acts, 1870, p. 18. 2 Acts, 1870, p. 1S6.

706 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND

number of people ever legally executed at the same time in any place in

fhe United States. The hanging was the culmination of what was known

as the Eastman Kiot, and to the credit of the town, although it was only

in its teens, the law was allowed to take its course, aAjJ Judge Lynch was

kept in the background. It is an interesting story and*c!eserves to go down

in history as one of the bloody chapters of the Black Belt.

On Sunday, August G, 1882 a big negro camp meeting began in East

man. The town at that time was only a small village. Fully three thou

sand negroes from the surrounding country came in on several special ex

cursion trains. Provisions were made for a few white people, and among

them was Jim Harwood, a boy about eighteen years old from Cochran, who

came to visit relatives. In Eastman at that time) there were nine drug

stores, most of them being places opened for the sale of -whiskey and

calling themselves drug stores to keep within the law. Into these places

many of the negroes, both men and women, went to nil up on fire-water,

and soon they had reached the danger line.

One negro stole a watch of another and was detected. lie was arrested

and taken in charge by two town marshals, A. P. Harrell and B. A. Buchan.

They started with him toward the calaboose, but he had been drinking

enough to make him obstreperous, and he began an. attack on the officers.

He succeeded in freeing himself and ran. Buchan, thinking to frighten

him, fired at him. The ball hit him just where his suspenders were crossed

in the back, and he fell dead.

Great ''excitement followed among the negroes, most of whom were

half drunk, and they gathered thems'clves into a howling mob not less

than a thousand strong, and pursued the officers, both of whom managed

to escape. As the mob turned a corner, young Harwood saw them coining,

and ran. Thinking he was one of the officers, the negroes, like a pack of

wolves, followed. He ran to the home of_ Jftg. T?pvsk\) S^rrell an/1 crawled

under the house. The family; was at r ,djnpe

the

'

and was1 not the&AlO BHisMffjf* him aside, they "broke into the house and
nate youth. They dragged him out. beating him with pistols. As they came out with him an old negro, who had been a slave of his father, forced his way through, the crowd, and throw ing his arms about the young -man 's neck, begged that his life be spared. He was beaten into insensibility, and then the boy was shot and beaten to death with pickets' snatched from the fence by the members of the blood thirsty mob. As Harwood was being dragged into the house, Ella Moore, a negro woman, ran up and made several desperate efforts to cut .his throat. The death of the boy seemed to arouse the negroes to a sense of their danger, and rushing to the trains they compelled the trainmen, at the point of revolvers, to pull out of town. Many of the negroes were left, and soon they were fleeing in all directions.

DOOLY

707

In about an hour fifty or more farmers, armed to the teeth, rode into Eastman. They were organized and began a systematic search for the rioters. The jail was soon filled with prisoners, and there was a strong sentiment to lynch the whole crowd. This was strengthened when it was learned that three people who had been sick had died from the shock they had sustained when they had heard of the riot. There were conservative men enough, in the town to let the law' take its course, and soon there were twenty-two prisoners in the jail, witli evidence enough against them to convict.
Many of them had been arrested on the testimony of reputable witnesses in the neighboring towns, who had heard them boasting of what they had done.
Five of the twenty-two, Simon O 'Gwin, Joe King, Bob Donaldson, Eed(Hck Powell and. Ella Moore, were tried "before Judge A. C. Pate, Tom Eason being the solicitor-general. They were convicted of murder, and all five of them dropped to death at the same moment in the court-house yard on the 20th of October, 1882. Seventeen of the others were found guilty, but recommended to merey, and were sent to the penitentiary for life. Many of the witnesses of the deeds of this dark and bloody Svinclay are still living at Eastman.*

DOOLY
Vienna. Tlie original county-seat of Dlooly "was a little town on the Flint River called Berrien. It was
selected, under an Act of 1823, by a board of live com missioners, to wit: Blassingame Pollet, "Win. Hilliard, Thomas E. Ward, Thomas Cobb, and Littleberry Richard son. 1 In 1833, the name of the town was changed from Berrien to Drayton, due presumably to a protest felt in this section against some of the unpopular views of Judge Berrien, who held that a United States Senator was not to be governed, on every question, by the wishes of his constitutents. 2 But the new county-site failed to give satisfaction. On December 23, 183*9, an Act was ap proved, appointing "Win. Smith, David Scarboro, Joel Dorsey, James Oliver, Thomas Cobb, and John Grumpier, to select a new site for public buildings. At the same time,
'Authority: Rev.. Alex. W. Bealer, of Eastman, Oa. 1 Acts, 1823, p. 190. 2 Acts, 1S33, p. 322.

708 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
provision was made to compensate the owners of prop erty in the town of Drayton. 1 Meanwhile, another town, named for Judge Berrien, seems to havejarisen: and, on December 11, 1841, an Act was approveaproviding- that, when a sufficient quantity of land was donated at Berrien, the new county-site should be located at said place; but there is nothing in the records to show that a removal was ever made.2 Finally, however, in the late forties, the county-seat was changed to Vienna; and, on February 18, 1854, the new county-seat was incorporated as a town with the following commissioners: Chas. H. Everett, Seth Kellum, Lemuel M. Lasseter, John Brown and Ste phen B. Stovall. 8 With two railway connections, Vienna is today quite a thriving center of trade; notwithstand ing1 its proximity to Cordele, a town whose growth has oeen phenomenal.
DOTJGHERTY
Albany. In Volume I, of this work, will be found a brief outline sketch, of Albany, to which it may be
added that, under an Act approved December 27, 1833, the following pioneer residents "were named town commis sioners : Herman Mercer, Samuel Clayton, Mordecai Al exander, Nelson Tift, and Jeptha C. Harris. In this same Act, Nelson Tift, Jeptha C. Harris, and Tomlinson Fort were given a permit for constructing a bridge across the Flint River at this point. When Dougherty County was formed in 1853, from Baker, the town of Albany became the new county-seat.
Dougherty's Dis tinguished Residents.
1 Acts, - Acts, 3 Acts,

EAHLY

709

EARLY
Blakely. On December 15, 1818, Early County was cre ated by an Act of the Legislature, out of treaty
lands acquired from tbe Creek Indians. However, it "was not until 1825, that the county ^vas completely or ganized. It was originally one of the largest counties in the State, but portions of it were given to other counties to somewhat equalize them in size. The first settler near the town of Blakely was Wesley Sheffield, whose de scendants in the country are still numerous. About the year 1821, Mr. Benjamin Collier donated four acres of laud to be used for the site of public buildings, an offer -which the commissioners accepted, calling the town Blakely, .after Capt. Johnson Blakely, a distinguished naval officer in the war of 1812. The local historian "who records this interesting fact adds that if Earlytown had been chosen as the name of the capital of Early County, it -would have saved much ink, paper, time, and temper to
postmasters and others. Mr. Collier erected the first dwelling- house in Blakely
on what is today known as the old Fleming place, on South Main Street. Blakely, no doubt, began to make history at an early date, but the first notice taken of her by the historian -was in 1829, -when the town contained eight private dwellings, a school house, a court house, and a jail. The first Clerk of the Court was N. M. McBride, Esq. Judge Benjamin Hodges was an early Jus tice of the Peace, and John Floyd was the first Sheriff. According to Deed Book, Vol. C., County Records, the earliest known settlers in Blakely were Benjamin Collier, Joel Perry, James T. Bush, F. Mercier, A. M. Watson, and Robert Grimsley. From 1821 to 1829 these names appear: J, H. Bush, A. D. Smith, Joseph Miller, Willis Dobbs, David D. Smith, John Floyd, Isaac Livingston, J. W. Mann, James W. Alexander, John B. Applewhite, Win. Phillips, and A. O. Daniels. About 1830 records are found of Peter Howard, A. M. Fteeman, Miller Gar-

710 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
rett Freeman, Aaron Goolsby, Anthony Hutchins, James Buchanan, John Hays, Joel Crawford, and others.
To visitors, an object of much inte^st in the neigh borhood of.Blakely, is an Indian mound, some three miles distant which is supposed to have been formerly a trad ing post and rendezvous of the Indians. Blakely is today a progressive city, of 3,000 inhabitants. Many hand some homes, public buildings, churches, and banks, testify to her growth in recent years. All the religious denom inations have lately erected beautiful temples of worship. Last year the city completed an np-to-date school build ing, at a cost of $25,000. The Club Women of Blakely are engaged in active work. There are two patriotic societies--the Blakely Chapter, II. D. C., and the Peter Early Chapter, D. A. E.; also a splendid Public Library Association, and a AVomau's Civic Club. The local camp of Confederate Veterans is Camp Doster, named for Dr. B. li. Doster, a brave Early County soldier. The erec tion of a granite boulder to mark the Jackson Trail is contemplated at an early date by the D. A. E. chapter.*

Flag-Pole and On the beautiful court house grounds, at

Monument.

Blakely, there stands a landmark of

unique historic interest: the old Confed

erate Flag Pole. It looks today just as it did in the six

ties when it floated the Stars and Bars, high above sur

rounding objects. This hallowed reminder was erected in

the spring of 1861, and no other section of the South to

day is known to boast one of these emblems of liberty.

It was manufactured from a huge pine tree, the stump

of which stands a short distance south of Blakely. Dur

ing a cyclone several years ago, the flag-pole was broken

off near the base, but by request of the President of the

U. D. G., of Blakely, it "was bound together with strong

brass bands and iron clamps painted white and re-erected

nd first president Blakely Chapter, U. D. C.

EARLY
by the city electrician. The flag-pole towers nearly to the court house dome, commanding- an outlook upon the hor izon for miles in every direction--a cherished relic of the Civil War.
Close to the flag-polo stands the Confederate monu ment, a handsome structure of solid granite, dedicated to the heroes of the Lost Cause, by the local TJ. IX C. chapter. The shaft rises 30 feet and is 18 feet wide at the base. It rests upon a green, mound charmingly orna mented with plants and flowers. The monument was un veiled on April 26, 1909, at which time, Judge Arthur O. Powell, a native of Blakcly, then Judge of the Court of Appeals delivered the oration. ."Lettered upon the mon ument are the following" inscriptions :
Fast Face: *' Erected by Blakely Chapter, U. D. C. "Lest We Forget." West Face: "A tribute to the noble Confederate soldiers who cheerfully offered their lives in defence of local and self-government. To those who fought and survived. '' North Face : "1S61--1805. '' Flags furled. South Race: Crossed Sabers.*

Recollections Of "Jn court, Judge Early knew no parties, but inaiii-

Peter Early.

tamed his office with the sternest proprieties, and

measured out justice with an even balance. There

\vas a peculiarity about the corners of his motitli which I never saw in

any other man's. His lips were always conpressed and firm. I never saw him smile. His countenance reflected more of sadness than of cheer, yet indicated the deepest reflection. Seated on the bench, he was' erect and com manding, with his arm usually folded across his breast, and one knee thrown over the other. He seldom altered this posture. He looked severe and haughty; yet ho was dignified without the least affectation. His mind was in perfect correspondence with his body; it never hesitated or faltered,

but comprehended instantly whatever was presentd to it. Having- drawn

his inferences with the sound judgment for which he was distinguished,

he rarely sa\v cause to change his opinion. He possessed the highest degree

* Authority: Mrs. "Walter Thomas, who un

712 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
EFFIN'GHAM Springfield. On February 7, 1799, an Act was passed by
the Legislature at Louisville, appointing five commissioners, viz., David Hall, Joshua Loper, Samuel Ryals, .Dodhelf Smith, and Druries Garrison, to lay out a tract of land for a county-site, and to superintend the erection of public buildings thereon. This was the be ginning1 of the present town of Effingham. The town academy was chartered by an Act approved December 1, 1809, with Messrs. Thomas Polhill, Sr., John Kogker, Christian Treutlen, Win. Bird, and George S. Newlaiid, as trustees.2 'Springfield was incorporated on December 31, 1838, "with, the following commissioners : John Charlton, J. W. Exley, S. Bourquine, J. M. Shell man, and W. W. Wilson.3 The town was re-incorporated in 1850.
Elberton. The county-seat of Effingham, from 1787 to 1796. was Elberton, a small town located near Indian Bluff, on the
north side of the great Ogeechee River, and named for General Elbert.
*r>r. John G. Slappey, in a letter to Major Stephen F. Miller. 1 Acts, 1859, p. 200-. 2 Clay ton's Compendium, p. 518.
3 Acts, 1838, p. 130.

Tuckasee-King-.
first con Sereven. change to TClbert*
The Salzburgers.

EljBEET

713
Pages 179-193.

ELBEBT
Old Ruekersville: Whoever writes of old Buckersville A Rural Community. --the Euckersville of ante-bellum
days--to write intelligently, must speak of a whole community! Not those alone who lived within the confines of a small incorporated village of some 200 souls, but of the many who resided along the banks of the Savannah River in the southeastern belt of Elbert County, Georgia. Socially, politically, and in all matters of religion, they were one large fam ily; and it may be doubted if there existed, any where, just previous to the great Civil War, a people so hardy, so independent, or with such lofty ideals of right living. When it is pointed out that in their bus iness activities they were almost wholly agricultural, the volume of their prosperity is truly amazing.
It was the fixed habit of these people to practice the Golden Eule. Obedience to the law of the land was rigid ly enjoined; and a man's word was his bond. To take advantage of another 'was regarded as beneath good morals, to get into lawsuits was to a man's discredit, and while the annals of the village reveal that here lived the Preacher and the School--Master, the Banker and the Doctor, the Merchant and the Tailor, the Wheelwright and the Surveyor, yet no lawyer ever had the hardihood to hang out his shingle in Euckersville, and when Kuckers ville furnished a member of the Legislature for the County, lie Aveat from the ranks of those employed in agriculture.

714 GEOBGIA'S TJANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Just here it may be noted, tliat, it was this same mem ber of the Legislature who introduced ^nd caused to lie passed the first Homestead bill in thePSouth, giving- to the wife and children $50.00 worth of household and kit chen furniture. Of politics there was a plenty--truly educative and of absorbing- moment. It was not a ques tion of which party was the most honest or economical, but a question of men's lives and fortunes. In Buckersville the old line Whig had been supreme--Henry Clay was the idol to be worshipped; and when Toombs and Stephens thundered in the village grove beneath the giant oaks, dangerous and ominous "was the new democ racy to that people. '' Tis true tis pity, and pity tis tis true"--that the Whig did not prevail!
How the Village Be- Many of the most familiar names in g-an: Joseph Eucker. Middle Georgia may be traced back
to Virginia, and to that tide of im migration which about 1786, began to flow southward from the Old Dominion, and. hence, it came to pass that Kuckcrsville, Virginia, and Ruckersville, Georgia,, were both founded by members of the same family. When Peter Eucker, planter of St. Mark's Parish, Orang-e County, Virginia, died in 1742, he left a large off-spring. The Virginia village was named in honor of this family, and it fell to the lot of his great grandson, through Thom as, and Cornelius, and John, to name a village in Georgia, Euckersville ! This great grandson was Joseph, the son of John Rucker, and Elizabeth Tinsley, born on January 12, 1,788. In his young manhood, he wT as fortunate enough to win the affections of Margaret Houston Speer, daugh ter of William Speer, who lived at ^Cherokee Falls, on the Savannah Eiver. They "were married in January, 1812, and settled on the head waters of Van's Creek. Early, in life, Joseph evinced the strength of character, which marked him a leader among men. In later1 years

and Financier, Who Stamped His Impress Upon Ante-BelFi Georgia.
(Reproduced from an old daguerreotype.)

lie often said that lie owed everything to his mother to whom he was a devoted son.
In 1822, the village of Ruckersville was incorporated, but no boundaries were fixed, and from that day until this, the name has been applied not so much to a town as to a large neighborhood. In 1827 Sherwood's Gazateer described it as containing 10 houses, 6 stores and shops, an academy, and a house of worship for the Baptists. In 1849 it had 200 souls. This paragraph, quoted from a sketch of .Joseph Rucker in the Cyclopedia of Georgia, will help .us to form a picture of Ruckersville:*
"From our present standpoint there was little in the locality to commend it as a center of influence, or as the seat of a great estate. The land was young, roads were bad, markets there were none, and it "was a four days journey to Angusta, the nearest approach to a city. And yet, in that secluded locality, remote from marts and markets, Joseph Rucker not only created a fortune great for his day and generation, but displayed such wisdom and executive ability and manifested such high traits of character as marked him as an extraordinary man."

Plantation Manage- In this day of subdivided labor, it is

ment on a Colos- difficult to appreciate the kind and va

sal Scale.

riety of talent then required in the

successful management and development of great landed

estates at points distant from centers of trade and ac

cording to present standards, practically inaccessible for

want of highways, railroads, and means of transporta

tion. The successful agriculturist in every stage of the

country's history has needed the highest order of judg

ment and forethought, and has necessarily been a man of

affairs. But the successful planter at the early

ante-belhmi period required in the Southern States

at least, a combination of talent, which would

716 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
now thoroughly equip the master minds who control the colossal enterprises of the Twentieth Century. For such a planter had not only to be an agriculturist, but a manufacturer and a financier; and, above all, he had to know how to manage, care for, and develop men. In all these departments Joseph Rucker was conspicuous. The cotton industry was in its infancy, but even in this he made a marvelous success. Stock of all kinds, horses, mules, cows, goats and sheep, were raised. The cotton "was to be ginned, and the ginnery and the press were supplemented by the spinning of yarn and wool, and the weaving of cloth. There "were blacksmiths, wheelwrights, and carpenters, besides saw-mills to make the lumber for the Quarters. This prince of planters had his own tanyard, and tanners, his harness-makers and shoe-makers. Immense crops of wheat and corn "were raised. Corn cribs abounded. There were also mills for converting' grain into meal and flour. The management of these separate and various industries "was not the most diffi cult task. There were the slaves themselves, a large and heterogeneous body, a wholly irresponsible people, whose ancestors had only recently come from Africa. These had to be trained and taught, and how humanely and well this was done, by the old time planter, is shown by the conduct of these same slaves, when, during the war, discipline was necessarily relaxed and control partially suspended.

Joseph Eucker: A Joseph Bucker lived the typical life

Pen Picture.

of the Southern planter. Self-cen

tered and independent, he lived at

home. He had little to buy and al

ways something' to sell, and his great crops of cotton were

shipped in Petersburg boats down the Savannah to Au

gusta. The neighboring community was unusually pros

perous. The Harpers, the Martins, the Heards, the

Whites, the Maddoxes, the Clarks, the Adamses, and a

BLBEKT

717

host of others, made a neighborhood ideal in its social and domestic charms. Joseph Rucker's home especially, was the scene of a wide and generous hospitality--a social center which made its impress upon its inmates, and the memory of which abides to the third and fourth generation. He was pre-eminently a good neighbor, coun sellor, and friend, for he gave needed help at the right moment. Extremely dignified, grave and reticent, he "was also open-handed and generons. In politics, a Whig, he was one of the chosen friends, counsellors, and ad visers of the great leaders of the Party in that District so noted in State and National Politics. Pie never sought political preferment, though always taking an interest in the questions of profound importance "which then agi tated the South.
Living- at a time when the country was experimenting with Bank laws, he organized, and, as President, man aged, with phenomenal success, the Bank of Ruckersville, under circumstances which would now provoke a smile. W^e cannot think of a bank, a moneyed institution, with hardly a human habitation in sight, surrounded by or iginal forests. This institution was operated in a small, unpretentious frame building. Its doors and shutters "were studded with nails at close and regular intervals to guard against the burglars' axe. It had a safe without time lock, opened with a key carried by the President. The furniture was of the plainest, but it issued bills "which passed current par throughout the State. It throve and prospered, and with the assistance of the wealthy planters in the neighborhood, became a strong1 financial institution, contributing to the development and prosperity of that part of the State. In his old age, Joseph Eucker was a man of striking appearance, ruddy cheeks, snow-white hair, clear blue eyes. Dressed in the prevailing style, black broadcloth coat, cntaway to the waist line at the front, beaver hat, turn down collar and stock, and gold fob, he might have posed for the portrait of the ante bellum planter, one of those who made the old South.

718 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
His son-in-law, the late Rev. James 'S. Lamar, of Augusta, in. an unpublished manuscript, has left iis the following- graphic pen picture of Joseph !R*pker:
*' In manner and bearing Squire Bucker was simple and unpretentious, and by nature thoughtful, quiet and dignified. He enjoyed a good anec dote or story, and possessed a rich store of personal reminiscence, from which he was fond of drawing for the entertainment of others. He told his stories well, and, of course, like all genuine reeonteurs, he sometimes repeated himself. It was his custom to go to Elberton on the first Tuesday in, every month, when the principal men of the coxmty would assemble in a sort of general meeting together, to attend the sheriff: sales, to trans act business1 with each other, to laugh and talk and crack jokes, and espe cially to save the country by discussing politics. Among the leading citi zens of the town or county at that time were such influential men as Major Hester, Major Jones, Mr. Pverton Tate, Mr. Lofton, the M'attoxes, the Harpers and the Burches, Judge W. W. Thomas, and (during court week) Alexander H. Stephens, Robert Toombs' and Judge William M, Reese. All of them were squire Eucker 's friends.
"Squire Itucker 's judgment was never known to fail him. Violently opposed to secession, when the final act came at Milledgeville, he said, pointing to one of his slaves: ' Bee that fellow. A year ago he was worth $1,500.00; today he isn't worth a silver thrip.' Biit he accepted the situation--helped to equip a company--took $30,000 of the first issue of Confederate bonds, at par. These bonds were lying in the old Bank of Athens, in the care of the late Albin Dearing, when the war was over; not a coupon, had ever been clipped.' '
1 ' The house was approached throiigh a long avenue of cedars and box planted by Margaret, from which the place became known as CecTa* Grove. The fine oil trees, the office, the flower garden, the kitchen garden, the well-house, the smoke-house, the kitchen, the buildings for house servants, and, not far off, the barns', the carraige houses, the quarters,- prcsentd a typical picture of the life of the ante-bellum planter who lived at home, making on his own acres all that was needed for those dependent xipon him. For there, as in so many other similar places throughout the State, the tannery, the "blacksmith-shop, the corn-mill, the flour-mill, the cotton gin, the spinning wheels, the looms and the wheelwright were an essential part of the plantation. It was a hive of industry, and it is not surprising that in time a name should be given to the little center, nor is it strange that it should have been named after the village in Orange County, Vir ginia, from which John Eucker had come in 1785.
"He was always called Squire Eucker. I well remember the first time I saw him. It was in the summer1 of 1856,- He was dressed in the oldfashioned suit of broadcloth, a vest also of cloth, and a coat of the same material in. the style called shad-belly--somewhat like the cutaways of the present day. He wore it unbuttoned--a watch chain with a heavy seal

HOME OF JOSEPH RUCKER, AT OLD RUCKERSVILLE, GA.

EGBERT

719

hanging from a fob, or watch, pocket. His neckcloth was then and always pure white. It was not a simple tie, but a sort of folded handkerchief, put on by laying the middle part against the throat, leading the ends back and crossing them, then bringing them to the throat to be tied together. The knot was' plain. I am not sure that there was even a bow.
' ' He was polite, but very reserved. He seemed to be studying me. His conversation, so far as it was directed to me, was mainly questions-- chiefly about men and women and things in Augusta--Mrs. Tubman, the Cummings, the Claytons, the Gardlners, and Mr. Metealfe--then about cotton and business and prospects; but no human being could have told from auy expression of his face what effect my answers had upon him, or what inference as to me he drew from them. Considering the time of the year and the purpose of my visit, I must say it was a little chilly. Presently supper came on--such a supper as only the Euckers could get

book people--I>ickens was the rage then, and I had read I>ickens and Thackery, and had dipped into Cousin, and various philosophers; and at that period of my life I could talk--an art which I have unfortunately lost. So that when the old gentleman found that I could hold my own with Elbert and others, and that all the family treated me with sincere respect and consideration, he seemed to thaw, little by little, concluding, T suppose, that I might turn out to be something in my way, if I was nothing in his. "

Personal Sketches. Col. L. H. O. Martin, a native of El-
bort County, was one of the most prominent and successful planters of his day--essen tially a man of affairs, of striking appearance and fas cinating manners, lie numbered his friends by the hun dreds. In early life he married the daughter of Col. Thomas Heard, "who lived near Savannah River. He was the bosom friend of Joseph Rucker and of his son, Tinsley Rucker, and rarely a day passed that there was not mutual visits between the families. He was the most delightful of talkers, and a safe counsellor in all matters of "weighty importance. He was among the fore most of that brilliant coterie of men that made social life so pleasing to the planters of the day. During the Civil ^Var he served upon the staff of General Toombs.

720 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Colonel James Loftin "was the fountain head of all knowledge to be gained from books for the rising gen eration, for many years at Ruckersville. A ripe scholar of vast information, he successfully taught the classics, philosophies, and mathematics in his school for young men. He had a most charming family, and one of his sons, John Ijoftin, was a leading member of the Macon Bar for many years after the War.
Peter "W. Alexander, born in R^lckersville, in 1823, graduated from the University of Greorgia in 3 844. From his early youth his tastes were literary--of mag nificent frame and courtly bearing, he was a splendid type of a Southerner. Removing- to Columbus, Ga., he entered Journalism, and soon became a writer of note. The outbreak of the Civil War found him in Savannah, owner and editor of the Savannah " Republican." His opinions in political life were eagerly sought, and as "war correspondent for his paper, he was the most noted of all1 Southern correspondents.
His love for his old home and associates at Ruckersville has kept green his memory in the hearts of many to this day.
Over-ton Tate, a planter of larg-e means, married Re becca Clark, a niece of Joseph Sucker. His home was always the center of large entertainment and social en joyment. His wife, still living, at the age of ninety years, surrounded by loving and accomplished children and grandchildren, is one of the noblest specimens of "Woman hood that ever graced the life of any community.
Dr. Richard Banks, of Ruckersville, was a noted phy sician, for whom Banks County "was named. He "was the beloved good Samaritan of his day, and it was said

ELBBBT

721

of liim that his charities were only bounded by his op portunities for doing good unto others.

Tinsley White Bueker was the oldest son of Joseph Eucker. Born at Buckersville, in 1813?, he graduated at the University of Georgia in 1833, and soon married Sarah Elizabeth Harris, the daughter of General Jeptha V. Harris, of Farm Hill. He represented Blbert County in the State Legislature in 1836. A man of lofty ideals and of high purposes, his life was without fear and with out blemish. Farm Hill, his home, previous to the Civil War, was one of the best known and one of the most beautiful estates in Georgia.

Elbert M. Eucker, another of Squire Eucker's sons, was a man of great learning' and of rare oratorical pow ers. So vast was his information, that General Toombs once declared it to be more varied and extensive than any other living man's. But no sketch of Euckersville is complete that fails to mention the fact that one of the most noted of present-day noveUsts was born in this village: Mrs. Corra White Harris, who wrote '' The Cir cuit Eider's Wife.' 7 It "was also the birth-place of As sociate-Justice Joseph B. Lamar, of the Supreme Court
of the United States.

Petersburg t An Old ForffOtten
rTnoIb.acco TMUTariket4..

On a peninsula which the Broad and Savannah Rivers unite to form, in the extreme southeast
ctoowrnjiejr wohifchE) lubnertta, ^therteobaocnccoe tsratodood waans aifmcapnodrotiaiendr

by the planters, was one of the foremost commercial centers of Georgia--old Petersburg. But even this ancient town stood upon the ruins of one much older still. Din-ing the Colonial period there was located here a settlement which was called Dartmouth. It was named in honor of the Earl, to whose influence was' due the concessions enjoyed by a band of colonists engaged at this point in trafle With the Indians, Thfe ^rea in question was known

722 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
as the Kew Purchase, arid to defend it against assault there was erected in the angle between the two rivers a stronghold called Fort James.
But the little settlement failed to realize the expect^ions of those who planted it, and, after struggling somewhat feebly for Jtis'tence, it met an early death. The second effort to settle the place was more successful. On .February 3, 3786,1 for the convenience of planters in the immediate neighborhood, an Act was passed by the Legislature at Augusta, author izing Dioiiysius Oliver to erect on his laud a warehouse, to be used for the inspection and storage of tobacco; and from this circumstance dates the commencement of the town of Petersburg. The cultivation of tobacco was just beginning to attract the attention of planters. On the coast, both the production of silk and the cultivation of indigo were languishing. Cotton was little grown at this time, because it lacked the stimulus of the cotton gin. Many of the early settlers in this particular neighborhood, ac cording to Colonel Jones,2 were from Virginia, and, besides bringing with them to Georgia a love of the weed, they also possessed a high appreciation of tobacco as an article of prime commercial value. Since the lands in this locality were -well adapted to the culture of the plant, it soon became the market crop of the farmers; and to comply with the law which for bade the exportation of tobacco, without previous inspection, together with the payment also of certain fees, it w-as necessary to establish ware houses at convenient points.
Under the invigorating spell of the tobacco trade, Petersburg began to grow. The area was' divided into town lots, with convenient streets inter secting each other at riglit angles. The warehouse was located, near the point of confluence between, the two streams, "but far enough removed from the water's edge to escape an overflow. In the course of time others were built in the same neighborhood, including one by William Watkins, who secured Legislative permission in 17D7.3 The intellectual character V of the residents is attested by the fact that in 3802 eighteen of the prin cipal citizens of the town organized themselves into a union, the avowed purpose of which was the diffusion of knowledge and the alleviation of want. Its membership was as follows: Shaler Hillyer, president; John Williams Walker, secretary; Memorable Walke/; Oliver White, James San ders Walker, John A. Casey, Thomas Casey, Robert Watkins, William .Tones, Albert Bruxe, Robert H/'Watkins, Higual AT. Groves, Nicholas Pope, Andrew Greene Semmes, James Coulter, William Wyatt Bibb, Garland T. Watkins;. and Thomas Bibb. "Dr. W. W. Bibb became a United States Senator. He was also the first Territorial Governor of Alabama, an office in which he was succeeded by his "brother, Thomas Bibb. The town was governed by commissioners, who were first chosen by the Legislature and afterwards by the Jocal citizenship.
1 Watkin's Digest, p. 325. 2 Dead Towns of Georgia, ? "Watkin's Digest, p. 658.

ELBEBT

723

It is of record that on December 1802," Robert Thompson, Leroy Pope, Richard Easter, Samuel Watkin^ and John Eagland were appointed commissioners of the town of Petersburg and were charged with its "Better regulation and government.' 7 In the zenith of its prosperity, the town ^numbered between seven and eight hundred souls, and was considered second in importance only to Augusta. As long as the tobacco trade continued, the town flourished; "but with the rise of: the cotton plant it began to decline. The residents gradually moved to other localities. Only a few remained to people the little grave-yard of this deserted village; and today sunken wells and moss-covered mounds, with an occasional loose brick from some ancient chimney pile, survive to tell the wayfarer where Petersburg onee stood in the forgotten long ago.

Rose Hill. Reminiscent of the best days of the old regime and famous throughout the whole length and
breadth of the South, is one of the fine old ancestral homes of Elbert: Rose Hill. The original structure, built in the early part of the last century by Thomas Jefferson Heard, still constitutes the main part of the present establishment; but wings have since been added on either side, giving it a much more regal appearance than it wore in the days of its first owner. The oldest buildingis known as- Middlesex; while the two annexes are called respectively, Essex and Wessex. The estate itself is called Rose Hill, a name whose appropriateness is well maintained by the scene which greets the visitor's eye, on approaching this magnificent home. Acres of roses, rising terrace upon terrace, furnish a mountain of fra grance, out of which loom the stately parapets of the old mansion.
Rose Hill is today the home of Mr. and Mrs. Eugene B. Heard, the fame of whose hospitality has long since crystalized into a proverb. Mr. Heard acquired Rose Hill by inheritance from his grandfather; but the estate has lost none of the splendor of the old days in his pos session. Peaches are cultivated on a vast scale. The cotton acreage is something enormous, and scores of la-
4 Clayton Digest, p. 92.

724 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
borers are employed; but there is not a negro on the plantation whose welfare is not an object of constant so licitude to the humane owners of Rose HilL Mrs. Heard, is one of Georgia's most gifted women, af acknowledged leader in not a few of the great forward movements of her time; and here, in, this beautiful home of the Old South, some of the most beneficent and helpful reforms of the new era, have found an inspirational beginning1. Here originated the Traveling- Library of the South, and here the first Federated Woman's Club in Georgia was organized. To give our readers a better acquaintance with Rose Hill, we quote from a well-known writer the following descriptive paragraphs:*
Box am! cedar hedges "border both sides of the walks. Large magnolia and crepe myrtle trees, gnarled and spotted from old age, envelop the home in their green foliage; ivy from Ke nil worth Castle covers Middlesex windows! and walls, and the sparrows and jay-birds make merry all clay long, hiding in its deop branches'. Purple iris and small, old-fashioned gladioli planted by the owner-'s grandmother, bloom in. reckless masses over the green lawn. Koses climb to the second-story balconies, their petals blowing out over the air as a soft summer breeze would sway the graceful stems.
Hoses everywhere, a wealth of bloom and variety from stock bought of famous collections or given by friends from some distant place, their own kind they name for the favorite giiests. A bright red rose is the J'osie S., called for the dark-haired, bright-cheeked girl who would come down from the city with her lovers to see if they were as nice in the quiet of the country as on the more diverting streets of town. Another, a pale yellow bud, fragrant as a tea rose, is the Kitty T., its namesake a tall blonde girl with a wealth of golden hair and twinkling gray eyes.
Stone gates lead out into the '' park,'' and tall cedar hedges follow the drive to the outer entrance on the main highway. A garage has been built for their automobile, but it has been so hidden by shrubs and vines that it looks, almost as old as the "outbuildings" which were on the "street" in slave time, where were the cabins of those negroes work ing about the yard.
Telephones and an ample water supply bring the city comforts to them, and the library tables are covered with magazines and newspapers, But the pride of the owners are the old English prints' of 1803 and the colonial mirrors in empire style-of gold and mahogany that have beeu in the family for more than half a century. Tall colouial mantels, hand-
*Miss Nita Black, in the Atlanta Journal.

ELBEET

725

carved, are just as they were in the days of their ancestors. Candles are used almost entirely, and for these there are tall, old-time brass holders. In Middlesex are the general living rooms', two libraries with heavily laden book shelves, the dining-room and the breakfast-room. Upstairs are the several guest-rooms. * ( Little Miss,'' the only daughter, is now married and lives in Essex, while her father and mother reside in Wesscx. "

Elberton. In 1790, Klbert County was formed out of "Wilkes, and named for Governor Samuel El-
bert, in whose honor the county-seat was likewise named. It is said that a bold spring' of excellent water settled the location of the future seat of government. Elberton was incorporated by an Act approved December 10, 1793, the preface to which contains this insignificant sentence: *' Whereas the town of Elberton requires regulation. *' The commissioners of the town named in this Act "were: Middleton Woods, Keuben Lindsay, Doctor John T. Gilmer, Beckham Dye, and James Alston. Only Beckham Dye is represented by the present population. Elberton made little progress for many years. The wealthy pio neers "were planters who resided mainly along the Sa vannah River. Ruckersville and Petersburg were the centers of local commerce.
But the early residents must have believed in edxication, as indicated by Legislative Acts incorporating' Philomathia Academy in 1823; Eudisco Academy in 1823, and Elberton Female Academy In 1826. The Elberton Female Academy continued without chang'e even in name until it was superseded by the public schools of the pres ent time. The Elberton Male Academy was incorporated later. It closed during- the Civil War, and small boys "were received into the Female Academy. Methodist and Baptist churches were built soon after the town was es tablished. The Presbyterians built many years later.
The leading representative citizens between 1825 and I860 were: Major Alfred Harnmond, Robert McMillan, Esq., Thomas Jones, William Nehns, Zachariah Smith,

726 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
W. A. Swift, Amos Vail, J. A. Trenchard, Young ,J. Har ris, Dr. Henry J. Bowman, Dr. 'Calhouii Wilhite, Simeon Hall, Robert Hester, Esq., Doctor M. P. D'eadwyler, Dr. D. A. Mathews and Major John II. Joiios. ^Robert MeMillan and Eobert Hester were brilliant lawyers. Dr. Deadwyler was the leading- physician, a courteous gentle man, loved by everyone. He died without children, leav ing as sole heir to his liberal fortune, a wife who gener ously and wisely distributes it to worthy causes. The present handsome Baptist Church, one half of which she donated, stands as his memorial.
But Elberton owes her chief debt of gratitude to Ma jor John H. Jones. He was born in Elberton in 1814-, and here he died in 1899. In 1873, Elberton was thirty miles from any railroad. Many times its citizens had tried to build a railroad and failed. Major Jones then took up the fight. For six years he gave to this "work his time and brains and character. The Elberton Air Line Rail road from Elberton to Toceoa, Ga., was the result. It was completed December 5, 1878, and Elberton, now 8,000 population, dates its progress from its completion.
Major Jones married Lavonia, daughter of Major Alfred Hammond. The splendid city of Lavonia "was named in her honor. They reared a large family of children and their children and grandchildren are among the people most prominent in business, social, educational and church work. Major Jones graduated from the State University in 1838. He was refined, courteous, af fectionate, good. Upon every public question, he stood for the progressive and the moral. The present Elber ton is his most enduring1 monument.
Tomb of Hon. Within a stone's throw of the town cenWiley Thompson, ter, on property owned and occupied by
one of the leading business men of El berton, is the tomb of Hon. Wiley Thompson, a, distin-
*Authortty: Judge Geo. C. Grogan.

EMANUElj

727

guished statesman, who represented Georgia in Congress for several successive terms during1 the early ante-helium period. He met Ins death at the hands of Seminole In dians in Florida. The inscription on this distinguished Georgian's monument reads as follows:

EMANUEL
Swainsboro. On November 18, 1814, an Act was approved by Gov. Early, designating as a site for pub
lic buildings in the new county of Kmairael, a locality within one mile of the place pointed out by one Jesse Mezzlc, as the center of the county.1 The commissioners to choose a site and to superintend the erection of public buildings were named in the original Act of 1812, creating the new county, to wit: Edward Lane, Francis Pugh, Needham Cox, Eli Wbitdon, and Uriah Anderson. 2 To these were subsequently added, Jesse Mezzle and Archi bald Culbreth. The site agreed upon for the county-seat was made permanent by an Act approved December 6, 1822, and the name of the town--as this Act informs us-- was to be Swainsboro.

TO Paris and'.Back. Thirty years later an effort was made to change
the name of the town to Paris; and by an Act apiry 18, 1854, this name was formally bestowed upon the town.3
3 Paris was to be retained as' the eonnty-seat, and the sioners were appointed to put into effect the terms of. Elam B. Lewis, Joshua J. Arnold, Berry Stroup, Nathan

i L-amar's Digest, p. 210.

s Lamar's Digest, p. 197.

"Acts, 1853-185-1, 'p. 269.

''

'

"'

728 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Stephens and D. B. Smith. But Paris was short-lived; and eventually Swainsboro reappeared. Since railway facilities were obtained, the growth of the town has "been marked. Swainsboro was' namecjfcfor an influential family of pioneer settlers from the State of North CarolMa. Stephen Swain represented Emanuel in the Senate of Georgia almost continuously from 1813 to 1836, after which, according to the records, Ethelred Swain was frequently returned.
EVANS
Claxton. On Aug'ust 14, 1914, an Act was approved creating by Constitutional amendment the new
County of Evans out of lands formerly included in Tattnall and Bulloch; and if this amendment is ratified at the polls it "will give Georgia one-hundred and fifty-two counties. Claxton, the new county-seat, was originally known as Hendrix. But there was already a post-office in Georgia by this name; consequently the postal authori ties at Washington requested the ladies of the communi ties to select a new name for the town, which they did, selecting the name of Claxton. Situated on the Seaboard Air Line, the growth of the town of late years has been exceedingly rapid.

Gen. Clement Gen. Clement A. "Evans', whose services to the State

A. Evans.

are memorialized in this Act of the Legislature, was

a gallant Confederate officer, who, at Appomattox, com

manded Gordon's famous division. Some time after the surrender had

taken place, there was heard the noise of rapid firing in a remote part of

the field. On investigation, it wa found that Gen. Evans, ignorant of

affairs at headquarters, was leading a victorious charge upon the enemy !s

breastworks. Subsequent to the war, Gen. Evans became a devout minister

of the gospel and served a number of Methodist churches; but he also

gave much of his time to public affairs. In 1894, he was a popular can

didate for Governor of Georgia, but retired from the race prior to the date

of election, on account of a physical inability to meet the demands of a

strenuous campaign. Ten years later, he was elected by his old war

comrades to succeed Gen. Stephen D. Lee as' Commander-in-Chief of the

United Confederate Veterans. As a member of the State Board of Prison

Commissioners, he rendered the State an important service in his old

age. Two great orations wire delivfere'd by* Gen, Avails chiring tha lafet

FANNIN

729

FANNIN
Morg-anton. In the Act creating- Fannin County, in 1853, judges of the Inferior Court were empow
ered to select a county-seat, near the center of the county; and, in pursuance of this Act, a locality was chosen to which was given the name of Morganton. The town wa,s incorporated by an Act approved March 5, 1856, with the following town commissioners, to wit: James H. Morris, Wm. B. Brown, Thomas M. Alston, Wm. Franklin, and Madison Casady. The charter was afterwards several times ameneded.

Massacre of Fannin "s Men.

Pages 115-121.

Blue Ridge. Blue Eidge, the present county-seat of Fan nin, was incorporated as a town on October
24, 1887, at which time Hon. J. W. Gray was designated to fill the office of mayor, and Messrs. M. McKinney, F. H. Walton, W. T. Buchanau, Wm. Taylor, E. L. Rickets, and W. B. Wuce were named to serve as aldermen pend ing- the first regular election. The corporate limits of the town were fixed at one mile in every direction from the depot of the Marietta and North Georgia Railroad; but, in 1890, this area proving too large for immediate purposes, was diminished.* On August 13, 1895, the county-seat of Fannin -was changed to Blue Ridge, as the result of an election for which due and legal notice was given.* The present public school system of Blue Eidge was established in 1899.
'Acts, 1855-6, p. 353.

730 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS
PAYETTE
Fayetteville. In 1822, Fayette County was organized out of lands recently acquired fr Jm the Creeks,
under the first treaty of Indian Springs. By an Act ap proved December 20, 1823, Fayetteville was made the permanent site for public building's. At the same time a charter of incorporation was granted, with the follow ing residents named as commissioners: Jordan Gay, Sim eon L. Smith, Win. Harkins, John Hamilton, and Tandy D. King.* The Fayette County Academy "was chartered in 1840. Both the town, and the county were named for the great palladin of liberty, General LaFayette, who made his last visit to Georgia in 1825.
FLOYD
Rome. In 1882, Floyd County was organized out of lands then recently acquired from the Cherokees, and
named for Gen. John Floyd, a noted Indian fighter of Georgia. The first county-site chosen by the Inferior Court judges "was Livingston; but in 1838, the seat of government was transferred to Rome, at the head of the Coosa River. The Rome Academy was chartered in 1837; the Cherokeo College of Georgia in 1850; the Cherokee Wesleyan Institute in 1854, and the Rome Female College in 1857. As a seat of culture, Rome gradually forged ahead of Cassville, for years an educational cen ter of Cherokee Georgia. Some of the early pioneers of Rome were: Daniel R. Mitchell, Philip W. Hemphill, Judge John H. Lumpkin,, Judge "Win. H. Underwood, Ma jor Chas. H. Smith, Andrew J. Liddell, Zachariah B. Hargrove, Win. Smith, A. T. Hardin, Wm. T. Trammel], Alfred Shorter, Judge John W. Hooper, Dr. H. V. M. Miller, Simpson Fouche, Thomas Hamilton, T. J. Ste-
*Acts, 1S23, p. 179.

FI.OYD

731

phons, Nathan Bass, Juclg-e Augustus R. ~Wright, W. S. Cothran and many others.

Historic Third Ave- The following- article from a local

nue: The Girlhood contributor recently appeared in one

Home of Mrs.

of the newspapers:

WoodrOW Wilson.

"Third Avenue, of this city, since the elec-

of Woodrow Wils'on, is now considered

historic ground than

On the north, the avenue is bounded by

the Oostanaula River, and extending in the far distance is Lavender range

of mountains, at whose base Generals Hood and Sevier marched. DeSoto,

the famous discoverer, is said to have camped over the river opposite Third

Avenue on his way to the Mississppi. At the eastern end of the avenue,

where Tims the Etowali Rive?, is a little island that marks the site where

Revolutionary soldiers once camped.

"At the foot of Third Avenue runs the first of Rome railroads. On

the street was onee the Shelton manse, on whose campus' once camped

.Federal soldiers. When peace was restored and years rolled by, Shorter

College was built on this site by Alfred Shorter, as a gift to one of his

daughters. Across the street from the Presbyterian Church is a house

where Henry W. Grady brought his bride from Athens. ISTea-j* the IFirst

Methodist Church, on this same street, is the old home of Bill Arp. The

brick cottage, now '' Rosemont,'.' was once the home . of Mrs. John J.

Soay, a kinswoman of Secretary Bayard. Mrs. Scay's sister was brides

maid to Miss Mittie Bullock, Theodore Roosevelt's mother.

"Just below the brow of the hill there stands an old garden, and just

beyond it a low white cottage. Some of the shrubs and flowers were planted

by Rev. S. E. Axson, when this was the girlhood home of Ella Lou Axson,

the first lady of the land and the wife of President-elect Woodrow Wilson.

In that little white house her big brown eyes looked wonderingly out

toward the future. What were her girlish dreams, her hopes, her ambi

tions? She lived with her "books and her paintings, among the Southern

flowers; and here with her gentle mother and sainted father she spent many

of her girlhood days."

Prehistoric Memor- The region of country between the

ials: The Mound- Oostanaula and the Etowah Elvers

Builders.

is rich in antiquities. Besides an un

written body of traditions, there are

numerous relics which testify to the former existence in

this locality of a race of inhabitants older than the Cher-

732 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
okees. We quote from an account written by Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr., in 1861. Bays he :*
"The organic traces of the Mound-Builders are frjfuent in this neigh borhood. Just -where the rivers meet, there once stood upon the point of land, irhos base is washed by these streams', an interesting- mound, 'circular in shape, some twelve or fifteen .feet in height and, at the base, not less than fifty feet in diameter. The earth and clay which composd this tumulus have been almost entirely removed, the same having been employed in level ing the streets of Rome and in making a landing place for the ferry-boats. From this mound silver ornaments and heads of gold were taken. Jt was found to contain numerous skeletons, pots, vases, stone axes, arrowheads, spearheads, shell ornaments, pipes, copper "beads, mortars, circular stones, carefully rounded and polished, besides other relies of a less interesting character. Along- the banks of the two rivers are numerous traces of in humation. This spot appears to have been consecrated to the purposes of burial. The swollen tides never wash the shore, without bringing to light new proofs of this fact. In the immediate neighborhood were several other mounds of smaller dimensions, all of which seem to have been de voted to the purposes of sepulture. They are now nearly level with the plain. Upon the very spot occupied by at least two of them have been erected the dwellings and work-shops of another and a nobler race. The contents of these were all similar. They were composed of the blue elay and alluvial soil of the valley, interspersed with stones and muscle shells taken from the beds of the confluent streams."
But the Cherokees possessed no information concerning these mounds. They knew nothing whatever of the race of people by whom they were built. Says Colonel Jones:* "When questioned by the whites who first located here, they replied by saying that they retained not even a tradition of those who constructed them." The story is shrouded in oblivion. With respect to the physical characteristics of the environment, Colonel Jones waxes eloquent. Says he: "Beautiful in all its features is this necropolis of a departed race. Standing upon the almost obliterated traces of the larger mound, whose base is washed by the confluent waves of the Etowah and the Oostanaula, the eye, gladdened by the joyfxil meeting, watches the stranger wavelets, now friends, as in joyous companionship they leap along the current of the softly gliding Coosa. . . . The dark green foliage which crowns the left bank grows darker still as the shadow of the opposite hill--almost a mountain--settles upon the river; while the trees on the other side are joyously waving their beautiful branches in the soft sunlight which rests' upon the valley beyond. On the right, hill succeeds hill in gentle undulation. Behind, stretches the valley of the Etowah, beautiful in its
Monumental Remains of Georgia, by Charles C. Jones, Jr., pp. 32-83, Savannah, 1861.
*Ibid., p. S3.

FLOYD

733

foliage, attractive in its graceful windings, as it bends over to guard in its accustomed channel, the stream which imparts its life and verdure. Upon the adjacent eminences, aits the village of Borne. The stately trees have fallen before the stroke of the woodsman. Bi'oacl bridges span the waters. The steamboat, freighted with the products of intelligent husbandry, stem their currents. Through the echoing valley of the Etowah, are heard the shrill whistle and the rapid march of the locomotive. On. every side are seen, the traces of a new, a superior, and an advancing civilization. How changed since the time when the Mound-Builder fixed here his home, and above the remains of his family and friends, heaped these memorials of his sorrow--these tributes to the memory of the departed.''

Antiquities. "Some eight miles above Rome, in a bend of the Oostanaula River, known as Pope's Bend, is a
mount, at present some five or six feet in height and, at the base, some eighty feet in diameter. It stands in the middle of a field, which is said to have been cleared and cultivated by the Indians. Circular in form, its central portion is considerably depressed. In consequence of the ex posure of this tumulus to the immediate action of wind and tempest and due to its having been for years cultivated, its present proportions do not realize its original size. The walls of this mound nrust at first have been raised several feet above its central portion. In this respect, it seems quite unique. Now, however, the outer rim has an elevation of not more" than two feet. It is composed entirely of the sand and soil of the valley. Upon its surface were found broken fragments of pottery, a stone axe, a pipe, a soapstone ornament, broken clay utensils and numerous fragments' of human bones. This was, without doubt, a burial mound. Just across the river, and upon a neck of land formed by the confluence of Armurchee Creek and the Oostanaula, is still another. The surface of the ground for several acres here is covered with pieces' of pottery, and a great varity of spear and arrow-heads. From this mound were taken a mortar of beau tiful proportions, pestles, stone axes, etc. We are inclined to refer these last tumuli to an Indian origin. Certain it is that many of the remains found in and about them are purely Indian in character. It will be ob served, however, that the same locality sometimes', and in fact not unfrequently, indicates the existence of remains peculiar both to the MbundBuilders and to a later period.
" . . . From the best authority it appears that the Cherokees of this region did not, as a general rule, erect mounds over the dead. The usual custom was to hide the body in some rocky fissure, covering it with bark, deapositing with it the bow and arrow, pots, stone axes, and other articles, the property of the deceased, and then close securely the entrance. Often the hut of the deceased was burnt, and with it many articles used by

734 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

the late owner. Sometimes they interred beneath the floor of the cabin, sub

sequently setting- fire to the walls and roof, thus obliterating every trace

of the inhumation.



A

" Again, they buried by placing the body undernei^L a ledge of rocks,

or upon the slope of a hill in some unfrequented spot, heaping above it a

pile of stones. Subsequently they adopted the plan of digging a grave

some three feet or more in depth? into which the corpse was lowered. Above

it was heaped a small tumulus, some six or eight feet in length and two

or three feet in height. Upon the range of hills running to the south of

Rome are several graves of this latter description. They lie north and

south and are generally located in the vicinity of large trees. On the right

bank of the Btowah River, near Rome, at a point known as ' Old Bridge,'

a heavy ledge of rocks, projecting from the side of the hill, overhung the

river. It was necessary to remove this, in order to construct the track of

the Rome Railway. "When forced from its position by the blast, the fissures

in the ledge were found to be filled with the skeletons of Indians. By many

they were supposed to have been the dead killed in a battle fought but a

short distance from this spot, and here secreted by those who survived.

Upon the hill opposite Rome, known as * Cemetery Hill,' many bodies have

been. discovered securely lodged in the inequalities o'f the hillsides, care

fully covered and with utensils of the chase, of war, and of clems tic use,

buried with them. Scattered throughout these valleys', however, there are

mounds of moderate dimensions, circular or ovoidal in form, which are

doubtless to be referred to an Indian origin. Judging from the internal

the Cherokecs. Elevated spaces, perfectly level at the top, are still to be seen. These were formerly used by the Cherokees for the purposes' of sport, daneing, ball playing, and quoit rolling. In one locality, not far from the village of Home, was pointed out a track, some quarter of a mile or more in extant, which tradition designates as an Indian race-course. All traces of the dwellings have, of course, disappeared, with the exception of some of the more modern buildings--such as' the ruins of the house formerly occupied by John Boss, the chief of the national, beautifully situated upon a .gentle elevation, on. the edge of the Coosa Valley, near the inception of the river; and the former residence of Major Ridge, which still remains in good preservation [1861], upon the left bank of the Oostanaula River, some two miles from Rome. These, however, are modern in character and belong to the semi-civilized Indian, as modified in his tastes' and habits by association with the white race."*

The aboriginal remains of these valleys may be divi ded into three classes : 1. Those which are to be referred
*CharIes C. Jones, .Jr., in Monumental Remains of Georgia, pp. 82-93. Savannah: isei.

FLOYD

735

to the Mound-Builders. 2. Such as are purely Indian in character. 3. Those which, although the work of In dians, were modified by intercourse and contact with Whites or Europeans. Authorities: Jones, Adair, Bartram. -

Base-Ball: A Game There is little room for doubt that of Indian Origin. the most typical as "well as the most
popular of American games, viz., base-hall, originated among the North American Indians. As played by them the game was, ~of course, crude, and in some respects was not unlike the game of foot-ball. It is only by an evolutionary sort of process that the favorite sport of the modern colleg'c athlete can be traced to the primitive play-grounds of the savage wilderness, but the essential principles of the game were undoubtedly derived from the aboriginal inhabitants of the continent. Throughout the whole of upper Georgia, there are tra ditions without number concerning important issues, such as boundary line disputes, which were settled by the game; traces of the old fields can still be found on which the famous contests occurred; and in Cherokee County, not far from the town of Canton, is a village which commemoratively bears the name of Ball Ground. To James Adair, the celebrated annalist of the North American sav age, are we indebted for the following description of this favorite pastime of the Indian:
*' Tlio ball is made of a piece of scraped deer-skin, moistened and
stuffed with deer's hair, and strongly sewed with deer' sinews. The ball sticks are about two feet long, the lower end somewhat resembling the palm of a hand. They are worked with deer-skin thongs. Between these they cat eh the ball and are enabled to throw it a great distance, when not prevented by the opposite party, whose effort it is to intercept its passage. The .goal is some five hundred yards in extent. At each end of it, they fix into the ground two long, bending poles, which are three yards
apart at the bottom, but reach much farther outward at the top. The party who succeeds in throwing the ball over these, scores one; but if the ball goes underneath, it is cast back and played for as usual. The game
sters were equal in number on both sides; and at the beginning of every

GEORGIA'S ^LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
.ey thro
sends it in the right course by an artful, sharp twirl.^They are so ex ceedingly expert in this manly exercise that, between ttie goals, the ball is mostly iiying the different ways, by the force of the play ing-sticks, without falling to the ground; for they are not allowed to catch it with the hand. In the heat and excitement of the game, the arms and legs of the players are sometimes broken. The celebration of this game is pre ceded by fastings and night-watches, by those who are about to engage in it. They turn out to the ball-ground, in a long row, painted white, and whooping as if Pluto's prisoners had all broken loose. The leader then begins a religious invocation, which is joined in by his companions. Each party strives to gain the twentieth ball, which they esteem a favorite divine gift.'' From the foregoing description it will be observed that while the modern game of base-ball differs' materially from the primitive game played by the North American Indians, the equally popular game of footba]] preserves many of the savage characteristics of its original prototype."1
FOKSYTH
Cummins'. The county of Forsyth was organized in 1832 out of a part of the Cherokee lands named for
the Hon. John Forsyth of Georgia. The county-site was called Gumming, in honor of a gallant officer of the war of 1812, Col. Wm. Gumming, of Augusta. Gumming was incorporated by an Act approved December 22, 1834-, with the following commissioners : John Jolly, Daniel McCoy, John H. Russell, Daniel Smith, and Wm. Martin.2
Recollections Of " In tlle great Anti-Tariff Convention, at MilledgeJohn Forsyth. Tille' in 1S32 > Mr' Berrien, who led the movement,
was forced to grapple with the best off-hand debater in the world. Burke may have been more philosophical and ornate, Fox more logical and comprehensive, Sheridan more brilliant in repartee, and Pitt, in stately grandeur of eloquence, may have surpassed him, but not one of these was the polemic gladiator, the ever-buoyant and ready master of

elocution that Mr. Forsyth was, with look and gesture, inflection of voice, and all the qualities of a high-bred soul gushing for victory. Tie was a perfect model of eloquence, without having copied any man or any rules. By some happy method, accidental or otherwise, he had accommodated his organs of speech to the capacity of Ikes'lungs for respiration. He was never out of breath; his voice WMS always clear and resonant, always1 pleas ing to the ear in its high or low keys and in its grand or simple modula tions. There was no hurry, no discord, no break, in the constant stream of pure vocalization. The listener had no dread of failure. . . . His very looks accomplished a great deal. A glance of the eye, a motion'of the finger, a wave of the hand, a curl of the lip, a twitch of the Koman nose, could kill or cripple at the will of the speaker. The person of Mr. Forsyth was exceedingly handsome. His form was classical. He was neither too light nor too heavy for grace of manner. .No orator in the United States possessed such a fine command of the keys arid modulations whereby the heart is subdued at the will of the orator. His supply of the best words was inexhaustible. In this respect, he very much resembled Lord Erskine. TTatl ho been less a man of the world, less indoctrinated in the etiquette and levity of courts, less inclined to the heartless formalities of fashion, he would have been more of a public benefactor and more deeply entwined in the affections of men. PI is instincts were not with the masses. He was faithful to his' trusts, because it was impossible for him to do a mean or base act. He was always courteous and obliging in his personal relations; still there was a diplomatic element in which he loved to revel, and from which ho derived his chief enjoyment. Beyond this, life was measurably insipid; nor is it certain that the philosophy of Boliiigbroke or the morals of Chesterfield contributed to his happiness. But if Mr. Forsyth had his defects--arid he would be more than mortal to be exempt-- let it be remembered that the sun has spots which do not mar its brilliance. Jt may be centuries before such a man shall again exist. "*
"The late John Forsyth was one of the most accomplished men of his time. As an. impromptu debater, to bring on an action or to cover a re treat, he never had his superior. He was acute, witty, full of resources, and ever prompt--impetuous as Murat in a charge, adroit as Soult when flanked and out numbered. ITe was liaughty in the presence of enemis, genial and winning among friends. His manners were courtly and diplomatic. In the times of I-iouis the XIV, he would have rivalled the most celebrated cour tiers; under the dynasty of Xapoleon he would have won the baton of France. He never failed to command the confidence of his party; he never feared any odds against it; and, at one time, was almost its sole support
*Stephen H. Miller, in Bench ami Bar of Georgia, Vol. TI.

38 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the Senate against the most brilliant and powerful opposition ever inized against an administration.' '*
FRANKLIN
Carnesville. In 1784, the Legislature of Georgia created two large counties : Franklin and Washing
ton, out of lands obtained from the Indians, under the treaties of 1783, negotiated at Augusta. These were the first counties created after the "war for independence, and most of the lands in these counties were given in bounty warrants to Revolutionary soldiers. Due to conditions on the frontier, several years elapsed before there was any permanent county organization. But Carnesville, as a mountain villag-e, doubtless arose soon after the Revolution. It was made the permanent site for public buildings in the county of Franklin, by an Act approved November 29, 1806, at "which time the following commis sioners were appointed: James Terrell, Obadiah Hooper, Joseph Chandler, Frederick Beal, and James King. 1 The town was incorporated on December 7, 1809, by an Act entrusting its better regulation to the following board of commissioners : Frederick Beal], Samson Lane, Ben jamin Dorsey, Dudley Jones, and Andy Williamson.2 The town was named for Judge Thomas P. Carnes, a noted Congressman and jurist of the early days.
FULTON
Atlanta. As stated in Volume I, of this work, Atlanta was the offspring of railways, and was first called
Terminus, afterwards, Marthasville. The latter town was incorporated by an Act approved December 23, 1843, with the following commissioners: L. V. Gannon, John
*J. F. H. Claiborne, in The Cabinet--Past and Present. 1 Clayton's Compendium, p. 309. 2 Clayton's Compendium, ri. 320.

PULTON

739

Bailey, Willis Carlisle, Jolin Kilo, Sr., and Patrick Quinn. 1 Later on, the name of the town was changed to Atlanta, and under this name was incorporated as a city by an Act approved December 29, 1847, with provision for its government by a. mayor and councilmanic board, con sisting' of four members. Moses AV. Formwalt was the first mayor. It is commonly understood that Atlanta's original charter was drawn by the late Judge John Col lier. Until 185ET, Atlanta was in DeKalb County; but, when the new county of Fulton was organized under an Act approved December 20, 1853, out of DeKalb and Henry Counties, Atlanta was chosen as the new countysite. The First Baptist church, chartered on January 26, 1850, was the earliest church incorporated. The trus tees were: David Gr. Daniel, Ira O. McDaniel, Fred Kicklighter, Alfred ~W. Woodin, and James S. Baker. 2 Next came the First Presbyterian chnrch, whose charter was granted on February 10, 1854, with the following board of trustees: John Grlenn, Oswald Houston, Julius A.. Hayden, James D'avis, Joel Kelsey, George Kobinson, and Win. Markham. 3 There is no record of a charter for the Methodists, but they were here in the very beginning and afterwards acquired the property which was at first jointly owned by the several denominations in common, on the site of the present Candler building, where the First Methodist church long stood. The present school system of Atlanta was established in 1872.

"Gate City": When At a meeting- of some of the early

the Sobriquet

pioneers, held at the Kimball House,

was First Used.

on the evening of April 24, 1871,

soon after the original structure

was completed, quite a number of spicy reminiscences of

the ante-bellum days were revived. (To-the fund of

'Acts, IS43, p. 83. 2 Acts. 1849-1850, p. 76. 3 Acts, 1S53-1S54, p. 274.

740

G-KORGIA'S TjAJS'DMARKS, MEMORIALS AND JJ-KGENDS

anecdotes., the following- contribution was made by Judge "William Ezzard, an ex-Mayor. Said lie:
"The name of the Gate City was first given to jjhanta in Charleston in 1856, and it tame about in this way. When the road was completed between Charleston and Memphis, the people of Charleston put a hogshead

Memphis for the purpose of mingling the waters of tlie Atlantic with the waters of the Mississippi. In the year 1857 the Mayor of Memphis, with quite a number of ladies iu the party, came to Atlanta, en route to Charles ton, carrying water from the Mississippi, and they also carried a fireengine for the piirpose of mingling tlie waters of the Mississippi with the waters of fhe Atlantic. They arrived about 12 o'clock. I was then Mayor of Atlanta, and we gave them a reception and prepared a handsome colla tion for them. The next morning they left for Charleston. I went with then). There were also several others in the party from Atlanta. We ar rived in Charleston, and had a grand time there. We paraded the streets, marched down, to the "bay, and then went through the ceremony of pumping this water from tlie Mississippi into the ocean. There were a great many people present on this occasion; they came from all parts of Georgia and from all parts of South Carolina; and a grand banquet was given by the people of Charleston. Everything was well arranged. There was a toast drafted for Savannah, one for Macon, one for Augusta, and one for At]anta? and so on. The toast prepared and given, for Atlanta was: 'The Gate City--the only tribute which she requires of those who pass through her boundaries is that they stop long enough to partake of the hospitality of her citizens.' This was the substance of the toast. I may not recall the exact language. After that Atlanta was always called the Gate City, and it was never known as that before. I responded to this toast for Atlanta. It was given, T suppose, from the fact that this railroad had just been, con structed, through the mountains', for the purpose of connecting the West with the Atlantic seaboard, and there was nj way to get to either place except to pass through Atlanta."'"

"Peachtree:" There is little room for doubt concerning' Its Derivation, the source from which the name of At
lanta's thoroughfare was derived. In the early days of the last century, an Indian village, called the standing- Peachtree, stood just to the North of the
History of Atlanta' and Its IMoneers, published by the rioneer Citizens Society, p. aio.

FIJI/TON

741

city's present site. The stream which meandered near the village was called Peachtree Creek, while the path which led to it through the forest was called Peachtree Trail. With the influx of population, the path was even tually "widened into Peachtree K,oad, a thoroughfare which is today lined witli sorae of the most palatial and elegant homes to be found south of Baltimore.
To cite authorities: Dr. AbJel Sherwood, in his quaint little work entitled ' * Sherwood 's Gazeteer,' * published in TS30, states, on page 103, that the town of Pecatnr was then "95 miles northwest of Milledgev.ille, 25 miles southwest of Lawreuceville, 9 miles southwest of Rock Mountain, and 12 miles east of the Standing Peach tree on the Ch.attahooch.ee." The author prints the words "Standing Peachtree" in capitals, jnst ay in the ease of the towns mentioned. Moreover, since the various roads entering Atlanta, viz., the Ties well, the Marietta, the Decatur, the M'cDonough, were each named for the towns to which they led, the same, especially in the lig-ht of other evidence, must be in'fercntially true of Peachtree.
But there is still another witness. At the outbreak of the War of 1812, Governor George K. Gilmer, who was then barely of ag'e, received a lieutenant's commis sion; and as soon as enough recruits were collected an order was issued for them to be put in charge of an of ficer, and sent into the Indian country, where active hos tilities were going on ag'ainst the Creeks. Says Gov. Gilmer :*
"J! asked for the command and received it. I marched with twenty-two ree-mits, having no arms, except refuse drill muskets, a small quantity of loose powder, and some immolded lead. My appointed station was on the hanks of the Chattahooehee, about thirty or forty miles beyond the fron tier, near an Indian town, not far from where the Georgia Railroad [mean ing Western and Atlantic], now crosses the Chattahoochee River. '' It was an awkward business for one who had only seen a militia muster and who had iievfr fired a musket. T was ordered to build a fort. I had never seen a fort, and had no means of knowing how to obey the order but what T could get from Zhiarie's Tactics. I went to work and succeeded very well, so far as 1 know, as the strength and fitness of my fortification was never tested. Same few days after my arrival at the standing peaehtree, a rough Indian fellow fame into the camp with some fine catfish for sale. I had supplied myself with hook and line for catching cat in the Chatta hoochee before I left home, and had bated and hung them from limbs
*Gilmer's "Georgians."

742 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
into the water. I had noticed this fellow the day before gliding stealthily along near the "bank of the river, in a small canoe, where the lines with baited hooks were hung. T intimated to him that the fish he was offering to sell were taken from my hooks. With demoniac Jfcoks of hatred and revenge, he drew his knife from his belt, and holding"it for a moment in

The Atlanta When Grant was made commander-in-chief of the armies

CampaigTl.

of the 'United States, Sherman succeeded him in the

chief command at the West,and, under Sherman, were three armies with three superb commanders: the Army of Tennessee, tinder McPherson; the Army of the Cumberland, under Thomas, and the Army of the Ohio, formerly under Burnside, but now commanded by Schoiielcl. At the beginning of May, 1864, this triple army covered a line about twenty miles in length, a little south of Chattanooga: McPherson on the right, with 25,000 men; Thomas in the center, with 60,000, and Schofield on the left, with 35,000; in all, 100,0-00 men, with 260 guns. Opposed to this force was a Confederate army, under command of Joseph E. Jolmston, who, among the Southern generals, ranked next in ability to Lee. It was gen erally understood by the public that Sherman's grand object in this cam paign was the capture of Atlanta, the principal city of Georgia between the mountains and the sea-coast. But Grant and Sherman well knew that an even more important object was the destruction or capture of Johnston's army, and this was likely to be no light task. Johnston was a master of Fabian strategy, whom it was next to impossible to bring to battle unless he saw a good chance of winnuing.' '3

Hood Supersedes Despite the masterful tactics of Johns-

Johnstcn-

ton, in opposing the inarch, of Sherman

from l>alton to Atlanta, there was

great dissatisfaction over what seemed to be the failure

of the former to accomplish definite results, notwith

standing the heavy odds which confronted him. With

President Davis he had never been a favorite ; and, on

July 17, 1864, when the two hostile armies stood before

the Standing Pe 2 The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War, by John FJske, pp. 324-325,

PULTON

743

Atlanta, the President felt constrained to relieve him of the command, appointing in Ms stead an intrepid soldier: John B. Hood, who was expected to conduct an aggres sive campaign. His reputation as a fighter was well es tablished and his appointment carried with it the under standing that defensive tactics were to "be abandoned. It is said that Sherman, on hearing of the change, made this remark: "Heretofore, the fighting has been as Johnston pleased, but hereafter it shall be as I please." When the news reached the Union army, it undoubtedly formed the subject of some conversation between Slierman and McPherson, as they sat on the steps of the porch of a country house. In allusion to the incident, Sherman himself says in his "Memoirs": W^ agreed that we ought to be unusually cautious and prepared for hard fighting, because Hood, though not deemed much of a scholar, or of great mental capacity, "was undoubtedly a brave, determined, and rash man.'' General O. O. How ard in "Battles and Leaders of the Civil "War," com ments thus: '' Just at this time, much to our comfort and to his surprise, Johnston "was removed and Hood put in command of the Confederate army." In the light of subsequent events, the judgment of Mr. Davis in making the change, is at least open to criticism; and, to quote the language of Henry K. Goetchius, a distinguished stu dent of the campaign: "Who knows but what the history of the Confederate States of America might have been "written differently had not the criticism of the rash, the thoughtless and the ignorant been allowed to lead to a substitution of the Confederate Fabius with a brave, but impetuous Varro. ""

The Battles

On July 20, 1864, Hood attacked the

Around AUanta. Federal army at Peachtree Creek, near

Atlanta, and then began the struggle

for the prize of war. There followed a week of desul-

*Sherman's Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 75; Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. IV, p. 313; Johnston's Narrative, etc.

744 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
tory fighting-, in wkieli he lost perhaps 8,000 men and ac complished nothing. Says Professor Derry : "Through bad manag-ement the attack was not m*de as promptly as Hood desired, nor with as good resufts ; for the Con federates were repulsed with heavy loss." For the de fence of the city over 10,000 State troops had been placed in the trenches, cannon had been obtained, and supplies made ready for the anticipated assault. Major-General Gustavus J. Smith commanded the State militia and General Toombs, at this time, was on his staff. The four brigades of State troops were commanded by the follow ing officers: K. W. Carswcll, P. J. Phillips, C. IX Anderson, and II. K. McCay. .Besides these, there were several Georgia regiments in the Confederate army under Gen eral Hood, and they served throughout the campaign. Quite a number of Georgians, with the rank of Brig'adier-General, participated in the battles around Atlanta, among them, Alfred Iverson, Jr., Hugh W. Mercer, M. A. Stovall, John K. Jackson, Alfred Gumming, Claudius C. Wilson, Kobert II. Anderson, Henry R. Jackson, and B. M. Thomas. Lieutenant-Generals Joseph Wheeler and William J. Hardee were both in these engagements ; and Major-General W. II. T. Walker. On July 22, oc curred one of the most terrific engagements of the entire Avar. Both sides fought with grim determination. It was Hood's plan to drive Sherman back toward the Ten nessee line, but at the close of the day he was still where the morning found him.

Walker and McPher- Two of the ablest commanding offi-

son Killed: Battle- cers of the Civil War fell, on July

Field Memorials.

22, in the heat of this renowned

engagement. Major-General Jarnes

B. MePherson was killed while making a reconnoisance

near the skirmish line of the Confederates. He was or

dered to surrender; but, raising his hand as if to salute,

he wheeled about and galloped off. Instantly a volley of

muskets was discharged, and the brave officer fell from Iris horse to the ground, bleeding from several wounds. Both Sherman and Grant placed the highest estimate up on his abilities.
The other distinguished soldier who "was numbered among the slain was Major-General Wm. H. T. Walker, a Georgian. He was gallantly leading- an attack upon the Federals, who occupied the crest of a hill, when he was shot in the thigh. As he fell to the ground, he was caught by an officer, who, in the act of leaning toward him, was shot in the head. The body of General Walker was sent to Augusta, for burial ; but the spot on which he fell, about two miles east of Atlanta, has been appropriately marked. The memorial consists of a cannon mounted upon a pedestal of granite and surrounded by an iron railing. At each corner of the base is a pyramid of can non-balls. On the south side is tliis inscription:
In iLemory of MAJOR-GENERAL WM. H. T. WALKER,
C. B. A.
On the north side is inscribed the f ollowing;
The monument was erected some few years ago, by the veterans of Camp AValker. In like manner, the place where General McPherson fell has been marked. It is half a mile distant on the same tragic field. This monu ment was erected by the United States Government. In honor of the same gallant officer, the local military post bears the name of Fort McPherson. Lieutenant-Colonel John M. Brown, a brother of Georgia's war Governor, was also among the victims, "while Brigadier-General Hugh W. Mercer was severely wounded.

746 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Applying the Torch When Hood left the fated city, on the to Atlanta: A Me- night of September 1, 1864, he started tropolis in Flames, toward the Tennessee ne, his object
being- to force Sherman to quit Geor gia, in order to protect his base of supplies. It was an unexpected development. The "wily commander was some what perplexed; but instead of starting in pursuit, he ordered Thomas to follow Hood, while he kept his clutch upon Atlanta. Then it was that the idea of continuing his triumphant march to the ocean front fired his brain; and, after receiving Grant's permission to undertake the movement, provided Thomas was left sufficiently strong to cope with Hood in Tennessee, he began to make preparations. The city's destruction "was resolved upon; and, on September 4, an order was issued requiring the departure of all citizens, save such as were in the employ of the Federal government. Those who did not choose to go South, were sent North. Only the smallest amount of personal property could be taken away. This ruthless expulsion of over twelve thousand people, some of whom were entirely without means, worked the most grievous hardships; and, though Mayor Calhoun urged a revoca tion of the order, his appeal was fruitless.
Then began the fiendish "work of incendiarism. The torch was remorselessly applied. To quote Colonel Clarke: "What could not be consumed by fire was blown up, torn down, or otherwise destroyed. No city during the war was so nearly annihilated. The central part or business locality was an entire mass of ruins, there being only a solitary structure standing* on our main street, Whitehall, between its extreme commercial limits. At least three-fourths of the buildings in the city were de stroyed, the remainder consisting chiefly of dwelling houses. Father O'Beilly "was instrumental in saving the Catholic and several Protestant churches, and also the City Hall. The Medical Colleg-e was saved through the efforts of Dr. N, D'Alvigny. Atlanta was left a scene of charred and desolate ruins, the home of half-starved

Fur/roN

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747

and half-wild dogs, who, with tlie carrion crows, feasted upon the refuse, together with the decaying carcasses of animals." 1

n's March to On November 15, 1864, with sixty thousand men,

the Sea B6gittS.

Sherman left the smouldering ruins of Atlanta

behind and started upon his devastating march

to the sea. The port of Savannah "became his objective point. Cutting a

swath forty miles wide, his1 army marched like a pestilence through Georgia,

destroying what could not "be utilized for food. Crops were laid waste, farm

houses burned, and whole villages wrecked. Horses were seized; and cows

and hogs were either used for food or left dead in the field. Thieves

who. followed the army, or belonged to its lowest elements, reveled in the

plunder of silver chests or other receptacles in which valuables were

stored. The track of desolation was three hundred miles in length; and

Sherman, in his report, said: "I estimate the damage done to the State

of Georgia at one hundred million dollars."2

Atlanta Becomes During the war period, Atlanta was an the State Capital, important depot of supplies. Its de
struction by General Sherman empha sized its value not only from the strategic but equally from the commercial point of view; and, furthermore, under the regime of reconstruction, it was the chief abode of the military power. Between the two oceans there was scarcely a point on the map which, was better known in newspaper circles.
Consequently, when the Constitutional Convention of 3868 assembled in Atlanta, the city again sued for the coveted boon. The council agreed to furnish the neces sary buildings, well equipped for the purpose, and with out cost to the State for ten years; these to include a residence for the Governor, a receptacle for the State Library, and convenient quarters for the executive, leg;-
1 E. Y. Clarke, in Illustrated History of Atlanta; Wallace P. Reed, T. H. Martin, etc.; also John Fiske in the The Mississippi "Valley in the Civil "War.
3 Lawton B. Evans, in I-Iistory of Georgia for Schools: Isaac W. Avery, in History of Georgia, 1850-1881.

748 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
islative, and judicial departments. The fullest protec tion was also guaranteed for the safety of important State documents and papers. The counci agreed further to donate the old fair grounds, containing twenty-five acres, on 'which to erect the new capitol building1, or in lieu thereof, any unoccupied ten acres within the city limits which the General Assembly might prefer. By resolution adopted on .February 27, 1868, the conven tion accepted the city's offer; and, in the. Constitution, which was subsequently ratified at the polls, an article was inserted making Atlanta the seat of government. Thus the battle was won.

In 1889, the new capitol building, a structure of mag

nificent proportions in every respect, "worthy of the great

commonwealth, "was completed on the south side of the

town and on the site of the old City Hall1 Park, for years

the seat of legislation in local affairs. The ground is

somewhat elevated at this point, giving to the lordly

dome, which crowns the massive pile, an appropriate

setting. It is to be regretted that the building is not

constructed entirely of Georgia stone, the quarries of this

State having become so famous that many public build

ing throughout the Union have made use of our home

products. But the vast marble and granite resources of

Georgia were not sufficiently developed at this time to

meet competition. Hence oolitic limestone was substi

tuted; an excellent material of great durability and

streng'th, obtained from Indiana. However, the interior

finish of 'the building- shows the cx-

Unbesmirched by

quisite beauty of ornamentation

Graft: Georgia's

which belongs to Georgia marble.

Capitol a Monument The magnitude of the building- is

to Official Integrity, such that the demands for space can

be met for years to come, however

great the increase in the volume, of official business. The

labor of construction occupied five years. But so care-

Fur/roN

749

fully was the work supervised by the men to whom, this important responsibility "was entrusted, that the struc ture was not only built within the figures of the original
appropriation, hut an unexpended residue of several
thousand dollars was left in the treasury, to challenge the admiration of an age of graft. Thus an object-lesson
is presented to New York, to Pennsylvania, and to other States, in which similar enterprises have furnished the opportunity for unlimited corruption. The following" dis
tinguished Georgians constituted the commission : Gov
ernor Henry JX McDaniel, General Philip Cook, General
E. P. Alexander, Captain Evan P. Ho well, Hon. W. W.
Thomas, and Judge A. TJ. Miller. The cornerstone of the building' was laid with masonic 'Ceremonies m 1884,
and the oration was delivered by the polished and elo quent General Alexander E. Lawton, of Savannah. Car peted with, grass and ornamented with shrubs and plants
the area surrounding- the capitol building has been made very attractive, at small expense, by the exercise of good
taste and judgment, together with watchful attention.

Atlanta's Great There will be no one to question the statement that

Newspapers.

mufh Of Atlailtu ' 8 phenomenal growth since the Civil

War has been due to her great newspapers. Thes'e have proven an effective supplement to her railroads; for they have not only been king-makers in the world df politics, bat powerful factors in the sphere of industrial economics. They have fostered great civic move

ments; they have embodied progressive ideals; they have set the pace for newspapers in other parts of the South, and while seeking primarily to build up Atlanta, they have stimulated the forces of development through out the entire Piedmont region.

But the Gate City of the South was long a death-trap for journalistic experiments.

It is needless to go behind the Civil War period in search of testimony

. Atlanta 's earliest

750 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
sheet--published in 3845--was the Luminary, a somewhat crude affair, of w-hicli the Reverend Joseph Baker was the editor, and he used in printing it a small hand press. But the beams of this pioneer beacon were soon extinguished. Its successors were legion, but they weA uniformly short lived. Atlanta for years became a sort of infirmary fr>r sick newspapers and a grave-yard for dead ones. Even the Southern Miscellany, brought to A.tlanta from Madison and edited by the afterwards famous "William T. Thompson, proceeded almost instanter to give up the ghost--thongh an artistic sXiccess. The Intelligencer, a newspaper founded in the early fifties and edited for quite awhile by J. I. Whitaker, managed to weather suc cessfully the storm of Civil "War, but went down under the incubus of Keconstruction. It was on this paper that Colonel John H. Seals--who afterwards, edited The Sunny South----earned his journalistic spurs. The Southern Confederacy, another war-time sheet, acquired wide note. It was often printed on brown paper, but was read throughout the Confederate lines. Colonel George ~W. Adair and Mr. J. Henly Smith were the owners, On its editorial staff was the present world-renowned dean of American newspaperdom, Henry Watterson--then a youthful novitiate, serving his apprenticeship to the pen. Two of Atlanta 's most prominent busines's men --John H. James and B. B. Crew--first began to show the metal which was in them on this famous' paper. It also possessed a poet of no mean gifts in the well-known A. K. "Watson.
But it died. History repeated itself after the war. There was no decline for years in the number of newspaper obsequies and interments. Even the first journalistic effort of the brilliant Grady--who undertook to launch the Herald--proved to be a tragic disaster. His associate, Robert A. Alston, a man of gifts, who scathingly denounced the convict-lease system, wa.s afterwards killed in the State Capitol by Captain Ed. Gox. It was when the Herald's last issue appeared that Mr. Grady penned his famous epi gram: "General Toombs loaned like a Prince and collected like a shylark.' * In 3.872 Alexander H. Stephens entered the local arena. He acquired from Judge Cincinnatus Peeples the famous Atlanta Sun, in order to fight the election of Horace Greeley; but straightway the orb began to set. It is no exaggeration to say that at least a score of newspapers have been decently buried in Atlanta since Sherman's visit. The first daily publication to take vigorous root and to acquire permanent lodgings above ground was' the Constitution.
This famous old daily was founded in the summer of 1868. Its first editor was Carey W. Styles, while ~W. A. Hemphill and J. H. Anderson man aged the business interests. Colonel Hemphill retained his connection with the paper for more than three decades. J. R. Bari-iek, I. W. Avery, and E. Y. Clarke, each in succession, directed the editorial policy of the paper for the first eight years. Major Barriek was a Kentuckian by birth and

PULTON

751

a poet by grace. In 1876 Captain Evan P. Ho well acquired Colonel darkens interest and. became editor-in-chief. With, his wonderful insight into men, Captain Howell soon gathered about him a galaxy of gifted writers. It was at this time that Joel Chandler Harris, refugeeiug from Savannah to escape the ravages of yellow fever, came to Atlanta, where he was soon annexed to the staff and began to write the name of Uncle Remus the famous dialect stories -which were destined to carry his name around the globe. Henry W. Grady ancl Samuel W. Small were also dis covered by this keen-eyed man of affairs; and it was not long before P. J. Moran was added to the group. In 1889 came one with a song, in the person of the gifted Frank TJ. Stanton, who still edits his famous column-- ' ' Just from Georgia.''
Wot long after the paper was launched N". P. T. Finch bought an in terest and became associate editor; but eventually he left Atlanta for the West, selling his interest to Mr. S. M. Inman--ever a friend to Atlanta's great undertakings. In 1880, Henry W. Grady, who had been a spacewriter, acquired an interest and became managing editor, a position which he held until his death; and it was largely under the leadership of this journalistic Napoleon that the Constitution became a power in newspaperdom. His feats of journalistic enterprise established new precedents, while his editorials--like blasts from a silvery bugle--thrilled and electrified the State. He was succeeded at the helm by Clarke Howell, the present su perbly-equipped editor-in-chief. Captain K. P. Howell eventually retired, and Hugh T. Inmau then acquired an interest, which, in turn, passed to the Bunnigan estate. In 1902 Colonel Hemphill's interest was purchased by Clark Howell, in association with Roby Robinson, the latter becoming business manager. Ten years later, Mr. Robinson relinquished this office, retaining, however, his interest; and Mr. James R. Holiday was' duly in stalled as his successor.

In 1883 rose the Atlanta Journal, founded as an afternoon paper by Colonel E. B. Hoge, a prominent member of the local bar. But Colonel Hoge's health failed. The ownership then passed to John Paul Jones, who two years later sold it to a syndicate, including Hoke Smith, H. H. Cabaniss, Charles A. Collier, Jacob Haas and others. Josiah Carter was maOe managing editor, and the brilliant P. H. Richardson also began at this time his long connection with the paper as its chief editorial writer. Mr. Smith became president of the corporation and Mr. Cabaniss the busi ness manager. It is due to the powerful leverage which the Journal de veloped in the Presidential campaign of 1892 that Mr. Smith--who directed the policy of the paper--was invited to enter the Cabinet of Mr. Cleveland as Secretary of the Interior. This was the beginning o,f his distinguished career in national politics. Twice after --this he became Governor of Geor gia, and, on the first M'onday in Becember, 1911, he took his seat in the Senate of the United States. In 1900 both Mr, Smith and Mr, Cabaaiss

752 GEORGIA'S LAKDMARKS, MEMORIALS AKD JJKGENDS
"1908 resigned his thair to Vsocomo editor of the New York American, the greatest of the Rearst papers. Soon after ihe Georgian was founded, Mr! Scely acquired by purehj-isc (ho Allan la News, of which Colonel Graves had formerly been the editor; find the two papers were then combined. It rjmst fco saJd to ihe credit of this latest entry in the newspaper lists that
including- the crusade for the overthrow of the convict lease system and the fiampa-ign for State-wide prohibition. In 1912, Mr. Scely sold the Georgian, to William Kandolph Hearat, of Xew York. It was on the Southern, Temperance Crusader, a weekly journal founded in 1858, that gifted novelist and poet, Mrs. M'ary K. Bryan, made her bow to the
SoutJt, a weekly periodical founded by Colonel John H. Seals in 1875 and purchased by the Constitution some quarter of a century later. This paper was lon ff a fireside companion throughout the South. T>uring the late sixties, Tlte Christian Index, Georgia's' pioneer religious journal, came from Pen-field to Atlanta, where it is still edited; and in 1906 Joel Chandler Harris founded the Uncle Remus Magazine, for some time edited and pub lished by his eldest son, Julian Harris, who inherits in no small degree the paternal genius.
Atlanta's First Atlanta's first Memorial Day was oilMemorial Day. served 011 April 26, 1866, jiist one year
after G-en. Johnstoii's surrender. 'The moving1 spirit in tills pioneer celebration was Mrs. Joseph -tl, Morgan, a gentle lady whose whole life lias been unselfishly devoted to good deeds. Mrs. Morgan has seen nearly fifty recurring aniversaries of Memorial Day, but her heart is still young in its beautiful enthusiasm for a Jjost Cause, while Iteu labor of love for the boys in gray "has never known a moment's languor or "weariness. As Miss Eugenia Goode, she was for three years secretary of the Atlanta. Hospital Association, a relief society of

1

FULTON

753

which the beloved Mrs. Isaac Winship was president. On April 35 f 1866, inspired by a letter from the pen of Mrs. diaries .J. Williams, of Columbus, advocating a Memorial Day, Mrs. Morgan requested Mrs. W. W. Clayton, with her two daughters, Julia and Sallie, afterwards Mrs. Hoge and Mrs. Crane, to unite with her in calling' the ladies of Atlanta together. Accordingly a meeting was held at which, initial steps were taken.
.Re-enforced by Mrs. John N. Simmons, the above named ladies, within two days, raised $350 out of a pov erty-stricken town with which to put the cemetery in or der and to meet necessary expenses. Mrs. Morgan, with her father and mother, Major and Mrs. Hamilton Goodo, the Misses Clayton, and others, went day after day to the cemetery, often taking a light lunch with them; and in person directed the hired labor until they had cleared the ground where the known Confederate dead were bur ied. Cedar, out of which to make wreathes, was brought from Stone Mountain to Atlanta, free of charge, by the Georgia Railroad. Botli of the local papers espoused the movement and urged the merchants of Atlanta to observe the clay by a g'eneral closing" of stores. There was no formal oration at the cemetery, due to positive orders from the Federal officers. .But Col. K. P. Hoge, in a few well-chosen words, introduced the chaplain of the occasion, Rev. Robert Q. Mallard, pastor of the Cen tral Presbyterian church, who offered a most eloquent prayer, prefaced by a few opening' remarks.
As the immediate result of this simple service over the graves of the dead, there was formed in Atlanta, "within the next few days a Memorial Association constituted as follows: President, 13r. J. P. Liog'an; 1st Vice-President, Mrs. Joseph H. Morgan; 2nd Vice-President, Mrs. K. B. Walker; 3rd Vice-President, Mrs. J. N. Simmons. Be sides, there was chosen a board of directors, with the following- members, to wit: Gen. G. T. Anderson, Col. John S- Prather, Col. E. 1\ Hoge, Major Austin Leyden, .Capt. W..M. Williams, Dr. J. G. Westmorland," Mrs,-R.

754 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGBNDS
Bass, Mrs. J. M. Johnson, and Mrs. W. F. Westmoreland. Dr. J. P. Logan promptly declined the executive honors, whereupon Mrs. Joseph H. Morgan was J^lccted presi dent, an office which she filled for two years. In the spring; of 1868, she relinquished her 'Official duties on ac count of a contemplated absence from the city for an indefinite length of time, but she had given the work its initial impetus. On returning- to Atlanta, she resumed her place in the ranks, where she has ever since been tire less in her manifold activities. Mrs. Morgan's success ors in office have been as follows: Mrs. John B. Gordon, Mrs. J. M. Johnson, Mrs. W. W. Clayton, Mrs. John Milledge, and Mrs. W. D. Ellis. The last named lady has now been president of the Memorial Association for nearly twenty years. One whose name does not appear in the above1 list, hut who, until her removal to Chatta nooga was an unwearied worker in the ranks was Mrs. G-eorge T. Fry. Though still open, to some dispute, At lanta's Memorial Association was probably the first one organized as such in the Southern States.

Re-Interring During Mrs. Morgan's tenure of office, the

the Dead.

building of a monument -was first projec

ted. But the most imperative obligation

at this time binding upon them was the re-interment of

the dead soldiers then lying in the trenches around At

lanta. Accordingly, a petition was made to the city

council for an additional area of ground in which to re-

inter the dead bodies. This request was granted. But

due to a lack of funds the work of removal was postponed

for another year. In the meantime, Major Joseph H.

Morgan painted and lettered five hundred head-boards

with which to mark the graves of his fallen, comrades.

When the task of removing the dead bodies from the

trenches around the city was at last undertaken, Mrs.

John M. Johnson became the most conspicuous figure in

the activities of this period. Mrs. Johnson was the wife

PULTON

755

of a much-beloved physician of Atlanta and a sister of two noted Confederate Generals : Howell and Thomas E. R. Cobb. With, a spirit "which, never once flagged, Mrs. Johnson superintended in her own person the work of re moving the dead bodies. Tile sphere of her operations covered an area of ten miles around Atlanta. There wa.s hardly a square foot of ground which she left unvisited. In some of the trenches, Mrs. Johnson found as many as eighty or a hundred soldiers, wrapped in war-blank ets, with their hands crossed and "with their caps over their faces. Lumber was needed for boxes; and since none was to be obtained at this time in Atlanta, Mrs. Johnson went to Stone Mountain, "where she succeeded in obtaining- supplies. She then supervised the making of boxes into which, first and last, some three thousand Confederate soldiers were reverently gathered and given the rites of Ohristian burial. When the dead bodies were re-interred, council granted the ladies permission to sub divide the unoccupied ground into lots and to offer the same for sale. Out, of the proceeds arising from this source, they "were enabled to place marble head-stones over the graves, to unveil the Lion of Lucerne as a mem orial to the unknown dead and to make other needed im provements without calling upon the public for aid.

Atlanta's Con-

On April 26, 1874, the magnificent

federate Monuments, granite shaft in Oakland Cemetery

was unveiled to the memory of the

Confederate dead. Hon. Thomas Hardeman, Jr., of Ma-

con, "was the orator of the occasion, introduced to the as

semblage by Col. Robt. A. Alston; while the prayer of in

vocation was offered by Gen. Clement A. Evans. The

monument is sixty-five feet in height. It is Romanesque

in style, resting upon a base twenty feet square, from

"which it rises in a series of six gradations, is built of

756 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AKD LEGENDS
Stone Mountain granite, devoid of ornamentation, and contains only this inscription:
D--18*.
From base to apex, it represents a free-will offering" to the South's heroic dead. The g'ranite was donated by the Stone Mountain Granite Company and trans ported free of charge by the Georgia Railroad. Mr. Wm. Gay, the designer, donated both the tablet and the in scription. .l>r. Amos Fox assumed the contract for its erection arid Mr. Calvin Fay gave his services as super vising" architect. The total cost of the monument was only $8,000 though it represented a minimum value of little less than $20,000. Concerts, teas, suppers, cha rades, moon-lig-ht picnics--these "were some of the ways in which the money was realized. The corner-stone of the monument was laid on the day of Gen. Tree's funeral, at which time the oration was delivered by one of his greatest lieutenants--Gen. John B. Gordon. Some of the men of Atlanta who were unremitting in the help which they g"ave to the Toadies' Memorial Association were: Major Tom Williams, Capt. Win. Williams, Mr. Charles Herbst, Mr. A. R. Watson, Col. E. Y. Clarke, Col. John S. Prather, Major Austin Leyden, Col. George W. Adair, Col. Thomas C. Howard, Mr. Neil Rob sou, Major Hamilton Groode, Judg'e W. W. Clay ton, Major Joseph II. Morgan, D:r. Amos Fox, Gren. Wm. S. Walker, Col. E. F. Hog-e, Mr. B. A. Pratte, Major W. D.-Luckie, Mr. Anthony Murphy, and others. These names deserve to be embalmed in Atlanta's grateful remembrance. Two other Confederate monuments typifying- the love of Georgia's capital city for the wearers of the gray are the Liion of Lucerne, unveiled to the Unknown .Dead, in Oakland cemetery, and the handsome monument erected by the Confederate veterans to the private soldier of the South, in "Westview.

FULTON

757

Miss Junia McKin- To be honored with a bronze memor-

ley: Her D. A. R. ial tablet in the eapitol of a great

Memorial.

State is a goal of ambition which few

can ever hope to attain; but" such is

the tribute which an appreciative public sentiment has

paid to one of the noblest of Georgia's gentle women:

Miss Junia McKiiiley. On December 2, 1909, Piedmont

Continental Chapter, D. A. R., by special permission of

the State authorities, placed this handsome tablet on

the walls of the State Library, near its main entrance.

Inscribed upon the tablet, in beautiful raised letters, is

the following" record:

Tii grateful remembrance of our beloved founder, MISS JUNIA McKIjSTLEY. 1854-1907. One of the foremost genealogists, Daughters of the American Eevo-

in tho Spanish-American War.

This tablet is erected by Piedmont Continental Chap, Daughters of the American Revolution, Atlanta, member, 1909.

Hut the wording of this memorial is entirely too brief to be more than merely suggestive. When the tablet was unveiled by Piedmont Continental Chapter, Governor Jo seph M. Brown made the speech of acceptance for the State, while Hon. Hugh V. Washing-ton, of Macon, Ga., made tho speech of presentation. Mrs. Lewis I). Lowe, Regent of the Chapter, and Mrs. William Lawson Peel, Honorary State Regent, also delivered short addresses, rich in tender memories. There was a larg*e assemblage present, completely filling' the spacious hall.
These exercises constituted an extraordinary tribute, but one fully deserved. In the ranks of her patriotic order, Miss McKinley was a pioneer. She founded At lanta Chapter, the oldest in the State, organized on the same day which witnessed the birth of the chapter in New York. When the movement was in its infancy she cherished it, loved it, brought to it her own inarvelous

758 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
resources of strength. When others faltered, she stood firm; when hope flickered in other hearts, her own en thusiasm blazed the brighter. If she did n4t foresee its future destiny, she at least realized its inlferent claims, its manifold possibilities. For months she united in her own person the various offices of her chapter and carried upon her willing shoulders the weight of its combined ac tivities ; but she found her reward in the joy of service and at the time of her'death was honorary State Regent of the D. A. R.
Miss McKinley was also a gifted educator. At the age of sixteen she organized a private school which she conducted most successfully for more than twenty years. Her work "was always along constructive lines. During the Spanish-American War--impelled by the spirit of Florence Nightingale--she established the IX A. R. Hos pital Corps of Atlanta Chapter,.becoming its vice-presi dent. She gave her entire time to relief work at Fort McPherson and under the auspices of the American Bed Cross, opened a diet kitchen for the invalid soldiers. In recognition of her "work she received the appreciative thanks of a grateful government, engraved upon parch ment. Miss McKinley was a kinswoman of the great President whose life, like her own, went out ere it reg istered its maturest powers. Her day "was brief--too brief; but, from dawn to dusk, it was full of the sum mer's radiance, its precious moments were garnered, its golden opportunities were met, and it ended calmly, with the white promise of the stars.
Woodrow Wilson: Woodrow Wilson, the twenty-eighth An Incident in His President of the United States, beCareer as a Lawyer, gan his career as a lawyer in Geor
gia's State capital. He was form ally admitted to the bar in 1882; and his license to practice law in the courts of this State bears the sig nature of Hon. George Hillyer, Judge of the Atlanta

Fum-ON

759

Circuit. Entering- into a legal partnership with a bril liant young barrister like himself, Edward J. Renick, the professional shingle of the new firm was displayed from a modest office on the second floor of the old Hulsey building-, on the corner of Broad and Marietta Streets. But there was no immediate rush of clients, and becom ing discouraged as "weeks lengthened into months without materially swelling the bank account of either, they de cided to dissolve the partnership agreement and to set
out in quest of new pastures. Mr. Renick became in after years assistant Secretary
of State under President Cleveland. Still later he was made special representative of the great banking house of Coudert Brothers. He died in the city of Paris while on a very important mission coucerning the Gould in terests, and his death was deplored on both sides of the water. Mr. Wilson went to Baltimore, to pursue a spe cial cpurse of study at Johns Hopkins. He was then called to an adjunct professorship of history at Bryu. Mawr; thence in 1888 he went to Wesleyan University, at Middletown, Conn., 'where he taught political science; and two years later accepted the chair of jurisprudence and politics at Princeton, relinquishing this chair in 1902, to become President of the Institution. The policy of his administration was to make this great seat of learning a Democracy. On account of a disagreement with his board of trustees touching a matter which he considered too vital to admit of compromise or surrender, he re signed the helm of affairs, only to be tendered the Demo cratic nomination for Governor of New Jersey.
Since his entry into politics, the career of President ^Vilson has been an open book. The following incident of his sojourn in Atlanta is taken from the files of the Constitution, under date of November 6, 1912:
"Two years after his arrival here the tariff commission appointed by President Hayes to visit the various sections of the country and report of the tariffs workings came to Atlanta and sent out invitations asking any one interested to meet with them and point , put unjust discriminations as they saw them. John W. H. Underwood was the Georgia member of the

760 GEORGIA ? s LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
commission. "When the board assembled in the convention hall of the Kimball House they were greeted by a single man, come to talk over the tariff. For two hours or more he fired question after question at the tariff experts, turned the 'evidence meeting' into a debate be^reen himself and the board and showed those gentlemen just what the situation was in the South, says Henry Peeplea, one of Atlanta's best-known attorneys, in re calling the scene:
" 'What is' your name?" asked the commission of the young man. " '! am Woodrow Wilson, a lawyer, : he answered."
Though a native of Virginia, "where he was born at Staunton, in the renowned Valley, the greater part of the President's boyhood was spent in Georgia. His father, Dr. Joseph R. Wilson, was a noted Presbyterian minister, who was for years pastor of a church in Au gusta. Here the future president received his elemen tary education, and one of his teachers at this time was Professor Joseph T. Derry, the famous historian and educator, now of Atlanta, It "was in the town of Rome, at the residence of a cousin, that he first met and courted his future wife, then Miss Ellen Louise Axson, The marriage occurred, in 1885, at Savannah, the home of the bride's grand-parents, with whom Miss Axson was then living. Two of his children were born in the town of Gaihesville, at the home of an aunt, Mrs. Brown, the mother of Colonel Kdward T. Brown, of Atlanta. From this somewhat rapid biographical survey, his complete inclentincation "with Georgia is made apparent, and there is no section of the State which the career of this fore most citizen of the nation has not touched. Illustrious both in politics and in letters, he has written a score of standard books and received the doctor's degree from a dozen world renowned institutions.

Dedicated by Afc H cost considerably in excess of $.1,000,000, Fulton

"Woman

County has just completed a magnificent court-house,

which will doubtless meet the demands of expansion for

the next one hundred years. It is a massive structure of granite, the

walls of which 'will often ring with eloquent appeals from gifted lawyers.

But an interesting fact to be noted by the future historian is that the

first speech ever made in Fulton County's temple of justice was made by

PULTON

761

County of Fulton, and to the city of Atlanta, by this patriotic organization.' General Clifford L. Anderson, chairman of the Board of County Commis sioners, presided. The ceremonies were held in "the court-house basement, and the programme rendered was as follows :
Address' of Presentation, by Mrs, Richard P. Brooks, Regent Piedmont Continental Chapter, D. A. R.
Speech of Acceptance for the city of Atlanta, by M.ayor James G. Wood ward.
Speech of Acceptance for the County of Fulton and for the State' of Geor gia, by State Historian/ T.ucian Lamar Knight.
"Remarks, by Mrs. Sheppard W. Foster, State Regent, D. A. R.

Two Great Universi- Besides acquiring- one.of the twelve

ties: Og-lethorpe

regional banks, under the new c.nr-

and Candler.

rency system of the Wilson admin

istration, an achievement which in

itself makes Atlanta one of the recognized financial cap

itals of the land, this favored metropolis has, during- the

current year, 1934, secured two great educational insti

tutions--Oglcthorpe University, a school endowed by the

Presbyterians, and Candler University, a school founded

by the Methodists. Oglethorpe University was formerly

located at Midway, near Milledgeville, Ga.; but, after

giving the immortal Sidney Lanier to American litera

ture and educating a future Governor in the person of

Joseph M. Brown, it perished amid the wreckage entailed

by the great Civil War. During the present year, chiefly

through the splendid initiative of one man, Rev. Thorn-

well Jacobs, IX D., who has made this magnificent project

his dream and his passion, Oglethorpe University has

been revived in Atlanta, with an endowment, aggregating

in small subscriptions, over $1,000,000, besides an ex

tensive campus, at Silver Lake, on Peachtree Koad, gen

erously donated by a syndicate owning this beautiful

tract of land. It is fully expected that Og-lethorpe will

become a $5,000,000 plant before a decade has passed.

762 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
When the Southern Methodists, in the spring of this year, relinquished Vanderbilt, at Nashville, Tenn., it was decided by the General Conference of the* Church to es tablish two great universities in the Soutl^ one on either side of the Mississippi River. Through the munificent liberality of Col. Asa Gr. Gaudier, who subscribed $1,000,000 to the fund---thus making the largest individual gift ever made to education by a Southern man, during- his life time--Atlanta has secured one of these great schools, while the other one is to be located at Dallas, Tex. Col. Candlei-'s letter, accompanying his gift, thrilled and elec trified the whole Christian commonwealth. Its deep re ligious note and its true ring of piety make it an extra ordinary document--one to be treasured in the archives of the Church; but aside from these characteristics its significance is historic. Local pledges have already swelled the subscription to something beyond $2,000,000 and when the canvass of the South-eastern States is com pleted.it will doubtless result in a grand total of $5,000,000 for this colossal plant. Bishop Warren A. Candler has been placed temporarily at the head of the institu tion and will doubtless be made its permanent chancellor. As this work goes to press, the choice of a name for the proposed school has not yet been made; but throughout the bounds of the 'South there is only one voice and one sentiment; and if what seems to be the universal desire of the Church prevails it will bear a name illustrious in Southern Methodism; Candler.

The Burns Me- One of the most unique memorials in exist-

morial

ence is located on the outskirts of Atlanta,

Cottage.

near the term;nus of the Confederate Sol

dier's Home car line, just half an hour's

ride from the town center. It is an exact reproduction

in granite of the Ayrshire Cottage, in "which the immor

tal bard of Scotland--humanity's best-loved poet--first

saw the light of day. In 1907 the Burns Club, of Atlanta,

THE BURN? MEMORIAL WTTAQE, ATLANTA, GA,

GlLMEH

763

purchased in this neighborhood a tract of thirteen acres, luxuriantly wooded with forest trees, and selling in 1910 a fractional part of this property for a sum equal to three times the cost of the entire original tract of land, a fund was thus provided for erecting the Burns Cottage and for beautifying the adjacent grounds. The corner stone of the cottage was laid on November 5, 1910, by the Grand Lodge of Georgia Masons, at which time lion. J. II. Ijumpkin, of the Supreme Court of Georgia, paid an eloquent tribute to the memory of the great bard. Three months later, on the evening of January 25, 1911, the cottage was formally dedicated with a dinner, every detail of which was most elaborately planned. The lit erary address on this occasion was delivered by I/ucian Lamar Knight, Esq., in addition to which feature of the program speeches were delivered by the following wellknown Georgians, in response to toasts : Hon. John M. Graham, president of the Burns Club; Judge Marcus W. Beck, Judge Richard B. Russell, Judge Arthur G. Powell, Or. Joseph Jacobs, Di\ E. S. Lynden and others. Two streets, called Ayr Place and Alloway Place, have been opened to the Burns Cottage.

GILMER
Ellijay. On the site of an old Indian village of this name arose the present town of Ellijay. "When the new
county of Gilmer was created out of the Cherokee lands in. 1832, and named for Governor George R. Gilmer, it was found that the center of the countjr was not far from this Indian village, and accordingly Elljay was made the county-seat. It "was incorporated by an Act approved ^December 20, 1834, with the following commissioners: Wm. P. King, Henry K. Quillian, B. L. Goodman, Na than Smith, and Joshua Bourn.* The Gilmer County Academy "was incorporated in 1833.
*Acts, 1834, P. 24 f.

764 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGEXDS
GLASCOCK
Gibson. On December 1.9, 1857, an Act was approved organizing' the new county of G^iscock out of
lands formerly included in Warren. It was called Glaseock in honor of a distinguished soldier and civilian, then recently deceased, Gen. Thomas Glascock, whose fatherof the same name, was a gallant officer of the Kevolutioii hut unfortunately for his reputation, a Yazooist. The new county-seat was called Gibson, in honor of Judge William Gibson, of the Middle Circuit, who gave $500 toward the erection of the court-house.

Brunswick.

GLTYNN

Volume I.

Brunswick's On November 10, 1906, under the auspices Liberty Tree, of Brunswick Chapter, D. A. E., Mrs. K.
F. Coney, regent, there was planted a Tjiberty Tree, upon which the eyes of the nation have since been fixed with absorbed interest. The soil to nurture the roots of the tree came from every section of the United States and the occasion was one replete with such in terest not only from a spectacular but from a patriotic point of view that other localities have since followed the example set by Brunswick, with the result that a new era has been marked in national patriotism. To make the occasion a success the Governors of the various States gladly co-operated in the matter, not only furnish ing soil but writing letters of eucourag-ement; and in addition to these letters there were scores of telegrams and messages received by the local chapter. Young la dies from the Brunswick schools were chosen to repre sent the different States. Dressed in the national colors, Columbia, with her thirteen maids of honor, representing the original colonies, came first, under a military escort,

followed by the band. Then came forty-nine girls, cadi bearing a flag and a hand, fnll of soil from the State which she represented; and passing- down the line, to the music of "America," deposited the soil at the roots of the Tree. There is a handsome bronze tablet to further mark this historic spot in the heart of Brunswick, the significance of which is to remind the youth of our coun try that sectional estrangement no longer exists and that in place of it we have today--
Memorial of During- the summer of 3913, the historic Bloody Marsh, battle-field of Bloody Marsh, on St. Si
mon's Island, was marked by a handsome granite memorial, unveiled under the auspices of two pa triotic organizations: the Georgia Society of Colonial Dames of America, and the Georgia Society of Colonial Wars. Hon. Richard D. Meader, of Brunswick, Chan cellor of the latter society, delivered the principal ad dress, in which he discussed the far-reaching' significance of this decisive battle, on the Georgia coast. Said he, among other things :
"The entire population of Georgia in 1750, eight years after Bloody Marsh, was only 5,000, whereas South Carolina at the same time had 68,000, North Carolina 80,000 and Virginia 275,000. Til 1742 Georgia probably did not number more than 4,000 inhabitants, so that we have the spectacle of a small army of (550 men, less than a modern regiment, defending more than 300,000 people against the attack of a powerful enemy without auy assistance from those people. Assuming that Georgia's population was 4,000 in. 1742, it is not probable that the adult male population was more

766 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

and Georgia as an English colony would have ceased to exist, while South

Carolina and the more northern colonies would have had to fight for their

existence.

.

' ( Qglethorpe, knowing the overpowering strengthJef the Spanish and

his own weakness, realized the desperate straits he was in. and made re

peated but fruitless calls for additional troops upon the more northern

colonies. Einally realizing that he must rely upon what force he had, in

the face of great and impending danger he wrote those brave and mem

orable words which appear above his name on the monument that we are

dedicating today."

Embedded in the monument is a neat tablet of bronze

on which, the following inscription is lettered:

"We are resolved not to suffer defeat. We will rather die like Leonidas and his Spartans, if we but protect Georgia and the Caroliuas and the rest of the Americans from desolation.''--Oglethorpe.
Erected on the battlefield of Bloody Marsh--by the Georgia Society of Colonel Dames' of America and the Georgia Society of Colonial Wars' in memory of the great victory won over the Spaniards on this spot July 7, 1742.

The Story of

When William E. Dodge, the great lumber baron

the Dodge Millions. who founded the town of St. Simon's, died in
the city of New York, he left an estate, the

value of which was expressed in eight figures. To share this splendid

property there were several children, two of whom were Anson Phelps and

Norman B. Dodge. To the first of these was born a son, Anson Phelps,

Jr., and to the latter a daughter, who, wedding her first cousin, Anson

Phelps, Jr., was the possessor at the time of her1 marriage, in her own

right, of a fortune estimated at not less than three millions. Before many

years had elapsed Anson P.-Dodge, Jr., who was educated for the Episcopal

priesthood, began to feel the lure of the foreign field. The spirit of the

missionary became so powerful within him that he finally- embarked upon

the high seas for India, taking -with him his young- wife, who was by

no means, loath to share his lot in distant lands and among alien peoples.

On the eve of her departure, however, she made her will, the contents of

which she kept a secret, even from her husband, acquainting him only with

the fact that he was to be her sole executor. The sultry climate of India

proved to be too drastic for the frail American girl, whose delicate organism

had been attuned to gentler conditions of life in her far-away home. She

fell an early victim to the Indian fever; and, having her body embalmed,

the disconsolate husband brought the remains back to the United States

and interred underneath the chapel"of Christ Church, on St. Simon's Island,

near the old town of Erederica. On breaking the seal of his wife's will,

767

Mr. Dodge found that she had made him merely the trustee of the estate,

barring a nominal support for himself. The bulk of the property was to

be devoted to religious and benevolent ends. He cheerfully assumed the

responsibilities which were thus put upon him; and besides helping hun

dreds of churches and institutions, he established at Frederica the Dodge

Orphanage, for the proper care and maintainance of indigent children. He

also revived and enlarged the work of Christ Church Parish, an organiza

tion whose beginning dated back to the days of Oglethorpe; and by his

faithful ministrations as an undershepherd he sought the spiritual better

ment and uplift in his island home. The waves of inri

which

forth from the old town of F: derica touched the remotest confines of

Christendom. In the meantime he ,..^-~ied Miss' Annie Goulcl, who entered

sympathetically and helpfully into his pi

nd who, since the death of

her husband, several years ago, has continued his great work, infused

and infilled by no little of his spirit. On the walla of Christ Church th

are marble tablets commemorating 1

selfish lives of the saintly pair,

who, under divine guidance,

make the wisest and best use of the

Dodge millions.

The Tomb of Thomas In the historic old burial-ground ap-

Butler King-.

purtonant to Christ church at Fred-

erica, lie the mortal ashes of the far-

sighted Georgian 'who first conceived the idea of a trans

continental railway line to connect the two oceans--

Thomas Butler King. He was a member of Congress, a

"wealthy sea island cotton planter, and a special envoy of

the United State government to Europe. The grave of

Mr. King is in the rear of the church and is marked by

a handsome block of marble, on which the following

epitaph is inscribed:

THOMAS BUTLER KING. 1800-1860. A profound statesman who faithfully labored for the public good, a man gentle and true, a devoted husband and father, a kind master.

His wife is buried beside him. Here also rests the celebrated scientist and planter, John Couper; his equal ly distinguished son, James Hamilton Couper; the noted Thomas Spalding, for whom Spalding county was named ; Captain Alexander Campbell Wylly, a Captain in the Royal Army during the Revolution, afterwards Governor

768 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

of New Providence; Major Pierce Butler, and members

of other prominent Georgia families, including1 the Pages,

and the Postells.

*

Oglethorpe's Whatever may be said to the disparagmerit

Regiment.

of Georgia as a Colony of indigent debtors

and of impecunious exiles, there was not

to be found in the service of the King of England a body

of soldiers whose family connections were superior to

those of the men who composed Oglethorpe's Regiment.

The story of how he gathered them is thus told by Col

onel Jones.* Says he:

of family
twenty yon rig gentlemen of no fortmitc to serve as cadets. These ho sub sequently promoted as vacancies occurred. So far from derivin pecuniary benefit from these appointments, the General, in some ease his private fortune advanced the fees requisite to procure commissions, and provided moneys for the piirehase of uniforms. At his own expense he engaged the servics of forty supernumeraries--' a circumstance,' says a contemporary writer, 'very extraordinary in our armies, especially iu our plantations.' In order to engender in the hearts' of the enlisted men an attachment for and" an interest in the Colony, which they were to defend and also to Induce them to "become settlers, permission was granted to each to take a| wife with him, for the support of whom additional pay and rations were provided. So carefully was this regiment recruited and of ficered that it constituted one of the "best military organizations in the service of the King."
As gathered by Mr. G. W. J. "DeRenne, from the Book of Army Commissions, from 1728 to 1841, in the Record Office in "London, some of the members of Oglethorpe's Regiment are given below. The list is fragmentary, but a more complete one is probably not in existence. These names are as follows:
*r>ead Towns of Georgia, pp. 6G G7.

GOKDON

769

James Oglethorpe, Colonel of a reg-

iment of foot.

James Cochran, Tjieut.-Coloncl.

Win. Cook, Major.

_

Hugh Maekay, Captain.

'

Bichard Norbury, Captain.

Alex. Herron, Captain.

Albert Desbrisay, Captain,

Philip Delegall, Senior Lieutenant.

Philip Delegall, Junior Lieutenant.

Raymond I>emere, Lieutenant.

George Morgan, rank not stated.

George Dunbar, rank not stated. Will Horton, Ensign. James Mackay, Ensign. Wm. Folsom, Ensign. John Tanner, Ensign. John Lcman, Ensign. San elf or d Mace, Ensign. Hugh M'aekay, Adjutant. Edward Dyson, Clerk and Chap-
lain. Thomas Hawking, Surgeon. Edward Wansatt, Quartermaster.

GORDON
Oothcaloga. rj-"'lie groat valley lying between the Cohutta Mountains on the east and the Chattoogatas on the west forms a
natural gateway between the North and the South, and important high ways have led through this valley since the earliest prehistoric times. Gortloii County lies across' this valley; and, long before the corning of white men, its territory was threaded by great Indian trails connecting the regions of the Great Lakes and the Canadian woods with the waters of the South Atlantic and the Mexican Gulf. At the confluence of the Coosawattee and the Connasuaga Rivers stood New Echota, the last capital of the Eastern Cherokees, Some four miles west of this' site, one or more Indian trails crossed the Oostanaula River, at a place where ancient mounds still mark the location of a once populous town of the red men; and, on this spot in after years grew the present county-seat of Gordon County: Calhoun.
But the earliest name by -which the settlement at this place was known to civilization was' Oothcaloga. The first whites who came into the country followed the Indian trails which, in time, they converted into roads. Still later, great lines of railway were built along the routes fixed by these an cient Indian highways. Traders camped at the river crossing, and as soon as conditions called 'cr a place in which to hold court a log cabin was constructed in the grove nearby and called Oothcaloga court ground. Mrs. W. J. Hall, one of the oldest residents' of Calhouu, thus describes the ap pearance of the settlement at this remote time. Says Mrs. Hall:
"We lived just down the Oothealoga valley, and as my brother had to go to the river for a load of sand my sister and I went with him. We drove along a dim road through, the woods, passing several deserted Indian houses and.at one place a number of Indian graves' covered with basketwork. This basket work had been made of canes, some of which had been buried in mud and made black, and-these, woven in with the white canes, made various stripes. We saw a large herd of deer feeding in the woods

770 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
near the new court-house, which had just been built. We had never seen a court-house of any kind, and in our childish minds wondered what it would be like. My brother drove up to the door, which was tightly closed, and we got out of the wagon and looked through tje cracks "between the logs, but saw no one anywhere.''
With the coming of the Western and Atlantic railroad, the little station of Oothcaloga grew in importance. A trader named l>awson established a store here and played an important part in the life of the community, giving his name to the place which ceased to be known as Oothealoga and became Dawsonville.
Calhonn. It was soon apparent that a new county must Tbe formed out of the northern portion of Cass
and the adjacent counties of Floyd and Murray, and spec ulation became rife as to the location of the new countyseat. Judge John P. King- of Augusta, who had been a heavy investor in lands along the line of the new rail road, bought a large amount of real estate at Dawsonville and exerted his influence to make that place the capital of the county. He erected a largTe hotel and offered to give lots for all public buildings. In this way Calhoun became the owner of several handsome parks.
After the formation of Gordon County, a spirited election was held at a place called Center, now known as Big Spring, to determine the location of the county-seat. Two places were voted for, "Center," and "Railroad." A large crowd assembled at Center and remained all night to learn the result. "Railroad" won and prepara tions went rapidly forward to convert the thriving" vil lage of Dtawsonville into the county capital which was soon named in honor of South Carolina's immortal son, John C. Calhoun.
Among1 the leading spirits of the new town were Dennis Johnson, who assisted in making1 the survey of streets and parks; David Gr. Law, who soon became a prosperous merchant; Dr. Wall, whose name is pre served in one of the leading streets of the town; and Wil liam H. Dabney, a young lawyer who came seeking a lo cation in the new county. He afterwards became one of

GORDON

771

the leading- jurists of northwest Georgia. As the terri tory around Calhonn developed its population and busi ness grew. It became a large grain and live stock market, and the nearby town of New JlJcliota "which had prospered as a trade center after the removal of the Cherokees gradually died and its site is now a cultivated farm.
Calhoun was almost totally destroyed by Sherrnan's army in 1864, but after the war it rapidly regained its former prosperity. It is now not only one of the most beautiful towns in the State, but one of the most prosper ous. Calhoun was the boyhood home of Maurice Thomp son, the well-known author. His brother, Will H. Thomp son, who wrote "The High Tide at Gettysburg," was also born and reared here.*

The Nelson On the court-house squ

at Calhoun stands a monument

Monument.

General Charles Haney Nelson, a distinguished soldier

of the ante-bellum period. General Nelson won his spurs

as a i oldier in the war-with the Seminoles, after which he became a con

spicuous figure in the military operations around New Kchota, incident to

the removal of the Cherokecs. He was not a native of this section of

Georgia, but falling in love with the mountainous country he bought a

plantation at Big Springs, some nine miles from the present town of Cal

houn. There, on what is still known as the Nelson farm, he lies buried.

At the outbreak of the Mexican War, in 1845, he went to the front, bore

an' important part in the struggle, and returned home with the rank of

Brigadier-General. But enfeebled by exposure to a tropical climate, ' he

survived for only a few months. The inscription on his monument reads as

follows:

,

:

*Mr. J. A. Hall, fo. ;rly of Calhoun

772 GEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
GRADY
Cairo. On August 17, 1905, an Act was approved crea ting the new county of Grady Ait of lands for
merly included with Decatur and Thomas, and designat ing Cairo, a progressive and wideawake town on the At lantic Coast Line, as the new county-seat. The town was incorporated by an Act of the Legislature, approved October 28, 1870, at which time the following commis sioners were designated to hold office until the election of a mayor and councilmen as prescribed by law. These commissioners were: Milton White, Dr. J. W. Clements, and J. M. Lawrence.* During the past few years the growth of Cairo has been rapid, due to the agricultural wealth of the surrounding country, and to the public en terprise of a united citizenship.
GREENE
Greensboro. Greensboro was made the county-seat of Greene County, when the county was first
created in 1786, and was named in honor of the illustri ous soldier who ranked next to ^Vashington as a com- . mander in the Revolution: Major-General Nathanael Greene. The town was incorporated by an Act approved December 10, 1803, providing for its better regulation;and at this time the following residents were named as commissioners: Jonas Fouclie, Henry Carlton, Wm. W. Strain, John McAllister, John Armour, and Fields Ken nedy.* There was a strong sentiment at one time in favor of making Greensboro the seat of the University of Georgia. It has always been a center of refinement and culture as well as a conservative business town, op-
*Acts, 1870, p. 175. Clayton's Compendium, p. 149.

GREENE

773

orating upon safe and sound principles. The Greensboro Female Academy, a noted ante-bellum school, was char tered in 1853. On the court-house square stands a hand some Confederate monument erected by the Greensboro women. Included among" the men of eminence who have resided here may be mentioned: Hon. Thomas W. Cobb and Hon. Wm. C. Dawson, both United States Senators; Hon. Thomas F. Foster, a member of Congress; Dr. Francis Cummins, an early pioneer of Presbyterianism; Judge Thomas Stocks, one of the founders of Mercer University; Judge Francis H. Cone, an eminent jurist; Judge Henry T. Lewis, of the State Supreme Court, and a host of others. Gen. Hugh A. Haralson and Judge Fug-emus A. Nisbet, were natives of Greene, On the banks of the Oconee River, in the upper part of the coun ty, is the grave of Gov. Peter Early, whose ashes in the near future "will probably rest in the cemetery at Greens boro, where several of his kindred lie buried. Bishop G'eorge F. Pierce was born on the old Foster place, three miles from Greensboro.

Penfleld: The Cradle Seven miles to the north of Greensof Mercer University, boro, in a part of the county today
remote from the main highway of travel, there is located ail obscure village within whose quiet precincts much of the history of the Baptist Church in Georgia has been written. Here the famous university of the Georgia Baptists was founded and here the great Jesse Mercer sleeps on the old college campus. The at mosphere of the locality is rich in fragrant associations. Nor is it any small part in the drama of events which the little town of Penfield has played.
In 3829, when the Georgia Baptist Convention met at Milledgeville, it was announced to the body that Josiah Penfield, of Savannah, a deacon in the church, had

774 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS.

bequeathed to the convention, the sum of $2,500 as a fund for education, on condition that an equal amount be raised. The following committee was nanpd to suggest a plan of action in regard to the matter : Thomas Stocks, Thomas Cooper, H. O. Wyer and J. H. T. Kilpatrick. They made a. report at once, suggesting that the requi site sum be subscribed; and accordingly, within fifteen minutes, the amount of money necessary to secure tire gift was pledged in bona fide notes, given to Dr. Adiel Sherwood, clerk and treasurer of the Georgia Baptist Convention. The loyal pioneer Baptists, whose generos ity helped to lay the foundations of Mercer, are num erated below, together with the amounts subscribed:

Jesse Mercer. .............. .$250 Cullen Battle. .............. 200 James Shannon. ............ 100 Armstead Richardson........ 75 . James I>avis. ............... 50 II. O. "Wyer. ............... 150 I. L. Brooks. ............... 100 James Boykin. .............. 125 Barnabas Striekland......... 36 William "Walker. ............ 100 B. ]VT. Sanders. ............. 150 Robert C. Brown........... 50 Petor Walton............... 25

Adiel Sherwood. ........... .$125 Thomas Cooper. ............. .110 William Flournoy. .......... 100 James Armstrong. .......... 50 >1 H. T. Kilpatrick. ......... 100 Joshua Key. ................ 100 Andrew Battle. ............. 50 B. C. Shorter. .............. 50 Jonathan Davis............. 150 Thomas Stocks. ............. 50 Jabez P. Marshall........... 100 Edmund Shaekelford........ 150 J. Whitefield, Cash.......... 10

Due authority having been given, a committee pur chased from James R,udd, a tract of land, seven miles to the north of Greensboro containing 450 acres. Dr. Bil-
lington M. Sanders, then a young man just entering upon the work of the ministry, but well-educated and well equipped, was engaged to act as principal. Under him the wilderness was cleared, temporary quarters were provided, and, on the second Monday in January, 1833, a manual school at Penfield was formally opened. As sociated with Dr. Sanders, the first corps of instructors,
were, Iro O. McDaniel, J. F. Hillyer, J. W. Attaway, W. D. Cowdry, A. Williams, and S. P. Sanford. John Lumpkin, the father of Governor Wilson Lumpkin, was a mem-

GREENE

775

ber of the executive committee under whose oversight the school was established.
Penfield was the name given to the locality in honor of Josiah Penfield, from whose estate came the original bequest; but the school itself was named for Jesse Mer cer, then the most influential Baptist divine in Georgia. Mr. Mercer, throughout his long life, constantly be friended the institution and at his death it became the principal beneficiary under his will. At the start, it was quite an unpretentious affair. Mercer Institute was the name which was first given to the modest educational plant at Penfield. In the course of time there developed around it an important town ; but "with the building of the Georgia Railroad it began to yield prestige to Greens boro, a town on the main line and settled by an enterpris ing community of well-to-do planters.

However, the Institute prospered. The students were required to perform a definite amount of work each day, for which they were paid at the rate of six cents per hour. They "were also put through a course of study "which was somewhat exacting. Dr. Sanders remained at the head of the schoel for six years. -He "was most successful in organizing the work upon solid foundations, partly be cause of his experimental acquaintance "with agriculture and partly because of his exceptional qualifications as a disciplinarian. But he was none too sanguine at first in regard to the educational outlook in Georgia. He was somewhat apprehensive of failure, due to certain adverse conditions "which he feared could not be successfully over come. To illustrate his attitude, it "was found that be fore the school could be organized an additional sum of $1,500 "was needed. I>r. Sanders was asked, among others to be one of thirty to raise this amount. He replied to the effect that he "was willing to be the thirtieth man to contribute, a statement which either implied some doubt in regard to the ultimate outcome, or else an an-

776 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
xiety on the part of Dr. Sanders to make the Baptists of Georgia exert themselves.
But the sum was raised. Moreover, flis wise and good man was placed at the head of the school. Under him, the command to halt was never once sounded. The Institution moved steadily forward. But, after six years, he relinquished the helm. Possibly for the reason that his successors "were men of books, "who knew compara tively little of practical agriculture, there followed a laxity in the management of affairs. Dissatisfaction arose, and in the course of time the manual school feature was abandoned.
In 1837, the name of the school was changed from Mercer Institute to Mereer University; a charter was ob tained from the Legislature; and a fund of $100,000 was raised among the Georgia Baptists with which to give it a permanent and substantial endowment. The first grad uating exercises were held in the summer of 184-1, when diplomas were awarded to three young- men. Richard Malcolm Johnston, who became one of the foremost ed ucators and authors of his day; Benjamin F. Thorpe, afterwards an eminent divine; and Dr. A. R. Wellborn, a successful practitioner of medicine, received degrees on this occasion. In 1840 the Theological Department was added; and Dr. Adiel Sherwood "was put at the head of the newly organized school of the prophets. The name of this stalwart, and sturdy old pioneer is still fragrant in the annals of Georgia.
At the outbreak of the Civil1 War, the senior class men at Penfield entered the Confederate Army almost to a man, and there were few better soldiers. Though the college did not formally suspend until 1865, it main tained an existence "which was purely nominal. Most of the trustees were at the front. Widespread demoraliza tion prevailed. So, after the invasion of the State by Sherman, the faculty with great reluctance closed the

GBEENE

777

doors. Professors Sanford and Willet, the two senior members of the faculty, opened a .school in the college building and held a quasi-commencement, but the lamp of learning could not be rescued from extinction. It nickered dimly, amid the ruins, enough to reveal the chaotic conditions; and then expired in darkness.

For seven years after the war there came a break in the academic life of Mercer. The work of rehabilitation was slow, due to the utter prostation of the State, during' the period of Reconstruction. Finally when the Insti tution again arose it was upon the heights of Macon where it today stands. Prior to the war two separate efforts were made by Griffin to secure Mercer, but with out success. The various presidents of Mercer Univer sity, in the order of service, have been as follows :

Bev. Billingtcm M. Sanders, Principal and President.
Bev. Otis Smith. liev. John L, Dagg, D. D. Rev. Nathaniel M. Crawford, IXO.

Kev. H. H. Tucker, D.D. Kev. Archibald ,T. Battle, D.D. Rev. G. A. Nunnallr, D.D. Pinckney D. Pollock, LL.D. Kev. S. Y. Jameson, D.TX

Some of these executive heads have been amongst the -most eminent theologians and educators of the South.
Dr. Patrick H. Mell, afterwards Chancellor of the University of Georgia; 'Dr. Shaler G. Hillyer, Professor William G. AVoodfin and others, also taught for a while at Mercer. Perhaps the most distinguished laymen who have occupied chairs in the Institution were Professor S. P. Sanford and Professor J. E. Willet. The former headed the department of mathematics. The latter taught the natural sciences. Both were identified with the Institution for something like fifty years and both were men of broad scholarship. The text-books on math ematics compiled by Professor Sanford are still exten sively used. Though Penfield has not felt the awakening touch of Prospero 's wand since the removal of Mercer University to Macon, it possesses an excellent high

778 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
school. The people of this historic little town do not put the emphasis of life upon material thing's. "With a population of less than one thousand iijfcabitants, the old village of Penneld may create no rippfe in the great world of commerce. But who can measure the influence which it still exerts upon thought and character? The pulsating waves of intellectual and moral energy put in motion fifty years ago have not ceased; and, he the fu ture of the town "what it may, the memories of Penneld are immortal.

The Methodist

Says Dr. George F. Smith:

Schism Of 1844: HOW it Originated.

"Before Bishop Andrew went to the West, he ha ^ made an engagement to marry Mrs. Leonora Greenwood, of Greensboro, Ga. The condition of

his family, and his long absences from home, made this a necessary act; so, without undue haste, and, with great discretion, he had selected a second companion. She was very attractive in person, beautiful in manners, gentle in spirit, and deeply though unclemonstratively pious. After the marriage he conveyed, to his wife, in due form of law, all the rights in her property which the fact of marriage had given him as her husband. When Mrs. An drews died, in 1854, the law re-invested him with rights in this same prop erty, but he promptly dispossessed himself the second time, and turned it all over to her children. Bishop Andrews did not expect trouble from this marriage, and there were good reasons why he did not; for he himself had been a slaveholder for several years prior to this, in the very same way that

he was now--through his wife. "Dr. Olin, who was highly esteemed at the North and even in New
England, hail owned slaves and, having sold them, hart the proceeds of the sales still in his possession. The General Conference appointed slave holders, such men as I>r. Capers, to positions of distinction and trust; and only eight years before had strongly condemned the societies' of Abolition ism; and many of the extreme men of New England had actually left the Church and formed another connection. Neither the spirit nor the letter of the law of the Church had been broken. On .what ground, then, could he suppose that his marriage with an elegant and pious lady, who happened to own a few slaves, would call forth a tempest of such violence as to destroy

the unity of the Church?

"The fact is, he did not dream of such a result. Nor was' he aware of any excitement on the subject until he reached Baltimore in April, when

GREENE

779

on his way to the General Conference in New York in May. Here he learned of the intense excitement caused by the news that one of the Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church owned slaves, and received the first intima tion that it would be a matter for investigation. He possessed a -woman's delicacy of feeling, and to have his private affairs discussed by the General Conference was abhorent to his very soul. He resolved to resign, and so expressed himself, both in Baltimore and in New York. This resolution, however, he did not execute, for the reason that the Southern delegates demurred in formal resolutions and urged him not to do so, on the ground, that it would inflict an incurable wound on the whole South, and inevitably lead to division,
'' Resignation now became almost an impossibility; and when it was intimated that he had broken faith -and must either resign or be deposed, then resignation was entirely out of the question. The issue had to come. The mass of the Northern preachers were opposed to slavery, but they were not abolitionists. They found themselves hard put to defend them selves; and when it was known that a Bishop was a slaveholder they felt that they were in a sad predicament. Accordingly, Alfred Griffith and John TJavis, two members of the Baltimore Conference, were put forward to lead the attack. They introduced a resolution declaring, among other things, that Bishop Andrew was nominated by the slave-holding States in the Con ference because he was not a slaveholder; and that, having become one,* 'Therefore be it Resolved, That James O. Andrew be affectionately re quested to resign.'
'' This precipitated the issue. The discussion -was Christian in spirit and courteous in language, to which, however, there were some exceptions. To ask him to resign was so painful to many who did not wish a slave holder in office that MX Finley, of Ohio, introduced his famous substitute, declaring that it was the sense of the General- Conference that he desist from the exercise of the office of Bishop so long' as the impediment, re mained. Mr. Finley was Bishop Andrew's personal friend and offered the substitute, "believing- it to be less offensive to the Southern delegates than the original resolution. But it was really more offensive, because, since it could not consistently remove the impediment, it amounted to permanent deposition. No man in the Conference was more strongly attached to Bishop Andrews, perhaps, than. Dr. Olin, The night before he was to speak he visited the Bishop and told him the course he intended to take, and why he would take it. He would advocate the substitute; for if it were not passed New'England would withdraw, and there would be division and disintegration everywhere in the North. But, if it were passed, the South would tlepkrt, and there woiilcl be union and peace throughout her "borders.
*Several years previous an old lady of Augusta bequeathed to Bishop Andrew a mulatto girl in trust until she was nineteen, wnen, with her eon-
accept freedom.

780 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
' ' The debate continued for several days. Among the Southern delegates who participated in the discussion were Dr. Winans, of Mississippi, B-r. Pierce and Judge Ijongstreet, of Georgia, and Dr. William papers, of South Carolina. Others toot part, but these wero the giants. On the opposite side were also arrayed men of strong intellect, including Dr. Olin. Strong efforts were made to stay the, tide, but all in vain. On the first of June the vote was taken on the substitute of Mr. Pinley, and 111 were for, while only 69 were against it. This was virtual deposition. Grieved, but not surprised, Bishop Andrews left for his home in. Geor gia. One man from the North, who was a tower of strength, stood by him shoulder to shoulder jn all this conflict. It was Joshua Soule, the senior Bishop of the Church. Born and reared in Maine, living in Ohio, never a slave-holder, nor a pro-slavery man, with every interest to bind him to the section in which he lived, he yet came to the South, because he believed the South was right.
"Before the General Conference adjourned the question of division was virtually settled; and with great unanimity the Annual Conference at the South appointed deelgates to meet in convention at Louisville the following May. The South did not really desire division, but after the course of the General Conference it was evident that separate organization was the only way of preserving Methodism in this section--the only way of holding the Master to the Church and of carrying the Gospel to the slave. It was division or death. At the appointed time the convention met. Bishop An drew, Soule, and Morris were all there; action was unanimous; and a call was issued to elect delegates to a General Conference to meet in Petersburg, ~Va., the following May. No doctrine was changed, no policy altered, no usages, rites, or customs modified; and after this convention the Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church resolved to withdraw from the South and leave the whole territory to the new organization. Thus the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, came into existence; and the General Conference at Petersburg did but little more than adjust itself to the changed condition of affairs, elect an agent for its publishing interests, editors for its papers, and two additional Bishops, Robert Paine and William Capers.' '*
"Condensed from Dr. George G. Smith's Life of James Osgood Andrew.
CJov. Early's Body On an eminence overlooking the Ocoto be Removed. nee River, in the tipper part of Greene
County, near Skull Shoals, the remains of Governor Peter Early have rested since 1817; but there is now a movement under way to rremove >the ashes of this illustrious Georgian to the cemetery at Greensboro, where several of his kindred lie entombed.

Originally the burial-ground formed a part of the old Early estate, one of the largest in Georgia, Today it occupies a corner of Mr. M. L. Bond's horse and cow lot; and, though enclosed by a wall, it is no longer a fit place for this great man's sepulchre. His widow, who afterwards married the famous Dr. Adiel Sherwood, sleeps beside him, together with an infant daug'hter; but the reader is referred to Volume I of this work for ad-_ ditional particulars in regard to the Early burial-ground. As a rule, it is best to let the ashes of the dead lie un disturbed. But until the body of Gov. Early is removed Georgia will owe an unfulfilled debt not only to the mem ory of an honored former chief-magistrate but to her own self respect. In the cemetery at Greensboro the old Gov ernor's grave will not be an unvisited spot; and, what is more, it will always be guarded with sacred care and tenderness.

Joel Early: His

Joel Early--the old Governor's fa-

Views on Slavery. ther--was probably the first man in

the United States to advocate a re

turn of the negro race to Africa ; and, notwithstanding

the fact that he owned a great many slaves, he offered not

only to release them from, servitude, but to defray the

expense of sending them back to Liberia. Early 's Manor,

before its destruction by fire, "was perhaps the finest old

country seat north of Savannah. Here, on his fertile

acres, Joel Early lived the life of an English gentleman,

surrounded by everything- which could minister to Ms

ease or contribute to his enjoyment. But he was an ec

centric old man, full of queer whimsicalities. Eleazer

Early, one of his sons, prepared and published the first

map of Georgia,*

Authority: Judge George Hillyer, of Atlanta,

782 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Benjamin Weaver: One of the many soldiers of seventy-

A Revolutionary

gix , who acquired land in Greene

Patriot.

County, Ga., "was BenjaAain Weaver.

Enlisting as a youthful private in a

North Carolina Regiment, he was an active participant

in numerous engagements and carved a record for gal

lantry on the field of battle, which is today proudly cher

ished by his descendants. He married Elizabeth Daniel,

a cultured lady, with distinguished connections in both

Virginia and North Carolina. The late United States

Senator John W. Daniel, of the former State, came of

the same virile stock. Two sons were born to the Wea

vers, whose names respectively "were: William Wiley

Daniel Weaver, and Travis Archibald Daniel Weaver.

The former remained in Greene, while the latter settled

in Upson. Though not among the original settlers of

Greene, the Weavers "were prominent in the county for

naore than a hundred years. After the death of Judge

William Weaver, in 1905, the old home was broken up.

Among the many descendants of Benjamin Weaver, not

a few of "whom have been men of marked prominence, may

be mentioned: Judge Howard E. W. Palmer, of Atlanta;

Dr. J. C. Weaver, of the medical staff of the Federal

Prison in Atlanta ; Dr. Olin Weaver and Hudson Weaver,

of Macon; Mrs. M. M. Burks, of the English Department

of Wesleyan Female College, at Macou; Dr. W. W. Stew-

art, of Columbus; Stewart Ticknor, a grandson of the

author of "Little Giffen;" Dr. J. A. Weaver, and W. T.

Weaver, of Buena Vista; Eev. Eembert G. Smith, of

Emory College, Oxford; Dr. Carrie Weaver Smith, of the

Virginia K. Johnson Home, Dallas, Tex.; G. A. Weaver,

Jr., president of the Thomaston Branch of the Central

of Georgia; G. A. Weaver, Sr., president of the Weaver

Merchandise Company, of Thomaston, Ga., and Prof.

~W. T. Weaver, for years a distinguished educator in the

common schools of this State.*

kindly furnished by Mrs. Kate Weaver Dalli

GWINNETT

783

GWHSTNETT
Lawrenceville. Lawrenceville, the county-seat of Gwin-
nett County, was incorporated by an Act approved December 15, 1821, with the following town commissioners: James Wardlaw, Hugh B. Gren-wood, James McCltire, John Geddes, Sr., and Paschal Brooks.* It was chosen as tbe site for public buildings when the county was first organized in 1818, and named in honor of the gallant naval officer, Captain James Lawrence, of the "Chesapeake," whose last words as he fell mortally wounded were: "Don't give up the ship!" The county itself was named for one of the signers of the Declara tion of Independence, Button Gwinnett. Two flourishing institutions of the town in pioneer days were: the Law renceville Academy, founded in 1825, and the Lawrence ville Female Institute, chartered in 1837. On the court house square in Lawrenceville stands a monument in honor of two Lawrenceville boys, who perished in the massacre at Fort Goliad, in 1836, Capt. James E. Winn, and Serg-eant Anthony Bates, of the Texas Volunteers. It also commemorates the heroic death of eight Gwinnett County men, who were killed in the Creek Indian War of 1836. Major Charles H. Smith, better known as "Bill Arp,'' was born near Lawrenceville. This has also been the home of the famous Ilutchins family, each genera tion of which has produced strong leaders; the home of the Simmons family, of which the distinguished "Win. E. Simmons, is a member; the home of the Peeples family, represented by the late Hon. Tyler M. Peeples. Here, too, at one time, resided Gen. Gilbert J. Wright, Col. L. P. Thomas, and Dr. James F. Alexander.

*Acts, 1821, p. 37.

784 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
John F. Espey, W. R. Ohamblee, J. E. Stringer and J. A. Pattillo were designated to serve as commissioners, pending an election to be held on the first day of January, 1873. The corporate limits were fixed at one-half a mile in every direction from the depot of the Atlanta and Richmond Air Line, now a part of the Southern Railway system.* fn 1891 intoxi cants were prohibited. With a rapidly increasing population, Buf ord began to dream of larger possibilities; and on December 23, 1896, to meet the demands of growth, a new charter was granted by the Legis lature conferring upon the "City of Buf ord" a municipal form of gov ernment, with greatly enlarged powers.
HABEKSIIAM
Clarkesville. On November 26, 3823, an Act was approved by Grov. Troup, making Clarkesville the per
manent county-seat of the new county of Ilabersham, created out of lands then recently acquired from the Cherokee Indians. The following commissioners were named in the Act: Win. Hamilton, Jehu Sterrett, John Bryaut, Miles 'Davis, and H. A. Hill." The present city charter was granted in 1900. Clarkesville was named for the illustrious General John Clarke, a soldier of the Rev olution, an Indian fighter, and a Governor, twice honored with a seat in the executive chair. On account of its higii altitude, in a. beautiful mountainous region of the State, Clarkesville soon became a favorite resort for wealthy families of the coast, a large number coming from Savannah. Here lived Hon. Richard W. Habersham, and Hon. George TV^. Owens, both members of Con gress ; and Col. Garnett McMillan, a brilliant lawyer who defeated Ben Hill for Congress, but died soon after the election. It,has also been the home of many noted fam ilies like the Krwins, the Woffords, the Wests, and others. The Clarkesville Academy was chartered on December 24. 1830, with the following trustees: George I). Phillips,

785
George W. Owens, Richard W. Haborsliam, and Jolin B. Matthews.*
Aleck's Mountain. In the neighborhood of Clarkesville then? toxins- & peak of the Blue Hidge, locally known as Aleefc's*
Mountain, on which to this day may be seen the remains of an old forti fication, supposed to date back to the visit Of BgSofco to Korth Georgia in 1540. According to our foremost antiquarian, Colonel Chatles . Jonesr, Jr., Xualla, one of the Indian towns at which the Spanish ad venture 2 stopped in his quest for gold, was located in Nacoochoe Valley; and, Oft tins' ss-Humption,' his march from the Savannah Biver westward toward, Wh&fe is* now the city of Home, lay directly across Aleck's Mountain, in the pregeAfcounty of Habersham. But aside from the ancient ruins to be found on' this peak there are numerous relics in this part of the State which point to an occupancy in prehistoric times by civilized white men; if not lay Spaniards, at least by Europeans.

Senators

Some of the leading men df iitd etfrinfy irt

and Representatives. pioneer days may be obtained froS* ft Bst of

Ha-bersham's early State Senators and &#pre--

seutatives, beginning with the creation of the county, in 1819, and eonJi^g;'

on down to the outbreak of the Civil War. This list includes the following

State Senators; Benjamin Cleveland, James Blair, 'William B. AVofford,

William H. Steelman, Stephen Smith, John Trammell, John E. Stanford,

Thomas' Kimsey and George >. Phillips. I>uring this same period the Rep

resentatives were; William B. Woft'ord, James Blair, Benjamin Chastain,

Benjamin Cleveland, William H. JBteehnan, Absalom Rolcomb, Kinchen

Carr, Josse Sanford, Thomas M, Kimsey, Kliliu S. Barclay and Joseph

Underwood,*

HALL
Gainesvllle. On April 21, 1821, an Act was approved by Gov. John Clark, chartering- the town of
Gainesville, selected as the eountv-site for the new coun ty of Hall. In this same Act, the following' pioneer citi zens were named as commissioners: Stephen Reed, John
*Acts, 1836, p, JO,

YS6 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Stringer, John Finch, Jesse Clay ton, and Eli Suther land. 1 As was the custom of the State, whenever a new county wag organized, an academy for th^proper in struction of the young* was invariably proviaejd; and, on Christmas Day, 1821, an Act was approved, chartering' the old Hall County Academy, with the following trus tees, to wit: Stephen Reed, David H. McClesky, "William Cobb, John McConnell, Sr., and Bartimeus Reynolds. 2 In 1832, the town was re-incorporated, with Messrs. James W. Jones, James Law, Miner A\7 . Brown, Larkin Cleveland, and John AY. McAfee, as commissioners. 3 The town was not named for Gen. Edniond Gaines, as some have supposed, but for an old pioneer family resi dent in this locality when the county-site was first chosen.
Gainesville, on account of its high altitude, has al ways enjoyed a splendid health record, and has been a favorite resort for summer tourists and for invalids seeking1 the magic balsam. As the seat of Brenau College and Conservatory of Music, it is also widely known throughout educational circles. The city of Gainesville is located on the line of the Southern Railway, 53 miles above Atlanta; and of late years its growth has been substantial and rapid. Some of Georgia's most distin guished sons have been residents of this fine old town, including Dr. Richard Banks, for whom a county was named; Gen. James Long-street, renowned as Lee's Old War Horse; Gov. Alien D. Candler, Judge John B. Estes, and a host of others. It is also the home of the present Congressman from this district Hon. Thomas M. Bell. Though never a resident of the town, Gov. James M. Smith is here buried beside his last wife. Two of the daughters of President AVoodrow Wilson were born in Gainesville, where an aunt was then living, Mrs. Brown. The monumental features' of the town include a handsome Confederate shaft, on the town square, and a memorial
1 Acts, 1821, p. 6. 2 Acts, 18-21, p. 125. 3 Acts, 1S32, p. 301.

HAT,D

.

787

fountain, near the post-office building, in honor of the late Col. O. C. Saunders, a much, beloved citizen.

State KiglltS :

During the administration of Governor George E.

The 2&lIU?ill|r

Gihner, there occurred near Gainesville an incide

Of George Tassel.

"f1 *? at defines the power of the United

&

States Government, and which in an acute issue

between State and Federal authorities', gave the victory to the State

of Georgia. This was the execution of a Cherokete Indian named

George Tassel. This was told by Professor J. Harris Chappell. The

story runs thus : * In I>ecember, 1828, the Georgia Legislature passed

a bill enacting that the Cherokee country should be put under the juris

diction of the laws of Georgia. : The Act was' passed on the ground

that, as the Cherokee country was part and parcel of the State of Georgia,

it should be governed by the laws of Georgia; but the real object was to

move the Cherokees from the State. In order to give them plenty of

time, the Act was not to go into effect until June 1, 1830. The Oherokees

felt deeply outraged, and they determined at the first opportunity to test

the validity of this Act before the Supreme Court of the United States.

An opportunity soon occurred. In the summer of 3 830, a half-breed

Cherokee by the name of George Tassel committed a murder in the Chero

kee country. He was arraigned before the Superior Court, then sitting in

Hall County, and was duly tried, found guilty and sentenced to be hanged.

His attorneys appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court, asking

that the verdict be set aside, on the ground that the Act of the Legislature

giving the State of Georgia jurisdiction over the Cherokee country was a

violation of the, Federal Constitution, and was therefore null and void.

The case of George TasBel versus the State of Georgia was duly entered on

the Supreme Court docket.

Governor Gilmer was officially notified of the action, and was in

structed to appear before the court for Georgia, as defendant in the case.

But the Governor replied with spirit that the United States Supreme Court

lacked jurisdiction in the case, and that the State of Georgia would scorn

to compromise itself by appearing before that tribunal as defendant, under

these circumstances. It was a foregone conclusion that the ease would be

decided against Georgia. To prevent this he resorted to the extraordinary

measure of dispatching a special messenger to the sheriff of Hall County,

with instructions to hang George Tassel immediately, before the case

could be reached on the Supreme Court docket. The sheriff obeyed the

order promptly, so poor George Tassel was hanged while his case was pend

ing in the Federal Supreme Court. Thus ended the ease, an end which, we

must admit, was brought about by a rather high-handed measure on the

part of the State. Georgia 's action was severely criticised in the halls of

*Georg:ia History Stories, p. 294.

788 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS .AND LEGENDS
Congress; it was furiously condemned by.the Cherokees themselves, and it was violently censured by a large part of the people of the North. But these protests were without effect upon Georgia. The ChJPokees struck no blow from the shoulder out, bxit they were determined at the first op portunity to appeal again to the Supreme Court of the United States.
Unveiling of the On June 3, 1913, the grave of BxCandler Monument. Governor -Alien IX Candler, in Alta
Vista Cemetery, at Gainesville, was most impressively marked by a handsome shaft of marble, the funds for which were contributed by the members of Governor Candler's official household. These included the various appointees commissioned by the lamented former chief-magistrate during his term of office as Gov ernor. The Candler lot is in the center of the bnrialground. Near the Governor, sleeps his distinguished fa ther, Capt. Daniel G. Candler; -while, in the immediate neighborhood, repose Gen. Longstreet, Dr. Richard Banks, Gov. James Milton Smith, and a host of noted Georgians. Overhead a blue sky beamed upon the vast concourse of people gathered at the grave of Gov. Cand ler. The official of the city of Gainesville, the Candler Horse Guards, the Daughters of the Confederacy, and distinguished visitors from a distance participated in the program of exercises. When the hour arrived for the unveiling, Col. S. C. Dnnlap introduced Pension Com missioner, Hon. J. "W. Lindsey, marshal of the day, "who, after a short address, called upon Rev. Luke Johnson to make the opening prayer. Judge Lindsey then intro duced Hon. Hamilton McWhorter, of Athens, "who form ally presented the monument to Gov. Candler's family, to the city of Gainesville, and to the State of Georgia. Speeches of acceptance were then made as follows: by Judge John S. Candler, on behalf of the family; by Mayor P. E. B. Robertson, on behalf of the city; and by Compiler of Records, Lncian Lamar Knight, Esq., on be half of the State, the last-named speaker representing Governor Joseph M. Brown, who was unavoidably ab-

HANCOCK

789

sent. The inscription on Governor Candler's monument read as follows :

'' Placed to the memory of ALLEIST DANIEL

CAND'LEK by his appointees to office and places of

honor while Governor of Georgia.

-

"Nov. 4, 1834--Oct. 26,, 1910."

A Graduate of Mercer University in the Class of

1859. A Soldier and Colonel in the Army of the Con

federate States, 3861-1865. A Member of the House

of Representatives of Georgia, 3873-1878. Henator, 1878-

1880. Member of the Congress of the United States,

1883-1891. Secretary of State, 1894-1898. Governor of

Georgia, 1898-1902." 'Compiler of State Records, 1902-

1910.

fe was an upright man, a patriotic citizen, a true

soldier, and a faithful public servant, who, in peace and

in war, exemplified the virtues of incorruptible integrity,

fearless courage, and unselfish devotion to the welfare

of his country.

HANCOCK
Sparta. Sparta, the county-seat of Hancock County, was named for the ancient capital of the Pelopones-
sus. Nor was the name an inappropriate one for this little frontier town on the exposed border, where the ever-present dread of an Indian outbreak called for Spartan virtues of the most pronounced type. As soon as Hancock Connty "was organized out of lands formerly included in Washing-ton and Greene counties, Sparta was made the new seat of government. The town was chartered on December 3, 1805, by an Act providing for its better regulation, at which time the following- com missioners were appointed: Thomas Lancaster, Archi bald Martin, James H. Jones, Samuel Hall, and Willie Abercrombie. 1 The Sparta Academy was chartered on December 17, 1818, with trustees as follows: Win. Gr.
1 Clayton's Compendium, p. 232.

790 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Springer, John Lucas, Nicholas Childers, Charles E. Haynes, and Thomas Haynes. 1 Two of the most noted academies in the State were located in Han^bck, not far from the town of Sparta, viz., Powelton and Mount Zion. The Powelton Academy was chartered on November 13', 1815; the Mount Zion Academy on "December 20, 1823. It was at Powelton that the Baptist State Convention of Georgia was organized, and here at one time lived Gov. Wm. Rabun and Rev. Jesse Mercer. The Baptist Church of Powell's Creek was chartered November 20, 1.801, with Matthew Rabun, Henry Graybill, John Veazy, Win. .Lord and Jesse Battle as trustees. 2 Monnt Zion was a school which the Bemans--Nathan and Carlisle--made famous throughout the land; and here Wm. J. Northen, afterwards Governor, taught school. At Rockeby, near Sparta, the famous Richard Malcolm Johnson, author of the "P/ukesboro Tales," opened a school for boys, which he afterwards transferred to Baltimore, Md. Shoulder Bone Creek, in the western part of Hancock, was the scene on November 3, 1786, of an Indian treaty which promised to end the Oconee war; but under the powerful leadership of the none too scrupulous McGillivray, it was repudiated by the Creeks. Some of the most distinguished men of Georgia have been residents of Sparta, but since these have been given in Volume I, they will not be repeated here. We will only add, in this connection, two names: Hon. George F. Pierce, Jr., a. brilliant legislator; and Hon. Wm. II. Burwell, Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives, for the session just closed.

Sunshine: The Home Four miles from Sparta stands the

of Bishop Pierce.

cosy and picturesque little cottage

in which Bishop Pierce spent the

greater part of his life and to which he gave a name

1 Lamar's Digest, p. 22. 2 Clarion's Compendium, p. 12.

HANCOCK

791

eloquent of the happiness which he there found: Sun shine. The Bishop bought this property from Hardy Culver, an old friend. It was an old plantation, on "which originally stood a building1 with, three rooms, somewhat inconveniently situated. The spot which lie chose for the site of his dwelling was in an old field, near the road. Whether from the fact that no ray of light was inter cepted by a shrub or tree, Or from the fact that he loved bright and cheery names, he called the place Sunshine, a name by which it was ever afterwards known; and here he made his abode for over forty years.
Across the way "was Rockaby, the borne of Richard Malcolm Johnstoii, the distinguished author of the ' *Dukesboro Tales;" also an editor and educator of eminent attainments. In a letter to Bishop Atticns Gr. Hayg-ood, dated February 12, 1885, Col. Johns ton, who was then living in Baltimore wrote:
'' I was a neighbor to Bishop Pierce for twelve years, my home in Hancock, Rockaby, adjoining Sunshine, which all, know to have been the name of his. 1 had grown already to feel great admiration for one so pre eminently gifted, and, for many years, had heard his pulpit eloquence with continual (telight. 'But I did not know- until I had become his neighbor that, great as he was in public, he was equally so in private; and a cordia.1 friendship grew between -as, notwithstanding our divergence in religious faith. "For o f all the great men I have ever known he seemed to me the most tolerant toward opinions differing from his own, upon whatever plane of inquiry. I have been in his house and lie in mine. We have met at the little creek, the dividing line between our plantations, and fished for minnows together; together we have ridden, in his or my buggy, to and from Sparta. He was ever a sweet consoler to me when suffering from" do mestic affliction. . . . The sense of humor in him was exquisite and abundant. The twinkling of his beautiful eyes was as catching as fire;
He was one eminently sensitive to the sweets of individual friend ships'. Among those outside of Hancock, my impression is that he was most fond of General Toombs. They had been friends from boyhood.
The very last time I saw him, except one, he spoke to me with regret, amounting almost to indignation, of the rashness with which the General was misjudged by persons who did not understand his character, his opinions, his language, and his habits. . . . He was the most beautiful of mankind without, and men of all parties believed that his external beauty was the best expression which physical form and feature could give of the more exquisite "beauty within. , . . Of the orator-

792 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ieal excellence of George P. Pierce, of course, the thousands \vlio heard him known. "Yet I do believe that his greatest endeavors were ex pended in the little Sparta Methodist Church. Scores of times I have heard him there, during a period of more than twenty years; toere and at the Methodist camp-meeting, a few miles south of the village, in the which time I have listened to outbursts of words Tvhich I do not believe were surpassed on the Bema of Athens or in the Forum of Home. "*
Dixon H. Lewis. This extraordinary man was born in Hancock County, Gra., August 10, 1802.
He afterwards removed with his parents to Alabama, became prominent in public life, represented the State in Cong'ress, and, in 1844, was appointed by Grov. Fitzpatrick to fill a seat in the United States Senate, made va cant by the appointment of Hon. "Wm. K. King to the Court of France. On the return of Mr. King, in 1846, he desired his old seat back, and entered the field as a can didate. It was a battle of giants. Both men were de servedly popnlar; but after an exciting contest, one of the most stubborn in the history of Alabama politics, Mr. King, for the first time in his long' career, suffered defeat. However, Mr. Lewis did not long enjoy the fruits of his victory. Ill-health overtook him; and while on a visit to New York, soon after the election, he died on October 25, 1846. On receiving the news of his death, the mayor of New Yiork called the municipal boards to gether and it was resolved to give his remains a public burial. The body lay in state for several hours in the City Hall, whence it was borne to Greenwood Cemetery for final interment. Mr. Lewis was a man of gigantic stature.
Gov. Rabun's Family. Oov. William Eabun, who lived in this county near Powelton, left a
family of seven children, including one son, Gten. J. W. Eabun, of Savannah, and six daughters, the eldest of
'' *George @. Smith, in Life ajid Times of George F. Pierce, D. D., IjL. D.

HARALSON

793

whom married Rev. J. W. Battle, one of the eight dis tinguished Battles of Hancock. The other daughters were : Mrs. William Shivers, Mrs. Dr. Bass, Mrs. Lowe, Mrs. Cato, and Mrs. Wooten. Some few years ago the grave of Gov. Rabun "was located on a plantation, four miles west of Mayfield. It "will probably be marked with an appropriate monument in the near future by his sur viving' relatives.

HABALSON
General Remarks. On February 5, 1856, an Act was approved creating out of lauds formerly embraced in Polk and Carroll
Counties a new county, to be called Haralson, in honor of a distinguished soldier and statesman, General Hugh A. Haralson, then lately deceased. The same Act creating the new county provided for its annexation to the Blue 'Ridge Judieial Circuit, to the Fifth Congressional District, and to the First Brigade of the Eleventh Division of the Georgia militia.* Haralson's representatives in the General Assembly of Georgia, sinee the organization of tho eonnty, have been as follows: K. Merchison, 1857-8; W. W. Sockwell, 1859-00; It. F. Speight, 1881-2; Walter Brock, 1803-4, 1865-6; W. N. Williams, 1868-9-70; William J. Head, 1871-2; B. B. Hutehinsou, 1873-4; Tf. A. Eeid, 1875; J. K. Hamber, 1876; A. E. Walton, 1877; Charles Taliaferro, 1878-9; J. M. McBride, 3880-1, 1882-3, 1892-3; S. M. Davenport, 1884-5; E. B. Huteheson, 1886-7; T. W. M. Tatum, 1888-9; 1890-1; J. J. Pope, 1894-5; Price Edwards', 1896-7; E. S. Griffith, 1898-9; E. B. Hutchinson, 1900-1, 1902-3-4, 1905-6;W. T. Eaves, 1907-8; W. J. Waddell, 1909-10; W. W. Summerlin, 1911-12; and C. L, Snggs, 1913-14. This county has also furnished the following State Senators: Walter Brock, 1868-1872; William J. Head, 1878-9; J. M. McBride, 1884-5; W. F. Golden, 1890-1, 1896-7, 1902-3-4, and E. S. Griffith, 1909-10.

Buchanan. Buchanan, the county-seat of Haralsoii, was named for President James Buchanan, of
Pennsylvania, the last Oemocratic President of the Uni ted States before the Civil War. When the new county was organized, in 1856, the Justices of the Inferior Court were authorized to locate a site for public building's and,

794 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
under the instructions prescribed in this Act, the town of Buchanan was founded. Its charter of incorporation was granted on December 22, 1857, at which time the following commissioners "were designated to hold office, pending an election, to "wit: T. C. Moore, W. N. Williams, Thomas Farmer, John Duke, and Mr. Ooston. 1 In 188], the old charter was superseded by a new one, in which T. H. Riddlepurger, T. J. Lovelace and D. B. Head, as Councilmen. 2 This charter "was repealed in 1889 for a still later one, with modifications adapted to growing con ditions.

Tallapoosa. Tallapoosa, the chief town and most impor tant commercial center of Haralson, dates
its existence as a village, almost to the county's organi zation; but its charter of incorporation was not granted until December 20, 1860, when the following commission ers were named, to wit: V. A. Brewster, A. M. Robinson, T. 8. Garner, M. G. Harper, and Win. L. Fell. 3 In 1880 a new charter was granted, in which Charles Taliaferro was named as Mayor, with J. T. Barnwell, W\ T. Summerlin, H. M. Martin, and H. A. Kiker, as Councilmen. 4 New charters were subsequently granted in 1888 and 1896. The present public school system was established in 1888. The Tallapoosa Street Railway Company was chartered in 1891, with Messrs. C. B. Hitchcock, E. I. Spencer, D. C. Scoville, and James W. Hyatt as incorporators.5 Tallapoosa suffered from the collapse of a famous real estate boom in 1893, but for several years past the town has enjoyed a healthy growth.

1 Acts 3 Acts
s Acts * Acts 0 Acts

1857, p. 178. 1SSO-1881, p. 484.
I860, p. 103. 1880, p. 411. 1890-1891, p. 344.

HART

795

HARRIS

Hamilton. Hamilton was made tlio county-seat of Harris County by an Act approved December 20, 1828,
at which time it was formally incorporated as a town with the following- commissioners: Clark Blanford, Ja cob M. Guerry, P. T. Beddell, George H. Bryan, and Norris Lyon. 1 Hamilton Academy was chartered December 22,1828, with the following trustees : Alien Lawhorn, Wm. C. Osborn, John J. Slatter, George W. Rogers, Daniel Higlitower, Thomas Mahone, John J. Harper, H. J. Har well, and Samuel A. Billings. 2 The town was named for George W. Hamilton, a high tariff Democrat of South Carolina. The county, organized from lands for merly included in Troup and Museogee, was' named for Hon. Charles Harris, an eminent lawyer of Savannah. Some of the distinguished former residents of Hamil ton are mentioned in the former volume of this work.

HART
Hartwell. In 1853. Hart County was organized out of lauds formerly included in three adjacent
counties: Elbert, Franklin, and Madison. Hartwell. the county-seat, was incorporated by an Act approved Feb ruary 26, 1856, with the following commissioners : James T. Jones, John G. Justice, F. B. Hodges, J. N. Beeder, John B. Benson. 3 Subsequently a new charter was granted in 1885. Hartwell is today a thriving town with strong banks, prosperous mercantile establishments, and a body of citizens unsurpassed.
1 Acts, 1828, p. 149. -Acts, 1S28, p. 15. 3 Af-t-s, 1855-1 850, IX 38l>.

796 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS.

Nancy Hart.

Volume I, Pages 671-673.

The Hart Family.

Volume I, Pa^s 873-674.

Who Struck Billy Patterson?

Volume I, Pages 674-675.

HEARD
Franklin. Franklin was made the county-seat of Heard "when the county was first organized, in 1830.
It was incorporated as a town on December 26, 1831, with the following named commissioners: Chas. P.. Pearson, W^ti. Adkins, Robert M. Richards, Thoma,s Erwin, and John C. Webb. 1 The Franklin Academy was char tered at the same time, with Messrs. Nathaniel Lipscoral), Wm. B. W. Dent, George W. Tarrentine, Thos. O. Pinkard, and Thos. Anberg, as trustees.

HENRY
McDonough. In 1822, Henry County was organized out of Creek Indian lands. The county-seat
of the new county was called McDonough, after the gal lant hero of Lake Champlain, in the War of 1812, Capt. James McDonough; and "was incorporated by an Act ap proved December 17, 1823, with Messrs. Tandy W. Key, Wm. L>. Crayton, James Kimbrough, Andrew M. Brown, and Wm. Hardin, as commissioners. 2 Ten years later an academy "was chartered. On December 12, 1854, the McDonough Collegiate Institute was founded, with the
1 Acts, 1831, p. 83. - Acts. 1S-23, p. ]S9.

HOUSTON

- 797

following- board of trustees : Humphrey Tomlinsoii, Leon ard, and Thomas Anberg, as trustees.

Hampton. Originally there was a settlement at this place known as
Bear Creek; but on August 23, 1872, an Act was approved granting the residents of this community a town charter and changing the name of the place to Hampton, presumably in honor of the great Con federate cavalry officer, General Wade Hampton, of South Carolina. The corporate limits were fixed at one mile in every direction from the depot of the Maeon and Western Railroad. Messrs. W. H. Peebles, S. H. Griffin, E. A. Jlenderson, Levi Turnips'eed and J. M. Williams were designated to act as commissioners pending an election of town officials.1

HOUSTON
Perry. Perry, the county-seat of Houston, was named for the hero of Lake Erie, in the "War of 1812 :
Captain Oliver H. Perry, and was made the seat of gov ernment' when Houston County was organized in 1822, out of a part of the Creek lands ceded under the first treaty at Indian Springs. It was incorporated as a town on December 20, 1828, with Messrs. Giles B. Taylor, James M. Kelly, F. ~W. Jobson, James E. Ihmcan, and Alien Chastain, as commissioners.2 The Houston County Academy was incorporated in 1833. But Perry was not satisfied with one school and proceeded to organize a Baptist College for young ladies, 'which afterwards grew into the Houston Female College, under which name it was re-incorporated on February 18, 1854, with the fol lowing board of trustees: Sla.mue'1 Felder, president; John Killen, vice-president; Hugh L. Denard, vice-presi dent; Win. T. Swift, treasurer; Samuel D. Killen, secre tary; Benj. F. Tharp, George F. Cooper, Nicholas Marshburn, Laban Segrist, James E. Barrett, Wm. Summerford, George ~W. Singleton, and John T. Cooper. 3 Perry
1 Acts, 1872, p. 209. 2 Acts, 1828, p. 359. 3 Acts, 1853-1854, p. 125.

798 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
was the liome of Hon. James M. Kelly, the first Supreme Court Reporter of Georgia. His grave is in the front yard of the old home place where Hon. ThA. S. Felder, afterwards Attorney General of Georgia^ spent his boyhood days. The list of former distinguished resi dents of the town includes also: Judg*e Wm. L. Gricef Judge A. L. Miller, Judge Warren D. Nottingham, Col. Buford M. Davis, and others. Houston County was named for an honored chief-executive and patriot of the Revolution: Governor John Houstoun.
Fort Valley. Fort Valley, one of the famed centers of the peach-growing industry in Georgia, oc
cupies a site of historic memories, associated with In dian warfare in pioneer days. The town was chartered by an Act approved March 3, 1856, with Messrs. C. D. Anderson, Win. H. Hollingshead, Win. J. Grejene, A. D. Kendrick, and D. N. Austin, as commissioners. 1 But the old Port Valley Academy was chartered twenty years earlier, on December 24, 183'6, at which time the follow ing trustees were named: James Everett, John P. Alien, Hardy Hunter, Henry Kaigler, and John Humphries. In 1852, the Fort Valley Female Seminary was granted a charter, with the following board of trustees : George W\ Persons, John J. Hampton, Win. A. Matthews, Adolphua I>. 'Kendrick, Miles L. Green, Wm. J. Anderson, D. N. A.ustin, Judson Kendrick, Wm. H. Holling'shead, Mat thew Dawsey, Benj. Barnes, Robt. M. Patterson, and James M. Miller. 2 At the beginning of the war, plans for a college were on foot; but the outbreak of hostilities prevented a consummation of this project. Since Fort Valley began to ship her -wonderful1 peaches to Northern and Eastern markets, she has found fame and fortune; and with fine railway facilities the future of the town is bright with promise. Fort Valley's public school sys-
1 Acts, 1S55-1S5G, p. 377. 2 Acts. 1852-1853, p. 326

IRWIN

799

tern was established in 188G, is one of the best in the State, and is under the supervision of a most accom plished educator, Prof. Ralph Newton.

Some additional facts in regard to Fort Valley have been supplied by a well-informed resident of the town, as follows :
Very little is now known of the early history of Fort Valley. Matthew Dorsey and James A. Fverett donated land to 15e used only for church and school purposes, and on this site has been recently erected the hand some high school building, at a cost of $40,000.00. In 1849 there were three stores, one academy, one church and 250 inhabitants. There was a gradual increase in the size and business of the place until 1851, when the South western Railroad was completed to this point. This was followed by a very rapid growth; homes, stores, churches' and hotels were built. Fort Valley suffered, in common" with other, towns, from the Civil "War. The best business men were called to the field of battle, and cominereial and industrial pursuits were checked, but after the war is- prosperity exceeded the most sanguine expectations of its citizens. On the night of October 31, 1SG7, nearly all of the principal business houses were consumed by a most disastrous fire, but these were soon replaced by handsome brick buildings.
On Church Street we find the old home of the Hon. Joe Hill Hall but little changed. Fort Valley stands today in the midst of the best farming section of Middle Georgia, and is the peach center of the world, famous a.s the home of the "Elberta and Hiley Belle peach. The land around is level and especially adapted to peach culture. The enormous increase in yields each year makes it impossible to estimate what the land is really worth. Fort "Valley is located at the divergence of five railroads. The place is elevated 170 feet above College Hill, in Macon, Ga., and is the highest point across the country from the Atlantic to the Gulf. The system of water-works is furnished by artesian wells, and school advantages are unsurpassed, and it is an ideal town in an ideal location, with au ideal citizenship.*

IRWIN

Gtov. Irwin's

Governor .Tared Irwin, for whom this county was

Family Record named, will always be revered for his' uncompromising

opposition to the Yazoo Fraud. It was while he occu

pied the executive chair at Louisville that the records of this colossal iniquity

*Authority: Mrs. S. T. Neil, Fort Valley, Ga

800 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
were by his order committed to the flames. Governor Irwin came of a long line of distinguished Scotch ancestors. His' father, Hugh Lawson Irwin, of Mecklinburg, N. C., married Martha Alexander, and fi* children were the fruit of this union, to wit: .Tared, John Laws'on, William^ Alexander and Margaret. With his three brothers, all of whom were soldiers in the war for independence, Jared Irwin built a fort near Union Hill, his home, to protect this section of Georgia from the Indians. It was called Port Irwin. The Governor's grandfather, Thomas Trwin, married Margaret Lawson," daughter of Hugh Lawson, Gent., of North Carolina. This aristocratic old pioneer always affixed to his name the mark of his gentle birth. He married Mary Moore, daughter of Charles Moore, Sr., of South Carolina, and sister of Gen. Thomas Moore, of Revolutionary fame. Thomas, the Gov ernor 's grandfather, came originally from Scotland, settling first in Penn sylvania. Governor Jared Irwin married his cousin, Isabella Erwin, whose father changed the spelling of his name on account of family differences in matters of religion. Governor Irwin's daughter, Elizabeth, married Simon Whitaker, from which union sprang- a son, Hon. Jared I. Whitaker, one of Atlanta's' early mayors and quite a noted editor. ,His younger daughter, Jane, remained unmarried. It was she who succeeded in obtaining from Congress a large sum of , money to cover certain expenditures made by her father in equipping troops during the Revolution. She established the fact, in her papers to Congress, that Jared Irwin .entered the war as Captain, was promoted first to Major and afterwards to Colonel, and was present with his command in.the sieges of Augusta and Savannah, and at the battles of Camden, Briar Creek and Black Swamp, in each of which he distin guished himself for gallant behavior. John Irwin, , his son, was a captain in the War of 1812, but died a bachelor. Another son, Thomas, and a nephew, Jared, Jr.,,were members of the first class to graduate from Frank lin College, in 1804, on which occasion both were speakers. Governor Irwin was always prominent in both military and civil affairs, and he was three times elected Governor of the State- His brother, John Lawson Irwin, was a general in.the War of 1812, and was buried with military honors, at his home in Washington County, in 1822. The first monument ever erected by the State of Georgia was erected to ,the memory of Governor Jared Irwin, in the town of Bandcrsville.*
Irwinville. Irwinville, the county-seat of Irwin County, like the county itself, was named for Grov-
ernor Jared Irwin, whose signature was affixed to the famous Act of 1796, rescinding- the Yazoo Fraud. It was made the county-seat in 1831, prior to which time the
irity: .Mrs. James

BURNING THE VAZOO ACT
GOV.JARED I twin SIGHED THE RESCINDING Y-uoo Act FEP \y? 1796 AND Tilt YAZOO FRAUD PAPERS WERE BURNED DEFORE THE CAPITOL FEBl5T? 1796 GOV|RWIR STANDS JUST BEHIND HIE MESSENGER wHOHOuurHEPftPEK

JACKSON

801

seat of government was for a brief period at Ironville. Irwin was organized in 1818, out of treaty lands acquired from the Creeks. On the outskirts of the town of Irwinvillc, President Davis was arrested at the close of the Civil War, while en route to his home in Mississippi.*

Ocilla. Ocilla, one of the most progressive towns in the Southern belt, is also one of the youngest. It
wa.s granted a charter of incorporation on November 24, 1897, with the following- named officials to manage its local affairs: John C. Luke, as mayor, M. J. Paulk, as recorder, and I). H. Paulk, W. M. Harris, and G. L. Stone, as aldermen. 1 In the following- year the corporate limits were extended. At the same time Ocilla was cre ated, an independent school district with the following trustees, to wit: J. L. Paulk, L. E. Tucker, A. L. Hayes, J. P>. Davis, and J. E. Goethe. 2 The town officials from 1898 to 1901 were: J. A. J. Henderson, mayor; M. J. Paulk, town attorney; C. H. Martin, recorder; and J. C. Luke, D. H. Paulk, G. L. Stone, L. E. Tucker, and C. H. Martin, aldermen. Few towns in Georgia have enjoyed such a phenomenal growth during the past decade as Ocilla. It is located in the center of a rich agricultural belt; is possessed of a wideawake body of citizens whose ambition is to make Ocilla a metropolis; is enabled by its strong banks to finance a constantly increasing volume of business ; and is a town fully abreast of the times in its up-to-date public utilities.

JACKSON
Historic Jefferson. This famous old town, the seat of Jackson County, celebrated the one
hundredth anniversary of its incorporation in the year
See Vol. I, of this work, Chapter 2. 1ActS, 1S97, p. 283. a Acts, 1898, p. 241.

802 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
1912. Jefferson is not a large town. It boasts a popu lation of only about 1,600 souls; and many ^vender why she has not progressed--why Atlanta, "Macqp, Columbus, and other communities have grown so much faster than the old settlement at Jefferson. But those who wonder look only at material things. Jefferson lias not devel oped very great commercial success ; but she has given to the world men who are credited with greater things than building factories and railroads.

Win. D. Martin: One of the noblest institutions of learn-

His Splendid

ing in America is old Martin Institute,

Philanthropy.

located in the town of Jefferson. It was

first known as the Jackson County

Academy when established in 1818, at which time'it was

but a one-room log cabin "with puncheon seats. But

"when William 1). Martin--than whom Jefferson never

boasted a better citizen--donated 150 shares of Georgia

Railroad stock to the school in 1859, the name was

changed to Martin Institute, in honor of this generous

benefactor.

William Duncan Martin was born on Stone Horse

Creek, in Hanover County, Va., on January 8, 1771, and

died at Jefferson, Gra., on May 21, 1852. He came to

Jefferson when well past the meridian of life, and his

sole possessions at this time were a horse, a bridle and

saddle, and $100 in money. It was rather late for laying

the foundations of a fortune. But he applied himself to

business, and as the result of prudent economy, supple

mented by wise investment, he left an estate valued by

his executors at $80,000. Win. D. Martin was perhaps

the first person in America to endow a public school from

his private fortune. If this statement is correct, then

Martin Institute is the oldest endowed educational insti

tution in the United States; and too much honor cannot

be accorded this noble philanthropist for setting a pace

JACKSON

803

which has since been followed by so many wealthy citi zens in generous gifts to education.
Martin Institute has shown herself worthy of this unique distinction by giving1 to the world a host of bright names. Justice Joseph E. Lamar, of the Supreme Court of the United States, who just a few days ago was ap pointed by President Woodrow Wilson to act as one of the mediators to settle the trouble between our country and Mexico, "was taught here. Dr. Henry Stiles Bradley, one of the most powerful preachers in America, was also enrolled as a student. The list likewise includes: Ex-Congressman Wm. M. Howard, who "was appointed on the Tariff Board by President Taft; Rev. David J. Scott, I>. D., of Texas ; Rev. Joseph J. Bennett, D. D., of Geor gia ; Hon. John N. Holder, of Jefferson, twice Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives without opposi tion, and now a candidate for Congress; besides men of prominence in every pursuit and occtipation. The shaft erected to the memory of Wm. D. Martin stands in the Methodist church-yard, almost under the eaves of the institution which he endowed; and, as directed in his will, it bears the following quaint epitaph :
" Kemember, man, as .you pass by,
As you are now so once was I;
As I am now, so you shall be,
Prepare for death and follow me.''

Dr. Crawford W.

The typical figure by which Georgia

Long-: The Discov- is best represented before the world

erer of Anaesthesia, is not that of a great orator. Mil

lions have never heard or read the

matchless orations of Grady, the South's silver-tongued

Cicero. It is not that of our beloved poet, Sidney .Lanier,

though he is loved wherever he is known. It is not that

of our great statesman, Alexander BL Stephens, for co

lossal though his services were they benefitted his own

country alone. Higii above these, rises the figure of an

804 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
unpretentious country doctor who made the town of Jef ferson his home and whose right to the highest niche in Georgia's Temple of Fame there will be no A to dispute : Dr. Crawford W. Long. The gift of Sulphuric Ether Anaesthesia made by Dr. Long to medical science not only revolutionized the practice of medicine, but made surgery a profession within itself.
On March 30, 1842, in the little town of Jefferson, Ga., Dr. Crawford W. Long, in an experimental operation, discovered that anaesthesia not only helped to make an operation successful, but rendered it painless. The dis covery was not published or paraded before the people; perhaps Dr. Long himself did not realize its untold value; perhaps he did not care to exploit his achievement. But today there is not a physician of any recognized prom inence in any part of the civilized world 'who is not famil iar with the name of Crawford W. Long. The Jittle of fice in which he performed his experiments has been torn away. Until two years ago, a gnarled and knotted old mulberry tree, on the north corner of the public square, marked the exact spot "where his first operation was per formed, an epoch-making event; but this, too, has now disappeared. Its sacrifice was demanded by a commer cial age. Tell it not in Gath, but the tree was given by the town authorities to an old negro for fire-wood. Fate intervened, however; and it was bought from the old negro by Mr. "W. H. Smith, of Jefferson, who had a part of it made into gavels, pen staffs, and other articles of use, for souvenirs. On a marble slab, in the brick wall of a building adjacent to Dr. Long's little office, the date of his "wonderful discovery has been inscribed. This slab "was erected by Prof. S. P. Orr, of Athens, an inti mate friend of the Long family. There is also a mag nificent monument to his memory on the town square. Dr. Woods Hutchison, of New York, and Hon. Pleasant A. Stovall, of Savannah, made the principal addresses, when the monument was unveiled by the Georgia Medical Society, on April 21, 1910. There is also a handsome

JACKSON

805

brass medallion, on the walls of his alma mater, the Uni versity of Pennsylvania, a genuine "work of art, moulded by an old colleg'e mate.*

Harmony Grove. T^ong before the days of railroads, there was' a famous ' ' star route ' ' through this section, over
which the stage .coach made daily trips from the classic city of Athens to the little town of Clarkesville, nestling at the foot of the Blue Ridge moun tains. This coach stopped at what was then known as the village of Har mony Grove, where it daily left a pouch of mail for the small group of inhabitants. At this time, there were only four families living in Harmony Grove: the Hardmans, the Shankles, the Hoods, and the Bowdons.
Mr. Seaborn M. Shankle was the pioneer merchant. He owned and operated the first store in what was afterwards the town of Commerce. Subsequent to a marriage of Mr. Shankle 's sister to Mr. C. W. Hood, the latter "became a member of the firm. By mutual consent this partnership was dissolved when Mr. Hood opened a store of his own, while Mr. Shankle
continued to merchandise alone at the old place of busine

Banking Company ; Mr. Claude Shankle, connected with the Coca-Cola works in Atlanta; Dr. Olin Shankle, of Commerce, a successful practicing physician; Mrs. Amelia Perkins, of Atlanta, and Mrs. W. B. Hardman, Mrs. J. L. Sharp, and Mrs. W. D. Sheppard, all of Commerce. Mr. Shankle died, on August 22, 1885, leaving to his widow, formerly Miss Victoria Parks, a handsome estate, which, by judicious investment, was afterwards largely increased under her management. She also continued the mercan tile establishment for a number of years.
DT. "W. B. J. Hardman lived here until his death, s'ome twelve years ago. At the time of his removal from Oglethorpe County to Harmony Grove, he was the only/ practicing physician in this part of the county, and his circuit embraced an extensive area. He reared a family of ten children, to-wit.: Rev. Henry E. Hardman, Dr. L. G. Hardman and Dr. W. B. Hard man, or" Commerce; Mr. Robert L. Hardman, of Atlanta ; Mr. T.- C.
*Authority: Mr. W. H. Smith, of JefEe

806 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MBMORIAL.S AND LEGENDS
Hardman, of Commerce; Mr. John B. Hardman, of Commerce; and Mrs. W. TJ. Williamsorj, Mrs. Gordon T. Jones, M;ra, C. J. Hood, deceased, and Miss Sallie Hardman, deceased, 'all of Commerce. Mr. C. W. Hood left a family, four members of which survive: Mr. C. J. ITootAformerly Mayor of Commerce and at present cashier of the Northeastern Blinking Company; Miss Miary Hood, Mr. C. W. Hood, Jr., and Miss "Ruth Hood, besides a widow, formerly Miss Alice Owens, of Toceoa.
To three pioneer citizens, Messrs. Hood, Hardman and Shankle, Har mony Grove became indebted in after years for the old Northeastern Bailroad, now the Lula and Athens Branch of the Southern. When the pro posed line was first advocated, there was quite a rivalry between Harmony Grove and Jefferson, as to which should secure it, since to include both towns was out of the question. At the time set for a final decision, Jefferson turned up with a' third more stock subscribed than Harmony Grove. But Messrs. Hood, Shankle and Hardman, representatives from the latter town, agreed personally to endorse every dollar of the stock, provided the road was built by way of Harmony Grove. This action insured success; for the representatives of Jefferson, failing to offer a similar endorsement, the road was lost.

The First School To the old town of Harmony Grove be-

for Girls.

longs the honor of having- launched suc

cessfully the first scliool for girls ever

established in the State of Georgia, It was known as the

"Female Academy of Harmony Grove," and was chart

ered by an Act of the Legislature, approved in 1824. The

following- trustees were named in the Act of incorpora

tion : Russell Jones, William Potts, Samirel Barnett,

Frederick -Stewart, and John Rhea.* On account of the

vast number of schools for women which have since

leaped into existence, on both sides of the water, this

pioneer charter is a document of prime importance in

the history of modern education.

Commerce. With the completion of the Nortlieastern Railroad a new life began to quicken in the old town of Harmony Grove.
Visions of greater things were caught, and even at this early date there was launched a movement, the ultimate outcome of which was- a new

JACKSON

807

name: Commerce. There was something catchy about the name selected. It registered a key-note of progress and made a distinct "bid for trade. The caterpillar had merged into the butterfly; and while tho former was doomed to creep, at a slow pace upon the ground, it was the glory of the latter to soar among the flowers'. Two splendid young men from Franklin County, Messrs. W. T. Harber and G. W. D. TIarber, were the
followed by Messrs W. A. and J. T. Quillian. Thus stimulated, the
the adjacent counties. At present, the population of Commerce is 4,000. Jt is now a recognized competitor of Athens, doing a business of several million dollars per annum. During the past fall season, one firm alone in a single day bought over $25,000 worth of cotton.
Paved streets, electric lights, an excellent water works system, public schools inferior to none in the State, palatial homes, superb business blocks --these are some of the most striking features of present-day Commerce. Three solid banks furnish ample means with which to finance local enter prises. The oldest of these is the Northeastern Banking Company, of which Dr. L. G. Hardman is president, Mr. C. J. Hood, cashier, and Mr. Marvin Shankle, assistant cashier. The First National Bank, organized some twelve years ago, is now a close competitor. Its officers are as follows: Dr. W. B. Hardman, president; Mr. George L. Hubbard, cashier, and Mr. A. H. Shannon, assistant cashier. Besides these, there is' a private bank owned by Mr. Enoch B. Anderson, one of the best-known financiers of Commerce. Five churches minister to the town's religious needs. The late Dr. TTenry F. Hoyt, one of the foremost Presbyterian divines of the State, was an uncle of Mrs. Woodrow Wilson. Commerce boasts of two weekly newspapers. The older of these is the News, owned and edited by Hon. John F. Shannon. The younger is the Observer, of which Hon. Paul T. Harber is1 editor and proprietor. Two 'better news papers are not to be found in the ranks of weekly journalism in Georgia. Tt was due largely to the prestige of these two splendid sheets that the Georgia Weekly Press Association met in Commerce during the summer of-1914.
One of the largest cotton factories in the State is located at Commerce, known as the Harmony Grove Mills. It boasts a capital stock of $450,000, all of which is paid in. Dr. L. G. Hardman is president and Dr. W. B. Hardman, secretary and treasurer, of this mammoth establishment. There are two oil mills in Commerce, viz., the Commerce Branch of the Southern Cotton Oil Company, with Mr. T. C. Robinson, Jr., as manager, and the Farmers' Oil Mill Company, of which Mr. W. H. T. Gillespie is' president and Colonel H. O. Williford, lessee. The Hardman Sanitorium, noted all over Georgia, is located at Commerce, with a corps of able physicians in charge, including Dr. L. G. Hardman, Dr. W. B. Hardman, Dr. Olin Shankle and Dr. M. J. Nelms. The town has its own telephone system, with splendid local exchange in most of the surroxmding towns and villages.

808 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
But if anything was still needed to put Commerce upon the map it was supplied a few years ago by the famous Glidden tourists, who passed through the town in making their first tour of the State, ^lere they spent their last night on the road before reaching Atlanta, a^l such was the royal reception with which the people of Commerce greeted these visitors from the North that by a unanimous vote it was decided to include Com merce on the return trip back to New York. Stopping over for luncheon they were most charmingly served by the fair maids and matrons of Com merce, on the spacious lawn of Dr. Hardman.
Commerce obtained its charter as Harmony Grove in 1883, and its char ter as Commerce in 1903. Hon. William A. Quillian, now deceas'ed, was the first mayor of Harmony Grove. The city is governed today by an efficient corps of public officials, consisting of Mr. E. B. Anderson, mayor; Mr. C. W. Good in, clerk of council and city treasurer, and Messrs. Claude Montgomery, Prank Wrigiit, T. C. Hardman, B. B. Crow, L. X,. Davis and W. D. Sheppard, as aldermen; C. C. Bolton, as chief of police, assisted by Elmer Bailey, and Colonels E. L. J. and S. J. Smith, Jr., as city at torneys. There is not an abler Bar in any town of equal population in Georgia, and among the resident lawyers of State-wide note are: Judge W. W. Stark, a member of the present State Senate, and Colonels B. L. J. Smith, S. J. Smith, Jr., W. A. Stevenson, E. C. Starks, G. P. Martin and W. D. Martin. Dr. L. G. Hardman, perhaps the foremost citizen of Commerce, was a strong minority candidate in the recent election for Governor. He was largely instrumental in placing the present State-wide prohibition law upon the statute books.
JASPER
Old Randolph. Jasper County "was first organized as Ran dolph, under an Act approved December
10. 1907, by Gtov. Jared Irwin.* But John Randolph, the great Virginian, for whom this county was first named, having become unpopular in Georgia by reason of his views on certain public measures, the name of the county was, on December 10, 1812, changed to Jasper, in honor of the gallant Sergeant Jasper, who fell mortally wound ed at the siege of Savannah. Tile Act in question reads as follows:
"Whereat it was obviously the intention of the Legislature of Geor gia, in designating a county by the name of Randolph, to perpetuate the

JASPER

809

name of John Handolph, a member of Congress from Virginia, Tvliose early exertions in the cause of democracy claimed the approbation and applause of every good citizen of these United States. But whereas the conduct of the aaid John Randolph, in his official capacity as a member of Congress has evinced such a manifest desertion of correct principles and such a decided attachment to the enemies of the United States as to render his name odious to every republican citizen of this State, etc. Be it therefore enacted that from and after the passage of this Act the County of Randolph shall be called and known by the name of the County of Jasper, any law to the contrary notwithstanding."*
But the public mind is often fickle. Sixteen years la ter, John Randolph was again in higii favor with the people of Georgia; and, in 1828, a new county was formed, bordering- on the Cliattalioochee River, to which was given the name of the peppery old ' * School-master of Congress."

Monticello. Most of the early settlers of Jasper County, were native Virginians. This was perhaps
one among' a number of very good reasons why the coun ty was first called Randolph. It also throws an impor tant side-light upon the naming of the county-seat: Mon ticello, for the old home of Thomas Jefferson. The town was incorporated by an Act providing for its better regu lation, on December 15, 1810, when the following- com missioners were "named: Richard Holmes, Henry AValker, Stokeley Morgan, James Armour, and Francis B. Mar tin.* The old Monticello Academy was chartered in 1815; but, on December 23, 1830, the Monticello Union. Academy, a, more pretentious educational 'plant, was chartered with the following trustees : David A. Reese, Fleming Jordan, Edward Y. Hill, Moses Champion, John W. Burney, Reuben C. Shorter, and Benj. P. Ward. Monticello is a thriving town, progressive and widea wake, but tempered by a fine conservatism and by a splendid loyalty to the old traditions.
*I>amar's Digest, p. 199. "Clayton's Compendium, p. 609.

810 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGEKDS
Some additional facts in regard to jNTonticello hav . "been furnished by a distinguished resident of the town.* Says he: Ij 1808 a eommission was appointed by the Legislature to select and pvjrchase a site for the puWie buildings of the county, the site to contain^; wo acres. This commission found a very peculiarly formed hill, a central prominence, with ridges radiating therefrom on al] sides except the north side, on which was a very steep bluff, descending into a ravine, and from the base of the bluff sprang several bold springs of -fine water. The commis sion, also purchased about two acres of this ravine, for the use of the county, and for the preservation of these springs for the public use. Ground for the county buildings was laid off in the form of a square, and in the center was built the first court-house, a small log structure. Around this soon began to grow a village, to which was given the name of JVEonticello, for the home of Mr. Jefferson. "With the advent of the Iron Horse Mbnticello became isolated, trade going to towns' along the line of the Georgia Railroad and to Macon until 1887, when a railroad was constructed through Monticello. At once the little village took on new life, and now has a population of 2,500.
The business people of the city of today are the descendants' of the early settlers of the county and of the town. Among the men who first engaged in the mercantile business were Jesse LoyaJl, Jeremiah Pearson, .Manly & Kellam, Buchannan & Jordan, William Oooley, John Baldwin, Samuel Fulton, Sr., Samuel Pulton, Jr., and Kurd & Hnngerford, which last named were succeeded by ]ST . B. & L. White. This firm continued, until the death of Mr. L. White, after which it became K. B, White and 1ST. B. White & Co., continuing as such until a few years ago, when it terminated on the death of Mr. N. B. White.
The lawyers of Moiiticello . in the early days included Alfred Cuthbert and Joshua Hill, both of whom became United States Senators. John K. Dyer was admitted to the bar in Mbnticello, and practiced here until his' death. Of the early physicians were Dr. MV>ses Champion and Dr. Milton Anthony, the latter of whom afterwards founded the oldest medical college in the State, at Augusta. Of the early settlers of the county was John Maddnx, whose descendants are still in the city and county, all good citi zens. Among them was Dr. W. D. Marl dux, a noted physician in the sec tion, who died eight years ago, after a loiig_ and useful life, spent in the upbuilding of the city and county.
Captain Eli Glover,, of the War of 1832, the Mexican War and Inidan wars, was one of the early settlers whose descendants are still here hold ing prominent places and doing much for the advancement of the city. The Kelly family was a large one, and while at first they lived in the country they later came into town and have been influential factors in the community for generations. Several of them are now engaged in the mercantile business on a large scale. William Penn settled in Mlonticello
A. B. Tlnir

JASPEB

811

soon aftei; it was laid out, and took a prominent part in the development of the city, as well as in farming. He also owned several large planta tions in the County of Jasper.
With hardly an exception the lousiness men of the city are descendants of the first settlers. As Montieello was for years without railway connec tions, the people mingled but little with the outer world. For this reason there has been but little new Ijlood brought into the county; the same names tliat. we find ill the eaiiy days are the same of today. These were a hardy race and shows in the successful lives of the people. But the original settlers belonged to a vigorous and virile race of men, and from the loins of these pioneers who laid the foundations' of Montieello have come the men who direct its affairs today. In the most liberal sense, Montieello is R self-made town.

First White Child

Nathan Fish, and his wife, Naomi

Born in Jasper.

Phillips, were the parents of the first

white child born in Jasper. This

child, a son, Calvin Fish, was born December 22, 1807,

and died August I, 1861.

Soldiers of Jasper: Elijah Cornwell, a Revolutionary solSupplemental List, dier, is buried in the Cornwell family
cemetery, near Alcovy River, about two miles west of Mechanicsville. He served in the Vir ginia army, under General Greene. The Cornwells came originally from Cornwall, Eng-. Wiley Hood, soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Florida Indian "War, is buried at Murder Creek Baptist Church. William Robertson, sol dier in the War of 1812, and in the Florida Indian War, is buried in Rocky Creek Cemetery, in the northern part of Jasper. William G. Smith, born in Virginia, in 1787, a private in Captain William Owen's Company, 2nd (Jenkins') Regiment, Georgia Volunteers and Militia, War of 1812, is "buried in the family bnrial ground, near old Murder Creek Baptist church. His father, Guy Smith, one of the early settlers of Oglethorpe County, was a Revolutionary soldier.
John Clark, volunteer soldier in War of 1812, served in Capt. N. T. Martin's Company, South Carolina Militia.

812 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGKNDS
"With his family he settled in Jasper County, in 1830, on the Alcovy River, a few miles from old Bethlehem Bap tist church. He died in 1870, at the adva^ed age of ninety years and is buried in the family grave-yard at the family homestead, where he resided for forty years. He was bom in North Carolina. Plis wife was Miss Su san Parks, of Lanrens, S. C. They were the parents of eighteen children and many descendants now live in this county and in various States of the Union.

The Confederate On the court-house square, in Monticel-

Monument.

lo, stands a handsome granite shaft,

erected to the memory of the South's

heroic dead. The monument was unveiled on April 6,

1910, at which time Gen. Harrison, who commanded

the troops from Jasper County during the Civil War,

delivered an eloquent address as the chosen orator of

the day. Hon. Harvie Jordan acted as Master of Cere

monies ; and Eev. W. D. Conwell offered the prayer of

invocation. Mrs. H. C. Hill, on behalf of the local IT. IX

C. Chapter formally presented the monument to the city

of Monticello and to the County of Jasper. To this ad

dress Major O. G. Roberts responded for the Confederate

veterans; Hon. B. II. Jordan, for the county and Mayor

Monroe Phillips for the town. Master Leland Jordan

feelingly recited a selection entitled "The Daughter of

Dixie, the Preserver of the Faith," while Miss Alice Bax

ter, Georgia State President, TJ. D. C., made a most de

lightful talk. Thirteen little granddaughters of the Con

federacy, at a given signal, drew the cord "which unloosed

the veil. To Mrs. Greene F. Johnson, President of the

Chapter, was largely due the success of the movement,

culminating in this splendid shaft. The purchasing com

mittee was composed of the following members: Mr. J.

J. Pope, Mr. M. Benton, Mr. Eugene Benton, Dr. C. L.

Ridley, Judge J. H. Blackwell, Mrs. Monroe Phil

lips, Mrs. B. Leverett, Mrs. T. M. Payne, and Miss Maud

JEFF DAVAS

813

Clark Pcnn. The monument is a work of art. It stands thirty-two feet high, and is built of finely polished gran ite from the quarries of Elbert County, Ga. On the east and west sides there are imported statues of Italian marble, each of which, is most exquisitely carved. On the south side of the pedestal is inscribed:

' * Crowns of roses fade, crowns of thorns endure. Calvaries and crucifixions take deepest hold of humanity; the triumphs of might are transient; they pass and are forgotten; the sufferings of right are graven deepest on the chronicles of nations."
On the north side is seen a Confederate battle-flag with the inscription:

"To the Confederate soldiers of Jasper County, the record of -whose sublime self-sacrifice and undying- devo tion to duty in the service of their country is the proutl heritage of a loyal posterity."
"In legend and lay our heroes in giay Shall forever live over again for us."

JEFF DAVIS
Hazelhurst. On August 18, 1905, an Act was approved creating the county of Jeff Davis, out of
lands formerly emibraced within Appling and Coffee counties and designating the town of Hazelhurst as the new county-seat. For additional facts in regard to the creation of this county, the reader is referred to Volume I.

Putting Mr. Davis Dr. John J. Graven, a distinguished

in Irons: The Story surgeon in the Union army, was the

Told by His

prison physician at Fortress Monroe

Prison Physician. during the first six months which fol

lowed the incarceration of Mr. Davis. Though at first

strongly tinctured with the prejudice which prevailed at

814 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TJEGENDS
the North in regard to the illustrious prisoner, Dr. Cra ven, from intimate personal contact with him from day to day, came to regard his patient -with unfeigned ad miration. On relinquishing his duties at the famous pri son, Dr. Craven published a, volume entitled: "The Pris on Life of Jefferson l>avis;" and, besides containing what in the main was accepted at the South as a truthful account written by one who was in a position to know the facts, it sounded the first distinct note of friendliness which was raised at the North on behalf of the great Confederate leader. It served to> put Mr. Davis in an altogether different light before his enemies, and it doubt less operated in some measure, as a check upon the vin dictive spirit of revenge which was clamoring for his death. Throughout the long- and bitter ordeal of impris onment, there was no1 hour fraught with greater humilia tion to Mr. Davis than when a blacksmith wa,s sent to his cell to manacle this proud chieftain of a vanquished, but brave people, nor can there be found in the transac tions of the Federal government a blot which so impugns the humanity of a Christian nation. The subsequent failure of the government to bring Mr. Davis to trial, on the ground that he could not legally be convicted of treason, only shows the needlessness of such indignity to one who was already helpless at the mercy of his foes. After narrating the pathetic circumstances incident to the formal induction of Mr. Davis into prison life at Fortress Monroe, Dr. Craven thus tells how he was man acled :
*' On the morning of the 23rd of May, a yet bitterer trial was' in store for the proud spirit--a trial severer probably than has ever in modern times been inflicted upon any one who baa enjoyed such eminence. This morning Jefferson Davis was shackled. . . . Captain Jerome E. Titlow, of the Third Pennsylvania Artillery, entered the prisoner's cell, fol lowed by the "blacksmith of the fort and his assistant, carrying in his hands some heavy and harshly rattling shackles. As they entered, Mr. Davis was reclining- on his bed, feverish and -weary after a sleepless night, the food placed near him on the preceding day still lying untouched on the tin plate at his "bedside.
*' 'Well?' said Mr. Davis, as they entered, slightly raising his head.

JEFF DAVIS
" 'I have an unpleasant duty to perform, sir,' said Captain Titlow, and as he spoke the senior blacksmith took the shackles from his assistant.
'' Davis leaped instantly from his recumbent attitude, a tiush passing over his face for a moment, and then his countenance growing livid and rigid as death. He gasped for breath, clutching his throat with the thin fingers of his right hand, and then recovering himself slowly, while his wasted figure towered up to its full height--now appearing to swell with indignation and then to shrink with terror,- as he glanced from the captain 's' face to the shackles--he said slowly and with a laboring cheat:
" 'My God! You cannot have been sent to iron me! ' *' ' Such are my orders, sir,' replied the officer, signalling the black smith to approach, who stepped forward, unlocking the padlock and. pre paring the; fetters to do their office. These fetters were of heavy iron, probably five-eighths of an inch in thickness, and connected together by a chain of like weight. T believe they are now in possession of Major-General Miles, and will form an interesting relic. ' ' * This is too monstrous,' groaned the prisoner, glaring hurriedly round the room, as if looking for some weapon or other means of selfdestruction. 'I demand, Captain, that you let me see the commanding ofiicer. Can he pretend that such shackles are required to secure the safe custody of a weak old man, so guarded, and in such a fort as this?' " ' Tt could serve no purpose,' replied Captain Titlow; 'his orders are from Washington, as mine are from him. ' " 'But he can telegraph,' interposed Mr. Davis, eagerly. 'There must be some mistake. K"o such outrage as you threaten me with is on record in the history of nations. Beg him to telegraph, and delay until he an swers. ' '' ' IVTy orders are peremptory,' said the officer, ' and admit of no delay. For your own sake, let me advise you to submit with patience. As a soldier, Mr. Davis, you know I must execute orders.' '' 'These are not orders for a soldier,' shouted the prisoner, losing all control of himself. 'They are orders for a jailer--for a hangman--which no soldier wearing a sword should accept. I tell ycra the world will ring with this disgrace. The war is over; the South is conquered; I have no longer any country but America, and it is for the honor of America, as well as for my own honor and life, that I plead against this degradation. Kill me! Kill me!' he cried passionately, throwing his arms wide open and exposing his breast, rather than inflict on me, and on my people through me, this' insult, worse than death.' " ' Do your duty, "blacksmith,' said the officer, walking toward the embrasure as if not caring to witness the performance. 'It only gives increased pain on all sides to protract this interview.' "At these words the blacksmith advanced with the shackles and, see ing that the prisoner had one foot upon the chair near his bedside, the right hand resting on the back of it, the brawny mechanic made an at tempt to slip one of the shackles over the ankle so raised; but, as if with

816 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MJSMOKIAIJS AND LEGENDS
the vehemence and strength which frenzy can impart, even to the weakest invalid, Mr. Davis suddenly seized his assilant and hurled Mm half way across the room. On this, Captain Titlow turned, and, seeuig that Davis had backed against the wall for farther resistance, ."began ^ remonstrate, pointing out in brief, clear language, that this course was madness, and that orders must be enforced, at any cost.
" 'Why compel me,' he said, 'to add the further indignity of personal violence to the necessity of your "being ironed?'
" *I am a prisoner of war,' fiercely retorted D'avis. *J have been a soldier in the armies of America, and Enow how to die. Only kill me, and my last breath shall be a blessing upon your head. But while I have life and strength to resist, for myself and for my people, this shall not be done.
"Hereupon Captain Titlow called in a sergeant and a file. of soldiers from the next room, and the sergeant advanced to seize the prisoner. Im mediately Mr. Davis flew on him, seized his musket and. attempted to wrench it from his grasp. Of course, such a scene could have but one issue. There was a short, passionate scuffle. In a moment Davis was flung upon his bed, and before his four powerful assailants moved their hands from him, the blacksmith and his assistant had done their work-- one securing- the rivet on the right ankle,, while the other turned the key in the padlock on the left. This done, Mr. Davis- lay for a moment as if in a stupor. Then slowly raising himself and turning around, he dropped his shackled foot to the floor. The harsh clank of the striking chain seems first to have recalled him to the situation, and, dropping his face into his hands, he burst into a passionate flood of sobbing, rocking to and fro and muttering, at brief intervals:
". 'Oh,\ the shame! the shame! '
"On the morning of May 24th, I was sent for about half-past 8 A. M., "by Major-General Miles; was told that State prisoner Davis complained of being ill, and that I had been assigned as his "medical attendant. Calling upon the prisoner--the first time I had ever seen him closely--he presented a very miserable aspect. Stretched upon his pallet and very much emaciated.
vcs--his eyes

, for which he thanked

On quitting Mr. Davis, I at once wrote to Major urc,

san

u

tant-Genera], -advising that the prisoner be allowed to use tobacco, to the

want of which, after a lifetime of use, he referred as one of the probable

JtfFF DAVIS

817

causes' of his illness--though not complainingly, nor with any request that it be given. This recommendation was approved in the course of the day; and, on calling in the evening, I brought tobacco with me and Mr. Davis filled his pipe, the sole article which he carried with him from the Clyde, except the clothes -which he then wore.
' ' ' This is noble medicine,' he said, with something as near a smile as was possible for his' haggard and shrunken features. ' I hardly ex pected it and did not ask for it, though the deprivation has been severe. During my confinement here I shall ask for nothing.'
'' He was now much calmer, feverish symptoms steadily decreasing, pulse already down to seventy-five, his brain less excitable, and his mind becom ing more resigned to his condition. He complained that the foot-falls of the two s'entrics within his chamber made it difficult for him to collect his the two sentries within his chamber made it <U. .cult for him to collect his thoughts; but added, cheerfully, that with this--touching his pipe--he hoped to become tranquil. This pipe, by the way, was-a large, handsome one, made of meerschaum, with an amber mouthpiece, showing by its color that it had s'een active service for some time, as indeed was . the case, having been his companion during the stormiest years of his late titular Presidency. It is now in the writer's possession., having been given to him by Mr. Davis and its acceptance 'insisted upon as the only thing he had left to offer."

As a medical necessity, Dr. Craven also succeeded in having- removed in the course of time, the cruel shackles which bound his prisoner. He knew that Mr. Davis could never regain his normal strength while the humiliation of such indignity rested upon him; and he allowed him self no rest until the brutal order was rescinded. With out going1 into further details, Dr. Craven's association with the prisoner ended at the expiration of six months, but Mr. Davis remained an inmate of Fortress Monroe for two full years. Every effort was made by politi cians in Washington to secure his execution: complicity in the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, cruel treatment of Federal prisoners at the South, and others; but none of these trumped up charges could be substantiated. Fi nally, it was decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, headed by Chief-Justice Chase, that, the charge of treason against Mr. Davis could not be successfully maintained in the American courts. lie was thereupon

818 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
admitted to bail; and, though anxious for a trial in which to vindicate himself at the bar of justice, the indictment against him was quietly dropped: a tacit recognition of the iron logic on which the South grounded her rights under the Federal Constitution.

Louisville.

JEFFERSON Volume I. Pages 146-155.

Galphinton

Fifty miles s'outhwest of Augusta, on

or "Old Town:" the upper banks of the Ogeechee Kiver,

there once stood an old trading post,

the origin of which probably antedates the coming of

Oglethorpe to Georgia. At any rate, the traditions of

the locality indicate that at an early period there were

Indian traders from South Carolina in this immediate

neighborhood, and, if not the first Europeans to establish

themselves upon the soil of the future colony, they at

least penetrated further into the interior. Georg'e Gal-

phin was one of this adventurous band. He lived at

Silver Bluff, on the east side of the Savannah River,

where he owned an elegant mansion, conducted an ex

tensive trade with the various Indian tribes, and became

a sort of potentate upon whom the dusky natives of the

forest looked with awe and respect. They usually brought

to him for settlement the issues on which they disagreed ;

and whatever he advised them to do in the matter was

ordinarily the final word on the subject, for they acqui

esced in his ruling as though he were an oracle of

wisdom. Tile trading-post which he established on the

Ogeechee River was called Galphinton. It was also known

as Ogeechee Town; and, after Louisville was settled,

some ten miles to the northwest, it was commonly des

ignated as Old Town to distinguish it from New Town,

a name which the residents of the locality gave to the

JEFFERSON

819

future capital of Georgia. In the course of time, tliere gathered about the old trading-post quite a settlement, due to the extensive barter with the Indians which here took place at certain seasons of the year; but time has spared only the barest remnants of the old fort. The following" story is told of how George Galphin acquired the land on which the town of Louisville was afterwards built. Attracted by the red coat which he wore, an old Indian chief, whose wits had been somewhat sharpened by contact with the traders, thus approached him, in the hope of securing the coveted garment. Said he:
"Me had dream last night." "Y.ou did?" said Galphin. "What did you dream about?" "Me dream you give me dat coat." "Then you shall have it," said Galphin, who immediately suited the action to the word by transferring to him the eoat. '' Quite a while elapsed "before the old chief returned to the post, but when he again appeared in the settlement Galphin said: '' Chief, T dreamed about you last night.'' "Ugh!" he grunted, "what did you dream?" "1 dreamed that you gave me all the land in the fork of this creek, pointing to one of the tributary streams' of the Ogeechce. "Well," said the old chief, "you take it, trot TVC no more dream."
There is every reason to> believe that the old tradingpost at Galphinton was in existence when the State was first colonized. The settlement which gradually devel oped around it may have arisen much later, but the his torians are not in accord upon this point. Says Dr. Smith:* "There may have been, and I think it likely there were, sundry settlers who were scattered among the Indians and who had squatted on lands belonging to them; and it is probable that Mr. G-alphin had around his settlement at Galphinton, some of his countrymen before Oglethorpe came, but I find no positive proof of it, and Colonel Jones put the emigration of the ScotchIrish to St. George's Parish as late as 1868. I find that certainly as early as the time of Governor Reynolds, in 1752, there were grants made to men whom I know were
*Story of Georgia and the Georgia People, p. 31, Atlanta, 1900.

820 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MTSMORTA^S AND LEGENDS
in Jefferson." Be this
At Galphinton, in 1785, a- treaty was made between the State of Georgia and the Creek Indians, whereby the latter agreed to surrender to the State the famous " Tallassee Strip," between the Altamaha and the St. Mary's; but the compact was repudiated by the Creeks tinder the artful Alexander MeGillivray, under whose leadership was fought the long-protracted Oeonee War. Hostilities were not concluded until 1796, when a treaty of friend' ship was negotiated at Colcraine, confirming, the treaty of New York, in 1790, under which the *' Tallas'see Strip'' was confirmed to the Indians. This much-eoveted bone of contention remained in possession of the Creeks ' until 1814, when, as a penalty for siding with the British, in the War of 1812, they were forced to relinquish it to the whites.
The Conven- It was at Louisville, in 1798, that the celetion of 1798. brated convention which framed the State
Constitution under "which Georgia, lived for seventy years, met for deliberation. Similar gatherings had been held in 1789 and in 1795, but few amend ments were made to the original Constitution of 1777. On both of these former occasions, the law-makers had embedded in the organic law, a provision debarring min isters of the gospel from membership in the General Assembly of Georgia. Another resolution to the same effect "was proposed at this time; hut the great Baptist divine, Jesse Mercer, was on hand to challenge the pro priety of such an action. When the resolution was in troduced, he at once proposed to amend by excluding also lawyers and doctors. He succeeded in making the whole affair so ridiculous that the matter was finally dropped; and since 1798 the legislative doors have swung wide open to representatives of the cloth.

JENKINS

821

The Convention was composed of the following dele gates :

BRYAN--Joseph Clay, J. B. Maxwell, John Pray.

BURKE--Benjamin Davis, John Morrison, John Milton.

BULLOCH--James Bird, Andrew E. Wells, Charles MeCall.

CAMDEN--James Seagrove, Thomas Stafford.

CHATHAM---James' Jackson, James Jones, George Jones.

COLUMBIA--.James Simms, W. A. E^anc, James McjSTeal.

EFFINGHAM--John King, John London, Thomas Polhill.

EGBERT--'William Barnett, R. Hunt, Benjamin Mosely.

[FRANKLIN--A. Franklin, E. Walters, Thomas Gilbert.

GLYNN--John Burnett, John Cowper, Thomas Spalding.

GREENE--George Wr. Foster, Jonas Fouche, James Nisbit.

HANCOCK--Charles Abererombie, Thomas Lamar, Matthew Rabun.

JEFFERSON--Peter Games, William Fleming, R. B. Gray.

JACKSON--George Wilson, James Pittman, Joseph Humphries'.

LIBERTY--James Coehran, James Powcll, James Dunwody.

LINCOLN--Henry Ware, G. Woodbricfge, Jared Grace.

MclNTOSH--John H. Melntosh, James Gignilliat.

MONTGOMERY--Benjamin Harrison, John Watts, John Jones.

t OGLETHOEPE--John Lnmpkin, Thomas Duke, Burwell Pop'e.

r RICHMOND--Robert Watkins, G. Jones.

/ .__.

SCREVEN--Lewis Lanier, J. H. Rutherford, James Oliver.

WASHINGTON--John Watts, George Franklin, Jated Trwin.

"WARREN--John L>awson, A. Fort, W. Stith.

WITKES--Mjatttiew Talbet, Benjamin Taliaferro, Jes'se Mercer.

JENKINS
Millen. Millen, the county-seat of Jenkins Comity, was named for Hon. John Millen, of Savannah, a dis
tinguished lawyer, who, after an unopposed election to Congress, died before taking' his seat, leaving unfulfilled a career of brilliant promise in the councils of the na tion. The origin of the town dates back to the building of the Central Railroad, but it was not incorporated until September 30, 1881, when it was given a municipal form of government. In 1905, "when Jenkins County was or ganized, the site of public buildings was located at Mil len, the leading business men of which town were a unit for the bill. On the court-house square in Millen .

822 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
a handsome monument to the Confederate dead, erected under the auspices of the local U. D. C. MiUen is the center of important railway and commercial activities and possesses an asset unsurpassed by any community in Georgia in its wideawake and progressive body of citizens.

JOHNSON
Wrig-htsville. On December 11, 1858, the new county of Johnson "was organized out of lands for
merly embraced within Washington, Laurens, and Emanuel counties, and named for the distinguished statesman and jurist, Hon. Herschel V. Johnson. The seat of gov ernment was called ^Vrightsviile, in honor of Mr. John 15, Wright, a leading pioneer resident. The town was incorporated by an Act approved February 23', 1866, at which time the town limits were fixed at three-eighths of a mile in every direction from the county court-house. Messrs. Jeremiah Parker, Morgan A. Outlaw, N. L. Bostick, Charles ~W. Llnder, and Frederick P. Reins were designated to serve as commissioners, pending an elec tion of town officials as prescribed.* In 1884, this Act "was repealed, and in lieu thereof a, municipal form of government was authorized in a new charter. Wrightsville is one of the terminal points of the Wrightsville and Teunille Railroad. It is an enterprising town, with wide-awake merchants, good schools, attractive homes, solid banks, and up-to-date public utilities.

Herschel V. Johnson : Some Incidents
of,. ,, H.is C- areer.

Both intellectually and physically Herschel V. Johnson was one of the giants of his day in
G_,_eojr*gniat.. MHfeor dtehfeeatheidgh thoeffieiellusotlrioQuosveCrnhoarr;lesa-

position which he filled with great ability for a period of four years. His devotion to the Union caused him to be nominated, in 1860, for the

* Acts', 1SG5-1866, p. 29C.

JOHNSON

823

second place on the national ticket, with Stephen A. Douglas. Though he recognized secession as a right, he opposed it as remedy for existing evils. In the secession convention at Milledgeville he was one of the most eollossai figures, and allying himself with the anti-secessionists he made the greatest speech of his life in an effort to keep Georgia within the Union, but withoiit success. The forces of disruption were too strong to be over come. There is a story told to the effect that after beginning his impas sioned plea for conservatism on the floor of the secession convention, he paused at the dinner hour, yielding to a motion for temporary adjournme:Ht. During- the noon recess, he either took of his own accord or was persuaded by others to take a stimulant, in order to restore his strength after the ex haustion of his great effort of the morning session. But the result proved most unfortunate. It is said that the conclusion of his great argument was lacking in power due to the effects of the stimulant, and that Georgia was lost to the Union largely because the great speech of Governor Johnson lacked at the close of it the splendid, amplitude of power with which it began. This great Georgian was' far-sighted. The disasters which were fated to follow the impulsive action of the Secession Convention were dis tinctly foreshadowed upon his great brain, and he exerted himself to the utmost to avert the impending crisis. But the doom of Georgia was sealed. He afterwards represented the State in. the Confederate Senate, at Eichmond, and for years after the war he wore the ermine of the Superior Court Bench.
Judge Richard H, Clark,* an intimate personal acquaintance, gives us the following pen-picture of Governor Johnson as he appeared in the ear lier clays. Says he:
"The first political campaign which brought forth the powers of Gov ernor Johnson was in 1840. Tt was the most exciting one this nation has ever experienced. There is no space to describe it. Suffice it to say that party rancor was at its highest pitch, and the people, including women and children, were wild with excitement. Governor Johnson was theu but twentyeight years old. His form as large and bulky, his face was smooth and beardless, and his entire make-up gave you the appearance of an overgrown boy. Expecting little when he arose, you were soon to enjoy the surprise of listening to one of the most powerful orators in the State or the Union. Hia bulky form gave yet more force to his sledge-hammer blows. His oratory, though powerful, was without seeming design or knowledge of it on the part of the speaker. His words escaped without the labor of utterance. His style was animated, but the speaker himself hardly seemed to be con scious of it, so intence was his earnestness. He simply discharged his duty to the best of his ability, and left the effect to take care of itself. This campaign gave him a State reputation.''
Governor Johnson embraced, to a limited extent, in later life, the re ligious philosophy of Emanuel Swedeuborg, of whose writings he became

*Memoirs of Judge Richard H. Clark, pp. 292-293, Atlanta, 1S98.

824: G-EOEGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
an industrious student. He married Mrs. Anna Polk Walker, a lady of rare personal and intellectiial charms. She was' a daughter of Judge William Polk, of the Siipreme Court of Maryland, a niee* of President James K. Polk, of Tennessee, and a cousin of Lieutenant-Gffleral Leortidas Polk, the famoiis Confederate officer who was both soldier and bishop.
JONES
Clinton. Clinton, the old county-seat of Jones County, "was, in ante-bellum days, an aristocratic com
munity, surrounded by the ample estates of wealthy plan ters. It was also an industrial center. Here was built one of the first iron foundries in the State, a plant which flourished down to 1864, when the hordes of Sherman left it a mass of ruins, never to be revived. Clinton became the county-seat of Jones when the county was first organ ized in 1807, out of a part of Baldwin; but it "was not incorporated until December 2, 1909, when an Act for its better regulation was approved, with the following named commissioners, to wit: Reuben Fitzgerald, Drury Spain, Wm. Butler, Jacob Earnest, and ~Wm. Alien. 1 It was rerincorporated on December 4, 1816, at which time Mes srs. James Jones, Zachariah Pope, James Sapfold, Ebenezer J. Bowers, John Mitchell, Bolar Alien, and John Parrish, were named commissioners. 2 The town was named for Gov. DeWitt Clinton, of New York, and the county for Hon. James Jones, of Savannah, a member of Cong'ress and a distinguished public man of his day. The latter's name heads the above list of town commis sioners, a circumstance from which it may be inferred that he owned an estate in this vicinity, and perhaps the naming" of the county for him was due in a measure to his landed interests. The Clinton Academy was chart ered on December 15, 1821, with Messrs. James Smith, Gustavus Hendrick, Samuel Lbwther, Chas. J. McDon ald, and Henry J. Lamar, as trustees. Clinton was once
1 Clayton's Compendium, p. 520. 2 Lamar's Digest, p. 1026.

JONES

825

a, prosperous town, but it failed to recover from the disastrous results of the Civil War. In the precedingvolume of this work will be found some additional facts in regard to Clinton, which need not be repeated here; and we also refer the reader to Volume I for a list of distinguished residents.

Gray, the present county-seat of Jones, is a small village located only a few miles above Clinton, on a branch line of the Central of Georgia. The town was named for James Gray, Esq., and was incorporated in 1872.
Blovmtsville. Blountsville, formerly a village of some pretentions, but now one of the lost towns
of Georgia, was located in this county, at a point where some of the best families of the State were established. It was named for the noted Hlount family of Georgia, to which the late Hon. James H. Blount, of Macon, for twenty years a member of Congress, belonged; and of which the gifted Mrs. W. 1>. Lamar, President of the State II. D. C., is also a member. The old Blountsvillo Academy was chartered in 1834, with Messrs. Alien Drury, "Wm. E. Etheridge, John W. Stokes, F'rancis Tufts, and John "W. Gordon, as trustees.*

Thomas B. Slade : Ten years' before Wesleyan Female College, at Pioneer Educator. Macon. performed its historic act of conferring
upon a woman her first college diploma, there was a distinguished pioneer educator successfully conducting a school for girls in the town of Clinton. This blazer of trails in an educational wilderness was Thomas B. Slade. Here, on the frontier belt of Georgia, while the prints of the Indian >s moccasins was still fresh in the soil, this far-sighted scholar who, with the ken of a prophet, could read the signs of the future, here opened an academy in the year 1828 and started a movement for woman's intellectual emancipation. Professor Slade was born in North
*Acts, 1SS4, p. 6.

826 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Carolina in 1800. For a while, he practiced law with his father, General Jeremiah Slade, in the Tar Heel State. But he was cast in the molds of a great educator, and, relinquishing Blackstone, he wended his ay to Georgia, there to become a leader in one of the forward movemer^ of the age. Perhaps the first pledge and token of Fortune's good-will toward him was his marriage to Miss Ann Jacquiline Blount, a lady of kindred intellectual tastes and of fine aristocratic family connections.
In 1836, what was then known as the Georgia Female College, was founded at M'acon; and such was Professor Slade's prestige as an educator at Clinton that we find him in this year removing to Maeon, to be installed as the first professor of natural sciences in the new institution, with the general oversight of its affairs. He brought with him to Macou his own chemical apparatus for experiments' and his own geodus for .astronomical studies. Thirty of his pupils followed him from Clinton to form the nucleus of the Georgia Female College; also two of his music teachers, Miss Maria Lord, from Boston, and Miss Martha Massey, the latter a beneficiary pupil. Miss' Lord was afterwards well known in Macon as Mrs. Boardman.
Two classes graduated under him before the college was bought "by the M. E. Church. He arranged the first curriculum and. prepared the first diploma granted by the college, thus marking with his pen a new epoch in the educational history of the world. He removed to Columbus in 1842, where for thirty years as principal and proprietor of a feinale institute of high grade he continued his great work until advanced years forced him to resign his mantle to younger shoulders. He died in 188 2 crowned with the benedictions of a well-spent life. Professor Slade pre scribed for himself a high standard of ethics. He was never known to canvas for a pupil nor to reject one because she was unable to pay. It is something in this day and time to realize the distinction clue this man who wrote the first diploma ever delivered to a woman and arranged the cur riculum for the oldest female college in existence. No fitter epitaph for his tomb could have been written than the words of prophecy fulfilled in Christianity's great forerunner: "The voice of one crying in the wilder ness: Prepare ye the way of the Lord; make his paths straight.""

The FamOUS

Some score of years prior to the Civil War there oc-

Bunkley Trial. curred at Clinton one of the TM 08t famous court-house

trials in the forensic annals of Georgia. Jesse Bunkley,

a well-educated youth of profligate habits and a scion of one of the wealth

iest families of the county, disappeared from Jones in a very mysterious

manner; and, though every effort was made to trace the young man, he

could never be found. On the death of his father, the widow Bunkley

married a man named Lother, but $20,000 was left to Jessee, provided he ,

should, return home, give evidence of improved habits, and establish his

irity: Mrs. Edgar A. Ross, of Ma

LAURENS

827

identity beyond question. Time brought no solution to the riddle. The belief at last became fixed in the popular mind that he was no longer in life, and accordingly his property was divided among his' relatives. Sub sequent to this division--perhaps five years thereafter--a man who bore some slight resemblance to Jesse Bunkley appeared upon the scene in Clinton ana made a demand for the property, to which he claimed to be entitled.
But the parties in possession demanded, in turn, proof most positive of the claimant's real identity before relinquishing such substantial holdings. On this point, he failed to satisfy them, and not long thereafter the alleged Bunkley was arrestscd on the charge of cheating and swindling. It was1 averred in the bill of indictment that the defendant's real name was Barber. On the trial of the case, not less than 130 witnesses were examined, 98 of whom were for the prosecution. Four of the former college mates at Athens of the true Jesse Bunkley were put upon the witness' stand. These were Robert Dougherty, Hugh A. Haralson, Henry G. Lamar and Charles J. McDonald--all of them men of distinction. But they eould'not recognize in Barber the features of an early schoolmate. Even Ms mother failed to find in his face any familiar lineaments. Barber knew just enough con cerning the local environment to suggest that possibly he might have learned the story from the rightful heir. He was' utterly at sea in regard to a number of matters concerning which the real Jesse Bunkley could not have been ignorant. He was, therefore, sentenced to prison But there are people who believe to this day that he was the real Jesse Bunkley, whose only offence was that he demanded the restitution of property which was rightfully his own under the laws of Georgia. Judge John G. Polhill pre sided at the trial; and, in the prosecution of the defendant, Walter T. Colquitt, Robert V. Hardeman and "William S. C. Reifl--three of the strong est advocates in the State--were associated.

LAURENS
Dublin. The original county-seat of Laurcns was Sumterviile, a small hamlet between Rocky and Tur
key Creeks, in the north-west part of the county, where the population was chiefly centered. But before any public buildings were erected a large body of land on the opposite side of the river was acquired from Mont gomery and Washing'ton, which called for the selection of a new county-site, at some point on the Oconee River, central to the enlarged boundaries. Where the city of Dublin now stands there lived at this time an Irishman who agreed to donate a site for the public buildings, pro-

828 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
vided lie was allowed to name the town for Erin's re nowned capital.
This offer was accepted. On DeceinberfcLS, 1810, an Act was approved appointing- a board of commissioners to locate the new county-site and to dispose of the hold ings at Smnterville. The board was constituted as fol lows : John C. Underwood, Jethro Spivey, Benjamin Adams, John Thomas, and Wm. H. Matthews. 1 In the year following, Dublin was made the new county-site; and on December 9, 1812, the town "was incorporated "with Messrs. Neill Munroe, Lewis Kennon, Wm. Tolbert, Eli S. Shorter, and Henry Shepherd as commissioners. 2
Dublin is located in the center of a rich agricultural belt; and with splendid railway connections it is one of the most important commercial towns of Georgia, with an outlook for the future rivalled by few older commu nities. Gov. George M. Troup owned two large planta tions in Laurens County, -which he called Valdosta and Vallombrosa; and, during the last twenty-five years of his life, he was often a familiar figure on the streets of Dublin. Gen. Blackshear, whose famous country-seat "Springfield," -was further down the river, made fre quent visits to the county-seat. Here also lived at one time a noted jurist, Judge Eli S. Shorter, who after wards removed to Columbus. Georgia's present Com missioner of Commerce and Labor, Hon. Henry M. Stan ley, was a former resident of Dublin; from which town hails also a member of our present Court of Appeals, Judge Peyton L. Wade. Gen. Eli Warren, Hon. Lott Warren, Rev. Kit Warren, D'r. Peter E. Love, Hon. John T. Boifeuillet, and Hon. Warren Grice, may likewise be included among the former residents of Laurens^
Cotton Seed Mr. James Callaway, of Macon, one of the as a Fertilizer, best informed historians and writers in
the State, is authority for the statement that Henry C. Fuqua, of Laurens County, Ga., was the
Digest, p. 950.

LAURKNS

829

first person of record to discover the value of cotton seed as a fertilizer. The discovery was made by acci dent.

Springfield: The Major Stephen II. Miller, in his Bench

Home of

and -Bar of Georgia, gives the following

Gen. Blackshear. picture of General David Blackshear *s

plantation life, at Springfield, on the

Ocmulgee. 'Says he:*

"Besides his grapery of several acres, General Blackshear owned large orchards, from which he distilled apple and peach brandies of the purest kind. Nothing was neglected in the manufacture, from the gathering of the fruit to the dropping of the rectified spirits' from the tube. He usually gave morning drams to his slaves; and whenever, from exposure to cold or water, they required a tonic, he ordered them to receive it from his cellar. It was often the case that, in heavy work--raising houses, building mill-dams, and adjusting timbers--they were in condition to receive it; but he never permitted them to have it in such quantity as to produce intoxica tion, and he saw nothing to regret from the custom.
'' lie also cultivated the cane, making more than enough sugar and syrup for his own use. It was his rule to let his neighbors have whatever he could spare from his farm. He never profited by scarcity and high prices in the market. His rates were just fairly remunerative. He never specu lated on the necessities of the people. Being a first-rate .judge of human nature, he was not often deceived. To the honest and industrious, he was ever a friend; to the idJe and dissolute he showed no favor. Though oblig ing in his disposition, he adhered to certain rules which he adopted early in life:
"1. Never spend any money before you get it. "2. Never pay other people's debts. "3. Never pay interest. "ilnt-h is comprehended in these words. They reveal the secret of pros perity, in violence often to the best sympathies. General Blackshear was governed by principle--not by impulse. Hence his great influence and success.

'' It was customary for the court, including both the judges and the bar, while journeying on the circuit, to stop with General Blackshear, at leisure intervals'. The dignified Early, the jovial Strong, and other high functionaries, who enjoined silence in court and held the multitude in awe, laid aside official consequence, and shot duck and angled for fish with as

830 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
much glee as the boys who for the time being furnished them guides and companions. The judges would go to the mill and made upon the sheeting, orl creep softly upon the clam, spearing the finny tribe or harpooning a turtle, with perfect relish for the sport. After such achie^ments, the side board was called upon for its quota of refreshment. It was all right then, but a very decided change has since taken place; and sideboards, wine, brandy, and such old-fashioned luxuries have been dispensed with--certainly an improvement on the virtues of our predecessors.' '*
Gov, Troup's Will. On file, in the Ordinary's office, at the court house, in Dublin, is the last
will and testament of (Governor George M. Troup. It is a model of brevity, containing" less than two hundred words, but it disposes of what was supposed to be, at the time of his death, one of the largest estates in Georgia. The document reads as follows:
' * Georgia, Laurens' County, I wish my executors to keep together, as I leave it, all my property, real and personal, for three years after my decease, endeavoring to improve it as they would their own. 1st. Giving from the proceeds to the heirs, a decent a.nd becoming1 support, as they had been accustomed to, and 2nd. appropriating any surplus to investment in lands and negroes, Savannah Town property, Savannah Bank Stock, or other subject as they should deem best for the interest of such heirs, the children of Florida Troup late Florida Bryan or Foreman, Oralie Troup and George Ml. Troup are ray only heirs, at the expiration of the three years and on the 1st day of January next thereafter I desire all the said property of which I may die possessed with the increasements both real and per sonal to be divided as nearly as possible into: three equal shares I meanspecifically, one share for the children Florida, one share for Oralie and one for G. M. Troup, who are to have and to hold the same to them re spectively their heirs and assigns forever with these exceptions, Viz: If Oralie should die without legal lineal heir or heirs then shall her share go to the children of Florida to be equally divided among them or the survivors and if George should die without legal heir or heirs then shall descend to the children of Florida likewise or the survivors and I hereby constitute and appoint G. B. Cummings, James Sereven, Thomas M. Fore man, and George M. Troup my executors.
'' Signed and sealed this 20th.' day of September 1851. G. M. TROUP (Seal)
Stephen H. Miller, ill Bench and Bar of Georgia, Vol. I.

GOV. TROUP'S OLD HOME:

LEE

831

Witness. WILLIAM WINIIAM. ALEXANDER ADAIR GILTMAN
his THOMPSON X SMITH.''
mark "The above will was probated and recorded at the June Term of tho Court or Ordinary in and for Laurens Ommty in the year 1856. This April 28th, .1911.
W. A. WOOD. Lanerns County, Georgia.

LTCE
Leesburg. The original county-seat of Lee County was Starksville; but in 1872, the site of public
buildings "was changed to Leesburg, the present seat of government. The latter place was chosen by the follow ing named commissioners, to wit: Isaac P. Tison, Henry L. Long, Fred H. West, Wm. T. Saddler, and Virginius G. Hill, who "were instructed to choose a site on the line of the South-western Railroad, preferably at or near Wooten Station; otherwise at or near Adam Station. Messrs. Willis A. Jones, Chas. M. Irwin, Wm. C. Gill, and John Paley, were at the same time appointed commis sioners to assess damages sustained by the ownei's of real estate at Starksville, in consequence of such re moval.* The site selected was at Wooten Station, the name of which was changed to Leesburg, by legislative Act, in 1874. The town has grown considerably in re cent years, sharing in the development which has brought this section of Georgia to the front. Near Leesburg, Gen. Philip Cook owned an extensive plantation, today the property of his grandson, Hon. Philip Cook, Jr., Georgia's present Secretary of State.
*Acts, 1872, p. 264.

832 _ GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Chehaw,

Volume I.

The particulars in regard to the destruction of Cheraw have been carefully gathered and preserved by White. Says he:*
"In March, 1818, Governor Habun requested General Jackson to station a sufficient military force on the frontier, to protect the most exposed parts against the incursions of the Indians. To this application no answer was given. Governor Rabun, believing it to be liis duty to provide for the safety of the frontier inhabitants, ordered Captain Obed Wright, with a sufficient force, to proceed immediately against the Fclemma and Hopaunee towns, the inhabitants of w-hicli were known to be decidedly hostile, having committed many murders. The orders of Governor Rabun confined Captain Wright specially to this' object.
"Captain Wright, took up the line of march from Hartford, in Pulaski County, with two companies of mounted men, under Captains Robinson and Rogers, and with an infantry force under Captains I>ean and Ohilds, besides two detachments under Lieutenants Cooper and Jones--in all about two hundred and seventy effective men. When the detachment reached the neighborhood of Fort Early, information came that a celebrated old chief, Hopauiiee, whose town had joined the hostile party, had removed; that he was then living in the village upon which the attack was subsequently made; that he was the principal leader of the hostile Indians; and that a great portion of them were under his immediate direction. Captain Wright considered himself authorized to attack it, as one of the Hopaunea towns.
"Accordingly the attack was made on April 23, 1818, and in the course of two hours the whole was in flames. About ten. of the inhabitants were killed. General Glascock, of the Georgia Militia, in a, letter to General Jackson, dated April 30, 1818, in detailing this transaction says: 'When the detachment arrived at Cheraw an Indian was discovered grazing some cattle. Ho proposed to go with the interpreter and" to bring one of che chiefs with whom the captain could talk. It was not to be. An advance was ordered. The cavalry rushed forward and commenced the massacre. Even after the firing and murder commenced, Major Howard, who furnished you with corn, came out of his house with a white flag, in front of the line. It was not respected. An order was given for a general fire, and nearly four hundred guns were discharged at him before one took effect. He fell and was bayoneted. His son also was killed. *
'' Governor Rabun regretted very much this occurrence. Captain "Wright w-as arrested by order of General Jackson, but was released by the civil authorities. Gov. Rabun afterwards had him arrested again. And the
"Historical Collections of Georgia, Lee County, Savannah, 1854.

LIBERTY

833

President of the United States ordered him to be placed in the custody of the marshal, but he made his escape."

Palmyra.

Volume I.

Starksville. In 1826, Lee County was organized out of a part of the T!.reek Indian lands acquired under the second treaty of
Indian Springs--the treaty which cost General Mclntosh his life. But it was not until 1832 that a site was fixed for public buildings. Starksville was the name given at this1 time to the new county-seat. In 1847, due to some dissatisfaction, this Act was repealed. But Starksville remained the seat of government--though apparently without public buildings, for in 1851 an Act was passed authorizing a court-house and a jail, only to be re pealed n 1853. Rented quarters were no doubt occupied. On December 26, 1851, Starksville was incorporated as a town, with the following named commissioners, to-wit.: George C. Tickner, Willis A. Hawkins, Samuel Lindsey, Philip M. Monroe, and Edward V. Monroe.* The Starksville Academy was chartered in 1833. So far as appears from the records' neither a court-house nor a jail was ever built at Starksville.

Historic Old Mid way: A Shrine of Patriotism.

LIBERTY Volume I. Pages 135-138; 726-743.

One Hundred Years Beginning- on December 5, 1852, of Usefulness: The and lasting- for three days, there Midway Centennial. was held at Midway Church, a
season of rejoicing, the memory of which still abide in the traditions of the settlement. It marked the completion of the first one hundred years of existence in the history of the Midway congregation; and, besides drawing a multitude of visitors to the locality, it riveted the attention of the whole nation upon the marvelous record of the little church, whose religious and pa-
*Acts, 1851, p. 45.

834: GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
triotio achievements became everywhere the topic of the hour. Newspapers devoted columns to it. Ministers of the gospel preached sermons upon it. Thousands "who possessed no church connection were enthusiastic in praise of the little district in Georgia; which was the proud possessor of so much well-deserved renown.
The centennial observance began on the Sabbath. Dr. I. S. I*T. Axson, who was then the senior pastor, preached a sermon appropriate to the occasion. On Monday morn ing-, early, the festivities of the day were inaugurated by the firing of cannon. Among the invited guests of the occasion was the Chatham Artillery, of Savannah, whose iron mortars awoke the echoes of the settlement. Be fore the sun was well up, the people commenced to gather from every direction. They came in family carriages, in farm wagons, and on horseback. The roads leading to Midway "were crowded for miles "with travelers; and by 10 o'clock there was gathered about the Liberty pole in front of the historic church, a crowd, the like of which no one had ever seen in the settlement. At a point on the Sunbury road the procession formed and to the accompaiinent of music furnished by the dcrman band from Savannah, marched to the church. Colonel William Max well, though somewhat of a veteran, was the president of the day; and, bedecked with blue rosettes, made an im pressive figure. Assisting him, in the capacity of grand marshals, were Captain Abiel Winn and Captain Peter W. Fleming. One of the features of the parade was a broad banner, on "which was inscribed this legend: "Our Country, Our Whole Country, the Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave, 1852." It was borne by Mr. Thomas Q. Cassels, the chairman of the committee on arrangements, supported by Captain Cyrus Mallard. As soon as the congregation was assembled within the church and the prayer of invocation was concluded, an ode, written for the occasion, by Eev. Samuel J. Cassels, was sung. Then followed an address by Prof. John B. Mallard, setting forth incidents and circumstances

J LIBERTY

835

connected with the early days of the settlement, the part -which it played in the struggle for independence, and its varying vicissitudes of fortune both good and ill. Fol lowing the address, there was given a selection by the band, after which, the congregation repaired to the spot selected, directly in front of the building for the laying of the corner stone to the proposed monument to the forefathers of the settlement. Here an address was de livered by Rev. John "Winn, and a prayer offered by Rev. Charles O. Jones, after which a number of interesting relics and mementoes were placed in the receptacle. Then came a salute from the guns, and the multitude repaired to the tables near-by, -where they partook of an elegant out-door banquet upon the lawn, and numerous toasts were proposed. On this occasion, Kev. Samuel 3. Cassels, "who was an invalid confined to his home in Savannah, sent this toast, "which became quite celebrated: "Liberty County--the place of my first and second birth, and yet to be the place of my third."
On the following day, notwithstanding a downpour of rain, another splendid crowd -was present to hear an eloquent address from the special orator of the occasion, Jndge ^Villiam Law, of Savannah, -who pronounced an oration the echoes of which have not ceased to vibrate among the sacred timbers.

Work

To' our good friends at the North it will be a

Among1 the Slaves ' rnatter of some interest to know that the largest

The Mission of ' fTM^^^^^%^

Dr. Chas. C. Jones. who lived ia the Midway settllement. Most of
them were rice planters, who cultivated the rich. alluvial bottoms, and they were compelled in the nature of things to em ploy slave labor. As they enlarged the fertile acres which they tilled, they naturally increased the number of slaves which they employed, and, on the eve of hostilities with England, in 1776, it is estimated that one-third of the entire wealth of the Colony of Georgia was concentrated in the Parisn of St. John. According to Dr. Stacy, whose observations are Based upon the Midway records, the Dorchester colonists brought to Georgia five hundred

836 GEORGIA fs LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
and thirty-six slaves, and these were divided between seventy-one families. At a period somewhat later, when the community was well established in Georgia, he estimates that it numbered three hundred and fifty whites and fifteen hundred blacks, the average increase of population being in favor of the latter class. With these figures Colonel Jones is in perfect agree ment. It was by means of slave labor that the residents' of Bermuda Island built Fort Morris. It was also by means of slave labor that the inhabitants of the district usually built the homes in which they lived, but, of course, under intelligent supervision. And the extent to -which the Puritan settlers of Midway employed slave labor only tends to prove that the burning issue of American politics during the ante-bellum decade was purely an economic, one, the attitude of the individual mind toward which was determined largely by environment.
The rice which was forwarded to Boston to relieve the distress incident to the closing of the harbor to commerce, in 1774, was grown entirely by slave labor on plantations owned by the Dorchester Puritans in the Parish of St. John.
But the care of the slaves was always' an object of the utmost solicitude ' to the residents of the Midway settlement. Between master and servant there was always the closest tie of attachment, and nowhere in Georgia was the feudal relationship characterized by greater tenderness. The re ligious welfare of the slaves was taken into account from the very start. In the house of worship, which was built by the whites, there were galleries for the accommodation of the colored members, who were never organized into separate religious bodies, but continued to worship with the whites throughout the entire existence of the Midway Church. On Sacramental Sunday both races communed together, the blacks in the galleries above, the whites in. the pews below; and in like manner both races were admitted to the ordinance of baptism, beneath the same shelter, and at the hands of the same man of God. However, it was not until the distinguished Dr. Charles1 C. Jones began his useful labors on the plantations of Liberty County that the work of religious instruction assumed definite and sys tematic proportions. His field of labor embraced an area of twenty miles square. Besides holding religious services at stated times and places, he compiled catechisms, trained teachers, and in other ways sought to accom plish the religious uplift of the slave. He afterwards wrote a book in which he outlined his methods of work for the benefit of the religious public. Like the noted I>r. John L. Girardeau, of Columbia, S. C., with whom he was afterwards associated, it was his chief delight to preach to the negroes, though a man of marvelous intellect and power; and even af-ter becoming a professor in the Theological Seminary at Columbia he spent his vacations in evangelistic work among the slaves. Altogether, he was the means of converting not less than 1,500 negroes, whose names were duly added to the church Tolls.

LIBERTY

837

Laurel View: The
Home Of Sena-
, TIT tt T-or .LJIIOIT;.

Overlooking the Midway River, at Hester's Bluff,
stood the old Colonial home of United States
Senator John 'Elliott, cfne of the most distinguished members of the Midway settlement. His grand

father, who bore the same name, was one of the original settlers, who moved into the district from Dorchester, S, C. His father, by marriage to Hebeeca Maxwell, acquired the handsome estate at Hester 's Bluff, to which, because of the superb prospect which it commanded, through vistas of the most luxuriant foliage, was given the name, "Laurel View." Sen ator Elliott married Martha Stewart, a daughter of General Daniel Stewart, an officer of distinction in the Devolution. His wife accompanied him to AYashington, D. C., to take her place in the brilliant social circle at the nation's' capital. The trip was made overland in a carriage drawn by four horses, and occupied more than a week, but was broken by easy stages and attended by no serious mishap. Senator Elliott wore the toga of the nation's highest legislative forum, from 1819 to 1825. He died at his home in Liberty some two years after relinquishing office, in, his fifty-fourth year. His widow afterwards' married Major James Stephen Bulloch, a grandson of old Governor Archibald Bulloch; and from this' union sprang Martha Bulloch, whose marriage to Theodore Koosevelt, Sr., of New1 York, made her the mother of the future President of the United States.
Fragrant associations cluster about the site of the old Elliott home at Hester's Bluff. Tt was one of the stately mansions of the old regime, and though the rigid Puritan code of the Midway Settlement outlawed the frivolities typical of cavalier life, it was the abode of generous hos pitality and of good cheer. The old home place has long since fallen into ruins'; but near the spot on which it once stood there rises today upon the bluff an attractive and up-to-date club-house, the property of an organiza tion, composed of certain members of the Savannah Bar. Judge Paul E. Seabrook, the present lessee of the property, has permitted thig organiza tion, as an act of courtesy, to enjoy the privileges of fishing and hunting over the entire estate, and the name Liberty Hall which has been given to the club-house suggests that the traditions of the locality are well pre served.*

Liberty's Oldest Before the first emigrant from the Puritan settle-

Family

ment at Dorchester, 8. C., located in this beautiful

The Maxwells.

region of live oaks, the Midway district was reprented by Audley Maxwell, in the first General As

sembly of the Province, in Savannah, in 1751, and to this very day, in

the County of Liberty, the descendants of Audley Maxwell are still living

*Consult the author's former work: Reminiscences of Famous Georgians, Vol. I, p. 20. Additional authorities: Judge Paul E. Seabrook, of Savannah; Miss Julia King, of Dunham, etc.

838 GEOBGIA'S LANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
upon the ancestral acres. Mark Carr, who owned the ground on which the town of Snnbury was built, may have been an earlier comer into the dis trict, but his name lias long since disappeared from the region. The Max well family is of Scotch-Irish extraction. Without a break in the chain of connection its members trace lineal descent to the old homestead on the Kith, in Dumfries, Scotland, the inspirational fountain-source of the famous air:
* ' Maxwelton 's braes are bonnie Where early falls the dew.''
"It is said that - the family is descended from the earls o Nithdale; but the Georgia Maxwells have always been too democratic to lay any stress upon the claim. Besides, there has been little need for them to go beyond the Revolution for deeds of prowess with, which to brighten the family crest. From the south of Scotland, the Maxwells first migrated to the north of Ireland, where they must have lived for s'ome time in the neighborhood of Belfast, aud where they continued in steadfast and un broken allegiance to the kirk. The exact time when the family escutcheon was planted in America is unknown; but there were Maxwells living in South Carolina "before the settlement of Georgia. Audley Maxwell came to St. John's Barish in 1748. He did not come from South Carolina, however, but from Pennsylvania; and lie seems to have married in Boston, Mass. His wife was' Hannah Powell. Locating on a tract of 500 acres at the head of Midway River, he called his home place I.imerick, a name which is still to be found on the map, though an old stone well is said to be the sole memorial which today marks the site on which his residence once stood. He was one of the commissioners, of which there were three in number, to lay out the important military road between Sunbury and Darien. Two brothers, James and Thomas', obtained land grants at or near the same time and located-- the former at Belfast, the latter at Hester's Bluff, on opposite sides of the Midway River. James was one of the founders of Sunbury. The daughter of Thomas married an EHiott and became the mother of United States Senator John Elliot t.
Colonel James' Maxwell, a sou of Audley Maxwell, was an officer of some prominence in the Revolution. He was also closely associated with Dr. Abiel Holmes, in bettering the conditions of life for the new settlers; and in this connection it may be said that while the Maxwells anticipated the Dorchester colonists "by several years in occupying the Midway district they joined them in religious worship and became zealous supporters of the historic old organization. Colonel Audley Maxwell, his son, was another man of mark. He located on Colonel's Island, where he cultivated an ex tensive plantation, and the old home place, Maxwell Point, on the south end of the island, is still the property of his descendants. Rebecca Max well, a sister, married the famous John Cooper, and lived at Cannon's' Point, on St. Simon's Island, where they kept open house and entertained English and Scotch lords. The Maxwells have always been handsome in

LIBERTY

839

feature, erect and patrician in( carriage, and have splendidly exemplified the old school of Southern manners. They have also represented the cul ture of the Georgia coast. The family of Mr. ,T. A. M. King, of Colonel's Island, is descended fTom tlio first Aucllfiy Maxwell and from the noted Bos-well King, who founded the town of KoswelL*

John Quarterman: One of the very earliest settlers in

A Patriarch

the Midway district was John Quar-

in Israel.

ternaan. Concerning1 this devout pio

neer, who was a man eminent for pi

ety, there are only meagre entries in the church records;

but he holds an exalted place in the traditions of the set

tlement. He is today revered as the progenitor of a dis-

tmgnisbed multitude of descendants. Embraced among

his offspring are eight eminent educators, including- the

JjcContes, seven foreign missionaries, and twenty-three

ministers of the gospel. Robert Quarterman, his grand

son, was the first native born pastor of the Midway flock

and he served the congregation for a period of twenty-

four years.

Dr. McWhir: His On the importance of an education, the Academy Once a early Puritans of (Georgia laid great Noted Institution, stress. It was not long- after the Revo
lution that the foundations of the fa mous Sunbury Academy were laid, in 1788; and, under the management of Dr. William McWhir, a Scotch-Irish man of rare attainments, it became an institution of high rank and of wide favor. The following brief sketch is condensed from an account by Colonel Charles C- Jones, Jr.,* a scion of the Midway settlement. Says he:
*' The most famous institution of learning in southern Georgia, for many years, was the Sunbury Academy. It was- established by an Act of the Legislature, passed February 1, 1788, in which Abiel Holmes, James Dun-
*Authorities: Colonial Records of Georgia; old residents of liberty; an article by Miss Julia King, of Dunham, Ga.
*Dead Towns of Georgia, pp. 212-215, Savannah, I87S.

840 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
wody, John "Elliott, Gideon Dowse, and Peter Winn were named commis sioners'. With the sum of 1,000 pounds Stirling realized from the sale of confiscated property, these well-known citizens, after giving bond, pro ceeded to provide an adequate building in which to house the school; and in dne time the institution was opened. The teacher, whose name was for the longest period most notably associated with the management of the Academy and who did more than all others to establish a standard of schol arship and discipline was the Rev. Dr. William MeWhir. He was a thor ough Greek and Latin scholar, a strict observer of prescribed regulations, and a firm believer in the virtue of the birch. To the studious and ambi tious he always proved himself a generous instructor, full of suggestion and encouragement. The evening of his clays was spent chiefly in the homes' of his old scholars, by whom he was always cordially greeted, and the wel come in turn was peculiarly relished by him when accompanied by a generous supply of buttermilk and by a good glass of wine. The latter might be omitted; but a failure to provide the former was a breach of hospitality which impaired the comfort of his s'ojourn. The building--a large two story and a half wooden structure, located in King's Square--was razed to the ground about the year 3842."
Two very interesting old heir-looms, formerly the property of Dr. McWhir, are now in the possession of his step-greatgrandson, Hon. William Harden, of Savannah, viz., a gold-headed walking cane and a silver drinking cup, the latter of which was presented to Dr. McWhir by his devoted friend, Rev. Murdock Murphy. The silver cup is shaped like a tumbler, and near the top is en graved the date, 1815. At equal distances apart, there are three inscriptions engraved upon the sides : "Charity in Thought," " Liberality in Word,'' ' '-Generosity in Action/' On the bottom is inscribed: "Peace and Plen ty.' 7 The gold-headed cane is made of Irish black-thorn, and is very substantial. On the top is engraved "W. McW." Not far below the knob is a hole cut throug'h the stick, on either side of which there is a silver guard, somewhat like the guards to key-holes. Dr. McWhir reached the ripe old age of ninety-two years. He sleeps beside his wife in the deserted little graveyard at Sunbury, where there is much to suggest the pathetic pic ture which Oliver Goldsmith has drawn of the Village Schoolmaster. On the marble slab which marks the grave

LIBERTY

841

of this pioneer teacher of Georgia may be deciphered this inscription, now blurred and indistinct:
' ' Sacred to the memory of Bev. WILLIAM MeWHIR, D. L\, who was born in the County of Down, Ireland, September 9, 1759, and died in Liberty County, Geor gia, January 31, 1851. In 1783 he came to the United States and settled at Alexandria, Va., whence he re moved to Georgia about the year 1793. His long and eventful life was devoted to the cause of Christianity and Education, and his labors to promote these objects were eminently successful.''

Midway: The

In the center of the historic old church-

Stewart-Screven yard at Midway, ready to be unveiled

Monument.

in the fall of this year, stands a magnif

icent obelisk of marble, erected by the

United States government, at a cost of $10,000, to two

distinguished Revolutionary patriots, both residents of

Midway: Gen. James Screven, and Gen. Daniel Stewart.

President Woodrow Wilson, who married a daughter of

Midway, and ex-president Roosevelt, a descendant of

Gen. Stewart, have both promised to be present at the

unveiling, and to take part in the ceremonies. The shaft

is fifty feet in height and thirty feet square at the base,

with the following- inscriptions splendidly cast, in re

lief, on beautiful copper plates, and set into the pure

white marble:

(North Face.)

1750

1778

Sacred to the Memory of BRIGADIER-GENERAL

JAMES SCREVEN, ivho Fell, Covered with Wounds,

at Sunbury, Near this Spot, on the 22nd Day of'Novem

ber, 1778. He I>.ied on the 24th Day of November, 1778,

from the Effects of his Wounds.*

*Gen. Screven fell mortally w mde<3 ab

, mile id a half south of

Midway Church. This point is fu

>m Bunbury. Con-

sequently, it is difficult to unders! .nd this variation on th.

nment. We

are indebted to Hon. H, B. Foist ri, of Montgomery, Ga. T

description

of this obelisk, together with the inscriptions.

842 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

(Continued)

(East Face.)

Beared "by the Congress of the United States fis a

Nation's Tribute to BRIGADIER-GENERALS JAMES

SCBBVEN and DANIEL STEWART. "

(South Face.)

1759.

1829.

Sacred to the Memory of BRIGADIER-GENERAL

DANIEL STEWATtT, a Gallant Soldier in the Revolu

tion and an Officer Brcvctted for Bravery in the Indian

Wars.

i

!

(West. Face.)

(The. west face is fittingly adorned "by a copper re

lief representation of Midway Church, as perfect as skill

stud enduring copper can make it. ~No inscription what

ever.)

Seven of Georgia's Perliaps the most eloquent attesta-

Counties Named for tion of the part played by the Mid-

Liberty's Sons.

way settlement in the drama of the

Revolution is to he found in the fact

that seven counties of Georgia bear names "which can be

traced to this fountain-head of patriotism.

1. Liberty. This name was conferred by the Consti

tution of 1777, upon the newly created county which was

formed from the old Parish of St. John. It was bestowed

in recognition of the fact that the earliest stand for inde

pendence was here taken by the patriots of the Midway

settlement, -whose flag at Fort Morris was the last to

be lowered "when Georgia "was overrun by the British, and

whose contributions to the official lists of the Revolution

were manifold and distinguished.

2. Screven, formed December 14, 1793, was named

for General James Screven, a resident of Sunbury, "who

fell mortally "wounded, "within a mile and a half of Midway

church, on November 22, 1778, and who lies buried in

Midway graveyard.

JT. Hal], created December 15, 1818, and named after

"Lyman Hall, a resident; qf the" Midway district, who was

LINCOLN

S43

the first delegate sent from Georgia to the Continental Congress and -who was afterwards a Signer of the Dec laration of Independence and a Governor of Georgia.
4. Gwinnctt, established December 15, 1818, was called after Button Gwinnett, "whose home "was on St. Cather ine's Island, hut business affairs connected him with Sunbury, who was also a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, and a Governor of Georgia.
5. Baker, constituted, December 12, 1825, was named for Colonel John Baker, of the Revolution, one of the early pioneer settlers of St. John's Parish.
6. Stewart, organized December 30, 1830, was named for General Daniel Stewart, an eminent soldier both of the Revolution and of the Indian wars. He was a native of the district, a, member of Midway church, and an an cestor of ex-President Theodore Roosevelt. He sleeps in Midway burial-ground.
7. Bacon, created by Legislative Act, during the ses sion of 1914, in honor of the late United States Senator Augustus O. Bacon, whose parents repose in the little cemetery adjacent to Midway Church.

LINCOLN
Lincolnton. Zachariah Lamar, of Wilkes, was author ized by an Act approved February 8, 1786,
to lay out a town at the mouth of the Broad River, on the south side, to be called Lincoln. It does not appear from the records "what was ever done in pursuance of this Act; but, in 1796, a part of Wilkes County was or ganized into Lincoln, with Lincolnton as the new countyseat. Both the town and the county were named for Gen. Benj. Lincoln, of the Revolution, at one time in command of military operations in Georgia. Lincolnton was in corporated by an Act approved December 19, 1817, with the following town commissioners, to wit: Peter Lamar,

844 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Bern Bemsen, and Lewis Stovall.* The Lincolnton Fe male Academy was chartered in 1836, and was an excel lent school for the times. Near Lincolnton lived the noted wit, Judge John M. Dooly, and the distinguished pioneer legislator, Thomas W. Murray. Just six miles above the town is Tory Pond, where, according to tradi tion, six Tories were hanged. Without railway facili ties, the growth of Lincolnton has been retarded; but whenever the iron horse arrives a new era will begin for this fine old ante-bellum town, once the home of such noted Georgia families as the Lamars, the Currys, the D'allases, the Crawfords, the Remsens, the Simmonses, the Flemings, and the Lockharts. Here was born the dis tinguished Dr. J. L. M. Curry, statesman, diplomat, and educator, whose statue has recently been placed in the nation's Hall of Fame by Alabama, his adopted State for many years.
Skeletons of the To discover, after a lapse of a century Six Tories Found, and a half, the well-preserved skele
tons of six men who were buried with out coffins, during the Revolution, only six feet below the earth, in a climate which possesses little of the art preservative, is to say the least, a modern miracle. In the absence of scientific verification, the following story, which appeared in the Atlanta Constitution of December 22, 1912, is-subject to the usual newspaper discount, but it nevertheless constitutes an item of some interest in this connection. The article reads :
'' Skeletons of the six Tories captured at her dinner table and after wards hanged to trees near her home by Nancy Hart more than a century and a half ago were unearthed last week by a squad of hands at work grading the Elberton and Eastern Railroad. They were buried about three feet under the ground, in what is known as the Heard field, near the mouth of Wahatehie Creek, some half a mile from where it empties into Broad River. The bones are all there, in a splendid state of preservation, but
Lamar's Digest, p. 1044.

LOWNDES

845

have become disjointed. The skulls, in fact, all the bones of the heads and under jaws, are especially well preserved, and the teeth are perfect. The place where the skeltons were unearthed, together with the fact that they were so close together, near the surface, with no sign or trace of anything like a coffin anywhere around, makes the evidence convincing that these are the bones of the Tories captured by the Revolutionary heroine. The house in which Nancy Hart lived was located on Wahatchie Creek near a spring some half to three-fourths of a mile from where the skeletons were found. The place is now owned by the local chapter of the Daughters of the American ^Revolution. This place is about thirteen miles from Elberton.''

State Senators. Lincoln during the early pioneer days was represented in the General Assembly of Georgia by the following
State Senators: Thomas W. Murray, Robert Walton, Eem Eemsen, John M. Dooly, John Fleming, William Harper, Micajah Hanley, John Praser, Peter Larnar, Benning B. Moore and 1ST. G. Barksdale. Some of the early Representatives were: John ]Vl. Dooly, Philip Zimmerman, James Espey, Elijah Clarke, Jr., Samuel Fleming, Wheeler Gresham, Gibson Clarke, Peter Lamar, Thomas Lamar, John Fleming, Thomas W. Murray, John Lamkin, William Jones, William Curry, Nicholas G. Barksdale and John McDowell. William Curry was the father of Dr. Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry, diplomat, statesman, educator and divine, whose statue has "been placed in the nation's Hall of Fame by the State of Alabama.*

LOWNDES.
Old County Sites. In 1826 Lowndes County was organ ized out of a part of Irwin and named
for Hon. William Lowndes, a distinguished statesman of South Carolina. Franklinville was the original countyseat of Lowndes; but in 1833 the site of public buildings was chang'ed to Lowndesville. 1 Still later, it was changed to Troupville, a town located in an angle between the Willacoochee and the Little Rivers. On December 14, 1837, Troupville was incorporated with the following-named commissioners, to-wit.: Jonathan Knight, Sr., Jared Johnson, K. Jameson, Francis McCall, and William
'Acts, 1828, p. 151; Acts, 1SS3, p. 317.

846 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Smith. 2 Finally, when the Atlantic and Gulf Hallway was built, an Act was approved November 21, 1859, ap pointing Messrs. James Harrell, Dennis Worthington, John K.. Stapler and "William H. Goldwire as commis sioners to chose a new county-site on the above-mentioned line, and out of this Act grew the present city of Valdosta, named for one of Governor Troup's plantations.

Valdosta.

Volume I.

LUMPKIN

eg'a t Early According to the testimony of not a few residents

Gold-Mining

in this neighborhood, some of whom have passed

_,

.

the patriarchal limit of four-score years, gold was

in Georgia.

found in Lumpkin County prior to the date given for

its discovery in White County, on Duke 's Creek, in 1828. Mr. Reese Crisson,

one of the best-known of the practical miners who came to I>ahlonega in the

early day, was heard to say on more than one occasion that when he came to

Dahlonega, in the above-named year, it was some time after the discovery

of gold in this neighborhood. Mr. Joseph Edwards, a man of solid worth,

Still living at a ripe old age near Dahlonega, corroborates this statement.

He also was' one of the early miners; and, on the authority of Mr. Edwards,

gold had been discovered in Lumpkin for some time when he came to Dah-

lonega in 3828. At any rate, the discovery of gold brought an influx of

white population into Cherokee Georgia, some mere adventurers, some pos

sessed of the restless spirit of discontent, ever on the lookout for something

strange and new, but most of" them men of high character, anxious to

develop the rich treasures hidden in the hills of this beautiful section of

Georgia. The Indians were still here and must have known of the gold

deposits, though perhaps ignorant of their value; hence the name " Tal-

oneka, " signifying et yellow metal.''

In 1836 the "United States Mint was established at Dahlonega. Skilled

workmen were brought from Philadelphia to put the mint into operation;

and among the number who came at this time was the Rev. D'avid Hast

ings, a Presbyterian minister, whose ciiltiired family imparted a tone, of

refinement to the rough mining camp and formed the beginning of Dah-

lonega's social and intellectual life. His grand-daughter, Miss X/ida

Fields, was a noted cduactor, whose popular history of the United States

is still a standard 'text-book in the public schools. Governor Alien D.

Candler, one of Georgia's most distinguished sons, was born near the old

mint. Dr. Benjamin Smith, with his good wife, came from Vermont and

" Acts, 1837, p. 265.

LOWNDBS

847

settled near Leather 'a Ford. He built a seliool-hcruse across the highway from his residence, urnished it with maps, Mack-boards', globes and so forth, and here his own children, together with others in the neighborhood, were taught by Mrs. Smith until the cares of her growing family deprived the community of her splendid services, after which a lady from Athens, Ga., was employed to take up her work.
Here lived the Gartrells, the Singletons, the Mangums, the Kennons, and, last but not least, Colonel K. H. Moore. Who docs not delight to dwell upon his1 memory--the handsome, courtly gentleman of the old South, the brave and chivalrous commander of the gallant Sixty-fifth Georgia Regi ment? The father of Henry W. Grady, the South's great orator-journalist, came here to marry Miss Anne Eliza Gartrell. His iinele then lived in the house now occupied by Mr. 33.. G. Mteaders. Dr. James Thomas, later presi dent of Emory College, was once a resident of Lumpkin. He came seeking health from mountain air and pure water. Miss Adeline Thomas, after wards Mrs. SprJggs, was a noted school teacher in her day. Nineteen miles west of Dahloiicg, in the upper part of Dawson County, bordering on Lumpkin, are the falls of the Amicalola, renowned for beauty. The peace ful quiet of this lovely region is broken only by the murmur of the water as it leaps from rock to rock, forming a beautiful cascade, 792 feet in height, which fully justifies the meaning of its Indian name, ' ' Soothing Water.''
Dr. Matthew Stephenson, one of the best-known men of science in ante bellum days, especially in the field of geological research, came to Dahlonega with his gifted wife, a lady educated in the Schools of Nashville, under the celebrated Dr. Hume. Three families of the Quillians were for merly residents of this town. Dr. Benjamin Hamilton, an eloquent pulpit orator, with his interesting family, once resided here. L>r. H. M. Va,nl>yke, a noted physician from New York, joined hand and fortune with, the little village. The Bnrnsicle brothers, James and William, whose father was challenged to fight a fatal duel beeaiise he would not give the authorship of a certain communication in Ms paper, came from Augusta with their widowed mother, who was' anxious to spend the remainder of her clays away from the scenes of political strife, which had been the cause of her great sorrow. They made good citizens of the place, and now rest in peace in Mt. Hope Cemetery.
At Auraria sleep the remains of a noted woman of this section, Mis. Agnes Paschal. Gifted in many ways, her strong point was her knowledge of the healing art. Her services' in this capacity were in demand far and wide, and she was wonderfully successful in her practice. This elect w-oman lived to be ninety-four years of age, and of her it can truly be said that she lived not for herself, but for others. She was the mother of Judge G. "W. Paschal so distinguished in the legal profession. He removed to Ar kansas and became one of the judges of the Supreme Court of that State. Later he went to Washington, D. C., where he was instrumental in found ing the Law Pepartment of Georgetown University, and became the first

848 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
professor of jurisprudence in that institution. Here, too, by the side of her husband rests Mrs. James Wood, so long a resident, known far and wife for her hospitality and practical business qualities, and truly remark able woman. One mile this side is a heap of stones in a cornfield that marks the place where stood General "Wlnfield Scott's headquarters when he was sent to remove the Cherokees to the West, It was called the "Sta tion, '' and stood there until recent years.
On the banks of the Etowah, near the home of Mr. John Hutcheson, ia "Guy Rivers' Cave," made famous by William Gilmore Sims in his novel of that name. The interpreter for the noted Indian Chief, Gunauluskee, was connected with a family in Dahlonega, and through them comes' this story of how it was arranged that he should not be carried to the West. He could speak English, but in a business transaction, a white man had been guilty of an unprincipled act, and thereafter Gunauluskee would never speak a word of English, hence the necessity for an interpreter. He was on the staff of General Andrew Jacks'on, and had rendered signal service to that intrepid warrior at the battle of Horseshoe- Bend, and when the chief gave notice that he would not be taken from his home, a man, was found who was willing to xindertake the long journey on horseback to Washington, I>. C., to interview General Jackson as to what must be done with the brave old man, and he replied in language more forcible than elegant: "Let Guanuluskee stay in any d--d place he wants to."
Space cannot be allowed to tell of all who combined to make Dahlonega and its vicinity a center of learning and culture in those early days. The political horizon soon became clouded, and the storm in all its fury broke at length over the country, and there was a general scattering abroad of the families who had lent a charm to this immediate section. The young men hastened to take up arms in defence of the South, and nowhere in all the armies that were marshalled could be found braver, truer soldiers than those from Lumpkin. After the long hard struggle, then came the trying days. Volume I tells of the establishment of the N. G. A. C. College, and Colonel Price 's' connection with it, but it would be incomplete without mention of others who have made their impress on their great Common wealth, Wier Boyd, the "Grand Old Roman from Lumpkin," as he was styled, was a prominent figure in the conventions of 1865 and 1877. His record as a,u able and wise statesman is a part of the history of the two branches of the Legislature of Georgia. Marion G. Boyd, the elder son, led the fight in the Senate of Georgia in 1878 against the abuses of the convict system, and won for himself national fame as an orator. His last ap pearance in piiblic was at the convention which nominated Governor A. D. Candler in 1898. He was chosen to make the nominating speech, and those who heard him say that it was a marvellous effort from this won derfully gifted man. J. W. Boyd, the younger son, who is now a citizen of Fairmount, Ga., a lawyer and an accomplished mathematician, as' a member of the Senate, was prominently connected with the "Good Roads" legislation in the sessions of the Georgia Legislature in 1907 and 1908.

LOWNDES

849

The companion of his father, as well as of a scholarly uncle, B. F. Sitton, both of whom took great interest in whatever would improve the roacls of the country, it was to have been expected that he would have been an enthusiastic worker in the cause. Indeed, the whole family lived in the belief that this immediate section would one day become the garden spot of Georgia. Pure and incorruptible, unselfish and patriotic, Lumpldn Jost one of her best citizens in his removal from her. A. G. Wimpy, an other citizen, around whose name clusters precious memories, was for forty years Superintendent of the Methodist Sunday School. Goodman Hughes was a benediction to this section. B. R. Meaders still lives to bless the community. In his long life he has never.sworn an oath or touched one drop of whiskey. "William J. Worley, whose long useful life has recently closed, was' one of four brothers who were born and reared in Dahlonega, and who went nobly forward in defence of their country in time of its peril, ' * Service'' was the keynote of his character, and he gave it without stint to every good cause for the advancement of his native town.
Hon. W. H. McAfee, now in Atlanta, a man of sterling worth, was a citizen of this place the greater part of his life. Doctors Hills, Moody, Howard and Chapman were men noted in their profession. Judge Ainzi Rudolph, late of Gainesville, was for years an honored citizen of Lumpkin. Mrs. Josephine Whelchel, one of the few remaining residents who was inti mately acquainted with nearly all those who have been mentioned in con nection with Dahlonega's early history, is still an ornament to the place, with her rare knowledge of so much that is beantifxiT. in nature and art. She is a niece of Harrison Riley and often presided at the table of his splendidly appointed hotel when there were distinguished guests to "be ententaintl. Among the frequent visitors to this part of the country were United States' Senators, judges and other high dignitaries of both State and Nation, and the Riley hotel was their stopping place. Later it was known as the Besser House, and many amusing anecdotes are related by the citi zens of this clear old German proprietor. This same building is nowknown as "Hall's Villa," having been purchased by F. "W. Hall, and is a part of his estate, but is no longer used as a hotel, having been super seded by the "Mountain Club House," so favorably known to the travelling public.
This is written to prove that now, as always, the good is far in ad vance of the bad, and while it must be admitted that there were open bar-rooms and too much drinking, fighting and gambling in the early his tory of the place, such was' likewise true of other sections of Georgia; nor was it altogether fair to have given this place a name which attached to it so long in the minds of those unacquainted with the facts.
One thing more, and this article closes, Dahlonega furnished three colonels for the Southern Army from '61 to 7G5. They were Colonel William Martin, First Georgia Regulars; Colonel Wier Boyd, Fifty-second Regiment, Georgia Volunteers; Colonel R. H. Moore, Sixty-fifth Regiment, Georgia Volunteers. The' young men who have gone from the halls of the N. G. A.

850 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
College since its opening have almost, without an exception, reflected honor upon the old school in which they were made strong to fight the battles of life.
McDTJFFIE.
Thomson. Thomson, the county-seat of McDuffie, dates its origin as a village from the building of the
Georgia Railroad in the early forties. It was named for Mr. J. Edgar Thomson, of Philadelphia, the chief en gineer who surveyed the line. Thomson was incorpo rated as a town on February 15, 1854, with the followingnamed commissioners, to-wit.: Wiliam P. Steed, Leonard G. Steed, F. F. Reynolds, William M. Pitts, Francis T. Alien, William J. Langston, Adam J.' Smith, Joseph H. Stockton, Richard A. Sullivan, Anson ~W. Stanford, James L-. Zachary and Richard P. Thurmond.* The Thomson Male and Female High School was granted a charter of incorporation on the same date, but in a different Act. When the new County of MoDuffie was formed in 1870 from W^arren and Columbia, the site of public buildings was fixed at Thomson. The growth of the town of late has been rapid. Its best-known citizen is the brilliant historian, editor and party leader, Hon. Thomas E. Wat son, but such eminent Georgians as Judge Henry C. Roney, Hon. John T. West and others have likewise been identified with Thomson.
MoINTOSH.
Darien. Darien, the county-seat of Mclntosh County, is one of the oldest towns of Georgia. It was
founded by General Oglethorpe, -who here planted a col ony of Scotchmen for the defence of the exposed southern frontier. In 1793, when Mclntosh County was formed out of Liberty, the site of public buildings was fixed at
*Acts, 1853-1854, p. 223.

MclNTOSH

851

Darien. The town was incorporated by an Act approved December 2, 1805, providing for its better regulation, and Messrs. William A. Dunham, Virgil H. Vivian, John K. Holzendorf, George Street and Scott Gray were named at this time as commissioners. In 1818 the town was in corporated as a city, with a municipal form of govern ment. Elsewheer will be fonnd a more extended sketch of Darien.

The Mclntosh.es: A Since the days of Oglethorpe, the distinguished

Clan Noted, in

family of this name has been conspicuous in the

G,, eorgi.a A. nnal,s.

psoumbleicolfifwej]o0mf G^ eorgiaa<. jMIetreaha^ s proedmucinedencfieKg; h^ ters,

on land and on sea. It has produced statesmen, .one of whom, Governor George M. T'roup, held nearly every important office in the gift of the people and defied successfully the power of the United States government in the celebrated clash over State Eights. The family is of Scotch origin. It was planted in Georgia'by John Mohr Mclntosh,* a Highlander, whose name was a power in Scotland, but whose support, of the Pretender cost him the forfeiture of Ms estate. The invitation of Oglethorpe, who was seeking for colonists of hardy timber to settle the frontier outposts of Georgia, seems to have reached him at his' home near Inverness about the time of his disastrous reverses, and the well-known Jacobite leanings of Oglethorpe only served to re-enforce an appeal which was not unattractive in itself. He resolved to seize this opportunity to recoup his fortunes in the new world. As the head of the Borlam branch of the powerful MeIntosli clan, he induced a. number of his followers to accompany him to Georgia. The emigrants settled on the site of the present town of I>arien. In the frequent wars -with the Spaniards, the brave little Scotch colonywas almost completely obliterated, and in the assault upon St. Augustine, John Mohr Mclntosh was himself made a prisoner; and, being transported to Spain he was immured for months' within dungeon walls. He was at first the civil commandant in charge of the settlement, but was later in structed to enroll one hundred Highlanders to serve under him as light infantrymen in General Oglethorpe's regiment. Thus he came to par ticipate in most of the hard fighting. Broken in health by his long im prisonment in Spain, he returned home only to die soon after his arrival in Georgia.
General Lachlan Mclntosh, his Son, was, like himself, a native of Borlam, in Scotland, and a man of strong martial instincts. He became perhaps the foremost military officer w-hieh the State gave to the struggle

' *White's Statistics of Georgia, pp. 41G-421; Stacy's History of the Mid way Congregational Chui'ch, pp. 280-281; Men of Mark in Georgia, pp. 244-

852 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
for independence. Due to an unfortunate quarrel with Button Gwinnett, which led to fatal results on the field of honor, the latter falling a victim in the encounter, General Macintosh "relinquished the command of the Geor gia troops and accepted an appointment under Washington. Though not the aggressor in this unfortunate affair, there was naturally a division of public sentment, Gwinnett having been a Signer of the Declaration of Inde pendence, for which service he was held in grateful esteem, notwithstand ing certain grave faults. In his new field of operations, General M'elntosh won rapid advancement and received the encomiums of Washington. He returned to take active part in the siege of Savannah, but the theatre of his activities was' principally in Virginia, under the great commander-in* chief.
It was his nephew, Colonel John; Melntosh, whose gallant defence of Port M'orris, at Sunbury, Ga., received the recognition of the State Leg islature, in the gift of a sword, on which was engraved his famous mes sage of defiance to the British officer: "Come and take it!" He par ticipated in numerous engagements, and, at the battle of Brier Creek, where he was made a prisoner, his life was narrowly saved by the timely inter vention of Sir Aeneas Mclntosh, a kinsman, in the opposite ranks. Colo^ nel John S. Mclntosh, his son, was another heroic representative of this martial race. He won his spurs in the War of 1812; and, when hostilities with Mexico began in 1845, he was one of the first to enlist. He bore himself with conspicuous gallantry in several of the fiercest engagements^ but in the battle of Molina del Key he was mortally wounded at the head of his columns. He died in the City ofMexico, where his remains were buried ; but subsequently, by vote of the State Legislature, his ashes were exhumed, brought back to Georgia, and laid to rest in the Colonial Cemetery at Savannah. They repose in the vault of his illustrious granduncle, General Lachlan Mclntosh.
But the list is not yet exhausted. Commodore James McKay Mclntosh, a cousin of the above-named officer, arose to eminence in the United States N"avy and died on the eve of the Civil War, at Pensacola, Fla., where he was- in command of the navy yard. His sister, Maria J. Mc lntosh, became distinguished as a novelist. Another sister, Mrs. Ann Ward, became the mother of the accomplished diplomat and lawyer, Hon. John E. Ward, who was the first United States Minister to China. Major Lachlan Mclntosh, the father of this brilliant group, was also a man of note in the line of military attainments. Captain John Mclntosh Kell, who achieved an immortality of fame, in association with Admiral Seinmes, on the decks of the Alabama, was a grand-nephew of Colonel John Mc lntosh, of Sunbury fame, whose name he bore.
General William M'clntosh, the brave chief of the Cowetas, whose friendship for Georgia cost him the sacrifice of his gallant life, in conse quence of the treaty at Indian Springs, ceding the remainder of the Creek lands in Georgia to the whites, was likewise a member of this same Mc lntosh family, and a kinsman, if not a descendant, of John Mohr Mclntosh.

853
of Darien. His father was Captain John Mclntosh, and his uncle, Captain Roderick Mclntosh, an eccentric character of the Revolution, who espoused the British side of the struggle, but possessed none of the typical vindictiveness of the Tories'. Catharine Mclntosh, his aunt, znarried an English army1 officer by the name of Troup, from which union came the distin guished statesman, Governor George M. Troup, who was one of the fore most public men of his time: an apostle of State Rights and an enemy without compromise to Federal encroachments. It will thus be seen that the M'clntosh family has been notably identified with the fortunes of Georgia, from the earliest colonial days down to the present era. Nor has the State failed to give substantial recognition to the claims of this dis tinguished household; for not only does one of the oldest counties of Georgia bear the proud name of MteTntosh; but the counties of Troup and Ooweta may likewise be counted among its enduring memorials.

Joseph Woodruff t

Beginning with the late Colonial period and

Patriot and Pioneer. eomill g on down through the period of the Rev-

olution, there are few names more frequently

found in tho early records of this State than the name of a staunch old

patriot who spent his last days on Broro Neck, in the County of Mclntosh:

Colonel Joseph Woodruff. This distinguished officer of the Continental

Army was born in London, Eng. On a visit to Bermuda Island, lie met

and married Mary Forrester; and, after a temporary sojourn in Charles

ton, S. C., he came to Georgia, in 1788, Settling eventually in what was

then the Parish of St. John--the Georgia cradle of independence. When

Liberty County was organized out of this parish, in 1777, he "became one

of its stalwart representatives; and later when Mclntosh County was

formed out of a part of Liberty, in 1793, we find him in that part of

the county which was then erected into Melntosh. He was a large land

owner, with plantations on various parts of the coast, but was not afraid

to jeopardize his holdings in the cause of freedom. At the outbreak of

the Revolution, while in command of a galley, he was captured by the

British and thrown into prison; but no sooner was he released, through

the intervention of Tory friends than he hastened to join the Continental

Army, in which he served until the surrender of .CornwalHs at Yorktowu.

Just before the siege of Savannah, Colonel "Woodruff was dangerously

wounded in the thigh, at Ogeechee Bridge, in 1778. He afterwards served

as Deputy Quartermaster-General and sat both in the House of Assembly

and in the Executive Council. One of his sons, Joseph Woodruff, Jr., a

major in the United States Army, bore a conspicuous part in the war of

1812. His only daughter, Mary,, married the gallant Captain Ferdinand

O'Neill (O'Neal), a Frenchman who came to America to fight the British.

Joining Lee's Legion, of Cavalry, young O'N"eill accompanied this daa'hing

854 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
commander to Georgia and subsequent to the Revolution acquired a plan tation on Broro Neck, became one of the founders of the Georgia Cincin nati, served in the legislature of the State, and took an active leadership in public affairs. Two of his comrades in arms settled near him on Broro Neck, Captain Armstrong and Captain Rudolph, the latter of whom died in Captain O 'jSTeill 's home, on June 28, 1800. Colonel "Woodruff was at one time Collector of the Port at Savannah, probably the last public office which this distinguished patriot ever filled in Georgia. His death occurred in 1799, and he probably lies buried on his plantation at Broro jSTeck. The burial ground of the O 'Neill 's has recently been located in the upper part of Mclntosh.
MACON.
General Remarks.* The county of Macon was laid out in 1830 from Houston and Marion, and the first court was held
at the house of Walter L. Campbell, Judge King presiding. This was on a plantation owned in 1854 by one A. Wiley, and was formerly known as "Barnett's Reserve. 3 ' Barnett was an Indian, and his Reserve included many hundreds of acres extending from Montezuma toward Marshallville and covering the high table land on the east side of the Flint River. Lanier was made the county-seat in 1838. Oglethorpe in 1854. When the seat of government was changed, there were 679 buildings in the county; total number of free persons, 4,191 ; total slaves, 2,961.
Flint River, running north to south through the county, was crossed en tirely by ferry-boats until 1888, when a bridge was built above Oglethorpe by the town of Montezuma, for the purpose of drawing trade. This bridge is a quarter of a mile long and a fine piece of constructive work. There have been five ferries. The upper ferry, known as "Bryan's," has been discarded. The second, or "Hollingshed's1 Ferry,' 1 is still in use. The third, or ' ' Lanier Ferry,'' was discarded after the war. The ferry be tween Montezuma and Oglethorpe was discarded when the county foiiilt art iron bridge in 1902. The lower ferry connected Traveler's Rest with Oglethorpe, but when Travelers' Rest was deserted the ferry was abandond. Two railroads now traverse Macon. The Central of Georgia reached Oglethorpe in the summer of 1852, at a cost of $13,342 per mile. The Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlantic was' built through Macon in 3903.
There are two '' Deserted Villages'' in the county--Travelers' Rest and Lanier. There is also one resort, Miona Springs. These are two miles from the site uf old Lanier. For years the mineral waters of this locality have been widely known. The tradition in regard to the springs
*E*or the full and comprehensive treatment of Maeon County in this tec tion, we ar'e Indebted to Archibald Bulloch Chapter, D. A. R., of which Mrs. J. E. Hays, of Montezuma, is Regent.

MACON

855

is that an Indian girl by the name of Miona was killed ~oy her white lover near the springs, and buried in the surrounding woods. As far back as the days of the Red Men, the Magical power of these waters was recog nized. In the eighteen-nineties, Mr. William Minor, of Montezuma, built a hotel here, with outlying cottages, and for several years it enjoyed quite a vogue as' a summer resort. The cottages are still occupied in summer, and the place is a great picnic ground.
During the war between the States, Macon County was not lacking in patriotism. The Davis Rifles, with Captain John McMillan, were the first to respond to the call, going from the vicinity of Marshallville. Captain S. M1. Prather, from Oglethorpe, carried a company, including Phil Cook, Joel Griffin, Colonel Willis and others. Major J. D. Frederick went as captain of a company from old Lanier. Captain McMullan, of Oglethorpe, mustered in ,a company of boys, and Major "W. H. Robinson organized a company of old men, verifying the truth of what has often been said that the war toward the last "robbed both the cradle and the grave." When peace came Union soldiers were encamped at White Water Creek.

Travelers Rest : A In tne early twenties two travelers were making Forgotten Town. their wa^ South> a" d at sun-down they sought a
place where they might find shelter and rest for the night. They foimd such a place uncler a friendly clump of trees on a little mound near the road-side. After a refreshing sleep they awoke, and looking around at the beauties of nature, they exclaimed, "This is truly a place of rest, '' so the spot was called '' Travelers Rest.'' At that time only one house was standing nearby, but Travelers Rest s'oon became a thriving village. A dozen or more houses were built "by John Shines, Daniel Harrison, William Yarhrough and others. Two churches, oue hotel, or tavern as it was then called, a Masonic lodge, work shop, grist mill and a very good school were soon erected.
In those clays the only means of transportation was horseback and stage-coach, but the little village prospered, and several large stores were built, the people going through the country to Savannah and Augusta for goods, but in 1850 the Central of Georgia Railroad was extended to the new town of Montezuma, Ga., and the little village of Travelers Rest began to fall into decay. The stores were moved to M'ontezuma, and today only the huge sign post where the sundial stood and the quiet cemeteries with their sleeping dead marks' the spot wliere old Travelers Rest once flourished. The site of the old town is two miles south of Montezuina.

856 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Old Lanier: A For- Lanier, located 80 miles from Milledgeville, 22
gotten County Site. miles from Perr^ 25 milea from ATM eri<^s, ami
' near the center of the county, was made the county-site in 1838. During the years from thirty-eight to fifty-two, Lanier was a thriving town of several thousand population. There were two hotels and two livery stables'. Forsyth Ansley owned a brick store, Si Hill a grocery, L. L. Snow a grocery, Enoch Wilson a tailor shop. Among other names connected with its earliest history were DT. Dennis, Mrs. Mahon, Mrs. Hays, the Corbetts, Dr. Dawson, John M. Giles a-nd a little later W. H. Robinson, Aaron Lowc, the Greers (who afterwards moved to Oglethorpe), Major J. JD. Frederick, the Laws, the Underwoods, the Lockwoods and Dr. McKellar. Mrs. W. H. Felton lived a short distance away. The Gileses moved to Perry, the Mahons to Waynessboro or Swainesboro, the Robinsons to Montezuma, the Fredericks and the Feltons to Marshallville. "When the court-house was removed to the railroad at Ogle thorpe in fifty-two, Lanier saw the beginning of her downfall. Families dispersed houses were torn away, and now on the site of the village, Crepe Myrtle trees mark the location of old walls, once happy homesteads. The ancient grave-yard only remains to tell its tale of the once thrifty past.
Oglethorpe. As far back as 1840, tliere was a settlement on the site of the present town of Ogle
thorpe, named for Georgia's illustrious founder:. Tn 1850 the local population numbered 268 whites and 186" blacks. It was a regular stopping place for the stage coach. Mr. E. O. Cabaniss owned GOO acres of land in the immediate neighborhood and when the work of construc tion along the line of the Central of Georgia began to ap proach the settlement, Mr. Cabaniss laid out town lots and

MAOON

857

advertised an auction sale, from the proceds of which he realized a handsome profit. Thus 'were laid the founda tions of the town of Oglethorpe. During the summer of 1852, the Central Railway's southwestern branch was completed to this point, and instantly the town began to bristle with renewed life. Thousands of wagons be gan to haul cotton into Oglethorpe, some of them coming from as far south as Dothan, Ala., and these wagons always returned loaded with merchandise. There were eighty business houses on Baker Street alone, besides eight hotels, and the population of Oglethorpe before the war has 'been variously estimated at from 12,000 to 20,000
inhabitants.
Lanier began to decline in prestige with the adyent of the iron horse. It lacked railway facilities, and in 1854 the county-site was changed to Oglethorpe. The first court-house was built where the high school now stands, but was burned in 1857. Thirteen years later the jail also was destroyed by fire. The first newspaper was the Southwest Georgian, issued by Simri Rose, in 1851. Dturing the same year the first Masonic Lodge was organized. Mr. Posy Stanfield, now of Americus, was one of the charter members.
Among the first settlers "were Dr. T. B. Oliver, P. L. J. May, Dr. Black, Major Black, Dr. Head, Henry John son, Joel B. Griffin, Colonel A. S Cutts, Major Hansel, General Phil Cook, John M. Greer, Warren Lee, W. J. Collins, Dan Kleckley, Major Miller, Sam Hall, Dr. Will iam Ellis, George Williams, Egbert Alen, Aaron Lowe, Elbert Lewis and Dr. Prottuo. John and Alien Greer came from Lanier in sixty-three.
After a few years of marked prosperity the railroad was extended, but about this time an epidemic of small pox raged. Numbers of citizens died of the disease. All houses in "which there "were cases were burned. Houses were moved to Marshallville, Dawson, Americus, Montezuma, Lanier and other places. Oglethorpe never recovered from the smallpox epidemic, but soon adjusted

858 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
herself to changed conditions. In 1893 there was a long and hard fight for the possession of the court-house, Montezuma trying to move it. After a successful fight the third court-house was built in Oglethorpe. Artesian wells were bored in July, 3884. Among the most prominent citizens who aided in the upbuilding of Oglethorpe were Colonel "W. H. WilHs, Captain Sneed, Mr. Charles Keen and Colonel William Fish, father of Chief Justice Fish. The prominent doctors of the fifties were Doctors Cotton, Hall, Ainger, Herring, Colzey, Oliver, Head and "Woods. Three of the best dwellings in Oglethorpe were built in fifty-one by Dr. Head, Dr. Black and Major Black.

Cf-en. Philip Cook: General Philip Cook, soldier, legislator and Secre-

An. Ante-Bellum

*aiT ^ State, was for several years prior to the

Tfpsidpnt

Civil War a resident of Macon. He lived for a

while at Lanier,' but later removed to Oglethorpe,

where the outbreak of hostilities in 18G1 found him engaged in the practice

of law. p'rom Oglethorpe he went to the front as a sergeant in the

jVTacon Volunteers. The close of the war found him wearing the stars

of a "brigadier-general, though he was not a "West Pointer. General Cook's

father was the famous commandant at Port Uawkins, during the War of

3812, Major Philip Cook, noted in pioneer days as an Indian fighter. His

grandfather, Captain ,Tolm Cook, was an officer in Colonel William Wash

ington's Legion of Cavalry; while his mother was a daughter of-: Magor

John Wooten, who was killed at Port Wilkinson. He was also lineally

descended from the Pearsons, an aristocratic "Virginia family distinguished

in the Revolution. General Cook's first acquaintance with military life

was during the Seminole "War, when he volunteered at the age of eighteen.

Locating in Amerieus in 1869 he formed a law partnership with Hon.

Charles F. Crisp, afterwards Speaker of the national House of Repre

sentatives. While still a resident of Macon in 1865 General Cook was

elected to Congress', but he did not take his seat at this time, because of

political disabilities. He rendered the State an important service in the

Constitutional Convention of 1865 and. later represented his district in

Congress for three consecutive terms. He also served in both branches

of the State Legislature.. Governor McDanicl, in 1883, appointed Mm one

of the five commissioners' to supervise the erection of the present State

Capitol in Atlanta; and this magnificent structure--built within the orig

inal appropriation--is a superb monument to the official integrity of this

"board. In 1890 General Cook was tendered the office of Secretary of

MACON

859

State; a position to which he was twice re-elected. At his death, he was succeeded in office by his son, ITon. Philip Cook, Jr., who for more than sixteen years lias worthily worn the mantle of his' distinguished father. General Cook received his collegiate education at Oglethorpo University and "began the practice of law at JTorsyth, Ga., as a partner of the late Zach Harman. For a number of years after the war, he conducted ex tensive farming operations in T.,ee County, where liis plantation "became an arena for advanced scientific experiments. Gifted with a masterful intel lect, General Cook was a born leader of men--courageous, upright, patri otic, inflexibly true to his convictions. At the same time, he was governed throughout his whole life by the law of gentleness, and to know him was to love him. The Montezuma Chapter, TJ. D. C., bears the name of this gallant Confederate soldier and peerless gentleman of the old school.

Marshallville. At what is still known as the cross-roads,
on the site of the present town of Mar shallville, Isaac Johnson, in the early part of the last century, built a house partly of brick. On the opposite side of the street he erected a blacksmith, shop; and from this modest beginning- arose the town. There was also a blacksmith shop run by a man named Briggs. Soon a hard-shell church was built, in which three denomina tions worshipped--the hard-shell Baptists, the Mission ary Baptists and the Methodists. This church occupied the site where Henry Taylor's house now stands, and 'was used until the fifties. In 1825 Needham Massee brought his family from North Carolina to Fort Hawking, and, two years later, coming- to this county, ho bought the place on the edge of Marshallville, still owned by his grandsons. In 183-2 Daniel Frederick came from Orangeburg, S. G., and settled on a farm just across the county line in Houston; but after a short 'while, he removed to Marshallville, where be bought a farm, "which is still owned by the Fredericks.

860

GrEOBGIA's -LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

settled on a place now owned by John Pharr; Conrad Murph, who "bought the plantation now owned "by Nash Murph, his son; Nathan Bryant, who settled near the Flint River on land still owned by his sons; Dr. D. F. "Wade, who lived on a place owned by the late D. B. Frederick; Dr. Hollinshed, with his brother Jim, who lived not far from the river; Frank Baldwin, who settled close to Winchester; William Haslam, who lived in Houston County and moved to Marshallville after the war; George Slappy, who bought the Mulberry place from Mr. Lowmaii, now owned by his son Jake; Mr. Wells, who lived where Taylor Williams now lives; Mr. Hiley, who settled between here and Fort "Valley; Dr. Crocker, who settled on the river; Mr. Harman Staplers, and Lewis Rumph, who settled in Houston County, where his home is still owned by his son Lewis.
Billy Felton settled at Winchester; his son Ham (W. H.) lived at Lanier until, after the war, then came to Marshallville; another son, Monroe, Settled in Marshallville in 1859:
Major James Belvin and Dr. McGehee settled first in Houston County, but came to Marshallville after the war; George Plant came some time in the thirties. During the early forties Murdock and. John M'eCaskill came from South Carolina, living close to the place where, in the early seventies, they built the beautiful brick colonial home now owned by Lewis Humph; D. B. Frederick came from South Carolina in fifty-three, and bought a farm from Dr. Wade; Dave Gammage came rom Jones County early in the forties and settled here. Others coming in the forties were the Nixons', Joseph Day, who "bought out the Edgcworts family, into which Dr. J. W. Roberts, of Atlanta, afterwards married. Seaborn Bryan came in the forties; John C. Sperry eanie from Twiggs County in the forties and bought out Isaac Johnson ; Rev. Joe Edwards, from Prince George County, Va., came in the forties; Dr. Win. Hafer came from Pennsylvania in the fifties; Billy Martin came from Ireland in the fifties; Shadrock Ware came from Twiggs County in 1855, bought an estate from Dick Orr, which is still owned by his sons; Dr. Cook, brother of General Phil Cook, came from Winnsboro, N. C., at the close of the war; L. O. Niles, a teacher and merchant, came from Massachusetts; Major James D." Frederick moved here from Lanier, and for forty years was chairman of the Board of Roads and Revenues; Colonel Reese, a lawyer, came in sixty-eight from Jas'per County. He is the father of Mrs. S. H. Rumph and of Mrs. Nash Murph. Henry Taylor, merchant and planter, came soon after the war; Mary Slappy--afterwards Mrs. Bell Lee--mother of Mrs. Oscar Williams, a woman of unquestioned veracity and memory, who died within the last month at the age of 86, gave the following account of how the county's name originated: A group of young people were together discussing a name for the new nameless town, when some one suggested that it be named for Rev. John Marshall, a preacher who lived close to town, and who was greatly beloved; thereupon the name of Miarshallville was adopted. Rev.

MACON

861

John Marshall was son-in-law of Dr. D. Y. Wade and father-in-law of Marcus Sperry.

Soon after Daniel Frederick moved into Marshallville he laid off the long main street, gave two acres for a Methodist Church, and began selling off lots for build ing purposes. He erected the homestead in 1845, which is still in possession of his family. In the early fifties, about fifty-five, a Methodist Church was built on this lot, and D. B. Frederick for the Methodists, 'with William Bice for Baptists, organized the first union Sunday school. D. B. Frederick continued as superintendent of this Sunday School until his death, in 1911--an unusual record. Miss Kate Edwards, sister of Joe Edwards, was one of the teachers in this first Sunday School. Major J. D. Frederick, sou of Daniel Frederick, gave the land for a school, which place is still the site of the school building. Walter Frederick and Mrs. Joe Edwards taught in this school for thirty years giving perfect sat isfaction. The first store was built by John C. Sperry and the first warehouse was run by Hatcher & Baldwin. The railroad came through in fifty-two, but it was not until after the war that the town was incorporated, and Dave Gammag-e was the first Mayor.
In the early sixties Dr. G. L. D. Bice gave four acres of land for a Baptist Church, on which a substantial edi fice was subsequently built.

In the seventies Sam Bumph, at Willow Lake, began to experiment with peaches. Some questioned the wis dom of the venture, but a new era had come for Marshallville. His son, Sam Henry Bumph, a practical planter, continued his experiments, and after years of waiting developed his long-desired and perfect-shipping peach, 'which he named for his wife, "Elberta." It was some time before the people could grasp the idea of an-

862 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
other product besides cotton. Now this is the greatest peach section in the world, and the Blberta is still the standard.
There are several homes in and around Marshallville "worthy of especial note. About one mile from and over looking Flint River is" the old Crocker home, built by Dr. Crocker in 1840. His daughter Mary, who was born on this place the night the stars fell, married Ham Felton in this house at the age of fifteen. The house is in per fect preservation, and Dr. Crocker's granddaughter, Mrs. ~Walter ^Valker, occupies the place.
Three buildings were moved from Oglethorpe, when the smallpox began to frighten people away. One was a hotel moved by Tom Slappy and later bought by Needham Massee. It is about one mile from town, and is still owned by the Massee family. Mr. Nixon moved a house in "which Mr. Shadrick ^Ware lived, but the house was burned in the last few years. The 'third house moved from Oglethorpe was the "William Haslam house, in which John Lee lives now. Mr. George Slappy built his Colo nial home in sixty-eight, and his family still occupies it. Mr. W. H. Felton built his home soon after the war, and his family still own it. One of the oldest homesteads is the Lewis Rumph house, about six miles from town, built in the fifties and still owned by Lewis Rumph the second. Marshallville installed water-works and electric lights in, 1914. One distinction of Marshallville is that most of the plantations around the town have been handed down from father to son for a period ranging from fifty to seventy-five years.
Montezmna. As late as 1850 the site now occupied by the city of Montezuma--one of the most beau
tiful of Georgia towns and a wide-awake center of trade and commerce--was a low swamp in the midst of a dense thicket of "woods, whose solitudes were broken only by the clutter of wild game and by an occasional shot from

MACON

863

some hunter's rifle. Wild ducks and turkeys, antlered deer, opossums, coons, and squirrels were found in large numbers. It was a favorite locality for the sportsman-- this typical bit of Arcadia; and such, indeed, were its surrounding's that even a poet's imagination would have been taxed. to evolve a town from this particular spot where--it must be confessed--the hooting of the owl sometimes rendered the night hideous. But a town began to arise on this very spot. Luckily for Montezuma, she possessed the fighting spirit. Mars became her pa tron deity among the gods. There was also something about her name suggestive of war. In a grapple with Travelers Rest for railway honors Montezuma "won. Population began steadily to increase. Almost in a day a new metropolis wa,s horn. Some of the more enter prising merchants from Travelers Rest came to Monte zuma. In fact, the first business house in the new town was erected by Messrs. Ilolton and Orliff, who came from Travelers Eest, and it stood where the establishment of Hicks and Black is now located. After plucking' the laurels from Travelers Rest, it was necessary to start a prolonged and bitter struggle for existence "with Oglethorpe, but Montezuma began to lay her plans for secur ing the wagon trade on the opposite side of the Flint River, access to which was made easy by a splendid bridge across the stream at Travelers Rest.

Shadrick R. Felton, father of Mr. A. C. Felton, was the founder of Montezuma. He owned all the land upon which the town now stands, and as an inducement for people to locate here the town was laid off into lots, and placed upon the market at a very low price. To facilitate the sale of lots, Mr. Felton gave John T. Brown half interest in all town lots to sell them. Mr. Brown was first railroad agent. The depot was situated where the stand-pipe in front of the Minor Hotel is now. The first hotel was built by S. R. Felton and O. H. Young, and

864 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
was run by Mrs. Kitley; the second hotel was built by Dr. Manly. The first "warehouse was erected by S. E. Felton and John T. Brown; the second by J. O. Jelks and C. H. Young, and managed by Captain W. T. Westbrook. The first dwelling was built by Messrs. Holton & Orliff. The second business house was put up by W. S. Truluck, and the third by D. L. Harrison; the first livery stable by C. H. Young, the first drug store by Dr. S. D. Everett. In 1871 M-Oiitezuma elected its first Mayor and Council, with Dr. A. D. Smith as Mayor, "and at his death Judge A. J. Hamilton was made Mayor in 1872. He and his wife lived here to celebrate their sixtieth wedding anni versary. In 1860 there were a number of fine .families living in Montezuma, among them Mrs. Ann Koach, Dr. Bverett, Mrs. Bottome, L. A. Brantley, Norris Brothers and William McLendon. One of Mr. McLendon's daugh ters married J. B. DeVaughn and another married J. W. McKenzie. The McKenzie family has been very prom inent in the upbuilding of Montezuma an3 Macon County. J. W., T. R. and W. L. McKenzie came here from Drayton in Dooly County as very young men and have since then been prominent merchants, planters and factors in the upbuilding of Macon. In 1871 Jno. F. Lewis estab lished a mercantile and banking business, and put his son, E. B. Lewis, then seventeen years old, in charge of it. Subsequently E. B. Lewis ably represented this district in Congress for twelve years, and has always contributed liberally of his time and means to any and every enterprise intended for the promotion of the town. The Lewis Banking Company, organized in 1871, is still the largest bank in this section. Mr. Lewis organized the First National Bank in 1903, an institution of which he is president.
Mr. J. E. DeVaughn, prominent planter and merchant, moved to Montezuma in 1868 from Joneshoro. Dr. I. X. Cheves and family moved here from Crawford County, and his sons, Rev. A. J. Cheves and O. C. Cheves, were prominent in religious and educational movements. Mr.

MACQN

865

Ham Pelder was one of tlie first preachers. The Car negie Library was built in 1906. Montezuma was con sidered an unhealthy locality until the first artesian well was bored,in 18831. Subsequently, fifteen wells have been bored, and the town has enjoyed un^lsual health-giving1 facilities. The deepest well is 500 feet; the shallowest 45 feet; the largest flow 100 gallons per minute, the smallest 6. The A., B. & A. Railroad came into Monte zuma in 190'3. Montezuma and Oglethorpe were con nected by a ferry-boat until 1902, when an iron bridge was built. Montezuma's business was enhanced by the building of a bridge by the town connecting with the upper part of the county in 1888.
Among the old homes in this neighborhood is the Harrison home, moved from Spaulding. Until a few years ago, on the site of the Library, stood an old hotel, the Eoach House, which was moved from Oglethorpe. There are four old plantation homes within a radius of five miles: the Adams place, the Hooks homestead, the Barron home and the Dykes home. Electric lights and water works were installed in 1902. The first fire engine was "bought in 1885. It is one of the oldest and best in the State. The Montezuma Manufacturing Company and Oil Mill was established in 1901, the knitting mill in 1903 and the fertilizer plant in 1910. The first steamer, '' The Montezuma, J * was run between Montezuma and Warwick, in 1885, the steamer "Ada" in 1886.
The old Montezuma- Record, now The Georgian, was established in 1883'. It is one of the pioneer weeklies of this section. In 1911 the Daughters of the Confederacy erected a handsome monument to the heroic men in gray who went from Macon County into the Civil AVar.

In the year 1868 Dr. W. C. Wllkes, pastor of the Baptist
Church at Travelers JJest, conceived the idea of establishing a seminary, and chose as its location a spot close to the home of his friend, Mr. Isaac Cheves, some two miles distant. At once, in order to educate their children, and for the sake of the religious and educational

866 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
atmosphere, many families' moved there and built homes. It was named Spaulding, for Dr. A. T. Spaulding, a Baptist minister. Among the residents were Sam. Turner, Tom Sutton, Judge J. H. McClung, John Henry MeKenzio, Lee Veal, Mr. Spencer, who built the home afterwards bought by the Maxwells, Shadriek IFelton, Warren Davis who built the home later sold to Mr. Veal, J. M. DuPree, Mr. Battle, who built the home now owned by Morgan Chastain and Mr. Truluek, who had the only store. The seminary prospered for six or eight years, but gradually the families moved away, and the seminary lost its prestige. Mrs. Lee "Veal taught the first imisic class. Many Montezuma citizens received early training in the Spaulding Seminary, which was about two miles from Montezuma.
MADISON .
Danielsville. Danielsville, the county-seat of Madison County, was named for General Alien Dan
iel, a soldier of the Revolution and an officer of some note in the State militia. When the new County of Mad ison was organized in 1811, General Daniel, wKo owned large interests in the neighborhood, donated the site for public buildings and helped to organize the first court. The town was incorporated by an Act approved Novem ber 27, 1817, with Messrs. James Long, Willis Towns and Joseph Vincent as commissioners.* The Madison County Academy was chartered in 1811, when the county was first organized. Near Danielsville stands a famous land mark of Presbyterianism in upper Georgia, known as New Hope Church, considerably more than a hundred years old. Dr. Crawford W. Long1, "the discoverer of sulphuric ether anaesthesia, was born in Danielsville, a fact in itself sufficient to give the town a deservedly high rank among the historic shrines of the world. Dr. Long's wonderful achievement marked a new epoch in the annals of medicine and made humanity his debtor until the end of time.
Tjamar's Digest, p. 1040.

MARION

867

MARION 1

Tazewell: A

Eight miles northeast of Buena

Former County-Seat. Vista, is the charming little town of

Tazewell, once the ^county-seat of

Marion. It is situated on both sides of a small stream

called Buck Creek. For several years after the county

was organized, in 1827, the public buildings were at

Horry; but, on December 27, 1838, an Act was approved

making Tazewell the seat of government, with the fol

lowing town commissioners: Arthur W. Battle, David

N. Burkhalter, Randell W. Mesten, Zachariah Wallace

and Seaborn L. Collins. 2 Just one year preceding, on

Christinas day, 1837, the old Tazewell Academy was

chartered, with the following board of trustees : Burton

W\ D'owd, James Powers, Joseph J. Battle, Robert S.

Burch and C. B. Strangle. 3 The handsome school-house

at Tazewell occupies the original plot of ground donated

for this purpose by the State. Visitors are always in

terested in the old parade ground, where the militia drills

took place before the "war, and where many an incident

occurred, such as Judge Longstreet describes in "Geor

gia Scenes." The first clerk of the court at Tazewell

was Burton W. Dowd. Tony Carroll, an early bailiff,

was one of the famous Carroll triplets, all of whom lived

to be very old men. John Burkhalter, Benjamin Halley,

Jordan Wilcher and Solomon Wall "were also prominent

among the early pioneers.

Captain uTohn E. Sheppard, a former resident of Tazewell, but now of Buena Vista, achieved a record for gallantry during the Civil War which few, if any, sur passed. Like his Highland ancestors, he was a grim fighter, though withal a most genial gentleman. On ac-

1 Much of the Information contained in this chapter has been furnished by the following residents of Marion: Mr. Benjamin Powell, Mrs. Sallie Mitchell Green, Mrs. W. B. Short, and Mrs. Annie M. Munro.
2 Acts, 1838, p. 127.
3 Acts, 1837, p. 12.

868 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
count of a bullet wound in the head, his life hung" in the balance for months, but as soon as he conld shoulder Ms musket lie was back again at the front. Not long there after, in a fierce battle, his ranking' officers were all either killed or wounded, making- it necessary for him to assume command of his regiment. On this occasion, it is amus ingly told of him that he was not exactly on a war footing, since in lieu of shoes his feet were wrapped in pieces of an old croker sack. Hon. J. E. Sheppard, of Americus, a distinguished lawyer and. legislator, is Captain Sheppard's son. One of the oldest residents of Tazewell is William Stewart. His gifted son-in-law, Hon. E. H. McMichael, has frequently represented Marion in the General Assembly of Georgia and was Speaker pro tern, of the last House. There are many attractive homes in Tazewell--.a conservative and cultured old town, famed for the hospitality of its citizens.

Horry : A.

The original county-scat of Marion was Horry, a town

Dead Town. loeated some tliree m^es to the northeast of Tasrewell, in

what is now the County of Schley. The exact size of the

town is today unidentified by a.ny existing landmarks. But .it was' the

seat of government from the time when the county was organized, in

1827, until Tazewell was made the county-seat, in 1838.

Pea Ridge. Before 1830, the site occupied by the present town of Buena Vista was a primaeval forest. When a settlement at
last bloomed amid the s'olitudes it was called Pea Ridge. The nucleus for this settlement is said to have been a cake stand, at which an occasional traveler now and then stopped to appease his hunger; and near lliis stand, Mr. H. K. Lamb, the pioneer merchant of Pea Ridge, afterwards built a store. This was followed by three grog-shops, each of which flourished like a green bay-tree, after the manner of the wicked, until a great revival broke out at a camp-meeting conducted by Blakely Smith. As a result the taverns were closed.
Proofs of a former occupancy of this region by the Indians still abound in numerous flints, arrow heads and fragments of pottery; and likewise in the names' bestowed upon running waters. Many citizens of the county recall a number of Indians who remained in Marion until death

MAEION

869

removed them; and, among these was a famous conjurer and medicine man called "Old Chof e, " who held despotic sway over the negroes, due to his supposed extraordinary powers.
Over on Kinchafoonee Creek, the Butts family was established when the county was first organized. Liater on, other staunch pioneer settlers began to drift into this region, bringing with them the following fine old Marion County names: Powell, Wallace, MiteheTl, Green, Wells, Blaiiton, James, Burkhalter, McMichael, Miller, Mimro, Stevcus, Webb, McCa]], MeCorkle, Drane, Mlatthews, Brown, Melton, Lowe, Herndon, Mathis, Gill, Rogers, Sheppard, Dunham, Crawford, Harvey and Merrell. Prof. James Monegan, an Irishman, was the first teacher at Pea Ridge. He is still vividly recalled by a former pupil, Mr. Benjamin Powell, who resides within a stone '8 throw of where he lived when a boy. Prof. Tom Peter Ashmore, of Greer's Almanac fame, was also an early educator. Hardy Mitchell came from North Carolina in 1840; and, during the first year, lived in what is now the court-yard of Buena Vista.

But; the most dominant figure among the early settlers of Pea Ridge

was D'avid N. Burkhalter, who removed to Pea Ridge from Tazewell in

1845. Mr. Burkhalter was a Methodist preacher, a large

David N".

property owner, and a man of wide influence in public

Burkhalter affairs. He was one of the first citizens of the county to

represent Marion in the State Legislature. It was long

before any railroad penetrated this section, and he iisually made the trip

to Miilledgeville behind two mules. While a, resident of Tazewell, he

built a church for the Methodists; but, on changing his residence to Pea

Ridge, he moved the church, too.

John Burkhalter, the latter's father, was a Revolutionary soldier, whose grave on a plantation, some few miles out from Buena Vista is soon to be
marked by Lanahassee Chapter of the D. A. R. Mr. John Burkhalter. Burthaltcr was' one of the earliest pioneer settlers
of the county of Marion, and a man from whose loins have sprung a host of descendants, including the present distinguished chief magistrate of Texas: Governor O. B. Colquitt.

Buena Vista. But Pea Ridge was not a name with which to woo the fickle goddess; and, in 1847, it
was changed to Buena Vista, following the famous vic tory achieved by General Zaehary Taylor over the Mex-

870 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
leans. Two years later the county-seat was wrested from Tazewell; and, on January 26, 1850, an Act was approved making permanent the site of public buildings at Buena Vista.* Mr. David N. Burkhalter, to whose vigorous initiative the removal of the county-seat was due, donated the land on which the court-house, the Meth odist Church and other buildings were located. New vistas of opportunity were now opened. Soon a railway line was built, while stores, schools, churches and homes began to multiply. Today, in the most progressive sense of the word, Buena Vista is a modern town-, equipped with an electric-light plant, with a water-works system, and "with other public utilities. It is on the automobile highway between Columbus and Americus, and commands a wide territory rich in agricultural products. The Hoke Smith Institute, named for Georgia's senior Senator, is the priSe of this entire section, having twice in succession won the silver trophy for this district. Two giften women of Buena Vista enjoy wide note as educators: Miss Ida Munro and Miss Nettie Powell.

Fort Perry. Near Buena Vista, at Fort Perry, can still
be seen the breast-works thrown up by the United States infantry, when they occupied this place as a stronghold during the Creek Indian wars. Just a short distance beyond, at Poplar Spring's, quite a band of United States cavalry encamped after fording the Chattahoochee River. Both sites will probably be marked in time with appropriate memorials.

Some of the Noted Governor O. B. Colquitt, of Texas,

Sons of Marion.

the present chief magistrate of the

"Lone Star State," spent several

years of his early boyhood in Buena Vista, a town

*Acts, 1S49-1850, p. 102.

MERIWETITER

871

founded by his grandfather, David N. JBurkhalter. Judge Mark H. Blandford, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia, opened an offiice at one time in Buena Vista for the practice of law. Hon. J. E. Sheppard, of Americus, and Hon. B. S. Miller, of Columbus, two of Georgia's irtOvSt brilliant lawmakers, "were reared in Buena Vista. Former State School Commissioner W. B. Merritt was a native of Marion. Hon. William S. West, of Valdosta, who, on the death of United States Senator A. O. Bacon, in 1914, was given an ad interim appoint ment to fill this vacancy, was born on a plantation in Marion. Judge William B. Butt was a native of Buena Vista, where he practiced law until just a short while be fore his election to the Bench of the Chattahoochee Cir cuit. Marion County furnished three companies of in fantry to the Southern army, Colonel Edgar M. Butt, Captain T'aylor and Captain Blandford commanding; in addition to which a large number of volunteers went to Griffin and joined a cavalry company, led, during many fierce battles, by the gallant Captain T. M. Merritt. Some of the ablest lawyers in the State have practiced at the Buena Vista Bar. It is still ably represented by a group of strong men, among whom are Hon. William D. Crawford, Hon. William B. Short, Hon. George P. Munro, Judge John Butt, Colonel Noah Butt and.Colonel T. B. Bainey.

MEBIWETHER
Greenville. In 1827, Meriwether County was formed out of a part of Troup, and named for General
Meriwether, a distinguished officer of the State militia, prominent in treaty negotiations "with the Indians. The county-seat, fixed in the year following, was named for General Nathaniel Greene, of the Bevolution. Green ville's charter of incorporation was granted December 20, 1828, with the following residents of the town named as commissioners: Abner Durham, Joseph Cone, Levi

872 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Adams, Matthew Leverett and Abraham Ragan. 1 The Meriwether County Academy was chartered on Decem ber 22, 1828, with the following trustees, to-wit.: Alfred Wellborn, John L. Jones, Abraham Ragan, and James A. Perdue. 2 In 1836 the Greenville Female Academy was chartered with trustees named as follows : Walton B. Harris, Joseph W. Harris, Joseph ~W. Arnhoy, Kobert A. Jones, 'Gibson F. Hill and Wiley P. Burks. 8 Some of the most distinguished men of Georgia, have been former residents of Greenville, among them Judge Hiram War ner, one of Georgia's ablest jurists; Judge ;Obadiah Warren, his younger brother; Hon. Henry R. Harris, a former member of Congress, Hon. Joseph M. Terrell, a former Governor and United States Senator; Hon. William T. Eevill, a noted educator, and Judge Hiram Warner Hill, a member of the present Supreme Court of Georgia. Governor John M. Slaton was born in Green ville, but removed with his parents to Atlanta, where he grew to manhood and entered the practice of law.

Memories of

Before the Civic Club of Greenville, dur-

the Early Days, ing the month of January, 1914, Mrs.

Mary Jane Hill, then in her eighty-

fourth year, read a most delightful paper on the town of

Greenville as she knew it "when a girl. Mrs. Hill is the

only child of the late Judge Hiram M^arner, and notwith

standing her age, is still in splendid health, with a mind

vigorous in its grasp of thing's, both past and present.

From this charming paper, a few paragraphs are culled.

Says Mrs. Hill:

"Greenville-is an old town whose history dates back to the first settle ment of the county. General Hugh Ector owned the land upon which the town of Greenville was built. I was' four years old when niy parents came to make their home here in 3834. "We spent the first year in a rented house on the lot where Mrs. Jno. L. Strozier now lives. This place was owned "by Major Alex. Hall, the grandfather of Mr. A. O. Paver,-Mrs. J. E.

1 Acts, 1828, p. 149. 2 Acts, 1S2S, p. 15. 3 Acts, 1836, p. 8.

MEBIWETHER

873

Render, Mr. James Hall and other grandchildren now living in the county. Our next-door neighbor was Dr. "William Tinsley, a leading physician of the town, and the grandfather of Mrs. E. D. Render, of LaGrange.
"Among the historic houses of Greenville is the one now owned by Mr. Arthur Pinkston. This1 house was built by a Mr. Hobbs and is one of the oldest in the town. It was for many years owned by Mr. Nathan Truitt, whose wife was sister of Judge James Render. A beautiful daughter, whose name was Elizabeth, was their only child. I attended her wedding when she became the wife of Stephen Willis, of Greene County. Three children came to bless this union, two sons, who are now living in La Grange, and one daughter, who married Jack Thompson and also lives in LaGrange. After the death of Mr. "Willis, Ms widow married again, Mr. Rachels. She lived to a good old age, and passed away about one year ago. Opposite the Truitt home was that of Mr. Kobcrt Adonis Jones. His family -was' of the best. His wife, a Miss ilacon, descended from that distinguished family for which the city of Macon was named. MV. Jones died in Green ville and his grave in the cemetery is marked by a slab.
* * The building now occupied by the Civic Club and library was the residence of Mr. Isaac C. Bell. Mr. Bell was a tailor with shop in the north side of the square. Mrs. Bell was -a woman of beautiful Christian character, whose religious life so influenced her husband as to cause a reformation in him after she passed away. They now sleep side by side in the little cemetery. The next hous'e was the law office of Colonel W. D. Alexander, who came to Greenville from Virginia, and from tradition he rode horseback the whole distance. The lot on the north, where the at tractive home of Mrs. W. T. Eevill now is, was purchased, according to "old times," by Rlr. Levy M. Adams from the Inferior Court, and he erected the first building there. Mr. Adams was clerk of the Superior Court. He was also County Treasurer, lawyer and merchant. His home was noted for its hospitality and he is well remembered by many of the early settlers. The Gresham home, a little to the-northwest, which has so long been in possession of the family, was originally owned by Abram Ragan.
"Where the Presbyterian Church now stands, to the west of our home, lived two dear old ladies, the grandmother and great-aunt of Mrs. J. L. Strozier, Mrs. Martha Bobertson and Mrs, Judith Mitchell. The friend ship formed between these ladies and my mother lasted through het lifetime. Across the street, where now is the Methodist parsonage, lived Hie family of W. B. Ector.
"Two other houses were in the course of construction on this street, now known as Griffin Street. One of these was bought and has long been occupied by the family of the late Mr, Myron Ellis. The other to the east was built by Mr. Elerby. He lived only a short time in this1 house which he himself built. He died and now occupies an unmarked grave in the cemetery. My memory does1 not recall whether there was a house in the corner, of this' street,^ now occupied by the Methodist Church. .Later, I re-?

874 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
member there was a grocery there, made memorable by a bear and dog fight having occurred in the rear of it, and a drunken man sitting on the poreh singing a song beginning: --
'' On the wings of love I fly From the grocerie to groce-ry.
'' This bear fight was an event in the town, but it ended disastrously. So many were attracted to the scene that numbers of them climbed on the roof of the shed attached to the store in order to get a better view, but alas! too many sought this point of vantage, and the roof gave way, hurting several badly. One interested spectator, seated on a barrel under the shed when the roof collapsed, was crushed into the barrel.''
Judge Warner 's Judge Warner was a man of unique Narrow Escape. character. He was veritably a Roman
cast in the molds of the great Cato. One of Georgia's purest sons, he was also one of her bravest--a man to whom the instinct of moral fear was unknown. For the sake of principle he was ready to suffer the stake or the gibbet; but he was never inclined to turbulance. On the contrary, he was slow to anger, even-tempered and calm. The judicial poise of his great mind was seldom disturbed. The following incident of Wilson's raid, in 18(55, is narrated by Governor Northen. It will serve to illustrate the character of the old jurist. Says Governor Northen:
"In 1865, just after Johnston's surrender--but before it was generally known--Wilson's Federal raiders were abroad in Middle Georgia, bent on plunder. Vandalism is too weak a work to describe the petty meanness which marked the paths made by bands of Federal soldiers through certain portions of the South; and General "Wilson was' such an offender in this respect that succeeding generations have used his name to describe rapine and slaughter. Some of Wilson's raiders, visiting Meriwether County, headed for Judge Warner's home. As they approached all the whites on the plate fled except Judge "Warner and his daughter, Mrs. Hill. The latter, with an infant two weeks old, could not be moved. Her father remained with her. During the morning some cavalry detachments pass ing by stole what they could carry off. About noon another party ar rived and stopping, fed their horses, stole the silverware and robbed the smokehouse. Judge "Warner stood by in silence. But suddenly the leader, putting a pistol to his head, ordered him to accompany them. Between the house and the negro quarters was a small woodland. To this grove his oaptors' conducted Warner, and there the leader of the'band, xvearing the

MILLER

875

uniform of a Federal captain, took out Ms watch and said: "I'll give you just three minutes to tell where your gold is hidden.'' Warner pro tested that he had no gold. They replied that they had been told that he did have it and that lie must give it tip. He again denied it. They searched him and found five thousand dollars in Confederate money and fifteen thousand dollars in Central Railroad bills, which they appropriated. A't the end of three minutes the captain gave a signal. One of the men took from his horse a long leather strap with a noose at one end.. The other extemporized a gallows' by bending down the end of a stout sapling. "With an oath the officer made him select a larger and stouter tree. Judge Warner remained silent. One end of the strap was adjusted around his neck and the other fastened securely to the tree. The sapling was gradually released until the line became taut, when it was turned loose and the Judge's body dangled in the air. On reviving, he found himself upon the ground, but with the noose still around his neek. The soldiers still sur rounded him. Once more he was ordered to give up his gold under penalty of death. He replied as before. Again he was strung up and the sapling released. This was about two o 'clock in the day. When he recovered con sciousness the sun was nearly down. He lay at the foot of the sapling. The noose had been removed from his' neck. The dry leaves of the preceding autumn had been fired, and these were burning within a foot or two of his head. He always thought that the heat of the flames brought him back to consciousness and to life. The soldiers had left him for dead and had set fire to the woods. He was barely able to make his way back to the house, where he lay ill for many days.''

Woodbury is a rapidly growing town, with splendid rail way connections. It was chartered by an Act approved August 23, 1872, with the following-named commissioners', to-wit.: John R. Jones, David Muse, Henry Worthy, John E. Buchanan and William Wheeler, but the charter was subsequently amended so as to provide for a municipal form of government.* The present public school system was established in 1900, at which time the Woodbury School District was incorporated with the following board of trustees': Dr. J. M. Hooten, B. T. Baker, Dr. H. W. Clements, W. J. Smith and Dr. J. D. Sutton.*

MILLER
Colquitt. In 1856, Miller County was formed from Baker and Early Counties, and named for Hon. An
drew J. Miller, of Augusta, a distinguished legislator, whose then recent death suggested the propriety of some memorial. At the same time, the county-seat was named for Judge Walter T. Colquitt, jurist and statesman, of

876 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
whose Brilliant services tlie State was during this year bereaved. The town was incorporated on December 19, I860, with Messrs. Isaac Bush, J. S. Vann, D. P. Gunn, Thomas S, Floyd and P. M. Hopkins, as commissioners. 1 Situated on the Georgia, Florida and Alabama Railway, Colquitt occupies the center of a rich territory, "which has just commenced to develop, and the future of the town is hriglit with splendid possibilities.

Recollections Of

He was several times elected President of the

Andrew J Miller Senate, in which position he evinced the highest

administrative ability; and when, from political

majorities in the Senate, adverse to him for the time being-, he was passed

over in the choice GJ. presiding officer, his accurate knowledge of parlia

mentary law always caused him to be appealed to, in open Senate, when

difficulties arose, on points of order. During his service of twenty years,

he was the coolest, safest, and most practical mind in the Senate.

Prank H. Miller, Esq., in a letter to Major Stephen H. Miller, thus

writes of his father. "He was plain and unaffected in manner of speech,

suiting the word to the thought and expressing it as plainly as possible.

He rarely, if ever used a metaphor. His memory was his' most wonderful

gift. Ho never forgot. He could remember the minutest details years

after the event occurred. He was small of statue and a man of pleasant

address, had blue eyes, which wore the appearance of gray as he grew

older, his mouth and nose were large, and his lofty forehead expanded and

grew broader the longer he lived. Tic had an amiable, expression of coun

tenance, though there ever appeared around his' mouth those small lines

which indicated decision of character."*

MILTON
Alpharetta. In 1857 Milton was organized out of Cohb and Cherokee, and named for Hon. John
Milton, who saved the records of the State during" the Revolution. Alpharetta was made the county-seat. The town was incorporated December 11, 1858? with the fol lowing-named commissioners, to-wit.: Oliver P. Skelton, P. F. Rainwater, J. J. Stewart, Thomas J. Harris and
1 Acts, 1800, p. 86. Stephen H. Miller, in Bench and Bar of Oeorgla, Vol. 2.

MlTCHELLi----MONROE

877

Oliver P. Childers.* Though without railway connec tions, Alpharetta is a thriving town.

MITCHELL
Camilla. When a new county was made from Baker, in 1857, it was given the name of Mitchell, in
honor of Governor David B. Mitchell, a distinguished former chief executive, while the county-seat was named for the old Governor's daughter, Miss Camilla Mitchell. The town was first incorporated in 1858. It possesses a splendid public-school "system, .established In 1889, a number of up-to-date public utilities, and is commercially a prosperous town, with a most encouraging outlook.
One of the most enterprising towns of South Georgia is located in this county: Pelham. The town was named for Mkjor John Pelham, an Alabama youth, whose gallantry on the field of battle immor talized him "before he was twenty-one. His heroic dea,th has been the in spiration of poems almost without number. General Lee once wrote of him: "It is glorious to see such valor in one so young," and to Stone wall Jackson at Fredericks'burg he remarked: '' General Jackson, you ought to have a Pelham on each flank." The town was incorporated on September 14, 1881, with Hon. J. L. Hand as Mayor, and with Messrs. Cornelius Lightfoot, G. P. Green, J. C. Rhodes and J. L. Glozier Couneilmen. The corporate limits were fixed at one-half a mile in every direction from the Georgia, Florida and Western depot. To meet the demands of growth the town charter was amended in 1887 and the corporate limits extended.
MONROE
Historic Forsyth. On the highest ridge between Atlanta and Macoii, in almost the exact center
of the State, stands the old historic town of Forsyth, named for the illustrious diplomat and statesman, John

878 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Forsyth. As United States Minister to Spain, Mr. Forsyth negotiated the purchase of Florida from Ferdinand VII. He was also Governor of 'Georgia from 1827 to 1829, and afterwards a United States Senator. The town of Forsyth came into existence in 1822 when the new County of Monroe was created out of lands then re cently acquired from the Creek Indians, at which time it became the new county-seat. On December 10, 1823, it was incorporated as a town, with the following pioneer residents named as commissioners: James S. Phillips, Henry II. Luinpkin, John E. Bailey, Anderson Baldwin and Samuel Drewry.* The town was originally laid off into lots of two and one-half acres each, affording ample room for garden plots and spacious green lawns. In 1855 the town limits were extended one-half mile. The following names of pioneer settlers frequently appear in the early records: Sharp, Roddy, Cabaniss, Thomas, Lumpkin, Sanford, Dunn, Martin, Johnson, Winship, Harman, Purifoy, Bean, Stephens, Litman, O'Neal, Banks, Coleman, Phelps, Turner and Wilkes.
'Cyrus Sharp built the first brick store in Forsyth. This pioneer citizen lived to be "well past ninety years of age, and embodied in a clear memory most of the chronicles of the town. The first court was held at the residence of Henry H. Lumpkin, a brother of the great chief justice of Georgia. In the year following, a court house built of logs rose on the town square. But a stately temple of justice has long since replaced the original structure. On the court-house square stands a handsome bronze memorial to the Confederate dead.
In matters of politics, the early residents of Forsyth were either Whigs or Democrats. Judge E. G. Cabauiss was the leading Whig; Dr. E. L. Roddy the most promi-' nent Democrat. Both belonged to the Masonic order. Judge Cabaniss "was "worshipful master of the local lodge and Dr. Roddy was the high priest. The representative lawyers were: R. P. Trippe, Zach. E. Harmau and Cap-
*Acts, 1823, p. 197.

MONBOE

'

879

tain James S. Pinckard. The first town paper was The Bee, founded by Joe Coran. It afterwards merged into The Educational Journal, and later into The Monroe Advertiser. At one time it was owned by James P. Harrison, who employed as a printer's devil the afterwards renowned Joel Chandler Harris. Mr. Harris boarded at the home of Mr. Harrison. The paper is now owned by Captain O. H. B. Bloodworth, Jr. Besides Dr. Boddy, the leading- ante-bellum physicians were Drs. Stephens, Bean and Purifoy. The pioneer inns at which travelers stopped were the Lumpkin Hotel and the Thomas Hotel. There were three religious denominations: Ba,ptists, Methodists and Presbyterians. But the immersionists outnumbered the others, making Forsyth a distinctly Baptist stronghold.

Forsyth "was early recognized as an educational cen ter. First the Male Academy was organized. Its charter dates back to February 20, 1854, at which time the fol lowing trustees were named: Zacli. E. Harman, John H. Thomas, Addison Bean, Benjamin Watkius, Elbridge CK Cabaniss, Dickie "W. Collier, "William Sims, Sidney M. Smith and Joseph R. Banks. 1 This school afterwards grew into the Hilliard Institute, named for the noted ora tor and diplomat, Henry W. Hilliard, and finally into what is known today as the Banks-Stephens Institute, a flour ishing co-educational high school. The Female Academy, taught by Frances Sturgis, developed into the Monroe Female College, said to be the second oldest in the world. It is now Bessie Tift College, named for Mrs. H. H. Tift, of Tiftou, Ga., formerly Bessie Willingham, and is one of the best-known institutions of the South. 2
On December 23, 1833, the did Monroe Eailroad, which ran from Macon to Forsyth, was chartered by an Act of the Legislature, with a capital stock of $200,000, half
'Acts, 1S55-1S5G, P. 142. * See Vol. I, pp. ?91-703, of this work for a sketch of Bessie Tift.

880 GEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOBIALS AND LEGENDS
of which -was subscribed in the town of Porsyth. 'It was completed early in the fall, and by means of this steel highway the ambitious little county-seat of Monroe became the first interior town of Georgia to connect with a stream open to navigation. There was much de struction of property in the town of Forsyth during- the last days of the Civil War, but the old soldiers of the town, returning home, gave themselves with a will to the work of rehabilitation. Some of the new names which became prominent at this time were Lawton, Willingham, Rhodes and others. The first military company of Porsyth was organized under Major Black and went to the Creek Indian War of 1836 as the Monroe Mus keteers. This company afterwards disbanded, but in 1859 was reorganized as the Qnitman Guards, under Captain James Pinckard. It "was named for Governor Quitman, of Mississippi, a distinguished soldier of the Mexican War and a strong advocate of State rights. The company is now commanded by Captain O. H. B. Bloodworth, Jr. Porsyth has grown slowly, but steadily. It has always stood for conservatism, and for the safe busi ness methods of the old school. It has shaped much" of Georgia's history, and has been the home of some of her most noted men.

Distinguished Prom the earliest days, Porsyth was noted

Residents.

as a seat of culture, in consequence of

which scores of the best families in the

State were attracted to the town. Included among the

Georgians of note -who have resided here may be men

tioned : Judge Robert !P. Trippe, a former member of

Congress, afterwards a Judge of the Supreme Court of

Georgia; Judge Elbridge G. Cabaniss, a noted jurist;

his son, Judge Thomas B. Cabaniss, a former member of

Congress, and now a judge of the Superior Court; Judp;e

Cincinnatus Peeples, who afterwards went to Atlanta^

one of the strongest judges and one of the best lawyers

MONROE

881

in the State; Judge Alexander M. Speer, an occupant of the Supreme Court Bench; General L. L. Griffin, the first president of the Monroe Eailroad, for whom the town of Griffin was named; Colonel A. D. Hammond, Colonel B. L. Berner, Hon. "W. H. Head, a distinguished financier and legislator, also a veteran of two wars ; Dr. H. H. Tucker and Dr. Shaler G. Hillyer, two renowned Baptist theologians and ediicators; General Gilbert ,T. Wright, a noted Confederate brigadier; General Philip Cook, soldier, Congressman and Secretary of State, who once practiced law in Forsyth; Hon. Zach. E. Harman; Hon. O. H. B. Bloodworth, Sr., Hon. B. S. Willing-ham, widely known as the author of the famous Willing-ham Prohibition bill, besides a host of others whose names are familiar at almost every Georgia fireside.
Many important political meetings have been held in the grove surrounding the historic home of Judge T. B. Cabaniss, and among the eloquent Georgians who here once thrilled the multitudes in joint debate were Robert Toombs and Alexander H. Stephens. But there are other historic homes in Forsyth. The fine old residence of Dr. J. O. Elrod is associated 'with memories of four distin guished former occupants: Dr. H. H. Tucker, Judge B. P. Trippe, Judge Alexander M; Speer and Colonel A. D. Hammond. Another historic home was the one built by Captain James S>. Pinckard, now the residence of Mrs. Richard P. Brooks, former regent of the Pied mont Continental Chapter, D. A. E., of Atlanta, and founder of the James Monroe Chapter, D. A. E., of For syth. This home -was headquarters for doctors and of ficers during the Civil War.

Revolutionary Over the grave of William Ogletree, a

Soldiers.

Revolutionary soldier buried near Cog-

gans, the Piedmont Continental Chapter,

D. A. B., of Atlanta, has unveiled during the present year

.a handsome marker. Impressive exercises were held in

882 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
connection with the unveiling, at which, time a large number of the old hero's lineal descendants gathered with the Daughters of the Revolution to honor the memory of a revered ancestor. The James Monroe Chapter, of Forsyth, was also present by special invitation. Mr. JoHn Mott made a brief speech, introducing Mrs. Richard P. Brooks, regent of the Piedmont Continental Chapter, who made a fine address. She was followed by the orator of the occasion, Professor J. P. Mott, of Brunswick. Mrs. J. O. Ponder, of Forsyth, regent of the James Mon roe Chapter, made a short address on behalf of her chapter, after which the exercises were concluded with a few eloquent remarks by Mr. C. O. Goodwyne, of For syth. Four great-great-granddaughters of the old sol dier unveiled the marker: Misses Ora Evans, Christine Goodwyne, Nellie Goodwyne and Louise Sutton, all of Monroe.
Brittain Rogers, a soldier of the Revolution, is buried in the lower part of Monroe, near Rogers Methodist Church. He was under the command of Colonel Elijah Clarke. He drew a bounty of 287~I/ o acres of land, located in what was then Washington County, now Hancock, on Shoulderbone Creek, as appears of record in the Secre tary of State's office, at the Capitol. Mr. Rogers after wards removed from Hancock and became one of the first settlers of Monroe, where he died. On the monument erected over his grave is the following inscription:
Historic Colloden. One of the most noted little towns in the State is' situated some sixteen miles from Forsyth, in
the extreme southern part of the county--Colloden. It was named for a

MORGAN

883

wealthy Scotch gentleman by the name of William Colloden, an early settler. On account of the healthfulnesB of the climate, it began at an early date to attract some of the best people of the State, who established and maintained excellent schools here, and who acquired a degree of culture which was not to be surpassed, even in old settled communities like Savannah. The Colloden Female Seminary was a pioneer school founded here by the Methodists; and, under Dr. John Darby, it became quite a celebrated institution. Here the distinguished United States Senator, jurist, and writer of books, Judge Thomas M. Norwood, spent his boyhood days. Here the gifted Alexander Speer, formerly Secretary of State of South Carolina, noted as an orator, both in the pulpit and on the hustings, brought his children to be educated. These became famous men in Georgia: Judge Alexander M. Speer, an occupant of the Supreme Bench, and Dr. Eustace W. Speer, an eloquent Methodist divine and a. ripe scholar. The latter was the father of the brilliant Federal jurist, Judge Emory Speer, of Macon. Governor James M'. Smith was educated in the Colloden High School. Colonel N. J. Hammoncl, a former member of Congress and a lawyer with few equals at the bar of Georgia, spent the youhtful period of his life in the town of Colloden; and here two consecrated brothers, Dr. W. F. Cook and Dr. J. O. A. Cook, both of them ministers of note in the Methodist Church, were equipped for useful careers. It will be diffi cult to find a community of equal size in the United States which can par allel this list. For a number of years after the war, the little town lan guished; but with the building of a railway line through this part of the county, it has commenced to exhibit distinct signs of revival.

MORGAN
Madison. On December 7, 1807, the County of Morgan was created out of a part of Baldwin, and
named for General Daniel Morgan, of the Revolution. Madison was made the county-seat of Morgan by an Act approved December 12, 1809, and was at the same time incorporated as a town, with the following-named com missioners, to-wit.: James Matthews, William Mitchell, James Mitchell, Abner Tanner and John B. Whiteley. 1 There were no better people in Georgia than the pioneer settlers who first came to Morgan, and to judge from the number of charters granted by the Legislature for acade mies in various parts of the county, there was no failure
1 Clayton's Compendium, p. 555.

884 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MBMOBIALS AND LEGENDS
to appreciate the value of learning. Due to unsettled conditions, the growth of Madison was at first slow; but when the Georgia Bailway was completed to this place in the eigiiteen-forties a new era of development began. As editor, of a local newspaper, Colonel William T. Thompson "wrote his renowned letters under the pseu donym of Major Jones. These gave him a national rep utation as a humorist. At a later period, he established the SavanaJi Morning News, -which he edited for nearly forty years.
In 1850, two schools of wide note were founded. Tho first of these was chartered as the Madison Collegiate Institute, with the following board of trustees: Elijah E. Jones, John B. Walker, Zachariah Fears, Thomas J. Burney, Edmund Walker, Charles M. Irvin, William S. 'Stokes, James F. Swanson, J. ^V. Fears, Benjamin Har ris, Benjamin M. Peeples, Nathan Massey, R. P. Zimmerman, Nathaniel G. Foster and William W. B. Crawford.2 The other school was chartered as the Madison Female College, with trustees named as follows: Adam G. Saffold, Wilde Kolb, John Eobson, William V. Barnley, Lncius L. Wittich, Gay Smith, Alfred Shaw, Thomas P. Baldwin, Hugh J. Ogilby, Tliaddeus B. Beese, Dawson B, Lane, Samuel Pennington, ^Villiam J. Parks, Caleb W. Key, M. H. Ilebbard, Isaac Boring, John "W. Glenu and J. G. Pearce. 8 Madison has been the home of some of Georgia's most distinguished sons, including United States Senator Joshua Hill, Colonel David B. Butler, Judge Alexander M. Speer. Judge Augustus Ee4ese, the Saffolds, Adam and Reuben; Nathaniel G. Foster, Dr. J. C. C. Blackburn and a host of others. Some of the stately homes of the old regime are still standing- in Madison; but while the past is reverenced for its ideals, the progressive enterprise of the town is typical of the new South.
2 Acts, 1849-1850, p. 112,
3 Acts, 1849-1850, p. 108,

MORGAN

885

Launcelot John- On a Morgan County plantation origi-

tone's Great

nated an economic process which today

Invention.

underlies one of the greatest industrial

activities of the world--the manufacture

of cotton-seed oil. As the result of this marvelous in

vention an industry of vast proportions has been created

and what was formerly considered a waste product has

been the means of putting millions of dollars into the

pockets of the Southern farmer. The first successful

effort ever made to extract oil from cotton seed was made

by Launcelot Jolmstone, Esq., within a quarter of a mile

from the court-house in Madison. Mr. Johnstone was

an extensive ante-bellum planter, "whose scientific experi

ments in practical agriculture placed him at least half

a century in advance of his times. The records of the

Patent Office in M^ashington, I>. C., 'will show that be

tween 1830 and 1832 Mr. Johnston was granted an ex

clusive patent for a cotton-seed huller, the first device

of its kind ever constructed; and, in operating his patent

he made large quantities of cotton-seed oil, some of which

he used "with white lead for house painting. Shingles

which ho saturated in cotton-seed oil remained on his

house for more than sixty years. Mr. Johnstone s

buried just in the rear of the old homestead, where, in

a modest way, he began to lay the foundations of what

has since developed into one of the most colossal indus

tries of our age. His crude experiments marked an

epoch in the history of manufacture by wresting from

nature a secret "worth untold millions; and though he has

long slept the deep sleep from "which no pean of earthly

praise can ever wake him, it is not too late to accord him

the distinction to which he is rightfully entitled as the

real father of the cotton-seed oil industry of the United

States.

Madison's His- White's Statistics of Georgia, published in 1845, con-

toric Homes.

tains this statement: "Madison, Georgia, is the wealth

iest and most aristocratic village on, the stage-coach

route between Charleston and New Orleans.'' One still finds' here much

886 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of this ancient prestige. The old-fashioned homes contain their handsome mahogany, silver, cut-glass, libraries of rare old volumes', paintings, and many of their old jewels and laces. A few of these splendid places have passed into the hands of strangers, but most of them are still owned and loved and Jived in by the descendants of their original builders, some occu pied by the fourth and a few by even the fifth generation.
Well, indeed, might the Author "White'have been impressed as he jour neyed in the old stage-coach, past the plantation home of Judge Joseph Lumpkin, now owned by Miss Emma High, with its mantels ten feet wide and eight-feet high framing, even on summer days great blazing logs of wood eight feet long (fires were counted healthful every day in the year), swiftly drawing near with crack of whip and blowing horn to the little tavern (now owned by Mr. J. A. Hilsman) on the edge of the town. They doubtless here tarried, where an abundant dinner with much liquid refresh ment awaited the travelers. Then with four fresh prancing horses in the harness and more cracking of whip and blowing of horn majestically they swept down what as then the "Old Indian Trail' 7 (now West Avenue)' past the June Smith House (now occupied by Mr. J. A. Hilsman), the Killian Cottage (former home of Mrs. Grant, who with her husband gave Grant Park to Atlanta, now the home of Mr. W. H. Butts), the Ike Walton place (now closed), the beautiful John B. Walker estate (Mr. P. W. Bearden), the old Butler homestead (Misses Daisy and Bessie Butler), the Peter Walton, Sr., house (Mrs. Godfrey-Walton-Trammell), the Hill house (Mrs. Bowles Hill Obear), the Stokes-McHenry place (Mr. J. G. MeHenry),- the Kolb house (Hon. John T. Newton), the Jones place (Mr. S. A. Turnell), "the old house built by the Northern man, who had on his walls tapestry covered with scenes from Lalla Ehook and South American forests" (Mr. M. L. Richter), the dozen one-story stores', the old court-house with it gray monument on the left, erected in honor of Benjamin Braswell, who left his fortune to educate and clothe indigent orphans of the county.
With many a flourish up to the little wooden post-office building, they were soon off again on the same "Old Indian Trail" (now North Main Street), past other splendid residences, the Douglass1 home (Mir. J. W. and Kiss Gertrude Douglas), the Cohen house (Mrs. Rebecca Cohen Pou), the Campbell place (Mr. Mason Williams), the Martin Home (Judge H. W. Baldwin), the Billiups residence (Mi's. Cone-Daniels-Billups), the Saffold mansion (Mr. D. P. Few) with its many splendid columns and large grounds; having caught glimpses on cross streets and parallel ones of other stately well kept places, the old Georgia Female College, whose charter dated only a few weeks later than Wesleyan's; its president's home, Rev. George Y. Browne (Mr. Q. L. Williford), the Wade-Langston home (Mr. H. H. Fitzpatrick), the old Porter place (Mrs. Louise Turnbull), the Judge Stewart Floyd house (Judge Frederick Floyd Foster), the A. G. Foster house (recently burned), the Judge Augustus Reese house (Mrs. Elizabeth Speers), the A. G. Johns'on (Mrs. Sallie Johnson Penn), the

MONTGOMERY

887

famous "Mrs. Cook's house" (JLrs. J. B. Chilcls), a Northern woman, whose only son was the first Confederate soldier from Morgan County killed in batttle and whose mother taught in the little school-house in her back-yard every child in the town from 1845 until 1888, leaving a part of her little fortune for a town clock, and whose memorial is a beautiful fountain on the city" square; then the solid old Academy, where Hon. Alex. Stephens' began his career as a school teacher, as well as many other buildings noted for their beauty and fame. leaving the town behind, and approaching the cottage of one who afterwards became the famous guide of General Lee, "Hed-Headed Hume" of Virginia (his childhood home), and rolling away amid fertile plantations, the picture left in the mind might well be described in the words of the author of "White's Statistics": "The wealthiest and most artistocratie village on the stage
coach route.' '*

MONTGOMERY
This charmingly written sketch is from the pen of Hon. H. B. Folsom, owner and editor of the "Montgomery Monitor," published at Mount Vernon, Ga., one of the best-known weekly newspapers in the State. Over 200 miles were traversed by Mr. Folsom in gathering his materials for the above sketch. With an up-to-date photographic outfit, he also took the splendid views which accompany this article, and to say that he has made a most important contribution to the State's historical literature is to assert what every one who reads this luminous account of Gov. Troup's last days must admit. Mr. Folsom prepared this sketch while engaged in an arduous but successful fight before the Legislature to prevent a further partition of Montgomery County's territory by a land-grabbing mania to form new connties in Georgia.--L. I>. K.
Gov. Troup's Studied words of praise or deep-chiseled Last Days, marble cannot recall the acts of yesterday.
Neither can the future replace the losses of the past; and to touch chords that have ceased to vibrate is but to wait before a fountain 'whose waters have wasted away. It is not the purpose of this brief sketch to deal "with the public life and achievements of one so illustrious in Georgia history, but in limited meas ure recall the latter-day surroundings of Governor George Michael Troup. His useful life has been and will continue to be a theme for the mature historian: his brilliant career is fixed in history--**A Roman in feature, and a Roman in soul."
"Authority: Miss Bessie Butler, Madison, Ga,

888 GBOEGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOKIALS AND LEGENDS

New Facts

Definite record of his closing days has

Brought to Light, seldom, if ever, been given to public

print; errors concerning his resting-

place are plentiful, though apparently innocent. First

hand information for this sketch comes largely from

aged citizens of Montgomery County, who, in their youth,

knew the statesman and saw his lifeless body laid away.

Permanent evidence of his burial place is had in the

native sand-stone "wall surrounding his grave in the

northwestern part of Montgomery County, where he has

rested for more than half a century. Old age and in

firmity having overtaken this distinguished figure, he

sought the quietude and comfort of numerous homes,

visiting them in methodical rotation.

Valdosta: His

The Valdosta plantation, in Laurens

Favorite Mansion. County, was distinctly the bower of

his retirement--his retreat after the

cares of State, and the home of his friends. From this

abode came some of his strongest documents, dating to

within a few days of his death. The Valdosta mansion,

for such it was in ante-bellum days, was a largo six-room

log structure, triple-pen style, divided with halls and

nearly surrounded with broad verandas and fitted with

chimneys of clay. To this was annexed in 1852 a large

room, used as a reception chamber. This was substan

tially built of 6 x 10-incli dressed timbers, laid edgewise

and intricately dovetailed and spiked with hand-forged

nails, something of the workmanship being shown by one

of the accompanying cuts. The interior was plastered,

making it a tnost durable structure. It was by far the

most palatial of the Troup homes, but is now in ruins.

The sand-stone chimney, with its liberal fireplace, has

to sorne extent stood the ravages of time. Carved in the

upper portion of this chimney, outside, may be seen the

Governor's name and the date of construction. This

home graced a beautiful eminence, from which, even now,

MONTGOMERY

889

may be seen the splendid little city of Dublin, seven miles
to the north.
Tho Vallombrosa and Turkey Creek plantations,, in
Laurens County, formed a part of the Troup holdings, but our research being limited and the intent of this sketch not demanding it, reference to them cannot be ac curately made. The other plantations, extending south
ward on the Oconee River, were the Horseshoe place, in
Montgomery (now Wheeler) County; Eosemont, east of the river, in Montgomery County; the Mitchell place,
west of the river (originally settled by Hartwell Mitch-
ell, 1814), in Montgomery (now Wheeler) County, oppo site Mount Vernou and south of Greenwood. Bach home stead lias its special interest, for, under his regular plan
of visiting, an open and well-ordered home awaited its landlord's coming. Each estate was supervised by an overseer, and each slave had a task assigned for the day. Perfect svstem regulated all labors.

Dies on the Mit- Shortly before the Governor's death a chell Plantation, message from the overseer on the
Mitchell place, William Bridges, an
nounced an unruly disposition on the part of a certain negro slave. With his faithful coachman, the aged Gov ernor was soon at the lower plantation, thirty-five miles
from Valdosta. It is needless to say that proper chas tisement broke the "unruly spirit; however, cruel treat
ment of slaves was unknown on the Tronp plantations. On reaching the Mitchell place, fatigued by the hurried trip, the Governor became ill, and five days brought the end. He -was removed from his residence, nearby, long
since decayed, and tenderly cared for at the home of Overseer Bridges, where he died April 26, 1856. Smart Roberson, a colored slave, was mounted on a spirited
young horse and dispatched to GJynii County to bear Ihe sad tidings to Colonel Thomas M. Forman, his son-in-
law (husband of the eldest daughter, Florida, who died

890 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
two years before). Before reaching his destination, the steed was overtaxed by his rider's haste and fell by the wayside. Faithful Smart, undaunted, pressed on on foot and delivered his message. Madison Moore, the coach man, with a vac-ant seat, returned post-haste to Valdosta for the younger daughter, Oralie, and other mem bers of the family.
How the Old Gov- With few members of the family ernor was Buried. present, preparations were made for
the burial. A coffin was made from wide boards taken from the porch of a new home of Peter Morrison. The plank having been laid but unnailed, were easily removed by willing 'hands. This enclosure was constructed at the workshop of John Morri son, two miles from the Troup residence. His handiwork! was aided by his son, Daniel, together with the assist ance of Dunean Buchanan. The nails were wrought by Peter Morrison, the blacksmith. The Colonel "was a reg ular patron of this little shop. On the lid of the box brass tacks formed this humble tribute: "An Honest Heart." The venerable statesman was enshrouded in a winding sheet (the custom of the day) prepared by Mrs. Eliza beth Morrison, whose skill, like that of Dorcas of old, should be told as a memorial. She was the wife of the old woodworker. Material for the shroud was taken from a bolt of white linen, a portion of "which also lent comfort to the rude coffin.
Gov. Troup 'a Tomb. The statesman was laid to rest at Rosemont, beside the body of his
brother, Robert Lachlan Troup, to whose memory a shaft had been erected by the 'Governor and his son, G-. M., Jr. (the latter having died two years after his father). The marble shaft, about ten feet tall, was finished in

TOMB OF GOV. GEORGE M. TRQUP: Qn the Rosemont Plantation In Montgomery Co., Ga,

MONTGOMERY

891

Augusta, and stands In the center of the enclosure. On the front face will be seen the inscription:
3recte<3 by G. M1. Troup, the Brother, : id G. Mi. Troupp., Jim., the Nephew, as atrib ;e of
Section to th i memory of JR. Jj. Troup, wh died SeptemTibbeer 23, j1.8o4to8, ageda 0614 years. AnI honest man with a good mind and a good heart
After the Governor's burial there was recessed into the front of the base a marble slab, 2x3 feet, and seen through the open door of the enclosure, bearing- this inscription:
GEORGE MICHAEL TROUP. Born Septr. gth 17SO. Died April 26th 1856.
JSTo epitaph can tell his worth. The History of Georgia must perpetuate
His virtues and commemorate his Patriotism. There he teaches us
the argument being exhausted, to Stand by our Arms."

The enclosure, a most creditable affair, about 17x25 feet, is made of sand-stone, quarried from Berryhill Blui, on the Oconee River, near by, and fragments left by workmen may now be seen strewn in the rear of the tombthe splendid iron door, oft-times ajar, whose lock has long- since been removed, was cast by D. & W. Rose, of Savannah. Grovernor Troup rests (according- to the best information) on the right of the shaft, the single box coffin being used to avoid excavation too near the pedestal. There, among the wildwood, may be seen a rose bush, still blooming-, the tribute of a faithful slave woman, long since in her lowly grave, among those of her kind. Near the tomb, which is now surrounded by a friendly little clump or trees (reduced in size, contrary to wishes of its owner), stood the Rosemont homestead, owned at the time of his death by R. L. Troup; but in

892 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
his will, dated only two days before death overtook him, Eosemont, with all personal property, was consigned to Ills brother, the Governor, and nephew, Gr. M. Troup, Jr. As exceptions, a 15-year-old colored girl was given to a friend, and the sum of 3,000 in cash assigned to Robert T., son of Dr. James McGrillivray Troup, the youngest of the six Troup brothers, then .residing in Grlynn County. One of our illustrations shows half a section of the Eosemont dwelling, a double-pen log af fair, many years ag'o cut from its mate and removed to a distant part of the field, but still well preserved. A deserted and lonely old barn now stands vigil over the site of this once happy retreat. Broad fields of cotton and corn have displaced the luxuriant forests of bygone days, the sound of the hunter's horn and the bay of the hounds is hushed forever, for during his earlier man hood the field and stream "were resorted to by Gfovernor Troup and his brothers.
Of the Horseshoe place nothing remains of forme*r days, and it, too, is forgotten by the tiller of the precious soil as he sows and reaps on historic ground. Allowing a reference to the Turkey Creek plantation, and to fur ther show the indomitable will power of the beloved statesman, it may be said that, just prior to his last journey to the Mitchell place, he wrote his overseer on the Turkey Creek farm, concerning a dispute with a neighbor of that community: "If I have not right on my side, I will surrender, but not compromise." Doubt less his last message.

CJov. Troup's Life But back to old Valdosta! There re-

as a Planter.

mains on this massive plantation a

number of the Troup slaves and their

descendants, and their accounts of former (possibly hap

pier) days would fill a volume. Here, as on his jour

neys, the celebrated executive was surrounded by a full

retinue of servants, who responded to his every beck

Old Barn on the Roscmont Plantation, Appurte merit to TWO INTERESTING VIEWS OF ROSEMONT.

MONTGOMERY

893

and call. Some of these were: George Baker, body serv ant ; Timothy Baker, footman; Madison Moore, coach man ; Eichard Baker, horseman; George Hester, car penter and all-around man. He, it is said, built the Valdosta annex referred to, being- at the time, also a licensed pilot on the Governor's river steamer. A special pair of carriage horses, three single bnggy horses and three saddle horses were kept groomed for the master's use. Space "will forbid a further reference to the home life. Betsy Hester, of continued memory, was the house serv ant, and, with many others, lived to a ripe old age. The servants are buried in a plat set aside for the slaves, and many of their graves are "well marked. George Baker was well educated, and was allowed to assist the Colonel with his reading and writing. The Governor retired at four in the afternoon, invariably, and arose at seven in the morning--ready for all contingencies.
Sad, and as voices from the past, come the stories told by these trembling lips, and dimmed eyes that seem to review the dnys rilled -with happiness to them. Now and then a tear is shed in memory of the past. Time, in its eternal passage, has dealt gently with some of them, now ready for the grave--willing to follow their master to the ground made sacred to them by his habitation and kindness to them. These human landmarks, modest in form and bowed with age, are still beautiful reminders of the past and preservers of memories which die not, though the years come and go. But the departed mas ter! Sadly lingering thought: He sleeps in a tomb his loving hands built for another, and their dust is min gled together 'neath the shades of Rosemont, where the soft-moving waters of the Oconee murmur an eternal requiem of peace.

Mount Vernon. One of the oldest counties in the State,
Montgomery, -was organized in 1793 from Washington and Wilkinson Counties, and named
for Major-General Eichard Montgomery, who fell at the.

894 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
siege of Quebec in 1775. Due to unsettled conditions along the border, growing cliiefly out of the Oconee War, it was fully twenty years before a permanent site for public buildings was finally made. At last, on November 30, 1813, an Act was approved by Governor Early, making the county-seat permanent at a place to be given the name of Washington's home on the Potomac River. The Mount Vernon Academy was chartered in 1810, and later, on December 11, 1841, the Montgomery County Academy was granted a charter with the following board of trus tees, to-wit.: John McBae, Sr., Wiley Adams, John Paterson, William Joice, Anthony Phillips, Joseph Kyals, Andrew AVilliamson, William Clark and James Chaney.* Brewton-Parker Institute, located between Mount Ver non and Alley, on the Seaboard Air Line, is one of the flourishing high schools of the State, founded by Rev. J. C. Brewton, D. D. Rather a seat of culture than a center of trade, the capital of Montgomery County has entered upon a new era of growth since the completion of the Seaboard Air Line, and the prospects of the town, from a commercial point of view, are bright with promise. There is not a richer agricultural belt in Georgia than the one which immediately surrounds Mount Vernon. This section of Georgia, was largely settled by ScotchIrish immigrants from the State of North Carolina, and there are scores of families living in the county whosQ representatives still bear the names of Highland clans.
Much of the original territory of Montgomery has been taken to form other counties in Georgia.
Richard Montgomery We are indebted to the pen of Dr. William B. Burroughs, of Brunswick,, for the following
sketch of Major-General Montgomery, for whom this county was named. Says he:
"Richard Montgomery was born in the north of Ireland 1737. At the age of 22 we find, him with Wolfe at the storming of Quebec; he

MURRAY

895

was in the campaign against the Spanish "West Indies, and shortly after quit his regiment and returned home. In 1772 he returned to America, bought an estate on the Hudson, and married a daughter of Robert R. Livingston. When the Revolution broke out he joined the Colonists and was made second in command in 1775 under General Schuyler. In the expedition against Canada General Sehuyler "being sick, he took command and was was commissioned Major-General before he reached Quebec. He had every difficulty to contend with--mutinous' troops, scarcity of pro visions and ammunition, want of clothing, deserters, etc. The eloquence of a Chatham and a Burke lauded his merit in the British Parliament. The Colonial Congress passed resolutions of grateful remembrance, profound respect, high veneration, and voted to erect a monument in front of St. Paul's Church, in New York City. The monument is still standing, and bears the following inscription:

monument is erected by order of Congress " 25 of January 1776
to transmit to Posterity a grateful remembrance of the patriotic Conduct, enterprise and perseverance of MajorGeneral RICHARD MONTGOMERY, who after a series of success, amid the most discouraging difficulties Fell in the attack on Quebec, 31 December 1775, age 37 years.'
"In 1818 his widow made a request to the Governor of Canada, Sir John Sherbroke, to allow his remains to be disinterred and brought to New York. The request was granted and the State of New York caused the remains of this distinguished hero to be brought from Quebec and placed in St. Paul's Church in New York."

MURRAY
Spring- Place. Spring Place, the historic old country-seat of Murray, is redolent with time-honored
memories. Early in the last century a mission was planted here among- the Cohntta Mountains by the pions Moravians. It flourished for years, hut with the removal of the Cherokee Indians to the West it was discontinued. In 1832, when Murray County was organized ont of a part of the Cherokee lands and named for Hon. Thomas

896 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
"W. Murray, of Lincoln, Spring1 Place was made the county-seat, a distinction which it retained until 1912, when the county-seat was removed to Chattsworth. As yet no public buildings have been erected in the latter town, and the question of a permanent site is involved in some dispute. Spring- Place was the home of a noted Indian chief, Vann, whose residence is still standing-, one of the few landmarks of a vanished race. John Howard Payne, the famous author of "Home, Sweet Home,'* was here detained as a prisoner in 183*6, on the eve of the Cherokee removal. Spring- Place was chartered as a town in 1834, with the following commissioners : William N. Bishop, John J. Humphries, John S. Bell, Seaborn Lenter and Burton McGee.*-
Fort Mountain. Six miles and a half to the northeast of Spring Place looms a peak of the Cohutta Mountains, near-the sum
mit of which can still be seen the ruins of an old fort, the origin of which is shrouded in a thick veil of traditions. This ancient landmark of a region famed for its great natural "beauty is known as Fort Mountain, so called from tlie remnants of this old fort, some of the legends connected with which reach back over a stretch of four centuries to the romantic days of De Soto. But no one who thoughtfully examines what is left of the old fort can accept readily the account which credits its erection to the Span iards. There were originally not less than, twelve walls in this defensive stronghold. Its erection required time; and, according to the Spanish nar ratives, less than two weeks were spent in this region, after which the gold seekers proceeded to what is' now the city of Rome. Two stoppingplaces of De Soto have "been identified as towns included within the original limits of Murray County, viz., Gauxule and Conasauga; "but since in both of these towns he was accorded friendly receptions there existed no occa sion for hostile maneuvers, such as the building of a fort would lead us to infer. The rules' of historical criticism forbid an assumption that the ruins on Fort Mountain date back to DeSoto, but a former occupancy of this region by Europeans is strongly intimated, if not unmistakably proven, by these remains. We are indebted to Professor S. "W. McCallie, State Geologist, for a table of measurements, showing how each of the twelve walls of the old fort ran. This table is given below, as follows:
*Acts, 1834, p. 248.

MURRAY

897

SE. 40 feet to pit; 160 to gate at spring, N. 60 " E. 7-0 " N. 20 ' '

S. 80 E. 60 NE. 100 "
S. 80 E. 70 " E. 20 " N. 120
NE. 90 ' ' N. 10 E. 30 "
NE. 80 "

(2 towers)

Says Prof. MeCallie: "The old fort is located just a short distance from the highest point of the mountain. Some 250 yards from the main gateway to the, fort is a spring. The walls are nowhere more than, two feet high, but have a base of more than twelve feet. The masonry about the gateway is somewhat massive. All the stones in the wall can be re moved by two men, except for a few boulders in a section over which the wall passes. There, are many loose fragments on top of the mountain, from which the fort was no doubt constructed.''
But, while DeSoto may not have built the stronghold on "Port Mountain, the antiquarians are for the most part agreed that he visited what is' now Murray County, during his' famous quest for gold in 1540. In sup port of this tradition, we quote from an original source ' ' The Travels of a Portuguese Gentleman,'' translated by "Richard Haklupt:
Says this account: * ' As the Governor (DeSoto) came to a town called Oonasauga there met him on the way twenty Indians, every one loaded with baskets of mulberries and butter and honey in calabashes. . . . From the time the Governor departed from Conasauga he jour neyed through a desert to Chiaha (where the town of Home now stands). This town was on an island between two arms of a river and was seated high upon one of them. The river divideth itself into those two branches. DeSoto rested there thirty days, and the Indians told him of a rich coun try toward the North where there was' to be found copper and another metal of the same color, save that it was finer and a far more perfect color, which they called talla-nuca, or yellow earth. " It is a well-established fact that from the earliest times copper was ding from the hills of Murray County by the Cherokee Indians. The hinges on the doors of the old Mission at Spring Place are of beaten copper, and are said to have been made by the red men. Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr., our foremost his torical scholar, identifies Gauxule, the town mentioned, in the Spanish nar ratives, as Coosawattee Old Town, in which is now Murray County; and Conasauga he identifies as a town on what was afterwards the site of New Echota, at the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee Elvers, in what is' now Gordon County, Ga. En route from Nacoochee Valley to

898 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Ganxule only five days were spent by the Spaniards; between ?? ? ?? Ganxule and Conasanga they consumed only two days; and between Conasauga and Rome they occupied only twelve days; so it hardly seems prob able that the stronghold on Fort Mountain was built by DeSoto, though it may have been constructed by Eiireopeans, and possibly by Spaniards at a later period.

Indian House: The

Outlined against the blue Cohutta Mountains, at

Home Of Chief Vann. SP""S Place, ** a famous old red brick man

sion, known as the ' * Indian House.'' It was

built by Chief Vann and today stands strong and unwrecked by time. The

brick used in construction was hauled from Savannah, while the quaintly

constructed stairway, which has no visible support, and high hand-carved

mantels were brought from beyond the seas.

Dark and fearsome tales are told of its early days, blood-stains' still

to be seen on attic walls, and mysterious hints' of secret places containing

hidden treasure, known only to the Indian, and never divulged to the white

man. "Vann was one of the two chiefs who befriended the Moravian mis

sionaries who, in 1901, established the Moravian mission at Spring Place,

the first mission to the Cherokee Indians. This mission was built near the

large spring from which Spring Place had its name, and was an unpreten

tious log house.

In 1865 the structure was demolished, and no trace now remains, but

a few rocks mark the spot where Rev. Abraham Steiner and G. Byhan

labored so faithfully. Later many other missionaries' were employed to

teach the people the arts of civilized life. Mr. Steiner is authority for

the statement that Chief Vann built the first wagon in the Cherokee Na

tion, for which he was severely censured by the Council, and forbidden

the use of such a vehicle. The objection was, ' ' If you have wagons,

there must be wagon roads; and if wagon roads, the whites will be among us. ''

Just where Chief Ridge lived has been the subject of much discussion. He was born about 1771 at Hiawassee, his father a full-blooded Cherokee and his mother a Cherokee half-breed. By the Indians he was called Kah-ming-da-ha-geh ('' man who -walks on the mountain top '') He be came at the age of twenty-one a member of the Cherokee Council, and when he rode to the Cherokee Council Ground on an old white horse, poorly clothed and with few ornaments, he was ridiculed, and some of the chiefs proposed to exclude him from their council. He soon won their confidence and became one of the chiefs of their nation. His son, John Ridge, at tended the missionary school at Spring Place, and later an Eastern school. Tradition asserts that either Major Ridge or his son John Ridge built the old Indian House south of Spring Place which at the Indian exile passed into the possession of Farrish Carter, and is still owned by the

MURRAY

899

Carter family, members of which, clown to the fourth generation, gather yearly at the quaint old house, which still claims its narrow stair\vay, tiuy windows and hand-carved mantels.*

Traditions Of

It is not known with certainty when the first settle-

the Oherokees ment of whites was made within the limits of what

is now Murray County, but there is a tradition to the

effect that white traders from this section participated in the battle of

King's Mountain, during the Revolution, none of whom ever returned to

their cabin homes. Toward the latter part of the eighteenth century s,

number of white families from the Caroliuas and from lower Georgia

settled at what was then called Vann's Station, on the site of the present

town of Spring Place. The Cherokees had at this time become fairly

civilized. They occupied fixed places of abode, some of them owning negro

slaves, with whom they cultivated extensive tracts of land in the fertile

valleys. The most conspicuous among the leaders of the nation at this time were half-breeds' like Ridge, Vann, Hicks, Boudinot, and Ross.

Chief Vann's father was a full-blooded white. His name was James

Vann and, to escape the consequences of a homicide committed by him

in South Carolina, it is said that he fled to the Indians for protection.

The exact time of his appearance upon the scene is unknown. He married

an Indian girl, acquired a large tract of land on Mill Creek, and owned

a number of slaves. His property at his death was inherited by his sons,

of whom there were several. In an old court record (3834) may be found

an injunction against one William M. Bishop, forbidding him to trespass

on twenty-three specified lots of land belonging to Joseph Vann. Dr.

George M'ellen, in an article on the old Federal road, refers to the owner

of the famous Vann House as David Vannj but Rev. W. J. Cotter, a dis

tinguished octog-enarian, who spent his boyhood in Murray County, speaks

of him as Chief Joseph Vann, adding that he knew this noted old Indian

chief well. Mr. Cotter's exact words may be found in an article published

in the Wesleyan Christian Advooate\ during the year 1910. He describes

the chief as over six feet in height. He says that he was possessed of very-

large means; that he employed skilled workman in building his house,

and that when completed and furnished it was one of the handsomest homes

in the State. We have no record as to when this house was built, But in

Ramsey '& Annals it is stated that the Moravian missionaries were given

land by Chief Vann near his own house on which to erect their mission

house in 1801. Although the mission house was not finished until 1S17,

the first missionaries, Rev. George Byhon and Rev. Abraham Steiner, were

*Miss WilHe S. Wliite, of Dalton, contributes this sketch. The author ities consulted by her are as follows: White's Statistics, Re-.-. A. R. T.

900 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
here long "before this elate. The old mission house was torn clown by Mr. Lern Jones about 1865.
Chief Ross lived where the city of Borne now stands, and dated his letters "Head of the Coosa," but he later moved into Tennessee to Boss's Landing, now Chattanooga. He was a man of splendid talents, had a well-selected library, and had much to do with the litigation between the Chcrokees and the State of Georgia, appearing for them in various courts, and finally carrying his contention, which was that the State of Georgia had no jurisdiction over the Cherokee country, to the Supreme Court of the United States, and there gained it before the nation's highest tribunal. In this case he exhibited so much statesmanship that Henry A. Wise, of Virginia, on the rloor of the House of Representatives, declared in answer to a speech of Forsyth, of Georgia, one of the most eloquent men of his time, that Ross was in nothing inferior to Forsyth.
Chief Ridge was a full-blood Cherokee, a man of much intelligence, but of little education. His home was at the Carter Place. He was friendly to the State of Georgia, and by every means within his power soxight to persuade the Indians to accept the government's proposition for a removal to the West.
Spring Place was incorporated in 1834, and was made the county-seat of Murray. It was' first called Poinset, but the people disliked the name and called it Spring Place. The records show that on September 19, 1834, Abner E. Holliclay and Matthew Jones deeded forty acres, lot IsTo. 245, to the county,, "for the purpose of placing a county-site upon.'' The first court, presided over by Judge John W. Hooper, was held in the old mission house. There is a record of the names of the first grand jury. The first true "bill was against George Took for murder. It is said that Judge O. H. Kenan was the first judge who succeeded in enforcing respect for the law.
As early as 1833 a stage route was operated between Spring Place and Athens, Tenn." Horses were changed every eighteen miles. There were post-offices along the route, one of which was located at what is now Eton. The Federal road was the great highway of the time. The first representative as William 1ST. Bishop.
About this' time a Moravian mission was established at 3STew Echota, . which was then the capitol of the Cherokee nation, situated four miles north of the present site of the town of Calhoun, Ga. The first Moravian missionary to Xew Echota was the Rev. Samuel "Worcester. Through his influence a Cherokee youth, wTho attended his school, was sent N"orth to a Moravian mission school, at Cornwall, Conn. While there he came under. the notice of the distinguished Congressman, Elias Boudinot, whose por trait now hangs in the hall of Independence in Philadelphia.
Congressman Boudinot was so pleased with the Indian youth that he adopted him and gave him his name. It was through this relationship

SEQUQYA;

MURRAY

901

that the young- chief "became acquainted with the lovely young girl, Harriet Goukl, who later became his wife. Her father, Captain Benjamin Gould, -n-s.s an officer in the "United States army. The young chief ami his wife went to New Eehota to live among the Cberokees'. She soon became the idol of the tribe, and during the twelve years which she spent in New Echota she labored faithfully for the uplift of her adopted people. She taught the young Indians to read and write in their native tongue "by means of the syllabary, which the Cherokee Indian, Sequoyah, had just, in vented. Her husband, a leader m all the affairs of the tribe, was editor of the Ofierokee Phoenix, a paper -which was printed iu the Cherokee lan guage at New Echota, and was published from 1828 until 1834, when it was sttppi-cssed by the Georgia authorities.

With these splendid influences at work tlie Gherokees were rapidly moving toward a high type of civilization. But dark days were ahead; for.the treaty of New 'Echota was soon to be signed. Under the terms of this treaty, though obnoxious to ninety per ceut. of them, the entire nation was forced to move 'West and leave forever the land of tbeir fathers. But Chief Boudiuot's wife was not to live through, the heart rending scenes of tbe removal. After a short illness she passed away, and her grave is the only one distinctly marked among the many hundreds of rSTew Echota. Her name is carved on a tombstone erected by Chief Boudinot before the removal of the Indians, and is made of marble brought from Connecticut, her native State.
To show how the Cherofceea were progressing at this time the files of an old paper contains the following: "At a meeting of the Na-tional Council of the. Cherokees, the following resolution was adopted: 'Resolved "by the National Committee and Council that an agent shall be appointed to solicit donations in money from individuals, or societies, in the "United States for the purpose of establishing a National Academy or College for the Clierokees.' " The resolutions were signed by -John Koss, president of the National Committee; by Major Bidge (his mark), Speaker of the National Council; PathkiHer (his mark), Principal Chief of the Cherolfce Kation; by Charles E. Hicks, virtual Head Chief and Treasurer.; Alexander MeCoy and Elias BowiJuot, respectively, clerks of the two branches of the Legislative Department of the Government.
It was finally the assumption of national sovereignty and plenary -powers which incited the Georgians to take measures which ultimately re sulted in deportation. The removal by force of fourteen thousand people from their homes caused great commotion throughout the whole world. The papers of the day were full of it, a great many taking the part of the Indians. It is said that General John E. Wool, an officer under General
Scott, commanding the regulars, and General Kicbard G. Dnnlap, commaTiding the Tennessee "Volunteers', had their sympathies so enlisted on the side

902 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGEXDS
of those doomed to exile that they recoiled before the task which con fronted them. Even some of the civil officers looked upon the movement as brutal and outrageous, and so' expressed themselves. Consequently we cannot wonder that a man of poetic temperament, like John Howard Payne, should have been moved to compassion for these poor savages'; so much so, indeed, that while on a visit to Georgia he openly expressed his sentiments in regard to them. Hearing this, and fearing the effect on the Indians, Captain A. B. Bishop, who commanded the soldiers sta tioned at Spring Place, sent an armed guard to Chief Eoss 's home, where the poet \vas stopping, to arrest the poet and to bring him to Spring Place for imprisonment. One of the guards was John Gates, a man well-known to the people of this section. Payne was arrested at the home of John Eoss, in Bradley County, Tenn., only a few miles from the Sfate line. On the positive testimony of John Gates, it was' not in tlie jail at Spring PJace that Payne was imprisoned, but in the Vann House. Said he to one who heard the statement from his own lips. "I knew him well. He was at the old brick house--never in jail for a single moment." The guard stationed there was known as the Georgia Guard, commanded by Captain A. B. Bishop. He was released without an hour 's delay when the fact was ascertained that he was innocent.*

Columbus.

MUSCOGEE Volume I, Pages 816-822.

Girard: Where the On Sunday afternoon, April . 16, Last Fighting- of the 1865, the last engagement of the War, East of the Mis- Civil War, east of the Mississippi
sissippi, Occurred. River, was fought at Girard, on the
slopes of the Chattahoochee, opposite the city of Columbus. It was incident to the celebrated cavalry raid into Georgia of General James H. Wilson.
West Point was captured on the same day, but at an earlier hour. We quote the following- brief account of

Rev. W. J. Collections,

material Ga. The , Mr. Jesst

MUSCOGEE

903

the engagement at Columbus from Professor Joseph T. Derry's Military History of Georgia.*
"At Columbus, on the same day, April 16--a week after General Leo's surrender--Howell Cob"b made a gallant attempt to defend the bridges over the Chattahoochee, fighting on the Alabama side, but was over whelmed by the Federal forces, who took possession of the city, capturing 1,200 prisoners and 52 field guns. Colonel C. A. L. Lamar, of General Cobb's staff, was among the killed. The ram Jackson, which had just been .built for the defence of the Chattahoochee, was an armament of six seven-inch guns, was destroyed, as were also the navy yard, foundries', arsenal, armory, sword and pistol factory, shop, paper mil], cotton fac tories, 15 locomotives, 200 cars and a large amount of cotton.''
Upwards of twenty companies were organi zed an d equipped in Columbus for Georgia's defence during' the Civil "War, and some of the officers who went from Col umbus achieved higii distinction, among- them General Paul J. Semmes, General1 Henry L. Benning, the Iversons, father and son; Colonel John A. Jones, Colonel James N. Ramsey, Major Raphael J. Moses, and several others. General Semmes and Colonel Jones were both killed in the battle of Gettysburg", while Major Moses, as Confederate Commissary for the State of Georgia, exe cuted the last order of the Confederacy, in a transaction relating to the disposition of $10,000 in silver bullion.

The Killing

There occurred at Columbus during

of Ashburn:

the period of reconstruction an epi-

An Episode of

sode which plunged the whole nation

Reconstruction. into a fever of excitement, and which

evinced a fixed purpose on the part of

the people of the South to maintain the integrity of an

Anglo-Saxon icivilization. It was the killing, by un

known parties, of G. W. Ashburn, an offensive partisan',

who represented the most extreme type of radicalism.

He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of

1865, in which body he made himself peculiarly odious

to the white people of Georgia. The feeling of revulsion

naturally reached a climax in Columbus, where lie lived

904 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LKGEXDS
with the negro element, of the population--an object of great loathsomeness to the Caucasian race. The follow ing- account of the trial is condensed from various .sources:
The killing of Ashburn occurred on the night of March 31, 1868. He is said to have been a native of North Carolina, from which State he came to Georgia some thirty years prior to his death. There is very little known coneei'ning him prior to the era of military usurpation, which, in addition to unloosing- upon Georgia a Swarm of vultures from other sections, developed the baser instincts of men who were already residents of the State and who identified themselves for vicious purposes with these ignoble birds of prey. There were undoiibtedly some good and true men who, from conviction, advocated a policy of non-resistance; but they were few in number. Ashburn. 's' mysterious taking off, therefore, at a time when passion was inflamed, when civil courts were suppressed, when Georgia's sovereign Statehood was outraged in the most flagrant manner, and when there was no redress for the whites except through the instru mentality of the Ku-Klux, was a matter little calculated to produce sur prise, though it created a tremendous sensation. The military authorities took the matter in hand and caused arrest on suspicion of the following parties: William E. Bedell, Columbus C. Bedell, James W. Barber, Alva C. Roper, William P. Ohipley, Bobcrt A. Ennis, William L. Cash, Bliaha ,T. Kirkscey, Thomas M". Grimes, Wade H. Stephens', B. Hudson, W. A. Duke, J. S. Wiggins, and R. A. Wootl. Besides these, there were sev eral negroes implicated. Tt seems that even the blacks entertained toward Ashburn a. feeling of mingled fear and disgust.
For the purpose of trying these alleged offenders, a military court was organized at McPherson Barracks, in Atlanta. The counsel for the pris oners' included Alexander H. Stephens, Martin J. Crawforcl, James M, Smith, Imeius J. Gartrell, Henry T,. Benning, James X. RamS'ey and .Raphael J. Moses. On the side of the prosecution, General TXtnn, the judge advocate, was assisted by ex-Governor Joseph "R. Brown and M'ajov "William M. Smythe. While in prison the defendants were subjected to great indignities. They were eventually admitted to bail, however, in the sum of 32,500 each, and not less than four hundred citizens' of Columbus, representing both races, signed the required bonds.
It was on June 29, 1868, that the court was duly constituted, but, at the request of MV. Stephens, a postponement was granted until the clay fol lowing. The trial then began with the filing- by Mr. Stephens of an answer in. plea to the specific charges, in which, on behalf of the several prisoners, he entered a plea of not guilty to the crimes set forth. At the same time, the rightful .-jurisdiction of the court was was traversed. With slow progress the case proceeded until the twentieth day, when orders were received from General Meade suspending the investigation until further

MUSCOGEE

905

notice from headquarters. On July 25, 1868, the prisoners were taken to Columbus, under guard. It was at this stag-e of the proceedings that they were finally admitted to "bail; and, for reasons best known perhaps to "the military authorities, the trial of the alleged murderers was never re sumed.

Governor Brown's part in the prosecution of the Columbus prisoners charged "with the murder of Ashburn only served to increase the obloquy in which he was held at this time by Georgians, due to his course in supporting1 the election of General Grant and in upholding the policy of Reconstruction. The following explanation of his course in the Columbus affair has been given by Colonel Isaac "W. Avery, his accredited biographer. Says he:
'' Weighing the evidence iu the matter fairly and dispassionately, it may b<3 shown that Governor Brown, in taking part in this prosecution, was governed "by proper motives and rendered a service, both to the State and to the prisoners. He alleges that General M'eade employed him, on the condition which he insisted upon making, that he--Governor Brown-- should conti-bl the ease, and' ,that, upon the restoration of civil law, the ease should, be surrendered by the military authorities. His employment prevented the retention of very extreme men. The corroboration of Gov ernor Brown, in this statement, has been very striking. It has been argued against its credibility that during General. Meade 7s life, when the latter could either have verified or denied it, no explanation was made by Gov ernor Brown of his conduct in the matter. Major A. Ley den, of Atlanta, who talked with General Meade several times about the affair, says that he was assured by General Meade that his fears for the prisoners would not be realized. Mr. John C, Whitner, of Atlanta, states that Detective Whiteley, who worked up the evidence for the prosecution, told him that the understanding when Brown was employed was that the military trial was to be remanded to the State authorities, on the reorganization of the civil government. Geneva! William Phillips, of Marietta, testifies that Govei-nor Brown consulted with him at the time on the subject and explained to him his attitiide of mind. Major Campbell Wallace, in an interview at the time with General M'eade, confirms Governor Brown's statement. Many years ago Governor "Brown gave his' version of the affair to Hon. AlexanderB7. Stephens and Dr. J. S. Lawton.''

906 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS

Coweta Town.

Volume I, Pages 69-73.

Origin of the Muscogees.

Volume I, Pag-e 813.

De Soto's Visit.

Volume I, Page 813.

Where Oglethorpe Crossed the Chattahoochee.

- Volume I, Pages 814-815.

Recollections

There are few persons who remember

of General Mir- General Mirabeau Lamar. It was

abeau B. Lamar. nearly eighty years ago that lie left

(Columbus to achieve renown in the

war for Texan Independence; and barring- only an occa

sional visit home he remained an exile throughout life

from the land of his birth. But .Tuclg*e Alexander W.

Terrell, of Texas,* an eminent jurist and diplomat, who

is still living at the ripe old age of eighty-four years,

enjoyed the personal acquaintance of this extraordinary

man who, next to Sam Houston, was the most illustrious

of Texans. Says lie:

"The career of Mirabeau B. Lamar--patriot, soldier, statesman, poet-- was one of the most remarkable in history. He was descended from a French Huguenot, who, after the destruction of La Rochelle, in 1628, found refuge in America. Lamar was born in Georgia, in 1798, and there he grew to manhood. He acquired only a common school education, for he preferred hunting, fencing, and horseback exercise to the confinement of the class-room. But he delighted in reading the ancient classics' and the standard English authors, and thus acquired so correet a knowledge of the structure of his own language that few excelled him as a forceful and eloquent speaker."
"I first saw General Larnar in 1853, w-hen his long, jet black hair was tinged with gray. He w-as of dark complexion and about five feet ten inches tall, with "broad shoulders, deep chest and symmetrical limbs. From

*Sketch of Mirabeau B. Larnar, Vol. VII, Librar; ' Southe . Liter; Atlanta, 1909.

MtTSCOQEE

907

under his high, forehead blue eyes looked out in calm repose; while Ms cleancut, handsome features bespoke an iron resolution.
' * "When twenty-eight years old he married Miss Tabitha Jourdan, to whom he was tenderly devoted, for he had loved and courted her for years, and her death, while yet in the "bloom of yonth and beauty, so overwhelmed him with grief that lie' left Georgia--a homeless wanderer. In 1835 Lamar was next heard from on the frontier of Texas where, like Sam Houston, he appealed to the settlers with impassioned eloquence to revolt against the tyranny of Mexico. There was a strange parallel in the lives of these two great men. Each of them, when crushed by domestic af fliction, flecl from home and friends. Lach emerged from self-imposed exile to advocate on a foreign soil the cause of civil freedom; each be came commander of a revolutionary army, and then president of a new republic; each remained unmarried during all the fierce years of the Texan Revolution, and each found at last in married life his supreme happiness with wife and children."

"On March G, 1836, the Alamo at San Airtonia was stormed by an

invading army under Santa Anna, the president of Mexico, all its de

fenders were massacred; while a few days afterward one hundred and

seventy-five volunteers were butchered in cold blood at Goliact by his

irders, and after having surrendered. Two weeks "'

- -- -

kn Lamar, though wounded, led the Texan cavalry on the right wing like avenging fury. Ho remained in the pursuit until sunset, and with his cavalry captured Santa Anna. The battle was over in eighteen minutes, and the Mexicans slain or made prisoners outnumbered the Texans two to one. The latter lost only three men killed and twenty-seven wounded.

908 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AKD LEGENDS
" N"ever "before nor since in the annals of war was such a victory won "by volunteers in an open field over such a superior force of disciplined troops, and never was a victory more far-reaching; for it secured inde pendence, resulting in the annexation of Texas to the Union, which pro voked the war of 1846 with Mexico. Under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo our flag was carried across the continent, while the area of the Union was' doubled. Within ten days Lamar was made Secretary of War; in four weeks the Cabinet appointed him commancler-in-ehief of the army; in four months he was elected Vice-President of the Republic, and in three years President without opposition. !N~o private soldier ever rose so rapidly from the ranks to supreme^ axithority through so many important offices, inilitay and civil. His style as a wi'iter was not unlike his nephew's, L. Q. C. Lamar, the United States Senator."
"During Lamar 's term as President the frontier was' extended and pro tected, Mexican invasions were repelled, Texan independence was recognized, treaties were made with great European powers, immense tracts of land were surveyed and dedicated to higher education, and a free school system was established--the s'ecoud on the Continent. !Prance sent her minister to the .Republic of Texas, and his residence, built with the gold of Louis Philippe, may still be seen in Austin. Time and official station had not yet soothed Lamar's domestic grief, and it was not until after seventeen years of lonelines's that he met and married, in 1851, Miss Henrietta Maffitt, the beautiful and accomplished daughter of John Xewland Maffitt, the great Methodist revivalist and orator of the South. "When afterwards, in 1857, he was United States Minister to the Argentine Republic, a beautiful Indian girl inspired his heart to compose' *' The Daughter of Mendoza,'' his bestknown poem. After the end of his term as President, he kept severely aloof from partisan strife, and found liis chief pleasure in the endearments of home, where he died, at Richmond, Texas, December 19, 1859. No suspicion ever tarnished his repiitation.' '
General Lamar* is 'buried at Richmond, Texas, his old liome. The grave is covered by a horizontal slab of rough, granite, about six feet and a half long by four in width. It Was quarried from the hillsides of his adopted State. At the end of this slab, there rises a splendid shaft of Italian marble, twelve feet high, which rests
nbs and Monuments of Noted Texans, by Mrs. M. Lcoscan in Wootnprehensive History of Texas,

NEWTON"

909

upon a pedestal four feet square. On the "west side of the shaft, in bold relief, is chiselled a shield bearing the
name, LAMAR, encircled by a beautiful wreath. Just a little below the point of the shield, on either side, project
the muzzles of two cannon from among" the leaves and flowers. On the east side of the shaft is the simple in scription :

EX-PHESIDElvT OF TEXAS DIED
Dec. 19, 1859. Aged 61 years, 4 rnos. & 2 days.

NEWTON

Early Times In 1S2:> iXewton Comity was well-nigh an unbroken

In Newton.* forest. There were no cleared lands except Indian maize

and bean patches. There were no public roads; simply Indian trails. As soon as the lands were surveyed settlers began to occupy

th

, once. They cleared and cultivated fields of corn, wheat and other

cereals. The men had patches of tobacco ; the women had patches' of in

digo. JSTo cotton was raised, except enough to make necessary clothing.

The cotton was seeded by hand, for there were no gins; "before carding it

was first washed and then carded by hand, spun on spinning wheels, and

finally woven on looms into. cloth. The cotton, or spun thread, or woven

cloth, was dyed blue by means of indigo, yellow with copperas, or whatever

color was desired, with other coloring materials. The cloth thus made, white

or colored, was then cut and sewed by hand" into such garments as would

hide human forms. Foreign fashion had not then invented Balkan blouses

or hobble skirts.

At this early date, the forests were made up of oaks of different

kinds, hickories, symmetrical pines and other growths. Among them

were interspersed chestnut trees, from two to three or more feet in

diameter, loaded with burrs containing sweet, palatable nuts. In September

the
materials contain d in this chapter. of gathering; data by Rev. A. O. Mix are likewise mad

910 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
or. October the burrs generously opened, and after a rain or a brisk wind, nuts could be gathered by the bushel. Many of these the children treasured up for winter enjoyment. On what remained, the frisky squirrels feasted and the grunting swine fattened. Chinkapins were scattered all along up and down the little streams. . Their little burrs, too, opened and dis closed little round fruit, large as a bullet and black as the eyes of a pretty girl. These were good to eat, and, besides, furnished materials for such innocent games as ''Hull Gull," "Even or Odd" and "Jack in the Bush, Cut Him Down." Children have no such pleasure nowadays. Chest nut trees and chinkapin bushes are now as scarce as hen teeth in Newton. Another feature of former times in JS'ewton was the abundance of various kinds of birds. Pigeons came in immense flocks, in fall and winter, to gather up the acorns. Millions of blackbirds, in gangs half a mile long, came in winter and spring to pick up the uncovered grain in the farmers' fields. Of other birds, some have disappeared; others are scarce, none are abundant.
Covington : Its Covington, tlie county-seat of Newton, Indian Legend, is situated on the Georgia Railroad, 41
miles from Atlanta and 130 miles from Augusta. There is a creek which bounds the north and south of the town bearing" the name of Dried Indian; and the legend which tells us of the naming of this stream comes from the long ago. When the earliest settlers came into this section, the red men dwelt upon the banks of this stream. Many were the attempts, often unsuc cessful, made by the brave pioneers to rout these war like inhabitants. At ]ast they were all put to death and to flight save one old chieftain, who, single-handed and alone, still breathed the defiant spirit of his race. But one day, while asleep, he, too, was overtaken and cap tured. To prevent his escape, the old Indian was bound hand and foot with white oak lithes. He was then tied to a tree and pierced with many arrows. Death ensued, but still the settlers were unappeased, and, after cutting his body with deep g'ashes, they took him to a rocky steep on the banks of the stream, and tliere left him to dry in the sun. The creek was named Dried Indian from this incident.

NEWTON-

,

911

Tlie first church in Covington was a Methodist Church, and was built on the banks of this creek. When the town began, to grow, the old church building- was sold to the negroes, who have since transformed it into an Tip-to-date church, with handsome leaded windows and electric lights. Just "west of this old church, in a very large grove, stood the old manual training1 school established in Covington some time in the early thirties by Dr. Olin. It was the property of the Methodists of Georgia. But the school was not a success, and through the efforts of Dr. Ignatius Few, the first president of Emory, this school "was sold and some of the buildings were removed to Oxford as a beginning for the school known later as Emory College. Colonel W. W. Clark bought the site and the main building' of the Manual School, convertingit into an elegant Colonial home, which stands today as the home of Colonel Clark's daughter.
Covington was incorporated as a town in 1822 and as a city in 1854. The earliest settler on the site of the present town was Mr. Carey "Wood, a pioneer citizen, who in after years became its most conspicuous land mark. From a list of the board of trustees of the old Southern Female College, at Covington, may be obtained the names of some of the prominent residents of the town in 1851, when the college was chartered, to-wit.: Joseph A. Anderson, William L. Conyers, John P. Carr, John B. Hendrick, Joseph H. Mnrrell, Robert O. Usher, Thomas F. Jones, William P. Anderson, Columbus L. Pace, John Harris and John J. Floyd. The present public school system of Covington "was established in 1887. Some of the early representatives of ISTewton County in the General Assembly of Georgia, most of whom resided in or near Covington, were : Luke Robinson, Josiah Perry, Martin Kolb, McCormick Neal, John Bass, Richard L. Simms, A. F. Lnckie, John Harris, Parmedus Reynolds, John Loyall, Richard Loyal], Felix Hardman, Isaac P. Henderson and Alfred Livingston.
*Acts, 1S51-1852, p. 313.

912 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGJSNDS

Ante- If one & 'ond of contrast let him ride from Atlan-

Monies *

ta * Gorington and back again the same afternoon.

Atlanta, our young and marvelous city of magie;

our farewell to the past, our card to the future. Covington, of the ancient

regime; far, far older; a fine old lady, sitting serenely in her, old bro

cade, -with a smile of contentment, viewing unmoved the passings years.

Some clever analyst onee said that the architecture of a Section is the only

perfect and accurate history of its past; it cannot lie. The splendid old

homes of Covington, which have "been so perfectly preserved, tell the story

of the refined and advanced civilization that once obtained there, making

it one of the most aristocratic social and political centers of Georgia. Ox

ford College is only two miles away, and the proximity of this seat of

learning naturally gave (_ ,vington an atmosphere of culture. Crossing

the square and passing out Floyd Street you come to the home of Carey

"Wood, who, in company with three other adventurous pioneers, was the first

settler of Covington, then backwoods, or a mere crossroads on the public

highway leading to Augusta. This house, so perfectly preserved with its

dignified white columns, and fine air of conservative dignity, so simple yet so

suitable, was, as originally built, the first frame house erected in Coving-

ton. The first four rooms of this pioneer house, two above and two below,

are still a part of this old dwelling as it now- stands. They were added to

from time to time until long before the war the domicile achieved its present

form, since when it has remained unaltered.

Carey "Wood and his descendants wore a large part of -old Covington.

His two daughters, Laura, and Pauline, married two brothers, Colonel

Robert Henderson, who was made a general on the "battlefield as he was

dying, and Colonel Jack Henderson, both of the Confederate army. An

other of his daughters, Mary Jane, married O'zborn T. Rogers and resided

in a splendid old Georgia mansion. General Robert Henderson lived subse

quently in the old Cary Wood homestead, which is' now the residence of

Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Swann. Two of General Henderson 's daughters reared

in this old house, Mrs. Loci Hill, of Atlanta, and Mrs. K. Y. Hill, of

Washington, Wilkes 'County, are prominent women well known throughout

the State. Robert R. Wood, of Atlanta, is a grandson of Carey Wood.

Mrs. Louise Green, the well-known artist of Atlanta, is his granddaughter,

and his daughter, Mrs'. Ozborn T. Rogers, of the famous old Rogers house,

now lives in Deeatur. Carey Wood married a Miss Billups, of South Caro

lina, and coining to her Imsband 's home in Georgia, she brought the nurse

of her childhood with her as a body servant. At the time of this old

negro 's death, fifty of her descendants, none of whom had ever been sold,

were owned by Carey Wood, and maintained either in his or his children's

home, in addition to which he had many other slaves.

Further out Floyd Street, adjoining the old Wood place, is the former

home of Judge John Floyfl, one of the foremost citizens of Covington. This

* Article written by Mrs. Thad Horton, of Atlanta.

THE CRADLE OF EMORY COLLEGE:
Home of the Late Col, W, W, Clark, Covington, Ga., Including Part <?f the Old Normal School Established by Dr. Oliix.

NEWTON

913

beautiful old house has its colonnade at the very edge of the sidewalk, and a view looking towards the square with the fluted columns of this old home on one side a.nd the green odur hanging- trees on the .other is so pictur esque that it deserves to be perpetuated. Just across from the Floyd house is the old "Usher residence, now the home of Jack Henderson, a son of Robert Henderson. Jack Henderson married Miss Usher, whose father built- this beautiful old residence.
The best built and the most archteetural of the many old homes of Covington is the old Rogers1- mansion, now the residence of MTS. Joseph Wright, formerly the well-known Miss Corrie Can". This splendid old brick house, which would be a credit to any city, was built by Colonel Thomas Jones, the father of Colonel Thomas PJoyd Jones, of South Georgia. Originally the tract comprised fifty-five acres. A spacious lawn surrounded the house, there being no neighbors on either side, as there are now. The pietures'que old English-looking residence stood on a noble eminence with its well designed loggia, overlooking the town. A high open brick wall surrounded the house garden, which was laid out in formal flower beds. These beds were surrounded by a boxwood hedge, planted by Mrs. Rogers herself, now a venerable lady of 82. who tells me. that some forty years ago this hedge had grown to be waist high. The old walls and box wood hedges have all been moved away; neighbors' have established them 7 selves to the right and left, but the fine old house still overlooks the city from its splendid eminence. The brick used in its building are said to have cost $10,000, for all the interior walls aye of solid masonry. But shortly after the war, the old house with its surrounding acres were sold for the meager sum of $3,800.
The most picturesque home in Covington is decidedly the old Weal homestead. It was sold many years ago to David Spence, whose daughter, Mrs. Shcppard, inherited the place, and whose family now resides there. This most typical and picturesque old home, -with its ontside chimneys a,nd noble Grecian portico, was built by McCormk-k ISTeal, the brother of the late T. B. Neal, of Atlanta, the brother, also, of the late Mrs. Pittman, the late Mr. Keely and of Mrs. E. H. Thornton. The beautiful old cedar trees and boxwood hedges were planted by Mrs. Xeal herself many years ago. She has many descendants and relatives in Atlanta, among them Mrs. Emma Neal Douglas, whose recent work among the convicts of the Federal pris'on have endeared her to all benevolent people.
On ringing the doorbell to ask permission to take a pnotograph of the old place, I was invited to enter, which gave me an opportunity to study the plan of the house and see the woodwork, which is always a most interesting feature of old ante-bellum houses. The woodwork is of white and gold, the mantel in the quaint old drawing room one of the most charming colonial designs I have ever seen, and worthy of reproduction in the finest latter-day mansions.
Most of the old homes in Covington are in a state of splendid preser vation and in perfect repair. Indeed the spirit of repair pervades the town;

914 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGEXDS
the old Bob Wood place was being done over inside and out, and the old Rogers or Wight home was in the hands of interior decorators. But every now and then I came upon some beautiful old welling gray with time, and these were by far the most interesting and romantic of all. One of these was on the corner just above the old Neal residence. A mass of crimson crepe myrtle flaunted itself against a background of antique white clapboards. The gardens to the front and to the side and the rear were mellow with age, and seemed to have been undisturbed for years by a single footfall. Moss and lichens and pretty tender weeds grew everywhere. It was, I ascertained, the home of Mrs. Virginia TTsher Camp, the widow of Septimus Camp, who died a few months after his marriage, leaving his bride this beautiful old home, where she has continued ' to reside entirely alone foi' the last fifty years. No wonder the garden seemed imdisturbed, with only her light footfall passing through there, Mrs. Camp showed us' through her home, and gave us as souvenir the published scores of some songs of her own composition. I,ater we had water from her picturesque and moss-grown old well. Although Mrs. Camp has owned this place for fifty years, it has an even more ancient history, having been for a generation earlier than its purchase by Septimus Camp the home of the well-known Batts family, of Georgia. The daughter of the house, Miss Adelaide Batts, married E. \V. Marslv, then one of the merchant princes of Atlanta. Her children, M'cAllen (Batts) Marsh and Mrs. Green Adair, still reside here,
Tt is hard to say which was the most charming-, the ride to Covington or the ride home again. pea-haps the latter--we had so many things to think of. As we sped along, the dusk began to thicken. In an incred ibly short time we were speeding through the cool moist air of Druid Hills; next we were home. But though we were back again, the glamoxvr was still upon us--the glamour of the old South.

Henry Ivy: Revolu- Henry Ivy, or Ivey, perhaps a South

tionary Soldier.

Oarolinian by birth, was a soldier

in Washing'ton 's army at Valley

Forge, but he moved into Newton with his family, in

cluding" two sons, soon after the county was opened

to settlement. He died before the day of pensions,

carrying: to his grave the marks of his warfare, espe

cially during the bleak winter at Valley Forge. His

death occurred in 1839 or 1840, at the age of four-score

years. "With his wife, who preceded him to the grave.

lie is buried at Red Oak Cemetery, eleven miles south of Covington. Like many of his patriotic comardes, he went to Ms last resting-place, "Tmknowm, unlionored and xmsvmgy" but in the sky above him waves the starry emblem for which he fought, symbolizing the greatest power on earth.
Pioneer Temper- During the early days of Xmvton Comity it was quite ance Movement. the f<TM^<"> to partake of fiy intoxicants. Every
household had its decanter of spirituous liquors. If a neighbor came in, even before "breakfast, lie was invited to take a social drink, and he seldom refused, Between the years 1824 and 1826 the first move in the direction of temperance was inaugurated by the adoption of \vhat is still remembered by some of the older generation as the "Washing ton pledge. Temperance organizations were formed throughoi.it the country, in the constitutions of which this pledge was embodied; and the effect upon the local population was marked. At the old Bed Oak Methodist Church, 3^r. Alexander Means, of venerated memory, delivered a lecture on temper ance, the impression produced by which upon the popular mind was most profound. As a result there was formed a small temperance society, the members of which abandoned the use1 of alcoholic stimulants, except for
boards and taught their children "to touch not, taste not, handle not the unclean tiling.''
The Indian Fishery. In the southern part of Newton County, near the junction of South and Yellow Rivers, there
is a famous shoal called "The Indian Fishery.' : It acquired this' name from the fact that large numbers of Indians camped here at one time to trade and to fish. The savages gathered for this purpose in the early spring-, "because at this season a great many salt-\yater fish called shad came up to the shoal. These were very fine fish, weighing from two to four 'pounds each. But shad no longer abound hi the stream at this point.

Pioneer Industries Captain John "Webb., in association with a Mr.

Of NftWtOn.

"White, built the first cotton mill in the County

of Newton. It was erected on the Aleova River,

about ten miles south of Coving-ton. Some time later this co-partnership

was dissolved, after which Mr. White built a cotton mill a short distance

916 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOBIALS AKD

Porterdale. Three miles southwest of Covingtoii, at Forterdale, are located the largest cordage mills in the world. In 1868
Colonel E. Steaclman bought 1,012 acres on and around tne site now occu pied by this great establishment. He included in Ms purchase a section of Yellow River, at a point on -which, then" known as Cedar Shoals, he established a township called Steadman. Here he afterwards erected a mill known as the Cedar Shoals Factory, where cotton and woollen fabrics were both manufactured. This plant was operated by Mr. Steadman for years, after which he sold the property to the late O. S. Porter, Esq., who converted the same into a mill for the manufacture of twine; and later formed a combination witn the Bibb Manufacturing Company, out of which grew the famous' Porterdale Mills. The town of Steadman has given place to Porterdale, Ga., a town of 3,500 inhabitants, and the terminus of a branch line of the Central Railroad.

Mr. G. C. Adam's *" 1893, Mr. G. C. Adams, County School Corn-

Fine Work

missioner of Newton, introduced in the rural dis

tricts of this county an innovation which has since

met with almost universal adoption, viz., the free transportation of school

children to the rural schools of the district. His modpst experiments marked

the beginning of the present transportation system no\v in operation through

out the United States. Nor has the progress of this reform movement been

restricted to this side of the Atlantic Ocean. It has spread even to Eng

land, where the periodicals have published full accounts of the system, with

detailed maps of Newton County, including the various routes. In 1894

Mr. Adams also organized the Boys' Corn Club in the South. His object

was to encourage the boys to remain on the farms, by developing a whole

some spirit of rivalry among them. This movement was at once adopted

by all the- Southern States, and today the number of workers enlisted in

this crusade for the betterment of farm life in the South reaches' far up

into the hundreds of thousands.

Newton's Window at At the State Capitol, in Atlanta, there is a_

the State Capitol.

leaded window put there by the citizens of

Newton County in 1S95, the year of the Cotton

States and International Exposition. Instead of having the regulation dis

play, the citizens placed this window in the Georgia building and after-

NEWTON

917

wards, through the co-operation of Hon. Ij. F. Livingston and Captain John Milledge, it was placed in the library of the State "Capitol, where it de picts the marvelous resources' of Newton. The central panel, portraying the county's water powers, was the gift of the Bibb Manufacturing Com pany, of Porterdale, Ga.

Rev. A. C. IttlXOn: Newton's
onllrdleas+t .1R? es-iAdentt-.

Much of the information contained in this work relative to Newton County has "been furnished by
haasgebnetelnemaanr,egiden- t inof hthise ncionuenttyy-fsoiunrcteh hyiseaera, rlwiehsot

infancy: Kev._ A. C. Mixon. The home of this revered patriarch is at Mixon, twelve miles south of Covingtoii. His father bought a tract of land in this section of the county when there were no roads in this part of Georgia--nothing "but Indian trails; and here, on what was* then the frontier belt of the wilderness, exposed to the danger of savage attacks, Mr. Mixon. was born in 3821. President Jefferson and "Emperor Napoleon were still ulive--the former an old man at his country home in Virginia, the latter a prisoner on the Isle of St. Helena. Mr. Mixon is the oldest living graduate of Kmory College, and the oldest resident of Newton County; "but his eye is still bright, his step elastic, and his memory of past events as clear as a crystal morning. He is a splendid talker, a man of varied and wide information, and a most genial gentleman. Because he has' hept his heart pure, he finds the evening of his life serene; and may his golden twilight linger long.

Col. Alfred Living- Colonel Alfred Livings ton was one of the most

Ston- HlS Escape
From the Indians.

noted men f Newton- He reached a phenom-
enal ***' 80mowhere ^ in f* **??**: TM d

reared a son who represented his district m

Congress for twenty consecutive years. There were many incidents of a

most dramatic character in the long pilgrimage of Colonel Livingston, but

nothing to surpass his wonderful escape from the Indians, when a lad. As

told by one conversant with the facts, the story runs as follows: On the

border of TaKaferro County, touching Greene, there lived in the pioneer

....-------------^ days of our country a little family consisting of three members, fa.ib.GV,

mother and son, who were fighting hard to exist, with the odds heavily

against them. Many were the hardships and dangers to which they were

exposed on tlie perilous belt of the frontier. Indian tribes were all around

them, and they were most hostile to these struggling settlers.

One day the father was' called away from home on business which re

quired his absence for several clays, and his final word of warning was:

918 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
''Be careful of the IndianSj and be ready for an attack at any moment." The first day passed without incident, and as the shadows lengthened mother arid son began to make ready for the night. The rude home was provided with cumbersome doors and shutters, but these -were made fast. Strange to say, the only weapon in the cabin with which to repel a hostile visit was an axe, but this was made sharp in case of need. With every precaution taken, they prepared to retire. But no sleep awaited them, for the watch ful Indians had seen the husband and father leave his little home early that morning, and they knew that now was the hour for attack, hoping to count two scalps' in their belt before midnight. As mother and son sat around the little hearthstone, suddenly a wierd scream pierced the stillness of the outer world, and both knew- that in a few moments the house would be suTionncleel "by the fierce men of the forest.
Impelled "by a sudden impulse the mother seized the axe and stationed herself at the window, while the lad, armed with a cudgel, stood guard at the door. The Indians, with a war-whoop, began to surround the little ca"bin. The first point of attack was the door, but this was securely fastened, and foiled here, they next addressed themselves to the rudely shuttered window. At a single stroke the frail protection fell to the floor, and a warlike Indian thrust' his head through the opening. The mother aimed well with her axe, and the head of the savage intruder was severed from his body. The other Indians were greatly enraged. When the limp body fell to the ground outside a second Indian thrust his head in, and quickly he. too, fell to the ground in a lump beside ILLS comrades.
Three times with unerring stroke did this brave woman fight for her offspring, and when the third body fell to the ground outside the survivors decided to attack the house by a descent through the chimney. One of the redskins clambered on the roof anil swung himself down into the little room. But the mother was alert, and with one well-aimed blow the fourth victim was sent to a bloody death. Only one other redskin remained. When his companion failed to return, he became terrified and fled. All night the inmates of the cabin watched and waited, expecting a return of the enemy at any moment. But the night dragged slowly away without further incident, and dawn's first rays of light found the watchers ready to perform the gruesome task of burying the dead. The mother decided to make a large fire from the accumulated brush around the house, hoping thereby to deceive the Indians, but when the savages approached near enough to perceive the ruse they became infuriated, and rushing upon the helpless woman scalped her.
Though in mortal pain, she possessed sufficient presence of mind to show no signs of life, until the Indians finally left her for dead. At last when she could hear no sounds from the redskins she arose and started back to the cabin, ner only thought "being her boy. She had not dragged .herself far before she saw her husband returning, but ere he reached her she fell to the ground in a fainting condition. The distracted husband bore

NEWTON

919

her tenderly into the house, where she breathed her last in a very short while. The lad, who had gone in search of his father, returned just in time to see his mother's eyes close in death. This son was Alfred Livingsfcon. Removing to Newton County years afterwards he bought property in the western part of the county, calling the place at which he settled Bethany, in honor of the historic old church in Taliaferro County, to which his family belonged before he came to Newton.

Oxford. Oxford, the seat of Emory College, came into existence with the great school of Methodism
which was here located in the mid-thirties, bringing to this little college town some of Georgia's best families. It was incorporated as a town on December 23 7 1839, with the following-named commissioners, to-wit.: Rich ard L. Sims, Ignatius A. Few, Samuel J. Bryan, Acchelaus H. Mitchell, Earmon Tjamar and James ET. Bryan.* The Oxford Female Academy was incorporated on .De cember 19, 1840, with the following board of trustees:' James O. Andrew, William Capers, Augustus B. Longstreet, Samuel J. Bryan, Richard L. Sims, William H. Mell and George Lane. 2
Some of the most distinguished men of the State have been residents of Oxford. The list includes: Bishop George F. Pierce, one of the greatest orators of the American pnlpit; Judge Augustus B. Long'street, author of "Georgia Scenes;" Justice L. Q. C. Lamar, a sonin-law of Judge Long-street, afterwards a member of Congress, a United States Senator, a Cabinet officer under President Cleveland, and an occupant of the United States Supreme Court Bench; Bishop Atticus G. Haygood, theologian, educator, author and administrator; Bishop James O, Andrew, first Bishop of the JYT. E. Church, South; Dr. Ignatius A. Few, a noted pioneer edu cator and divine; Dr. Alexander Means, an eminent
1 Acts, 183' s Acts, p.

920 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
scholar, poet and man of science; 13r. Isaac S. Hopkins, afterwards president of the Georgia School of Technol ogy; Bishop Warren A. Candler, one of the founders of the great Methodist University which bears his family name, and to the chancellorship of which he was called; Hon. Robert U. Hardeman, former State Treasurer of Georgia, and a host of others.

Justice

Perhaps the most illustrious grachiatc of Emory Col-

1,. Q. C. Lamar. Colle'e lvas t!ie renowned jurist and statesman: L. Q. C.

Lamar. Entering the fresliman class in 1841, he

received his diploma in 1845. Some few years later lie married Virginia

Ltongstreet, the beautiful daughter of the president, and when Judge Long-

street removed to Mississippi to "become the head of the new university,

he soon followed, to spend the remainder of his life in his adopted State.

He "became a member of Congress, an envoy to Europe, on behalf of the

Confederate government, during the Civil War, a Senator of the United

States, a member of the Cabinet of President Cleveland, under the latter 's'

first administration, and finally an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

of the United States. But he never ceased to love Georgia. Throughout

his whole life, he remained loyal to Emory, and nothing delighted him more

than to recount the recollections of his long sojourn of four years at Ox

ford. Tn the commencement address which he delivered in the summer of

1870, "before the alumni of the college, he paid the following beautiful

tribute to the old town. Said he:

'' N"o spot on earth has so helped to form and make me what I am

as this town of Oxford. It was here, in the church which stands a little

further up the street that I became fully impressed with the value and

peril of iny soul, and was led to pour out my contrite confessions. It was

in yonder building, which now seems so deserted, that I became conscious

of power. It was here, iu the Phi Gamma Society, that I received my

training as a debater. I see before rne now many who wrestled with me

in the arena of argument. There sits a man who was one of the first--he

was, indeed, actually the second--to suggest that I had powers within me

to stir men's hearts and to convince the reason. Wcsley Hughes was the

first. I know not where he is, "but I send to him my greetings wherever he

may be. There sits the venerable man who, when I delivered by gradu

ating address, in approval of its sentiments, placed his hand upon my head

and gave me his "blessing. There is another old man who s'at at the very

fountain head of my mind, a.nd with loving hand directed the channel in

which it was required to flow and who, when I arrived at manhood, gave

OCONEE

921

Zora Fair A Heroine Sti11 fragrant in the memory of the town of

of the Civil War

Oxford is the darin esploit of a beautiful

South Carolina girl, who rcfugeed to this re

mote Georgia village during the Civil War. Her name was Zora Fair. She

was living with an uncle, Mr. Abram Crews, in the famous old city of

Charleston, when the latter was detailed by the Confederate government

to run the blockade to Europe. Before embarking upon this perilous

enterprise, he sought to find a safe retreat for his family, and, having

friends in the little village of Oxford, he brought them hither, and with

the other members of his household came Zora Pair. She was a frail slip

of a girl, but she came of courageous stock, with wonderful powers of

endurance, as events were to prove, and with a, spirit as brave as ever

animated the maid of Orleans. The story is too long to be told in this

connection, but those who wish to read an account of this brave girl's

heroism can find it in ' * Grandmother Stories, ' '* a charming little book

written by M.rs. Howard M-eriwether Lovett, of Augusta. It is enough for

present purposes to say here that, disguising herself as a mulatto negress,

she crossed the Yellow "River, on a partially destroyed mill dam, and made

her way on foot to Atlanta, where, passing the enemy's lines, she gained

access to General Sherman's headquarters, possessed herself of certain

secrets pertaining to the Federal plan of campaign; and, narrowly escaping

death under fire of a sentinel's gun, she returned with blistered feet to

Oxford, from which place she sought to communicate by letter with Gen

eral Joseph E. Johnston, then at TMncolntou, N. C. But, unfortunately,

the brave girl's' message fell into the hands of the Federals. Troops were

sent to Oxford to effect her capture, but she remained in hiding until danger

was well past. If the letter had reached General Johnston there might have

been a different story for the historians to tell: This daring exploit orig

inated in the fertile brain of the young girl herself. She undertook its

told and hazardous evecution without help and though it failed of suc

cess, it proclaimed her a brave and fearless girl, possessed of the spirit of

the true heroine; and her name deserves to be embalmed for all time to come

in the grateful affections of her beloved Southland.

OCONEE Historic old Watkinsville, tlie county-seat of Oconee, Watkinsville. is one of the most historic towns of Geor
gia, reaching back over the dusty stretch of more than a hundred years to the heroic age of the
* Grandmother Stories, by Howard Meri wether Lovett, pp. 163-171.

922 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
pioneers. In 1801, by an Act of the legislature, Clarke County "was formed out of a part of Jackson, on "what "was then our western, border, and named for the valiant Rev olutionary leader, General Elijah Clarke; while the county-seat of the new eounty was called Watkinsville, in compliment to Hon. Robert Watkins, of Augusta, one of the State's ablest lawyers. Thomas Booth was prob ably the earliest settler on the site of the future town, but Dr. Harden soon followed him and built a handsome home on what is still known as Harden's Hill, later the property of Hon. !B. ~K. Thrasher.

Bishop Haygood's One of the first lawyers to open an

Old Home.

office at Watkinsville was Green B.

Haygood, Esq., whose son, Atticiis G.

Haygood, a native of this town, was destined to become

a prince of preachers and one of the tall landmarks of

Southern Methodism. Bishop Haygood filled many ard

uous roles. As a minister of the Gospel he jjossessed

few equals. As an educator he stood at the very fore

front. As a profound theologian he moulded the minda

of men. As a writer he wielded not only a trenchant,

but a fearless pen; and as a bishop of the church he

proved himself to be a man of God divinely called to a

great work. On account of some of his advanced views,

especially on the race problem, lie did not escape criti

cism, but he lived to witness a radical change of senti

ment on this line, and to inaugurate a new era in the

South. His sister, Laura, a noted educator, who devoted

the last years of her useful life to missionary work in

China, was likewise a native of ^Vatkinsville.

Rev. John Calvin Johnson, a name "which no one in

Watkinsville can mention except with honor, was for

years a commanding figure among the pioneers, a man

of great influence with the people and of great favor with

God. \,Valter Johnson, his son, "was for years tax-col

lector of the county, while his grandson, John Calvin, Jr.,

OCONEE

923

afterwards held the office of Ordinary. Oconee's earliest probate judge was Asa M. Jackson, a man greatly be loved, "whose tenure of service covered a period of fortyseven years, one of the longest in the history of the State. His successors in office have been: James B. Lyle, B. B. Thrasher, H. A. Thomas, John Calvin John son, Jr., and A. H. Morton. The first court-house was a frame building, reared in 1806. It was afterwards re placed by a larg-e structure of brick, covered with blue stucco and shaded by immense oaks. This fine old build ing was erected by John Birch, grandfather of the late Chancellor Walter B. Hill, of the TJniversitv of Georgia.

Recollections Of J"<-lge Basil H. Overby, one of the first advocates of

Judffe Overby. temperance in Georgia, though not a resident of

*

Watkinsville, was affiliated to some extent with the

people of the town by ties of marriage. His first wife was a daughter

of John and Sarah (Barton) Thrasher, and by reason of this fact he was

always close to the people of Watkinsville and often a visitor here. There

was not a finer character during- his day in Georgia than Judge Overby:

eloquent, magnetic, fearless, public-spirited. His daughter-in-law, Mrs.

Earle Overby, perhaps the best loved woman in Watkinsville, still treasures

among her keepsakes a little pamphlet which bears this title: '' Basil

Overby Union, Daughters of Temperance, No. 11." It is dated 1853;

and, in view of the marvelous world-wide growth to which the great

W. C. T. U. movement has attained, it is a matter of the most intense

interest to scan the pages of this little pamphlet, in which the modest

beginnings of a great modern reform are reflected in print. Mrs'. Overby

is a brilliantly cultured woman, a great lover of books; and such is the

esteem in which she is held by every one in Watkinsville that a splendid

library has been established, bearing iier name; and this library is one

of the glories of the little town.

Judge Overby's second wife was the youngest daughter of General

Hugh A. Haralson, and a sister to Mrs. Logan E. Bleckley and Mrs. John

B. Gordon. Though he died early in life, Judge Overby has left the im

press of his* genius upon the State. Nor does the man who espouses a

weak cause, when a tremendous moral is'sue is at stake, deserve any less

to be admired than the man who presides over a great tribunal of justice

or leads an army to battle. His children by the first wife were: Barton,

Nick, Earle, Mrs. James Middlebrooks, Mrs "W. W. Price and Mrs. Robert

Winship. There was only one child by his second marriage, a daughter

Lizzie, who married Captain Charles W. Williams. The latter was given

924 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
a General's commission at the outbreak of the Spanish-American war, but died of yellow fever in the Philippines. Basil O. Lenoir, a son of Mrs. James Middlebrooks by her first marriage, is today one of the most useful men in the government service, .entrusted frequently with delicate and dif ficult commissions.

Pioneer Families To mention by name only some of the other pioneer

Of the Town

families of Watkinsville, the list includes: the

Greshams, the Lees, the Applings, the Elders, the

Thomases, the Ligons, the Billupses, the Fairies, the Taneys, the Harrises',

the Durhamy and many others. In 3871, by an Act of the Legislature,

Athens was made the county-seat of Clarke, a removal credited to Judge

Emory Bpeer, even then a power in polities, though a young man in his

twenties. Great dissatisfaction was aroused, especially in the territory

around Watkinsville; and such was the pressure brought to bear upon the

Legislature that, on February 25, 1875, a new county called Oconee was

created out of Clarke, with WatkinsvilJe for its coimty-seat. Since 181&

only two men have suffered the death penalty in Oeonee, a record which

attests the law-abiding character of its citizens. But there is little cause

for astonishment. The ethical standard was set years ago when Tvlicajah

Bone, Esq., was presented to the Grand Jnry for swearing and for taking

his Maker's name in vain.

Graves Of ReVOlu- Irt tlie county cemeteries near Watkinsville the
tionary Soldiers. J^^ ^Tife^Tai^T^^EU a^ ier*.-^^ ^^
Golquitt Freeman and John Freeman. Applications for markers have al ready been made by !ilrs. Robert Smith, at WatkinsviHe.

OGLETHORPE

Historic Old ituch of Georgia's history, in ante-bellum

Lexing'ton.

days, was made by a g'ronp of statesmen

whose homes are yet standing amid the

historic shades of the little town of Lexington. Gilmer,

Upson, Lnmpkin, Cobb, Crawford--these are names

which have made the annals of Georgia resplendent.

*!Not David Klder, as stated in Vol. I.

OGLETHORPE

925

But here they are found In the minute-hooks of church sessions, and in the records of town meetings, while the great men who modestly wore them were known chiefly as neighbors, whose crowning traits, in village eyes, "were those of the country gentleman of the old school. On December 19, 1793, Oglethorpe was formed from a part of Wilkes, and under the provisions- of this same Act Lexington was made the county-seat. The town was incorporated by an Act providing- for its better regulation, on November 24, 1806, at which time the following1 town commissioners "were named, to-wit.: Mat thew Gage, George Phillips, John Gresham, Thomas "W. Cobb and George Paschal.* The famous Meson Academy, at Lexington, is almost as old as the town itself. It "was founded as the Academy of Oglethorpe County, but on November 27, 1807, it became Meson Academy, in honor of a wealthy townsman, Francis Meson, who bequeathed to the school a large estate, real and personal. At the same time the following' board of trustees "was chosen to govern the school under its new name: John Lumpkin, William Harris Crawford, Benjamin Baldwin, George Phillips, James I/uckie, Ohediah Jones and Thomas W. Cobb. The Presbyterian Church at Lexing ton is the oldest church in the Synod of Georgia. In the cemetery adjacent to this historic landmark sleep Gov ernor George E. Gilnier and Hon. Stephen TJpson, for each of whom a county has been named. Here lies also the founder of the church, Rev. John Newton, a prince of pioneer evangelists, and here rests Carlisle McKinley, a noted Georgia poet and a kinsman of the martyred
President.

Recollections Of Gen- "^ is an interesting fact, in the history of this

eral Offlethorpe.

celebrated man that he lived to see the infant

colony become a great and free State. Among

the very earliest to eall on John Adams, the first Ambassador of the United

States to the Court of St. James, was Oglethorpe. He who1 had planted

"Clayton's Compendium, p. 307.

926 GEORGIA'S LAKDMARKS, MEMORIALS AKD LEOENDS
Georgia and nursed the royal colony in its feebleness, joined hands with him who had come to the British Court the representative of its national independence. Well might Edmund Burke tell him that he was the most extraordinary person of whom he had ever read; for he had founded the province of Georgia; had absolutely called it into existence, and had lived to see it severed from the empire which created it and become a.u independent ' State,
'' The evening of his life was mild and pleasant. His bodily and men tal vigor remained to the last; and, in the society of one of the most de lightful literary circles of England, composed of Johnson, Goldsmith, Wharton, Burke, Burton, Mrs. Garrick, Mrs. More, and others, he passed in London, or at Cranham Hall, the quiet and peaceful hours of social life. Hannah More, whose praise is itself renown, thus' graphically describes him in a letter to her sister: ' 1 have got a new admirer, and we flirt together prodigiously. It is the famous General Oglethorpe, perhaps the most remarkable man of his time. He is the foster brother of the Pre tender, and much above ninety years old. The finest figure you ever saw. He frequently realizes my ideas of jSTestor. His literature is great; his knowledge of the world extensive j and his faculties as bright as ever. He is one of the three persons mentioned by Pope still living; Lord Mansfield and Lord Marchmont are the other two. He was an intimate friend of Southern, the tragic poet, and all the wits of the time. He is perhaps the oldest man among the gentry now living; and he could have entertained me by repeating passages from Sir Eldered. He is quite a preux c-hevalier-- heroic, romantic and full of the old gallantry. ' ' >*

The Lumpkin

Among the earliest settlers of Oglethorpe were the

Family Record. Lumpkins. They came from Virginia, and, according

to land-grants, there were quite a number of them,

and they appear to have taken an active part in the Revolution, John

Lumpkin was the father of the two distinguished Georgians: Governor

Wilson Lumpkin and Chief Justice Joseph Henry Lumpkin.

Wilson Lumpkin was twice married. His first wife was Elizabeth

Walker, who bore him seven children:

1. Luey, who married Middle ton Pope; of which union was born

Sarah, who married David C. Barrow-, the father of Hon. Pope Barrow.

former United States Senator from Georgia, and of Dr. David C. Barrow,

Chancellor of the TJniversity of Georgia.

2. Ann, who married Augustus Alden.

3. Pleiades Orion, who married Margaret Wilkinson.

Win. Bacon Stevens, M. D., D. D., in History of Georgia, Vol. I, pp. 207-.3, New- York, 1847.

OGI/ETnORPE

92 (

' 4. Wilson. 5. William, 6. Elizabeth, who married O. E. "Whatley. 7. Samuel H. Governor Lumpkin's second wife was Annis Hopkins, who bore Mm two
children: 1. John C. 2. Martha, who married Thomas M. Compton. It was in honor of
the Governor's youngest daughter that the .Southern terminus of the West ern and Atlantic Railroad was' christened Marthasville. In 1847 the name of the Tillage was changed to Atlanta. .

Joseph Henry Lumpkin married Callender Grieve. She bore him five children:
1. Marion McHenry, who married General Thomas E. It., Cobb, of which union were born several daughters, one of whom married Augustus L. Hull, another Captain Henry Jackson, and the youngest Hon. Hoke Smith, Secretary of the Interior, Governor and United States Senator.
2. Joseph Troup, who married Margaret King. 3. Callie, who married Porter King, from which union came IT on. Porter King, former Mayor of Atlanta. 4. William Wilberforce, who married Louisa King, from which union came Colonel Edwin K., a prominent lawyer of Athens, and Hon. Joseph Henry, Associate, Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. 5. Lucy, who married William Gerdine. 6. Edward P. 7. James M. 8. Charles M. 9. Miller G. 10. Robert C. 11. Prank, who married Kate Wilcox'. Hon. Samuel Lumpkin, late Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, was a nephew of Wilson and Joseph Henry Lumpkin. The late distinguished John H. Lumpkin, of Rome, jurist and Congressman, was also a kinsman.

Oglethorpe's Fa- Some of the finest granite in the State is quarried
mous Quarries. toda^ on land Tvhich formerly belonged to the
estate of Governor George R. Gilmer, near Lexington, but which is now owned by Judge Hamilton Mc"Whorter, of Athens. The magnificent Georgia State monument in Chickamauga Xational Park was built of stone from these quarries; and there is not a memorial in the park more universally admired. JSTor is this due so much to the artistic design of the monument as it is to the superior quality of the stone out of which this splendid shaft is fashioned.

928 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
PAULDING
Van Wert. In 1S32, Paiilding County was organized out of a part of the Cherokee lands and named for the celebrated John
Paulding, one of the captors of Major Andre. "Under the provisions of this same Act, "Van Wert was made the county-seat. This town, named for a companion of John1 Paulding, who aided the latter in making his famous capture, was incorporated by an Act approved December 27, 1838, It became an important center for the slate-nyiiiing' inchistry in Georgia, and was made in 1866 a terminal point of the Cartersville and Van Wert Railroad, but with the rise of Roekmart, only half a mile distant, Van Wert began to decline, and is today only a suburb of the latter town.
Dallas. On December 20, 1851, an Act was approved taking- from Paulding and Floyd Counties a
large body of land, out of which to form the new County of Polk. In readjusting the border lines, Van Wert was left on the edge of the new county, making' it neces sary to choose a new county-site for Paulding'. Accord ingly, the Inferior Court judg'es were authorized to select a new site for public buiMing-s, and out of this legislative enactment grew the present town of Dallas, named for Hon. George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, who was after wards made Vice-President of the United States. The town was incorporated on February 8, .1854, with the following- commissioners, to-wit.: John S. Poole, Garrett H. Spinks, James H. Ballinger, Hezekiah Harrison, and James S. Hackett. The Male and Female Academy was chartered in 1860.
PICKENS Jasper. In 1853, Pickens County was organized from
Cherokee and' G-ilmer, and, under the provisions of the same Act, Jasper was made the county-seat, named for Sergeant Jasper, while the county itself memorialized General Andrew Pickens, both Revolutionary patriots of South Carolina. Perhaps a large element of the comi ty's population at this time was from the Palmetto State. The town was incorporated December 22, 1857, with the following-named commissioners, to-wit.: A. K.

FIERCE--PIKE

929

Blackwell, Jolm A. Lyon, Adin Keeter, L, W. Hall and George W. Hannan. 1

PIERCE
Blackshear. Blackshear, the county-seat of Pierce County, was incorporated as a town on De
cember 16, 1859, and was named for General David Blackshear, of Georgia, a noted Indian -fig-liter. The county itself, formed out of Appling" and Ware, was named for President Franklin Pierce. On December 7, 1860, the old Blackshear Academy was chartered, with the follow ing- board of trustees: J. A. Harper, K. D. Jicndry, D. E. Milton, C. S. Toumans, John W. Stephens, John T. Wilson, Benjamin Blitch, William Goettee, John M. Jenkins and James B. Strickland.2 The present publicschool system of Blackshear was established in 1893. Hon. "W. G. Brantley, a former member of Congress, and Hon. J. Kandall Walker, a newly elected member, arc both natives of Pierce. This was also the home1 of Hon., John C. Nicholls.
PIKE
Zebulon. In 1822, Pike County was organized out of Monroe. Under the provisions of an Act, approved
in the year following", the county-seat was located at a little village called Newnan, commissioners for which were named as follows : Samuel Mitchell, William Mitchell, W'illiam Myrick, Nicholas Johnson and Hug'h F. Rose. 3 But Zebulon became the county-seat within n short while thereafter, and was incorporated as a town in 1825. Both the county and the county-seat were named for the famous explorer, General Zebulon M. Pike. With the establishment of the town, a school was started for boys, and on December 25, 1837, a charter "was g-ranted for the Zebulon Female Academy, the trustees of which

930 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS
"were named as follows: Robert Walker, John Hall, Richard S. "Walker, Jeptha V. George, Thomas B. Daniel and William Harris.* In 1852, a charter was granted for the Zebulon Branch Railroad, to connect either "with BarnesviUe or with some convenient point on the Macon and Western Railroad.
iUe. Prior to the year 1820 Gideon Barnes, with his family, left his native State of- Virginia and came to Georgia, bring
ing with him five or six head of. stock and five slaves. Charles Wallace Graddick, his' great-grandson, has in his possession the original deed to a lot of land, for which Gideon Barnes traded an Indian pony in frill pay ment thereof. On this lot, near the western stage route, where the roads from Zebulon to Forsyth, Jackson to. Thomaston, intersected he built a log cabin for a home, and one for a store,- and the settlement was known as Barnes' Inn. One of the slaves could cook liKe "de fo'fcs in Virgiimy, " and the fame of the inn went abroad in the land. The primitive house stood for many years' and was enlarged from time to time. A shed to the front made a long veranda that boasted benches and a shelf the ler.gth of the house, on which were stationed, like sanitary sentinels, tin wash-pans, "buckets and towels, proving that clean hands and a pure heart were prenatal with the plucky little city that makes no false claims in her plea for civic jus tice. Here youths and maidens loitered on the Sabbath day, and John Alden and Pris'eilla lived again.
Willis Jay Milner, was the next settlor recorded. In 1823 he made a trip to Jasper County, and "brought his "bride on horseback to his cabin in the woods. He built and sold seven houses in as many years in the vicinity of Barnes' Inn, and thus came into existence Barnesville, one of the proudest little cities' in Georgia. Amoug those who laid the foundation were Jack Jenkins, Zack Fryer and Josiah Holmes. Later came Charlie Turner, Alvis Stafford, I>an Hightower aud the Elder boys, Jack and Hub. The Elder boys were successful young merchants, and during the famine in Ireland they shipped a cargo of corn to the sufferers across the water. Soon church spires pointed heavenward, and two remarkable schools' attracted families worth while. Dr. Holly and Dr. Blackburn were the first physicians. They were followed by Dr. Wright, Dr. MeD-owell and Dr. Perdue, who were pillars of faith in time of need. Dr. Lavender and Dr. Fogg were the dentists who did perfect work, with no promise of the painless impossible. After recovering from the shock of war the ambitious village set stakes for a full-fledged city, and is steadily pulling to them. The Mlurphys', Blalock, Frank Reeves, Robert Mitchell and many other families of sterling worth added merchants, farmers, manufacturers a.nd
*Acts, 1837, p. 15.

professional men to the high-toned citizenship. Charles E. Lambclin founded Gordon Institute and every March an appreciative people delight to honor his1 memory with exercises of Founders' Day. And the tmggy factories have had much to do with the making of the town. Jackson G-. Smith's two sons and C. O. Summers' were born to the genius of the business, and within a few years the Franklin Company has made a marvelous record. The only misfortune Barnesvillc feels, and to which she yields, is her political geography, which nothing can. remedy but the wisdom of granting the new County of Lamar.
Authority: Mrs. J. W. Reeves, Barnesville, Ga.
POLK
Cedartown. Under an Act approved February 8, 1854, the site of public building's for the new
County of Polk was made permanent at a place called Cedar Town. At the same time a charter of incorpora tion was granted, in "which the following- commissioners were named, to-wit.: Augustus X. Verdery, Benjamin F. Bigelow, Brooks JVL "Willing-ham, Jesse M. Wood and Hezekiah Witcher.1- But Cedartown was already an im portant village when Polk County was organized. On December 19, 1834, the Cedar Town Academy was char tered, with Messrs. John Kerley, Jacob Scott, Larry "Witcher, John Witcher, Sr., and Eplrraim Mabry as trus tees. As a community of cultured people, Cedartown began to attract attention long before the Civil War; and, on March 5, 1856, a somewhat ambitious local enter prise bore fruit in a charter for the Woodland Female Academy. The trustees of this institution were: Edwin Dyer, Edward D. Chisholm, Springer Gibson, Thomas H. Sparks, William Newton, David S. Anderson, A. N. Verdery, William A. Mercer, Abner Darden, Carter W. Sparks, Joel H. Ferrell, Wilson O. B. Whatley, Alfred F. King, Edward H. Richardson, William Peek, Lazarus W". Battle and William E. West.2 This list is important at the present time, chiefly for the list of pioneer names
1 Acts, 18k53-lS54, p. 224. 2 Acts, 1855-1856, p. 288.

932 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LKGEKDS
wliicli it stiJl preserves. Cedartown has enjoyed a rapid growth of late years. It is the home of Hon. "W. J. Harris, Director of the Federal Census; of Hon. G-. R. Hntchins, a distinguished lawyer and .legislator; and of other noted Georgians. Tn Volume I of this work will be found an extended list of former residents, to which number may be added Hon. Frederick L. Blackmoii, a brilliant Alabama Congressman.
Eockmart. "e of th e best-known towns of Georgia before the war was the old town of Van "Wort, the original county-site of Panld-
ing; but when the new county of Polk was created in 1851, out of a part of Paul ding's territory, Van \Vert was included in the section allotted to Polk. Tin's necessitated a change in the seat of government from Van Wort to "Dallas, the present county capital. Cedartown was made the county-seat for the new County of Polk, while Van Wert, stripped of her
proud spirit broken by her adverse fortunes*. Van Wert began to decline; but with the development of the slate industry in this neighborhood, sub sequent to the war, arose the modern town of Bockmart, less than a mile distant. On August 2G, 1872, Roekmart was granted, a charter of incor poration with Hon. 0. T. Parker as Mayor, and with M-essrs. W. Ferguson, Thomas Moon, T. G. Ingraham, W. H. nines, and S. K. Hoguc as Coun cilman.1 The name ""Roekmart" indicates the chief industry of the town. This name was coined from the two component words. "Rock" and "Mart," The quarries at this place.are world-renowned. Today Van Wert is only a suburb of Eockmart-
PTJLASKI
Hartford. The original county-seat of Pulaski County was Hartford, a town which long ago ceased to exist. Its charter bears
date of December 10, 1811, at which time it was' chartered with the follow ing named commissioners, to-wit.: Thomas A. Hill, Solomon A. I-Iopkins, Elijah Wallace, William Lyon, and Henry Simmons.2 The town was named for Nancy Hart, of Elbert, one of the most famous heroines of the Revolution. Only the barest fragments of this old town still survive. Pnlaski County was formed in 1808 out of Lam-ens. One of the earliest settlers at Hartford was Dr. Joseph Eeicl.
' Acts, 1872, p. 244.
- Lamar's TMg-est, p. 936.

PTJLASKI

933

Hawkinsville. In 1837, the county-seat of Pulaski was
removed to Hawkinsville, a prosperous town on the opposite side of the Ocmulgcc River, after which the fortunes of Hartford began to decline. Hawkinsville was incorporated as a town on December 2, 1830, with the following- residents of the town named as com missioners :: Robert N. Taylor, John Rawls, John McOall, Jacob Watson and David B. Halsted.* The Haw kinsville Academy "was chartered in 1831, with most of the above-named residents as trustees. Surrounded by a rich agricultural section and connected with the out side world by railway and steamboat facilities, Ilawkinsville is one of the most prosperous towns of the middle belt.

How the Name It is the general belief that the town of

Originated.

Hawkinsville was named for the distin

guished Revolutionary soldier and friend

of Washington, afterwards a United States Senator from

North Carolina, and for sixteen years resident agent

among the Creek Indians of Georgia: Colonel Benjamin

Hawkins. But the late Jndge J. H. Martin, of Hawkins

ville, at one time State Commander of the United Con

federate Veterans, held to an altogether different view.

In a published, letter on this subject, Judge Martin says :

"The general and popular opinion is that the town of Hawkinsville was named for General Hawkins, or old Fort Hawkins, bnt this is not true. Pulaski County was organized in 1808, and the town of TIawkinsville in corporated in 1830. The court -house was moved from Hartford to Hawkinsville in 183G. AT the time the town was surveyed and laid off Mr. John Bozemaii, father of Judge C. M. Bozeman, deceased, and grandfather of our present esteemed townsman, Colonel F. TEL. Bozeman. was running a hotel built of logs on the lot now known as the bric-k kiln lot and lying immediately south of and adjoining the road leading on to the public bridge across Oemulgee "River. A Jew, whose name was Levy, kept a little store on the north side of the road, the river being then crossed on a flat boat. Out in the country and near by lived a countryman named Hawkins, who bought a peck of salt from Levy, and as the measure was

*Acts, 1830, p. 314.

934 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS
short Hawkins went on to Levy, Hawkins declaring Levy had swindled him and Levy declaring the salt had settled down. "WTien Hawkins attacked Levy, Levy went through the back window and ran across the road to the hotel and begged Mrs. John Bozeman to protect him against the assault of Hawkins. The town was named for this man Hawkins. The name first selected was T&rversviRe, for the Hon. Hartwell Tarver, of Twiggs County, but as there was a Tarversville in Twiggs County this name was dropped and Hawkinsville substituted.
" Judge C. M. Bozeman, then a boy, was present ami with the party surveying and laying off the town. My information was obtained from. Judge Bozeman. Col. F. H. Bozeman says that he has often heard his father narrate the facts. Judge P. T. M'cGriff and Judge Bozeman were intimate friends and doubtless he has heard Judge Bozeman speak of the matter. In order to perpetuate as far as I can the statements of Judge Bozemau, one the most reliable men the county ever had, this article is written.''
PUTNAM
Historic Old Eatonton, the county-seat of Putnam, was Eatonton. named for General William Eaton, an
American soldier of fortune, whose brilliant exploits in Tripoli were the talk of -the State when the Mil creating- Putnam County was introduced in the Leg islature of Georgia. In the year 1805, General Eaton, at the head of a small force, numbering perhaps five hun dred men, marched across the Lybian desert to effect the successful capture of Derne, the second largest city of Tripoli. The expedition was planned in the interest of the rightful Pasha. General Eaton held the town against three repeated assaults of the Arabs, but "was finally obliged to relinquish it, on account of a treaty of peace concluded with the usurper by the United States ConsulGeneral at Algiers, acting- in agreement with Commodore Rogers, who commanded the American fleet.
Situated on a higii ridge in the center of the county, Eatonton is 22 miles distant from Milledgeville, 22 from Greensboro, and 22 from Madison, and is on a branch line of the Central of Georgia running from Milledgeville to Covington. The town was laid off soon after the county was org-anized. On December 12, 1809, for the

PUTNAM

935

better regulation of local affairs, an Act <was approved conferring' plenary powers upon the following commis sioners : Barnes Holloway, Lewis Kennon, John C. Mason, Henry Brown and William Wilkins.1
Two years later, on December 15, 1809, the famous Union Academy was chartered "with the following board of trustees: OBrice Gaither, Bobeilt Iverson, Simeon Holt, Edward Lane and Barnes Holloway.2 This "was the school where the afterwards celebrated William H. Seward, of New York, taught the youth of 'Putnam County during his brief sojourn in Georgia, when quite a young man. It was located near the famous Turner plantation, some nine miles from Eatonton, and was burned to the ground soon after the war. On December 4, 1816, the old Eatonton Academy was chartered by the Legislature, at which time the following citizens were named as trustees: Christopher B. Strong, Thomas Hoxey, Coleman Pendleton, William Williams, John J. Smith, John C. Mason, Irby Hudson, William Wilkins and William E. Adams.8

Eatonton has been the home of some of the best people of Georgia, not a few of whom have been men of distinction. The hospitality . of the town is famed throughout the South; and few communities have sur passed it in the graces of social life or in the charms of intellectual culture. The stately old homes of Eatonton, built on the classic models of ancient Greece and em bowered in the luxuriant shade of forest oaks, are remin iscent of the best days of the old South. Here lived the Eeids, the Wingfields, the Nisbets, the Terrells, the Lawsons, the Meriwethers, the DeJarnettes, the Lamars, the Holts, the Abercrombies, the Hudsons, the Branhams, the Adamses, the Dennises, the Hurts, the Cozarts, the
1 Clayton's Compendium, p. 555.

936 GEORGIA'S LAKDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Trippes, the Shorters, the Turners, the Jenkinses, the Edmonsons, the Maddoxes, the Floumoys, the Hardemans, and scores of other aristocratic old families, whose names have long- occupied a large place in the heraldry of Georgia. The old colonial home of Colonel Sidney Keid is now owned by Mr. T. G. Greene, a wealthy citi zen, who maintains it in a style "worthy of its splendid historic traditions. The Edmondson country-seat, once surrounded by its thousands of* acres, is a few miles out from Eatonton, "where a member of the family still owns a large tract of the original land. Mr. John T. .Dennis owns the old William Dennis home, which is just below the Kdraondson place.
Eatonton was one of the early Georgia towns to or ganize a IT. D. C. Chapter, with Mrs. Josesph S. Turner as president, and recently this chapter--the Dixie-- has erected a handsome Confederate monument on the town square. During1 the past year a D. A. E. chapter has been organized, with Mrs. Francis Hearn as regent and Miss Martha V. Kdmondson as vice-regent. It has been given the name of Samuel Reid, a distinguished former resident of Eatonton and a grandfather of Mrs. John M. Slaton, the wife of Georgia's present Governor. Perhaps the longest tenure of service on record in the office of Postmaster belongs to Mr. Sidney Prudden, a life-long resident of Eatonton,- "who held this office for fifty years.
The Old Cemetery. In the Academy grove is the old cem etery of Eatonton, a sacred area of
ground, in which some of the oldest inhabitants of the town sleep. Most of the monuments are yellow with age, and from not a few of them, due to the destructive forces of time, the inscriptions have disappeared. Here lies Trby Hudson, for years Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives, and one of the earliest champions of co-operative effort in behalf of internal improvements.

PUT.NAM

937

Within this same enclosure sleep the Branhams, the Sborters, the Meriwethers, the Cozarts, the Coopers, the Trippcs, and scores of others, whose names appear on the oldest records of the town.

Union Church. Until recent years, there stood in this same g'rove, sacred to the earliest memo
ries of Eaton ton, an ancient structure known as old Union Church. It was built in 1819, and, when first erected, was said to have been the finest in the State out side of Augusta and Savannah. The church belonged jointly to four denominations: Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and -Disciples of Christ, each of whom, on successive Sabbaths, used it for divine worship. When ever there was a fifth Sabbath in the month, it was used by the 'Masons. The church was abandoned by the Meth odists in 1857, by the other denominations in 1897 and was finally torn down and removed. But it still lives in literature; for the silver tones of the old bell, which for so many years called the little hamlet to "worship, has furnished the inspiration for an exquisite poem entitled: "The Old Church Bell," written by Colonel "William H. Sparks. The opening" stanza of the poem reads as fol lows :
"Ring on, ring on, sweet Sabbath boll, Thy mellow tones I love to hear.
I was a boy when first they fell In melody, upon mine car.
In those dear days, long- past and gone, When sporting- here in boyish glee
The magie of thy Sabbath tone Awoke emotions deep in me.''
Colonel W. H. Sparks, the, author of this poem, was a native of Pntnam County; and, after a lapse of many years, the above lines "were written on a return visit to his boyhood's friend, Mr. Edmond Reid. It was at Eatonton, in 1833, during- a church convention, that a schism occurred in the Baptist ranks, and from this old

938 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
church the celebrated Jesse Mercer, with, other devout spirits, organized the Missionary Baptists.*

Pioneer Settlers of Putnam.

\rolume I.

To this list may be added: Thomas Edmondson, Will iam Dennis, Joel Hurt, Wilson Bird, Andrew Jeter, Alex ander Harrison, B. W. Clark, Eowell Ingram, Washington Rose, David Bledsoe, Nick Tompkins, Henry Branham, Alien Lawrence, Nathaniel Walker, Caleb Spivey, Isaiah Boswald and Alexander Reid.

Bising Star Lodge. One of the oldest Masonic lodges in Georgia is the Rising Star Lodge, at
Eatontou, the origin of which dates back to the earliest days of the town. It commenced work nnder a dispen sation bearing date of January 8, 1818, which "was the third anniversary of Andrew Jackson's celebrated vic tory over the British at New Orleans. The charter was obtained on October 12, 1818, from Alexander McHunter, Grand Master, and Paul M. Thomason, G-rand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Georgia Masons, and the following named residents of Eatonton were the charter members :
George M. Walcott, Worshipful Master; Augustus ITaywood, Senior Warden; Lloyd Harris, Junior Warden; Henry Granham, Secretary; Em met Sliackelford, Treasurer; Irby Hudson, Senior Deacon; William Evans, Junior Deacon; Isaac T-Tolland, Tyler; John H. Broadnax and West Goodrieli.
In 1827, the number of this lodge was changed from 33 to 4, which rank it still holds, making- it one of the oldest in the State. The old Masonic Hall at Eatouton was erected in 1820. It has withstood the storms of al most a century of time, showing that the best of materials
*Miss Martha V. Edmondson, of Meda, Ga.

PUTNAM

939

were used in its construction. The building is today owned by Mr. Champion, and is used as a storeroom.

Distinguished Res idents of Putnam.

Volume I.

Boyhood Haunts of Joel Chandler Harris, the South *s "Uncle Remus." most noted man of letters, was born
in 1.849 in the town of Eatonton. His father, a farmer, died while the child was still an infant. The mother was very poor, and the boy was probably the least noticed youngster of the neighborhood. Some of his childhood playments still live in the old town of Eatonton. One of them, Charles A. Leonard, knew him when he was quite young. Says Mr. Leonard:
'' Our playground was divided between Big Gully and Mr. M'cDade '&
livery stable. In the latter were fine horses, while the Gully was a good place in which, to pay hide-and-seek. At the stable we sometimes had the privilege of riding the horses to the blacksmith's shop, and when the drovers came we were allowed to exercise them. Midway between Big Gully and MeDade's lived an old free negro named Aunt Betsy Cuthbert, whose abilities in making potato biscuit, ginger cakes, and chicken pies could hardly
b'e equalled. '' We entered the school taught "by Miss Kate Davidson, where there
was little play, except at recess; and it seemed then that school held from sup-up to sun-down. After a while we entered the male academy. It was not long "before we made the acquaintance of one of the larger boys, Hut A.dams, and when out of school we were "boon companions, playing1 marbles, jumping holes and enjoying similar amusements. "Whatever Hut did was right, even to foraging on Mr. Edmund Bead's watermelon patch. We organized what was known as the Gully Minstrels. Hut was manager, I was treasurer, and Joe was the clown, with a fiddle, which he couldn't
play. But he would make a noise, which would bring down the house.
The price of admission as ten pins. "Hut, about this time, "became the possessor of a shot-gun, in which
Joe and I were as happy as he, and nearly every Saturday we would be off for the fields or woods, Joe's part and mine being to carry the game. Sometimes we would get a chance to shoot just once when the hunt was over. Besides his love for hunting, there was nothing which gave Joe more delight than to play pranks; and, since he was clever enough to get the best of us each time, he enjoyed it to the full limit."

940 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, M.KMORIAT.S AND LEGENDS
But life was a very serious matter in those days. It was just at the beginning' of the war, and few were the years which could be devoted to school. The next step in his life is best told in his own words. They are taken from an interview which he g'ave to one of the Atlanta newspapers a few years before lie died. Says 'he:
"it so happened that I was in the post office at .Eatoriton, reading the Milledgeville papers, when the first nnmbcr of The Countryman was depos ited on the counter where the iiewspapers were kept. In reading it through,
boy to learn the printer's trade. This was my opportunity, and I seized it with both hands. 1 wrote to the editor, whom T knew well, and the next time ho came to town he sought me out, asked if J had written the letter with my own hand, and, in three words, the bargain was concluded.
"The paper on -which T started out in life," said Mr. Harris, m after years, "was unlike any other one; it stands solitary and alone among news papers. It was published nine miles from tiny post office, on the plantation of Mr. Joseph A. Turner. Over the roof of the printing- office the squirrels scampered about and tlio blue jays brought acorns there to crack them. What some people call loneliness was to me a great blessing. 1 used to sit in the dusk and see the shadows of life 's great problems flitting about me, and I then had time to think about them. So far as T learned it, the printer :s trade1, was a liberal education; and Mr. Turner owned a large private library, full of the best hooks. Jt was specially rich in the various departments of .English literature, and it would have been the most won derful thing in the world if, with nothing to do "but set a column or so of type each day, I had failed to take advantage of the library, with its perfect mine of treasures.
"Mr. Turner was a man of varied accomplishments. He was a lawyer, a scholar and a planter- TTe owned a large plantation, and he managed it successfully; he acquired a good law practice; and he was one of the most public-spirited men in middle Georgia. TTe was pronounced in his' views on the questions of the day, an independent thinker, a good writer, and, best of all, so far as I was concerned., he took an abiding interest in my welfare, gave me good advice, directed my reading, and accorded me the full benefit of his wisdom, and experience at every turn.
"For tho rest, I managed to get along like any boy would. T was fond of setting type, arid when my task was over T would hunt or fish or read. Then at night I used to go to the negro cabins and hear songs and stories, It was a great time for me.''
It was in Mr. Turner's library that the future creator of "Uncle JReoius acquired the literary taste which was to add so much richness to his art

PUTNAM

941

in later years; among books like Shakespeare, Moore, Byron, Burns, Gold smith, Grimm's Fairy Tales, the Letters of Junius, and scores of others. The raw material with which ho was to "build his stories in later years' he found amongst the slaves. The character of Uncle Remus itself was com posite. The original was, in most respects, an old negro named George Terrell, owned by Mr. Turner bei'oro the war. Until a few year? ago, the little cabin in which George Terrell lived was still standing; it has since been torn down. His descendants are yet to be found in Eatontcm, and one of his contemporaries, a type of his kind, so bent and crippled it is hard to tell whether he is man or beast, still hobbles about the town.
in the ancient days, Uncle George owned an old-fashioned Dutch oven, on which he made every Saturday the most wonderful ginger cakes. Those and persimmon beer, which he brewed himself, he would sell to the children of planters for miles around. It was his ciistom to cook his own supper on this old oven; and at twilight, by the light of his kitchen fire, he used to tell his quaint stories to the Turner children, and at the same time to -Joel Chandler Harris. Men now, who were boys then, still relate the joy they felt at listening to the story of the "Wonderful Tar 'Baby," as they sat in front of the old cabin, munching ginger cakes, while Uncle George

Another prototype of the original Uncle Bemus was Uncle Bob Capers,

a negro 'owned by the well-known Capers' family, and hired by them as

teamster to the cotton factory at Eatonton. Joel Harris, before lie went

to Turn-wold to set type for The Countryman, lived with his mother near

the home of this old darkey, from whose lips came many of (.he tales

which delighted the children of the neighborhood.

Although but a mere youth, Mr. Harris very early burst into print.

He wrote many anonymous articles for The Countryman, but the first com

positions to which he signed his name were brief paragraphs; arid the

first poem which appeared from him was in the issue of September 27,

1864, entitled: " Xelly White." He was then little more than fifteen

years old.

'

"But the Turner plantation was in the direct path of Sherman 's

"March to the Sea." General Slocum's staff enjoyed the hospitality of

the place for several clays, and when they marched on there was not much -

left. The youth now felt that it was time for him also to move on. The

year 1868 found him in Savannah, on the editorial staff of the Morning

News. T-Tis employer was William T. Thompson, the famous humorist; and

he was long associated on the staff of the Constitution. He married Miss Essie La- "Rose, a lady of Canadian birth; and in 1876 the family refugeed to Atlanta to escape an epidemic; and here he became immortal.*

'Condensed fn by Ivy L,. Lee.

of Joel Chandler Harris,"

942 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND

The Old Lamar About eight or ten miles south of Katonton is' the

Homestead.

old Lamar homestead. It was established- in 1810 by John Lamar, a thrifty planter, and years after

wards became the property of Mr. Mark Johnson. The house still stands

i.1895] in. good condition: a fine, old-fashion., two-story, frame building,

constructed after the strong and enduring models of the period. Little

Hirer winds near by, and cultivated fields' offer a wide prospect. Here,

at the home of his grandfather, on September 17, 1825, was born

the future statesman and j \irist, Lueins Quintus Cineinnatus Lamar.

To his latest clays lie retained a longing for tlie old place, and tie-

lighted to indulge in reminiscences of the old life when a child.

There extended along the entire front of the mansion a wide

gallery; and the whitewashed walls of the airy rooms were hung

with pictures. One of these, symbolizing a nightmare, was the work

of '' Unele Mrrabeaii.'' It portrayed a "beautiful woman asleep upon a

sofa, and, thrust through the window above her, a great shadowy horse's

head. An immense front yard was filled with grand oaks and poplars. To

the east lay rolling lands. In the rear, a widespread plain shelved gently

down to the river, which gave to the owner of the farm: the sobriquet of

"Little River John."

The house was a relay; and down the far-reaching red lane which

stretched away like a long orange ribbon, the stage coach daily passed'

with rattle and halloo and call of bugle, emptying its bevies of bustling

and hungry, but genial, travelers for the midday meal.1

With the old couple lived a bachelor brother, Zachariah*--a self-taught man--who, like many others, in old plantation times, gave himself up to the ideal world of litcratuer and history, without any further purpose than the enjoyment of its . fairyland; and over all his surroundings was east the glamour of the realm of letters, in which he lived. When he led in family prayer, he did not think it inapt to thank God for heroic examples of Roman or English or American history, for the march of science, or for exemption from the crimes and miseries of the less favored lands into which his geographical studies had led him last. So when son after son was born to the head of the house this bookish enthusiast claimed the

and the amiable and doubtless amused parents consented. Thus Lucius Quintus Cineinnatus, Mirabeau Bonaparte, Jefferson Jackson, Thomas Ean-

1 Edward Mayes In Lucius Q. C. .arnar: His Life, = This was none other than Col lei Zachariah IA father of Mrs. G ;ral Howell Cohh, of Athens.
He and nt his .nger days in the Lan

Tim and Speeches. r, of Milledgeville,
ure and of ample at Eatonton.

P [JTNAM

948

dolph and Jjavoisier Legrand [a grandchild] indicated how Ma interest shifted from history to politics, and from politics to chemistry.*
At this old homstead, buried in a quiet garden by the side of his daughter, Bvalina, lies John Lamar--father of the second President of the Republic of Texas and grandfather of the great jurist, cabinet officer and legislator, whose mature years were identified with the State of Mississippi, He must have been a man of rare mold to have been the progenitor of such an offspring. The grave is well kept, arid is marked by a slab of plain marble, with the following inscription,. written by Mirabeau:

"In memory of JO.H:Nr LAMAK, who died August 3, 3 833, aged sixty-four years, lie was a man of unblem ished honor, of pure and exalted benevolence, whose eonduct through life was regulated by the strictest princi ples of probity, truth and justice; thus leaving behind him, as the best legacy to his children, a noble example of consistent virtue. In his domestic relations he was greatly blessed, receiving from every member of a large family unremitting demonstrations of respect, love, and obedience.' '

Genealogy of There is a tradition amongst the Lamars the Lamars. of Georgia that the family was planted in
Maryland by four brothers, who fled from France in the celebrated exodus consequent upon the re vocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1686, but the records show that emigrants of the same- name were living" in Maryland much earlier; and the probabilities are that the first Lamars came to America to escape the oppres sion of Protestants under the administration of Cardinal Richelieu.
John Lamar was the earliest member of the family to plant the escutcheon in Georgia, settling on Beach Island, in the Savannah River. His grandson, John Lainai', lived first in Warren County, but in 3.810 moved into Putnam and established the famous Lamar home stead, some eight or ten miles to the south of Eatonton.
in the Farme ; World of February 5, 1879.

944 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
He married Ms cousin, Rebecca Lamar, and became the bead of one of the most noted of Georgia households.
Two of his sons achieved eminent distinction. The elder L. Q. C. Lamar, Sr., succeeded to the Superior Court Trench before be 'was thirty-live years of age, and was al most immediately styled "the great Judge Lamar." He also revised Clay ton's "Georgia Justice," a rare book, and compiled the Georgia Reports from 1810 to 1820. Yet he died before reaching the full maturity of his powers. The younger, Mirabeau B. Lamar, became the second president of the Kepublic of Texas. He began life as an editor and "was successively a poet, a soldier, a statesman and a diplomat. He published a volume of poetry entitled: Verse Memorials.
There were two other sons, Thomas Randolph and Jefferson Jackson, besides five daughters, one of whom, Loretta Lamar, married Colonel Absalom H. Chappell, member of Congress, jurist and author of '' Georgia Mis cellanies." To them were born J. Harris Chappell, the first president of the Georgia formal and Industrial College, at Milledgeville; Thomas J. Chappell, who served in both House and Senate of the State Legislature; and Lucius H. Chappell, ex-Mayor of Columbus, besides other children, including a daughter, Mrs. Toomer.
L. Q. C. Lamar, Sr., married Sarah, daughter of Dr. Thompson Bird, an eminent physician of Milledg'eville, and granddaughter of Colonel Micajah Williamson, a comrade-in-arms of Genera] Elijah Clarke.
Eight children were born of this union, five of whom reached adult years.
L. Q. C. Lamar, Jr., the eldest, married Virginia, daughter of Judge A. B. Longstreet, president of Emory College and author of "Georgia Scenes." He located in Oxford, Miss., for the practice of law, became a mem ber of Cong'ress, a commissioner of the Confederate gov ernment to Europe, a Senator of the United States, a member of President Cleveland's first Cabinet, with the portfolio of Secretary of the Department of Interior,

and, last but not least, an Associate Justice of the Su

preme Court of the United States--one of the most emi

nent Americans of his day and generation.

The other children of L. Q. C. Lamar, Sr., were Dr.

Thompson B. Lamar, who commanded the Fifth Florida

regiment during' the Civil War, and surrendered his

heroic life, in battle, near Petersburg1, ~Va. ; in 1864; Jef

ferson M. Lamar, another Confederate martyr, killed at

Cramptoii's Gap in Maryland; Susan, who married a Mr.

Wlggms, and Mary Ann. who first married James C.

Longstreet, Esq., and afterwards John B. Ross, of

Macon.

,

William Bailey Lamur, an eminent lawyer and jurist,

who represented Florida in Congress for several terms,

is a son of Dr. Thompson 15. Lamar. Judgve Lamar now

resides in Washington, I). C. Lucms M. Lamar, who serv

ed in both branches of the State Legislature, achieved

distinction on the field of battle, and died while United

States marshal for the Southern District of Georgia, was

n son. of Jefferson M_. Lamar.

But the honors of the family are not yet exhausted. The achievements of individual members in other branches are not less distinguished.
Henry G. Lamar was an eminent jurist and states man, who represented Georgia for several terms in Con gress. He was also a popular candidate for Governor before the convention "which nominated Joseph E. 33rown, in 1857. His daughter Victoria became the first wife of Judg'e Osborne A. Lochrane, Chief Justice of the Su preme Court of Georgia. Another daughter married Hon. Augustus O. Bacon, afterwards 'United States Sen ator.
Dr. James S. Lamar "was an eminent scholar and di vine, who wrote "The Org'anon of Scripture, or the Induc tive Method of Biblical Interpretation." He married Mary liticker, of Elbert County, Ga., and of this union

946 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
"was born Hon. Joseph [Rucker Lamar, who served for several years on the Supreme Bench of Georgia, and who, though a Democrat in politics, was in 1910 ap pointed by President T'aft to the Supreme Bench of the United States, a tribute of the highest character to his professional attainments. In 1914 he was appointed by President ^Vilson as representative from this country to meet with representatives from Argentina, Brazil and Chili in a conference, the object of which "was to accom plish by mediation a pacification of Mexico.
Colonel Zachariah Lamar, of Milledgeville, was a dis tinguished man of affairs. His son, John Basil Lamar, wrote "The Blacksmith of the Mountain Pass," among a number of other stories. He was killed at the battle of Crampton's Gap, in Maryland, while serving on the staff of his brother-in-law, General Howell Cobb, of Athens. Mary Ann, daughter of Colonel Zachariah Lamar, mar ried General Howell Cobb, and from this union sprang Major Lamar Cobb, for years secretary of the board of trustees of the University of Georgia; Judge Howell Cobb, long judge of the City Court of Athens; Judge John A. Cobb, of Americus, Ordinary of Sumter County; Judge Andrew J. Cobb, formerly an oecnpant of the Supreme Bench of Georgia.; Mrs. Alex. S. Erwin, and Mrs. Tinslev W. Eucker.
Basil Lamar was a soldier of the Revolution and a planter. Two of his sons, Peter and Ezekiel, became dis tinguished. For years, Colonel Peter Lamar was a dom inant figure in politics. He lived in Lincoln County and married Sarah Cobb Benning, a granddaughter of Colo nel Thomas Cobb, of Columbia. His son, Lafayette Lamar, was a prominent lawyer, who organized a com pany at the outbreak of the war, and died at Warrenton, Va.," in 1861.
Prudence, one of the daughters of Basil Lamar, mar ried a Winn, and became the g-randmother of two distin-

QUITMAN

047

guished Georgians: Richard F. Lyon, who served on the Supreme Bench of the State, and Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry, diplomat, statesman, author and divine. Dr. Curry was United States Minister to Spain and trus tee for the Peabody and Slater funds. The State of Alabama has placed his statue in the nation's Hall of Fame, in Washington, D. C.
G:azaway B. Lamar, an early Congressman from Georgia; Colonel C. A. L. Lamar, one of the joint owners of the slave ship "Wanderer," who lost his life near the close of the war at Columbus; Eebecoa Lamar, the famous heroine of the Pulaski, a vessel lost at soa, off the coast of Hatteras, in 1836; Colonel Albert K. Lamar, -who was the1 secretary of the Secession Conven tion and editor for years of the Macon Telegraph--a man of brilliant gifts; Joseph B. Larnar, who removed to California, and after representing Mendocino 'County in the Legislature was elevated to the Superior Court Bench; Kev. Andrew J. Lamar, of Nashville, Tenn., a great-grandson of Governor James Jackson; Hon. War ren Grice, the State's present attorney-general. These and scores of others who have risen to equally high dis tinction belong to the Lamars of Georgia.

QUITMAN
Georgetown. Georgetown was made the county-seat of Quitman when the county itself was first
organized from Randolph and S-tewart, in 1858, and named for Governor John A. Quitman, of Mississippi. But the town itself was not incorporated until Decem ber 9, 1859, when the following1 commissioners were en trusted with its local affairs : T). Morris, B. C. Ellington, L. C. A.'Warren, N. T. Christian and John B. Eiordan." Georgetown "was named for its well-known predecessor in the District of Columbia.
*Acts, 1859, p. 156.

948 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS
BABUN
Clayton. Rabun County was organized in 1819 out of Cherokee lands, then recently acquired by
treaty; but it was not until December 33, 1823, that a county-seat was chosen. Clayton was at this time made the permanent site of public building's and given a char ter of incorporation with the following board of commis sioners .- Benjamin Odell, Edly Powell, John Dillarcl, Edward Coffee and Solomon .Beck. 1 The town was "named for Judge Aug'ustin S. Cl ayton, of Ath ens, and the county for Governor William Rabun. On December 25, 1821, the Rabun County Academy was chartered, with the following' trustees: Chesley Mc-Kenzie, Andrew Miller and James Dillard. 2 Two of Georgia's most dis tinguished sons were former residents of Rabun: Chief Justice Tx>gan E. Bleckley and Dr. H. V. if. Miller, a former United States Senator.

'' The Demosthenes Of the Mountains."

Though a native of the State of South Carolina ' ^ was amon S the mountain ranges of Rabun. that the hoy hood days of this distin-

is clonhtfnl if either Toombs or Stephens surpassed "Dr. Miller. Before he was thirty years of age, his rare powers of eloquence caused him to be dubbed "the Demosthenes of the Mountains," and without relinquish ing- his interest in the great profession of medicine he arose by sheer force of genius to a seat in the United States .Senate. As a laaa of broad culture, familiar with both the ancient and the modem classics, his superior has not appeared in the public life of Georgia Tt is to be regretted that he has left behind so little in the way of literary memorials. On account of the issues of "Reconstruction, he was debarred from the upper house of Congress until the closing days of the session for which he was elected; and there was' consequently no opportunity for the great orator to distin guish himself in this high forum. Perhaps the only fragment'of his elo quence in print is the impromptu effort which he delivered in his old age over the bier of Alexander H. Stephens.

11 Acts, 1823, p. 197. 2 Acts, 1821, p. 125.

BANDOI-PH

-

949

acquired, his learning prodigious, his memory astounding-, in medicine he was pre-eminently successful, but believed little in drugs. I have heard him say that it was doubtful if medicine had not done as much harm as good. When the merit of some remedy was argued, about which he was skeptical, and eases were cited of cures wrought, ho would say: 'The TTottentots have proven by experiment that a loud noise will remove an eclipse of the sun. ' In opinion he was' broadly tolerant, possessed of the most implicit faith in God. In church membership he was a Methodist, and adhered closely to his ehuieh organization, though lie always claimed that the present form of church government by bishops was uiiscriptiiral and opposed to Wesiey's . teaching. It was also a favorite theme with him to tease his brethren of the Methodist pulpit by quoting an entry from Wesiey's Journal about having baptized somebody in Savannah ( by immersion., according to the Word of God and the practice of early Christians.' Tt was another of his favorite themes to insist that the Presbyterian Shorter Catechism was the only proper religious system on which to bring up the young-. From all which things I am led to conclude that he believed the Word of God a "bigger and broader thing than any church. In personal character "Dr. Miller was superb. There was no vestige of anything mean or little in his mature. He was completely and essentially a gentleman. And the one thing in this world which he hated was a lie." The Miller Rifles, a com pany organized in Koine at the outbreak of tho Civil War, was named for Dr. Miller. It was incorporated in the famous Eighth Georgia, "Regiment, of which the gallant Eartow was hi command. The Doctor himself vrent to the front i>s the surgeon of this regiment. He was in charge of the field hospital when Barton- fell at M^nf;ssH; and the handsome oil painting of this brrive officer, on tl'ie walls of the Carnegie .Library in Atlanta, was the gift of Dr. Miller.
RANDOLPH
Outhbert. In 1828, Randolph County was formed out of Lee and named for tho celebrated ,Tohn Rail-
Randolph, of Virginia. Some twenty years before this time, Mr. Randolph had been honored in a like manner, but in protest against some of his unpopular views tho, name of the first County of Randolph was changed to Jasper. But the great Virginian was now again riding the crest of the wave. Lumpkin was the original county-

950 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

site of Randolph, a town named for Governor Wilson Lumpkin; but when Stewart Connty was created in 1831 Lnmpldn became the county-seat of the new county, while Cnthbert was made the county-seat of Randolph. The town was named for ono of the Cuthberts, presumably Hon. John A. Cuthbert. Its charter of incorporation wasgranted in 1834. As an educational center, Cuthbert has long enjoyed a wide repute. On December 25, 1837, the old .Randolph Academy was incorporated with the fol lowing board of trustees: David Holman, Oliver II. Griffith, Alexander Hendry, Thomas Jenkins and William Taylor. 1 Andrew Female College, one of the best-known, educational plants in Georgia, was chartered on January 15, 1854, with the following board of ti'ustees: Andrew L. O'Bricn, Henry L. Taylor, Sidney C. DuBose, Otis P. Bell ancl William H. Brooks. 2 Cuthbert is today a wide-awake commercial town, with good banks,, prosper ous business establishments, fine schools and up-to-date 1 public utilities.

The Cuthberts.

Volume I, Pages 877-878..

Andrew Fe male College.

Volume I, Pages 87S-879.

n. On the site of the present town of Shcllman tlicre formerlystood a little village called Notehway. To. this village in
the year 3837 William F. West brought bis wife and child, the latter an infant of only sis months. This child, now Mrs. Eliza Ellis, is' today Shellrnan J s oldest resident. The first dwelling was a small cabin built byWash Stanton just west of where the Central of Georgia depot now stands, and when this little structure was enlarged to meet the needs' of a depot in 1858, the settlement, in honor of its first station agent, John Ward, took a new name, and became Ward's Station The line was then known as the Southwest Georgia Railroad. In 1870 the town's population was only seven souls. Today it is estimated at 1,200. In 1871 the first public "build ing was' erected, with a school-room on the lower floor and a Masonic hall!
1 Acts, 1837, p. 4. 2 Acts, 1853-1854, p. 116.

RICHMOND

951

on the upper. But in JS88 Colonel E. F. Crittenden and Captain H. A. Crittendeii bought the negro church on the east side of town for school purposes, and when these quarters were out grown tlie town raised $800 for remodeling the structure, which served until 1898, when the present property was acquired. Mr, W. F. Shellman, o Savannah., gave $100 of the above sum, and in honor of this gentleman the school became Shellman Institute, and the town itself Shellman. The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in Masonic Hall in 1876, with Bev. John West as pastor. In 1880 this denomination built its first house of worship, a structure remodeled in 1890. There was a strong Baptist community cen tered at Kehobeth, just north of the town, as early as 1845, but the first church of this faith was not built at Shellman until 1886, and finally in 1904 the old structure was superceded by the present handsome edifice of brick. Some time in the early seventies IVfr. J. B. Payne began what has been successively a saw mill, a grist mill and an oil mill. The present structure was built in 1901 by Mr. W. J. Oliver. As' business increased the demand for banking facilities increased likewise, and in response to these demands came the Shell man Banking Company in 1890 and the First National Bank in 1900. Shellman 'a business activities have been mainly dependent upon its surrounding agricultural lands. In consequence of this fact, three gnano mixing plants are supported. The first white child born in Shellman was Virginia Phelps, whose parents, Thomas Jay and Annie Phelps, were the first couple to be married in the town. The first public school teacher was Rev. E. A. J. Powell. The first member of the General Assembly from Shellman was Colonel R. F. Crittenden, 1871-1872 and 1882-1883. His successors iu office from this town have been; I. A. Martin, 1894-1895, and J. N. Watts, 1931-1912. Shellman's first State Senator was Captain H. A. Crittenden, 1907-1908, followed by J. !N~. Watts, 19131934.*

Fort Augusta: 1736.

RICHMOND Volume I, pp. 113-117.

Treaties Made Several important treaties with the Geor-

at Augusta.

gia Indians were made at Augusta. The

first of these was negotiated by the royal

Oovernor, Sir James Wrig'ht, on June 1, 1773. In sat

isfaction of certain debts dne tne traders, a larg-e tract

of land was ceded at this time by the Indians, including

H. A. Critte sisted by Mr

952 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJTCGISXDS
botli tlie Creeks and the Cherokees, whose dominion adjoined in this part of the State. Out of the lands ac quired under this treaty was subsequently formed the large County of Wilkes, originally a sort of frontier kingdom, which became the parent of a numerous off spring. On the part of the Crown, two commissioners sig-ned the compact: Sir James Wright, baronet, captaingeneral and commander-iir-chief of the Province of Georgia; and Hon. John Stewart, Esq., his Majesty's sole agent for and superintendent of Indian affairs in the southern district of North America. On the part of tile redskins, it was witnessed by chiefs, head-men and warriors of both tribes.
During the struggle for independence both the Creeks and the Cherokees sided with the British. In conse quence, there was a forfeiture of land to the State at the close of hostilities. On May 31, 1783, a treaty was made at Augusta with the Cherokee Indians, whereby a tract of land was acquired in the upper part of the State, out of which the County of Franklin was afterwT ards formed. G-overnor layman Hall, General John Twiggs, Colonel Elijah Clarke, Colonel Benjamin Few, Hon. Edward Telfair and General Samuel Flbert, witnessed the compact, as commissioners appointed by the Legislature of OJeorgia. There was no further trouble with the Cherokees for a number of years. On November I, 1783, a treaty was made at Augusta with the Creek Indians, whereby a tract of land was acquired in the lower part of the State, out of "which the county of ^A^asliington was sub sequently erected. The commissioners, on the part of the State, were: General John Twiggs, Colonel Elijah Clarke, Hon. Edward Telfair, Hon. Andrew Burns and Hon. William Glaseock. But the Creeks, under the bold leadership of the noted Alexander McGillivray, repudi ated the agreement; and out of this bone of contention grew the Oconee AVar. The settlers in the new County of AVashington were constantly harrassed by hostile incur sions and depredations. Subsequent treaties "were made

at Galphinton, at Hopewell, and at Shoulder Bone, but to little purpose. McGillivray was an artful dodger. At last the newly organized Government of the United States took the matter in hand. Under the personal eye of Washington, the "treaty of New York was negotiated in 1790 by Secretary 'Knox, of the Department of War. But still further difficulties ensued, and it was not until 1796 that a final treaty of friendship and g*ood-will was concluded at Coleraine, ratifying the treaty of New York and bringing- the Oconee War to an end.

Historic Old St. Paul's. Meadow Garden.

Volume I, pp. 117-122. Volume T, pp. 122-125.

Sand Bar Ferry: Four miles southeast of Augusta lies

A Famous

one of the most famous duelling

Duelling- Ground. grounds in America: Sand Bar Ferry.

Tt occupies both banks of the Savan

nah Kiver at a point "which in past years, before the old

ferry gave place to the present modern steel bridge,

"was "well adapted by reason of its peculiar environment

to the purposes of a field of honor. Here, in the days

g'one by, personal combats without number have been

fought under the Code Duello, Georgians resorting to the

Carolina side and Carolinians betaking themselves to the

Georgia side, each to adjust their differences according

to the only mode of arbitrament which then prevailed

among" g'ontlemcn. Happily this method of redress has

long since passed. For more than a generation not a

drop of blood has been spilled on the old duelling ground,

and its hostile meetings are today recalled only by the

gray-beards whose memories reach back to the old re

gime, when the duelling- pistol dominated the public life

of the South. But we are fortunate in finding for our

954 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
readers an article which, describes this noted resort of the duellist as it appeared forty years ago. It was writ ten by Colonel James T. Bacon, editor of the Edgefield Chronicle, who often visited the spot; and, without repro ducing] the article in full, its salient paragraphs are as follows :
"There is not ft spot of greater interest in any part of our country than the secluded glade known in the history of the South, of South Carolina and Georgia, especially, as Sand Bar Ferry. A commonplace name enough^ but attached to a glade or fairy ring set apart for the conventional duel ling ground when the Code Duello was the first resort of gentlemen in settling personal difficulties.
"In some respects it would seem that this spot were fashioned for some such purpose, so quiet, so perfectly secluded, so easy of access and at the same time so out of the way that a most bloody duel could be fought to a finish before authority from, any point could arrive- to interfere.
"This historic duelling arena lies three miles southeast of the city of Augusta, over what was once a wheel-scarred and rugged road, heavy in places with fine sand, and again marshy where it dipped into a, "bit of low land or struggled through a tongue of tmdrained swamp. The road lies along pleasant farm lands, and plume-like elms meet in leafy arches overhead. Now it runs deep into the heart of the dim swamp, now close along the margin of the rushing, muddy, turbulent Savannah, bordered by thousands of the trailing water willow.
*' This' duelling ground lies on either side of the river. With the bel ligerents of the Carolina side, who wished to settle differences with leaden arguments, the fairy ring "beneath the hoary moss-draped trees on the Georgia side was chosen as the scene of action. With those already introuble on the latter side, the clean, firm sands of the wide river bank were preferred. On the Georgia side the famous' spot might well be mistaken for the artificial work of man, fashioned with a view to the purpose which it served. The ground is as level as a dancing floor; a soft carpet of moss covers it, through which the vivid fruit of the partridge vine or ground ivy glows like the crimson stain of blood. All around tall cedars, feathery elms and towering gums, interspersed with a few black-boled pines', draped with long streamers of the funeral gray moss, shade the trav eler from the too-ardent rays of the semi-tropical sun.
* ' On the left the river runs, broadening out into wide shallows, the sand- bars shoaling out from either bank, until at low water, or during the slimmer months, persons standing on the further end of the bar could clasp hands across the bed of the then placid river. On the right a thick hedge of flowering .-juniper slnits' off the view of a most prosaic object, a railroad trestle poised high, and spanning the river from bank to bank.

RICHMOND

955

"It is a singularly quiet place, this famous Southern diielling groundj the natural face of which seems never to change. No sound "breaks the stillness, but the occasional flutter of the winged inhabitant of the bushes, the lap of the water over the sand bars, or the grinding wheels of an occasional vehicle that has just been ferried over.
"Many of the lagoons have never been explored, and ;just how many there are cannot, seemingly, be ascertained. Dense eanebrakes, absolutely as impregnable as a stone wall, shutting out daylight in their vicinity, cut off communication except where the tilled lands skirt them, or where a narrow and tortuous passage leads into the Savannah. It is a curious phenomenon that, however high the river rises, or however low it sinks, the waters in the lagoon remain the same--weird, ghostly, mysterious, a freak of nature nn her most sombre mood--spots' of eternal mourning; may hap for bygone transgressions--blots upon the fair face of nature beneath the ardent Southern sun.
"But let us climb up to the top of the high white cliffs of Beech Island, on the South Carolina side, whence spreads out the level duelling ground. The September moon is rising, and the silence is intense; almost palpable or tangible, as it were. The reddening gum leaves flutter in the lazy breeze--flurrying lightly over the moss with a sound that might- be nifuie by the ghostly footsteps of the things unseen. I^ven the bird voices seem far away and hushed; the moonlight filters through the whispering pines' that complain in far-ofl3 hushed undertones; and standing there one feels as though civilization and the fret of life and the strife of man had been left many miles behind, and that the land in which it is always afternoon-- if not black night--were well at hand.
"Beech Island is a fair and blessed land, but there hangs a dark and bloody fringe along some of her borders."
Poets' Monument: On April 28, 1913, a handsome granMrs. Cole's Gift. ite memorial to four renowned Geor
gia poets: Sidney Lanier, Father Ryan, James Ryder Randall and Paul U. Hayrie, was unveiled with, impressive ceremonies, in the presence of a vast throng". The monument was a gift to the city

956 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
from Mrs. K.-W. Cole, of Xashvillc, Tenn., formerly a resident of Augusta, and the speech of presentation, an exquisite literary gem, was made by Chancellor Jam.es II. Kirkland, of Vanderbilt University. This attractive memorial stands on G-reene Street, a thoroughfare noted for its numerous artistic charms. The structure consists of four ornamental pillars, resting1 upon a massive base and supporting' a handsomely carved roof. Enclosed within is a square of granite, on the four sides of which are these inscriptions :
STTJXEY TRANTER. 1842-1880.
'The Catholic man who hath mightily won God out of knowledge and good out of infinite paii And sight out of blindness and purity out of a stai
FATHER RYAN. 3843-1886.
1 To the higher shrine of love tlivii My lowly feet have trod.
I want no fame, no other name Than this--a priest of God.''
JAMES E. EAJS'D'ALL. 1839-1908.
'Better the fire upon the roll, Better the blade,, the shot, the bowl, Than crucifixion of the soul,
Maryland, my Maryland. ''
PAUL HAYNE. 1830-1886.
""Yet would T rather in the outward state Of song's immortal temple lay me d.o\i
A beggar, "basking by that radiant gate, Than bend beneath the haughtiest empii
Surrounding" the monument there are four marble seats. With the single exception of Lanier, these gifted men of genius were for a number of years associated

RICHMOND

95' (

with the intellectual and social life of Augusta, while two of them--H/ayne and Eandall--lie buried in the city cemetery in a section known as '' Poets' Row. ' We quote from a local newspaper* the following- brief ac count of the exercises of unveiling:
Long before the hour of 5 o -'clock the crowd "began to gather around the monument, and soon the 400 seats placed on the green were filled, as
When Mrs. Cole and the members of her party arrived they were seated near the stand, upon which the Mayor and members of Council -were seated and also the clergy of the city, and those who were to take part in the program.
When the hour of 5 struck more than a thousand people were present and the audience was a most representative one, citizens of all ages being present from the eldest citizen to babies in the arms of their nurses.
The first thing on the program was the unveiling of the monument, by little Cornelia White, the daughter of Mr. and Mirs. W. B. White, and Master Whiteford Cole, Jr., son of Mr. and Mrs. Whiteford Cole, of Nashville.
Hon. T.inwood Hayne, who presided over the exercises, then introduced the Rev. S. B. Wig-gins, pastor of St. John's Methodist Church, who made the opening prayer. A chorus' of about seventy school children, trained by Miss Harris, then sang sweetly, "Maryland, My Maryland," with an accom paniment of harp and violin.
Chancellor Kirkland, of Vanderbilt University, was introduced by Mr. Hayne, and he presented the monument, on behalf of Mrs. Cole, to the city of Augusta in a most eloquent speech, which was listened to with the closest attention and received with the heartiest applause. Chancellor Kirkland paid a beautiful and fitting tribute to the four poets, in whose memory the monument is erected, and in glowing terms mentioned, their separate claim to fame aticl their loyalty to the Southland, in whose honor their most inspired songs were sung.
Chancellor Kirkland was followed by the Rev. M. Ashby Jones, who accepted the monument in behalf of the city. "Dr. Jones always rises to an occasion as few can, and his' beautiful, inspiring and uplifting speech of acceptance and appreciation \vas expressed with his customary felicity of expression and eloquent earnestness.
Dr. Jones spoke "beautifully of the inspiration this monument would "be to the young men and women of the city; of its perpetual appeal to them to demand the best and to seek the highest ideals. He closed by saying r "I accept, in behalf of all Augusta, this beautiful expression of your love for this city, and thank you that you have helped and honored us, for this day and for the days that are to come."

958 G-EORGIA'S LANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Following Dr. Jones', Mr. William H. Hayne delivered an original ode, written in honor of the occasion, that was a gem1 of poetic thought and charming expression. One of Father Ttyan 's beautiful poems, put to music "by Miss; Harris, was then sung "by the chorus to a familiar air. The serv ices were concluded with a short prayer and benediction uttered by Father Kanc, of St. Patrick 's Church.
At the conclusion of the exercises Mrs. Cole was surrounded by countless old friends in the city, many of whom, had not had the pleasure of meeting her personally since they were young folks together. The shadows of even ing were falling before the crowd finally dispersed.
Barrett Plaza: The Directly in front of the Union StaWalsh Monument. tion, on Barrett Plaza, facing- the
city of Augnista, "whose busiest sec tion lies between the plaza and the river stands a handsome statue in bronze of one of the most beloved of Augnstans: United States Senator Patrick AValsh. Coming* to Augusta from his boyhood home in Ireland, he became in the course of time editor and owner of the Aur/wsta Chronicle, one of the most powerful individual factors in the development of his adopted town and one of the most commanding: figures in tlie political life of Gfeorgia. Before reaching" the end of his days--a period, all too short--he wore by executive appointment the toga of the American Senate, succeeding' in this high forum the lamented Alfred II. Colquitt, With impressive ceremonies, on June 20, 1913, occurred the formal exercises of unveiling. Two distinguished Georgia editors, Hon. Clark TTowell, of Atlanta, and TTon. Pleasant A. Stoval], of Savannah, both warm and inti mate personal friends of the deceased, delivered the prin cipal addresses. "We quote the following account of the exercises from a newspaper report:*
There were probably 3,000 people gathered on Barrett Plaza at 6:15 o'clock when the heroic bronze statue of the late Senator Patrick Walsh, mounted on a mammoth marble pedestal, was presented to the city and accepted by Mayor L. C. Hayne from the Wa*sh Memorial Association.
the Augusta correspondent of the Atlanta Constitution, in issue

RICHMOND

959

The address of the occasion by Hon. Clark Howell, of Atlanta, and Hon. Pleasant A. Stovall, of Savannah, both of whom knew Mr. Walsh intimately, were sympathetic and held the rapt attention of the "big crowd..
Grandnieces of Mr. Walsh, Misses Catherine Smith and Marie Walsh, pulled the cords which loosened the veil from the statue. A commodious stand was erected on the north side of the monument, on which were seated the members of Mr. Walsh's family, the speakers of the day, Mayor L. C. Hayne, of Augusta; members' of the city council and other city officials and a number of Mr. Walsh's closest personal friends, who were extended special invitations to occupy seats upon the stand.
Secret orders of which Mr. Walsh was1 a member attended the exercises in a body. These orders were the Ancient Order of Hibernians, the Knights of Columbus and the Elks. The cadet body of the Academy of the Sacred Heart also attended the ceremonies en masse.
Following the introductory music, the invocation by Kev. P. H. McMahon, of Washington, Ga.. a close friend of tho late Senator, and the unveiling, the bronze figure was presented to this city by John J. Cohen, president of the Walsh Memorial Association, existence of \vhieh elates from the day of Mr. Walsh's funeral in March, 1899, Mr. Stovall and Mr. Howell delivered their addresses, following in the order named. The accept ance speech was delivered by Edward B. Hook, who spoke for Mayor Hayne.
The monument is 8 feet in height, placed on a pedestal of practically the same height of white marble, on the adverse side being engraved a laurel w^reath. Above and arching over the wreath is engraved a fitting sentiment. On the reverse side are engraved facts relative to Mr. Walsh, the date of his birth, death and others. Cost of the erection is stated to be about $10,000.
This descriptive account of the monument is taken from a looal newspaper:*
The statue is placed facing North. The features brought out true to life, the broad brow, the determined jaws, eyes of the same calm, benign and steady gaze of the Senator of life, the hair, side whiskers' and goatee ap pearing just as in the latter years of his life. The figure shows him wearing a long buttoned frock coat, with the right hand thrust into the bosom of his coat and the left hand hanging by his side, holding a scroll typifying the editor and the lawmaker. The weight of tho figure is upon the right foot, while the left is placed slightly forward. The general attitude is that of the speaker.
Tho pedestal is- circular and about five feet in height. Carved in relief on the obverse side is an olive wreath, inside of which are the dates "]840" and "1899." "Patrick Walsh" is carved in bold characters in relief directly above the wreath. On the reverse side appears this inscription, the lines being engraved below each other in the respective order: "Editor of
*Augusta Chronicle, issue of June 21, 1913.

960 GICOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGKNDS
The August a Chronicle, Mayor of the City of Augnstfi. Member of the Georgia Legislature. TJ. S. Senator. A Patriotic Citizen. A Loyal Friend. A Lover of Humanity. Erected by His Fellow Citizens."
The base of the pedestal is a square block of marble, measuring- six feet on the side, plated on a concrete foundation. The foundation has been cov ered with soil and grass planted, which is now growing luxuriously.

Major Archibald On board the ill-fated Titanic, which

Butt: A Hero

struck an iceberg in mid-ocean, on the

of the Titanic. evening of April 15, 1912, was a gal

lant son of Augusta--Major Archibald

Butt. At the time of his death Major Butt was one of

the best-known men in American public ]ife, having

served as chief of the President's military staff, under

two national administrations, and for eight years no

one ever attended the brilliant social functions at the

White House without being iniju'essed by the erect arid

graceful tigure of the handsome officer. The disaster in

which he lost his life was the greatest marine tragedy

of modern times--an ocean holocaust, in "which over 1,500

souls perished. The Titanic was the greatest vessel

afloat. She was making her maiden voyage from Tjiver-

pool to New York; and some of the most eminent men of

the "world were on board. The unwritten law of the sea--

"women and children first"--was rigidly enforced; but

the inate chivalry of Archibald Butt made it a needless

one, so far a.s it concerned himself. He was not among

the number saved. Only the meagerest details of the

colossal tragedy reached Washington after days of anx

ious waiting; and when hope for the brave officer's rescue

was finally abandoned, Mr. Taft's comment, made with

moisture in'his eyes, was this: "He died like a soldier

and a gentleman." The President afterwards caine to

Augusta for the express purpose of paying- a, heart-felt

memorial tribute to his beloved chief of staff.

Archibald Willingham Butt came of an old Augusta

family, and on the banks of the Savannah River at this

place he was born on September 26, 1866". Here he grew

RICHMOND

961

up, attending the local schools; but, losing his father when quite a lad, it was mainly by his mother's hand that the youth was reared. The latter was a Miss Boggs. It was the ardent wish of the boy's mother to see her son in the pulpit, and with the hope of making a ministei of Archibald she sent him to Sewanee. But the lad's ambition was to enter the army--the life which fasci nated him most was the soldier's. As a sort of compro mise, on leaving college, he drifted into journalism, but 'without relinquishing his dream. In the course of time, he became the Washington correspondent of the Atlanta Journal, and by a most singular coincidence one of his associates on the paper at this time was the brilliant Jacques Futrelle, who was destined to share his "watery grave in the mid-Atlantic.
Major Butt's nearest surviving relatives are Ms two brothers, Edward H. Butt, of Liverpool, and Lewis Ford Butt, of Augusta. John D. Butt, a third brother, met death in a railway accident a number of years ago. About the same time he also lost an only sister. When on a visit to A.tlanta, some few months before the tragic disaster, Major Butt incidentally remarked: "My ambi tion is to die in such a manner as to reflect credit upon the name I bear." He may not have recalled this wish amid the waters of the Wild Atlantic, on the night when his brave soul went out; but his ambition was fully real ized. The citizens of Augusta have planned a memorial bridge in Ms honor to span the Augusta Canal and to keep his name in green remembrance amid the -scenes of his youth. At Sewanee, Term., a memorial tablet has already been unveiled in the halls of his alma mater, and a handsome monument has also been erected by his comrades of the army in Arlington National Cemetery,
Washington, D. C.

Archibald Butt: On April 15, 1914, the handsome meMemorial Bridge, morial bridge erected by the citizens
of Augusta in honor of Major Archi bald Butt was dedicated in the presence of a vast throng

962 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of people, numbering perhaps 5,000. It spans tlie Aug^ista Canal at the intersection of Fifteenth and Greene Streets, near the site of Major Butt's old home. ExPresident of the "United States Hon. "William H. Taft de^ livered the principal address of the occasion, in addition to which the Masonic rites constituted a most impressive feature of the exercises. From a detailed report of this impressive ceremonial the following account is taken:*
Simple but impressive exercises attended the dedication, here today of the Butt memorial bridge, erected as a tribute to the memory of the late Major Archibald Willingham Butt, aide to former Presidents Taft and Roosevelt, who perished .in the Titanic diaster on April 14, 1912.
Former President Taft", a delegation of Masons from the Temple Noyes Lodge, of Washington, of which Major Butt was a member; local Masons and members of the Butt Memorial Association, participated in the serv ices, which were held on the handsome new bridge spanning the canal at Fifteenth and Greene Streets.
Arrangements had been completed for the dedication to be held yes terday afternoon, but on account of rain it was necessary to postpone the ceremonies until today.
The formal dedication of the bridge was preceded by the laying of a cornerstone with ritualistic ceremonies by the Masons'.
Former President Taft, the first speaker, spoke feelingly of his former aide as a '' Southerner through and through.' *
"I like to think of him, " said Mr. Taft, "as the best type of the new South, with its full flavor of the chivalrous and patriotic sentiment of the old South, strengthened by the trials of war and its consequences, mellowed by success in its struggles against obstacles after the war, and turned into the deepest loyalty to the flag by the Spanish-American war, and a sense of a full share in the power and responsibility of the government of the country.
"He was' a Southerner through and through. He had the tradition of the South deep-seated in his nature. But he had the self-control that en abled him -with entire self-respect to pass unnoticed, expressions of preju dice or criticism toward what he held dear, made thoughtlessly, or upon the assumption that he was not a Southern man."
The bridge proper is constructed of concrete. At each of the two ap proaches are two massive lions, carved from limestone, one bearing a bronze shield engraved with the coat of arms of the United State, another with the- Georgia coat of arms of the Butt family and the fourth the TempleNoyes Lodge coat of arms. Four tall columns surmounted by bronze eagles
Augusta correspondent of the Atlanta Constitution, in issue of April

cente follo

RICHMOND
the four corners of the central arch >f the structure. In the a bronze bas-relief of Major Butt. / bronze tablet bears the
sciptiort, which was written by forme '. President Taft:

beautiful and unexpected feature of the day's exercises was the presentation to the citizens of Augusta of another handsome memorial ofthe late Major Butt, through Mr. LeRoy Herron, worshipful master of the Washington Masonic Lodge, in the form of a life-size copper reproduction of Major Butt.
At 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon, immediately after its delivery, the handsome statue was set up in the lobby of the Bon Air Hotel, where the entire party and many other visitors for tlie memorial exercises are stop ping, and was admired by thousands of people. This morning it was' re moved to a location near the tablets on the bridge, and was conspicuously a part of today's exercises.
Dennis Cahill: On the banks of the Augusta Canal, near the Butt An Irish Hero. Memorial Bridge, there stands a pyramid of rough
stones, erected to commemorate an act of heroism, no less' grand in its humble way than the one which glorified the last moments of Major Butt, on board the ill-fated Titanic. Inscribed upon this pile of roek is the following epitaph:
Dennis Cahill by a deed of self-sacrifice such as all humanity claims and counts among .the jewels hallowed this spot and rendered his name worthy of such lasting memory as these rugged stones and this simple tablet can secure, for here he gave his life in a vain attempt to save from drowning a child having no claim for his sac rifice save humanity and helplessness, July 29, 1910. Born Parish of Castlemagner, County Cork, Ireland, June, 1861.

964 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
Colonel Samuel One of the most illustrious soldiers Hammond: Revo- of Georgia in the first war for indelutionary Patriot, pendence was Colonel Samuel Ham
mond, whose conspicuous part in the siege of Augusta has embalmed him in the lasting gratiture of this metropolis and in the love of all Georgians. Colonel Hammond, at the beginning of the last century, represented this State in Congress, after which he be came by appointment of President Jefferson the first Territorial Governor of Missouri. His last years were spent at Varello, his country-seat, on the south Carolina side of the Savannah River, near Augusta. To recall the patriotic services of Colonel Hammond there stands on Gr-eene Street a handsome memorial to this distinguished soldier and civilian. It consists of a solid hlock of roughliewn granite, surmounted by a bronze bust of Colonel Hammond, in the uniform of a Continental officer. The inscription on the monument reads as follows:
SAMUEL HAMM'OND. Born in Richmond County, Va., Sept./ 1757. Died at Varello, near Augusta, Sept. 1842.
Captain of Minute Men at Great Kanawha, 177. Long Bridge, Norfolk, 1775. Aid to Gen. Hand at Pittsburg, 1778. Colonel of Cavalry under Washington, 1779.
With Gen. Greene in every important engagement through Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. On the front line at Butaw, Cowpeng and King's Mountain. At the Siege of Charleston, Savannah, and Augusta. Mem ber of Congress from Georgia, 1802. Appointed "by President Jefferson in 1805 to the Command of Upper Louisiana. First Territorial Governor of Missouri. Sec retary of State in South Carolina, 1831. He gave sixty years .of public service to the cause of America. This memorial in his honor placed by the Augusta Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, as the filial tribute of his1 grandson, Hugh Vernon Washington.

RICHMOND

965

On March 28, 1913, in the presence of a large gather ing of representative Angus tans, the handsome memo rial to Colonel Hamni-ond was unveiled with ceremonies befitting the occasion. Rev. M. Ashby Jones, one of the most eloquent men of the State, delivered the principal address. We quote from a local newspaper the following brief account of the exercises:
At the hour of 5 o 'eloek a crowd of interested spectators gathered and the presentation ceremonies began upon the arrival of Mrs. Ellen Washington Bellamy, of Macon, who is one of the donors of the monu ment, the other donor being her brother, the late Hugh Vernon Washing ton, of M'acon, a grandson of Colonel Hammond.
Judge William F. Eve presided and introduced the Rev. M. Ashby Jones, -who was to present the monument to the city of Augusta in behalf of the donors.

Hon. Linwood C. Hayne, mayor of Augnista, was next introduced. Said he:
.voman of Macon who, by this act, has is not an age entirely of utilitarianism, tie acclaim, will give applause and reveri has made this generous donation to the history of the republic, and perpetuated for all time to come the memory of Sam Hammond--warrior, hero and patriot; and for this contribution which not only extols the patriotism of her valiant grandaire, but refleets the highest credit on her patriotic liberality, Augusta makes her most grateful acknowledgement, and pledges herself to guard with the highest loyalty and fidelity this saerecl spot dedicated alike to the heroism of Saimiel Hammond, the defender of Augusta, and to the loyal affection of the patriotic doTior of this most striking testimonial to the heroism of the days' of the revolution, when the land was young.'' Mrs. Bellamy then spoke a few words of appreciation, explaining that it was the wish of her brother, the late Hugh Vernon Washington, of Maeon, that this monument be erected in Augusta, whose history their illustrious ancestor helped to make, and tliat the monument was his gift, as well as hers. Besides the many friends present, the representatives of the Hammond family, were Mrs. Bellamy, of Macon, and Mrs. McKie, a grand daughter of Colonel Hammond, who now lives in North Augusta, and her son, Mr. M'eKie.

966 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

The Seizure of Perhaps the most dramatic event in the

the Arsenal.

history of Augusta was the seizure of

the United States Arsenal at Sunimer-

ville, on the eve of the Civil War. It followed almost

directly upon the adjournment of the famous Secession

Convention, which carried the State of Georgia out of

the Union. As told by Proferror Joseph T. Derry, the story of this bold exploit, which was undertaken success

fully by the volunteer troops of Augusta, is as follows:

"The arsenal, situated near Augusta, consisting of a group of buildings

on the summits of salubrious sand hills, contained a battery of artillery,

20,000 stand of muskets, and a large quantity of munitions, guarded by

a company of United States trooops, under command of Captain Arnold

Blzey, of Maryland. The occupation of this arsenal was necessary. The

sentiment favoring the seizure was increased by the arrival,, on January

10th, of an ordnance detachment, which had been ejected from the arsenal

at Charleston. On January 23, Governor Brown, accompanied by his

aide-de-camp, lion. Henry R. Jackson, who had experienced military life

as a colonel of a Georgia regiment in Mexico, and Hon. William Phillips,

visited Captain Elzey and made a verbal request that he withdraw his

command from the State. Upon his refusal to do so, Colonel Alfred

Cumming, of the Augusta battalion of militia, was ordered to put his

force in readiness for action, to support the Governor's demand.

At the same time, some eight hundred volunteers of the city were put under

arms, and others came in from the country. The Augusta volunteers en

gaged in the capture of the arsenal consisted of the following companies:

Oglethorpe Infantry, Clinch Rifles, Irish Volunteers, Montgomery Guards,

two companies of minute men, one of which "became the "Walker Light In

fantry, Washington Artillery, and Richmond Hussars. The ranks o f these

companies had been filled by young men eager to serve, and they averaged at this time one hundred men each. They were splendidly equipped and

thoroughly drilled. In addition to these there were about two hundred

mounted men from Burke County and a company of infantry from Edge-

field district, S. C. Brigadier-General Harris, was in chief command, aided

by Brigadier-General Charles J. Williams, of Columbus, and Lieutenant-

Colonel Alfred Gumming was in immediate command of the armed force,

consisting of the Augusta Battalion, companies A and B of the minute

men, and the militia. No hostile demonstration was to be made until

the 24th, a.nd it was then happily obviated by the action of Captain Elzey.

In the conference which fixed the terms of the withdrawal, the Governor,

was accompanied by Generals Harris and Williams, Colonel W. H. T.

Walker and his aides, Colonels Jackson and Phillips, all of whom joined

the Governor in assurances of esteem for Captain Elzey, together with a

desire that the unhappy difficulties which had arisen might be adjusted

RICHMOND

967

without hostilities. Walker, a comrade of Elzey in the Federal service, seized the latter's hand and assured him that he had done all that could be required of a brave man. Elzey, overcome "by the situation which pre saged the breaking up of the old army and the deadly conflict of former friends, could only reply by throwing his arm around his comrade silently, while tears filled the eyes of those who witnessed the scene. Walker be came a Major-Ceneral In the Confcderat Army, was distinguish d for his reckless daring, and finally gave his life in the great batttle on the hills around Atlanta. Elzey als'o entered the Confederate service as soon as circumstances permitted, and was one of the most distinguished represen tatives of Maryland in the Army of Northern "Virginia. His cool and in trepid action on the field of First Manassas won for him the rank of brig adier-general and the title of "the Blucher of" the day" from the lips of President Davis. Under Jackson he achieved additional renown and was promoted to the rank of major-general, but wounds received before Richmond in 18C2 deprived the cause of his1 further active service in the field. After a salute of thirty-three guns, the Stars aud Stripes fmttored down the garrison staff."

Origin Of the Chil- This patriotic society originated at the Third

dren Of tlie Con

Annual Convention o the Georgia Division of

federaoy: AugusU ^tSc^^t^

the Birthplace.

thoritative account of how it arose: "In the

afternoon of the 14th, Miss Eunnie T.ove, of

Atlanta, read a strong paper advocating the organizing of children's chap

ters of Daughters of the Confederacy, but Mrs. McDowell Wolff had

before this organized a band of children In Savannah and called them

Children of the Confederacy. A committee was appointed by Mrs. Eve,

the president, as follows: Miss Eunnie Love, chairman; Mrs. W. F. Eve,

Miss Rosa Woodberry, Mrs. E. E. Park, Mrs. B. O. Miller.

*' THis committee was given authority to draw rip the plans for organ

izing thes'e chapters as branches of the main division.

* ' The committee was afterwards changed to the following personnel:

Mfrs. Charles Rice, chairman; Mrs. McDowell Wolff, Mrs. William M.

Nixon, Miss Susie Gerdine, Miss Sallie Jones, Miss Eunnie Love.

"The report of this committee was read at the Rome Convention October,

1898, and adopted, after which a letter was read from Mrs. McDowell

Wolff, on the importance of teaching the children true history. Mrs.

Charles Rice, of Atlanta, offered the following resolution:

" 'Whereas, Mrs. E. P. McDowell Wolff originated the Order of Chil

dren of the Confederacy In Georgia, be it

" 'Resolved, That in recognition of this act of patriotism she be known

as the Founder of the order, and her name be thus inscribed tipon docu-

968 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ments wherein the names of the officers appear.' This resolution was unanimously adopted.''

Georgia's

Georgia's oldest bank was chartered by

Oldest Bank, tlie Legislature, on December 6, 1810, and

was styled the "Bank of Augusta." Its

capital stock was $300,000, divided into shares of $100

each; and of this sum $50,000 was reserved for the State

of Georgia, subject to the approval of the law-making

authorities. In the event the State became a stockholder

in the bank, it was stipulated that the Governor, Treas

urer, and Comptroller-General, should be entitled, at

each succeeding- election, to name two members of the

board of directors. As given in the bank's charter, the

original board of directors consisted of the following1

stockholders : Thomas Gumming, its first president; John

Howard, Kichard C. Tubman, John McKinne, James

Gardner, Hugh Nesbit, David Eeid, John Moore, John

Campbell, John Willson, Anderson Watkins, John Car-

michael, and Ferdinand Phinzy. The charter was signed

by Gov. David B. Mitchell, as Governor, and by the pre

siding officers of the two law-making bodies: Hon. Jared

Irwin, President of the Senate, and Hon. Benjamin Whit-

aker, Speaker of the House of Representatives.*

Whitney's

"Whitney's plan of getting his gins into use was unpop-

Ootton Gill. ular among the farmers. He would either buy the cotton

himself, or charge one-third of it for ginning. He did

not at first sell his gins. The farmers generally thought Whitney was

trying to keep the use of his gins too much within his own control. Much

began to be said about the ' gin monopoly.' All of this was unfortunate

for Whitney, because, although others claimed it, the honor of having

invented the cotton gin clearly belongs to Eli Whitney. . . . After

the gin was invented, Whitney established his machines in various places

in Georgia for the purpose of buying and ginning cotton. One of these

was near Augusta, about two miles south of the city. The dam is still

seen which held the water to furnish the power. Whitney's machines were

ROCKDALE----SCHLEY---- SCRBVEN

969

at first called cotton engines, but this \jmme was soon contracted into cotton gins.' J *
BOCKDALE

Conyers. In 1870, Eockdale County was organized from Newton and Henry, with Conyers as the county-
seat ; but Conyers was at this time a town of some im portance, on the line of the Georgia Bailroad. Its char ter of incorporation "was granted on February 16, 1854, with the following-named commissioners, to-wit.: A. C. Hulsey, Daniel Zachery, Stephen Mayfield, A. B,. Biehardson and James J. Poole. 1 In Volume I of this "work will he fotind an extended sketch of the town of Conyers.

SCHLEY

Ellaville. In December 22, 1857, an Act was approved creating the new County of Schley out of lands
formerly including in Sumter and Marion and the judges of the Inferior Court "wore authorized to choose a site for public buildings. Ellaville, the county-seat, was in corporated as a town on November 23, 1859, at which time the following pioneer residents were named as com missioners : J. Stephens, H. Davis, E. Burton, H. L. French and Mr. Strange.2 The town was reincorporated in 1883.

Jacksonboro.

S GEEYEN

Volume I.

Sylvania. In 1793, Screven County was formed out of Burke and Effingham, with the old town of
Jacksonboro as the county-seat, and for nearly fifty years there was no change in the seat of government. But
1 Acts, 1853-1854, p. 259 2 Acts, 1859, p. 154.

970 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

in 1847 a new town rose in the wilderness. On a fiftyacre tract of land purchased from Charles Church and Azeriah Ennis at this time was fonnded the present town of Sylvania. The commissioners who made this purchase and who located the new county-seat were: John R. Kit tles, Willis Young-, William Lovett, John Roberts, Moses N. McCall, Solomon Zeigler and John A. Gross. 1 Syl vania was incorporated as a town on February 20, 1854, with the following1 commissioners: Dominick J. DiJlon, Winsley Hobbey, Daniel E. Roberts, AVilliam Williams and Charles Church. 2 With solid banks, wide-awake business establishments, good schools and attractive homes, Sylvania is today one of the most progressive towns of Georgia. Hon. George R. Black, a former member of Congress, lived at Sylvania. His father, Hon. Edward J. Black, was also at one time a resident of Screven.

Historic Traditions: A Trag-edy of the Swamp.

Pages 474-4-78.

Recollections of Edward J. Black.
dent of Screven.

Major Stephen P. Miller has sketched for us the following portrait of Ed ward J. Black, a distinguished resi Says he :

'' Mr. Black was for sis years a member of Congress--.from 1839 to 1845. He made several speeches, which gave him a high rank in debate and for elegant scholarship. His diction partook of the purity of Wilde, with much of his elevation of sentiment; and it also possessed s'ome of the causticity of Randolph when impaling an adversary. The comparison is not intended to be perfect, but merely to denote qualities more or less developed. Mr. Black was unquestionably a man of genius. His nature was impulsive, his organization acute. He felt a passion for excellence and took proper models in history for his guide. Enjoying wealth and position, he lived to see much of the world. His imagination w^as too proline and his'taste too severely disciplined to-be content with the attainable;

1 Acts, 1847, p. 75. 2 Acts, 1853-1S54, p. 270.

SPAT.PITSTG

. 971

and he looked for something which is not permitted to man--the sublime in both the intellect and the affections. Like other men of genius, lie possessed a constitutioTial malady -which preyed upon his spirits. He was often sad, perhaps murnrtired unwisely, demanding why he was smitten. But ... in the dying hour he saw that all was right; the gloom vanished and the darkness of this world gave way to the light of another. The author was acquainted with Mr. Black. They spent an evening to gether, more than twenty'years ago [1S55J at the mansion of a well-known citizen [General Blaekshear,' of LaurensJ. He was' fully what he claimed to be, "both in the vivacity of his wit and in the art of making others happy by his conversation. He was then in the zenith of his1 manhood, apparently free from disease, and bade fair to survive the humble invalid who now dictates this greatef ul offering to his memory.'"

SPALDING
Griffin. Griffin, the county-seat of Spalding, was named for General L. L. Griffin, the first president of
the old Monroe Railroad, now a part of the Central of Georgia. It was granted a charter of incorporation in 1843, at which time it was one of the flourishing railway towns of Pike. Later on, in 1851, "when Spalding' County was organized out of Pike and Henry, Griffin became the county-seat of Spalding. But, to go back a few years, the old Griffin Male and Female Academy was chartered on December 4, 1841, with the following named trustees, to-wit.: Pitt S. Milner, "William M. Leak, James L. Long, James Butler and Wesley Leak.2 From a list of trustees named in the charter of Marshall College, an institution founded in 1853, the names of some of the prominent citizens of Griffin for the decade just before the Civil War have been obtained. These trustees are named as follows: Jesse H. Campbell, Augustus L. Brodus, Alfred Buckner, J. Q. A. Alford, Parker Eason, Hendley Varner, Andrew W. "Walker, James H. Stark, all of the Flint River Baptist Association; William R. Phillips, representing' the City Council of Griffin; ^Vareham W. Woodruff, from the Presbyterian Church; Will iam Freeman, from the Methodist Church; William "West-
1 Stephen F. Miller, in Bench ana Bar of Georgia, Vol. 1. 2 Acts, 1841, p. 6.

972 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
moreland, from the Christian Church; Charles H. John son, from the Odd Fellows, and Jason Burr, from the Methodists.* During this same year, the old Griffin Collegiate Seminary was rechartered as the Griffin Fe male College and entered upon what promised to be a career of great usefulness; but, like the ambitious en terprise launched by the Baptists, it went down before the oncoming storm of the Civil ^Var. The first monu ment erected in Georgia to the Confederate dead stands in Griffin, a town whose homes were converted into hos pitals for the sick and wounded, whose devoted womeii became ministering angels at the couches of the suffering, and whose loyalty to a Ijost Cause, manifested in a thou sand tender ways, has made its very name forever fra grant with the sweetest of Confederate memories. Some of the State's most noted men have lived in Griffin, but since a list of these residents has been given in Volume I of this "work, it is needless to repeat them here. Today Griffin is one of the chief manufacturing towns of Geor gia, a city whose pulsing arteries of commerce bespeak the vigorous young blood of a new Dixie; but one needs only to enter the stately old homes of Griffin to find that in everything worth while the ideals of a gentler time are still preserved.
Some Of Griffin's Griffin is a city of beautiful homos. Some of these
Attractive Homes. wcre toilt in the "P^TM 8 ^7* * the old regime,
and. have come down to the present time rich in the lore of a former generation'. Judge RoberSt T. fDfriiiel 's hrtme is one of the fine old landmarks. Tt -was built by his grandfather, General E. P. Daniel, in the early days of Griffin. The old Bailey home, built by Colonel D'avid J. Bailey, a former member of Congress, is today owned by his daughter, Mrs. C. H. Tebeault, of New Orleans. The old Female College, built in the eighteen-fifties, and used as a hospital during the Civil War, one of the oldest structures in Griffin, is now owned and occu pied by Mr. Thomas R. Mills. 'The old Beid house, built by Judge John B. Keid, was subsequently occupied for a number of years by Hon. James C. Freeman, a former member of Congress. Today it is owned and occupied

STEPHENS

973

"by Mr. Thomas Nail. The Chapman house, built by one of Griffin's wealthy pioneer citizens, is today the home of Captain W. J. Kincaid, perhaps' the most important factor in the modern industrial life of Griffin, a man who built the first cotton mills and whose vast energies have been devoted without reserve to the growth of his adopted town. The Stark house, built by Judge "William A. Stark, is now owned and occupied by Mr. Robert F. Strickland. The home of Mrs. John B. Mills was formerly owned by Mr. Obadiah Gibson, afterwards by Mrs. "Emily Lewis, and now by her granddaughter, the present occupant. The Henry P, Hill home is today occupied by his widow, who here resides with her daugh ter, Mrs. Fleming G. Bailey. The Ben Milner place is now the property of Mr. Henry Walker, of- Monroe. The handsome old Sims to use became in after "years the home of Mr. Joseph D. Boycl. Mary Villa, built by Colonel L. T. Doyal, is now owned by Dr. M. 1<\ Carson. Other beautiful homes in and around Griffin are owned by the following substantial citi zens: Judge J. J. Flint, Mr. Scaton Grantland, Mr. James Ml. Brawner, Hon. W. E, H. Searcy, Jr., Hon. W. E. H. Searcy, Sr., Judge T. E. Patterson, Mr, Douglas Boyd, Mr. Junius Grcsham, Mr. W.. H. Powell, Dr. J. C.,. Owen, Judge Lloyd Cleveland, Mr. B. R. Blakely, Mr. W. H. Newton, Mr. C. E. Newton, Mr. J. P. Nichols, Mrs. Edward C. Smith, Mrs. B. C. Faircloth, Mr. W. B. Matthews, Mr. B. B. Brown, Mr. David Johnson, Mr. Lee Manley and others. Overshadowed by ancestral oaks, not a few of the fine old mansions of Griffin picture to the mind 7s eye what Mrs. Heamans has portrayed in one of her most exquisite poems as the "stately homes of England."

STEPHENS
Toccoa. On August 18, 1895, an Act was approved cre ating the new County of Stephens, out of lands
formerly embraced within Habersham and Franklin, and bestowing- npon said county the name of the Great Com moner, Alexander H. Stephens. Toccoa was designated as the new county-seat. This town sprang' into exist ence during the early seventies, when the old Charlotte Air Line, now the Southern Railway, was completed to this point. In 1875, a charter of incorporation granted to the town by the Superior Court of Habersham was confirmed by the General Assembly of Georgia. At this time the corporate limits were fixed at three-quarters of a mile from the public square in every direction. The town was named for a small stream, which at a distance

974 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of some two miles from tlie town center makes a gigantic leap forming- one of the most magnificent cascades in America. It was called by the Indians "Toccoa," a term signifying "the beautiful." The present public school system was established in 1892. "With the building of a branch lino from Toccoa to Elberton the growth of the town received a decided impetus. Today there is not a more progressive or wide-awake town in the State than Toccoa. Its high altitude gives it an unsurpassed health, record, while the rich valley lands in this neighborhood bring an abundant tribute to its markets, making it the center of a constantly growing trade.
STEWART
Iiiimpkin. Lumpkin was the corinty-seat of Randolph from 1828 to 1831, when it became the county-
seat of Stewart, a county organized out of lands formerly included in Randolph. The town was named for Hon. Wilson Lumpkin, one of Georgia's most distinguished sons. It was settled by a fine class of people, but has never grown to any extent, for the reason that more than any other community of equal size in Georgia it has helped to build other towns and cities. Some of the most successful business men of Atlanta were trained for mercantile life in the country stores of Lumpkin -- merchants like the Boyntons and the Bawsons. General Clement A. Evans, Captain AVilliam H. Harrison, Judge Marshall J. Clarke and Major Sidney Root were also at one time residents of this same town, whose virile elements of strength have galvanized the whole State. From an old list of stockholders of the famous Lnmpkiu Independent Academy, the names of quite a number of early pioneers have been obtained, to-wit.: James Clarke, Willard Boynton, James Redingfield, Loverd Bryan, Matthew McCullar, Ilollis Boynton, Marmadnke Gresham, Benjamin May, Nathan Clifton, Nicholas E.

SUMTEB

975

Morris, William A. Eawson, Charles S. Gaulden, Joseph J. Boynton, Jolin Gr. Singer, John Singer, Jr., John Bichardson, Mary A. West, John Talbot, William H. Hardwick, Matthew Wright, Daniel Matheson, M. T>. Doney, E. W. Eaudle, James M. MitehelJ, Francis Douglas, Joseph Glenn, Charles W. Snow, William Foster, A. H. Diekerson, Thomas H. Everett, David Harrell, William Shields, Eobert A. Hardwick, Moses Parker, E. A. Mitchell, William A.- Fort, George B. Perry, Bedford S. Worrell, Edward E. Eawson, Blanton Streetman, Ran dolph Pearson, Jacob Eamser, John Crocker, Tomlinson Fort, Miles K. Harman, Isham Watkins, Peter Adley, Artimus Lewis, Daniel A. Garrett, Madison Hill, Eras mus T. Beall, Harris Dennard and John M. Simpson.*

SUMTEE

is. When the lirst immigrants reached this local ity some of the aborigines still remained.
Settlers were attracted to this point by the fact that the spot where the town is now located "was the center of the granary of the Creek Nation. There was a tradition among the Creeks that this section of the country had never failed, in all the annals of time, to produce a good crop of maize. After the Indians left they would, from time to time, return, loath to leave the spot where they had been most contented. It was the custom of the red men, in the cultivation of their special products, to bore a hole in the ground with a stick about fifteen inches deep and to place therein a fish as fertilizer, then drop ping upon the fish a grain of corn.
Americus is located on the banks of "An Mnckalee" Creek. This beautiful Indian name was corrupted by the whites into "Muckalee." The meaning of the word is "pour upon me," the creek taking its name from a

*Acts, 1842, pp. 9-10.

^

976 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
spring about ten miles distant from Americus. The town was incorporated in 1832, and one of the first things the citizens did was to erect an academy and make pro vision for educating the poor. There was an Act provid ing that no teacher should receive funds out of the poorschool fund "unless examined and found qualified by the justices of the Inferior Court, or a majority of them."
In the following year, 1833, "Sumter County Acad emy" was incorporated, with the following-named gen tlemen as trustees : John J. Britt, Joseph Mims, Robert Savage, James Glass, William S. Horton, Thomas Johnston and Daniel M. Little. The new trustees appointed in 1835 were as follows : William Pegg, Mark M. Brown, John T. McCrary, Jesse Harris and Thomas Gardner.
Elections were held at the house of Sydney Smith, and Horton and Harris, 'instead of as formerly, at D. W. Mann's. Amerieus camp-ground "was incorporated in 1840, with the following named as trustees : William L. McKee, William P. Hames, John W. Lommy, Quinny Bass, William Pegg and Joseph M. Wyatt. Farmer's Academy was chartered by an Act of 1842, and the apappointed trustees were: Frederick J. Greene, Wyatt R. Singleton, William M. Wimbusb, Joseph A. S, Turner and Thomas J. Baisden. Names aforesaid are given principally as showing a list of those among the earliest settlers.
In building the Southwestern Kailroad, now the Cen tral of Georgia, and the first railroad through this sec tion of country, the prime mover in this undertaking was the Hon. T. M. Furl'ow, who was a most active spirit. By a liberal contribution he procured a deflection of the proposed road from Lumpkin to this point. Also, in the building of the Americus, Preston and Lumpkin Railroad, which is now a part of the Seaboard Air Line system. Colonel S. H. Hawkins contributed more of means and energy, to this vast enterprise, tian any one else. He was president of the company, and gave to Americus what was so greatly needed, a competitive line. Since

SUMTER

977

tlien the little city, from a population of 3,800, has grown to its present proportions.
In 1910 the United States census g-ave to Americus a population of 8,200, but the town has steadily grown since then, and now, in 3914, it is estimated at over 10,000 souls. The area of the little city is five miles square. The streets are paved with wood blocks, and there are forty miles of paved sidewalks. The fine water works are owned by the city. There are two electric light plants, and 20' miles of sanitary sewerage, 4 State banks, and 2 savings banks. An excellent climate--with a supplement of pure artesian "water, six public schools, tfliree colleges, including the Third District Agricultural College--these are among the attractions of Americus. Here also is the source of the largest musical conserva tory in the State, "the Bell Piano Schools." The town also boasts a fine tourist and commercial hotel and a $30,000 Carnegie Library, ajid best of railroad facilities, with twenty-four passenger trains daily. Division head quarters for the Seaboard Air Line Railroad are here located, and Sumter County is the "banner good roads county" of the State. Americus is on the Atlanta-Andersonville highway, located 175 miles southwest of At lanta, and last, but not least, there are eighteen churches of all denominations.*

Andersonville : The Monument tO Ma-
jionrr HHeennrryv W wnhiirrzz.

Some few miles to the north of Americus, on the line f tlie TMtral of Georgia, is Ander-
csoiTnivlillWe, ara bsymathlle toewstanWmisalmdeierfiat mhoeures odfuraingnottehde

Confederate prison and, later by the execution of Major Wirz, the officer in charge, at the hands of the Federal authorities. Soon after the close of hostilities, a cemetery was opened at Andersonville by the United States government. Most of the Federal soldiers who fell in the various engage ments in this section of the State toward the close of the struggle are here buried. The area is weFJ kept and is beautified by a number of attractive monuments'.

^Information kindly furnished by Mrs. C. A. Frickez-, Regent, Cou Safety Chapter, r>. A. R., of Americus, Ga.

978 GEORGIA'S .LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
During the Presidential campaign of 1876, the charges against Major \Virz "were revived in the most sensational manner by James G. Blame, in the national House of ^Representatives. His purpose was to arouse the spirit of sectional strife in order to compass the defeat of the national Democratic ticket. There was' an evident drift at the North toward Xtemocracy; and the shrewd .political orator sought, by waving the bloody shirt and by coupling the alleged prison horrors at Andersonville with the name of Democracy, to make the latter odious to the people of the Northern States. He first declared that the author of the gigantic murder and crime at Andersonville was Mr. Davis; and he next proceeded to; observe that neither the deeds of the Dnke of Alva in the Low Countries, nor the mas sacre of St. Bartholomew, nor the thumb-screws and engines of torture of the Spanish inquisition, could compare in atrocity with the hideous out rages perpetrated upon Federal soldiers in the Georgia prison. The speech was. well calculated to inflame the popular mind. It was virtually an indictment of the Southern people, and was also an artful bid for votes at the North, with which to stvppress the Bourbon Democracy at the South.
Biit the effect of the speech was neutralized in the most unexpected manner by Benjamin H. Hill, of Georgia. The latter had been the spokes man of Mr. Davis in the Confederate Senate. He was' well acquainted with the facts in the case, and the reply which lie made to Mr. Blaine on this occasion was overwhelming. H not only exonerated Mr. Davis, but he put the responsibility for loss of life at Andersonville upon the United States government, in consequence of the policy which made medicines contraband of war. Such a thing, declared Mr. Hill, not even the Duke of Alva had dared to do. He also pictured the destitution at the South during the last years of the struggle, and the insufficiency of our meagre resources to; provide food a.nd clothing for our own soldiers j whereupon he again taxed the federal government with the blame for having deliber ately and wilfully refused to agree to an exeliange of prisoners, when such conditions were known to exist. He furthermore quoted official reports to show that there were more Confederate soldiers who died in Northern prisons than there were Federal soldiers' who died in Southern prisons. The speech of Mr. Hill gave an altogether different aspect to the bill of indictment. It turned the tables upon the wily statesman from Maine, and when the popular vote was cast in the ensuing election it was found to be decidedly in favor of the Democratic ticket. Not until three States were disfranchised by the returning boards was Mr. Hayes finally seated. Thus' were the tactics employed by the great Republican leader to discredit the South distinctly repudiated by the American people at the polls.
James M. Page, formerly a lieutenant in Company A of the Michigan Cavalry, has published a volume entitled "The True Story of Anderson ville; or a Defence of Major Henry Wirz." He spent, seven months in the prison at Andersonville, and with ample opportunities for observation he fastens the blame for the so-called outrages upon Secretary Stanton, of the Hnited States War Department, On May 12, 1911, there wag

TALBOT

979

unveiled at Andersonville, under the auspices of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, a handsome monument to the memory of Major Henry Wirz, the commanding officer of the prison. Hon. Pleasant A. Stovall, of Savannah, was the orator of the occasion. His address' was a masterful review of the unvarnished facts of history connected with the execution of this gallant Confederate officer. Major Wirz is buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery, on the outskirts of the nation's capital, in the District of Columbia. His last resting-place, near the main entrance, is marked only by an obscure little headstone, rising scarcely more than an inch above the ground, on which, the only inscription ehiseled is the pathetic mono syllable: "WIRZ.

TALBOT
Talbotton. Talbotton, >a town rich in historic associa tions, was made the county-scat of Talbot
by an Act approved December 20, 1828. At the same time a charter of incorporation was obtained, with the following" named commissioners, to-wit.: H. K. "Ward, George W. B, Towns, John B. Davis and William Goss. 1 The commissioner whose name appears second in this list was none other than Governor George ~W. Towns, who was baptized with the "B1 " in his name, but sub sequently dropped it as an unnecessary letter. Both the town and the county were named for Hon. Matthew Talbot, one of the early Governors of Georgia. Between 1828 and 1836 not less than ten academies were chartered in the County of Talbot, a showing which well attests the intellectual character of the early pioneers who set tled this region. The Female Academy of Talbotton was chartered on December 23, 1830, with the folio-wing1 board of trustees, viz.: James Bell, Elisha Tarver, Henry IVTims, Norborn B. Powell, Robert G. Crittenden, Charles Smith and John P. Blackburn. 2 This pioneer school for young ladies developed into the famous LeVert Female College, named for the noted Madame LeVert, one of the most gifted women of her day. She spoke fluently a number of
1 Acts, 1828, p. 3 49. 2 Acts, 1830, p. 9.

980 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
foreign languages, 'wrote a book on travel, and for years dominated the intellectual and social life of the State. Madam LeVert was a granddaughter of George Walton, an early Governor of the State, and one of the Signers of the Declaration. "While residing with her son, then Governor of West Florida, she named the future capital of the State--Tallahassee. The commissioners of the LeVert Female College were 'as follows: Thomas B. Turner, Thomas A. Brown, Alien F. Owen, Josiah M. Matthews, Edmond H. Worrill, James P. Leonard and John T. Blount, all of whom were previously trustees of the Talbotton Female Academy. Besides these were added: William B. Marshall, Harrison W. Ilagerman, Andrew W. Wynn, William B. Brown, Francis M. Mur ray, David Kendall, Washington C. Cleveland and Hiram Drane. 1 But the old college suffered to such an extent from the impoverished condition of the State subsequent to the war that its doors were eventually closed. In 1833 the legal titles to the college property were transferred to the town of Talbotton for educational purposes. 2 Collingsworth Institute, founded by Josiah Flournay as a manual-labor school, was chartered on December 29, 1838, and named for a devoted Methodist preacher. The sum of $40,000 was bequeathed to the school by its gen erous founder. Here two members of the noted Straus family, Nathan and Isidor, afterwards millionaire mer chants of New York, were educated. Judge William A. Little, formerly on the Supreme Bench, and Hon. Walter B. Hill, late chancellor of the University, were born at Talbotton. Here also lived the Germans, the Leonards, the Blounts, the Searcys, the Powells, and scores of other aristocratic old families, whose ample mode of life is attested by the fine old mansions which still survive in different parts of the county as stately memorials of a gentler era.
1 Acts, 1S55-1S5G, p. 280. 2 Acts, 1SS3, p. 646.

TALBOT

981

The Straus Family. One of the most noted households in America of Jewish origin was identified for nearly a
full decade with the little town of Talbotton, in this rich agricultural belt of middle Georgia. Here it was that the business career of the famous Straus family began; and from a modest corner store in what was then a mere country village dates the origin of the great mercantile establishment of B. H. Maey & Co. in the great ^commercial metropolis of the continent. It is useless at this late day to conjecture the motives which induced Lazarus Straus to exchange his home in distant Bavaria for the little town in Georgia, to which he brought his household goods; but he settled in Talbotton in 1854, Two of his boys--Isidor and Nathan-- were old enough to be sent to school. Accordingly he placed them in the care of good Methodist teachers ' at Collingsworth Institute. Oscar was still an infant. There was nothing of bigotry in the heart of Lazarus Straus. He was broad minded, a man of whom his neighbors thought weir; but he was als'o progressive, energetic, wide-awake, possessed of the typical instinct of his race for trade and barter. Removing to Columbus in 1862, where a somewhat wider arena was found for his business activities, he remained in Columbus until 1865, when the raiders of General Wilson made the town a visit, -whieh left it prostrate in the ashes of war. Laz arus Straus' then removed to New York. Here he organized what eventually became one of the largest establishment in the country engaged in the importation of ehinaware. In 1887, Isidor and Nathan purchased an inter est in the great department store of B. H. Maey & Co., an establishment of which the Straus brothers in time became the sole owners. Both of them began to accumulate millions and to make themselves felt, not only in the business' life of the great metropolis, but in its philanthropies, in its politics, in its moral and social reforms. Oscar chose a professional career. Graduating from Columbia College with the highest honors of his class, he began the practice of law. But ill-health thwarted his ambi tions. He thereupon entered his father's' place of business, where his legal acquirements proved of immense advantage. But he was not pre vented by business engagements from, taking an active part in polities; and he demonstrated his capacity for public life to such an extent that President Cleveland appointed him Minister to Turkey. Although a Demo crat, ho .was retained at Constantinople by the MeKinley administration. Besides' winning the approval of the home government, he also gained the friendship of the Sultan, who wished to decorate him, a compliment, how ever, which his patriotic scruples forced him to decline, since it was not in accord with the spirit of free institutions. 'When the Department' of Commerce and Labor was created, Mr. Roosevelt conferred upon him this1 important portfolio, and he entered the President's Cabinet, the first member of his race to be accorded this honor since the "birth of the Fed eral Constitution--though Judah P. Benjamin was given a similar dis tinction under the government of the Confederate States. In 1909, Mr. Straus again received from President Taft the Turkish Ambassadorship.

982 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Pevf Americans of tte present generation have been more signally "honored. Isidor Straus, the eldest of the brothers, perished at sea on board the ill-fated Titanic, which encountered an iceberg while making her maiden voyage, and sank in mid-ocean on tlie morning of April 16, 1912. Mrs. Strans, refusing to leave her husband's side for a seat in one of the life boats, perished with him in the wreck. The body of MX. Straus was sub sequently recovered, but the ocean's sandy bed is the last resting place of Ms beloved wife: a true woman of Israel.

TALIAFERRO.
Crawfordville. Orawfordville, the county-seat of Talia-
ferro, was named for the great William H. prawford, who, next to Mr. Stephens, -was perhaps Georgia's greatest statesman. The town was incorpo rated by legislative act, on December 27, 1826, with the following-named commissioners, to-wit.: Herman Mer cer, Thomas Chastain, ^Vylie Womack, Sherwood T'owns, William Little, John Murphy, and John W. Jordan.* Stephens Institute, located here, is a nourishing high school. Crawf ordville is not a large town, but as the old home of Alexander H. Stephens, the Confederate VicePresident, it is one of the political Meccas of America.

Liberty Hall.

Pages 142-153.

The Arrest of While a prisoner at Fort Warren, in BosMr. Stephens. ton Harbor, Mr. Stephens kept a diary, in
which he carefully recorded from day to day the events of his prison life. He also interspersed it with observations on the philosophy of government, with comments upon current topics, and with various other things. The references to Linton Stephens are both numerous and tender. On almost every page there is some allusion to his half brother, a reminiscence or a prayer, in which Linton was the central thought. Chap-
*Acts, 1826, p. 169.

TALIAFERRO

983

ter after chapter from the Bible was also copied into the diary to beguile the tedium of imprisonment; and the manuscript of this journal, in after years, furnished the ibasis for the statesman's great literary masterpiece, "The War Between the States." On the death of Mr. Stephens the diary became the property of his nephew, the late John A. Stephens, whose children have recently given it to the public. The opening" chapter of the diary contains an interesting first-hand account of the author's arrest. It runs as follows:
Liberty Hall, Thursday, May 11, 1S65--This' was a most beautiful and charming clay. After refreshing sleep, I arose early. Kobert Hull, a youth, son of Henry Hull, of Athens, Ga., spent the night at my house. I wrote some letters for the mail, my custom being to attend to such foxisiness as soon as breakfast was' over; and Robert and I were amusing our selves at Casino, when Tim [a negro servant] came running into the parlor, saying: "Master, more Yankees have eome; a whole heap are in town, galloping about with gims! '' Suspecting what it meant, I rose, told Robert I supposed they had come for me, and entered my bedroom to make arrangements for leaving, s'hould my apprehension, prove true. Soon, I saw an officer with soldiers under arms approaching the house. The doors were all open. I met him in the library. He asked if my name was Stephens. I replied that it was.
"Alexander H. Stephens'?" said he. I told him yes. He then said that he had orders to arrest me, I in quired his name and asked to s'ee his orders. He replied that ho was Captain Saint, of the Fourth Iowa Cavalry, or mounted infantry, attached to General Nelson's command; he was then under General Upton; he showed me the order by General Upton, at Atlanta, directing my arrest and the arrest of Robert Toombs; no charge was specified; he was instructed to come to Crawfordville, arrest me, proceed to ^Washington, arrest Mr. Toombs, and then carry "both to General Upton's headquarters.
I told him I had been looking for Something of this kind; at least, for some weeks, had thought it not improbable, and henee had not left home; that General Upton need not have sent any force for me; that had he simply notified me that he wished me at headquarters, I should have gone. I asked how I was to travel.
He said: "On the cars." -
I then learned that he had come down on the train, arriving just before Tim's announcement. I asked if I would be permitted to carry any cloth ing. He said "Yes." 1 asked how long I might have for packing. He said: "A few minutes--as' long as necessary." I set to packing. Harry

984 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LKGBNDS
[the chief man servant] came in, evincing great surprise and regret, to ' pack for me. The captain then said :
"You may take a servant with you if you wish." I asked if lie knew my destination. He said: "First, Atlanta; then, Washington City." I called in Anthony, a black boy from Richmond, who had been waiting on me for several years, and inquired if he wished to go. I told him I would send him from "Washington to Ms mother in Richmond. He was willing, so I bade him be ready as soon as possible. In the meantime, Mr. Hiddell [secretary to Mr. Stephens] had come In; he was living with me and had gone out after breakfast. ISTone of my brother 's family residing at the old homestead happened to be with me; however, Clarence, who was going to school at the Academy, hearing of what had occurred, I suppose, came over with some friends from town. It was about ten A. M. when Captain Saint arrived. In about fifteen minutes --not much over--we. started for the depot, Anthony and I, with the captain and squad; friends, servants, and Clarence following, most of them crying. My own heart was full--too full for tears. 1
Beside His Be- On September 5, 1914, the mortal ashes loved Brother. of Judge Linton Stephens--after a
lapse of forty-two years--were brought from his old home in Sparta and laid to rest beside those of his renowned brother, on the lawn of Liberty Hall. The exercises of reinterment were simple. Judg~e N. K. Harris, Governor-elect, who read law in the office of Judge Stephens at Sparta, delivered the principal ad dress. If anything could make the sleep of Mr. Stephens sweeter it would be the consciousness that an act of poetic justice has at last been performed.
TATT'NALL
Reidsville. The original county-seat of Tattnall "was on the Ohoopee River, near Drake's Ferry. In
1832, Reidsville became the seat of government, but the town was not incorporated until December 31, 1838, when the following commissioners wer named, to-wit. : Shadrach Hancock, John A. Mattox, John Brazzell, William Rogers and John A. Rogers, Jr. 2 Reidsville is today
1 Recollections of Alexander H. Stephens, containing the Prison Diary of Mr. Stephens, 1S65.
2 Acts, 1S38, p. 123. -

TELFAIB

985

a flourishing- town, with up-to-date public utilities, a fine group of banks and with a splendid body of citizens.

TAYLOR
Butler. Butler, the county-seat of Taylor County, -was named for General "William Orlando Butler, a
distinguished soldier of the Mexican War and a candi date for Vice-President on the ticket with General Lewis Cass, of Michigan. He -was also a poet of some reputa tion and the author of a celebrated song called "The Boatman's Horn." The county was named for General Zachary Taylor. Butler -was incorporated as a town on February 8, 1854, with Messrs. C. Y. Perry, Ezekiel Royal, Isaac Mulky, James T. May, and P. O. Carr as commissioners. 1 Though not a large, it is quite a cul tured, community, composed of fine old families, which have long been resident in this section of Georgia.

TELFAIR.
Jacksonville. Jacksonville, the original county-seat of Telfair, was founded soon after the county was created in 1807, but
was not chartered until 1815, when the following commissioners were named: Chas. McKinyan, Abel L. Hatton, Wm. Harris, Nathaniel AsMey, and Noah Palmour.2 The Jacksonville Academy was chartered on Decem ber 10, 1841, with the following trustees: Mark Wilcox, Sargeant S. Free man, Henry E. Turner, Alex. T. Dopson, Cornelius R. Ashley, Chas. J. Shelton, Duncan MVR-ae, Peter H. Coffee, and John G. McCall.3 Gen. John Coffee, a soldier of note, memorialized by one of the counties of Georgia, lies buried five miles south of Jacksonville; and presumably in this same neighborhood sleeps his son-in-law, Gen. Mark Wilcox, for whom a county has' likewise been named. Jacksonville is today only a small village.

McRae. In 1870 the site of public buildings -was changed to McEae, a town which, was fonr years later
incorporated with the following-named commissioners. to-wit.: Daniel' M. MeRae, William McRae, John Me-
1 Acts. 184S-1853, p. 232. 2 Lamar's Digest, p. 1015. 3 Acts. 1S41, p. 5.

986 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Daniel, Sr., J. Dougherty and R. Rivers.* With splendid railway facilities, McRae is rapidly becoming an impor tant commercial center. The surrounding country is rich in 'agricultural products, and the fame of the little town as a "wide-awake community has traveled abroad. McRae possesses a number of strong banks, several hand some business blocks and scores of flourishing establish ments. South Georgia College, an institution under Methodist control, imparts to the town an atmosphere of culture and attracts from a distance quite a larg-e number of students.
TERRELL
Dawson. On February 16, 1856, an Act was approved creating the new County of Terrell from par
cels of land described as follows: From Lee County, districts three and twelve; from Randolph County, dis tricts four and eleven; and from Kinchefoonee County, now Webster, district seventeen. To the county thus formed was given the name of Terrell, in honor of Dr. William Terrell, of Sparta, Ga., one of the most distin guished physicians and one of the most useful public men of the State. The site for public buildings was lo cated by the county authorities near the center of tho new county on lands belonging- to Moses H. Baldwin, and from this pioneer resident one hundred acres of ground were purchased, at the rate of $25 per acre, on which to locate the future county-seat. The town "was called Dawson, in honor of a distinguished United States Senator, them lately deceased, Hon. William C. Dawson, of Greensboro, Ga.
Regulations for the government of Dawson were adopted by the President and Councilmanic Board, under an Act of the Legislature approved December 22, 1857. The first mayor or president of Dawson,was Rev. Jesse M. Davis. The pioneer councilmen were: Moses H. Bald win, George Bunch, James W\ Shropshire, Francis D.
*Acts, 1S74, p. 157.

TBBEELL

987

Bailey and Patrick H. Mills. John L. Allison was the first town marshal, Benjamin P. Brooks, the first treas urer, and Patrick H. Mills, the first clerk of council. As a preparation for building the town, Daniel Lawhorn was paid $100 for surveying town lots. At the same time, Calvin Register received $110 for clearing the public square and putting the streets in order. The first ses sion of the Inferior Court was held under a large red oak tree, which stood near the old Parnum stables, at the extreme west end of Lee Street, in the fall of 1856. The first term of the Superior Court was held in the following spring, "with Judge David Kiddoo on the Bench and Hon. D. B. Harrell as solicitor-general. The first county officers were: Daniel Harden, treasurer; Ludwell E. Leonard, Ordinary; Myron E. Weston, Clerk of Court; A. J. Baldwin, Sr., Sheriff, James W. Bone, Tax Collec tor; Samuel P. Williams, Representative, and John B. Vanover, Senator.
Joseph D. Reynolds superintended the building of the original court-house, for which he was paid the sum of $5,440, covering presumably the entire cost of the struc ture. The first County School Commissioners were: Moses H. Baldwin, B. L. Winbourn and Eli Gt. Hill. In 1857 a post-office was established in the town, "with !R. W\ Nelson as the postmaster in charge. The first train to p-ass through Dawson came over the line of the Central of Georgia in the summer of 1858. Captain W. C. Thornton, who died in Virginia during the Civil War was the first soldier buried in the cemetery at Dawson, but of those who enlisted from Terrell, Robert ITayes "was the first to lose his life on the field of battle. Tn 18G6, Messrs. E. and J. E. Christian founded the Dawson Journal, which they continued to own and edit for several years.
The first marriage license on record was issued to Michael Burk and Sarah Middelton, June 2, 1865, and the ceremony was performed by Rev. Patrick H. McCook. Two of the pioneer educators of Dawson were Prof. Thomas Brantley and Prof. M. A, McNulty, who con-

988 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ducted flourishing1 schools. Prof. J. "W. F. Lowi'ey was also an early instrnctor who stamped his impress in delibly upon the town. Rev. John Martin was the first Baptist pastor. The little building in which he preached stood very near the site of the present handsome struc ture. The first Methodist Church is still standing; on South Main Street. Its pastor was a Rev. Mr. "Williamson. Tliis house of workship was used until the con gregation grew large enoug-h to warrant the building of the commodious edifice near the centre of the town.

Camp Exile. During the sixties a gun shop was located
in Dawson, which continued in operation until the surrender. When the torches of Sherman's army had left Atlanta in ashes and driven her defence less women and children into an unsheltered exile, the Governor of the State arranged for transportation of some three hundred refugees to Dawson, and these were quartered at what has been known as "Exile Camp." Not by leaps and bounds, but by slow degrees, Dawson has progressed from a village in the wilderness to a city beautiful. Many of the evils which menaced the first years of the town's existence have been uprooted. Her handsome business blocks, her imposing public buildings, her paved streets, and her many beautiful homes, with their well-kept lawns and flower gardens, all attest the fact that Dawson is destined to become one of the most important commercial centers of a region "which literally flows with milk and honey.

Some of the Early Examining some of the early documents of the

Settlers

town we find the following records: Charter

members of the Methodist church, 1857--Mr. and

Mrs. MDSCS H. Baldwin, Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Brown, Mr. and Mrs. J. B.

Perry, Mr. and Mrs. W. P. Vinson and Dr. and Mrs. C. A. Gheatham.

Trustees of the Baptist Church--John T, Walker, "William C. Thornton,

John A. Bishop, Beuj. F. Cook and Harrison Ethridge. Pioneer physicians

--Dr. Jim, Huff, Dr. J. W. Shropshire, Wr. C. A. Cheatham, Dr. J. T.

Lamar, Dr. B. It. Beeves, Dr. Hiram Gr. Johnston, Dr. S. I\ Lasseter, Dr.

TBKEELL

989

Joseph Gilpin. Pioneer lawyers--James R. Bynum, F. D. Bailey, James A. Wilson, Frank Harper, Reuben Fitzgerald, C- B. Wooten, Richard JVIaltby, Ed Bass. Other men of note--J. B. Perry, Alien Lowrey, J. W. P. Lowrey, M. H. Baldwin, R. S. Cheatham, C. W. Jones, Jared Irwin, 8. R. Weston, A. J. Baldwin, Sr., M. S. Glass, J. M. Simmons, Thomas' Caldwell, J. B. Loyless, J. C. F. Clark and W. N. Watts.*

Herod Town Mem- Eight miles to the south of Daw son

orial Unveiled.

there formerly stood an Indian vil

lage known as Herod Town, whose

chief, Old Herod, was a staunch friend of the whites and,

according to local tradition, joined forces with Andrew

Jackson when the latter, at the head of his troops, reached

this town in 1818, en route to Florida, to quell the Semi-

noles. There is still a settlement at this place, which,

in honor of the old chieif, has since retained the name of

Herod. On November 20, 1913, to commemorate the

heroism of these friendly Indians, a handsome boulder of

marble was unveiled "with impressive ceremonies, on the

site of Herod Town, by Dorothy Walton Chapter, D. A.

R., Mrs. "W. A. McLain, regent, and the occasion was

signalized by the presence of many distinguished vis

itors, including the State regent, Mrs. S. ~VV. Foster.

Promptly at 10 o 'clock, the members of the chapter, with

their invited guests and a large company of town people",

swelling the number of spectators to several hundred, re

paired in automobiles to Herod Town, where, under the

serenest of autumn skies, mellowed by the soft tints of

Indian summer, the exercises of unveiling took place,

followed by a magnificent repast on the grounds. Mrs.

M. C."Edwards, historian of the chapter, has preserved

the following account of the exercises:

The Dorothy Walton Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revo lution staged near Dawson an event which had engendered profound in terest throughout southwest Georgia. It was the unveiling of a magnifi cent boulder at the site of a former Indian village, Old Herodtown, to commemorate the historical fact that General Andrew Jackson at the head

*For the information contained in this sketch of L

990 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
of nine hundred Georgia militia, together with friendly Indians, reached this spot in the year 1818, in his march through Georgia' to subdue the hostile Indians, and was joined at Herodtown "by Chief Herod and his friendly braves. An almost perfect Indian summer day made the occasion an ideal one, and the impressive exercises were witnessed by a large crowd assembled from the adjacent towTns and cities to participate in this' event.
The programme was initiated by an impressive invocation from Dr. J. A. Ivey, one of the oldest and best-known Baptist divines in the State. This was followed by a most charming address by the Dorothy "Walton Chapter regent, Mrs, "W. A. MtLain, who in chaste language and impressive manner extended a most cordial welcome to all those who participated in the exercises. Mrs. McLaJn, who docs all things well, acquitted herself in her usual successful manner. The audience then rendered "America," led by the school children of the hospitable little village of Herod. Miss Aphia Jacks'on gave as a reading the stirring defiance of Osceola in a very strik ing manner. The salute to the flag given by the daughters was itself a striking feature, but perhaps the most beautiful picture of the occasion was when little Hildah Gumm and Lindah Harris removed from the mag nificent boulder the flags which draped it. This was followed by the ad dress of the State regent, Mrs. S. W. Foster, and those who know her wonderful capacity, her unlimited fund of information, and her graceful and forceful delivery, alone, could realize the treat received by the audience.
In a brief and appropriate manner Judge M. C. Edwards introduced the speaker of the day, Hon. Lucian L. Knight. Few orators have been pro duced by the State of Georgia who surpass Mr. Knight on any occasion, but it seemed peculiar, that here, the time, the place, and the man had met, and his address proved to be a gem. It combined within itself the choicest thoughts which he had garnered as a trained reporter and erudite scholar, a profound thinker and a gentle poet expressed in the sublimest flights of the silver-tongued orator. Those who sat under the sway of his eloquence could almost s'ee the village re-peopled with its vanished inhabitants. This was followed by '' The Star Spangled Banner,'' and the exercises were closed by benediction by Rev. E. F. Mprgan, pastor of the Dawson Metho dist Church.
A large number attended from various places, and among the guests of honor were Hon. Lucian L. Knight and Mrs. S. W. Foster, of Atlanta; Messrs. T. C. Parker, Charles C. Holt and F. E. Land, of Macon; Mesdameg George McDonald; K-. L. Walker, S. D. Zuber and E. D. Gay, of Cuthbert; Colonel and Mrs. B. F. Crittenden, of Shellmaii; Krs. C. A. Fincher and Mrs. Frank Harold, of Amerieus, the Stone Castle Chapter of the D. A. B. and many others.
Charles W. Harris was in charge of the barbecue, and the delicious meat done to turn flanked by generous platters of Brunswick stew would have alone sufficed, but the table literally groaned under delicacies prepared by the daughters, which did furnish a menu equal to any Georgia product dinner..

TERBELL,

991 .

The magnificent pile of granite will "be a constant reminder to youth who pass there, that this section is not barren of tradition and memories,
and its erection by the victor to the conquered has been one of the most delightful events yet to occur in this section.
MTS. W. A. McLain entertained in honor of the gnests at a 6 o 'clock dinner at her palatial residence in I>aws'on. Appointments, decoration and cuisine were perfect, and the occasion was one of the most recherche of the year.
MRS. M1. C. EDWARDS, Historian.
Only a paragraph from the speaker's address can be given. Said he: "Madam Regent, it was a tender thought of your chapter to memorialize this village of a vanished race, and nothing could better typify the heroic virtues of the noble savage than this exquisite boulder of stone quarried from his own hills. It is also most appropriate, for the purposes of this unveiling, that yon should have chosen a day in this beautiful season of the year, "when the foliage of the trees is deepening" into russet, emblematic of the dark-hned warriors who once roamed these woods; when the reddening sunsets recall his council fires; when the mellow musk bespeaks his harvest fields of maize; when the plaintive wind, like a wandering minstrel, tells the pathetic story of his con quered tribe, or in a softer key, sings of his wooing in the golden moonlight by the winding waters; when the hazy air is reminiscent of his pipe of peace; and when the oaks and the maples are trembling in the soft vestments of Indian summer. We can think of him now without an un kindly recollection. For, the icy touch of the frost king has softened the steel-like glitter of his eagle eye, and, on this autumn day, we can come to this place of Ms former abode, with tears for his fate and with laurels for his fame.''

Judge James One of the classics of the American Con-

M. Grig-g-s: His gress was a speech delivered in the

Monument.

national House of Representatives dur

ing the Spanish-American war period,

by a distinguished former representative of this dis-

992 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOEIALS AND LEGENDS
trict: Hon. James M. Griggs. Brilliant as a statesman, just and impartial as a jurist, "without reproach as a citizen, and fearless and upright as a man, Judge Grig-gig was beloved by all classes of the .people, 'to whom unstintedly he gave the resources of his great mind. In the heart of his adopted town, where Stone wall and Lee Streets intersect, there stands a superb memorial to Judge Grigg's, reflecting" the esteem in which he was held by his fellow citizens. The memorial is admittedly a work of art. Upon a solid granite base rest two beautifully polished columns, surmounted by a cornice, on which is chiselled in large letters the name :
At either side, just over the flowered capitals, is a wreath of bronze. Between the pillars, on a solid block of stone, is a handsome bust of the late Congressman. This also is executed in bronze. It is a splendid like ness, and taken in connection with its superb setting', it constitutes an exquisite memorial to one whose fame "will ever be tenderly cherished by the people of Dawson. In scribed upon a plate, on the west side of the monument, is the following- epitaph :
To the memory of JAMES MATTHEWS GEIGGS, who represented with conspicuous ability antl fidelity the Second District of Georgia in Congress, from March 4, 1S97, to the date of his death, January 5, 1910, this memorial is erected in his hoqae town by the people of the district. He loved and honored the people. They loved and honored him.
On the east side, in gilt letters, is chiselled this in scription :
As great as the greatest; as humble
At the unveiling, "which occurred in the summer of 1913, Hon. Henry M. Mclntosh, of Albany, Gra., a devoted

THOMAS

993

friend, acted as master of ceremonies. Hon. "William M. Howard, of Lexington, a colleague in Congress, to whom Judg'e Grig-gs was warmly attached, delivered a master ful address in presenting to the Congressman's homo town this beautiful monument which, on behalf of the community, was accepted by Hon. M. J. Yeomans, in a graceful speech, enriched with tender sentiment.

THOMAS
Thomasville. In 1825, Thomas County was formed from Baker and Decatur. Just one year later--
December 22, 1826--on lot number thirty-nine, district thirteen, was located the new county-seat called Thomas ville. Presumably both the town and the county-seat were named for General Jett Thomas, who built the old State-house at Milledgeville, thoug-h local traditions are not entirely in accord with this supposition. As pro vided in the original Act of December 24, 1825, prelim inary elections were held at the house of Charles Kingsley. On December 26, 1831, the town was incorporated with the following'-named commissioners, to-wit.: Isaac P. Brooks, Edward Bemington, Malcolm Ferguson, James 'Kerksey and Murdock McAuley.* In 1856 a new charter "was granted, providing for a mayor and six alder men, with an increase of territory.
Tinder an Act approved December 24, 1825, Duncan Ray, Archibald McMillan, Paul Colson, Hardy Bryan and Malcolm Ferguson were appointed Commissioners of the Thomas County Academy, and the proceeds from the sale of town lots in Thomasville went to this board. A building' was soon erected, and Mr. Cresman taught forty (40) pu pils at the corner of Madison and Monroe Streets. He was succeeded by Mr. Kolph, who boarded with Colonel Mike Young, and taugbt until 1837.
*ActS, 1831, p. 237.

994 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LTSGENDS
Next year Mr. Scott, who boarded with Mrs. McLean, taught in the new building, corner of Broad and Monroe Streets. January, 1838, the old building was renovated, and the upstairs converted into a music room, with Mrs. Metzler and Miss Sophia Metzler teaching the girls, Mr. Scott still teaching the boys, in the new building.
In 1835, the prominent residents of Thomasville were Messrs. Ed. Bemington, Isaac Brooks, James and Will iam ETerksey and Dr. Gauley. Mr. James Kerksey had the first store, on corner of Broad and Jefferson Streets. Prior to 1840, among the prominent families in Thomas County were the Neelys, Blackshears, Youngs, Jones, Hayes, Bays, Hadleys, Dixons, Parramores, Adams, McMaths, Bryans, Dekles, Chastains, Hancocks, Siiigletarys, Cones, McCanns, AVards, Hartwclls, Mitchells and MacIntyres. Prominent Congressmen who have resided at Thomasville were James L. Seward, Peter E. Love, A.. T. Maclntyre and S. A. Eoddenbery. Among the most dis tinguished jurists and lawyers have been J. E. Alexander, August H. Hansell, William M. Hammond, A. T. Mac lntyre, Jr., and Arthur Patten.
Fletcher Institute, a school founded by the Methodists, was chartered on February 9, 1854. Young's Female College was granted a charter on December 17, 1860. The trustees of the latter school were: Thomas Jones, James J. Hays, James L. Seward, Augustin II. Hansel], William J. Young, A. T. Maclntyre and David S. Brandon." This institution grew out of the philanthropy of Elijah R. Young, who left the sum of $30,000 with which to start a school for the education of girls. From 1875 to 1900, Thomasville was a prominent winter resort, but the Piney Woods Hotel was burned, and the transient tourists lost to the city. However, a few still occupy during the winter excellent homes in the vicinity of Thomasville.
*Acts. 1860, p. 176.

THOMAS

995

Senator-Elect Georgia's new Senator-elect, Hon. Thomas

Hardwick.

"W. Hardwiek, was born in Tbomasville,

Ga., on December 9, 1872 ; and though he

lias since spent the greater part of his life elsewhere,

Thomasville has always felt a deep maternal pride in

his public honors.

Roddenberry Park. During the last week in July, 1914, an appropriation of $5,000 was made
by Congress for an additional purchase of ground, adja cent to the post-office building in Thoinasville, this ex tension to be known as Boddenbery Park, in honor of the late Hon. S. A. Boddenbery, Congressman from the Second District. It was a departure from long-estab lished cnstom to pay a tribute of this kind to a deceased member of Congress ; biit such was the esteem in "which the lamented Georgian was held by his associates, irre spective of party affiliations, that no serions opposition was registered. Judge Boddenbery was a tower of strength in the cause of temperance, giving it the advo cacy of a most intense moral earnestness. He "was at all1 times and under all circumstances a staunch friend of the common people, whose burdens he carried upon his drooping shoulders to the very last; and even when the sands of life were running low he refused to take a muchneeded rest, remaining at his post of duty like the senti nel of Hcrculaneum. He was a foe "without truce or com promise to "whatever bore the semblance of graft; a legis lator who scorned to reckon with expediency "when Con science said, "It is wrong;" and a man whose worst enemy could not speak of him except in terms of unquali fied respect.
The Le Conte Pear. It was in the neighborhood of Thom
asville that the famous Le Conte pear was first cultivated on a scale which began to attract the attention of fruit growers in other parts of the world.

996 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Colonel L. L. Varnadoe, a native of Liberty County, Ga., purchased a plantation near Thomasville at the close of the Civil War, and on removing to this plantation he brought with him a cutting from one of the pear trees, called a Chinese Sand Pear, on which John Le Conte had been experimenting. Colonel Varnadoe's success was phenomenal, and from this one cutting has come a yield whose value and extent defies the mathematician. Judge John L. Harden, of Savannah, a kinsman of the Le Contes, is quoted by the late Dr. Stacy, of Newnan, on the subject of the Le Conte pear, to the followingeffect :
'' In 1850 my great uncle, John LeConte, purchased from Thomas Hogg, a nurseryman of New York, a small pear tree. JTe was told by Mi. I-Iog'g that the fruit was of inferior quality, and fit only for pre serving ; that it would not mature .its fruit so far north as New York, but that it might do so in the South; that it was the Chinese Sand Pear. The tree was' given to my mother, and when it grew large enough it pro duced fruit which, to our surprise, was of excellent quality. The original tree in forty-five years old, 1895, and is still productive and vigorous, although sadly neglected. It has borne twenty bushels in one year, after allowing for what may have been stolen."
At the close of the late war, the people of Liberty County were in straightened circumstances, and quite a number of them emigrated to southwestern Georgia. Among them was1 Colonel Leander TJ. Varnadoe, a native of the County and a member of the old church. Upon the sug gestion of his uncle, Mr. William Jones, that the tree might be propa gated from the cutting, and that the fruit might be profitably raised in the section whither he had moved, Colonel Varnadoe secured quite a number of cuttings1 and took them with him and planted them at his hom& near Thomasville. He was soon delighted to see that the idea was a happy one, and to find himself the owner of an orchard of. vigorous' trees, yielding abundantly of, luscious fruit for the market. Cuttings were soon in great demand; and from this little "beginning the whole Southern country has been covered with Le Conte pear trees. Many have made not only livings, but even fortunes, by investing in them.
To give some idea of the impoverished condition of our people at the close of the war and t'o show what a happy hit was the idea of promoting the cultivation of this pear from cuttings, I narrate the following incident: On the return of Colonel Varnadoe from the war, it is said that his first bill of fare was so meagre and uninviting that he jocosely remarked to
his wife:

THOMAS

997

" Annie, If you can, you may do so, but I cannot say grace over sucli a dinner, ''
Some few years after Ms removal to Thomasville, he was offered $10,000 cash, for his pear farm, which he very wisely refused. The old mother tree, from which the millions now in cultivation, throughout the South land have sprung, was seen by the writer some time ago. It is' sixty inches in circumference, and twenty-four feet in height. Until recent years it has shown no symptoms of blight. Such a tree is not only worthy of mention but deserves a conspicuous place in a collection like this.*

Two Great Law- Stephen F. Miller, in his Bench and yers Vanquished. Bar of Georgia, narrates the .following
story of a lawyer who once practiced at the Thomasville bar:
' ( Some years ago a very romantic story was circulated in the news papers, in which Mr. [John] Taylor [formerly a lawyer of Thomasville], was the leading hero. The scene was laid in Arkansas. It appears that a rich planter had insulted the wife of his overseer. She made it known to her husband, who took the liberty of caning his employer on sight. The planter some days afterwards shot the overseer, killing him instantly. He was prosecuted, but his money saved him from conviction. In the meantime he had spoken slanderous words concerning the widow, who brought her action for damages. The day of trial arrived. Sargent S. Prentiss and Albert Pike appeared as counsel for the defendant. The case was called in regular order; and such was the array of influence, the great wealth of the defendant, the ability of hia lawyers, and the humble condition of the plaintiff, that even the young attorney who brought the action shrank from it and abandoned his client to her fate. The jury sounded the cas'e again; and, no one responding, he appealed to the gal lantry of the bar. There was walking in the lobby of the court-room a slender, woebegone-looking personage, with a high forehead, pensive features, thin, compressed lips and wandering blue eyes--his visage of sandy complexion. He heard the appeal, and advancing within the bar modestly informed the court that he would represent the plaintiff. All eyes were turned on the stranger. N~o one knew him.
"This was a perplexing moment. The judge remarked that no gentle man could be permitted to act as' counsel without a commission. The stranger drew from his pocket divers pieces of parchment bearing signa tures and court seals from Virginia, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkan sas, Texas and possibly from other States, conferring on John Taylor
Ties Stacy, in History of the Midway Congregational Church.

998 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the pi-ivilege of counsellor, attorney at law, and solicitor. His nam then entered on the docket, and, asking a short indulgence, lie some one who kindly gave him the names of the witnesses, and the swered to the call. He opened the case by reading the deelaratio proving the words. He said but very little more, and gave way to the defence. Prentiss made one of his fine speeches, expended his wit freely, and also aimed a sneer at the plaintiff's counsel, whom he described as a reckless adventurer, unable to live by his profession in any of the States in which he had been incautiously licensed.
"The learned Pike, with the garlands of poetry on his brow, rose to continue the argument of his friend Prentiss. The character of the plain tiff was denounced. The obscure attorney who had volunteered services came in for a share of his piercing wit and mischievous humor. Here the speaking for the defence closed with a flourish of exultation.
John Taylor stood "before the jury. With his clear, piping voice, dis tinct in every syllable and full of feeling and intellect, he took up the evidence, applied, the law, and then made himself known. He ridiculed the false wit and vulgar impudence of the opposing counsel, until even the,gallant Prentiss and the manly Pike felt themselves as children in the hands of a giant. Court, jury, spectators, bar--all gazed with wonder. Taylor rose higher and higher in his flights, until the audience was fairly spellbound. He saw his advantage, knew his powers, and felt that the jury would give the full damages claimed in the declaration. He then turned to the spectators, who were much excited, and implored them not to lay violent hands on the defendant--not to ride 'him on a rail. They must forlaear doing what justice prompted on the occasion. Fifty t-honsf.nf'l dollars would be some punishment to a creature so sordid. Let him ,ive. to endure the scorn of honest men. The jury retired, and soon brought in a verdict for fifty thousand dollars! Taylor was immortal. The author does not vouch for the correctness of this story, but, from his own knowledge of Mr. Taylor and the inspiration under which he often, spoke, he is' in clined to believe it. This extraordinary man practiced law for several years in southern Georgia. He would have electrified even the Senate of the United States.*
Boston. Boston, an enterprising- town of South Georgia, the rapid growth of which in recent years has kept well abreast with the development of this section, was char tered by an Act of the Legislature, approved October 24, 1870, designating Thomas Adams, B. A. Stone, A. B. Carson, J. T^ong1 and J. ,T. rlatchell to serve as commis sioners pending- an election to be held on the second
*Stephen F. Miller, in Bench and Ba

TIFT--TOOMBS

.

999

Monday in June, 1872. The corporate limits were made to embrace one mile square "with the depot of the Atlantic
and Gulf Bailroad as the town center. 1 To meet the demands of growth, an Act was subsequently passed by the legislature amending the old charter and giving the town a municipal form of government. On October 14, 1891, a charter was granted to the Boston and Albany Eailroad, the stockholders of which were : M. E. Mallette, J. W. Taylor, D. R. Blood, A. B. Cone, W. M. Brooks, T. T. Stephens, B. E. Whaley, J. C. Stanaland, J. S. Norton, H. A. Vann, and F. C. Ivey. 2 The present public school system of Boston was established in 1893.

TIFT
Tifton. Tifton, the county-seat of Tift, began to exist in 1857 with tbe erection of a saw-mill on the
site of the present town by Captain H. H. Tift. The subsequent history of this wide-awake young metropolis of the wire grass, which, in 1905, acquired its new honors as a county seat, has already been fully outlined in "Volume I, to which the reader is referred.

TOOMBS
Lyons. In 1905 the County of Toombs was formed out of Tattnall, Montgomery and Emanuel Counties,
and under this same Act Lyons was made the new countyseat. The town was chartered with a municipal form of government in 1897, but was founded a number of years prior to this time by Mr. H. C. Bagley, who here located a station on the old S. A. M. Eailway, along the line of which he was then engaged in developing town sites at strategic points.
1 Acts, 3870, p. 169. 2 Acts, 1890'-1S91, Vol. I, p. 441.

1000 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
TOWNS
Hiawassee. Hiawasseo, the county-seat of Towns, was named for the picturesque river upon whose
banks it is most charmingly situated. In 1856, "when the County of Towns was formed out of Union and Rabun Counties, in this enchanted land of the mountains, Hia wassee was made the new county-seat. The town was incorporated 011 October 24, 1870, with the followingnamed commissioners., to-wit.: William T. Crane, A. M. Maul den, B. A. Brown and Dr. P. W. Billion.* In 1857, a charter was granted for the Hiawassee Railroad Com pany to run from some point in the County of Rabun, at or near the town of Clayton, there to connect with the Northeastern Railroad; thence running down the valley of the Lattle rlightower, through Towns, Union and Fanniii counties to. the Tennessee line, in the direc tion of the Ducktown copper mines. But this charter failed to materialize into a steel highway, due to the on coming" of the Civil "War.

Recollections Of Governor Towns was a Chesterfield in his address.

GOV Towns

Nothing could exceed the suavity of his disposition

and the ease of his manner. He was truly a refined

man, courteous and unpretending with the plain, and diplomatic with the

precise; it was constitutional, therefore pleasant to all. He had a friendly

word and a kind recognition for each individual. His manner claimed no

superiority over other men, and yet it signified that he was good as any

of them He never appeared upon stilts, nor did he forget his self-

respect in his most careless moods. At the bar his rank was decidedly

high as an advocate. He possessed all the requisites' of an orator to control

the jury. In its subdued tones his voice was like plaintive music. The in

tonations were faultless. His language, at such times, was the poetry of

emotion; his gestures adapted themselves, without consciousness on his

part, to the circumstances of. the case. The human heart was an open

thing to him. He could play Tipon it in smiles or in tears, with almost

the skill of Patrick Henry; yet he lacked the thunderbolts of that Jove

of eloquence, to rival the grandeur of the storm. With these elements of

*Acts, 1870, p. 204.

TBOTJP

1001

success, ripened into maturity by practice and established in many a con test, Governor Towns had before him ELS inviting a. prospect as ever al lured the imagination. There had been a 1'orsyth, with his fluent simplic ity and his inimitable sneer; a Berrien, with his music of phrase and his classic gestures; a Wilde, polished in diction and lofty in thought; a Colquittj with his arrows of eloquence, barbed for the rhinocerons or soft ened for the hare; yet it was the prestige of Governor Towns to differ from them all--perhaps to excel them all--in the spontaneous gushings o2 the heart, in the electric sympathy which, kindling with the orator's emotion, blazed in every bosom--court, jury, "bar, audience, all melted, all subdued, by the occasion. Such was the man and such the prospect, when he retired from the executive chair, in 1851. But a few months revolve; then suddenly the scene is changed; the tongue of the orator is palsied; his frame a hopeless wreck.*

TKOUP
La Grange. In 1826, Troup County Avas organized out of a part of the recently acquired Creek In
dian lands and named for Governor George M. Troup, the stalwart chief executive who forced the Federal gov ernment to redeem its obligation to the State, with ref erence to the Indian tribes. LaGrange, the county-seat of Troup, was named for the chateau of General Lafay ette in France. The town was granted a charter of in corporation on December 16, 1828, with the followingnamed commissioners, to-wit.: Richard A. Lane, James Simmons, John Herring, Dowe Perry, and Howell W. Jenkins. But the old Troup County Academy was char tered a year earlier. On December 26, 1827, this pioneer school was incorporated with Messrs. Samuel Reid, Rich ard A. Lane, Whitfield H. Sledge, Henry Rogers and Charles L. Kennon as trustees.
But the prestige of LaGrrang-e as an educational center grows out of its enterprise in founding two successful seminaries of learning for young ladies. Thomas Stan ley, in the early thirties, here established a school for girls, out of which grew the LaGrrange Female College, one of the pioneer institutions of Methodism in Georgia. It was chartered on December 17, 1847, as the LaG'range Female Institute, with the following board of trustees,
Stephen F. Miller, in Bench and Bar of Georgia, Vol. II.

1002 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
viz.: Sampson Duggar, Hampton "W. Hill, Daniel McMillan, Orville A. Bull and Thomas B. Greenwood.* On December 26, 1851, by legislative act, it became the La'Grange Female College, a name which it still retains. The Southern Female College was founded in 1845 by Rev. Milton E. Bacon, a noted Baptist educator. It was incorporated as the LaGrang-e Female Collegiate Semi nary, afterwards as the Southern and "Western Female College, and finally, on February 17, 1854, as the Southern Female College, by which name it is still known. TjaGfraiige is today one of the most progressive towns of the State, a wide-awake trade center, wTith up-to-date public utilities, solid business establishments, sound banks aud many palatial homes. Such noted men as General Hugh A. Haralson, Hon. Benjamin H. Hill, Hon. Julius A. Alford and others, have been residents of this historic old Georgia town.
James H. Cam- On the site of the present town of Laeron: Pioneer. Grange, the first house was built by
James H. Cameron, a pioneer settler of Scotch descent. It was a structure of logs, built after the fashion which then prevailed on the frontier ; but in later years this primitive dwelling was replaced by a handsome edifice. James IT. Cameron's daughter, Fran ces, married Gen. Alfred Austell, who afterwards found ed in Atlanta, the first national bank ever organized in the Southern States. The Cameron family was estab lished in Troup by five brothers: David and Thomas settled in the neighborhood of Franklin, an Indian trad ing post 'which afterwards developed into West Point; while James H., B. H., and William Cameron settled near the center of the county, in the- neighborhood of what is now the city of LaGrrange. These sturdy Scotch men eanae into Troup soon after the county was opened to settlement. They were the sons of James Cameron, "who emigrated from Scotland to North Carolina, in 1770,
*Acts, 184T, p. 120.

TROTJP

participated in tlie war of the Revolution, and some time after tlie close of hostilities came with his family to Georgia, first locating- in Jasper.

Tomb of Gen. Hugh Underneath a substantial monument

A. Haralson.

in the town cemetery at LuGrange

sleeps a distinguished soldier and

civilian, after whom Georgia has named one of her coun

ties : General IIngh A. Haralson. Three of his daugh

ters married eminent men. One became the wife of

General John B. Gordon, Governor and United States

Senator. Another married Chief Justice Logan E.

Bleckley, while a third married Hon. Basil H. Overby,

a pioneer advocate of temperance and the first Prohi

bition candidate for Governor of Georgia. The inscrip

tions on the Haralson monument are as follows :

Oil the west side: "Sacred to the memory of GEN. HUGH A. HAHALSOM, who departed this life Sept. 25, 1854, in the 49th year of his age." On the soath side: "Here we have buried oar head, husband and father. We must not murmur. What God does is right."

Burnt Village :
a Tale of the Indian Wars.

Pages 460-464.

West Point. When the lands in this part of Georgia were first acquired by the whites, there was
located on the site of the present town of West Point a trading post known as Franklin. It was the center of quite an important traffic with the Indians, who came hither to exchange peltry--sometimes for firearms, but more frequently for fire-water; and since the trading post was conveniently located with reference to both the Creeks and the Cherokees, these tribes were often seen here, long after the treaty of Indian Springs, under which all the lands between the Flint and Chattahoochee were

1004 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ceded to the whites. In the neighborhood of the old trading post there arose a village, the population of which was augmented by new settlers when Troup County was formed out of a part of the Creek Indian lands. Two of the earliest pioneers, whose quest of for tune brought them to this remote part of the wilderness, were Thomas Winston and O. T). Whitaker. Mr. Q-eorge H. Winston, the former's son, became a very prominent man in the social and public life of Troup. His acquaintance "with \Vest Point began "when the vil lage was still known by the name of Franklin, and he learned to speak with ease both the Creek and Cherokee languages, through frequent contact with the Indians who came here to trade. In 1832 the name of the town was changed to West Point. Three years later the cor porate limits were extended, and on December 25, 1837, a charter was granted to the West Point Academy, with the following board of trustees, to-wit.: Benjamin P. Robertson, William Reid, Dickerson Burnham, John M. Eusscil, John C. Webb and Edward B. Terrell. Some of the last fighting of the Civil War occurred at Fort Tyler. But while the town of West Point is rich in heroic memo ries, it is likewise suffused with the spirit of the new era. Its public-school system is unsurpassed in the State. Commercially the town is prosperous, with a wide-awake body of citizens, "whose business activities are financed by sound banking' institutions.
Fort Tyler: The Fort Tyler, overlooking West Point, Last to Surrender, was the last Confederate fort to yield
to the enemy during the Civil War. The date on which this surrender took place "was April 16, 1865, and in the desperate fig'ht which occurred at this time General Robert C. Tyler, the commander in charge, was killed while making a gallant defence of the town. The reader is referred to Volume I of this work for a more detailed account of the battle at West Point. The local TJ. D. C. chapter bears the historic name of Fort

TURNER

1005

Tyler and, under the auspices of this chapter, a handsome Confederate monument was unveiled on Memorial Day in 1901.*

Ashbm-n.

TURNER

'

Volume I, Pages 982-984.

To supplement the historical sketch of Ashburn con tained in the preceding- volume of this work, we take pleasure in publishing the affidavit hereto attached:

We, the undersigned, certify that there was a public road here, where Ashburn now stands, before the town -was ever built, and was known as the Troupville Road, and was built by the Government.
Also that there were settlers here during the war, and some of them yet here, and who have done much more in the upbuilding of the county than the newcomers.
Further, that one of the natives, D. H. P/avis named the town of Ashburn for W. W. Ashburn, who gave the land for the town.
Chandler & Gorday was' the first business firm of Ashburn. The natives are: Henderson, Paulk, Whiddon, Cravey, Hamons, Hobby, House, Story, Hall, Champion, Eainey, Pate, Pitts, Bowman, Keree, Cone, Clements, Bass, Stephens, Pittman, Weavers, Gordays, Judges, Thomas, Fletchers, Wells, Hawking, Chandlers, Davis, Brock, Covington,' Averys, Mays, Fitzgeralds, Kendricks, Lamberts, Curtoy, Hart, Wilder Smith, Handcock, Lukes, Sumners, Fords, Tisons, Kings, McCalls, Shivers, Marshalls, Filyaws, McLendons, Wheelers, Fountains, Webbs, Suggs, Roso, Townsencls, Branches, Springs, Books, Mills, Barflelds, Williams, Royals, Youngs, Browns, Yawn, Wiggins.

Signed:

W. A. Stoi-y, A. L. Bobby, D. F. Avery, D. N". Shiver, J. J. Covington, J. L. Bass, J. B. Stephens, J. W. Henderson, J. E. Paulk (D. D. S.),

J, A. Clements, D. G. Barfield, Z. Bass (Atty.), W. C. Cone, S. M. Shivers, T. T. Fillyaw, John D. Hobby, G. W. Turner, E. Y. Paulk (Tax Collector T. Co.),

*The statement made in Vol. I to the effect that the above monument was unveiled by the Ladies' Memorial Association Is erroneous.

1006 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

A. E. Bass,

"W. H. Wheeler,

H. S. Story,

Ben Cravey,

Joshua Owens,

M. Owens,

E. T. Pate,

James Cravey,

T. A. Kendriek (Confed. Vet.), .T. R. Broek,

Mrs. W. L. Pittman,

W. L. Pittrnan. (Tax Iteeeiver T.

Co.),

'

J. L. Boya.1,

A. B. Wells,

B. F. Bainey,

J'. B. White, Sr. (1849),

Dav. Cravey,

A. P. Hamons,

Joe MoITandeook (Ordinary, T. Co.),

S. D. Gladden,

J. H. Story,

W. E. Branch,

J. J. Davis,

J. J. McDowell,

H. M'. Cockrell (Confed. Vet.), B. II. Cockrell (Dept. Clerk, Supr,
Court, T. Co.),

D. H. Hamons,

B. D. Law,

S. Bailey (70 years), W. D. Eoss,

A. J. Pitts,

C. T. Boyul, Sr.,

W. M. Massey,

L. T. Nipper,

B. E. Smith,

C. C. Story,

E. B. Hamons,

Mrs. A. B. Wells,

Homer Adams,

A. J. Story,

Q. ft. Luke. M. T).,

O. W. Smith, D. F. Bowman, Sr., J. T. MeLendon, W. J. Luke, "W. A. Kipper, Mrs. Zary Nipper, W. L. Luke, Warren L. Story, Md. -T- B. Bainey, J. A. King (Sheriff, T. C.), T. D. Marshburn, W. K. Wjggins, J. W. Hobby, M. M'. Pate, B. J. Wills, T. A. Judge, W. T. Smith, Jas. M. Bainey, J. M. Pate, J. C. McLendon, Alien Owens, K. N. Wiggins, G. M. Hawkins, A. J. Stunner, G-. W. Hobby, T. M. Bobcrts,
G- C. Avery, J- E. Boberts, B. b. Wnite, B. S. Pate, J- M. Courtoy,
Jlm Pate, M- L. D'owdy, Mrs. Polly Dowdy, W. B. Brock, Mrs. Bettie Brock, Was Eainey, Mrs. Mollie Bainey, B.. W. Lambert, H. Pitts, w- 'J- Musselwhite, I>- W. Spires, A. H. Pitts,

TWIGGS--UNION

1007

GEORGIA, TURNER COUNTS : Personally, comes before me an officer duly authorized to administer
oaths, H. M. Harp, who, being duly sworn, says on oath that the foregoing is an exact copy of names attached to the foregoing certificate.
H. M. HAKP. Sworn to and subscribed before me this January, 1914.
O. W. DEAKISO, Not. Public Turner County, Ga.

Old Marion.

TWIGGS

Volume I.

Jeffersonville. T'he original county-seat of Twig'gs was
Marion, a town whose name no longer ap pears upon the map of Georgia. On February 11, 1850, an Act was approved authorizing a removal of the countyseat to such a place as the Inferior Court might designate on certain lands owned by Henry Solomon. The same Act prescribes that the new county-seat was likewise to be called Marion. But the removal contemplated in this Act was not accomplished nntil years afterw^ard, when the site of jyublic buildings was fixed at JefTersonville, a town named for the g'reat Sag'e of Monticello. This towu grew out of an Act approved December 25, 1837, creating the Jeffersonville Land Company, the declared purpose of which was to form a village, and to erect a female col lege. The stockholders in this enterprise were : John R. Lowery, Jesse Sinclair, George W. Welch, Kelly Glover, Joshua R. Wimberley, Peter G. Thompson, Thomas J. Ferryman, Milton Wilder, William Choice, William E. Carswell and Isaiah Atteway.*

UNION
Blairsville. In 1832 Union was organized out of a part of the Cherokee lands, with Blairsville as
the county-seat. The town was named for Francis P.

1008 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOBIALS AND LEGENDS
Blair, Sr., of Kentucky, and was incorporated by an Act approved December 26, 1835, "with the following-named commissioners, to-wit.: Philip D. Maroney, Thomas Kelly, David Hawkins, Ebenezer Fain and Hugh Capehart. 1 On December 21, 1833, the Blairsville Academy was granted a charter, "with Messrs. John Sanders, Rich ard Holden, John Butt, Jr., Moses Anderson and Thomas Colling as trustees. 2 Charmingly situated among the Blue Ridge Mountains, Blairsville is an attractive Httle town needing only railway facilities to stimulate it into a vigorous growth.
TJPSON
Thomaston. On December 15, 1824, an Act was approved creating a new county out of lands formerly
embraced within the limits of Pike and Crawford, and, in honor of a distinguished ante-bellum lawyer, Hon. Ste phen Upson, of Lexington, it was called Upson. The name given to the seat of government was Thomaston, presumably for General Jett Thomas, a gallant officer of the \Var of 1812, and a practical engineer, who built the first State 'Capitol at Milledgeville; but while such is the presumption there is nothing in the records to es tablish the fact. The site for public buildings was made permanent at Thomaston on June 11, 1825, at which time a charter of incorporation "was granted to the town, with the following-named commissioners, to-wit.: Ed ward Holloway, Robert ~W. Collier, James Walker, Sr., James Cooper and Joseph Rogers.8
Orie of the first conimunites in the State to realize the possibilities of the iron horse as a motive power of commerce, the people of Thomaston began early in the thirties to agitate the building of a line of railway be tween Thomaston and Barnesville, and on December 23,
1 Acts, 1S35, p. 113. 2 Acts, 1S33, p. 7. "Acts, 1825, p. 23.

UPSOJST

1009

1839, an Act was approved chartering a company to build this road. The stockholders named in this pioneer charter were: Robert Redding1, David Kendall, Thomas F. Bethel, Thomas Flowellen, Thomas Tlrweatt, Thomas Beall, William Lowe, Milus H. Meadows, Alien M. Walker, Nathaniel F. Walker, William A. Cobb, Edwin O. Turner and John Castlen. 1 Since it was out of the question to secure a trunk line, Thomaston undertook to do the next best thing, viz., to build a spur line to BarnesviJle, there to connect with the old Monroe Railroad, now a part of the Central of Georgia. Some few years later, on February 9, 1854, a charter was obtained for the Thomaston Railroad Company to construct a line from Thomaston to WTest Point, with the following stockhold ers named in the charter: Thomas F. Bethel, Curran Rogers, Thomas W\ Reviere, David Keiidall, William Lowe, Jesso Stcrnes, Nathaniel Walker, James M. Smith and William A. Cobb. 2
Both of these lines were eventually constructed. But the one between Thomaston and Barnesville became em barrassed by debt and in 1860 was sold under judgment by the sheriff of Upson to the following parties, to-wit.: Andrew J. White, Curran Rogers, W^oodaon and Bowdre, William Lowe, James Trice, B. B. White, James M. Middlebrooks, Jesse Sternes, Thomas S. Sherman, B. B. King, D. R. Beall, Duke Williams. Thomas Cauthron, Simeon Rogers, John C. Drake, Isaac Cheney, James M. Smith, Benjamin Bethel, David Kendall, Sylvanns Gibson, William Spivey, Jonathan Colquitt & Co., John Traylor, William A. Cobb, William Stephens and Daniel Denham. s The Thomaston Academy was chartered in 1825, soon after the county was organized.
On December 23, 1857, the town was reiucorporated with the following-named commissioners : John C. Drake, John Thompson, William Carraway and Norman Brice.*
1 Acts, 3839, p. 101.
3 Acts, I860, p. 199.
4 Acts, 38f)7, p. 103.

1010 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
There was not a community in the State more fortunate in its pioneer settlers than Thomaston. Some of them amassed large wealth, built spacious and splendid old homes, and dispensed a hospitality in keeping with the best days of the ancient regime. Thomaston is today quite an important commercial and manufacturing cen ter, with a number of prosperous financial and business establishments. Robert E. Lee Institute is one of the best-equipped high schools in the Southern States, and its principal, Prof. F. F. Eowe, one of the South's fore most educators.

Some Of the Early I"11 EirMition to the pioneers mentioned in the fore-

Pioneers.

goin sfceteh of Upson, there were others no less

prominent whose names deserve mention. On the

list of incorporators of the old Upson Camp Ground, for which a charter

was granted by the Legislature, in 1837, we find Peter Holloway, James

Hightower and Wm. G. Andrews, all of whom were men of means, pos

sessed of large landed estates. Rev. Zachariah Gordon, a Baptist minister,

owned a plantation on the Flint River as early as 1833, and here his dis

tinguished son, General John B. Gordon, was born. Jacob and Butler

King, cousins of Zachariah Gordon, were also pioneer settlers. Dr. Curran

Rogers was an early physician. His father, Simeon Rogers, was one of

the first comers into Upson. " Rogers ?s Factory," a noted landmark of the

county for years and one of the pioneer industrial enterprises of Georgia,

was burned by the -Federals in 1865. It stood within easy walking dis

tance of Thoinaston. Colonel Roland Ellis, of Macon, is a grandson of

this early settler. Rev. Simeon Shaw, a former missionary to Japan, is

also one of his descendants. The gifted Mrs'. Loula Kendall Rogers mar

ried his son. Still another pioneer family of Upson were the Myricks, a

family of wide note in the public life of Georgia. The first Mayor of

Thomaston was Dr. John Calvin Drake, a man greatly beloved by the

people of Upson. His wife, a woman of marked intellect and character,

was spared to liim for more than sixty years. She bore him a large family

of children, one of whom married General George P. Harrison, of Alabama,

a distinguished Confederate officer. Mr. G. A. Weaver, Sr., of Thomaston,

also married a daughter of Dr. Drake. Throughout the entire war period,

this noted physician, too old to serve in the ranks, practiced without fee

in the families of the soldiers, giving them freely of his professional still.

After tho war he was sent to the ^Legislature, but the fiery tempered ,old

gentleman let the radicals seat William Guilford, a negro, before he would

take -the oath of allegiance prescribed by the military government. Dr.

UPSON

1011

DraEe was born in North Carolina, of Revolutionary ancestors. Judge Travis A. D. Weaver, a native of Grcene County, Ga.f was also an early settler of Upson. He was a courtly old gentleman, a Mason, a steward in the Methodist Church, and a man of deep religious faith. His father, Benjamin "Weaver, was a soldier of the Revolution. Mr. G. A. "Weaver, Sr., and Professor ~W. T. Weaver, sons of Judge Weaver, each became men of mark in Georgia, the former as a captain of industry, the latter as a leader of the hosts of education.

Helped to Make

Old man John Webb was an interesting figure

Washington's Casket. in Thomaston for many years. Tie kept the old

Wcbb House, made coffins, and married five or

six times. He was born in Maryland and at an early age was appren

ticed to a cabinetmaker in Alexandria, "Va., named Greene. This gentle

man secured a contract to make the coffin which today holds the remains

of George Washing-ton. John Webb helped his employer to make this

taken, found a most jealous custodian in Undertaker Greene, whc uredi it in his possession with a miser's care; but John Webb was; for tunate enough to secure a part of the old coffin, and when tie came to Georgia a few years later it was still among his treasured effects.

UpSOn in the M'r e than 1,200 men enlisted in the Confederate Army

Civil War

from Upson. Colonel James M. Smith, afterwards Gov

ernor of Georgia, was practicing law in Thomaston when

the war began. He 3eft here as Captain of Company I), in the Thirteenth

Georgia Regiment. General John B. Gordon, one of the most illustrious

of Confederate leaders, to whose command was entrusted half of Lee's'

army at Appomattox, was born on a plantation in Upson. Colonel P. W.

Alexander, afterwards celebrated as a war correspondent, was a young

practitioner of law at Thomaston, at the outbreak of hostilities in 1861.

Captain J. W. F. Higlitower, a gallant cavalry officer, commanded Com

pany E, in the Third Battalion of Georgia Reserves. His sons, R. E.

Hightower, president of the Thomaston Cotton MJills, and "W, C. High- '

tower, of the Britt-Hightower Stock Company, are representative and

prosperous business men of Thomaston. Dr. E. A. Flewellen was a promi

nent surgeon in Bragg's army. He died at the Rock, in 1910, at the

age of ninety-one years, -unmarried. He left a large estate, but was a

somewhat erratic old gentleman, who selected his ow-n monument' a few

months prior to his death. On the list of the slain at Sharpsburg, Mid., in

1862, was the name of gallant Efl Dallas, first lieutenant of the Upson

1012 GEORGIA'S LANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Volunteers, Company D, of the Thirteenth. Georgia Regiment. He left a wife and six children. Somewhere, near the waters of tlie Chesapeake, he fills an unknown grave, but his memory is still cherished and revered in Thoniaston, where four of his sons today reside. In the U. 13, C. Chap ter-room, at the R. E. Lee Institute, there is a blood-stained battle flag presented to the chapter on the 26th of April, 1913, by the Davis family of Thomaston. It tells a splendid story of heroic daring, one of which Ms descendants to the latest generation may well be proud. James B. I>avis, a beardless boy, in the Upson Sentinels, Company A, Forty-sixth Georgia Regiment, saw tlie color-"bearer shot down at Franklin, Tenn. Without waiting for orders, he grasped the broken flagstaff and pressed forward until he was' shot' through the lungs and from the loss of blood fell exhausted upon the field of battle. He recovered from the effects of his wound, but died later of tuberculosis. At the commencement of the war, "W- T. Weaver and G. A. Weaver, were students at Emory College, Oxford, but fired by the martial spirit they joined a lot of college boys and set out for Maeon, where they enlisted as private soldiers. Each of these boys gave a good account of himself at the front.*

The Confeder- Ijl th ^ spring of 1908 a handsome monument w-as ate Monument. llliveiled at Thomaston to commemorate the heroism
of the Confederate soldiers who went to the front from Upson. Judge J. E. P. Matthews, Ordinary of the county, delivered a masterly address on this occasion, in which he cited many important facts of local history connected with the war between the States. This address, which was afterwards published because of its historic value, contains a full roster of the companies going to the war from Upson. The following passage is quoted from the address of Judge Matthews:
"Fifty-one Confederate soldiers w-ho died in the hospitals' in Thomaston, Ga., in 1864, have at the heads of their graves in the Thomaston Ceme-, tery marble slabs with inscriptions showing that they were from a half dozen different Southern States, to-wit.: South Carolina, N~orth Caro lina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee and Georgia. Some of the graves are marked 'Unknown. 7 -"

Distinguished Eesi- On the honor roll of Upson's distinguished resi

dents of TJpSOn

dents there are many bright names. Foremost

upon the list comes General John B. Gordon, the

renowned hero of Appomattox, Governor, United States Senator and. Com

mander of the United Confederate Veterans. Congressman George Carey,

*Much of this-Information was furnished by Mrs. Kate "Weaver Dallas,

WALKER

1013

during the last years of Ms life, came from Columbia County to Tfpson. Rev. Daniel J. Myriek, one of the ablest of Methodist theologians and scholars, was' born at the Rock. His work on "Scripture Baptism," is still one of the recognized standards. Bishop Warren A. Candler, of At lanta, is a cousin, and Judge Shelby Myriek, of Savannah, is a grandson of this noted Dr. Myriek. Kev. W. L. Pickard, D. IX, the newly elected president of M'crcer "University, at Macon, was1 born in TJpson. This was also the birthplace of Rev. B. J. W. Graham, D. L\, one of the present editors and owners of, the Christian, Index. The beloved Dr.^ Thomas R. Kendall, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, spent his boyhood days in tlpson; and here his talented sister, Mrs. Loula Kendall Rogers, was born. The latter has written many exquisite gems of song. Reared in luxury, her beautiful ante-bellum home was one of the landmarks of the old South. Professor G-. F. Oliphant, the well-known superintendent of the Academy for the Blind, at Macon, was reared and educated at Thomaston, where he was a member of the first graduating class to receive diplo mas from R. E. Lee Institute. Later he was for a number of years president of this school. Hon. Charles S. Barrett, the official head of the farmers'' Union, began'his career as a planter in TJpson. Here he also married and taught school. Dr. Lincoln McConnell, the noted Baptist evangelist, one of the most successful lecturers on-the American platform, purchased not long ago the old Eespass place, a few miles out from Thoniaston, and here he spends a part of each year.

WALKER
La Fayette. La Fayette, the county-seat of Walker County, was originally known as Chat-
tooga, and, under this name, it "was made the site of public buildings "when the county was first organized out of a part of Murray, in 1833. But later the name was changed to La Fayette, in honor of the illustrious French nobleman, who gave his sword to America during the Revolution. Two local academies "were granted char ters of incorporation, the Chattooga Academy, in 1836, and the La Fayette Female Academy, in 1837, and by glancing over a list of trustees chosen for the latter school we may obtain the names of some of the leading pioneer citizens. The trustees of this school were: Will iam Quillian, James Hoge, A. L. Barry, Spencer Marsh and David. L. Seward.* Between a Federal force, under
*Acts, 1837, p. 8.

1014 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
General Gideon J. Pillow, and two detached columns of Confederate troops, a battle was here fought on June 24, 1864, known as the battle of La Fayette. The town has of late enjoyed a substantial g-rowth. Its milling in terests are quite large, besides which it supplies an ex tensive mountain trade, and is a "wide-awake commercial center, with a good banking capital, an excellent publicschool system, and a fine body of citizens.

Georgia's Monument On the historic battle-field of Chick-

at Chickamauga.

amanga, near the famous La Fay

ette road, in what is now Chicka-

mauga National Park, stands the superb Georgia monu

ment, a shaft of granite, colossal iri proportions, orna

mented with bronze figures and entablatures. In the pre

ceding1 volume of this work a description of the monu

ment is given more in detail. It is perhaps the most ex

quisite work of art and the most impressive memorial

structure on the entire field--an object of universal ad

miration. But equally admired by every one is the felici

tous inscription from the pen of Major Joseph 33. Gum

ming, of Augusta, himself a gallant survivor of the six

ties. It reads as follows:

To accomplish the ends of brevity, the Chickamauga Park Commission, as then constituted, used only a part of the inscription composed by Major Gumming, and perhaps it loses nothing- in effect for this conciseness. .But the inscription as written by Major Gumming is a literary unit, a model of condensed expression. It came to him on a summer evening, with the suddenness of an inspiration; and it then and there received a form which

WALKER

1015

was never afterwards altered or amended. As originally penned, the inscription is a gem worthy of preservation as a whole; and, with the author's permission, it is here with reproduced in full:
To the lasting Memory and perpetual Glory Of all her Sons, wlio fought on this Field, Those who fought and lived and those who fought and died, Those who gave Much and those who gave All
GEORGIA
Erects this Monument. Around it sleep Slayer and Slain
All brave, all sinking to rest

Glorious Battle ! Blessed Peace !

This Monument stands for both of these--Glory and Peace;

For this Memorial of her soldiers' valor

Georgia places on a foundation, laid for it,

In this day o' Reconciliation,

By those 'gainst whom they fought.

"

Glory and Peace encamp about this stately Shaft!

Glory perennial as Chiekamauga's flow,

Peace everlasting as yon Lookout Mountain.

RoSSville: The
Historic Home
o.f<? an -IrndTian m Chiejf?.

Rosavillc, a present-day village, near the Tennes-
see Iine' was the old home of the famous eaief of
ltehaederChoefrokhe;es pneaotpiolen, atJothhne tRimoses. of Hthee wreams oTthael

of the tribe, in 183 7, and for more than twenty-five years thereafter he continued to be the recognized head of the government in the Far West. Opposed to the treaty of removal, he headed a faction of the Cherokees known as the Boss party, in opposition, to the one headed by Ridge; but he was* acquitted of complicity in the murder of the treaty-makers. John Boss was an eloquent public speaker and one of the foremost orators of the Cherokee nation. The home in which the old chief lived at Rossville is still standing, though today a weather-beaten and spectral old ruin. It was built by John McDonald, a Scotch trader among the Cherokees, who married an Indian maiden of the full blood. Mollie, a daughter of this union, on flowering into womanhood, became the wife of Daniel Ross, a native of Inverness. There is quite a bit of forest romance con nected w-ith this affair. The elder Ross, soon after the Revolution, was dispatched from Baltimore to trade with the Indians; and while passing down the Tennessee River he was captured by the Cherokees, who, for

1016 GEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
some reason, were not friendly to Ms enterprise; and it was' only through the strenuous intercession of John McDonald, a fellow-countryman, that his life was spared. The other members of the party met death in the wil derness. Daniel Ross became an inmate of the MeUonald home, and falling in love with the dark-eyed Mollie lie eventually married her. John Mc Donald gave his son-in-law a good start in business "by purchasing a fine stock of merchandise for him, and the foundations of the little building of hewn logs in which he kept store are still to be seen near the gate of the old Boss home. Here, on October 3, 1790, the future chief of the Cherokee nation was born. In after years, he enlarged the house built by his grandfather, adding thereto a council chamber, 23 feet in length. At first there was only one door to the council chamber, but subsequently, by way of precaution, two others were added, one of wbien, opened into his bed-room. There was a post office established at Rossville as early as 1819, to which the mails were brought by stage-coach lines, connecting on the south with Augusta, Ga., and on the north with Nashville, Tenn. Elsewhere will be found a brief account, of the removal of the Cherokee Indians, one of the most pathetic chapters' in the history of the State. John Ross died in Washington, D. C., August 1, ]866, while on a visit to the national sea.t of government, at the ripe age of seventy-six years. The site of the present city of Chattanooga was formerly called by the name of Boss's Landing.

WALTON

Cowpens.

Under the Lottery Act of 1818, Walton County was' formed

out of lands then recently acquired from, the Indians and

named for Governor George Walton, Signer of the Declaration, and one of

Georgia's most illustrious sons. In the same year a strip of land was

acquired from Jackson, and three years later there was an exchange of

certain parcels with Henry and a portion set off to Newton, while in

1914 a part was taken to form. Barrow. The original county-seat of

Walton was Cowpons, a village named for the scene of a famous Rev

olutionary battle in South Carolina. Judge John M. I>ooly, the cele

brated wit, presided over the first session of the Superior Court in

Walton. It was held at Cowpens, in a log hoiiste, which, according to an

old account, contained cracks l ' large enough to throw a small shoat

through," while the clerk of the court carried his' most important papers

in the erown of his hat,

But Cowpens is illustrious in its memories. It ceased to be the county-

seat after two years, but as a suburb of M'onroe it long, continued to

enjoy aristocratic honors. Colonel John Addis'on Cobb, two of whose

sons, Howell and Tom, became illustrious' in the annals of Georgia, was

one of the first settlers at Cowpens. Here, too, lived Colonel William H.

WAI.TON

1017

Jackson, a son of the fiery old Governor who fought the Yazoo fraud. He married a sister of Colonel John A. Cobb; and of this union came tbe future Chief Justice of Georgia, Judge James Jackson. Professor Williams Rutherford lived here at one time. He married a daughter of Colonel John A. Cobb; and of this union Sprang one of Georgia's brainiest women, the gifted educator and historian, Miss Mildred Rutherford, a native of Cowpens. Here also at one time lived Judge Junius Hillyer and his son, Judge George Hillyer. On what afterwards became the Grant place, in the present environs of Monroe, lived the great Wilson Lumpkin, after wards United States Senator and Governor; but the pioneer's cabin in which he then resided gave "way in after years to fcho elegant home of Colonel John T. Grant.

Monroe. It was during the era of good feeling, under President Monroe, that the permanent county-
s'eat of "Walton began to blossom amid the wilderness. Hence the name Monroe. Its charter of incorporation was granted on November 30, 1821, with the followingnamed commissioners, to-wit.: Elisha Betts, Vincent Haralson, James West, James Moody and Gf-eorg-e W. Hum phreys.1 Two of these, Elisha Betts and Vincent ECaralson, were also trustees of the Walton County Academy, along with William Johnson, Timothy C. Word and Wilson Whatley.2 On the site now occupied by Mr. John Arnold's residence stood the Female Seminary of Mon roe. Miss Martha Printup was the first teacher. After the war Miss Jennie Johnson was for a time in charge. Miss' Johnson subsequently married Judge John P. Ed wards, clerk of the court for nearly forty years. The Male Academy stood in the McDaniel grove. Here, for a number of years the afterwards noted Dr. G. A. Nunnally, a prince of educators, taught the youth of Monroe. Later he became the first principal of Johnston Insti tute, a school endowed by Nehemiah Johnston, a wealthy citizen of the town. Mr. Johnston was a man of Northern birth, who came to Monroe some time before the Civil War and amassed a fine property, but died without heirs', bequeathing a large part of his estate to education.
1 Acts, 1821, p. 125.
2 Acts, 1821, p. 3.

1018 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
On the site of Mr. C. T. Mobley's home, Prof. A. J. Burruss, for a long time, taught a school for boys. Prof. Burruss was a splendidly equipped teacher, whose mem ory is still green in the hearts of his old pupils. Johnston Institute at a later period was destroyed by fire, to be replaced by the present handsome public school building of Monroe. Only a small part of the original sum be queathed by Mr. Johnston still remained, but this rem nant has been invested in a school near the cotton mills, to which the generous donor's name has been given. O^uly a short distance out from Monroe stands the Fifth Dis trict Agricultural School, a prosperous State institution. In 1882, a line of railway running from Monroe to Social Circle was completed, and later a line to Gainesville, each giving the town a renewed commercial impetus. With up-to-date public utilities, Monroe is fully abreast of the times, boasting two cotton factories, an oil mill, several strong banks, and scores of wide-awake business estab lishments. Monroe has1 been the home of many distin guished Georgians, including the Colquitts--"Walter T. and Alfred H. It is still the home of Governor Henry D. McDaniel, the town's foremost citizen, and one of the most beloved of Georgians. In the neighborhood of Mon roe was fought the famous battle of Jack's Creek, in 1787.*
Isaac Smith, a soldier of the Revolution, sleeps nenr Monroe, in a grave unmarked.
Social Circle. Located at the junction of the Georgia Railway with the Georgia Midland, Social
Circle is a town of wide-awake industrial and commercial activities, owning one of the largest fertilizer plants in
*Two articles on Walton County, one by Judge Ben J. Edwards, and one by Mrs. G. A, Lewis, constitute the sources from which much or this information has been derived.

WABKBN

1019

the State, besides a cotton mill, two banks, and numerous mercantile establishments. It is said that the town de rived its name from an incident in pioneer times, when a party of convivial spirits were here seated around a camp fire, freely imbibing the ardent. One of the number, , in a moment of hilarity, made the remark, to which the others readily g-ave assent, that here was a "social circle," and from this circumstance arose the name of the present town. The Social Circle Academy was granted a charter on December 22, 1828, with the follow ing board of trustees, to-wit.: Wilson Whatley, Joseph Peeples, Weldon Jones, James Philips, and filisha Henderson. 1 But the town itself was not incorporated until December 22, 1832, when the following commissioners were named: Wilson Whatley, Samuel Catley, Lewis Maine, George W. Walker and S. J. T. Whatley. 2

WABBEN
Warrenton. In 1793, Warren County was organized out of Richmond, Columbia and Wilkes Coun
ties, with Warrenton as the county-seat. Both the town and the county were named for General Joseph Wrarren, who fell mortally wounded in the battle of Bunker Hill. The town was incorporated on December 10, 1810, with the following-named commissioners, to-wit.: David Bush, George Cotton, Chappel Heath, Jeremiah Butt and .Ham ilton Goss. 8 Six years later, on December 18, 1816, the old Warrenton Academy was granted a charter of in corporation, with trustees named as follows: Samuel Lowther, Peyton Baker, Arthur Moncrief, Edward Donoho, Rufus Broom, Archelaus Flewellyn, Turner Per sons, 'George W. Hardwick and Dennis. L. Byan." In 1838 the town limits "were fixed at a distance of one mile
1 Acts, 1S28, p. 15. 2 Acts, 1S32, p. 98. 3 Clayton's Compendium, p. 607. * Jjamar's Digest, p. 12.

1020 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
from the court-house. As a community, Warrenton has always been noted for its conservatism, and while it has not grown as rapidly as some other towns of the State, it has always maintained a high standard of public morals and a reputation for strict integrity in matters of business. It is today a wide-awake town, with up-todate public utilities, a number of good hanks, several handsome mercantile establishments, and many beautiful homes. The present public school system of Warrenton was established in 1893.
Bird's Iron Works. Probably the first iron works estab lished in Georgia were built at Ogee-
chee Falls, in "Warren County-, by William Bird, an en terprising pioneer, who prior to his removal to Georgia founded the town of Birdsboro, Pa. Mr. Bird was the grandfather of two noted Southern orators: Hon. Will iam L. Yancey, of Alabama, and Colonel Benjamin C1. Yancey, of Georgia. The iron "works established at this place in the early part of the last century are described at some length in William Bird's will, recorded in the Or dinary's office at AVarrenton. He bequeathed this propertv to three sons.

WASHINGTON

Sandersville: Early When the County of Washington

Days Recalled.*

was created, in 1784, the Oconee

Eiver formed the western boundary

of the State of Georgia. Indian depredations were of al

most daily occurrence, and because of conditions on the

frontier twelve years elapsed before a connty-site "was

selected. In 1796 a Mr. Sanders donated the land se

lected for this purpose, which then formed a part of his

"Much of this information has been obtained from residents of Sanders ville. including Mrs. r>. C. Harris, Mrs. S. J. Bayne, and others.

WASHINGTON

1021

plantation, and in lionor of this liberal pioneer the town was called Sandersville. His store at the cross-roads furnished a nucleus for the new county-seat, which "was destined to a slow but steady growth.
On November 27, 1812, the town was incorporated with the following-named commissioners: David Mar tin, Samuel Richmond, Simeon Rogers, John Matthews and Isham H. Saffold. 1 At a very early period the State chartered an academy, the support of which was for years maintained by a lottery authorized for this pur pose, and among1 the original trustees were: Benjamin Skrine, Henry Crowell, Tillman Dixon, Morgan Brown, Frederick Oullens, John Irwin, James Kendrick, Nathan iel G. Rutherford and John Williams. 3 On December 26, 1851, the famous "Washington County Female Insti tute was chartered, with the following board of trustees:. William Smith, Green Brantley, Joseph Banks, James R. Smith, Augustus A. Cullens, William Hodges, Nathan iel W. Haines, Isham H. Saffold and James S. Hook.8 Three of these failed to serve, "whereupon Benjamin T'arbiitton, TO. S. Tjangdalc and Hcywood Brooking "were added to the list. Some few years later a school lor boys, taught by Colonel John W. Rudisill, was merged with the institute, despite the opposition of many who did not believe in co-education. Prof. A. C. Thompson was afterwards, for years, principal.
As a seat of culture, Sandersville looked with dis trust upon railroads, and it was not until 1876 that a short line was built connecting Sandersville with the Central of Georgia. Even then there were citizens who refused to patronize the line, preferring to haul their goods by wagon. In 1886 a road was built connecting Sandersville with Augusta. For several years before the war there was a stage line running to Sparta; also one leading to Dublin, on which a semi-weekly service

2 Georgia, Laws, 1819 s Lamar's Digest, p.

1022 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
was maintained. Besides, Sandersville was on the mail route between Savannah and Milledgeville, and when the stage reached the suburbs the carrier always blew a bugle to announce his arrival. Tbe first postmaster of the town was Major Heywood Brooking.
Sandersville is today a progressive and wide-awake community, with up-to-date public utilities. Its schools are among the best in the State of Georgia. But the, special pride of Sandersville is the Rawlings Sanitarium, an institute whose fame has traveled abroad. The pres ent staff is composed of Dr. William Eawlings, Dr. O. L. Rogers, Dr. T. B. King and Mr. O. L. Herndon, with a corps of twenty-five efficient nurses. The town is built on a ridge occupying the highest point between Savannah and Macon; and is surrounded by an agricultural section second to none in Georgia. Says a well-known gentle man :* " The town is not of mushroom growth, but every thing has been planned and operated upon sound busi ness principles, and as a result we have no failing mer chants and broken banks, but all kinds of business mov ing along as systematically and as gently as the deep current of a mighty river. From tbe ashes have sprung magnificent dwellings, and the sweet aroma of prosperity like a pavilion overshadows our town."
The Fire of 1855. On March 24, 3855, occurred what is locally known as the great fire. It
broke out in Mr. Nathan Renfroe's carriage shop, on the western side of the town, and, driven by a strong wind, it swept across the town, burning court-house, jail, hotel and dwellings. In less than two hours only five struc tures remained standing. Major Brookins, the Ordi nary, left his own house in flames, in order to secure the public records. It was on Saturday afternoon, and at the hotel great preparations were in progress for the
*Capt. P. R. Taliaferro, a former resident of Sandersville.

WASHINGTON

1023

Sabbath, which was to usher in court week. Mrs. Brantley was baking cake in her old-fashioned iron oven. The wooden house burned down, but when the ashes cooled and the lid was lifted from the oven the cakes were found beautifully baked.
From an old copy of the Central Georgian on file 171 the court-house, it seems that the editor of this paper, Mr. P. O. Peudleton, lost office, press, type and every thing- else, but in less than five weeks the paper was again afloat. At great expense, Mr. Pendleton purchased the printing office of the Eatonton Independent Press, re moved the outfit to Sandersville and began work in his kitchen. For several months Batonton maintained a column of news in this paper, the name of which was changed to the Georgian and Press, but J. E. Turner, Esq., because of some political disagreement, gave up this column, after which the former name was resumed.
So great was the suffering caused by the fire that contributions for relief poured into Sandersville from every part of the State. Savannah gave $500, a sum duplicated by the Central of Georgia, and, ill the aggre gate, $3,439 was raised. But, while fire consumes dross, it only refines pure gold, and in time handsomer buildings replaced the ones destroyed. Mr. E. L. Warthen intro duced a bill in the Legislature authorizing a tax: levy to build a handsome new court-house. This building was erected, but was burned by Sherman in 1864.

Gen. Sherman's Visit. Sandersville lay in the path of Sher
man's fiery march to the sea, but the town was saved from complete destruction through the importunities of Eev. J. D. Anthony, who, as a Mason, appealed to General Sherman on behalf of the citizens. However, there was much loss of property incident to the passage through Sandersville of so large a body of troops, and most of the public buildings were fired by the torch. The monument to Governor Irwin on the

1024 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS ANI> LEGENDS
court-house square bears the mark of a ball which de faced it in 1864. Dr. M. R. Freeman, a young physician, who came to Sandersville from Macon, organized the first military company in the town, known as the "Washington Kifles. Afterwards, under Captain S. A. H. Jones, it was one of the first companies to enlist for the war, forming a part of the First Georgia Regiment. Wash ington County furnished quite a number of companies to the Southern army during the war. Colonel Thomas J. Warthen, who commanded the gallant Twenty-eighth Georgia, laid down his life at Malvern Hill, and there were few homes in Sandersville which were not bereaved by the tragic losses of this period; but, when the war was over, the town began to awake to her possibilities and to reach out for greater things. In the cemetery at San dersville stands a handsome monument to the Confeder ate dead, reared by the patriotic women.

Some of tfa.6

Governor Jared Irwin was one of the earliest pioneers

Pioneers.

o the County of Washington. He located in the

neighborhood of Sandersville soon after the Revolu

tion, and with the prestige of his career as a soldier became at once

the foremost citizen: a distinction which he never ceased to retain un

til the hour of his death. It was the privilege of Governor Irwin

twice occupied the executive chair, to sign the fa

for hims'elf a large place in the ser of the people. He went to the war from Sandersville and became a majo in the Forty-ninth Georgia. For upwards of thirty years until his death he was Ordinary of Washington. In Ma

WASHINGTON

1025

Dr. H. N. TTollifield came from Philadelphia in 1855. He afterwards edited a magazine in Sanclersville called the Georgia Medical and Surgical Encyclopaedia. In 1858 eame three other men who were destined to leave a lasting impress upon the community: Dr. W. H. H. Whitaker, of Phila delphia ; "William Gallalier, of Maryland, and Captain P. B. Taliaferro, of Virginia. In 1860, Drs. J. B. Smith and E. B. Hook opened the Sanders ville Infirmary, "but the institution was forced to suspend on the call to

One of the wealthiest families of the county in pioneer days were the Skr-ines, including four brothers: William, Quintillian, Virgil and Ben jamin. "William built the first modern house in the County of Washington. It stood a mile from Sandersville and was known as the White House, on account of its novel coat of white paint. Later it was owned and occupied as a siimnier home by Noble A. Hardee, of Savannah.
Sarnuel O. Franklin and James TJ. Floyd were pioneer merchants, at one time partners, in the dry-goods' business.
Colonel Thomas J. Warthen was a wealthy pioneer planter and man of affairs, whose prominence in tlie State militia before the war gave him the title of "General." He lost his life at Malvern Hill, while commanding the Twenty-eighth Georgia Regiment. Colonel Warthen reared a family of girls, who added much to the culture and social life of San dersville. Nathan Eenfroe was a substantial carriage-maker, whose son, Hon. J. W. Kenfroe, was Treasurer of Georgia after the war.
Major Heywood Brookins was the first mayor of the town, and after wards for more than a generation was Ordinary of the County of Washing ton, Pinkus Happ, a Jew, became a prosperous merchant, who devoted his large means to the alleviation of distress during the war and en deared himself to every one by his manifold acts of kindness. David Solomon, likewise a Jew. accumulated a sung fortune, married one of the county girls, and became a good Methodist.
Dr. Nathaniel Harris, quite a noted ante-bellum physician, came from Massachusetts and built the first handsome house within the town limits. Dr. William P. Haynes, a local Methodist preacher and a high degree Mason, was complimented by having the first local Masonic lodge named In his honor. Captain S. A. H. Jones commanded a company in one of the Indian campaigns, and was also made captain of the Washington Rifles, one of" the first companies' to enlist in 1861. Captain Tke Nerrman, a native of France, made Sandersville his home in the late fifties. At the outbreak of the war he organized a company, at the head of which he proved himself a gallant soldier. Harris Eraiitley was a wealthy pioneer planter, whose only daughter married Hon. Coleman E. Pringle, known as the father of Prohibition in Georgia.
Kev. Daniel Hook, in the year 1860, organized in Sandersville a church of the Disciples' of Christ. His son, Judge James S. Hook, was after wards State School Commissioner of Georgia. Captain Evan P. Howell, late editor and part owner of the Atlanta- Constitution, lived in Sandersville

1026 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

at the outbreak of the war. Pressly Hyman, one of the promising young men of Sandersville in the early seventies, removed to the "West and "became Lieutenant-Governor of Nevada.
To mention by name only a few more of the early pioneers of Wash ington, the list includes: William Hardwiek, John Rutherford, George Frank lin, 2achariah Brantley, William A. Tennillc, Dr. John B. Turner, General Lewis A. Jernigan, a noted educator, afterwards Ordinary of Washington; Colonel Morgan Brown, ]STathan Haynes, William Smith, better known as "Uncle Billy," a wealthy planter; William Hodges, Daniel Ainsworth, Colonel E. S. Langmade, Dr. A. A. Cullens, Dr. Eldridge Williamson, Ben jamin Tarbutton, Captain Henry C. Lang, Thomas E. Brown, Henry Brown, John Langmade, and Robert Hyman. Most of the original settlers of Washington were Revolutionary soldiers, but they sleep in unmarked graves.

Tomb of

On a plantation three miles west of

John Rutherford. Sandersville, just off the Milledge-

ville road, is an old weather-beaten

tombstone, on which the following' epitaph is inscribed:

"To the memory of JOHN RUTHERFORD, a soldier of the Revolution, who lived long afterward to share the honors' of his countrymen. He retired for many years from public life and died in the affection of his country, on the 31st of October, 1833, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. He is buried at his request by the side of his first wife, Polly Hubert. > '

Recently the graves of two Revolutionary soldiers have been located in the neighborhood of Sandersville: "William Ganier and John Sparks, and just as soon as markers can be obtained from the Federal government these graves will be marked by Jared Irwin Chapter, D. A. R. On the old Jordan place, near Davisboro, the last resting place of John Jordan has been located. He was a soldier of the Revolution, under General Elbert. His grave at present is marked only by white hyacinths. .Likewise "within a short distance of Davisboro, two other burial places of Revolutionary patriots have been discov ered. These are the graves of William Hardwiek and Moses Newton. Samuel Elbert Chapter, D. A. R., of

^"ASHINGTON

1027

Tennille, lias undertaken the marking of these graves, and is at the same time intent upon locating other historic spots.

Thomas W. Hard- Sandersville is the home of the gifted

wick: Senator- Thomas "W. Hardwick, who--at the

Elect.

youthful age of forty-two--is Georgia's

new Senator-elect. His service of twelve years in the

popular branch of Congress was rewarded with the Sen

atorial toga at a recent primary election, and in Decem

ber snext Mr. Hardwick will take his seat as Major

Bacon's successor in the American House of Peers.

Fort Irwin. General Jared Irwin, with his' three brothers, John La\vson, William and Alexander, all of whom were Revolutionary
soldiers, built a fort near Union Hill to protect this section of Georgia from, the Indians, and it became known as Fort Irwin. Nothing is posi tively known concerning the character of this stronghold. But it Avas doubtless securely built, and, occupying a strategic point, it was1 instru mental in keeping the savages at a safe distance from the settlement.

Tennille. Three miles distant from Sandersville, on the main line of the Central of Georgia, is one of
the most important commercial centers in this part of the State : Tennille. Without rehearsing the facts previously set forth in Volume I, some additional items may be cited. On March 4, 1875, the town received its first charter of incorporation and at this time the corporate limits were fixed at one-quarter of a mile in every direc tion from the depot of the Central Kailroad. Provision was made in this charter for an election, to Be held on the first Saturday in May, 1875, for an intendant and four aldermen, each to hold office for one year.* During the next few years the growth of the town was so rapid that, on October 24, 1887, an Act "was approved granting Tennille a new charter and extending its corporate limits to a distance of one. thousand yards in every direction
*Acts, 1875, p. 187.

1028 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGEKDS
from the warehouse of the Central Railroad. Hon. John C. Harman was designated as the first Mayor, with Messrs. W. 3. Joiner, Jr., J. B. Murchison, H. S. Hatch, W. P. Davis, James "W. Smith and H. E. Hyman as Alder men. 1 In 1900 the style of the corporation was changed from the "town of Tennille" to the "city of Tennille." On September 19, 1881, the Tennille and Wrightsville Railroad was chartered, "with the following ineorporators: Messrs. W. C. Matthews, B. D. Smith, G. L. Mason, G. B. Harrison, H. N. Hollifield, G. W. Peacock and Z. Peacock, of the County of Washington, A. T. Hanas, of the County of TVashington, and AV. B. Bales, W. A. Tompkins, W. L. Johnson, J. A. McAfee, T. "W. Kent and W. ~W. Mixon, of the County of Johnson. 2 Teiinille is well supplied with strong banking- establish ments, 'with excellent school facilities, splendid water and light plants and with a wide-awake and progressive body of citizens.

WAYNB

sville.

"Way-no County was organized in 1803 out of lands

acquired from the Creeks under the treaty of Port

Wilkiitson; and by an Act approved December 8, 1806, the following com

missioners were named to choose a site for public buildings: Solomon

Gross, Francis Small-wood, John Mundon, William Clement and William

Knight.3 But the county was slow in finding- settlers, and it was not until

December 4, 1829, that a site was finally fixed on land donated "by William

Clement, one mile from the village of Waynesville.4 Both the 1 own and

the county were named for General Anthony Wayne, of the Revolution,

who aided in Georgia 's redemption from the British.

Jesup. But when the County of Charlton was formed from Wayne in 3855 it left Wayneville on the
extreme lower edge of the county, making* a new site for public buildings necessary, and in the course of time the
1 Acts, 1887, p. 618.
2 Acts, 1881, p. 268.
3 Clayton's Compendium, p. 326. * Acts, 1829, p. 193.

WEBSTER--WHEELER

1029

county seat was removed to Jesup, a town named for General Jesup, of the United States army, who rendered important service to the State in the Creek Indian war of 1836. The town of Jesnp was incorporated on October 24, 1870, with the following commissioners, to-wit.: Will iam Clarey, W. H. Whaley, G-. H. Cameron, T. P. Littlefield and W. C. Bemshart. 1

Fort James. This strong-hold, built to defend the frontier
during- the Indian wars, was located on the west bank of the Altamaha River, fifty miles above Darien and twelve miles below the mouth of the Ohoopee. There -was also a fortification by this name built in Colo nial times, to defend the old settlement of Dartmouth, above Augusta, in what is now Elbert County, Ga. 3

WEBSTER
Preston. Webster County was formed out of Randolph and was first known as Kinchafoonee, from a
well-known creek of this name, but Kinchafoonee pro voked a ripple of laughter over the State, and on Febru ary 21, 1856', the name -was changed to Webster, in honor of the great orator of New England. At the same time the name of the county-seat was changed from Mclntosh to Preston. The town was incorporated by an Act ap proved December 22, 1857, with the following commis sioners, to-wit.: Georg-e M. Hay, John W. Easters, Will iam H. Hallen, James G. M. Ball and Henry W. Spears. 8

WHEELER
Alamo. On August 34, an Act was approved creating by Constitutional amendment the new County
of Wheeler from a part of the County of Montgomery.
1 Acts, 1870, p. 207. 2 Vol. I, p. 537. 3 Acts, 1857, p. 187.

1030 GEOEGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
This Act was ratified at the polls on November 5, 1912, after which the new county was formally created by proclamation of the Governor, on November 14, 1912. Alamo, a town on the Seaboard Air Line, was made the county-seat. Some of the oldest families resident in the county are the Kents, the Gillises, the Calhouns, the McLennans, the Clementses, the McRaes, the Morrisons, the Curries, the Clarkes, the Adamses, the Ryalses and the MeArthurs.

Where Governor Governor George M. Troup, while on a visit to the

TrOUT) Died

Miitchell place, one of the numerous plantations

owned by Mm in this section of Georgia, in 1856, was

seized with a violent illness, which here ended his days. William Bridges

was the overseer in charge of the Mitchell place at the time of Governor

Troup 's death. In another part of this work will be found a picture of

the pioneer cabin in which the great apostle of State Bights breathed his

last. The Mitchell plantation was settled by Hartwell Mitehell in 1S14.

It was located on the west side o the Oconee River. This fine'old plan

tation is now the property of the Kent family of Wheeler. Still another

plantation owned by Governor Troup in this county was the Horseshoe

Place. But the old Governor is buried on the banks of the Oconee River,

in Montgomery County, at Eosemont, still another plantation which he

owned, where a beloved brother, Robert L. Troup, was already buried.

WHITE
Cleveland. In 1857 the County of "White was organized out of Habersham and named for 'Colonel
John "White, am officer of the Continental Army, whose brilliant exploit on the Great Ogeechee was unsurpassed in the annals of the Revolution. The county-seat was first called Mount Tonah, but the name was afterwards changed to Cleveland. It has never been quite settled for whom the town was named, but presumably it was for Colonel Benjamin CleaveJand, the hero of King's Mountain, notwithstanding a slight variation in the spell ing of his name. Cleveland was chartered by an Act ap-

OVERSEER'S CABIN ON THE MITCHELU PLACE, IN WHEELER COUNTY,

WHITE

1031

proved October 18, 1870, with the following town com missioners, to-wit.: "William B. Bell, Virgil Kobertson, A. J. Comer and William G. Goodman.*

Nacoochee: Relics of At the foot of Yonah Mountain, in a Forgotten Race. the picturesque upper part of White
County, lies one of the most beau tiful valleys in the 'world--far-famed Nacoochee. Neither the Yosemite nor the Shenandoah can match it in some respects. There are lineaments of loveliness which it shares in common with no other spot on earth. It mat ters not how extensively one has traveled, he cannot visit this Lost Paradise of the Cherokee Indians without feel ing the spell of enchantment which the scene here throws around him, and though he may not quote the language he will at least voice the sentiment of Tom Moore's apt lines:
' ' There 's not in the wide world a valley so sweet As this vale in whose bosom the bright waters meet.''
The cradle of the Chattahoochee--it has been de scribed in the wondrous "witchery of Lanier's song; but the power to do it justice lies neither in the poet's pen nor in the artist's,brush. The task of recalling some of the historic memories in which this romantic region of the State abounds is a much simpler one. There is a wealth of legendary lore connected with Nacoochee; and from the mellow recollections of an old gentleman--now gone to his reward--who knew the valley like a book, every page of which was dear to Mm, and who in child hood explored its hidden mysteries, and listened to its weird fairy tales, and wandered to the utmost verge of its green meadows, the following brief account has been condensed. Says Mr. George W. Williams:
'' Nacoochee has a history as thrilling in interest as the tales of the Arabian Nights. This valley was dcmbtless for ages one vast lake. The
*Acts, 1870, p. 182.

1032 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
fretful waters at last cut a channel through the rocks at the east end of the valley and the great basin was drained, leaving a fertile area of landscape some seven miles in length, with the Chattah.ooch.ee Kiver winding through the verdant prospect. The Cherokees selected this quiet and safe retreat for the capital of a populous nation, and Nacoochee Old Town, the name by which the settlement here was first known, became the chief town of the Cherokees. At one time, it must hare been the center of an ancient civilization. The original occupants of the valley were a warlike race of people. They surrounded themselves with long lines of fortifications, leveled the tops of the hills, and raised huge mounds. On the high places1 resided the chiefs of the nation,, surrounded by knights as "brave as ever drew a lanee. During the past seventy-five years many relies have been found in the valley, furnishing proof most positive of hard-fought battles, in which shot and shell were used. "When the writer was a boy, his father, who was one of the original settlers in the valley, taught his sons the science of farming; and from time to time they plowed up many, many rare and curious specimens, including giinloeks, swords, broken shells, tonia-' hawks, arrows and human skeletons'.
"In 1834, when the miners were digging a canal for the purpose of washing- the beds of the streams for gold, a subterranean village was discovered, containing some forty houses in number. These were buried ten feet deep. The logs were hewn and notched 'as at the present day. This village was covered by a heavy growth of timber; and near it, under a tree, fifteen feet in circumference, which must have been at least five hun dred years old, there was found a double mortar, ten inches in diameter, perfectly polished. It was made of transparent quartz. This village was doubtless built by DeSoto in 1539. More recently a discovery was made here which interested me very much. A plough-share, near an Indian mound, struck a hard substance. On examination it proved to be part of a walled s'epulchre. The.bottom was paved with polished stones, and the tomb contained many skeletons, one of immense size, also eoneh shells, pipes, and other curious specimens of handiwork, besides a piece of inwrought copper. As the natives were ignorant of the art of working in this metal and never buried in walled sepulchres, the question naturally arises: When did thes'e huge men live 1? A learned historian of Copenhagen, says that America was discovered in the year 985 by Biaske Horjeufsen. It is also said that a colony from Wales settled in this country at the same time. Doubtless these early European adventurers were exterminated by the vast tribes of Indians. It is mainly by way of tradition that we hear of them. The walled sepulchre may have been built by the "Welsh colony in the tenth century of the Christian era."
Nacoochee Old Town was undoubtedly one of the places at which DeSoto stopped in his quest of the yellow metal. Signs of a somewhat lengthy sojourn by the Span-

WHITE

1033

iards in this locality are still numerous. Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr., identifies the Xualla of the old Spanish narrative with an Indian settlement somewhere in this region, a surmise which is more than justified by the monumental remains and which furthermore tallies with the description. According to Mr. Williams, the Indian Queen of the tribe here settled, at the time of DeSoto's visit, was Echoee. Nacoochee and Eola were her daugh ters, both beautiful, dark-eyed Indian maidens. Lorenzo, a companion of the bold knight, having acquired knowl edge of the fact that certain treasures of priceless value "were concealed in a cavern under Mount Yonah, cun ningly sought to possess them. He partially succeeded by artful blandishments in fascinating Queen Echoee. But in the end he was killed by old Wahoo, the chief of the tribe. Echoee, with her daughter Eola, was drowned,, but. Naeooch.ee was saved by Sautee, the young sixteenyear-old son of a Choctaw chief. As a sequel to the res cue, there developed quite naturally a love affair. But the marriage of Nacoochee to Sautee was forbidden. The pair resolved upon flight, and when pursued and over taken hurled themselves from an overhanging cliff of Mount Yonah into the vale beneath. They were buried in a common grave. The large mound in front of the summer home of Dr. L. Gf. Hardman, formerly the Nichols place, marks the traditional spot in "which the lovers are supposed to be interred. Nacoochee and Sautee val leys, uniting, perpetuate the names of the ill-fated pair, while the grave in which they sleep is kept perennially green with cypress, ivy and rhododendron.

WIIITFIELD
Dalton. Dalton, the county-seat of Whitfield, was firt known as Cross Plains. But in 1847, when tL<j
State road was built the name was changed to Dalton, in compliment to a civil engineer, John Dalton, who, real-

1034 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
izing tlie possibilities of this locality as the site for a future town, made a survey of the land and divided the same into lots.* His judgment was subsequently con firmed by General Joseph E. Johnston, who made D'alton his base of operations during the Civil War. The town was incorporated by an Act approved December 28, 1853. Two schools, the Dalton Female Colleg-e and the Southern Central Baptist University of Georgia, were chartered in 1850, each with a strong board of trustees. But for addi tional particulars in regard to Dalton the reader is re ferred to Volume I of this work.
Red Clay: The Cher- Eeti Clay, famous in history and legend as Okee Council Ground the Cnerokee Indian Council Ground, lies a
short distance north of the town of Dalton. Nearly a century has passed since this historic spot, stamped forever with the agony of a noble race, witnessed the signing of the famous' treaty between those of the Cherokees who favored and those who opposed the United States Government. To this council of the two factions came the Indian chiefs and head men of the Cherokee Nation.
In the deliberations which ensued, the treaty party, headed by Ridge, declared "that the Cherokees could not exist amidst a^ white people; that while they loved the land of their fathers, they considered the fate of the exile far better than submission to the laws of a State." At the head of the party opposed to removal was John Ross, principal chief of the Cher okees. The Committee of Conference met at Red Clay in October, 1835. 'To relieve the Cherokee Nation from its distressed condition, George M. "Waters, John Martin, Richard Taylor, John Baldridge and John Benge, acting under the instructions of John Ross, principal chief, on the one part, and George Chambers, John Gunter, John Ridge, Charles Vann and Elias Boudiuot, on the other, acting under instructions' of Major Ridge and others of the treaty party, "agreed to bury in oblivion all unfriendly feelings and act unitedly in treaty with the United States for- the relief of
This agreement was signed at Red Clay, October 24th, 1835. The treaty party met at New Echota, the capital of the Cherokee Nation, near the present town of Calhoun, and on the 29th of December, 1835, concluded the treaty with the United States Commissioner. The chiefs of the autitreaty party did not attend this convention, and made every effort to
man, but on the authority of Hon. Paul B. Trammell, it was named for

"Wl-HTFI-ELD

1035

.negotiate a new treaty, more favorable, but without success. By its terms' the Indians were permitted two years' grace in which to, leave their beloved lands, but the time expired and they still repudiated the treaty. The United States government decided that the only possible way to make them move would be at the bayonet's point.

John Eoss, who made the most zealous efforts to save his people from expulsion, -was born at Rossville, Georgia, October 3rd, 1790. His father was a full-blooded Scotchman and his mother a half-breed; he was therefore one-fourth Indian, as the Indians say, '' a quateroon.'' He lived for a number of years at the home built by his' grandfather, John SIcDonald, at Eossville, Ga., btit he enlarged it, adding a couneil chamber twenty-three feet long, which for years had only one door. As a precau tion, he later added two more doors, one opening into his bed-room in the center of the house. The house is now owned by John McjSTair McFarland, a descendant of the McFarlands, into whose hands the Uoss place pass'ed, and in its exterior and interior has been little changed.
Chief Boss, about two years' before the exile, built a tome at Flint Springs, Tenn., some five miles north of Eed Clay. It was a two-.story log house, a part of which still stands, though it has been improved and much changed. Nearby, on the Eoss land, Dr. Butler, a missionary to the Indians, taught a school. It has been said that Eoss moved to his Tennessee home for protection, as the Government, had troops stationed near there; certain it is that with his Indian wife, his children and negro servants, te was living at Flint Springs about 1837.
Tradition says that he had a daughter famed throughout the Cherokee land for her beauty, her grace of manner and modesty; in truth an irre sistibly charming maiden. A young Indian chief was her suitor and gained the favor and approval of Eoss, but not the love of the girl, for she had already given her heart to another, whom she frequently met in a seques tered trysting place. The young man vowed that he could no longer endurelife without her, and she yielded to his pleadings; in the dark and silent hours of the night she met her lover at the appointed place, mounted the horse behind him, rode away and married the man of her choice.

Xear the Georgia-Tennessee line there still stands an ancient, two-story brick house built by Chief McEntyre. This' quaint old mansion stands guard over an Indian burying-ground. In the corner of an old-fashioned garden, in a tangle of briers and vines, are several time-worn tombstones bearing names and dates still legible and interesting to the romantic passer by. A few years ago there came from the West several of the descendants

1036 OECXEGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS JSJ

T

-J

of these Indians to visit the home and graves & tSeir foinefetthcHSj. madeprecious by tradition. Rev. A. K. T. HamHmgM.,, a; gentleman; eig$*y-five years old, .etill living near KetJ Clay,, gives- an iaafteresting account of a visit made by him when a child in company with & trader and1 his: uncle,, to the McKntyre home. The men ntad a large amo-tH* of silver;, whicfi: they had secured from the Indians in trade and barter.. TMs silver- they eara-ied in saddle bags across an Indian ponyr whicli tire li'ttfe aix-yeax-olii! boy rode. This was' done to divert suspicion, aa- at tixat tiiEie tlks heuokeis Nation was in a state of disorder. This silver was. ejceh.ang.ed-. on parser;- money, at .McEntyre's, where they spent the nig-Mr,.

In the years previous to the Hed Clay convention., the Rfcss and Ridge parties indulged 'in bitter and relentless hostilities;, out of wMeh- grsfw the tragic death of Chief Jack Walker. Tne> Chief became^ infattiate-1 with : a young "white girl of fifteen summers,, "by name Ensily.. HCer family oppos'ed the suit, but watching her opportunity she1 eiSbped wi'th'' licj;- lover. 'Taking the girl on the horse with him he swam the1 Tennes^se Hivo-;,. pur'sued by her infuriated brothers, but untouched by their "Sullets. After'their'marriage they returned and lived1 in "Walter-"Valley, near the-presenttown of Cleveland, Tenn., on what is now called the Pryor Lea farm.. Tra dition says that he had two wives, the other an Indian, aad" that the two lived in the same house in a most friendly" manner uatil the chief TKJS called away for a short time, when the Indian- wife invariably- wM'pped th'e white oue? The squaw, 'however, got her whipping when the chief returned.
At .a meeting of the Council at the Old: Forfe, betwisen Clewlaiid and 'Spring Place, Walker was accused of treason. He left for h*me with, a friend, and when about nine miles away, at Mnsfcrat Springs, -teas waylaid -and shot by an assassin hidden in the top of a tree. Old' me at, still Jivingxemember the exact spot, for often as children it was pointed out to. them..
'Tradition says that his wife, Emily, told several of her frientfs- thafr she f'elt very uneasy about him during his absence oat that laremorafole day,, .-as she knew the Indians were angry, and that she feSt relievo^ when lookingout she saw him riding up the road on his gray horse. Slse sent a servant to take his horse and stood waiting for him to come to, h-er. As no one came, she went out to learn the cause of the delay, finding only the servant, who said with trembling voice, "Mr. Walker is not here.' 1 She said she saw him as clearly as she ever saw anything in her life. A little later, at nightfall, he was brought home fatally wounded, living only ^ short time.
It was at this period of the strife that John Howard Payne arrived in the Nation of the Cherokees, resolved to study the Indian problem on the

WHITPIELD

1037

spot. .Payne sympathized deeply with the red man, and when arrested by Colonel Bishop at the home of Chief Rosa at Flint Springs, lie found papers which contained bitter criticisms concerning the treatment of the Cherokee Indians. Payne was' carried to Spring Place, where a short time he was imprisoned in the Varm ho\ise.
At Kenan Spring, not far from Red Clay, dwelt ' * Chief Battling Gourd," renowned as a counselor. The home where he dwelt is no more, only a few foundation stones remain, but the land surrounding still bears his name, and is called the "old Battling Gourd field." He did not die in this country, as stated, "hut went West with his tribe, educated himself and "became an officer of some importance. In this section dwelt also " old 1 ' Dcer-in-the-Watcr, " '' Sleeping Babbit, '' <' Otter Lifter '' and *' Seven jSTose,' ' whose very names have reference to stirring accounts of legendary adventure, and who were renowned in their day as leading men in their tribe. South of where the town of Dalton now stands" dwelt Chief Bed Bird near the beautiful Hamilton Spring, He was a devotee of the race track and met an untimely death, for while druuk he was thrown from his' horse. He was buried directly west of the spring, and his grave is now covered by a railroad embankment. Two miles south of the town lived "Drowning Bear," a mighty hunter. His feats are still recalled, and a creek which flows through the place bears the name of Drowning Bear Creek. ISTear the center of the town was the ball ground, a beautiful level spot shaded "by forest trees, where the contending parties, with faces painted in the brightest of coiors, headed by their chiefs, met and engaged in ball playing. A monument to the Confederate dead now marks this place.
The Council Ground of the Cherokee Indians was ideally located. On -the east and west it was protected by the hills, through which roamed game in abundance, deer, turkeys, foxes, wolves and bears, and which the Indians never killed unnecessarily. Four immense springs in a radius of two miles were included in the Council Ground which extended north and south for some distance, its' exact size is now a matter of conjecture. As the Indians burned the leaves every year no undergrowth marred the beauty of the forest, which resembled a park.
On Georgia soil stood the council bouse, very near the center of the Council Ground, and less than TOO feet from the Tennessee line. This council house was later renowned as the treaty cabin, for it was occupied, so says' tradition, by General Winfield .Scott and General Twiggs, who were sent to Bed Clay to remove the Indians. About 1850 it was moved to a spot a few feet northwest, and a large rambling dwelling- now stands on the original site of the council house. In 1911 it was demolished.

1038 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AKT> LEGENDS

and warrior. A mound of rocks overgrown with bushes and vines, still

marks his resting place. The famous Indian cure-all, Tuc-a-le-chee-chee-

wah-wah (drink and live spring), is nearby. To this spring the Indians

brought their sick, believing they could be cured by drinking the water.

This' failing, they immersed the patients in the water, and if a cure was

not effected, other remedies were deemed fruitless, and they were left to

die. About a mile north of the old council house was Deep Spring. Tra

dition tells. us that the Indians held this beautiful dark blue spring in

greatest awe, for they believed it bottomless. A ledge of rock projects itself,

across the upper cast side and falls sharply back, and at this spot no bottom

has ever been found, either by the red or white man. Tradition says that

when the edict of banishment came that many Indians gathered from, the

tribes and cast their treasures into its depths, happier to bury them in

the sacred waters than to leave them to the paleface.

When the dusky warriors and maidens were gathered together for re

moval westward, the assembled chiefs' and counselors met at the Council

Ground under the spreading oaks and murmuring pines, and after smoking

the pipe of peace, in imploring attitudes turned their dark eyes to heaven,

pulled the swinging limbs to them, and in their wild devotion bedewed

the sprigs and branches with their tears. When the final departure drew

near all arms were taken from the Indians and they were marched between

files of soldiers. Tradition says that a chief known as "Big Bear" had

but a short time before buried his wife and only child, and that in. his

deep grief he implored that he be spared the life of an exile. Hid

prayers were unheeded and he was forced to take up the march. He se

cured a bayonet and hiding it under his blanket, as he passed by the

graves of his loved ones1, "broke from his companions and threw himself

across the mound, and, falling upon the sharp bayonet, he was pierced to

the heart, thus dying by those he loved dearer than life. And today, "side

by side, in their nameless graves the lovers are sleeping,'' for General

Twiggs, in sympathy, ordered a Christian burial. The Indians turned

their faces westward, journeying hundreds of miles, through forest and

over desert, sometimes drenched with rain, sometimes consumed with thirst,

thousands dying on the long march of months, and thus began the '' exile

without an end and without an example in story."*

March, 1913.

WILLIE S. WHITE.

WILCOX
Abbeville. "Wileox County was organized in 1857 from Dooly, Irwin and Pulaski, and was named for
General Mark "Wilcox, a distinguished officer of the State
^Authorities consulted: 'White's Statistics, Rev. A. R. T. Harnbright and. Mr. F. T. Hardwick.

WlLKE?o

1039

militia and a dominant figure in ante-bellnm State poli ties. Abbeville was made the new county-seat. Some of the more prominent of the early pioneer citizens of tie county were: G. B. Eeid, D. Beid, J. L. Wilcox, M. G. Fortner, Thomas Warren and James Holt. On Septem ber 5, 18S3, the town was incorporated, with Stephen Bowcn as mayor and Messrs. W. A. McLane, Robert J. Fitzgerald, L." M. Gnnn, S. N. Mitchell, James A. Stubbs and E. V. Johnson as councilmen. Abbeville is located on the Ocmulgee Biver, and when a part of the county was taken to form Dodge, in 1870, it left Abbeville near the extreme eastern edge of Wilcox.

WILKES
Washing-ton. On the site of Heard's Fort, in 1780, arose the present town of AVashington, the first
town in the United States to be named for the great commander-in-chief. Its charter of incorporation was granted by the Legislature on December 7, 1805, in an Act providing for its better regulation. The commis sioners named at this time were: Francis Willis, James Corbett, Felix H. Gilbert, Thomas Terrell and William Sanson.* In the neighborhood of Washington,'there were two pioneer schools of wide note, one of them taught by Bev. Hope Hull, who was probably the first Methodist preacher in Upper Georgia; the other taught by Eev, John Springer, the first Presbyterian minister ever or dained in the State. Among the pupils of Dr. Springer were Jesse Mercer and John Forsyth, both of whom "were destined to the highest honors. When Josiah Penfield left at his death a sum of money with which to found a school, Jesse Mercer sought by every means within his power to secure this school for Washington; and his failure to do so 'was one of.the keenest regrets of his life. But he nevertheless made this school the object of his
'Clayton's Compendium, p. 278.

1040 GEORGIA'S LANDMARK^ MEMORIALS AND LEGEXDS
most devoted interest, and today it bears the name of Mercer University. One of the first plants ever estab lished in Georgia for the manufacture of cotton and wool len goods was located near Washington, where likewise the first cotton gin was erected. The name of this pio neer industrial enterprise was the Wilkes Manufacturing Company, as appears from an Act approved December 13, 1810; and, included among the stockholders were: Matthew Talbot, Boiling Anthony, Benjamin Sherrod, John Bolton, Frederick Ball, Gilbert Hay and Joel Ab bott.* In the old Heard House, in Washington, a land mark which formerly faced the town square, was held the last meeting of the Confederate Cabinet. Some of Georgia's most distinguished sons have been residents of this historic town; but since these have already been mentioned in Volume I, it is needless to repeat them here. The reader is also referred to the preceding volume of this work for additional facts in regard to Washington.

Wilkes in the With respect to the part which the County of Wilkes

Revolution.

played in the drama of the Revolution, it is enough

to say that the name by which the Tories called it

was the Hornet's ISTest. The expression is most apposite. For nowhere

was the spirit of independence so characteristic of the rugged frontiersman,

more defiant of tyranny or more eager to accept the gage of battle than

in the forest stretches of upper Georgia. The most wanton acts of bru

tality known to the reign of terror under Toryism were perpetrated in

"Wilkes upon defenceless women and children by Tory bands who respected

neither age nor sex--who felt neither pity nor remorse. The wild car

nivals of slaughter which occurred in Wilkes, where the torch and the

bludgeon alternately flashed in the eyes of helpless victims, doomed to an

ignominous death, shamed even the savage orgies of the ancient Aztecs.

But it was not until the fall of Savannah into the hands of the British,

exposing the up-country to the perils of invasion, that scenes of unbridled

license like these transpired. Then it was that Elijah Clarke began to ride

night and day through tlie wilderness, gathering his faithful dragoons.

It is estimated that not less than 300 frontiersmen were enlisted--first and

last--under his standard, though he never seems to have commanded rnoi-e

than TOO men in any engagement.

ncfiu

"WlLKES

it may be gravely doubted if there is a belt of American continent which is richer in heroic ashes or represented by brighter or prouder names on the muster rolls of the Revolution.

Heroic Women Of ^r r were the women of Wilkes cast in less
the Reign of Terror ^y^ h ^tistTri^^rSe^tte

Tinder Toryism.

bravest heroine"! ^th^ReToTiition 8 "Due *to the

exploits of her husband as a leader of the Whigs in upper Georgia, it fell to her lot to endure many hardships and indignities at the hands of the Tories. The ordeals which she experienced during these troublous times were manifold. On one occasion, when Colonel Clarke was absent from home, the roof over her head was burned, and, with a family of several children, she was driven shelterless into the forest. Later she was robbed of a horse on which she^was riding to meet her husband, near the border line between North Carolina, and Georgia; and, at still another time, when accompanying her husband on one of his campaigns, a -horse was shot from under her, and it was only by a miracle that she escaped instant and violent death. The mishap occurred on the outskirts of a field where a skirmish was in progress. Two children were with her in the saddle, both of whom likewise escaped without harm. It was not unusual for this fear less woman to attend her husband in his ca.mpaigns, in order to be near at hand in the event he should happen to be wounded or fall a prey to the malaria of the swamps. She was present at the siege of Augusta, when Colonel BrowTn surrendered; and, notwithstanding the numerous insults and outrages heaped upon her by the Tories, she counseled humanity in the treatment of prisoners. Mrs. Clarke attained to a ripe old age and lived to see the State of Georgia prosperous and contented under the Federal Constitution. She survived General Clarke by twenty-eight years. According to White, she was buried beside her illustrious husband at Woodburn. But no trace of either grave can be found within the present borders of Wilkcs. Testimony at this day points conclusively to the burial-place of General Clarke in what is now the County of Lincoln.

1042 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
N"ancy Hart, at the time of her celebrated encounter with the Tories, was a resident of "Wilkes, living near the Beaver Dam ford, on the Broad Biver, in a section afterwards formed into Elbert.
Sarah. "Williamson, if somewhat more cultured, was not a whit less courageous than either of the above-named heroines of Wilkes. Slie came of an excellent old Huguenot family, and, before her marriage to Mieajah Williamson, was Sarah Gilliam, of Henrico County, "Va., a niece of the distinguished Dr. I>everaux Jarratt, an Episcopal clergyman. It is said that Colonel Williamson, who was then a man of large means, gave sixty negroes for the fertile upland plantation, over which lie - installed his fair bride as the young mistress'. She proved to be an expert man ager; and, when her husband was at the front, she not only ran the plantation, but also kept the looms and the ovens busy, furnishing supplies to the army as well as to her own household. Nor did she escape the perils incident to frontier life during the reign of terror in upper Geor gia. The Tories, incensed by the activities of her husband, took peculiar delight in annoying Mrs. Williamson. One day they made a raid upon .her home, and, after gorging themselves with plunder, applied the torch. It is said that the Tories also hanged her eldest son in her presence, com pelling- her by force to witness the murder of her own offspring. Colonel Williamson received a number of severe wounds, from the effects of each of which his devoted wife nursed him back to health. When the home place was burned by the Tories, she refugeed with her slaves to Worth Carolina, -wlicre slie remained -until hostilities ceased.
The family of children reared by this extraordinary woman was patri archal in size and distinguished in character. Five sons lived to complete useful careers. Her daughters--six in number--became famous belles o the up-eonntry, during the era of peace which followed the Bevolution, .and they each married husbands who attained to high eminence in public affairs. Nancy married John Clarke, who afterwards became Governor of Georgia. Sarah married first Judge Griffin and, after his death, Judge Tait, the latter of whom served for ten years in the United States Senate from Georgia. Susan married Dr. Thompson Bird. Her daughter Sarah became the wife of Judge L. Q- C. Lamar, Sr.? and the mother of the great jurist and statesman of the same name, who served on the Supreme Bench of the "United States, in the national Senate, and in the Cabinet of President Cleveland. Mary married Duncan G. Campbell, for whom Campbell County was named, and who signed the famous treaty of Indian Springs. He was also the pioneer champion of female education in Georgia. His son, John A. Campbell, occupied a seat on the Supreme Bench of the United States and took part as a commissioner in the celebrated conference at Hampton Roads. Martha married a Fitch and Elizabeth a Thweat, both men of fine "business and social connections. Thus it will be seen that, besides landing for her daughters' the capital prizes in the matrimonial lottery, Sarah Will iamson also furnished from among her descendants, two illustrious judges to wear the ermine of the nation 's highest court of appeals.

WIT,KES

1043

How a Great Christian School was Financed by a Colonial Jew.

It is not generally known that the handsome fortune upon which Mercer University was built came from the coffers of a Colonial Jew, whose

grave is still to be found by the
wayside, near his old home, on the Augusta road, some eig'ht miles from Washington, Ga., where, according to
his express wishes, he was buried in an upright position. Tliere is no lack of evidence to support the statement
that the original endowment of the great Baptist school-- barring, of course, the Penfield legacy--was derived in
this manner. The facts are well known to the people of Washington. But to give them the proper attestation,
Dr. H. R. Bernard, auditor of the Mission Board of the Georgia Baptist Church, may be cited as authority for the story which is here told. In a communication, dated October 12, 1911, and addressed to Dr. Joseph Jacobs, of Atlanta, a former pupil, this well-known Baptist minis
ter, narrates the story as follows : Says he :

"I>ear Friend: In 1798 a Mr. Simons., a resident at the time, I sup pose, of Wilkes County, Georgia, married a Miss Nancy Mills. MT. Simons' was an Israelite. He was a man of considerable means and very active and very popular in "business circles; and in the course of time accumu lated a handsome property. In his day we would have said that he was rich. The date of his death I do not find recorded, but it was some time previous to 1827. His large estate was heired by his widow, Mrs. jSTaney Simou. Jesse Mercer, a very devout and worthy Baptist minister, a man of very high standing in his denomination and in this county, who had lost his wife some time before, married Mrs. Simons and came into possession and into control of large means.

"During the lifetime of Mrs. Simons, after her second marriage, -which covered a period of less than fourteen years, she readily entered into the benevolent enterprises' siiggested by her husband, Mr. Mercer. Mr. Mer cer, in his own right, was' not worth property, but he was a man of thrift and fine business judgment, and was benevolently inclined, and conceived that the very best thing he could do for after generations was to found a college. Mercer University wa,3 the result, a very flourishing institution in Georgia at this time, with many years of useful service back of it, and with a prospect of useful service for years to come. It numbers now about 400 students.

( ' Mr. Mercer lived fourteen years after his second marriage, and he and his wife, agreeing always, contributed continuously to the enterprise

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

of founding Mercer University. At his "death, he willed, with advice from his wife, formerly given, all the residue of his estate, after his honest

debts' were paid, to the endowment of Mereer University. I have tried to ascertain from our records the exact amount of his "benefactions to the university, "but have not "been able to do so. It is safe, however, to esti mate from $40,000 to $400,000. So you see that Mereer University is largely indebted to the skill and enterprise of a Jewish financier, for much

the larger part of its life and power.

"A copious Providence this, which founds a Christian college on Jewish -corner-stones.

"By the way, Mr. Simons--or Captain Simons, as he is sometimes re ferred to--is down in our history as a remarkably kind and faithful hus

band. His wife, while not a professed religionist of any faith, was fond of going to church and entertaining ministers at her home. In all this she was warmly supported by her good husband. In fact, he frequently attended religious services with her. She, too, was--in the lifetime of both her husbands--a most estimable wife, fulfilling every obligation that came to her as' a married woman. She was devoted to the interests of her home and did her part at every point.

' * Sincerely your friend,

(Signed)

"H. K. BERNARD."

Eccentric Cap- To luote a local historian:* "The old. brick academy,

'tain Simons

*n wll^en Jesse M'ereer preached before the church was

built, stood near the home of a young widow, a very

charming "sister Baptist"--Mrs. Nancy Simons, daughter of John Mills,

and widow of Captain Abram Simons. Mr. M'ercer admired her very muL-h.

and on the llth day of "December, 1827, they were married. As Mr. M'ercer

.got the greater part of the money which founded Mercer University from

this wife it is interesting to know something of Captain Simons, the man

who made the money. He lived six miles east of Washington, Ga,, on

the Augusta road; his old home is standing yet; upstairs in it is a very

large room built for dancing, and is' today called the 'ball-room.' Abram

Simons was a colonial Jew, of strong plain sense, though uneducated; he

made a large fortune and was sent to the Legislature.

"Mr. Mereer, in writing his wife's obituary, said Simons was a man of

the world, who loved to surround himself with men of high standing and

' big names.' In short, he was a sporting man, was a member of the Au

gusta Jockey Club, and entertained lavishly. However, this was not very

much t the taste of the refined little woman, whose veins were filled with

the aristocratic "blood of the Mills. Yet, it is said she loved her husband,

and he was extravagantly proud of her.

*Miss Annie M. Lane, Regent, Kettle Creek Chapter, D. A. R., Wash ington, Ga.

WILKES

.

1045

the iried

-Buried in an Up- "Whence came to die he had his grave prepared

riffht Position

and "^alled UP witl1 solid rock. He left orders

S

''

that they bury him standing on his feet with his

musket beside him to fight the devil with. His orders were carried out.

.His coffin was placed on the end, and this necessitated the digging of a

grave twice the usual depth.

The WidOW Simons. "Nancy Simons Mercer made Jcsse Mercer an excellent wife. With refined and cultured man
ners she entertain his friends in a manner which was to his taste. She was :a beautiful little dark-eyed woman, who always dressed faultlessly.
"In the book called 'The Story of Wilkes County,' by Miss Bowen, I find the following: 'It is said that when Mr. Mereer went to the tailor for new clothes, Mrs. Mercer always went with him and was always very particular to order that the backs of his waistcoats should be made of yellow satin. Yellow was her favorite color, and always graced the ribbons of her
best bonnets and caps.' ''

"Mercer's Cluster." "Mr. Mercer's life was now greatly to Ms taste, with a fortune at his disposal and a relaxation
from the hard frontier life. His pen was employed in writing for the press, and his fame went abroad. About this time he had published 'Mer cer's Cluster,' a book of poems, later converted into hymns.

'The Christian Index. "In 1S33 the Christian Index, which had been edited for several years at Philadelphia, with
the approval of the Baptist Board of Foreign Missions, under whose auspices the paper was first eonimeneed at "Washington, D. C-, the management was transferred to Jesse Mereer. He bought at his own expense new press, and type, costing $3,000, and removed the Index to Washington, Ga. It was published (that and a temperance paper) in a two-story dwelling at the corner of Main and Depot Street?. Some years after the Index was' moved to Pen'field, Ga. My father, Dr. James H. Lane, bought the house and had it remodeled, and when the old mantels and wainscotings were taken down old manuscripts of interest were found. I was born in that house. We have an old writing desk at which Jesse Mereer did his editorial work.

1046 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Mr. Mercer's Great "On account of failing health, Mr. Mercer

Disappointment

^ave up tne editorship of the paper, and in 1340

**

he gave it to the State Baptist Convention, with

all its appendages. Mr. Mercer had purchased the old brick school-house

near his home, on 'Mercer Hill,' and it was the dream of his life to

establish, a college there. A man by the name of Josiah PeuneM, of

Savannah, left $2,500, on the condition that they raise the same amount

to build a scb.ool for the education of young preaeherg. In 1833 the

legacy was turned over to the convention, and Mr. Mereer made a hard

fig-lit to have tlie school located at "Washington, Ga., and it wag the disap

pointment of his life that the school waa located at Peufield. However, he

made donations of large sums of money at different times to maintain the

college. In 1838 the name of Mereer University was given it.

<( In May, 1833, Nancy Mercer was stricken with paralysis while walk

ing in her flower garden and lingered just one year, never beijjg- able to

utter a word or walk a step, and on the following May passed away, when

all nature was beautiful. They covered her grave with the rlowers from lier

own garden, those which she had so tenderly cared for. Some of these

flowers are to be seen now in the garden tended by the gentle Sisters of

St. Joseph, who walk where the feet of Mrs. Mercer once trod. Mr. Mer

eer 's' letters about her, to be found in 'Mallary's History, ' are truly

touching.

"Mr. Mereer died September the 6th, 1841, near Indian Springs, while

on a visit to a. friend. He was' buried at Pen field. "

The Hills and Two of Georgia's most distinguished and honored fara-

the PODCS

ilies were Planted in Wilkes at the close of the Revolu-

F '

tion: the Hills and the Popes. These families have

frequently intermarried; and there is scarcely a Southern State in which

they are not today represented. Abraham Hill settled in Wilkes County,.

Ga., in 1780 or 1781. By tradition he was of Scotcn-Trisu extraction..

His grandparents' removed from Nansemond County, Virginia, to Chowan,.

now Gates County, North Carolina, in 1770; and here he was born

in 1730. There were four brothers, Abraham, Henry, Isaac and Theophilus.

Abraham Hill, in 1756, married Christian Walt on, a daughtep of Thomas

"Walton, who, in 1757, was a member from Chowan County in the North

Carolina General Assembly. 3>uring the latter part of the seventeen-sixties

he settled in what was afterwards Wake County, and became a Justice

of the Peace and member of the first Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions

for Wake County, in 1771. He was re-elected to this office in "December,

1778, by the Provincial Congress of North Carolina, and there is strong-

presumptive evidence that he had served in this capacity during the inter

mediate period. On removing to Wilkes County, Ga., at the time above

mentioned, he acquired lands on both sides of Long Creek, about three-

WII/KES

1047

miles above its confluence with Dry Fork and about twenty miles north west of Washington.
His home must have been very near the Indian line. For, in 1790 the Cherokee border was only twenty miles west of Washington. During this same year it was removed twenty miles further west, but there was still little security, either to life or to property, in this exposed neighborhood. Abraham Hill died in 1792; his wife in 1808. Here they lie buried on the old estate. In the same area sleeps their son, Thomas, and his wife, Sarah McGhee, and their grandson, James A. Hill, and his wife, Amelia Hill. These two last were first cousins. In the late seventeen-eighties Abraham Hill erected a large, commodious frame homestead, esteemed in those days as truly palatial. It was probably the first plastered house in this part of Georgia. Completed in 1790, it remained practically unaltered as late .as the eighteen-seventies', when it passed into alien hands.

Burwellj Willis, John, Henry Augustine, and Wiley Pope, five brothers, were born in North Carolina. Burwell, the eldest, was born in 1751 and was only twelve years old when his father died. He married in 1792 Priscilla Wootten, a sister of Thomas Wootten, a pioneer immigrant to Wilkes; at some during the Revolution he was a Justice of the Peace and a member of the Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions for Wake County, jST. C., and was a member of the Provincial Congress of North Carolina at Halifax, in 1781-1782. He removed to Wilkes County, Ga., probably in 1787, as in July of that year he obtained from the State 1,300 acres of land in Wilkes. He was a member of the State Senate from Oglethorpe County, in 1794-1795, and a member from the same county in the Constitutional Convention of 1798. He strenuously opposed and voted against the Yazoo Fraud, and with indignation and wrath repulsed and denounced a tentative step to bribe him. His death occurred in 1800. At this time he was' in his forty-ninth year. His wife died in 1806. Both are buried at the old homestead near Pope's Chapel, in Ogle thorpe Coimty, Ga.
Besides four daughters, Abraham and Christian (Walton) Hill had eight sons', only one of whom failed to reach adult years. Burwell and Priscilla (Wootten) Pope had three sons and four daughters. Now begins the intermarriage of these families. Three of Abraham Hill's sons' married_ daughters of Burwell Pope, while two of his daughters married Burwell Pope's brothers, viz., Henry Augustus and Wiley. It seems that the men of the latter family made reprisals for the capture of their sisters by the men of the former, or, to quote the late Judge Pope Barrow, "the Hills and the Popes' intermarried backwards and forwards, right and left."

1048 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Two. of Abraham Hill's sons married daughters, and two of his grand daughters married sons, of Mieajah MeGehee. One son married a daugh ter of Benjamin Andrew, of Liberty County, Ga., a member of the Council of Safety during the Revolution, and an uncle of Bishop Andrew. Another son married Miss Polly Jordan. One daughter married Josiah Jordan, and another Benjamin Blake. Burwell Pope's fourth daughter married a Holmes. His eldest son died unmarried. One married Miss Sallie Davis, and Burwell, Jr., married Sallie K. Strong. This Burwell was Commissioned a brigadier-general in 1828, and commanded a brigade in the Florida In dian "War. He died in Athens in 1840. Henry Augustine Pope, by his first wife, had only one daughter and a son, Middleton, to reach mature years. From this son, who married Lucy Lumpkin, are descended the Barrows of Athens. Henry Augustine Pope, by his1 second wife, had a daughter and two sons. One of the latter was twice married. His first wife was Sarah Toombs, sister of Hon. Robert Toombs, and his second wife, Miss Addie Davis. Colonel Wiley and Polly (Hill) Pope had three sons' and a daughter. The latter married a Huling. One son married a Callaway, and their son "Wiley became the father of 22 children, only five of whom reached mature years. Another son died at Seull Shoals, on the Oconee Elver, while a third son, Wiley Hill Pope, died near Independence, in Wilkes County, in 1868, leaving two sons who lived with their mother in Coweta, or Meriwether, County, near Hogansville. John Pope married a Miss Smith, and died in 1821, leaving six daughters .and two sons.
Henry Hill, a brother of Abraham, married Sarah Gotten. They came from North Carolina to Wilkes about 1787. He died about 18-00, and his wife in 1812-1814. They had four sons, viz., John, Abraham, Theophilus and Henry--these names are the same as those of the four sons of Abraham. There were also four daughters, one of whom married Colonel William Johnson, for many years the sheriff of Wilkes. Another married a Josey, and from them is descended Mrs; J. C. C. Black,- of Augusta. Another married Josiah Woods, and a fourth daughter married Henry Pope.
Burwell Pope Hill and Lodowick Meriwether Hill, sons of Wiley, and grandsons of Abraham Hill, married daughters of Colonel William Johnson,, their second cousins. After Burwell Hill's death, his widow married Rev. William D. Martin, of M'eriwether County, Ga. She was the grand mother of Justice Warner Hill, Mrs. Justice Samuel Atkingon, Governor John M. Slaton and Hon. W. M. Slaton, Superintendent of the Public Schools of Atlanta. The wife of Judge Benjamin H. Hill is a granddaughter of Colonel Lodowick Meriwether Hill.
Isaac Hill, a brother of Abraham, came from North Carolina to Wilkes. about 1787, but later in life, resided either in Clarke or in Franklin.
Abraham Hill's progeny, though not as numerous as the stars of heaven,. yet are sufficient in numbers to attest the appropriateness of his name,, scripturally denned as "the father of a great multitude." The descend ants of the Hills, Popes, and McGehees, will be found in almost everysection of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas. Impelled by the ad-

WILKTSS

1049

venturous spirit of the Anglo-Saxon, s'o strikingly manifested in their forefathers, whenever the population became dense or crowded or the soil failed to respond in abundant fruitfulness to their labors, they severed all family and local ties and migrated westward. They wanted broader acres, "with greater opportunities for acquiring wealth and for obtaining advancement in professional and political life. To this day, they are a sturdy, industrious, law-abiding, peace-loving and God-fearing people. They have striven arduously to acquire not only a competence but a liberal supply of worldly goods, tlie possession of which gives power, influence, and the ability to do good. Tliey are proud of their ancestry and love their kindred, but their neighbor no less. They illustrate and exemplify in their lives an abiding faith in the proverb that "a good name is rather to be chosen than great riches, and loving favor rather than silver and gold." In agricultural, commercial, and industrial lines, many have be come -wealthy; while not a few have won distinction in political and professional life and have filled with credit to themselves and with profit to their country, posit Ions of greftt honor and trust.

Historic Homes Eleven miles northwest of Washington, on the south side of the road to Danielsville, stood the old home of Gen, John Clark, afterwards' Governor of Georgia.
Gen- CJarfc was for years one of the most commanding' characters in the early history of the State. On one of the tombs in the old burial-ground is lettered this inscription: ( ' George Walton Clark, son of John and Nancy Clark, born January 11, 1797; died, October 27, 1798." Here, on the night preceding the battle of Kettle Creek, the Revolutionary troops were encamped. In the year 1800', this fine old estate became the property of Col. Wiley Hill. The original'building was a large, commodious frame structure, of the best type then prevalent, but in the eighteen-fifties, after the death of Mrs1. Hill, it "became the property of their youngest daxigntfcT, Mrs. William Ml Jordan. She razed the old building and erected in its stead what was probably the handsomest home in the county, but, unfor tunately, within a year after its completion, this magnificent dwelling was destroyed by fire. It was replaced by a roomy cottage, but this has since been removed and there now remains nothing except the burial-ground to mark the site. Col. Wiley Hill, his wife, and a number of their family are here interred.
The homestead of Col. Lodowick Meriwether Hill, one of the most stately, imposing, and beautiful in the county, is situated fifteen miles northwest of Washington on the road to Danielsville and one and a half miles from the line of Oglethorpe. It was originally a large two-story frame building, erected during the first quarter of the last century, with eleven rooms, and a wide veranda. In the eighteen-fifties, it was remod eled on the Colonial style, with fourteen rooms, four of which were 20 by

1050 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
20 feet each. There were wide halls running through from east to west, opening upon wide porches, and still wider halls running north and south from the front to the center of the building; "besides a wide, long colonnade,, with massive fluted columns, three feet in diameter, supporting the para pet roof. The upper front hall opened upon a "balcony. This handsome old home is Still in a perfect state of preservation and, save an addition of two rooms in the rear, is just as it was in the fifties. The various buildings on the place, such as barns, gin houses, etc., were large and imposing. All were substantially built and kept in splendid repair. There were so many of them that the place appeared more like a town than a country-seat. Mr. A. P. Anthony, who married Miss I/ucy Hill, is the present ownerand occupant.
The homestead of Col. Wiley Pope Hill is situated eight miles north west of Washington on the Danielsville road. It is a large two-story frame building with a wide veranda. It stands' in a beautiful grove of forest trees and, save an addition of some two or more rooms made in re cent years, looks just as it did when built. His widow, Mrs. Jane (Austin) Hill, died last year in her eighty-ninth year. One daughter and two sonsnow own and occupy the old homestead.
Washington! There is not a town in the State around whose majesticold homes there clusters more of architectural beauty, of social charm, of intellectual culture, or of historic renown. Most of these homes are built on the stately pattern peculiar to the spacious days of the old South; and while the spirit of modern enterprise is everywhere apparent in this wideawake community it is still fragrant with the memories' of a gentler time. * * Haywoocl,'' the splendid old home of Judge Garnett Andrews, was built in 1798, by Gilbert Hay, Esq., a gentleman of wealth, well known to the people of the State a hundred years ago. He was John; dark's second, in his famous duel with William H. Crawford. "Haywood" is today owned by Mrs. T. M. Green, a daughter of Judge Andrews. The home of Gen. Toombs is still one of the chief centers of attraction in Washington. This fine old Colonial mansion was built by Dr. Joel Abbott, in 1815. It was subsequently remodeled by Gen. Toombs, who here, during the ante-bellum period, dispensed a hospitality characteristic of this . princely Georgian. Col. F. IT. CoJley, who married Miss Kate Toombs', a niece of the General, now owns and occupies the mansion. The Alexander home, built by Felix Gilbert, great grandfather of Mr. Charles Alexander, is now the home of the Misses Alexander. It dates back to the year 1808. In the rear of this home stands the famous Presbyterian poplar, one of the largest trees in the State. The handsome old Lane home was built in 1798. It was the old home of Garland Wingfield, and was moved from Walnut Hill, where the Rev. John Springer taught his noted s'ehool. This property now belongs to Misses Annie and Emmie

"WlLKES

1051

Lane, great nieces of Garland "Wingneld. The Cleveland house, built by Albert Semmes, and owned by A. Cleveland, is now the property of J. T. Lindsay. The Jesse House, built as a Methodist parsonage, in 1815, was the home of the Semmes family for years. It is now owned by Col. J. M. Pitner. The Tupper home, built in 1804, by Albert Semmes, was re modeled in after-years by the Rev. H. A. Tupper, D. IX, who occupied it for some time. It is now the home of Mr. E. A. Earnett, a' former mayor of "Washington. The old Fielding place, built in 1819, on a lot bought in 1794, for years the home of Dr. Fielding Fieklin. It is now owned by Dr. Lynden. The Alexander Pope place, built in 1814 and afterwards remodeled by Mr. Pope, is now the home of Dr. Simpson. The Gabriel Toombs place, built by the father of Gabriel Toombs, was once the home of Merrell Callaway, father of James Callaway,. Esq., of M'acon. It is now owned bv Mr. Augustus Toombs.

Mt. Pleasant: The In Volume I of this work will be found a brief Old Talbot Home. reference to this historic old landmark, a part of
-which is still standing, near Smyrna church, on the old road to Lineolnton. While it reaches back to the days of John Talbot, the Virginia immigrant, and was also the home of Matthew Talbot, an honored chief-magistrate of Georgia, it was known for years prior to the Civil "War, as the home of Thomas Talbot, an elder brother of the Governor. This revered old patriarch lived to cele brate his eighty-sixth birthday. Distinguished for his great piety there is a current anecdote which will illustrate his reputation in this respect. It was customa.ry, in the early days, to hold court near the cross-roads. "One day the Bible was missing, and there was' nothing on which to swear witnesses. "Whereupon a man walked up to Thomas Talbot, and, slapping him on the shoulder, said: "Swear by .Talbot, he's next to the Bible." Thomas Talbot's father, John Talbot, was the wealthiest land-owner in Wilkes. Just after the Revolution, or just before--there is' some doubt on this point--he acquired a large body of land in this part of the State, 1 containing some 50,000 acres. He settled on these lands in 1783. John 'Talbot served in the Legislature and was also a delegate to the Convention in Augusta, called to ratify the Federal Constitution. He gave five acres of land to Smyrna church, part of it to be used as' a burial-ground; and here, within a walled enclosure, just to the rear of the church, this revered old pioneer today sleeps. "Whitney, the inventor of the cotton gin, some time in the seventeen-nineties, lived on a small farm of eighty acres, ad joining Mr. Talbot's plantation, on which he set up one of his gins-- probably the first ever erected. Later, the old gin house became appur tenant to the Talbot estate.* But for years' rice and tobacco were the chief crops raised in Georgia, especially by the Virginia planters.
*See Vol. I, p. 1062.

1052 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Major-General W. H. T. "Walker, a gallant Confederate officer, who lost his life in the "battle of Atlanta, OIL July 22, 1864, was a descendant of Thomas Talbot. Madam Oetavia Walton LeVert, perhaps the most celebrated Southern woman of her day, belonged to this same family connection. Mrs. Elizabeth Talfoot Belt, the last member of the Talbot family born at Mount Pleasant--the old Talbot home in.Wilkes--is' now living in her eighty-sixth year at Millen, Ga. She is a gentle lady of rare intellectual gifts, with a vigor of mind marvelous for her years; and sheis never more delightfully reminiscent than in telling of her girlhood days in Wilkes. Mrs. Belt is connected also with the famous Washington fami]y of Virginia, as the following record made in her grandfather's* 'Bible will attest:
1 ' Thomas Talbot and Elizabeth Creswell, married August 22, 1790, Laurens District, S. C., by the Rev. John Springer. Elizabeth Creswell was the only daughter of Mary Garlington and the Rev. James Greswell. Mary Garlington was the grand-daughter of Annie Ball, fourth daughter of Col. Hichard Ball, and half-sister of M&ry Ball, the mother of George "Washington.''
WILKINSON
Irwinton. In 1905 WTlkinson County was organized out of a part of the lands acquired from the Creek
Indians, under the treaty at Fort Wilkinson, and was named for General James Wilkinson, of Revolutionary fame, one of the commissioners on the part of the United States to treat with the Creeks, at Fort "Wilkinson. The town was incorporated by an Act approved December 4, 1816, with the following-named commissioners, to-wit.:: Solomon Worrell, David Roland, Adam Hunter, Peter McArthur and William Beck. 1 When the town was reincorporated in 1854, the commissioners named at this time were : Elbert J. Gilbert, Nathaniel A. Carswell, Will iam Taylor, "Wade F. Sanford and William O. Beall. 2 During* this same year a charter was granted for the Talmag'e Normal Institute, with the following board of trustees: G-reen B. Burney, Thomas N. Beall, William Fisher, Eleazer Gumming, E. J. Gilbert, N. C. Hughes,.
2 Acts, 1853-1854, p. 254.

Leroy Fleetwood, F. D. Boss, James Jackson, Joel Deese, E. L. Story, E. I. Cochran, N. A. Carswell and William Taylor. 1 Some of tlie early representatives of Irwin County in the General Assembly were--Senators: John Ball, Robert Jackson, John Hatcher, William Beck, Samuel Beall, Daniel M. Hall, W. G. Little and Joel Rivers; Representatives: John T. Fairchilds, Matthew Carswell, Daniel Hicks, Charles Culpepper, Morton N. Burch, Osborn Higgins, Benjamin Mitchell, Benjamin Exum, James Neal, Joel Eivers, William G-. Little and John Hatcher.
WORTH
Sylvester. On December 20, 1853, portions of two older counties, Dooly and Irwin, "were organized^
into a new county called Worth, in honor of a distin guished officer of the Mexican War, General William J. Worth, a son-in-law of General Zachary Taylor. This same Act authorized the Inferior Court judges to locate a site for public buildings and to make a purchase of whatever land "was necessary, and out of this legislation grew the present town of Sylvester, one of the most en terprising communities of South Georgia. Its charter of incorporation "was granted December 21, 1898, with W. H. McPhane as mayor and Messrs. C. W. Hilhouse,2 W. A. Jones, J. G. Polhill and W\ L. Sikes as councilmen. Sylvester's present public school system was established in 1900. Some of the pioneers who represented Worth County in the Legislature were: Daniel Henderson. M. Simmons, G. G. Ford, Eoyal E. Jenkins, W. J. Ford, J. M. Summer, David H. Champion and D. McClellan.
'Acts, 1853-1854, p. 146. = Acts, 1S98, p. 269.

1054 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
PindartOWn. On the banks of the Flint Hiver, called by the Indians ( ' Thronatees'ka,'' has been located the site of an old
Indian village, known as Pindartown. In after years there was a white settlement of some importance at this place. Pindartown was for a long time the only post-office in this part of the State, and when Newton and Palmyra arose it was for years a recognized rival ef these towns. It was even the post-office for Albany, until 1836, when the latter town received its first charter. Its location at the head of navigation on the Flint gave it fine prospects at one time, but with the rise of Albany, its glories began to fade. There are numerous local traditions to the effect that Oglethorpe .himself here made a treaty with the Indians.

WHITFIELD

1055

ADDENDUM
WHITFIELD
History Of Dalton. The ci*y of Dalton, formerly Cross Plains, -was incorporated in 1847. Captain Edward White,
a Northern man, -was at the head of a syndicate who "bought the land, on which the city was built.
In selecting the location, he planned for a great eity, surveying the streets, and setting aside sites for parks, school houses, churches and public buildings. Dalton's three principal streets are a mile in length by a hundred feet in width. As there was no large town between Knoxville, Tenn., and Augusta, Ga., he believed that Dalton would become the metropolis of North Georgia. At that time Boss' Station (Chatta nooga) and Marthasville (Atlanta) were only -clusters of cabins.
Captain "White -was a .man of great public spirit and donated many sites for public "building's to the city.
Associated with him in the syndicate were a number of men promi nently identified with the building .of the town. Many of the Dalton streets "we're named for these men. The main business street was named for Colonel John Hamilton, and the beautiful residence street, Thornton Avenue, was named for Colonel Mark Thornton; Pentz Street "was named for Mr. Frederick Pentz, and Morris Street for James and Franklin B. Morris.
The- eity was named for the wife of Captain "White, whose maiden name was Miss Emma Dalton. She was a daughter of General Tristram Dalton, who was at one time speaker of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts.
Until the beginning of the war, Captain "Whites' dream of a great future for Dalton seemed about to be realized, for it was a busy, prosper ous place, with handsome churches and business houses, two banks, three hotels and many beautiful homes, with a cultured, refined people, of whom their descendants are justly proiid.
The war changed all this, and Dalton was left in ashes, with only a few houses standing, to show where the town had once been. One of the few homes that was not burned was the home of Captain "White. It was torn down a few years ago, and a handsome residence erected on the site by Mr. Lynn Denton.
Many of the early settlers were from South Carolina, Virginia and South Georgia.

.1056 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGEXDS

The first Mayor was A. E. Blonnt, and the one serving- during1 the time of the war was Judge Flbert Sevier Byrd.
'The first Ordinary of the county was William Gordon. The first Sheriff was Captain Fred Cox, and the first Clerk of the Court was John Anderson, and the first will probated was that of Thomas \VyIie.
in 1844 a German colony, under the leadership of Count Frederick "Cliarles, settled in K~orth Dalton. Some of the names of men. comprising
this colony were: Peter and Adam Kriescher, Herman and Augustus "ifeager, A. Lippman, Charles Knorr, A. Bolander, Henry "Ranchenberg, Aligns!us Gtmtz, Adam Pfanakliche. John Setzefant and numbers of otliers.

A list of pioneer citizens of WMtfield County:*

Captain Ed White Franklin B. Morris
Major James Morris Dr. F. T. Black Thomas Co.ok Dr. John Harris John Anderson Garland Jefferson C. C. MeGtary Wick Earnest Charles Adams Charles Barry Dr. J. Bailey Jabez Pitman R. S. Rushton James Buchanan Jack Oliver Prof. John Tyler Judge William P. Chester Col. J. A. K. Hanks Col- J. A. W. Johnson Judge I,eander Crook Dr. B. B. Brown "Rev. Eevi Brotherton Tf.ev, George Selvidge T. S. Swift Co). Patrick M'cCowan Col. J. T. Whitman John Norris Andrew Norris Ma.ior James Baid Mark Thornton Col. T. E. Shumate Dr. John Alien Tjewis Bender
Dr, M. E. Banner Dr, Eoute

Dr. Waugh Frank Jackson Robert O 'N"eill John Hill Bob Hill Ralph Ellison John Beaty Judge Dawson Walke Wiley Farns-wortn An'dcrson Farnsworth Robert Burner John Henry King Rev. H. C. Carter C. E. Welborn Dickson Taliaferro James Eongly Captain Fred Cox Judge Jesse Freeman Col. W. It. Moore J. P. Denton Rieliard Tarver Dr. Winston Gordon Col. Jesse Glenn Judge Ebert S. Bird John Hamilton Judge Underwood Wilson Green Joseph Lynan J. N. B. Cobb Jack Cobb Thomas Henfle- n, ST. Capta.in A. P. Rob" i 'ts Henry Davis "Warren R. Davis Col. Charles E. Broyl< Amos Sutherland "Rev. A. Fitzgerald

* Authority: "nection.

WHITFIELD

A. E. Blunt

Mr. Holt

Nathaniel Harben

Dr. Groves

John and Nick Bitting

Major Harden

.

Jesse Trotter

,}. M. Orute



.

-J. W. Sitton

William Nichols

John P Love

James Fields

Mr. Onyler

Mr. Crawford

David Ware

Mr. Hawthorn

Mr. Spencer

'

Mr. Thompson

John Reynolds

Mr. Wright

Jacob Wrinkle

William Ilammond Lawrence Barrett
Ed Omigmiles Mr. Sims Duff Green Thomas Jolly Albert Senter
Mr. Lother Mr. Fincher George Williamson Tim Ford -John Hackney Mr. Emory Mr. Franklin Mr. Bishop Frederick Pentz
'Mr. Paxton Mr. Sasseeii Henry Wrench Mr. Gate J. P>. Nichols

1057

INDEX

VOLUME ONE

A

Abbott B F

.......... .571

Joel Dr

.1046, 1062

John " ."."............-.......925

Lewis

-.574

W L """.'.'.'. '.'. '.'........... -571

Wm W Jr (foot-note)..... .147

Abercorn,"a dead town. ............ 532

Duke of, an English noble-

Abercrombie," Chapma'n'CapV. '.'.'.'. .'lOlT

Charles Maj., a Revolutionary

soldier

................. 866

James

............. .657

Richard

........ .525

Robert ""

1018

Thomas '.'.".'.'"." '.". '.'.'.'.'.'. ".'-'-".'- -681

Wm. C., C.. _ Adderhold, H. D. Dr. ..............563 Adel, Ga. ..........................302 Addicorn, M. ..................... 10T5 AgassU, Louis Prof................. 292 Agnes Lee Chapter, IT. D. C.......510 Agnes Scott College. .......... 50-9, 581 Agriculture, Georgia State College
of ..................... 426, 435 AJ^rman h 'A^'oBI T 1 Hon(RSV ' > '" ' ' ' '297
Akin, John W..................... -297 Paul F. .................. -29 ,, 298 T. Warren ................... 297 Warren Col. ............294, 297
Akins, John H.................... .929 Alabama, 70, 128, 149, 163, 170, 171, 305 Alabama R1.g|r . -^- ---...------.. l|0

Acadiansf0 The te> '".'".'.'.'. '.*'.'. f. .'. 176

Acock, Mr. ........................1001

Acton, a dead town".".".".".'.'.'.".'.'.39'5"," 396

Acworth, Ga. ..................... .210-

Adair, A. D. ................ ...571, 579

GB

..................... .579

George W. ............. .568, 571

Mitchell S. .................... 850

Whitmael A" ' '.'.'. \'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '. IssO

WF

567, 571

Adairsvi'lle ' Ga"

""

294

Adam!: A . ..'.'.'.'.".."."."."......798, 948

Benjamin .................... 720

Cuthbert .....................789

David .................. .162, 698

David R. Judge. ...T.........869

' Edward .................416, 7T3

Col., of Gordon. ............. .627

I. K. Mrs.....................237 James ...................678, 977

John, a Revolutionary soldier,

53, 632, 957

John B. .................... .627

John Quincy ....... .166, 963, 971

Martin .......................467

Nipper .......................803

Reuben, a Revolutionary sol-

dier ........................880

Robert .......................632 Samuel B. ...................600

Thad. Capt. ................ .476 William E. .............. 865-866 Adamson, John W. ............368, 371

Robert. Secretary to .Mayor

Gaynor ...........451, 452, 606 Tilden .......................452

Albright,' Jacob . . .".'.'.".'.'.'.".".".'.'.'.'.'.'.'."564 . Oswald ...................... 564

Alexander, Aaron ................. 571

Asa .................... .939, 943

AD. Mrs. .................. .928

Col. ..

"""

C. H

^"p

G - !> ..-.....-'....'... ..'.854 Hugh ...................342, 704 James, at Kettle Creek. .... 1049 James F. Dr.... 571, 576, 645, 836 John P. ...................... 607 Joseph A ...................571 Joseph ,Y. Rev. ............... 491 Julius M. .............. . . . . .571 R- - - - - - bamuel Lleut.-Col.
TM,TM^ ^

Alfo: James s. ................... .f>, ^ Julius C. (the old war horse of Troup) ........640 821, 97S
Alfriend, A. H. Mrs. ......... 164, 346 Alien, Albert H..... ...... .........824
Beverly, homicide and preacher, 538, 557, 559, 852, 913
Ben T. .................. 967, 968 James, a Revolutionary sol-
dier ............... 680, 822, 879 James M. ................... .642 John .........................704 Lewis ........................821 Moses Rev. .............730, 731 Nathaniel ....................804

1060

INDEX

Robert ...................... 907 Thomas V., soldier of 1812. ..804 "Young ....................... .271 Allday, Joseph ................... .703
.850
William ..................... .850
Won. O. .................... Alligood, Hilary .................. .789
.789 Allison, Mrs. ..................... .161 Allman, J. I. Prof. ................ .931
N. .......................... Thomas ..................... Allston, 3 ames W ................. .318 Almand, Ham ............ 919, 920 Henry P. ................ 920., 921 John H. Judge.. ........ .920 , 921
.786 Alston, "W. H. .................... Altoona, a Cherokee village. ...... .455 Amates, Paul .....................
American Soldiers' Colony AssociEL-

Amicololah Falls .................

William .....................

Anawa-'qua, an Indian Princess... Ancient and Honorable Artillerv of

Anderson, Augustus .............. .907 Capt., at Kettle Creek...... 1049 Charles P>. Gen. ............. .684 Ellgha 1 '. ^t*0TM?y." G.enera'!'.'.'.'.'io
leos?& Mi/oV -- Hi cSSK i? jvSKe::::::::::::::!

f(*nr&p T Rrie-arH*a>~ <~'f*nt>rt^ knr?wnTa-s "91&?yZZTMTM\<, S TTTluapli --*co*o IUH<I ................... -*u

........ .^K) t, WU /

ndolph Hon.. ............ 54

.............. 7( 0v2^, *8*8*4, 9 *

KTohin.

R" ---------795
judge ;:::::::::::::::: loi

Moses ...................... ..994 Kobert ...................... .861 R. H. Gen. ...................412 R. W. Capt. ................ .861 Thomas, soldier of 1812 ...... 835 "Wm. a Revolutionary soldier 279 W. .................'.... .939, 943 Wrn. ........................1007 Wm. Dr. ................... .812 Wm. D. ................. . . .469 Wm. TT. Capt. ............... 490 -e. Major ................ .848, 849 ~ew Female College. ......878, 879 .Tames .......................727 James Osgood Bishop,
740, 741, 743, 838, 1061 -ews, Benjamin .......... 727, 739

Eliza F. Miss, quoted i gard to Cotton Gin.... .125, 130 . . . . .1062
Ezra ................... Frederick .............. Garnett Judge, Howell ................. Isham ................. . . . . . -727 James Capt. ........... .... -.594

496, 843 Marcus ............. 864 , 939, 943 Matthew Page Prof...... . . .46, 49 Raid, The Famous..... . . . -. .595 Robins ................ S. R. .................. . . . . . .821 T. P. Major. ........... . . . . . .167 William, a Revolutionar
dier .................. . . . . . .843 - . . . ..823
Angier, N. L. Dr. ............ . . . . . .571 Anglin, James ............... . . . .. .766 "Anne, The," an English ves sel in
which the Georgia Col sailed to America. Ansley, Benjamin ........... . . . .766 Ansley, C. F. ................ Park ................... Thomas ............... Anthony, James ............. 715, 1058 Micajah ................. . . . .1058 Milton Dr .......... 697,, 894, 895 Antony, Middleton W. ....... . .. . . .365
nbia,
476, 477 .265, 267 , 276, 481 Sword of ............. .266, 267

Appomattox, Battle of........ Aroor Day .................. . . . . . .233

Arendall, C. B. Rev. ........... . . . . .801 Argyle, Fort ................. .331, 332
Island .................... . . . . .396

Arkansas CheVokeei' ".'...'.".:... .'.'.".ISO
ArSI'to^ol ::::::::::::::::::: :lll . Nauonai cemetery .........io 28

Armour, R. ........................656

Armstrong, George F. ...

.

JJoahmnes ............................3..6..1..,.6..3.7,1065880

Arnold, Benedict ............. .848, 849

/-!:,,,,,,- W -nrhhiittre.

TOT

Mr" at Kettle" Creek." '. '. '. '. '. '. '.ioll

WRiacshhairndgtDon.

D..r......................1.0.5..,

403
4 90

Arp, Bill, how Major Smith found

his pen name. ......... 289, 290

Mentioned ...................297

Arrington, Hardy

~"

Arthur, J. M.. . . . .

Articles of Confederation.

Asburv, Bishop ...........

Laiidrum ...........

R. T. Prof...........

Ashbxirn, a story of begin

W. W. Mr.. ........

The towr

The county -sent OL J. ui net-. . .y i -j

Aslie, Gen. ...............535, 923, 924

Ashfield, Henry .................. .766

Ashley, C. ........................ .955

C. R. ....................... .753

INDEX

1061

Marshall .....................473
Askew, Wm. ..................... .491 Mrs. ........................ .855
"Astyanax" ........................422
county-seat of Clarke, founded. Confederate Monument. . 440, 442
David Judge ................ 360 Gov. ........ .................. 934 Hiram ...................... .505 John P. .................... .782 N. B. ....................... .804 Nathan I>. ................. .979 P. M. Hon. ................. .801 Samuel C. .............. 600, 623 Silas ......................... 80'4 Spencer R. .............. 600, 623 T. A. Judge. ............... ."784 William Y. Gov., mentioned,
576, 598, 706, 782, 784 934 Introduces bill creating Geor-
"His Tomb ......... 490, 491, 784 William Y. Mrs. .............. 787 Atlanta, the county-seat of Fulton, A metropolis in flames. ..... .577 Mentioned, 28, 40, 160, 209, 218,
22, 243, 276, 366, 457 Campaign, The . ......1028, 1034 Constitution ...186, 452, 462, 675 r>uring the Civil War. .. 575, 578 Historic Memorials. .... .582, 594 Hotel, The Old. .............. 575 National Bank, The. ......... 598 Offspring of railways .......565 Origin of the name. ......... 569 Pioneer residents, Atlanta's early days. .............. 569 Audubon's Birds ..................617 Augusta, Mentioned, 45, 122, 123, 125,
140, 147, 224, 228, 236, 283, 343, 366, 457, SS2, 887, 1027, 1028 Birth-place of the present Canal, The ..................904 Chartered ................. ..$93 Chronicle, The ...... 45, 126, 480 Fort (illustrated) ...... .1 1 3, 110 Historic St. Paul's. .....117, 121 Meadow Garden ....... .122, 124 Princess, wife of Prince of
County-seat of Richmond. ... 8SO
Aumucculla, Chehaw, or Cheraw, an Indian settlement. .... .722
Michael ..................... .850 W. F. ...................... .931

Avary, Maria Lockett. ........... .605 Avent, Joseph .................... 1026 Avera, Randolph ................. .330 Avery, Elisha .................... .821
Isaac W. Col. .... ..604, 900, 1023

Avery's History of Georgia.

1023

Axson, Ellen Louisa (Mrs. Woodn3W

413, 730, 732 , 742 I. S. K. Rev., the grandfatht
73-2 , 742 Samuel E. Rev. ............ ..730 Samuel J. Dr. .............. .732 Stockton Dr ................ Aycock, Rd., at Kettle Creek. . . . 1048 William .................... .539 Ayers, E. L. Dr. ................. .931 Martin ...................... .668 Aztecs ............................ . .77

B Babcock, C. T ..................... .785

DeWitt C. .................. .789 George M. .................. 789
.727 Joseph ...................... .727 Milton E. Prof. ............. .740 Milton E. Rev ............... .973 Robt. J. Major. ...............788

Baggett, Stephen ................ .365 Baglev, I-I. C. ............ .499, 500 , 501 Bailey. B. ........................ .421

, Henry ...................... .317 James, a Revolutionary sol

Joseph W. Hon. ... .506, 507, 654, Nathaniel ................... Phillip ...................... .773

Wm., at Kettle Creek. ...... 1048
.879 Bailey's Mills .................... Bain. Donald M. .................. .578 Bainoridge, county-seat of Decatur , 504
William ..................... .504 ..317
Baker, Benjamin ................. .727
George ...................... IT. .......................... John Col., a Revolutionary
734, 741, 932, 1018

1062

INDEX

Sketch of ..........

a.2. 68

John "W. Rev. ........ . . .740, 822

Joseph Rev. .........

Major ................

.735

Richard .............

Stephen .............

Thomas N. Dr. ......

"William .............

B H aldwin, Abraham, mentioi

.768

Franklin College, l A. J., Sr. .............

Simeon E Governor

Thomas ............. Wm. "W. ..........

Capt. ................

Ball Ground, a Cherokee village....418

T. H. ................ B allard, James M. ......... Ballard's School, Mrs. ..... " "the "Balm for the Weary and

.581

tard's book ........

Bank of Augusta, first ban k ever

B.anks Building, Columbus federate Hospital -vvhere "Little Giffen" was

County, treated . . . . . . . .285, 286

J>. E. ................

.654

~-.^ard Dr. ............. 540, 895

Sketch of ............. .285, 286

BanKston, Abner ................ ..346

Daniel .......................803

Jacob

691

Baptists, Tomb of Daniel Marshall,

137 476,482

Mentioned

... ..

. 273

Barber, Col., a .Revolutionary soldier ................ .1005, 1006

John Dr

.....

.. 473

J. W. Dr. ................ 4 . ..699

Robert . .............. 433,424

Barclay, Anthony ............. 229, 23ft

William ......................346

Barge, B. F................. .934, 1023

John "W. .............. . . .934

Barker, J. H. Col. ................ .856

Rufus, a Revolutionary sol-

dier ............... ......1008

Barksdale, Isaac ................. .882

John .

.......

1058

Barlow, "W. W.................... .936

Barnard, Edward ,...,.,..,,, .882, 884.

"William ................. . . .884

Barnes, George T....... ...

...915

Gideon ............. .

...856

James .......................571

Jethro ...................... .681

Joseph ............

.571

Wm. E. ...........

.907

H aniett, Joel ............

.843

1061

Buries Georgia's Gr eat Seal.

1057

Nathaniel ..........

1057

.696

y soldier, 694

"William Dr. ...... 5

10'62

P arnsley Garden, a lost jArcadia,

27, SO

Godfrey ........... ....... .2 7, 30

K ariiwell, Rhett W. Hon H aron, T. G. ............. H

.742 .295 .704 .704

,.657

.804

Thomas J. ......... .... .857 , 858

.856

H arrette, D. B ...........

.627

H

.604

H arrimacke ..............

.360

H arrington Ferry ........

.770

Hall ...............

.466

Josiah Lieut.-Col. . .

Road, The ..'.......

.770

H

..... 5 0-4

B arrow, David" C.' Dr., Ch"; the University of ^Georgia, 53, 277, 424, 433, 434, 753,

David C., Sr. ...... Jarnes, a Revolutioilary sol-

Mlddleton Pope

.846

Pope, United States Senator

277, 411 , 847

Shadrach ..........

.702

B arry, John S., Governor of Mich 1064
Bartbaree, S. .................... .990 Bartholemew, John ................704 Bartlett, Charles I. ........... .322, 698
Isaac ........................571 Myron Dr. ............. .309, 671 Barton, Clara .................... .252 Nathaniel H. ............... .669 Sarah, wife of John Thrasher,
S38 Bartow County .................... 27
Treated ................ .286, 299 Florence Long Mrs. ........ ..691 Francis S. Gen., sketch of,
286,288 Mentioned .... .78, 406, 407, 412 Theodosius Dr. ...............78 Bartram, William .... 114, 338, 536, 763 Harwich, L. L. ................... .629 Baskins, Catherine, afterwards Mrs.
Alexander Stephens .......942 Basinger, W. S. Capt. ............ .400 Basley, Richard .................. .884 Bass, Abel .........................879
E. ........,..-...-.,.,....., ..997 J- .......................... ..670 John Hicks ................ ..822 J. ~L,- Hon..................... 552 Wm. A. Prof................. 578 "W. C. Dr. (Rev.)........... .202

INDEX

1063

Bassett, George, a Revolutionary

soldier .....................890

Bateman, Claiborne .............. .318

Saiiiuel Col., an officer in the

War of 1812...............6S4

Bates, Anthony Sergeant, inscription

on monument to

642

Asa

"

8 2l

O Jorhn '"""

663f5l

jonn .........................oo

Josacher" ""."""""" ".'.'.'.".'318 Matthias '.'...'. '.'.'.'.'. .'. ..'..... ..467 Thomas T" ' m - szz

Bath, an old town. ................ .908

Battey, Robert Dr. ................ 566

Battle, Green B. .................. .934

Charlton E.

............ .824

Thomas .................... ..794

Thomas "W". Dr. ............ ..934

Battle, of Jack's Creek. .... .1005, 1006

Of Bloody-Marhs ........ .73, 77

Of LaFayette ......... .999, 1000

Of the Kegs. ......... .1015, 1016

Of New Hope Church. . .849, 850

Of Chick-a-saw-hach-ee. .269, 270

Of Chickamauga ........ 20-3, 208

Of Kettle Creek ........ 131, 134

Kermesaw Mountain ....208, 211

W. A. J. .................... .365 Beck, Erasmus W. Hon. .......... .929
Isaiah ....................... .360 J. W. Rev. .............. 34 ,, 85* Lewis H. ............... .578, 930 Marcus W. ...............600 Marcus W. Judge. .......... .347 T. J. Rev. ...................1058 BEeecckkohmam, , SJaomhunel S.M.a..j...........................2.76780 Beckom's Mount .............. 277, 27S

Beddell, Absalom, at Kettle Creek, Bed(3in flel<3 Charles at ^Kettlcf' 104S"
Creek ........'............ .1049

Joseph ..................... .1023

Bedell, Thomas a................ .;670

Beeks, James A. .................. .929

Beeland, David ................... .948 Zach ....................... ..949

Beemer, Henry ................... .463

Beland, Benj. ...................... 496

Bell, Andrew .......................844

Annie M. Miss. .............. 1 23

Capt. ........................ 754

C1 "'

""

3

I I

Wilson ...... ........ ... .'.265

Baxter, John, a Revolutionary sol-

dier .......

. S12

Thos. W. .................. .424

Bayless, Belle Miss, quoted. ...... .27

Bayne, Charles J. ............ .604, 917

John ........ ................715

Bazemore, W. J. Dr. ............... 372

Beach, S. M. ..................... .629

Beall, Chas. C. ................... .1063

Elias ......

817

Jesse Dr. ... .... ...........948

Josiah B. ...................1018

Beall, Robert Augustus Gen., men-

tioned .....34,35,323,991,1018

Samuel ......

1018, 1063

Thomas N. .................. 864

William Gen. ........... 369, 371

Beall's Hill ....................... .318

Beaconsfleld, T_x>rd ................ .302

Beard, E. C. ......... ... . . ... .318

John H. .....................318

Robert ...................... .680

Beasley, Ambrose, at Kettle Creek,

1049

David ........................337

Major ........................637

Beatty, Henry ....................1027 Michael .................... ,.70'4 Robert ......................1027 Thomas ................ 704, 1001
Beauchamp, J. C. Dr..............857 Beaufort, S. C. .................... 408 Beaulieu, The, estate of Governor
Wm. Stephens ....... .389, 390 Beaureg-ard, Gen. G. B. T., quoted,
49, 401, 552 Beauvoir, Miss ................... .218 Beaver Dam Creek. ............... .542 Beavers, James Litchfield Capt. . .. 366
John F. ................ .365, 417 John S. ......................491 Reuben C. .................. .365 Robert ..................... ..844 Robert O. ............... 365, 487

Jackson W. ................ .691

Lillian, a well-known writer

of fiction ................. .604

Marcus A. ................... 571

Samuel .....................1018

Thomas M. Hon... .690, 692, 1032

W. R. .......................286

William ..........:.......... .794

Bell's Boarding House, Mrs. ....... 597

Beman, Nathan S. S. Rev. ........ 428

Benedict, S. C. Rev. ............. .456

Ben Hill County, treated. .... .299, 301

Bennett, A. T. Capt. ............... 692

Braxton, a soldier of 1812.. 1026

J. C. Dr. ................... .690

John T. .................... ,10'26

Joseph W. Judge. ........... 328

S. S., of Camilla. ............ 328

W, B. Judge. ................ .328

B. F.

~~~

Micaj;

dier

Benning-, An; __ _

Henry L. G

erg Berk, Berkley, Bern Ber

. Bishop

1064

INDEX

Berrien County, treated. ..... .301, 305 John Major, a Revolutionary soldier .... .302, 704, 708, 707 John McFherson, the Arnerican Cicero, 106, 301, 303, 373, 399, 403, 407, 412, 557
Berry, Andrew J. . . ............... 490 ' "~
_ _.
Martha Mis's" . . . . . . .250, 261, 875

School, The V". ......... .250', 261 yhill, Alexander ............. .7G-2

_ .rtody," T" IX '.'.'.'.'.'.'.,..'.'.'...'.'.'.'. '.'.S54-. Bessie Tift College. ................ 791 Best, John P. .................... ..449 Bethany, a settlement near Eben-
ezer ....................... 531 Bethel, The Tison, plantation..... 617 Bethesda the famous Orphan House
founded by Whitfield, near
Savannah . ..80, 84, 09, 406, 953 Meaning of thw name. ....... .82 Beth-Salem, church at I^exiny ton, . 840 Bethune, James N Gen. ......818, 821 Betts Family, The ................. 697

John S.' '.'. . .'.'.'.".'981, Vs2, 983J 984 Mr. ......................... .982

William 'Over-ton" '.'.'.'.'.".".'. . .7.451

Bevins, Roland ...............317, 318

Bibb Cavalry ...................... K4

County, treated ........ .305, 324

George M . . .......... . ..305

Thomas Won. .......... .305, 54U

W. W. Dr.... .305, 30-6, 538, 540,

877, 1057

Biegler, John Spiel. ..............531

Bienville, French Governor of I^outa-

iana . . ... ............. ..70

Bigbee, James N., a Revolutionary

soldier ..... ........... .670

Big by, John Rev ...................491

John. S. Judge. .............. .491

Big-hie, Thomas Dr. . ..............449

Bigelow, B. F. ..... .............. 859

Major ...................... ..591

Biggers, Joseph, a Revolutionary

soldier .................... .822

Stephen T Or ..............571

"Big Gully" ...................... .278

Big-ham, Benj, G. Judge. ......... .97S

Bigshop, Stephen ................ .766

Big Warrior, description of (foot-

note)

.... .... 25, 26, 165

Billups, Robert Capt .... .... .933

Billup's Tavern ....................142

Birch, J. ......................... .994

Bird, Daniel H....... ............. 420

Fitzgerald Dr. ............. ..821

Henry C. .................... 365

James .......................337

John B. .................... ..864

Joseph ..................... ..976

Nathaniel P. ............... .821

Thomas .................... ..628

Thompson Dr. ......... .317, 318

Williamson .................105S

Bishop, Abner .......-...,,,.,... ..505

James .............. 719, 720, 756

Mr., a Revolutionary soldier, 838

Thomas .....................424

Bissell, E. E........................ 822

Bivins, Thomas .............. .774-778

Black Creek ....................... 505

Jane Mrs. ...................926

J. C- C. Major. ........ .552, 915

Orator at Chickamauga, . . ..204

La-wson .....................1001

W. A. .......................922

Blackburn, Daniel ................. 926

J. C. C. Dr. ................. .80-6

I>. ........................... 5 5 9

Samuel Cen., a Revolutionary

soldier ............... 540, 1057

Burwell ......................670

Blacksheat", .David B. Gen., 528, 530,

71 6, 720, 721, 785, 852,

953, 962

Edward

861 Q62 963, 964

James J. \ .................. .963

J. M. ........................ 629

Road ....................853, 954

the county-seat of Pierce. .. .852

The Family Record. .........719

Thomas E. Gen.. ... .062, 963, 964

Blackwell, J. ...................... 759

"William ..................... .564

Blair, I>. W. Col. ..................464

Francis I*. ................. .992

James ...................564,70.1

Blaine, Mr. ........................597

Blairshard, Robert ........... ._. . . ..702

Blake, W.'

Blalock,' J. L. . ; . . .". ."....."."......:.'. 546 Blance, Joseph A. Major. ..........859
Joseph G. .................. .850 Blanchard, Nathaniel ............ .864 Blandford, Mark H. .... .600, 640, 823,
828, 1018 Blantley, Grover C.................969 Blassengame, Powell ............. 10-07
Wyatt .......................997 Bleckley County, treated. .... .324, 327
James ...................... .S76 Logan E. Judge, Chief Justice,
240, 566, 571,596, 600, 667, 828,
879,977 Recollections of ........ 324, 325 Bledsoe, Jesse .....................865 John .........................702 Blitch, Benjamin R. .............. .534 Benjamin, Jr. .............. .533 Daniel I. .....................533 James E. ................... 533 Joseph L,. ................. ..533 S. B. ...................... -.533 William W. .... ........... ..534 Block, Frank B. ................. ..578 Blood worth, Junius ............. ..S3 6 O. I-I. IB..................... .796 Timathy .....................949 Bloody Marsh, a decisive battle fouyht on St. Simon's 1sland, in which Spain lost a continent ..... .50, 55, 59, 72,
73, 76 Rancoux .....................206 Blount, Freeman ................ ..781 James H. .................. .322 Thomas .....................715 Blow, Micajah ...................-.949 Blue and Gray. ...............203, 301 Ridge Mountains ........... .260 Ridge, the county-seat of
Fannin .................... 544

INDEX

1065

Board of "War. ..................... 101

Boaz, Bobo,

M. ......................... -6'28 S. M. ....................... -676

Boger, P. Boggess,

C. ...................... Giles S. .................

.421 -369

Boggs, A. ........................-424

John ...".'.".'....'I..............704

Wm. E. (Cha.ncellor) ....... .432 Wm. R. .................... .916 Bogle, John W. Capt. ............. 10-36

Joseph Jutlge .........1033, 1036

>seph olingbrotkiff'fi

....................-528 T.pftpi-s (foot-note) ... 52

.455

"Root!" ".;..;............. .333, 387

T-hntriMS

.... ... ... .... .369

lev. ........530

Bo ar, B. F. -Dr.

E. P. TJT

.968

" John M. Dr

Wm. P. Major. ............. .105

Oliver, Capt., a Revolutionary

SOldied ,.390, 391, 410, 411, 646 R. V. ..................... ...301

Stephen ......................945

William ............... .538, 1058 W. R. .......................3 01

B. Judge

506

Willi;

..--. _ . ..-. ................676

Bowles, J. Edgar Col. .............591 Thos- ........................670

Bowman, Francis Boyd, Arthur E.

H. Rev. ......... 731 Mrs. ............ .393

Bain .........................754

Col., British Tory officer, killed

at Kettle Creek....... 1 31, 134 David .......................945 Hugh M. ....................571

James ....................... .9-26 J. F. ........................ .571

P. E. Capt...................348

Robert ......................955

Thomas Boyett, Isaac

J. .................. .571 ..................... .505

Boyltin, Samuel Dr. ............. .274 BBooyylles,t"oWnR,iollbH iaemernt r.y...........................................................1.70520",10S Boynton, Charles .13. ........ ...... .578
Elisha S. ............... .680, 681 Henry V. Gen ............... .203

Plollis A. ................... ..578 James S. Col. . .596, 6S1, 92S, 929

Jainss S. Mrs. ............. .928

Bovt, J L. Col. ,J' ......'.'.'.'.'...'.'.'.'. '.r,-2-> Bozeman, J. B................ .9S->, 9S4

die officer in the Fr

Iraddy, Cullen Nathan . . .
iradforcl, Henry J. J. Rev. Joseph Re> Nathaniel Thomas . . William . .
iradley, E. .... Forbes ...

...............101S
. .636 . .636 . .781

Littlebe -ry, a Revolutio

soldiei

Bo swell, ,Tam< ss ..........

..57

J. 1.

rth, Josiah ..................571

Both well, Boudinot,

JJavid Rev. .........701, 706 Elias. .173, 374, 183, 184, 626

Murdered by hostile Chero-

kees ...................1S1, 182

Bourke, T. Corporal, in Mexican

War ...................... .396

Bowdon College ............. .347, 368

Bowdre, Bowen,

'Edmund ................. .864 A. ......................... 045

Eliza, quoted (historian),

131, 1049, 1062

H3. P. ................... .9(57, 968

Israel P. .......:..........-..628

Levi ....................... ..945

T. M. Cs

. .419

. .936

agg, Braxton Gen...

, 102S

Oalc ....................... Samuel ...................

.1000 . IOCS

ampton, the home of Jonatha

Bryan .............. 93,

and, Charles H. Judge. .......

Ebg-ert M. ................

andner, M'a'tthias '...'.'.'.".'.'...'.

1066

INDEX

Thomas .

"Walter R. ................... h <J v

men William

....

..337

itley, Amos soldier
Benjamin J. J. ....
"William G.' '.'.'.'. .".. ..". .'.'.'.464, 623
lXKi1To<?"VCre<:k :: ::::::"::::: :?S
SSSSS"'!':.^::::::::::!;!
-oTM_, yym . K ................... 1001 " "'

Wim on ....................... i "William, a soldier of 1312..100 Broom Brother;
B S<H '^ '-.
:?' '^ '^^::::.
CsSSiSt^S B aS';ac
ChEirlfs J. McDonald ship Fund .........

.... . K. M.. Brewers, The ..... Brewster, Elizabeth

Jonathan B. .....

J. C. Rev. ....... .......... .^945

Nathan .......... .......... ..945

Parker Institute .

Samuel ..........

Simon J. ........ ............945

riar Creek ...........

..... ..923

H riars, Wm. Kl. ........ Rridges. Mr., al Kettle Creek. . . .10-10

,Sion .............. H right, S. Bills Major.. H rinkley, A. ........... Rriscoe, R. ............
W. ............... ......... ..1007 H ritish, see England. B rittain, M. L. ........ ' Broad Ax," a nicknarrie for Rev.
Hope Will ..... .......... .1054 B rodle, John ........ ........... .532

Rroad River ................... 306, 482 Settlement of
R

R rooks County, treated.

Edward ..........

John P. .......... ........... .420

John R. ......... ........... .510

John S. ..........

Jordan F. .......

........ 1 0 6

J. R. ............

I,arkin .......... ........... .804

Micajah, a Revolu tionary sol-

olier ............ ......... .858

Mrs. Octogenariai

M. ............... ........... -GSO

499, 500 John, a Revolu tionary soldier ......... ............ .880

John ............ ............ .704

John

Rev.

...... ...... .428, 1055 onary soldier

buried in Cam den, his epi-

taph .................. .353, 354

J. Pope Col..... ............ .862

John T.

.........,.......'.... ..774 ............ .766

Joseph E., War

United States Senator

and Railroad President,

45, 159, 288, 29 7, 418, 419, 421,

600, 716, S45, 859, 992, 993, 1 03 S , 1056
Joseph M., Governor. . . . 53, 107,

935, 1056 Julius I* ....... ............ .578 L. L. Mrs. .................. ..495

............ .656

............. .882

Stark ........... ........... .1007

William, Jr.

. . . ............ -.387 ............ .538

"William ........ . . . .'704, 715, 803

William Capt. . . ............. .37

wm. J. .........

Wm. T. ........ ............ .496

Browns, Col. ......... ........ .8S4, SS5

T. J. Wm.

Hon. ...... ............ .698 M. Gen. . . ........ .447, 448

"William ........ ............ .634

INDEX

1067

Nathan .......140, 146 :e, Henry, biographer of Gen,
Oglethorpe (foot-note)....... 53 W R. .......................931 nfield, Ezekiel ................702 iswick, Ga. ..........127, 240', 356 County-seat of Glynn,
609, 020, 621 in, Andrew, an emancipated
slave, afterwards a famous preacher .................... 95 Caesar, a. negro slave.......-.95
-- ~~~
__, ....................... . George H. .................. - 670 Goode .,,..,,,,....,........ .916 Henry ..................... ..926 J. A Dr. .....................690 Jacob ......... .............754 James .......................331 Jane Wallace (foot-note).... .94 Jonathan, an illustrious pa-
triot, his country-seat at Brampton ,,,330, 331^ 379, 383,
394, 406, 407, 408 Sketch of ................93, 96 John ....................... ..754 Joseph, Congressman, 95,96,411 L. ............................933 Mary B. ... P. ......... "William J. . William .. . T. H. Squir.
John ....'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. .704, si2 Langley ..................... 361 Bryce, Ambassador ............... -.53 Brydie, David Dr. ..................787 "RiirVhnnri.n. fmintv.Kfa t- nf "H"aml_
HuglT ~Ju~dge " '.'. '.~. . '.'. ......... -491 James .......................528 J. M. Dr. .................... .517 President .................. ..915 Bueholter, Peter, a Revolutionary
soldier ................... ..880 Buckhalter, John M.......'....... -337 Buckler, Samuel E. .............. ..822 Buckner, John ....................865 Buell, Willis ..................... .571 Buena Vista, the county-seat of
Marion ....................... 777 Buffalo Fish Town, a Cherokee vil-
lage ........................455 Buford, Thomas ...................346 Bugby, 3ST. ....................... ..990 Bugg, Sherwood ................. ..884
"W". H. ...................... .752 Bull Creek Bridge, near Columbus. .43
Jesse ....................... .481 Mr., of Baltimore, invents cotton gin ................ .130
Town Swamp .... ............268 "William Col. ........... .379, 381 Bullard, Calvin ....................789 Bulloch, Archibald, President of the
Executive Council of Georgia, 88, 385, 392, 407, 409, 410,
643, 682, 742

Cypris

Hall

Ha,wkins, a Revolutionary sol-

dier ........................776

James, Sr. .................... S8

James S. Major. ............. 932

John .........................318

Martha, wife of Theodore

Roosevelt ............ .334, 742

Richard .....................318

R. W. ..................... 571

Uriah J. Capt., volunteer of

ficer in the war for Texan

Independence

sfl

William B. 33

William H. .

Bullock, Rufus B. C

Bullsboro, a lost to-

Bunker Kill ..........................

Bunkley, Jesse Capt. ............ .1007

Bullard, Thomas .................. 365

Bunkley Trial, The ...............715

Bunn, William C. lion. ............ 859

Bunyon, Mr. ...................... 532

Burbank, T. F. ................... .859

Burch, Andrew .................. .528

Charles ..................... .90'7

Edward ......................907

James H. ...................628

Burdett, Humphrey .............. 1058

Tom Mrs. ...................129

Bureau of Entomology. .......... ..176

~ J. .......................... ..778 John ....................,...1018 M. ........................... 336
Burnett, Capt. ................... ..754 Daniel, at Kettle Creek 1048 Ichabqd, at Kettle Creek. ... 1048
John, at Kettle ' Creek.".'.'." ,'.'l048 S. D. ........................496 Thomas N. ................. .607 Burney, Green B..................1063 John ....................... .1023 J. W. General. ............... 696 Thomas J. ................. .804 William ...................... 864 Burnley, S. ....................... 1018 Samuel ......................727 Burns, Philip ......................416 "William, a Revolutionary sol-
dier ..................... ..1O64 Burnsides, James ................. 380
John ......................... 702 Thomas E. Col. ............. ..69 Burnt Fort ...... ......../........ .374 Burr, Aaron ..................611, 623 Burt, A. J. ....................... .670 Joel H. ......................939 Burton, Thomas ................. .538 "William A. .................. 342 Busby, John ......................704 Bush Arbor Speech, The. ......... .597 Daniel .......................564 Dr. ......................... 1015 Elijah B. Dr. ............... .785 Isaac ....................... ..785
James .................. 52.8, 785

1068

J. S. ............

785

720 William ........ ......... 720, 785
016 Buissey, H. W........ ........ .952, 984

BnLtler, David E. . . . . . ........ .654, 805

Edward ........

058

........ .513, 890

James ..........

929

Macon ....... Maj., of I-Iamptc.n's Point,

..3t 387

O. ..............

955

Pierce, married

ble, the noted

611, 012, 623

61J

611

3f Taylor. . . . 946

Troup ..........

Bu tier's "Historical R ecord of Ma-

.34

Mil

Moses M. .......

821

William M.

571

Bu tterfield. Gen.

734

Point ...........

733

_uttolph, r>r. ................ .736, 737

T. L. Rev. .................. ..731

Butts, Arthur .....................274

County, treated ......... 844, 347

Eldredge Judge ............. 949

Elijah ......... - ----;_

........ .548, 697 ......... .344, 345

County, treated . . . . . . . .347, 348 Eliza Ann ......... ......... .488 E N". Dr. ......... . . . . . .512, 571 Ephraim Ramsey . James M. Hon., AtLa,nta's War
.511, 512, 571 428, 477, 566, 624, 758,
992, 1032 J. S. Capt. ......... ......... .823 Martha Frances ......... ..488 Patrick ............. . . . .477, 1038 Samuel ............ ......... .490 the county-seat of
William Lowndes C ol. . .512, 571, 686, 587
......... .691 Callaway, Job ........... .........] 0'5S
John .............. .. .. .680, 1057 John W. .................... ..506 Joseph ............ S. P Rev..........
othy Walton. Cambridge, Mass. .......
Earl of, Charles Pr; Cameron, A. ............ ......... .559
R_pbert ............ ......... .416 . Thomas ........... ......... .977 Camp, Hosea, a Revolutio..^.^ __.-
dier ...................... ..545 John L,. .................... .365 Joseph G. Y. Hon. ........... 526 Joseph T. Maj........... 819, 821 Campbel^gallett^^. ......... 781, 782

304

Cabaniss, Elbriclge G. Judge, 795, 796 George ................. .715, 794 H. H. .................. .715 795 John ....................... ..715 Thomas B. Judge. ...... 795, 796
Cabin, Smith, a Cherokee chief....415 Cade, Bud ........................ .703
D. B. Capt...................745 Mr., at Kettle Creek. ....... 1049 Robert .......................702 Cain, John ...................... .1058 Caines, William ................... 538 Cairo, the county-seat of Grady,..628 Calahern, Wm. ................... .882 Calder. .Toh'n. a Revolutionarv snl-

Campbellton, Ga. ............ .364, 365 Camuse, Anthony ................. 380 Candler, Alien Daniel Gov. . . 451, 482,
596,599,776 Asa G.. ... .370, 483 514 579, 602 Charles Murphey tlon ....... 512
IX G. Capt.................. .654 Ezekiel S., Jr. ............... 370 Hall ........................ -.833 John, at Kettle Creek. .... .1049 John S. Judge. ... .370, 482, 514,
60'0, 602 Mark A. .................... .764 Milton A. Hon. ... ..370, 512, 602 Parks ....................... 691 Samuel C. ................. ..S70 Warren A. Bishop.. 77, 370, 464,

INDEX

1069

482, 514, 602, 832, 833, S3S

"William Col a Revolutionary

soldier

370 376, 480, 481,

482, 765, 767, 835, 884, 911

Cannon, Charles Dr. .............. .977

Henry .....................876

James

...............1064

Nathaniel ................. -.1064

Cannon's Point, the home of Mr.

John Cooper ....611,612,623

Canouchee Creek . ................. 331

Cantey, M. S. ................ .982, 984

Canton, county-seat of Cherokee,

417, 418, 419, 421, 422

Volunteers .............-37, 419

Cape Girardeau

... ........... 1 SO

CCaappepleHmaatnt,erJaossie..F..r.a.z.e.r..(.f.o.o.t.-..... 319

note) ......................220

Capps, John ....................... 634

TA

. . 931

Carbanus, "wilii'am ............... .715

Carey, Dan C. Mr. ............... .595

George Hon

998

M., sergeant'in Mexican War 396

Cargile-, Charles ...................696

Carlthera Belle Miss . . ...... .952

Ella H. Mrs. ................ .950

Carle, L K. .................. .30-9, 318

Carlisle. Mr. ................. .498, 602

"Willis .......................571

H'. H. CapV.'.'.".'.'.'.'.".'.'.".'.". 44V,'448

Carlyle Thomas' " quoted" on 'Battle "

of Bloody Marsh. ........... 73

Carmichael, Belle Miss. ............563

Joseph .....................-.888

Carnegie, Andrew, a benefactor of

Agnes Scott College. ...... 509

Estate

.................349

Lucy Mrs., widow of Thomas 2, 3

Thomas

.. 1

Carnes Peter Thomas

892 P."judge. ...... 283, 450,

560, 913, 915

Carnesville Ga

....283, 562, 675

Carr Mr

. . . .982

Henry

888

James " "

528

jP

510

Mark y.'.'.'.'.y.y.y.y.......... .'620

Patrick, a Revolutionary sol-

cder

707 735

Robert '..".....................571

Thomas, a Revolutionary sol-

dier ...................... ..765

soldier, grave marked. .... John W. Judge. ... .......... .907 M. ..........................1063 Reuben W. ................ .708 Carter, C. A. ...................... .836 Colauitt .....................811 Farish ............. .286, S09, 811 Evelyn P. Mrs. ................40 Isaac ........................337 James T., Sr., a soldie- ~ c
"""
John Dr. Josiah . Micajah RRoicbhearrtd .......................850 Samuel ..................... .267 Samuel McDonald ...... Sio, 812 T. A. ................... .538, 539 Thomas ................ 70 2 , 105* ^,,^' Rev. ................. .824 William .................... .934 Cartilana, the . principal chief of
Mountain Town ...........607 Caruhers Family, The. .......... ..776 Gary, George ..................... .484
John .........................704 Hettie Miss .............. .47, 48 Jennie Miss ...............47, 48 Ca<
Cason, Jesse ....................... 949 J- ............................ 538 William .................... 1018
Cass County (see Bart a w) . . . .286, 294 _ Lewis Gen. ............. 286, 916 Cassels, A. Gordon Col. .......... ..732 Cassidy, Mrs. .....................219 Cassville, Ga. ................... ..294 Caswell, Gen. ................... ..988 Catchings, Benj. ........... 1045, 1048
Phillip ..................... ..714 Seymour .................'... .715 Catherwood's Antiquities of South
America ..................617 Catlett, David ................... ..702
John ........................702 Catoosa County, treated. ..........372 Cave Spring .................... ..554 eil, i^niJfd ---.337 Cedar Jiiii, home 01 Wilson Jjurnp-
0^tr\ - -445, 446 ,, , Shoals ....................... 142 Cedartown, the county-seat of

.T^f**TM vTM&* ::: ':::: :TMl

wla

rrollton, county-seat of Carroll, 366,368
rr's Volunteers ................. 735

rruthers, Samuel, a Revolutionary soldier ..................1001

rson, Luke ...

rtersville, Ga., mnty-seat

Bartow .,.2Sf3, 289, 290 , 296, 297

and Van "Wrert R. R. . . .

rswell, Alexamder,, a Revol

ary soldier,, 8

ked, 339, 340

John Lieut., Revolutio

"Centeri^ty S"H!W cofuyus. G 76
vma _ Century, Nels Cessna, Charles Chadox, A. J. .. Chalfinch, Hiram
Chaniberlain, J T. M.
Chaniberlayne, Lewis Parke, foot..................... 2 3 0
Chanibers, D." 'B. ................ ..959 John M.

1070

In ambliss, B. F. Dr. ....... .......795|mR

the neighborhood of which occurred the famous raid on the Confederate treas-

amlee, T. ............... ...... .421 jfc -<vi ~ri *"', Win Q l TMnr P

?4

. . . . . .1026 W^

Thomas B. ................. .804

andfer, IJanfel, ' pioneeV adi

. .200, 201, *

Agency ......................415

Gray A. .............. ...... .864 "Honest Tom" .......

Alphabet (illustrated) . .190, 196

Joseph ............... ...... .564 ....... 4"! 6
Lindsey .............. ...... .369 Thomas .............. ...... .369 William B. ........... ..... .62S
715
...... .884 N. ..................... . .939, 943 TV. B. ................ ...... .571 appell, Absalom H. Col.,

Council ..................171-178 County, treated ........ .417-422 Indians, Ball game to settle
boundary lines with Creeks,
New Echota: the last capitol of the Nation. ........ .170-175
Under the Lash: pathetic in cidents of the removal, 176-182
Dahlonega: once the center of gold. Mining Activities

Absalom H. Mrs. ..... .....'.. 8 2 2 John ................. ...... .794 J. Harris Dr. ......... . .282, 824 L. H. Mr. ............ ...... .815 L. H. Mrs. ........... ...... .815
...... .824

Harriet Gold: a Romance of New Echota ......... .183-1S4
Sequoya : the modern Cad mus .................. .190-196
Sketch of ............. .417-418 Mentioned, 22, H64, 205, 285,

arleston, S. C., 88, 91, 101 , 105, 22],

"Phoenix," the first news-

. .373, -375 Mentioned ........... ...... .265
...... .107

Georgia .........172, 173,174,183 Cherry, Samuel ................... 505 Cheshire, TV. T. .................. .785

Thomas UP

37

Walter G. Judge ....5 4, 107, 374

Quoted .............. . ... .55, 58

Koot-note ........... ....... .73

Walter G. Mrs. ....... ...... .277

j-Gen.,

W.. ..

B.. ...............

994

Academy ................

tillery, The: Georgia's old

st military organization

397, -399

istory of ....... .399, 402, 735

unty, treated ........ .375-414

rl of, William Pitt, sketch

of ..................... .375-376

ast speech in the House

of Lords ............. .376-373

pitaph in Westminster

Abbey ..................... 377

orge ..................... .670

H ssars .................... .399

River, 39, 69, 70, Ii2, 164, 210, 366, 369, 454, 455, 460
What the word means. . 414, 415 Valley ...................... .231 tanooga Military Park ....... .204 tooga County, treated ....... .415 tham, C. A. Dr. .......... 958 959 .Frank, Bivouac, U. C. V. ....221

Chestnut, Alexander ............. .704 Chicago .......................... .247

203-208

Significance of the name.... 207

Creek ..................... .1000

Towns ...................... .999

Chickasaw Indians ................. 22

Chic-a-saw-hach-ee, battle of.. ,269-270

Swamp ...................... 269

Cbilabbee, Battle of .............. .548

Childers, John, a Revolutionary sol

dier ....................... .559

Childre,, William ................. .766

China Hill

W. T. ...

Chipley, Hunt ..

Chipipewa Squar

Chisholm, A. G. .................. .

Willis ...................... .571

Chivers, Thomas H. Dr.,

choly

608

India

........... .22

hoppeed Oak .......................

Christ Church, Krederica. ....... 59, 66

Savannah: where the Geor

gia Colonist first worship

ped God ............ .77-79,111

Christian, Charles ............... .420

G. ReV. .....................794

"Index" .................... .432

J. M. Dr. ................. ...699

T. J. ........................ 330

Christie, Josiah A. .............. .997

Chr:

niel

an Indian settlement, 722-s', 871

John

.745

INDEX

107 1

. 882 . .
om. Sam, Ex-Mayor ........ .824 on, Augustus S. Judge, men-
tloneo, 144, 433, 444, 448, 881, s70 ' S9S ' 01fl - 98S -
Sketch of ............ .450-461

peak o the Inferno . . '2o-2ll Clare, Sidney ..................... .30t

Cle CClleeabvuerYnaer,id,P"a"tBriecnkjam.i.n.,..~.C.o.T..".. .~. .. ..'.. .. ...1033702 Clemens, Thos J., soldier of 1812..939 Clement, J. B. Judge. .............. 12
William .................... .882 Clements, John, Col.. ............ .342
Judson C. Hon., Chairman of Interstate Commerce Com-
Nelson .................... Cleveland B. ....................
County-seat of "White. .....

WaJHeraAi*i Mr"." '.'.'.'. \'.'.'.'.'.'.','.'.'.9QG

"William ...... ....... 424, 882 Z. H. ......................-.475 County, treated ......... .422-448 Daniel ....................... 882 Cla-fke, Elijah Gen.. . . 27 , ] .37, 481, 677,
679, 744, 746, 749, 775, 885, SSfi, 889, 912, 945, 986, 1005, 1007, 1043, 1045, 1048, 1057, 1059,

1061 Monument in Athens ....422-423 Tomb of .................... .744 E. Y. ................... .572, 604 James ...................... .572 J. K ....................... .106 John T- Judge ............. .935 Joshua ..................... .724 Lewis H. ................... .572 Marshall J. Judge. .......... .935 Patrick ..................... .882 Rifles ................. ......442 Robert M. .................. .5(72 Samuel ......................347 Thomas ......................564 Wm. H". Rev. (D. D.) ........ 119

Clarke's Station in Wilkes......... 132

Clarkesvllle, the county-seat of

T-Iabersham ................646

Clapp, Joseph E. Clay, Alexander

................. .572 Stephens, his mon-

ument in public square at

Marietta .............. .464-466

Mentioned ....470, 47i, 599, 7S3

Catherine ...................332

County, treated .............449

Evelyn, Miss ................464

George ......................510 Clinch County, treated ........ 452, 454
Duncan L,. Gen.

Sketch of ....

Cline,

W. B. ....................... "William ....................

auz 929

Clinton, an old tow'n. ., .. .. .. .712, 713

Lawson .....................SOS

Clisby, Joseph .................... .309

Cloud, Ezekiel, a Revolutionary

soldier, his grave marked. .679

Howell C. ................... 679

Joel .................... .481, 766 William ...................... 990 Clower, John ..................... .766

Peter Clyde, Ga.

........................ 7]5 ........................ .330

Lord ......................... 33U

Clymer, George ...................359

Coalson, Paul .....................9C4

Cobb, Andrew J. ........ 447, 448, 600

County, treated ........454, 471

Mentioned ................. .197

Cobb-Deloney Camp, TJ. r>. C.. (foot-

note) ...................... 22?, Family, The ................ 944 Henry ....................... 4 2 0 I-Iowell, Gen. and Governor, 169,

222, 444, 445, 707 Howell, Hon. Uncle of Gov-
ernor ................. .681, 707 Howell, Mrs. (Ma,ry Ann La-
rnar) ......................440

Isaac E. .....................369

John ,,,,,.,,,,,,..,.,,, .$78, 706

1072

INDEX

Jolm Addison ........... 424, 445 Joseph Beckharn ....... .197, 845 Thomas, Col., a RevolutionThomas, Capt., a noted centThomas, R. R. Gen., 156, 294,
297, 426, 437, 438, 445, 448, 468, 469, 523, 707
A Statue of ............... .890 SKetch of ................. .454 -William .................... .656 Cobbs, Absalom, Capt. .......... .1017 Cheedle, Major, a Revolu tionary soldier, 365, 487, 681 Major, buried near Jefferson, 692
Cody, James ...................... GO 7
Susan, afterwards Mrs, Mark Cogging, "William ................ .369
Abigail ...................... .98 Grace ......................... 98 Isaac ......................... 9 8 Coit, John K. Rev. .......... 1030, 1031 Coker, F. M. .................. 492, 579 Coke's Chapel .....................778 Colbert, Jack ...................... 949 Richard ..................... 84 3 Cole, Carleton B. Judge. ........... 323 Isham ...................... .502 Robert ......................491 "Daniel, at Kettle Creek. .... 1048

John, Judge ...569,572,603,844 T. J. Mrs. .................. .928 Collingsworth Institute ...... .869, 939 Collins, C. "W. .................... 789 B. C. Judge .................944 Jacob .......................766 Jesse ........................945 Joseph ...................... 945 Ferry .......................944 Robert Z>r. .................. .35 "William .....................789 Z. .......................... .691 Colonel's Island .................. .732 rark. Savannah ....... .386, 406
Society of, 54, 61, 62, 74, 86, Times and Events:
The grave of Tomo-Chi-
Oslethorpe: his monument Fort Frederica .......... .59-66 The Wesley Oak ......... 66-69 Bloody Marsh ........... .73-77
Colquitt, Alfred H., Governor and 270, 315, 323, 474, 513, 524, 596,
Colauitt's Brigade .............. .1010 Neyle, Col. .................. 73 * The county-seat of Miller .... 784 Walter T. Judge, 365, 484, 48G,
Colrjuitts, The, a parallelism ...... .508

William .................... .945 Coleraine: a famous old treaty
town .................. .358-360 Treaty of .................... 23 Coleton, Matthew ................ .920 "Collections of Joseph Habersham Colley, F. H. ................... .1046 .iohn, at Kettle Creek. . 1049,1058 Collier, B- ........................ .528 George W., 522, 567, 568, 569, 572 Isaac ........................844

Columbia County, treated .....476-484 Mentioned .............130, 454
Columbus, Ga., 39, 40, 41, 69, 231, 233, "Enquirer," a newspaper, 414-818
"Ledger," quoted ........ .39-44 Colvilie, Fulton .................. .824 Combs, Philip ....................1058 Comer, B. B., Governor of Ala-

..

...

I*ctsr,, cdote

l.ic ............. .

....... ...... 5] 0, 5]1, 57-2

William, Capt., 834, 335, 336, 337,

353, 353

William Jr. ................ .336

William E. Judge ....... 336, 519

.ely. Jenny G. Mrs. ............. 075

ies. The .................. .335, 33G

Ley, Jeremiah .................. 861

S. W. Judge ................ .501

Henry, Judye . . Osgood F. Rev. . iPhilip, Jr., Hon. I'hilip Cen., <;oi;;

1073

pp, Jonathan, Rev. .... pse Hill: the home of
Hayne ................ .ranu T. M. .................
irbet, Capt. ............ irbin, Peter ........... >rdele, Oa., how a m
leaped from a loi

Of 1.78(3, Fede Of 1795 ...... Ofa.k ......... The frigate .

onyers, Bennett H. .............. 491

seat of Rockdale,' 918

Wm. D.

..................8fi4

ok, A. B. ... ..................301

Benjamin .................. .33(5

. T)'r. ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ."! .'.796

Corvan, Geo losta, Jacob 'otting, Dr. . ; ottle, C. H.
Gin, Eli Whitney's first..1052

1074

INDEX

. .125-130
where tlie invention made ................ ..... .109
Of Safety ............. .284, 385 "Countryman, The," a plants
..... .863 Couper estate, on St. Simon'
land. The ...........
James Hamilton .......
Mr. .................... ..... .613 John .......... .611, 612 , 616, 623 William ............... . R. e. v. .- .012
olutionary soldier . . . W. A. Judge ........... .475, 825 The county-seat of Ne-nrton. .830

Cowen E

...

.. . . . .657

Coweta County, treated

.484, 492

Falls .................. . . .. . .SIC

Creek Indians ...50,6 9, 72, 114
Cox, Albert HT. ............. . . . . . .97S B. M. Col. ............. ...... 789 College ................ . . . . . .468 "Wm. B. ............... Jeremiah .............. . . . . . .G9 . . . . . .670 Peter .................. . . . . . .766 Thomas ............... . . . . . .644 William ............... W. Dr. ................ Wm. R. ................ Wm. T. ............... Silas I. ................ . . . . . .859 . . . . . .822 Thomas W. ........... . . . . . .821 Zaehariah, a Revolutior soldier ...............
Cozart, Henderson, Assistant 7 Tex-

Crabb, B. ................... ...... 8 5 9 Craig, Wm. ................. . . . . . .424 Cramer, Stuart W. Mr. ..... . . . . . .758 Crampton's Gap ............. . . . . . .321 Crane, Benj. E. ............. . . . . . .579
Bryson, Hon. ......... ...... 914 Elijah ................. . . . . . .870 Spencer ............... . . . . .1058 Cranham Church, burial placi3 Of
Gen. Oglethorye .... ...... .53 Hall, English countrv-se
iGen. Oglethorpe .... ...... .51 Crause, Leonard ............ ...... 5 3 1. Craven, 1. N. Rev. ........... Crawford, B. ................
George M. Dudley ... . . . . . .937 County, treated ...... Chas. Capt. ........... . . . . . .430 George W. Gov. ........ "Guards" ............. . . . . . .39(5

Joel J. ................ . . . . . .440 Martin J. Judge ....600 Mrs. ................... ......857

Nathan, Dr. ......... .8, 481,483 Nathaniel .................. .640 Crawford, Nathaniel M. Dr.
845, 847 Reese, Capt. ............... .824 W. B. Dr. .............. .745, 746 William ................ .572, 680 William H. Hon., Jurist, dip
lomat, member of Cabinet, and IT. S. Senator ..... 275, 305, 845, 847, S99, 916, 937, Oil, 995, Sketch of ................ .492-3 At the Court of Napoleon, His home at Woodlawn. . 117,199 Inscription on tomb. ......... 199 Crawfordville, tlie county-seat of Crawley, C. D. Mrs. .............. 792 Creek Indians, Battle of Chicka-
disputed boundary line with Massacre at Fort Wilkinson, 278 Treaty of Coweta Town... 69-72 Treaty of Hopewell ........ .476 Treaties at Indian Springs, Historical sketch of Tomo-
Chi-Chi, MJco of the Yamacraws (foot-note) .......... 86
finally extinguished .... 494-495
Crenshaw, Patience ............... 277 William, Dr. ............... .581
Creole Days on the sieye of New Orleans .................... 45 1
Sa muel .....................1053 Jarnes R. .................... 573 Crews, Charles C-, Brig. Gen. ...... 880 Charles F., Speaker of Na
tional House of Represen tatives, sketch of . .... .497-499 mentioned ........ .521, 725, 937 Crittenden, R. K. Capt. .......... .957 "William ........... .989, 990, 991 Crickett, David, Life of ........... 450
Cromartie, J. A. Judge. ....... 699, 700 Crompton, J. D. ................... 365 Cromwell, Oliver .............. 135,770 Crook, Joseph ................... .410
Crow, Jacob ....................... 365 Crowell, Henry ..............496, 94S

INDEX

1075

"William, CoL '. . .557," 76l', 864,915

Dalton, county-seat of Whitfield, 1033-103G
John .......................1033

Francis, Dr., a Revolutionary 995

Cu reton, Capt. .....................310

.945 Cll rlette, G., Heut. in Mexican
War ...................... .396 Cu rrie, Duncan ................... .798
Kate Cabell, Mrs. ........... .221

Malcolm .................... .798

Cu rrier, Chas. E. ................

<'n

Henry L. ................... .572 .505

J. E, .......................

William ....................

Cuirry's Mill ...................... .505

Cuirtis. Henry S. .................

William ....................

<Y

.702

"William ....................

<1i irtwright ....................... .637

Ci

fi

village ................337,, 338 <Vi ithbert, Alfred . . . . . 4ii, <>97, 877,, 913
A. D. ....................... Capt. ....................... 924

, 878 Mr. ........................ Seth John, Col., a Revolutioi
ary soldier ............ 410 , 877

Daniel, ^nen^Gen., a Revolut^on-
Ba^i o.-Rev'/:::::::::::::: 420
j^.^'::::':;;;;;;:-':::;':; ifl
928 Joshua ..................... 628 R. F. ....................... .420
, 822 Robert T. Judge ........... .930 Wilberforce, Col. ...........
W. C. ...................... .895 Madison .................. .774
Daniell, Gen. .................... .856 J. J. Mrs. .................. .457 ary soldier ............... .880
Darden, Elijah .................. 1058 Darien, county-seat of Mcintosh... .768
Mentioned ........ 135, 292 , 356 Fort ........................ .768 Darker, Nancy, at Kettle Creek... 1048 Darnell, Sion A. .................. 852 Darsey, J. O. ...................... .629 .Toel ........................ .5"05 John ........................ .505 Dart, Cyrus ...................... .361 Judge ....................... .361 .Urbanus ..................... .361 H. C. Dr. .................. .789 W. B. ................. .9S2 , 984

1076

INDEX

ighters of the American RevoPiedmont Continental Chap-
Founded in Georgia . . . . 278, 3li6 Sarah Dickinson Chapter,
Fielding Dewis Chapter ...... 463 Shadrach Inman Chapter. . . .339 Thornateeska Chapter .....1064 enport, John ................ .1058 J. T. Dr. .................. .365 idson. John S. Hon.. .......... .595 Oliver ..................... .1017 "William, a Revolutionary sol
dier ..................... .1017
Abraham ....................(60 C. D. .......................1007

....... 6 3 7

George Oscar .......... ..... .636

Henry M. ............. ..... .636

John ...................

Lucien Wingfield

637

Reuben ................ ..... .365

Thomas ............... ..... .864

"William C., United Stat

gressman and Senato

Wm. Reid ............. . . . . . .636
son County .......... . . . . . .502 Day, Joseph, at Kettle Creek . . . . .1048
Robert, at Kettle Creek 766, 1048

Dead

Towns of Georgia :

Acton ................ ..395-396

Abercorn .............

Barimacke ........... - . . . . .360

. . . .. .531

Bra.ndon .............. . . . . . .701

Brownsborough

. . . . . .910

Bullsboro .............

Center Village ........

. . . . .1000

Federal Town ........ . . . . .1021

Goshen ............... . . .. . .531 Hampstead .......... -.395 396
. . . . . .331

....

.

eting of the Cabinet.

Mentioned, 300, 363,

597, 604,

....

930, 931, 946, 968, 974, 1061

Jeff, Mrs., of Quitrnan. . . . . . .330

Jefferson, Mrs. ....13,14,16,214

John, 309, 318, 449, 539, 644,

John A. Capt. ........'.. 522, 523 John E. Capt. .............. .823 John T., foot-note .......... 231 Jonathan, Rev. ............. .522 Joseph .......................669 L. B. Rev. .................. .572 M. F. ....................... .7Sfj Monument in Richmond. .598,934 Moses ...................... .702 My rick ..................... .703 Samuel .................... .1061 Solomon .................... .7^3

Thomas, a Revolutionary soldier .................. .821, 880
Thomas R. .................. 449 W. Li. Dr. ...................522 Winnie, (The Daughter of the Confederacy) ...... .218, 219, 398
son County, treated ..... .502, 503

Edgar Gilmer .........'.'. '. '. '. '. 636

'David" ...'...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.',. . !821

Nathan ..............'........ 267

Dearing, Reuben .................. 680

William ..................... .424

Deas, J. ...........................754

"William .................... .538

Debt, Imprisonment for ........... .55

Debtors' Prison .................... 55

DeBrahm, William ......530, 531, 53"

Decatur Coun'

-

County-s

Presbyte

Declaration of Independence, "fioVibb', 136, 333, 343, 3S5, 410
Signers of, (see Button Gwinnett, Lyman IT all and George Walton) Deese, Joel T.
"DeGive, Laure

Wm. D.'

INDEX

' Thomas ...................'. .491 DeLoney, "Wm. Gaston, Col. .......363

DeLyon, Abraham .. .'.'.'. .........'.'.. 98

5Levi .........................412

Mr. ..................... j ... .751

Burial Ground, The ..........99

Del,yons, Mr. .................... .380

Demeree, Raymond, Capt. (or Dem-

are) .................. 610, 771

Demetree, Capt. .................. .87

Democrats ........... 291, 296, 297, 293

Denmark, Gift

Brantley A. ........... .329 to University ......... .436

E. P. S. .................... .329

Redden ..................... .337

""

"""

"Wingfield Dawson .........637

George ......................637

John .........................496

John Dr. ................ 894, 895

J. M. ........................473

W. B. W. Col. ......... .400, 492

Denton, E.

A. .......................1018 ...........................876

Depecia, Aaron ................... .98

Depew, Chauncey, Mr., quoted. ... .244

collector and publisher of

rare manuscripts ....... 88, 89

Wymberley Jones, antiquarian,

owner of ,'Wormsloe," 89. 775

Derry, Joseph T. Prof., mentioned,

202, 372, 587, 60S

Quoted ......210, 451, 624, 849,

903, 974

"Deserted Village, The" ........... 52

DeSoto Hernando, mentioned, 311, 472,

540, 629, 717, 813

Traditions of in Burke, S37-338

Rome's first European visi-

tor ....................... .548

.ah, Ga. .......106

ntioned ........807

-i.->essau, vvasnmgton D'Estaing, Count 107,

......... 332, 390,

.322,323 744, 778

DeTaten DeVane,

........................... 91 Frank M. ............... .922

William .................... .922

Devany, Sergeant, an officer in the

r*JMohyn,!CI.aaip.e.tr. a

Sarah, D. A. R. Cha Dickson, Benjamin ......

soldier

Capers, Ji

David, Ge

soldier ................,,.,,,,,,,.

John ....................... .704

Marion ................... 301

R. H". .......................686

Sanders .................... .416

Thomas ................... .1064

William ............... .528, 1064

William H. ................ .656

Dill, John ......................... 528

D. W. Capt. ............... 896

Dillard,

G. James

W. ....................821 .......................876

..876

al Swamp"of "Virginia"! '.'.'.'.'.'. '.375

-- - --

.... S15

William"'".......".'."."..'.'." '.'." "929

William I-I. ........... .933, 1027 District of Columbia ............. 203 DiJ' n<ElifahG ' Dl"' *8|

Dixie, Ja

"" "

....------...-

Moses W Dobbs, Jesse .............'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.

'.

4313 657

Nathan .......

644

Thomas A .... Dodd Green T
H"

511 ' 579 " " 8S8

iPhilip

Dodge County, treated William E Es<

Dodson, William C.

Dogwood, an Indian

Doherty, Michael, a __.__,,,,,,.__.,

soldier ...........

924

925

Doles, George P. Brig. Gen. . . .284, 724

Dolly, Jesse ....................... 346

Dolvin, John ......................638

Don Pedro, Emperor of Brazil. ..... .30

Donaldson, John .............. 505,506

John E. Col. ............. 506

Jonathan ................. 505

Joseph ..................... .421

William .................... .505

1078

INDEX

, 747, 749, 1059 Home of ment
murdered by Indians ..... . ............ .517
a Revolutionary soldier, 7 47, 749, 1048, 1059
............... 5'7 2 ......... .726, 727

Puritans ...... .............. .268

Dorminy, D. D. .....

.... .304

E. J- .........

W. D. Dr. ....

........ .301 ........ .501

Dorset!, Elijah ..... ............... 365

Dorsey, Benjamin . . .............. .720

i . ........ .546

William H. ... .............. .424

Dortch, James S. Ho:n

....... .562

Dorton, M. ......... .............. .704

Double Barrelled Caiinon, Athens,

439, 440

Judge, anec-

dote of

David H. ..... .............. .572 Major ........ .............. .424 William ...... .......... .519,977 County treated ......... .524-526 County-seat of Coffee. ...... .475

B. B. ......... ............. -.505 ........... .704,882

William ......

........ .524 ......... 833 Downing, Mary Lou, .............. .948 Downs, William, at ICettle Creek, 1048

Dowse, Gideon

. . . . ........ .908

Samuel ......

........ .908

Doyle, Alexander . . .......... .106, 584

William ...... ......... .702,1001

Dragoons, The .. ... .............. .633 Drake, Gilman J. . . .............. .929
Sir Francis . . ............... .63 Drane, Gip ........ .............. .949
Hiram, Dr. . . .............. .949 .......... .481, 949
Draper, James, a R evolutionary
Drawdy, G. W. Dr. "W. T. ........ ............. .1026
Driggers, M. ....... .............. .337

Driver, Giles ..................

715

Drummond, Walter ............ . . . .766

Dryden, Wm. .................

.. .. .618

Christopher Poulalne . . ,. . . . .619

Fleming G. ..............

Joseph ........ ........... . . . .619

Dublin, The county-seat of I_ai

717, 7'lS

DuBose, Dudley M. Gen. ...... . . .1026

. . . . .704

Dudley, George M., quoted .... . . . .493

. . . . .937

H. S. Dr. ................ . . . .282

. . . . .723

Duels, How an affair on horse- back

Duffel, William, a Revolutionary soldier ............... .988, 989
Dugas, Madam ...................1047 Louis A. Dr. ............. . . . .894 . . . . .949
Duke, Martin ..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. . . . .341 . . . . .627

of Marlborough ......... . . . -.206

Duke's Creek. ................ . . . . .185 ered in North Ga. . .... . . . .1031 . . . . .945
Samuel ................. . . .. .496 W. B. .................. Dulaney, Rozier .............. Dumas, Benjamin ............ . . . . .794 Jeremiah ............... . . . . .715 Moses .................. . . . . .794 Dunagan, Abner ............. . . . .1032 Dunbar, Lieut. ............... . ... -.71 Duncan, James ............... . . . . .684
. . . . .533
. . . . .467 The Bivouac of "Light Ilorse
Harry" Lee for nearly ia. cenCarnegie mansion, illust rated. .8 Duhham, Abner ... ......... George, a Revolutionary

nary . . . . .714
. . . ..766

Joseph

................. . . . . .794 . . . . .431 . . . .1001

. .. . .782

Dunning, James L. ........... . . . . .572

Volney ....

. . ...... . . . . .572

Dunnom, Daniel .............

Dunwody, John, Maj. ........ .467, S6"4

Dupree, Daniel ............... . . . . .684

Durden, Henry .... ......... Durham, W. B. Dr. ........... Durhee, Mr. .................. .... .129

IN DEX

1079

D1

N th ' 1 M

...... ..893

Duskin, John L,. B. ....... ....... .870

M. T. ...............

Dutcher, Salem ........... ....... .917

Puval, G. W. Rev. ........ ....... .404

....... .90S

Dwyer, Nicholas, Maj. .... ....... .490

Dyall, Joseph .............

Dyer, Anthony ............ ....... .090

Elisha ana Wife .... ....... .564 ........ 4 2 1 ....... .408 ....... .487
Dykes, B. B. ............. Dykesboro ................ . .. .325, 326 Dyson, Abraham ......... ....... .724
....... .959

E
....... .273 Earl, Col., a Confederate O fficer. . . .29 Early County treated ..... . . . .520-558
Jeffrey ............. ....... .844 Joel, father of Gov. Peter
....... ,635 Peter, Governor Cor
526, 527, 639, 641, 990, 1061, Inscription on headsbone. . . . .634 Early's Manor ............. ...... .1061 Easley, Daniel ............ . . .142, 143 D. W. .............. ....... .691 Richard ............. ....... .091 Parker ...................... .680 William ............. Easter, Richard ........... Eastern Cherokees, (South ern) ... .182 Eastman, the county-seat of Dodge, 515 W. P. Esq. ......... ....515, 516 Eaton, John H. Major .... ...... .303 "William, Gen. ...... Eatonton, the county-seat of PutEaves. C. C. ...................... .668
,,...... .668 ........ 5 3 1 ........530
Mentioned ......... . . . .107, 147 Echols County, treated ....
........ .265 ........ 8 6 5 ....... .490 Robert M., Brig-. Gen.., 529, 1007, 1003, 2060, ] Ofil Samuel M. .......... "William F. Dr. .............. .491

Ector, Hugh W. ................... .794

Eddleman, F. M. ........ ........ .57-2

Edg-e, John H. Dr. ................. 931

....... .1057

......... 5 4 4

........ .812

.........8-14

James P. .................... .812

Joseph ..............

.... .490

Edward, Leavell, a Revoltitionary

soldier

Charles G., CDaisy Miss . . . H. ............ Harry Stillwel [ J. 0. .........

412, 732,'944
.944 .935 ........ .236, 322 .724

M. C. Judge . Sofolnon "'

.959 .949

wT.. Jc, . .................

.944 .931

Effingham County, t reated . - . .C30-534

ed ....... .534 -.551418 Samue2, Maj-G en. a Revolu-

535,

924

Elberta Peach, The

534

Elder, David, a Rev

Edmond ......

.838

Elkins, A. H. ......

.301

W. A. .......

.935

Ellerbrook, Charles

aat of Gilmer,

Ellinston, Coke Asbi

Edward, Rev. ......... .118, 119 H. ...........
822 John, Sen., 73fi, 738, 730 888,
742

John R. ...... .......... .870 ,879

.789

Leonora Beck, Mrs. ..........347

R. ...........

R. H. ........

Shadrach, a R

soldier .....

.939

"William ...... .......... .856, 929

W. H. ........

.fi99

Ellison, Adger S. . .

John .........

W. H. Dr. . . .

Elsas, Jacob .......

John W.

.632

Michael, a Rev olutionary sol-

dier ........

Robert N.

Elyea, Charles . . . . , Emanuel County, treated

. - . . .541 .-557424

- of David E-

jamin Whita ker .......... .542

Emerson, Ralph W:ildo ......... -pi 7 Emmel, Jacob

Emmet, Robert .....

.280

Emory College, 192 , 202, 340, 370,

John, Bishop

Second War ^vith, 265, 266, 276, 344

1080

"

INDEX

Mentioned, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56,

57, GO, 03, 70, 76, S3, 86, 116,

01, 97 98, 99, 116, 146, 148,

154,333

Bishop

......... ........1054

_ Martin ..................... .994

ng 1Sjohn.ameS

P ''"".. .'.3S7

M. ...'."'."...........-...... .1018

Mount, a E_person, Jo_hn

summer resort. ... ....................

.909 .

Epperson,"Thompson ..'.I'......'... .564

Episcopalians ........... .137, 273, 450

S rl?j?-st * J j S2 p ^' .- ' j ' ' ' V-V -:^-,- VVs 'rog

Fallowfield, John' ........,.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. .380

Pambro, Alien G. ................. 369

Fambrou^h Thomas a Rev -

F-"c"a-onnnn"m "i"n". tAAi" ov"TM"ne.:ary

soldier ""

........... .631

iah

Jameslew." W.,' 'Commander' of"

Etowah River ' ' .':31,' 'sVo'/asii 296,' 4 55

Euclid Water House .............. 812

Eugene, Prince Evans, Augsuta,

.................... 5fi memories of St.

.

John! at 'kettii- Creek,' 'iat, Vo"

JTonht,nn.. JTr^.. ..............................888800>> .. 1.. ?/ 6S6

John W." Col. ' .-......506, - 088 98I4!

.TnVin TSr^af- TVT^

QR9

Stephen, at Kettle Creek. ..1049 William, at Kettle Creek. ... 1049

_

_

Fain, W. C. .......................544

"UlleenddioBenev,v"iillllaee ne....w..s..p....a..p..e..r..'..a....t 22M7700il,- 88 77 *F e=eW ry., iMvi.., cCoorrppoorral iIn Moexxliocan

'rh

" " ' 'o " " 'Vf ' -

Fellowship Church' .'. .'."."!.!.".'.".".'.' .'512 Felton, Leroy M. Col. ............ .774
Kebecca La timer (Mrs. "W. ^^-0^ "w"'K^'' ' ^Vr^'^'ce 290
m TM s^et^h'of, f 9^ 2^9 4^70, 557, 774, 846, 847, 1002
William H. Mrs. ........... .513 eVton's Chapel ................... 296

ernei^er, W H. Dr! n.".".'.'.'.'.'.'>. J.','. 572 'errell, Nicholas ..................714 erring-ton, Jacob, at Kettle Creek 1043 ew, Benj. Col., a Revolutionary
Soldier, 33S, 480, 482, 765, 767, 835, 911, 985
Ignatius. Capt., a. Revolution : _

Ignatiu

Alam

1081

"William, Col., a Revolution 480, 482, 765, 767, 835, 888, 91 1, ,985
Feyer, Francis Lewis ............ .702 .572
Fielding, Wm. H. ................ .949 .759
Files, Adam ...................... Finch, George .................... .387
Finley, John ...................70'1,803 Mr., at Kettle Creek ........ Dr. . . . .-. .................... .428 Robert ...................... .634 .650 1023 Nathan ..................... "Wm. H., Chief-Justice ..... .600
Fisher, Guyton, Rev. .......... 71 9,825 Harris, Dr. .................. 517
Fitch, John ...................... .564 Fitten, John A., Maj. ............ .579 Fitts, W. W. Dr. .................
Hill ...................... .299
James ............. .317, 3113,934 F. H. .................. .299 , 300
, 80<t William ............... .637 Flash Harry Lynden ......... .309 , 321 Fleeting, Richard ................ .704 Fleming, Frank .................. .749

John Manley ............... .821

Jusi-ah

. ......... 865, 869, 939

Feter F. .................. ..865

Robert, a Revolutionary sol

dier ...................... .662

Samuel W. ........ .818, 821, 864

Flovilla, Ga. ....................... 164

.Floyd, Charles L. Gen. .......... .361

547, 548, 555, 698, 816, 960, 1*015 Richard S. Capt. .......361, 835 Stewart ..................... 864 Fluellyn, Abner, Capt. ........... 1017
George .................... .1023 Owen, at Kettle Creek. .... .1048 "Will, at Kettle Creek. ..... .1 048 Flynn, John H. ................... .572 Flynt, J. J. Hon. ..............458, 930 Folks, A. P. Dr. .................. .373 Folkston, county-seat of Charlton. .373 Folsom, Montgomery ............. .604 Fontaine, John ................... .821 Foot, James Sr. .................. .467 O. C. ....................... .895 W. R. Rev. ................ .1035 Ford, Edward E. Rev. ............ 119 Lewis D. Dr. ............... .894 Merrick .................... .421 Susannah, Mr. .............. 771 William ..................... 9 9 0 Foreacre, G. J. .................. .572 Formwa.lt, Moses W., first Mayor Forney, Daniel M. ............... .162

Peter L. Sr. ............... .67C
. 704 William, of Louisville ...... "William B. ................. .73!) William H., Kx-Coiigressmail
"W. 0. Judge ................ .506 Flemington ........................ .737 Flemming, John .................. .361 Fletcher, Duncan U. Hon. ........
John ................... .337 Flewellyn, A. H. Capt. ...........
E. A. ....................... Flint River, formerly called Thron
ateeska, (see Old Creek In dian Agency), mentioned
18, 28, 162, 208, 505. Floerl, Carl ....................... .531
. .531 Florence, Italy .................... .230
William .................... . .782 Florida ............ 8, 71, 75, 76, 87', 270
a Flannery, John ................... 106 Irby Hudson ............ . .867 Gibson ......................1017

erected to ................ .552 Forson, -William .................. 505 Forsyth, A. B. ................... .572
County-seat of Monroe ...... .790 John, Gov., 156, '159, 302, 405,
557, 558, 77S, 790, 817, 818, 823, 916, 1010, 1051, 1060, 1061
Inscription on tombstone of 558 John, Jr., Minister to Mexico,
396, 558 Julia, wife of Sen. Alfred Iver-
W. G. ...................... .572 Fort Argyle .................. .331-332
Augusta, (illustrated) . . . 113, 11C. Frederica: 1735, (see Fred-
erica) .................. .5'9, 65 Gibson ...................... .182 Goliad, (see Goliad) Hawkins, 180G 308, 309, 317, 345
Sketch of ............. .307-308 Heard, Sketch of ...... 1043-1045
Mentioned ............ .147, 211 Hughes ..................... .504

1082

INDEX

Jackson, (Ga) ..... .400, 401, 495 King's ................. .113. 119 McAllister .............. 401, 402 Mclntosh ................... .350 Mitchell ......................69 Montgomery .................263 Morris .......................137
The last to lower the Colonial flag .................. .732
Oglethorpe ................ .1000 dickering ...................359 rulaski, seizure of ..........287
Mentioned ................. .400 St Andrew ..................350 Screven .... .............. .390 \Varren, (Mass.) ............. 47 "William .................... .350 Wayne ..................111, 388 "Wilkinson ..........271, 278, 280 "Wright ......................268 Wymberley, mentioned . . .87, 89
Ruins of ................... .88 Fort, Alien, Judge. ........... 934, 937
Arthur, a Revolutionary solA>^T- .................. -988, 989
TJaTm eriervs R ------ *3Kg Mr. . . .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. !98S

versity in America . .139,

145, 271, '2 83, 423

Growth and Expansion. . 425, 427

Presidents and Chancellors,

.......... .............. 427,434

Gifts and Endowments. .434, 436

County, created by an act

establishing the State

University ............ 139, 140

County, treated ....... .500, 564

Mentioned .... .283, 285, 286, 674

Seat of Heard .............. 677

.T. D. Capt. ................. 1024

Philemon ...................1023

Samuel O. ................. 1021

Mine, The .................. .418

Springs ................... .5562

Fraser, Donald Dr. ..............743

George ..................... .387

Frazler, J. J. ......................699

Mr. .......................... 882

Frederica, Fort and Town ... .59, 65

Inscription on Fort

.....60

J^ted)

(iHus- ^

Battle6 of Bloody ' Marsh.V.Vs/76

M Ogelnettihoonrepde's. . h.0o6m, e68,..3.3.1.,..6.0..96, 26120 _, ,

Moses, Hon. (Judge) .... 270, 962

Mill, S. C. .................. .241

Mountain ....................809

Tomlinson, Dr. .....274,279,284

Tomlinson T. ............. .934

Valley, Ga. ..................495

Forth, Emaiiuel Capt. ............ 591

John .......... ............. 7 03

Foscue Asa. ..

. ,...270

Foster, Albert G. ..."......... .641, 806

Arthur ......... .......OS 2, 634

Alex .... ..... .

, . . .449

Capt. ....................... .310

G W-

. - - .637

George Wells, a Revolutionary

soldier ....................822

J. W., Rev. ........... .967, 968

J. Z. .................. ... .459

Mr at Kettle Creek

639, 1049

rede Frede v,--
lvie Freeman, Catherine Mrs., wife of
Col. John Freeman. ....... .632 Coldrop, at Kettle Creek. .1048 Daniel, at Kettle Creek. ... 1048 Holman, Col., a Revolution-
ery soldier .563,632,1000,1007 H. M., Dr. ................ .931 James, at Kettle Creek. .. .1048 James C. .................... 929 John Col., a Rev. soldier,
563, 632, 1006, 1007, 1048, 1057
1063 J: C. .................. .715, 782 Mary ....................... .306 Samuel, a Revolutionary sol-
dier ...................... .421 William, at Kettle Creek... 1048

Nathaniel G. ...... S. W. Mrs. ........... . . . . 355, 957

and Indian "Wars .... ........ .70 ........ .53 Charles-

Fou che, Jonas, Capt.

........ .633

Sidney F. ..........

Fou

Noah R. ........... Simon .............. Fox , Amos, Dr. ......... ........ .579 Fov , George W. ......... ........ .944 Manassas .......... ........ .944 nee .............. 65, e 9, 70, 71, 72, Fra ncis, Frederic ........ ........ .703 Francisville, Ga., a lost town 495, 496 Franklin, Benj. Anecdote of ...... .82 Mentioned .......... 142, 560, 677 Bedney, .................... .803 College, the oldest State Uni-

....... .302 Fricker, Charles A. Mrs. . . . ..... ..723 Frier, John ................ ...... .702 Frierson, James S. ......... ...... .311
. . . .118,119 Frogtown, a creek at he ad of
Chestatee River . . . ..... ..758 "From Greenland's Icy Mou
How Bishop Haber'!3 Great Hymti was set to iiiusic. .292 Fryar, John ................ ...... .342

Jacob, a Revolutiona dier .................
Fullbright, T-I. J. Hon....... Fulgham, Henry ........... ...... .720

William A. .......... ...... .572

,

Willia

Willia

Fullwood, James ................ .1015

Fulton Co., Treated ......... 5ff4, 606

John ...............704, 771, 990

Robert ................. .5fi4, 915

INDEX

1083

Furlow School, The
Fussells, Wm. .'....."..'.'..'. ........ 686 Futch, J. H. ....... Futrelle, Jacques ....... .806, 855, 856

G

Gabbett, Sarah E. Mrs. ...... 222, 223 Gachet, James E. ................ 933 Gaddis, George W. .............. 9.04
James, Si*. ................. .994 Gaddistown, Adieu to ....... .992, 993

.714

.9/7

Mathew .... ............... .865

Gailey, Joseph .................... .656

Gaines, Edmond Pendleton Gen,

167, 449., 653

F. H. Dr., a.i accomplished

educator ..................

G. G. .......................

Ira

.657

Lewis ...................... .294

.265

The county seat of Hall . . .

Gallatin ..........................

Mr. .........................

Galphin, Fort .................... .886

of the Georgia Forest . . 338, 7'00, 701, 881, 883, 880, 906., 1123 Galphin's Old Town ......... .146, Galphinton, on the Ogecchee . . 146,

trading post ......... .700,, 701 "Galveston News" mentioned .... . .34
.704 Joseph ..................704., 706 Roger Lawson, Sr. ........ "William ..................... .704 Gambrell, P. H. Mrs. ............ .237 Gammage, T. T. ................. .821

Garardieu, John B. ............... Garbutt, M. W. .................. !soi Gardner, A. ..................... .544

"Wm. Montgomery .......... .916
Mr., a revolutionary soldier .997 N. L. ....................... 931 Garmany, H. Capt. ......... .642,, 933 Garner, Alfred ................... .502
Garnett, Charles F. M. ..........
with Miss Cecelia Stovall . . 33
Garrard, Louis F. Col. .......235 , 829 Garratt, James .................. .546
John ........................ "William J. ................. .579 Garrard, Wm. I,t.-Col. ............
.420
Gartrell, L. J. Gen. .....572,596, 1062 Garves, John ..................... Garvin, I. F. Dr. ................ .895
William, .................... 1001

Gate" ^ity" "Guard," The " Y.Y.Y.sVoY 592 _.....
Gates, Charles ....................HTG General .................507, 988
Gate-wood, Mrs. T. Furluw, former ly Miss Cordelia Hawkins..500
Richard ..................... 539 Gathright, Miles .................. 691 Gatins, John ..................... . 572
Joseph ..................... .572 " tephen, a Revo"lutionary 'Idier .................... 6
Gaulden, Chas. G. Rev. ......... .329 Jonathan ................... .329 W. T. Dr. .................. 329
Gaulding, A. A. ................. .929 "Wm. Dr. ................... .668
Gault, Edward .................... 812
Gay, Alien, a Revolutionary soldier. his tomb .................. 489
Columbus, .................. .782 C. E. Mrs. ................. -976 G. ........................... 681 Susan ...................... .673 General, The, famous engine figur-
ing-in the Civil "War ......594 Genesis Point ................... .401
ITT of England ........ .334, 880 IV of England ............. .503 B .......................... .267 Jesse,- Rev. ................. .678
John B. Dr. ................ .348 "William ..................... 634 Georgetown, D. C. .............. .4, 45 The County Seat of Quit-
Georgia Company, The .......... .150
Episcopal Institute ........ .793 Female College, The ....201,799
Historical Society ..23, 83, 1,03, 267, 269, 373, 402, 403, 404
"Historical and industrial" .372 History of, by Avery, quoted
Home for Confederate Sol diers, The ............... ..595
Industrial School for Colored
Light Infantry ............. .396 Marble ..................... .241 Medical College ............ .427 "Messenger" ...... .148, 307, 309 Military Academy ..... .282, 581 Mississippi Company, The... 150
251, 252
N. and I. College for Girls 160, 282, 283, 427, 490
Pacific Railway ............ .367 Railroad .......... .120, 197, 291 Regiment of Volunteers. .311, 396 "Scenes" .......... .319, 341, 446
School of Technology ...427,579 Society of Colonial Dames of -
114, 115, 385

1084

INDEX

Society of Sons o f the Revolution ......... .............. i> 1 ... ......... 73
Southern and Fitjrula Rail... 500
State Bank of Q:twarmah, . . .211 State College of Agriculture State Sanitarium h ..1.8.... *../. 270 The little steams
. . . . . .80, 81, 1:2] The University of, oldest
State college i (See University of Georgia.) Volunteers, in Wa
oldest military 01 Gerlacn, Conrad M. Ca pt. ....... .591
........... .Gift
Gettysburg, Battle of . ........ .S3, 442 Gholstin, Louis ....... ............ 5 7 !) Gibbes, John .......... GiDlDOns, SaUie ....... ........... .953
"William ......... ....... .110, 953 William, Sr. ..... Gibbs, Thomas A. .... .......... .1007 Thomas F. Dr. . .
Humphrey ....... ........... .634 John, a soldier of the Revo-
Stringer ......... ........... .060 The county seat of GistsWilliam, Judge . . .- .607, COS, 997 William T. ...... ............ 8 5 7 Glddens, M. I>. ........ Gideon, Benjamin ..... ............ .98 Dr. .............. Giffen, Isaac Newton ( 'Little GifGignilliat, 'Charlotte MrNorman Capt. . . . Gilbert, Prewry ....... Jabez ............ James J. Mrs. . . ............ 8 1 5 John ............ ............ 7 2 0 John B. Dr. ..... ........... .522 Joshua, Dr. ..... Mr. .............. S. P. Judge ..... ............ .824 Thomas ......... . . .684, 7-20, 804 -William .......... .. . . .1023, 1058 Giles, Enocn J. Hon. . Gilder, Jacob ......... ........... .856 Gildersleeve, Cyrus Rev. ......... .730 Gill, Days .............. William ......... ........... .781 William F. ....... Gilleland, John ......... William .......... .......... ..54-0 Gillion, John ........... .......... .''70 Gilman, Daniel Coit ... Gilmer County, Treated1 ..... 606, 607

Gilmer, George R. Gov. . .159, 121, 606, 8-10, 811 , S-l-2, 846, 947
Gift to University .......... .435 Jeremy F. Gen. . . .
. . . . . S-f 3, 1057

Gilmore, John .......... ........... 7 0 4 Mr. ............... ......083, 9 S 3
Glrardeau, Mr. .......... Isaac .............. Richard ..........
Girtman, D. \j\ . ....... Henry C. .......... ......... ,699 William, M. Dr. . . . ......... .699
County, treated . . . . . . . .607, 609 ......... .891
608. 891 Thomas, Jr., a soldi er of 1812
Thomas, Sr. ...... ......... .911
William, a Revc soldier ...... .140,, 60S, 890, 911
"Gluscock's Wash," plan Wm- Glascock
Glass, John, at Kettle Ci-eek . . .1048
Thomas, at Kettle Creek . .1048
Gleason, George W. Ju^e ....... .920 .......... 291

Glen, George ............ ........ .1001

John ....... ...... . . . .572, 1032

Jesse A. Col. ......

Luther J. Col.

Wilber F., D. D. ......... .580

William ............ .... 790, 1058

Wm. C. Hon. ....... ... .41 7, 1039

. . . . . .696, 864

Elizabeth Mrs.

......... .364

T. C. Dr. ...,..,., ........ ..364

John P. Rev. ..... ......... .949 Glynn County, Treated . . .... .609, 623

Gober, George W. ....... ......... .467 Goble, C. ................ ......... .607
......... .702 Godfrey, William ........

Goetchius, Henry R. . . . . . . . . .... .824 Going- Snake ........... ........ ..182 Coins, George C. Mr. . . . ........ ..80S
......... .184

......... .184 Gold Discovered at Villa 1=iica 366, 367
......... .184

Georgia .......... ........ .1031

Echota ........... . . . . .183, 184

Mining in Georgia, I3a hi onega

activities

in America ......

Goldin, Seaborn W. F. Dr.

.....................................

.688
.ess

Golding, Mr. .............

Thomas ...................... 424

Coldsby, Richard ......... ........ .844

INDEX

cfier " V. V "........". . .

J. W. .'.'.'.''.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.....'..... .579

Oliver .................... 51, 770

olightly, Charles ............... .703

olson, S. .........................861

oliad, Fort Georgians massa-

cred at

.......... ..... .34

oodale, Thomas . ......... .....882

oorlfi.ll. I3 !f>nsinn 1-

.... .....702

. . . .z~zv
".".". ".754 67,968 ......... .....670 . . .... .270 ...............470 lutionary sol...............497 ...............73S
Goodyear, William ................8S4 Goose Pond Tract ........... . . .1042 Gorce, Binford ....................850 Gorday, G. B. ................ 982, 983 Gordon, Alexander ................ 945
Ambrose, Maj. ....... .... .892 A. C Gen ............ .....412 Charles .....................1001 Charles P. ....... 869, 1036, 1039 County .............170, 183, 28 (i County Treated ........624-628 G. .......................... .896
George, an eccentric nobleman ...................... 1041
S??_r ?e *i- .............. ....1002
.
John B., Gen., mentioned 106, 204, 205, 206, 207, 470, 507, 50$, 512, 586, 598, 603, 667, 854, 934, 977, 997,1000, 1001.
Dubbed, "The Man of the Twelfth of May" ........ .588

Goulding

E. Li.. .......

Francis It. Re

,

740, 829, 908, 915

Francis R. Mrs. ............. 292

Thomas Dr. ........743, 821, 829

Gouvain, Madam ..................423

Governor's Foot Guard of Hartford

The, Co. I ........ .591

.7. Hon. ........... .739

eated ......628, 629

Henry "W. mentioned 218, 447,

448, 450, 478, 578, 579, 582, 5S9,

595, 601, 602,, 628, 861.

His Reference to Confeder-

Inscription on ' Monument'

to .

.............

. . . . .HRH

M. E.

Monuh

Gr

John, Uieut-Gov. His plantation, Mulberry Grove, forfeited .................108, 3S7
J. H. ........................ 699 John M. Mrs. ................164 K. .......................... .997 Vault ........................104 W. P. Dr. ...................895 G-ramling, K. Capt. .... John R. ..................... 579 W. G. Sergeant ............. 420 "W. S. .... ..................579
Grant, Daniel, first man in Georgia, to mall umit his slaves,
10 55, 1058

T d -+Ij? e Mms ----- -206 Institute ................... .854 Monument, The ............. 580 Peter ...................... .380 Statue, The ........... .598, 934 Thomas ....................1001

Sarah Francis, afterwards

MrSi j o hn M. Slaton. ...... 975

Thomas, a Revolutionary sol-

dier ............693, 1055, 1058

US

297

Win." I>." ".". ...............'. '.'.'.'. 579

zaian H/ 'ReV.' ....y.'.
am, John .................... .564 At Kettle Creek ....... ...1048 an, James ................. 1045 John B. Dr. ................ .940 John B. Jr. ..................940 Ossian D ... ......... ... .940 T. P. Dr. .............. .... .895
on, John ......................727 en, a settlement near Kben-
ezer ...................... .531

Ivers Solo "Willi Gray, Abraham Absalom Archibald Basil . . . Col. .....

INDEX

INDEX

Mi'. ..................... ^ ... .C>

Neyle .................. .39-2, 3

Richard W. ........ -n -2, !> 48, e

Robert ........................

ic-kett, Thomas Or. ............ .3

Lddock, Joseph J. I"'. ............ .7

idcn, James ..................... 7 .....

TIaddon, "Willia

apt.

.ry 3?atr nt,
Jacob Jr. ................... unby, Robert M. ................ 1 uiin, James, United States Sena
tor ............... .144, 411, John McKay ............... J;imes Jr., yifL to University "William .................939, unter's Landing ................ untersville, Ala. ................ urlcy, James II. ................ uyton, Charles J. ............... Mo

Lyr

i-iptio

Mentionoa, :-U3, 407, 410, s> G43, B53, fi8-2, 720, 7KS, SOS, i)
Lyinan Chapter, O. A. R. 358, 3 Lutbcr K. . . . . Robert .......
Robert r. .... S. .............
Sam-uel, Juflye

3, Jacob ................... Sol. . . v ...................
" Treated ......".'.".'.".'.. .'.'*. 7. House ... .^ .............. 392
'SO, 380, 387, 406, d 07, 409, 410, 4t
James Jr. ..........140,487, John, a Revolutionary sol
dier ..........140, 409, 410, 6 IT Joseph, Maj., a Revolutionary
soldier, 390, 301, 407, 409, 410 (i4G, 8SS
Joseph, JX A. R. Chapter, collections of .............. 513

Joseph J. Levi ......
riantation

1088

INDEX

oldie

Abl

1 007

_____ i W. ............--..._

Col. ......................... ,98ti

Dennis F. Judge ........401,679

Dudley W. .................. 318

Elijah ....................... .487

Kathaniel J. Col., "153, ;,4l, 572,

602, 796

Samuel, Col., a Revolutionary

soldier ......31G, 411, 912, 915

W. R. Judge ................ .679

Hampton, Andrew ................. 720

Col. ......................... 720

Joseph ...................... 704

Roads .._.....-.............. .363

Hampstead, a. dead town .....'. 395-396

Hancock Blues .................... 310

Countv ................. .1 44, 473

.................704

ncis

John

Re

di .................. .333, 682

Joh of Crawford ........... \ 06

Ma-ncel ..................... .49t>

Hand, Henry H" ' a.' 'n evolutionary' soldier .................... .936
Handley, George .............. 407, 888 Handly, George ................... 887 Ilandspiker, Stephen ............ .748 Haney; Thomas ................... 572 Hankerson, John ................. .949 Hanleiter, Cornelius R. Col. .. .572, 799
William R. ................. 57 2 W. R. Mrs. .................928 Hanna, Mark, his home in Thomas-
ville where McKinley Presi dential boom was launched,

Ha

, Ale

. ......... .

Hape, Samuel, Dr. ............... .572

TTaralson County, treated . . . .607, OGS

Congressman ............... .e 1

Hugh A. Gen. ..... .507, 638, 9 7

Sketch of ............. .667, 6 S

Harben, "Will N. .................. 10 J

Harbor, Cold ...................... 7 t

T-Iardaway, R. H. Mrs. ............ 4 4

Hardee, "William J. Gen., 362, 401, 4( ,

412, 456, 4 7

Thomas ..................... 3 0

W. T. Mrs. .................. 3 1

"Hardee's Rifle and Infantry TacHardeman, Isaac 'col.' '.'.'.'.'.'I '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 7 6

John ........................ .8 3 John of Coweta ............. 491 Robert U. .............. 320, 843

F. M. ...
William . ling, Williai
"W. P. Dr. "W. B. William Hard wick, C. \V Frank T. . Garland . . George W. John W. .. T. W. .... William, a

Harg-roves, Abram ............... .472 George ......................101C
Harkies, William ................ .546 Harkness, James ..... ............ 346 Ilarman, Henry E. ............... .605
James ...................... .949 Harmony Grove, Ga. .............200 Harp, W. A. ...................... 572 Harper, Alex O. Mrs. ............ .691
C. C. ....................... .24-2 Donald ..................... .557 George ......................715

John J. .....................669 Mr. ........... .............. .794
Mrs. ........................ .857 Robert .......................76ti Robert, at Kettle Creek. . . .1049 William, at Kettle Creek. ... 1049 Harpue, T. ....................... .793 Haralson, Vincent ............... 1007 Harrell, Jacob ................... ,505 John .........................505 John D Col. ................506 Martin ...................... .029 S. ............................990

Sampson ....................629

Solomon .....................934

W. W. ................

Harringto

990

Harris, Absalom, a Revolution ary soldier ................. 66?
Archibald ...................977 Augustin .................... .'274

Benjamin ................. .1018 Charles .................407, 6S4
Sketch of ..............668, 669 Charles B. ................. .781 Col. ......................... .550 Corra "White ................ 29H FC,.ounty, treated ........ .668-6-7-"1

INDEX

1089

Henry R. ............... Isaac N. ............... . . . . .174 Iverson L. Judge ...284, 469, 600 J. F. Maj or " ." ." .' .' .' ' .' ." -' ' -' -' . ..1001
. . . .1030 . . . . .704 Jeptha V. .............. 144, 145 Joel Chandler ..322, 863, 868, 869 Creator of Uncle Remu S. . . .fi03
L. D. ................... .'. ... .559 Lundy H. M'rs. ........ . . . . .541 Nathaniel K. Capt. . . . . :323, 580, Place, The ............. . . . . .734 Sampson W. Judge .... 587, 683
....1058 Samuel B. ............. . . . . .634 Stephen ................ . . . . .644
939, 943 Stephen N.' cX.pt. ....... . . . . .732
637, 638 Thomas R." .".".'. Y. ....... . . . . .870 Walker . . .............. . . . .1007 Walton ... ........ .274, 637, yss William ................. . . . . . 781 "Wm. J. ................ 8!60, 1029 William ................ - . . . .46i5 Young L. ' G." "Mrs. " '.'.'.".".'. .....970
440, 447 irrison, Burton Col. ......... . .... 1 5
George P. Jr. ........... . ... .412 George P. Sr., Gen. . L . . . . . . .412
S80, 888 . . . . .107 James P. ....'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. . . . . .579 John ................... . . . . .634 Joseph S. Mrs. ....... .7 23, 1010 Lynde, Judge .......... . . . . .249 Uncle Abe, anecdote of. . '6~87','34 W. H. Capt. ....... .473, Zadoc D. ............... . 579,880 trrold, Frank Jr. .......... . . . . .723 JSerdy .................. ..... 3 1 8 Capt., a kinsman of Tho mas County, treated ........ .671-677 Daniel, a Revolutionary dier ................... . . . . . 497 Family Record, The .... 673, 674 John C. Judge ...........638, 641 Lucretia ................ . . . .673 Morgan, at Kettle Creek . . . .10*8 Nancy .........518, 538, 539, 860 A heroine of the Revoliition, sketch of ............. .671-673 At Kettle Creek ...... . . . .1048 Nancy,- Chapter D. A. R. . . . . .278 Nathaniel ............... ..... 6 7 3 Samuel ................. . . . . .766 Thomas, Jr. .............638, 673 trtford, a dead town. ....... . G7T S0 trtridge, Julian ............ . ... .412 irtwell, county-seat of Hart . . . - .671

. .715 M. P. .................. . . . . . .365
Zephaniah, a Revolutitjnary Harvie, Daniel .............. . . . . .1057 Harvill, Andrew ............. . . . . . .821
FJIis ................... . . . . .1063 Harwell, James ............ . . . . . .997
Henry J. "I"."""."."." . . . , . .669 . . . . . .864
Robert ................ . . . . .1064 William ............... .. . . . .539 Hathorn, William ........... . .... .861 Hattewanlee, a town ......... . . . . . .548 Hawk, Jacob " ." .' .' .' .' .' J ." .' ." ." ." ." .' '. '. ...... .71
ition'-' Benjamin Col., a Revolt
ary soldier, 281, 307, 359, 476, 494, 405, 496, 946, 947, 948
Resident Asent among; the Creeks, (see the Old C?reek Indian Agency; whe forgotten patriot slee ps) 18-28
Cordelia, Miss, now Mr s. T . . . . . .500
County-seat of Crisp n; for ................... . . . . . .497
Fort, sketch of ........ . .307 308 ...... 2 6 7
Savannah, Amerieus and Montgomery Railway ..... .500 Willis A. Judge ....600 , 777, 937 Hawkinsville, the county-seat Hawthorn, John ............. . . . . . :990 W. R. ................. . . . . . .629 William ............... . . - . . .505 Hawthorne, Rev. ............ . . . . . .874 Hawthorne's Pool ........... . . . . . .S74
John, a Revolutionary :soldier .................. . . . . . .511 . - . . . .449
Haygood, Atticus G., Bishop, 202, 784, 832 833
Benjamin .............. . . . . . .794 F. M. Rev. ............ . . . . . .572 Green B. .............. . . . . . .572
...... 2 7 4 William, a Revolutionary sol-
Literary Circle, (foot-n ote). .230 Paul H., the home of, (?opse
Hill .................. .224, 228 . 228, 91 7
Quoted ........... .231 , 232, 233 Mentioned (foot-note) . . . . . .231 Robt y. ............... . . . . . .301

1090

INDEX

Wm. H. .................... .226 Haynes, Augustus ...... ......... 5*7 2
Moses .......................539 Reuben ......................572 Hays, C. r,. ...................... .949 E. ...........................528 George .......................949 Harrison ................... .949 John .........................528 R. P. ........................ 9 4 9 Hazelhurst, S W. ....... ........356 The county-seat of Jeff Da-
vis ................... .698,-699 Head, r>. B. Dr. .................. 668
James .......................540 R. ................... .668 s, (name of mining at Dahlonega ...... .759
. ._ B. ................. .822 William ................... .1058 "William H. ................. .796 W. J. Capt. ................6G^ Healey, Thomas G. ............... .572 Heard, A. V. Mrs. .................976 Barnard Maj. 884, 1043, 1044, 1057
At Kettle Creek .......... .1048 B. W. G-en. ........... .211, 1044 County, treated ......... 677, 679 George C. ...................781 House: where the last meet
ing of the Confederate Cabinet was held, (illustrated)
211 Jesse, at Kettle Creek, 1043,
1048, 1057
1048,1057 John, at Kettle Creek, 1043, 1044,
Joseph ..................... ..634 Heardmont, the home of Stephen
Heard ........... .537, 540, 678Stephen, Col., a Revolution-
ary soldier, 537, 538, 540, 1042, 1043, 1048, 1057, 1059,1061
Sketch of ........ ........ .677 Thomas .................... .804 William ............034, 638, 670
762, 887' Sketch of ............ 1043-1045 Hearn Academy .................. .555 Heath, George .......... ........949 Heber, Bishop, how his great hymn was set to music ......... .292 Hebrew Congregation of Savannah 102 Heddrick, John .................. .994' Heflin, Wyley .....................804 Pleidleburge, Thos. C. ............990 Helveston, Philip ................ .702 Hemphill, Philip W. ............. .551 "Wm. A. ..................... 579 Henderson, C. K. Mrs. ............. 775 Daniel ..................... .1065
...... .835 James ...................317, SIS John ....................686, S84 Manasseh ................. .1065 Robert .......................702 Robert J. .................... 837 William, a soldier of 1812,
696, 1001 Hendrick, William ............... .528 Hendricks, L. ..................... 502 Hendris, Daniel ................... 336
John C. .................... .572 Hendry, E. D. .................... 853 Henley, M. .......................748 Heiily, George ......... ...........587

Hennerigues, Isaac Nunis ........ .98 Mrs. .......................... 98 Shem .......................93
Henry, Chas. S- .................. 403 County, treated ......... .679-681 John ......................... 825 John Judge .................862 of Navarre ..................206 Patrick ..................... 079 Robert ......................822 Samuel H. Rev. ............ 812 Walton Chapter of D. A. R., 801 "W. P. .......................794 Wm. Judge ................ 1002
Henson, John .....................421 Hepburn, Burton, Col. ............ 821 Hepzibah, Old Brothersville. . .905, 908 Herbert, George, Rev., holds first
Religious Set-vices in Georgia ..................... .78-79 Isaac ........................ 893 J. ............................955

- -- - -

- - - - -..-.......,,-_

James .......................977

John ........................977

William ................ .572, 650

Herrington, Ephriam, a Revolution-
Mra.ry..s.o..ld..ie..r "":::'""" "952463

Richard, a Revolutionary sol-

dier ........................924

Harriott, John ................... .387

Hferrman, H. ..................... .517 Herron, Alexander, Col. ......... .733

Herronton, "Wm. S. .............. .929 HerrishilE, "William .............. .990 Hervey, C. P. ..................... 823 Hester, John Temple ..............522

Heygood, Atticus G. Bishop ...'.'.' ."sSS Heyward, Duncan C. ............. .453 Heywood ......................... .875 Hiawassee River .............. 178, 179
The county-seat of Towns 696, 97ft
Hickman, John P. .............. .221 Hickory Flat, Ga. ............... .421 Hicks, Abner ................... .1063
An Indian ...................627 Capt. ....................... .924 Charles, a Cherokee Chief..1000 Charles R. ...................175 ErliT jah, a Cherokee Chief.....1000 -"- t)^- -----.-.-----........711

W. P. ...................... .711 Hlgdon, Cha . ...... ..........
Ira ..........................629 Higginbotham, J. .................5"SS High, James M. ................... 57 S Highgate, dead town ......... .395-396 Highland Clan, The Famous. .... .772
Guards ...................... 44.2 Highsmith, Daniel ............... .945
Mr. .......................... 538 Hightower, Daniel ................ 714
James ...................... .865 James, Sr. .................. .997 P. ...........................977 William ......................365

INDEX

1091

Kill, Barnard, Judge ....... 320, 940 Benjamin Harvey, Judi
-it to. 58 4 Monument, mentioned. 218, 582,
593 Ben County, treated . . . .299-201 Blanton M. ............ . . . . . .424
.446, 978 . . . . . .585 . . . .. .282 D. P. .................. . . . . . .670 Edward ............... . . . . . .766 K. Y. Judge .......... . .. . ...,978
. . . . . .S84 Jasper N. ............. . . . . . .870 John ............. .754,
At Kettle Creek ..... . . . . .1049 John B. ............... . .. . . .488 John G. ............... . . . . . .929 John S. ................ .977, 979 John Mrs. ............. . . . . . .696
. . . . .1063 Joseph B. ............. . . . .. .636 Joshua, Sen. ........... . 766. 804 L. M. Col. ............. .579, 8] 1

..... .364 "William H. .................. .859
....... .726 Hinton, Jacob ............. .680, 681 Hippocrates ............... ..... .689 Hirsch, Joseph ............ Historic -Old Midway: a shi
Old Milledgeville, Geo rgia> i.n six
decades ............ . .156-1 60 ..... .350
Old Wesleyan: the fi rst fe-
. . .200, 202 Outlines, original settl
distinguished reside nts of the counties of Geor
. . .263-1065 mnah. .399 " 380, 382,
402 "History of the Chatham A rtillery," Hitchcock, James .......... ...... .821
"William Capt. ........ .... .490 -Hoard, Stephen ................... .539
Richard, Capt. ....... .522, 523 William ..................... .702 H/odgle, iDjavid, a. Revolut ionary

Thomas ............ 365 , 691, 907 "Walter B. Chancellor, 236. S40.
320 , 433, 940 Warren J. ............. . . . . .1007
. . . . .1057
"William Capt. ........ 1 17 ' 1 eo?
W. Rhode ............. . . . . . .579 Hillary, Christopher ........ . . . . . .888 Hillbryan, John ............. . . . . . .903 Hillhouse, David R. Capt. . . . . . . . .1047
3 first
Hilliard, Henry "W. ..818, 821 , 824, 826 . . . . .1015
T. H. Gen. ............ . . . . . .374 Hills, Lucius Perry ......... . .... .605 Hillsman, Dr. ............... ... . . .949 Hillyer, Carlton ............. .... .1008
George Judge, 447, 577, 579, 601, 603, 1008
Henry .................. 579, 1008 John F. ............... . . . . . .447

Shaler G. Dr. ..424, 436 , 447,640,

792

William Hurd ........ ...... 6 0 5

Hilsman, Jeremiah Dr. ...... . . . . . .522

.522, 523

Hiltonc, .

Acb. ra.m...............................

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .766 .1026

William ............... . . . . .1026

Hines, E. D. .................

James K. Judge ...... 344, 1023

William ..................... .538 Hodges, F. B. .............. ...... .676

Hodgins, Willis ................... .990

S 1C ' R

y

........875

"Where Georgia's Heir Looms are kept .......... . . . .402-403
Margaret Telfair Mrs. .... .402 Win. B. ............. .... .402 Hodnet, J. ................ .... .781
....... .861 ..... .1002 Hosg, James ............... ...... .704 ...... .Shi) Hokitt, Richard ............ ..... .766 Holcombe, Henry Dr., 412, 9 09,919, 921 Henry C. ............. .... .572 John K. Sr. .......... .... .668
Holden, Horace M. ........ ...... .600 Jonathan .............
Holder, John N. ......... ....... .691 Holder, Thomas R. ........ ...... .691
...... .766 Holland, Archibald ........ ...... .850
....... .572 Henry ....................... .945
.... .320 James H., Inscription <

Robert T., Inscription .... .642 .... .794
Holloway, Edward ......... ...... .997 Peter ........................ .997

1092

INDEX

Holleman, Ed. . Holliday, H. B. ................... .oat
John ........................ 4 81
Hollingshead, Willia Holling-sworth, Jamt_ .........,...,,, Hollis, Thomas ................... .79-5 Holloway, Joseph ................. .270 Holmes, Abiel Dr., an early pastor,
the father of the New England poet ....614, 728, 730, 731

^.-------- -- ,,. _--. ,,,,, ,,_,,, ,,,,,,, ,,., ^ W. C. ...................... .823

Holton, William ....................___

Home School, Athens ....... .438, 446 "Home, Sweet Home"........ 184, 239 "Home, The," a ship, wrecked off
Hatteras ................... .'4 4 6

Homervile, county-seat of Clinch, 452, 453

Honduras ......................... .296

Honey, Robert ................... .884

Honolula ....... .......

.... .361

Hood, Andrew ................... .997

Edward, Dr., a Revolution-

ary soldier ............... .662

Erastus C. .................. .670

John B. Gen., 40, 451, 456, 461,

593, 624

S. C. Rev. ................. .792 Hoogman, Jacob ................. .337

Hook, Daniel Dr. ........... .572, 707 James S. Judge......... 707, 1023
Hooker, Joseph Gen... .31, 32, 209, 372 Hooks, Hilary .....................270 Hooper, James ................... .564
John W. Judge ........468, 490 Hooten, Henry Rev. ............. .40 fHopeton, a famous rice plantation.616

Hopewell Presbytery, created. . . .1052 Treaty of ................... 476

Hopkins, Francis ................1010 I. S- Dr. .......... .580, 832, 838 J. A. ....................... .365 John TJ. Judge ......... .579, 603 Ranse ...................... .369 Wm. T. .................... .356
Hopkinsville, Ky. ................ .179 Hoppoie Micco, a Creek Indian

chief .......................494

Hop-o-eth-le-yo-ho-lo ....

.168, 169

Speech" on Mclntosh Rock . 168

Hornady, H. C. Rev. ............. .572 Home, O. C. ...................... 935 "Hornet's Nest" name given bv the
Tories to Wilkes County. .1058

Horton Capt

...

.... .380

JYIO-JUI ..... O. R. Prof.

Hosea, C.

Hot Sprin

Houghton, win. .

House, Paschal

...... .

Thomas .....................318

Houser, "Walter, Mrs. ............. .237

Houston County, treated .... .681-685

Mentioned ............. 162, 202

John, a Revolutionary sol

dier, (Governor) ...... .342, 682 Oswald ..................... .573 Patrick Sir, . . ........ .343, 409 Post ........................1024 Sam, Gen. .............. 38, 822 W. J. .......................573 Houstoun, George Sir. ............ .389 James ...................... .380 John, Gov., sketch of.... 682-683 - Mentioned ......... 140, 389, 887

Patrick, Sir, Registrar of Gfrants and Receiver of Quit Claims ........ .388, 683
"William, a Revolutionary sol dier ......... .389, 409, 410, 683
Hoover, John ....................1063 How a duel on horseback was pre
vented ......
An old church Peggy O'Neill

. s --.---. .-.

Howard, Charles Wallace Rev. and

Capt.

--~ "~

Sketch

J. ......

Jane ~Vr John H. _ __. ......._...,,_ Mary, (Mrs. F. R. Gould-
ing) .......................292 Nicholas, Col. .............. .821 Robert, Col. ................ .824

Mentioned in foot-note..... .235

R. R. ........................823

Sarah .......................294

Thomas .................217, 270

Thomas C. Col. ............ .513

Wm. M. ..................... 847

"William Schley, Hon. ....... .513

Howe Fort . .

. 770

G en a Revolutionary sol-

flier

1003

Robert .......'......'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. .496

Howell, Albert .................. -.573

Archibald .... ..............467

Casper ....... ..............997

Clark, Editor-in-chief of the

"Constitution"

602, 787

Clark, Sr. ................... 573

Evan P, Capl., 573, 577, 601, 787,

1023 Isaac, a Revolutionary sol-
dier ........................ 575 John ........................702 Joseph .......................850 McKinney ................... 638 Nathaniel ................. .1058 Singleton G. ................573 Howley, Gov. ................540, 1044 Richard, Gov., 407, 409, 67S, 738,

S87 Hoxie, Asa B. .................... 823 Hoxey, Thomas Dr. ......... .822, 895 Hoyt, Nathan Dr. ................ .424

S. B. Judge

"""

INDEX

Hubbard, Richard B., Gov. c f . . . .1008
W. L,. .................. .... .573 .... .475
Hubert, W. ................. .... .936
Huckaby, C. P. ..............
Hurtdleston, James .......... .... .715 Hudgens, John Col. ........ .... .994 Hudson, Alfred .............
James T. .............. Jonathan A. ....... .318 821, 82 2 L. ..................... L. W. ................. .... .864 W. JV ................. Huey, S. ..................... .... .6fii) Huff, Joseph ................ .... .949 Huger, Isaac Col. ........... .... .107 Hughes, A. .................. Dudley M. ............. G. ..................... .... .935
Joshua, Corporal ..... .... .420 Hughs, William ............. .... .502 Hull, A. L-, mentioned, 431, 435, 439,
Mentioned in foot-note .... .139 Asbury ................ Daniel ................. Henrv Dr. .............
First settler in Athens .... .343 Pioneer of Methodism 1 )46, 1054 Hope-well, of Maryland William Hope ........ Hull's Meeting House ....... Hulsey, Eli J. ...............

William P. ................... 78 Huntingdon, Lady, Salina, Coun-

of Whitfield ........... ,83, 84

Hurst, Wi]Ham ............... 711, 864 Hurt, Blisha ............... ......1018

Hutchens, G. B. .................. .860

R. B. Dr. .................. .668 Hutchins, Nathan L,. Col. .....642, 643
Nathaniel L.. Sr. Judge. .... .644

Hutchinson, Arthur .............. 368

College ....

..

..... so*

James ...................... .490

Nicholas ................... .670

"I go to illustrate Georgia," Fran-
Independent Presbyterian Church.. 953 Presbyterian Church of Sa vannah ......292 382, 384, 840
Indian Agency, The Old .......... ,94f, Antiquities of Korsyth County 559 Antiquities ............. -332, 472 Antiquities of Campbell Coun ty ....................... ..364 Antiquities of Murray CounAntiquities of Bibb County, 316, 317 Mentioned .... 308, 345, 444, 779 Territory - - 173, 175, 17S, 180, 181 Towns of Gilmer ........... .606 Trade with Creeks and Cherokees ..................... .113

Hume, James ............... .... .387 .... .387
Joab, Rev. ............ .... .812
Joseph "W, ............
Major ................. Hunnicutt, C. W. ...........
E. T. ................. .... .573 Hunt, John Sr. ..............
y oreiC -

of Texas ............ ..... .38 Mr. .................... A. J. ..................

Lewis ................. Wilkins ............... Hunter, a young man ....... George W. ............ Job ....................

.... .997 .... .703 .... .684
.... .933 .... .403 . . . -.496 . .. .1018

Redding ............... .... .686 William ............... .... .525

Villages of Cherokee. ....... .418 Indianapolis, Ind ............. .299, 30o
"Tribune" ................. ..300 "Inez" ..... ...................... .235 Ingraham, Benj. F. ............. .854 Ingram, Chas. .................... .318
H. .......................... .505 John ........................ .704 Porter, Judge .......... .671, 829 Innis, Andrew ................... .893
so2dier, grave marked. ... .339 Hugh T. .................... .579 Joshua Capt, ............... .985
fleer, grave marked .......338 Samuel M. ............. .509, 57y Shadrach, D. A. R. Chapter.. 339 nnes, A. Mitchell ............... 53, 55 nventions, cotton gin .,.,,... .125, 130 reland ............................ 223 rish Jasper Greens ...... .395-396-397 ronside of Cromwell .............. 135 rvin, Alexander ................ .1023 David ...................... .704 Irvine, r>. ........................ .295 John ........................ 387

1094

INDEX

Robert Dr. ................. .883 Irwin, Charles M. Rev. ...... 967, 968
David Judge ...408,469,470,523, 779, 904
Hugh ....................... .702
Jared. Gov., a. Revolutionary 685, 775, 888, 933, 1023
His home place, "Union Hill" 1020, 1021
Monument in Sandersville.ioai Thomas ..................... 144 William, Maj. Gen. ....064,1023 Irwinton, county-seat of WilkinIrwinville, former county-seat of Ga., where President JefferIsbell, J. D. ...................... .931 Island Town ......................415 Isle Of Hope ................... 87-S95 Italy ..............................105 Iverson, Alfred, 319, 558, 738, 739, 821, Alfred Jr., Brig. Gen. ..598,710, Irving, Mr. ....................... .549 Ivey, Jeremiah ................... .804 "William ................... .1027 Ivy, E. .................... .101 8, 1027
M. J. ....................... .573 Socrates .................... .573

Georg-e W. ................. .789 Green S. .................. .789 Hall ........................ .273

Henry, Dr. .........423, 444, 493 Henry R, Col., 311, sse, an?, 420,
444, 823, 854, 896, 935 Jabez ........................ 65 1

359, 373, 542, 600, 686, 707, 708,

1025 1044

Sketch of ............. .687-688

Epitaph ...............

..687

Resigns his seat in the Uni-

the Yazoo Fraud. ..... 140, 151 James, Chief Justice, 320, 445,
44g, 600 James, of Bulloch .......... .337 J. P. ....................... .821 J. M. ...................... .1036

Joseph W. Capt. ............ 399 J. W. ..................... .1018 Joseph Webber ............. 687

Mark ................... .865, 997

Oa.k, The. A property own-

R. ................... .

..977

Spring ..................... .695

Stonewall, a statue of, in Au-

Mentioned ............. .75, 498 Thomas L. ................. .669 "Walter .................... 1058

Wilkins ................... .715 "William, a Revolutionary sol-

Jack, F. M. ...................... .573 George W. .................. 57 s James, Capt. ..... .539, 540, 1058 James, Col. ................ .535 W. E. ..................... ..572
Jack's Creek ...................... 679 Battle of ............ .1005, 1007
Jackson, Absalom, a Revolutionary His tragic death in Camden 355, 356 Adelaide, E. Mrs. ......... .522 Administration, The ....274, 558 638, 635 772 870, 871 991, 992
Charles A. Rev. ........... .957 Charles, a Revolutionary solCol., a Revolutionary soldier. 735 County ................. .142, 200
Treated ............... .686-692 County-seat of Butts ...... .344 E. .......................... .794

William H. Col. 144, 423, 439, 591 Jacksonboro, the passing of an old
town ................. .923, 925 "JacTssonian, The," a newspaper
edited at McDonough .....680 Jacksonville, an old town ........955
Fla ......................... .106 Jacobs, Thorn-well ............... .605 James, Fort .................... . 536
F. M. ..................... ..525
John H. ........... .491, 573, 578 Joseph S. Col., United States
District Attorney ........ .526 Sartin ....................... 7 20 B- Boynton Chapter, U. D. C-,

Jameson, J. ...................... .754

' S. Y Dr. ...... ........

.314

Jamestown ....... ....... . .76, 80

Jamieson, John. .................. .Sfe7

Janes, Absalom .............. .86*, 943

Charles Q. Judge ......... .859

I>. ........................... 7 2 4

E. .......................... .724

Thomas P. Dr. ............ .943 -William ..................... 7 24 -William F. ................. .850

INDEX

109,1

W. D. ................ ...... .274 Jasper County ............. ...... .271
Treated ............. . . .692-698 Chapter, D. A. R. ... ...... .695 Monument Association ..... .106
...... .107 The county-seat of Picikens. .851 William Sergeant, 26!B, 463, 692,
Monument at Savanna h, (il-

....... 1 0 (i Jay, Mr., a celebrated archite

Jeff Davis County, treated.; . .698, 700

...... .399 JefEeries, Harriet Goulcl Mrs. , 123, 124,

...... .926 Jefferson County ........... . .148, 155
Treated ............. . . .700-708 County-seat of Jackson , 686, 688,

Thomas, 427, 613, 642, 646, 700, 912, 985
-Teffersonvme' '.'.' .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'."." ...... .356 ...... .387
The county-seat of TVpiggs. .985 Jekyl Island, a mecca of rr

Sir Joseph ........... .....: .619 ...... .619
Jelks, E. A. ................ . . . .. ..329

O. K. ................. ...... .329

Jenkins, Chas. J. Gov., 708, 709, 710,

905, 914, 91 3, 1056, 1057

C. R. Dr. (Rev.)

...... .202

County, treated ...... . . .708-709

Mentioned ........... ...... .710

Frank B. Dr. ......... ...... .648 Howell W. ........... ...... .977
. . .638, 766

J. F. .............. .67 0, 982, 984 Little B. .............
Robert ............. 76 eiVesVil*

William .............. . . . . . .1018 "William F. Judge . . ...... .867 W. K. ................ ...... .984 W. R. ................ ...... .982 W. T. ................ ...... .968

William ............... ...... .680 Jennings, William .......... ...... .365 Jernagin, A, ............... . . , . , ,1015

H. W. ............... ..... .933

Jerusalem Church, The

...... .531

Jesuits .....................

Jessup, Gen. ............... ...... .820

Gen. .................. . .... .1024 Jett, Ferdinand ............ . . ... .468

Jews in Georgia, The: an cmtline history ............. . . . .97-102
Jinks, Wellborn ............ ...... 949 Willis ................ ...... .949
Jobson, Francis W- ........ . . . .. ..989 ......... 0
Johns Hopkins University, inentioned .............. . . .236, 237

John son Aaron

.......... 5 3 9

Alien ............... .....669,945

Alien E. .......... ......... .573

Andrew Judge

.... .510, 597

A. ................. ......... .607

......... .539

B. ................. ......... .669

David ............... . . . . .680, 929
Guards, The ...... ......... .442 Haley .............. .... .958, 959 JdCerschel V., Gov., 139, 343, 409,
707, 71 1
J. A. .............. ......... .607 329, 836, 850, 958
James F. ......... ......... .451
John ............... .... .267, 410 John Calvin ....... ......... .838 John D. ........... ......... .670 John "W. Dr. ...... ......... .337 Joseph, ............ .657, 704, 854 Joseph H. ......... ......... .606
. . ...... .510 Lancelot ........... ......... .803 Lewis ............. ......... .387 Lott W. ........... .... .099, 700
Richard ............ ......... .882 Rienzi M. .......... . . . .506, 1024
. .379, 381

Stephen ........... ......... .103

"Life of Nathaniel Green e," quoted .......... ......... .109

Wright ............ ......... .949

J n..ssotonns,,

The ..... .295, 451, 711, 971 a Confederate soldier.

Abraham .......... ......... .766 B. ................. ......... .544 Capt., a Revolutioiiary sol-

David ............. ......... .697 ......... .624
Joseph E. Gen., 14 , 40, 43, 44, 209, 210, 212, 4 56, 461, 1028
His monument at JDalton, 1034, 10S6
Mary, the novelist . . . . .581, 604 .... .387, 421
"William ............ . . . .673, 1018

John stons, The .......... ......... .416

Joice

......... .686

3r, Alfred ........... ......... .789

.789

B. ................. ......... .990

Curtis ............. ......... .861

Meredith .......... ......... .684

Mrs. ...............

... .794

Jolly

......... .559

Jones, A. L>r. ............ . . . .895, 1018

Abner ............. ......... .528

1096

INDEX

Abraham, a Revolutionary soldier .................... .340
A. W. ...................... .573
grave marked ............ .340 Charles C. Jr., Col., 63, 65, 226,
743, 762, 807, 886, 905, 918, 929 Mentioned in foot-note. . 73, 379 Quoted in account of "Light
Horse Harry Lee's death,"
Life of Commodore Josiah Tattna.ll, quoted ............ 92
History of Georgia, quoted Charles Edgeworth .......... 917 Charles H. ................. .940 C. O. Dr. ................... .928
Treated ...............711, 717
E. .......................... .387 Edmond .................... .318
E. W. Dr. .................. .794 Frank, a Revolutionary sol
dier ....................... .924 George, Judge and Senator,
How he punished culprits.

Isaac N. Judge ..... ^. .... .859 James ...................... .510 James of Savannah, CongressJames, a Revolutionary sol-

James of Ware ............. lOir, John, a Revolutionary sol-

John Capt. ..................823

John Dr. .................... 7 4 3

Prevented from fighting a

John A. Col. ................ .827

John H. ..................... 7 8 1

John J. Congressman ..340,343

John "W. .

. . 929, 909

John "William, Dr. (Rev.) . . . .604

Joseph Dr. ............ .741, 876 Lavonia Miss ...... ........ 562 Luclan H. .................. .96R M., Historian, 549, 717, 813, 815
945 Major ...................... .7yw Mary ......................... 88 Mitchel! .................... .963

Nicholas Capt. ............ .1017 Noble, Capt., afterwards
Judge, companion of Oglethorpe and distinguished officer of the Crown, his county-seat Wormsloe . .87-89 Mentioned 380, 387, 406, 408, 532 Noble W., a Revolutionary patriot ....... 408, -10-9, 682, 712 Speaker of the House of As-

Oliver H. ................... .5/3

Philip, a Revolutionary sol

dier

.............. .924

Philip H. .................... .1 7

River ......................... 87

S. .......................... .990 Samuel ..................... .607 Samuel G. Capt. ............ 4 50 Sam. P. Rev .............. 296 Seaborn, a patriot of the Rev
olution ........ .340, 827, 892. .

Seaborn Mrs. ............... .234

Seaborn Col ................ 2 V 4

Thomas ....

.....380, 836, 963

Thomas G. Gov. of Ala. ...... 45o

. T. M. ....................... .958

"W. D. Major ............... .369

"William, a Revolutionary sol

dier ........ .424, 715, 790, 876

W. C.

............. .629

"William Louis Dr. .......... 740

Clay ton

...............450

Battle of .................. .451

Burial Ground in Wilkes,

Cornelius ................. .1023

Family, The ............... .694

Fleming, Col ................ 699

Green ....................... 274

G. Guntoy .................. .830

Harvie .......................698

John .

.............. .670

Leonidas ................... .285

Matthew J". ................. .496

Reuben ...... .695, 696, 843, 1057

Starling .....................702

Jordin, Benjamin ................ .856

Joseph ...................... .250

Josephis Town, a dead town. ..... 396

Jassey, Henry ...............778, 1058

Jourdan, John, a Revolutionary

Timothy .....................766

Joyner, Benjamin ............... .1058 Berrajah ................... .27 a

Jug Ta-vern, (see Winder) ......... 5f>3 Julian, Mr. ....................... .559 Jusserand, Monsieur .............. 107
Justice, D .............. . . . . 9 3 fi J. A. ....................... .301

KTaJlensworth, Joseph ............. 766

INDEX

1097

Kaly, Henry W. Karver, Henry AA . Karwisch, Henry Kay, William . . .
W. E. Col. Keath, A.
aton, Benje nin Keely, Joh
.. E.
vannah ..................310, 1053 Kell, Alexander .................. .607 James ...'......... ..... .607, S7fi John ........................270 John Melntosh Gen.. . . . . 742, 929 Kelley, James M. .................. 501 Joe W. ......................668 Moses ...................... .487 William L- ................. .668 Kellogg, Georg-e .................. .559 M. P. Prof. .................487 Kelly, Daniel P. .................. 835
. .683, 684 jonn ....................270, 876 M. ........................... 5 0 5 Robert .......................270 sey, Joel ....................... 5173 William .................... .573 nble, Fannie, the noted actress
who married Pierce Butler 65, 611, 623
np, M. ........................

C. "W. Rev. Era cis
Joshua Rev P. C. ...... Thomas H. "William . .. W. PI. Re
Richard Tho William .................... .573 KLilg-o, W. M. ..................... .93] Kilgore, J. T. .....................821 Klllion, Daniel .................... .502 David .......................502 Kilpatrick, J. H. T. Rev. .......... 907 Kimball, H. I. ............... .578, 579 Kimberley, Anson ................ .317 Kimbrougn, Henry ................ 6V 0 Kimsey, Thomas M. ............. .1032 Kincaid, "W. J. Capt. .............930 W. J. Mrs. ................. .928 Kinchafoonee, the original name
given to Webster County..1026 Creek .......................723 Kiney, Jesse ......................650 King, Andrew .................... .615 Augusta Clayton Mrs. ......440 Barrinston .........466, 467, 468 D. G . . . ............627, 628 Captain ......................36 Henry ....................... 615
888
John P. Judg 120, 568, 773, 913

49,

Butk his

__ _. ________ __

_...al Rail

way ..............614, 615,(

"William ................... .10

W. W. ..................... .3

Yelverton P. .................. 6

>rt ...................113, 1

G Mao-p

"Rangers" ................. .397 Town, Cherokee Indian Vil-
lage .......................455 Kent, G. ...................... 939, 943
Thomas ....................1029 "William B. Judge ..........1029 Kentucky ..........................305 Keowee Tract ....................140 Kettle Creek, Battle of... 131-134, 104S
Mentioned ................. 256 Creek Chapter, D. A. R......131

-st t<

Morga

Kinman, C. ..................... Kinney, Belle Miss .............. Klinsey, Elijah ............... .476, 4 Kiolcee Creek ................... " Kirby, Francis ...................._. Kirbys, The .......................680 Kirk, Joseph ......................715
Stephen .....................678 W. .......................... 710 Kirkland, J. C. .................. .472 Moses ................ ......579 Kirkpatrick, John C. ..... ......513 Kirkpatricks, The ................ .467 Kirtley, Lema ..................... 5T9

1098

INDEX

Kiser, John V. .................... Marion C. .................. 487
Kisor, John ...................... 861 Kitchen, James J. ................ 608
702 Klondyke .......................... 366 Knight, Carrington ...............
Enoch ....................... 491 Henry H. ................... 304 Joel, a Revolutionary sol
dier ....................... 545
John W. .................... 869 Jonathan .................... 304 Levi J. Capt. ........'.. 304, 686 Lucian Lamar, (foot-note)
240
Knott, J. R. ...................... 627 James W. ................... 680
Knowles, Francis ................ Knox, Henry Gen. ................ 492
County-seat of Crawford
Kollock, George J. ................ 412 P. M. Rev. (O. D.) .......... .77
Kontz, Christia.n .................. 573 Koockogy, Samuel ................ 822 Kuhrt, Henry Sr. ................. 573 Kuykendall, Peter ................. 420 Kytle, Calvin H. ................ .1 032

B. B. ..............

...... 3 1 7

. . . . . .793

Henry G." Hon. ..... .35 , 321, 716

James, at Kettle Creek . . . . .1049

John, at Kettle Creek

John of Chattooga. . . . . . . . . .416 John B. Col. ........... . . . . . .321 Joseph R. Associate Ju
324, 325, 541, 600, 605 , 837, 902 Lafayette, Capt. ........ .748, 750 Lucius M. Col. ........ .288, 861 L. Q. C., Jr. .......... . . . . . .866 L. Q. C., Sr, Judge, Ass
Justice ............... .283, 321 Lucius ................. . . . . . .866 Mirabeau .............. . . . . . .860
821, 822,

Peter, Col. . . . .47s, 748

Sarah Cohb ...........

"Walter L>. Mrs. ........ .314, 315

Zachariah Col. . . . . ?74, 285, 1045

Zachariah Sr. ........

At Kettle Creek;

. . . . .1049

. . . . . .702

Lambclin, Charles E. Prof. . . Land, Jesse ................. . . . . .1001

Landrum, J. W. Prof. . .

. . . . . .563

Sylvanus Dr. .......... . . . . . .718

William ...............

W. W. Dr. ....... .433 , 71S, 719

Landscript Fund ......... ...... 4 3 5

Landselder, "Veit ............ . . . . . .531

Lane, A. M. ................. 977, 1053

H. ..................... . . . . . .836

Jjachlan Mdntosh Chapter, D. A. R. ......................... 10 (
Lackner, Martin .................. 531 Roger de, a noted Indian Tra
P. ........................... 793 794
Macon ..................... Lafayette, Battle of ........ .999, 1 000
County-seat of Walker, ...... 99S The Great, a Revolutionary Gen. (formerly Marquis de)
156, 395, 495, 535, 545, 988, 989 Lays cornerstones of two
Green and PuJaski ......'.. 103 Road .................... 2O4, 206 LaGrange, Col. ............. .974, 975, Female College .............. 973 The county-seat of Troup
971 Laing, J. A. Col. .................. 959 Lamar, Basil ............ 4S1 , 748, 884

Marshall H. Rev. ...... R. H. .................. . . . . . .977 R. Q. ................. . . . . . .836 Samuel Rev. .......... .... .678 "William ............... .... .330 La,nfair, Austin ............. . . . . . .326 John .................. Langston, Jeptha ........... . . . . . .573 T. L. ................. . . , . . ,579 Lankford, G. "W. ............ Lanier, a dead town ......... . . . . . .773 Bird ................... Chapter, U. D. C. .... ...... 31 4 Charles ................ . . . . . .236
Oak, The .............. . . . . . .621 Robert S. ............. Sidney: Macon's M:emori
the Master Minstrel,
Laslie, Lochlain ............. . . . . . .955 Lasseter, B. ................. . . . . . .681 Lassiter, Hardy .............
. . . . . .342

INDEX

Latham, Col ................ ..... .365 ..... .491

James "W. ............ ..... .718 Latimer, Charles ............ . ... .513
James H. Dr. ......... ..... .699 R. T. .................. ..... .468 Latta, Alexander, a soldier
1812 ................. ..... .927

Lattimer, Charles ........... ..... .511

Robert ................ ..... .854

Launitz, Robert E. ......... ... 1 0 5

Laurel View, home of Sen. El liott, 730

Laurens County, treated

. .717-721

..... .717

John, Lleut. Col. ...... ..... .717

LaVein, Peter .............. ..... .387 Lavender, John ............. .... .1063
Law, cola^6n*?T.!^?0.un1:y : -^||

1099
And Agnew ................. 382 ord of Savannah" .........402
County ...................... 16S Treated ............... .721-725
Fitzhugh Gen., quoted ...... .12 Gordon Congressmann from
Georgia Henry, Gen. ( "Light-Horse
Harry"), 349, 350, 577, 588, 604,
Cumberland Island for nine ty-five years ............. 1-12 Epitaph on Tomb ........... 2 JsSnes ~W'. Dr! ' (Re'v.V-'.'.'.'.eV/eos Jesse ........................ 754 Major, "Light-Horse Harry's"

William ..................403, 412
Ltw^ence', Gj.r*&. . : I : : : ! : : : : 1 '.'.'.'.'.'. 641

Visits grave of father at Dungeness ............... 11-12
Mentioned, 3, 14, US, 212, 244, 348, 373, 722, 1012, 1029, 1034
wS^owie.?- . a. .Re.vlu.t.10.n.-. 4

U of . . . . . .641 . . . . . .573 Lawson, Alex. J. Judge ..... . . . . . .340 David .................. .309, 866 E, F. Judge ........... . . . . . .340 Hugh, a Revolutionary dier, 140, 142, 146, 'T04, 706, John, Capt., an office r of Revolution ........... .340, 98S John, Major .......... . . . . .1017 Roger ................. ......704 T. G. Judge, Congress man, 866 Lawton, Alex. R. Gen. 88, 105,, 412, 413 ...... .88 '.'Lay of the Last Minstrel, Th e" ..154 "Lead Kindly Light" ....... ...... .49 Leak, Garlington ........... . . . . . .929 Leake, Counsellor ........... . . . . . .412
Leathers, Mr. ............... . . . . . .759 Leaves from the Portfolio of a
. .373 LeConte, Jane .............. . . .. . .739
J. A. Mr. ............... , 430, 739
Joseph ........425, 430 , 739, 740 Louis .................. . . . . . .73E>
. .. . . .936 Ledbetter, Richard, a Revoluition-
. . . . . .760 Lee, Alice ................... . . .. ..886

Leftwick, John T. ................ .864 Le Gallienne, Richard ........... .240 Leigh, Anson B. ................. .491
Cannon ......................612 Leimberger, Christian ............. 531 "Leisure Hours," by J. B. Cobb, 197, Leitch, W. N. .................... .517 Leland, Stanford University. ..... .256 Leman, Ensign ................... .,71 Lemon, Robert .....'.'.','.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ^467 Lennard. L. M. ........ ......958, 959 Lenox, Charles, Duke of Richmond 880 Leonard, John ................... .421
Thomas Iv. Dr. ............. .348 Lester, George N. ............... .470
German L. ................. .573 James D. ................... 794
Richard .................... .644 Rufus E. ................... .412 Lett, Capt. ....................... .342 LeVert Female College ........... .939 Octavia Walton Madam, 905, 939 Levi, John ....................... .546 Levy, Lionel C. Col. .......... 824, 976 Lewis Curtis ............... .929 David W. .................. .757 Dlxon, H. ............. -869, 1051 Elijah B. ............. .774, 862 George ..................... .945 Henry ...................... .705 Henry G. ................... .600 Henry T. Judge ........ 640, 641 J. B. ....................... .360 John Major, a Revolution-

1100

ary officer ................294

John W. Dr., C. S. S......... 421

Leander A. .................802

Miles W. ...................640

Olive

..................383

p. A. ........................ 715

Peter Tillman .............. .997

Thomas Jr. ................. .-341

Thomas Sr. ................. .341

Ulysses, Col. ............ 818, 821

William, a Revolutionary

soldier .....................933

Lexington Va .............. 2, 11, 12

Ga. ......................... .397

Road ................ ....... .142

The county-seat of Oglethorpe,

839

Leyden Austin ...................573

Liberty Boys, The ................ S84

County ................. 268, 269

TjJ-eated ............... .725-743

Guards, The ................735

Independent Troops, The. . .735

Library of Southern Literature,

foot-note ..............196, 225

"Life of Johnson" ................. 51

Lightfoot, Benja

T ' R. H. .

;oln, Abr;

Benjamin, Gen.

Gen" y.'. . f.ea. G. . ."..".."..". .".923, 986

President ...................867

;olnton, the county-seat of Lin

coln .......................744

John ......................6.76

Linda:

.823

John . Lindsey, Jol

. .760 .105*

John, f ,t Kettle Cri

.1049

Mr. .

Williar

Linto L_i_o___ o._f _Lu_.cerne Lipham, Capt. . Lippett, A. J. Lipscomb, Andre' A. Dr.

.827 .424 . .44.419

T. W. ..'.................. .'.243

Lisbon, Ga. .......................213

Lisles, Charles ....................546

Little "CDeodarit"Creek

............... .554 .50

Frank Maj.

......... .

see," how

a famous ballad came to be

written ................. .39-44

M

ned ............. 232, 233

Prince ....................... .25 River ........................134 River Town, a Cherokee Vil-
lage .......................418 Round Top ..................827 Samuel ...................... 705 William ............883, 939, 943 William A. Judge, 600, 821, 824,
828, 829, 939, 940 William G. ..................939 W. R. ...................... .563 Littlejohn, Z. A. .................. 501

Lively, Abraham ..................340 Matthew, a .Revolutionary soldier ..................... 340
Lively, S. .........................631 Liverpool ............................ 79 Livingston, Adam, a Revolution-
ary soldier ............... .632 Alfred .................. 835, 837 Longstreet, Augustus B. Judge....831 Leonidas F. Col. ....513,632,830 Livingston, the forerunner of Rome
551 Lloyd, Edward Capt. ............ 397
James .......................573 James, Jr. ..................573 John ........................ 573 . Loachaby, John .................. .823 Lochran, O. A. .............. 440, 44S Lochrane, Osborne A. Judge, Chief
Justice ......321, 579, 599, 716 Lockett, A. ...................... .794
A.bner .......................794 Sol. .......................... 949 Lockitt, T. ...................... .1018 Lockhart, B. ...................... 748 Locust Grove, when the first Cath
olic Church in Georgia was built ................1054 Lodi ...............................206 Loflin, James ..................... .670 Logan, Daniel ................... .703 J. H. Prof. .................573 J. P. Dr. ............... .573, 576 Major ..................... .1031 Logue, Calvin .................... .608 "London Times" ................. 240 "Lone Star" Flag of Texas woven by a Georgia woman, 34, 44,
495 Long Cane ........................096
Crawford W. Dr. ...424,425,445 Bronze medallion at Univer
sity of Penn. ........ 690, 691 .Monument unveiled at Jeff
erson ................ .688, 690 Discoverer of Anaesthesia. .770
!, Col. W. . a Revi
. - . . . .. . . . _... , Stephen H. ................ .566 Young J. ................... .491Longino, tf. ..................... .680 Longinos, The ................... .36 Longley, F. M. Judge ............ .978 Lontsstreet, Augustus B. Judge,
639, 837, 916 Longstreet Chapter, U. IX C.......656
Gen. .........................562 Helen D. Mrs. ...... 502, 563, 872 James, Lieut. Gen. 583, 627, 1038 Institute .................. . .487 -William ............564, 893, 915 Lookout Mountain ................293 Looney, John ......................182 Lopez, David ...................... 98 Mrs. ........................ .98 Lord, William .................. .1063 Lothrop, D. and Co. .............. 226 Lott, Arthur ...................... 336 Daniel .................. 336, 472

INDEX

Louders, Abram . . . . . Louis XVI of France .
Bishop of ...... ............ .120 seat of Jeffer............. .705
The old Slave M arket: a soli-
Burning the Ini quitous Rec-
Georgia's first permanent

............. .705 And Wadley Rai Iroad ...... .148 "Gazette" ......
itionary soldier .......... David .......... James ....................... .977 Peter E. Dr. . . . . . . .719, 721, 964 William A. Dr. . ............. 5 7 9
E. ........................... .696

L.ovell, E. F. Jr.

.............. .84

Lover's Leap, near Le;xington. .... .842 Oak ........... ............. .6-21

............. .31 / Low, C. Sr. ..........

Lumpkin County, treated ....754,760 Mentioned ............ .185, 186 George ................ 843, 105S
H. H. ...................... .794 Jolin H. ................ .555, 847 Joseph Henry, Chief Justice,
782, 844, 845, 847
Lucy, married Middleton Pope, Martha, now Mrs. Compton, Samuel ............ .600, 845, 847 Washington ............... ..420 Wilson, Gov., 141, 159, 423, 433,
847, 931, 1060, 1061 Lumpkin's Battery ............... .442 Lumpkins, The .................. .847
Lushing, Mr. ..................... .857 Lyall, Sir Charles, F. K. S. .......617
John ........................ .573 Michael ...................... 573 Peter ....................... .573

............. .670 ............. .884 James P. .................... .934

dier ......... ............. .714

........ .162, 164

............. .990

............. .387

Lowndes County

.............. 3 0 1

Treated ....... ......... .750-754

William ....... ............. .750

Lowrey, George, Pres ident of the

Cherokee Couiicil ........ .182

John S. Mrs. . . ............. .957

Lowry. B. ........... .............. 6 2 8 David ......... ............ .1058

Robert J. Col. . . . . . .509, 573,577

Loyless, E. B. ..................... .958 ............. .901
Lubbock, Governor of Lucas, E. B. .......
E. L. .......... ............. .821 Fred W. ......

Nat ........... ............. .949 W. D. ......... ............. .821
............. .419 Luckey, S. ......... ............. .933

Lucy Cobb Institute, sketch of, 437, 438
Luffman, "William . . . ............. .81 2 Lukes, The ......... ............. .304

William, a Revolutionary sol dier ...................... .70S
Lyons, James M. ................ .490 J. R. ....................... .821 The county-seat of Toombs County ................... .968
McAcloo, Wm. G., Secretary of Treasury ......... 216, 363, 470
McAfee, Taliaferro .............. .467. McAllisier, Fort .................401
McAlpin I-Ienry Judge ............ .394 McArhor, Thomas W. ............ .573 McArthur, Douglas ............. .1029
Walter S. ................. .1030
McBrayer, Andrew ................ 850 McBride, John ..................... 865 McCall, Charles .................. ,33(i
Francis S. ................. .329 Hugh, Capt., Rev., Soldier
and Historian, 73, 134, 3 1 8, 410 413, 815, 1048
J. G Judge ................. .328 Roger ...................... .307 Stephen .................... .374 William, a Revolutionary sol
dier ...................720, 924

1102

INDEX

James J. .............. John .................. Josiah ................. McDonough, county-seat of Henry"

McCardell, Charles ......;... .317, 318

MeCarter, Aaron ......

"""

McCarty, Roger ......

McCay, Charles F. Pr(

University ....

Edward .........

Henry K. Judge .

McClarty, George .................__.

"Wilson ......................304

McCIean, Andrew ................ .884

McCIendon, Guy ton .............. .965

John ...................... ..724

McClelland, John ................. 771

Samuel ......................771

McClesky, J. R. Capt. ............ 824

McClinigan, Elizabeth ............705

John .........................705

McCIoud, Mr. .................... .130

McCIusky John ................... 822

McColTlu.mH , . Ja.c.o.b....................................4.65072

McConkey, William .............. .705 MlcConnell, I51i Gen. ............. .420
H. ...........................628 J. ..........................-.656 T^ ------------- -ir^ JW. . MP.. .D.r................................7..2..8.,. S87952-

William ................. 416, 573
i8or; SSe,- B: ::::::::::::::::?2I Mr - .--..-.-...........--..-346 Robert ....................... 844 Stewart, soldier of 181 2 ...... 835 McCormac, Mathias ............... 861 McCormack, David ................ 861 McCormick, Col. ................. .720
Paul .........................702 McGranix, John ...................304 McCree, Mrs. .....................644 McCreery, William .............. .705 McCrimmon, Duncan F. .......... 1033 McCroan, James ................. .705
Thomas .................... .705 McCullock, Patrick ................ 705
Joseph F. ..................1001 McCollough, John Jr. ............ .771
John Sr. .................... .771 Seth, .........................771
3^^'. :'^^"'l

TM n ary A s J? ler --------. - -iOOS McCurry, A. G. ............. .675, 677
John G. .....................676 Julian B. .................... 6 / 6 McCutchen, C. D. Judge ....1002,1039 McCutchins, B. .................. 1001 McCutlers, B. ................... .705 McDade, David ...................794 John ........................ .644 McDaniel, Charles A. Col. .......368 Henry ...................... .596 Henry D- Gov. ....267, 582, 1009 L.. O. ..................... ..573 P. E. ........ .. , .........573 "William ......................644 McDonald, Alexander .......864 Charles ......................771 McDonald, Charles J. Gov.. 159, 308,
318, 319, 468, 623, 811 Edward .................... .879

McDougald, " ' -J

,, _,,

John ........................884

Mr. ......................... .955

M. .......................... .686

McElroy, I. S. Dr. ............... .825

Samuel ....... ........

5H

"William

511

McElvain, Daniel" '. '. '. '.'. '.'.'. '.'.'. '. i".' '.789

McEWan, Elias ...

......... 505

McEntire, Dr. ..................... 563

James

812

McFarland, John . .'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.": : I : i I.'.'946

xT " GQ ' ---------- -1^00011

McFerrin, Billy, an " IriVh Black"

smith

129

McGee, James . . .'.'. '.'.'. ........... !s43

Patrick ......................705

Pleasant .....................812

TThheoompailsus ................-..*94*9

McGehee, J. B. Rev. .............. 879

% ;:;.-; -;;;;: i 8 "-.1 ^

McGhee, Tarn .....................843

McGibony, R A

<

823

McGillivray, Alexander," Great 'Chief

of Muscogee Indians. ..... .814 Chief of Upper Creek Indians 164 Chief of Lower Creek Indians
21,22 Mentioned ........476, 1006,1019 Lachlan ............ 387, 882, 883 McGIrth, Daniel ........ .334, 335, 338 The notorious Tory leader, 134,
268, 936 McGlasher, Peter Oen. ........... .412 McGough, John, a Revolutionary
soldier ..................... 631 Mr. ............. ........... .632 Robert, a Revolutionary sol-
dier ...................715, 795

M^SSi i-:::::::::::::::::::i!S

McGriff, P. T. Judge ......... .326, 861

Thomas

861

McGuire, James .. /.V.".'.'.'.".' '. '.'.'.'.'.'. '.6Si

Thomas

369

McGuirks The".'.'." "".""""."; "526

McHenry, Hallis, Miss ............ 801

James .... .

883

Mcllroy, Adam ....'.'...'............ 705

Mclnnes, D. ........ . ......... . .387

Mclntosh, Ann, Mrs. ............. .771

County, treated ....... .768-772

Family, The ................768

Guards .................... ..467

Henry M. ...................524

J. ............................162

"

~~ ~"

INDEX

"

( 110

643, 668, 669, 742, 771, 772, 898, 934
Maria J. ............... .740, 772 Reserve .................... .340 Rock: where the most famous
of Georgia treaties was made with the Creeks ..... .161-109 Memorial to Gen. M cln-
Trial ................... .345, 346
Chief of Lower Creeks and friend of Georgia ........... 2 5
Murdered for his part in the Treaty at Indian Springs,
161-109 Memorial to the Chief un veiled by the D. A. R. .... .163 Mclnvail, James ................. .715 Mclver, Calvin Rev. ............. .908 McKay, a Revolutionary soldier. .735
McKay's Riflemen ............... .735 Trading House ........ 734, SS6
McKelvey, James ................ .705
McKenzie, Alice Mrs. ............ ,5t>3 A. .......................... .330
Chesley .................... .a/76 Daniel Rev. ................ .684
William, President, how his Presidential boom was launched in Thomasville, Ga. ................... .240-250

Mr. ......................... 9' McMullan, F. L. .................. 66"
Hugh ....................... 4 McMullen, James ................ 3
dier a . . . eV . U .! na.ly. - S . . . 6
Sinclair ..................... McMullin, S. .....................
"William ....................
M Murphey, D. D. .............. G'2t
M Natt, Amos .................... M Naught, William .............. 5
8 M Neill, Daniel ................... 7C M Night, "Washington Rev. ....... M Norton, Neill .................. 3: M Phail, Duggan ................. M Phaul, Wm. H. .............. 1 oe M Pherson, Elijah ............... 3
Fort ........................ 5 James Gen. ."....... 573, 593, 8 James B. Gen. .......... 208, 251"
M Pope, Jesse .................... 7 M Rae, Christopher ............... 7
9. KtEurguhar ...................
9^ 7E The countv'-seaV "of" " Telfair.' ' 952 McRight, "William, a Revolutionary
Mc Waters, Hubbard .............. 3< Me Whir, William Dr. .............

'William .................... .081
McLane, Wiley, a. Revolutionary
McLaws, A. H. ................... 896 Emily Lafayette ........... .91.7 Lafayette Gen. .....406,412,916
McLean, James at Kettle Creek.. 1048 McLendon, A. ..................... .346
Eeniah ..................... .491
Jacob, at Kettle Creek. ..... 1048 Nicholas W. ................ .573
dier '....................... .680 McLeod, A. .................. .945, 955
Alexander, Talmadge ...... .798
George M. Troup ........... 798 Hugh M. Lieut., receives
"Lone Star Flag" from Miss Joanna E. Troutman, the designer .............. .35 Acknowledges same in let-
Mentioned .................. .34 William Archibald ........... 798 McMahon, J. Capt. in Mexican War 396 McMichael, John ................. .346 McMichan, James ................ .705 Moses ....................... 705 McMillan, Alexander .............1047 Col. ......................... .563
Garnett Col. ........... ,648, 650

J. a. Dr. .................... 8 64
McWhorters, The ................ 6, McWilliams, Capt. .............. 9
Robert ...................... 3 Mabry, Ephraim .................. 8
H-. P. ....................... 3 John, a Revolutionary sol-
8 W. J. Capt. ............ .304, 9 "Macauley, The Georgia," C. C. Macedonia Church ".".'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'.'. . . .'
4 Machiavelli ....................... Maclntyre, Archibald ............. 9
A. T. Judge ............. .964, 9 Mack, -I B. Dr. ............... .164,
J. B. Mrs. (foot-note) ...... John ........................ Mackay, Patrick ................. Robert ......................
William . .'. .'.'. .................
Maclean, Clara D. ................
Ga., 19, 34, 148, 200, 201. 237, 238, 239,
America's first Christian
History Club of ........ 237, Tn the Mexican War...... LaFayette's visit to.... 311, The metropolist of middle
Guards ............... .311, Lodse .......................

310

MaddenTTiTmes M! '. '- '. '. '.'. '. '. '. \ '. ~. '. '. '. '- ~.85G

Maddock, Joseph ................. .884

Maddox, Benjamin ............... - 539

Gf E

...................243

James A Judge. .......... ..1039

John

420

John A" ""................. .421

John "W. Judge. . . . .416, 552, 557

Joseph

.................. .865

Robert F Col. ........... 577, 836 Robert Y ..................573

SR

...................1036

Warren Capt. ........... 920, 921

Maddux John

..................696

Thomas

...... .......... 1018

Madison County, treated. ......774-777

Female College, The. ....... .799

Springs '.'. - .........'.... .'.774

The county-seat of Morgan, 799

Madrid

................... 74, 362

Maffett, John Col., a Revolutionary

soldier

.................. 511

Magenta . ..................... ..20-6

Magnolia a lost town. ............453

-Mahon Lord

.--- . ..........376

Mahone, Thomas ............. 669, 670

"Major Jones' Courtship"........ .414

Mallard, John B. Prof............ .740 R Q Dr ,.--. .. ........743

Thomas .................... .137

Mallon, Bernard prof. ............. 5S1

Mallory, C. E. ................ 522, 524

Stephen R. .................. 965

Mallory's "Life of Jesse Mercer," 1041 Malloy, O. G. .................... -.329

J II ...................... ..32&

Malone, D. R. Mrs. ................ 237

F

..................... ..696

J .W. Rev. ............. .821, 879

Peter ........................940

Robert ...................... 907

S

..... .......... .696

"William

....

.... .680

"William B

468

Malony, Samuel M. ............... .467

William .....................467

Malplaquet .................... 206, 207

Maltbie, William .................. 644

Manadue, Henry, at Kettle Creek,

1045,1048

Manassas, Battle of...75, 78, 288, 1010

MandeviHe, Appleton ........ .367, 371

Leon" P " ' '/.".'.Y.V.Y.".'.".'.'.VeV,'871

Mangham Henry --- ....... ... 949

Mangum 'Nat

...

... 573

Robert .......................573

"Wheeler .....................573

"William

.... ........ 573, 884

W E ..................... ..856 Manley Emma Miss. .............. 563

Joseph P .................. .929

Manly, "W. J. Dr. ................ .10-36

Mann, David "W. .................. 681

John

............ .......... 936

Reuben ..................... .803

W. S. ........................970

Manning, Jcthro ..................573

Manuel Labor School, first in United

States .................... ..436

Manson, Francis C. .............. ..864_

Maplehurst .............. . ..... .552

Maples, Israel ................... ..789

Marbury Horatio

. .1058

Leonard Col. .... .Y.Y. . .".480, 910

At Kettle Creek. ........ ..1049

Marcomson, John, a soldier of the Revolution .................575
Marengo ...................... 206, 210 Marietta, county-seat of Cobb. .. .454

Ladies' Memorial Association,

458, 460 Marietta's Two Silent Bivouacs,

460, 462 Mariner, Benjamin ...............317

Marion, a lost town. .......... 985, 987

County, treated ......... 777, 778

Francis Gen. ............... .985

Revolution. ... 713, 777, 932, 985 Marist College .................... 581

MarKham, "William .._.............. 573

R. T. ........'.....'....'.....'.. 821

Markwalter, Mr. ................. ..441

Marlborough, Duke of............ ..50

Maroney, P. D. .................... 994

Marsh, Edwin W. ............ 573, 1002

Spencer ................ 416, 1001

Marshall, A. A. Dr. ...............792

Abraham .................... 482

Daniel, Tomb of.....47 6, 4S1, 482

G. "W. ..................... ..922

Jesse ........................ 564

T...I,-

o = ,,

Ma

M

Ma Martin, j_>. jj. ..................... .BUI

Emanuel ................... .369

F. J. Dr. .................... 573

George .......................720

J- A. .......................1029

Jacob ........................716

James Sergeant, inscription

on monument ......... 642, 879 Jane E. Mrs. ................ .815

John Gov. . ...407, 705, 873, 1023 John H. Judge. .... .818, 820, S62 Joseph .......................476

Marshall .................... .781

" TT ^~

"^



vV- C.

vV. H

Martelle Tower .............. .390-391 "Mary and John," The, a vessel..726 "Maryland, My Maryland," origin
of the famous war song, 44, 49 Maryland ........................... 74 Mary Telfair Home for Old Women,
953 "Marye," General Gordon's horse. .587 Mason, G. T. Judge. .......... 968, 969
Lowell, Dr. .................. 292 Mark ....................... .861 W. W. .......................864 Masonic Lodge, first organized in
Georgia ...............100, 105 Masons, The ................. .103, 105 Massachusetts ...................... 79 Massengale, St. Elmo. ........... .763

Mecklenburg- Declaratio

1105

John W.
n, K. G. Dr. .......... .580, 753 s, George Gov., a Revolu. tio: y soldier, 283, 539, 540
42, 843, 846, 847, 887, S88, 914, 986, 10-06, 1042, 1060 .......................803

. Re

-ry

Ma this. J.
Matthe

Meek, A. B
of Fr; nklii Meld rim, "Peter W. ................. 106 Mell, P. H., Chancellor. . .432, 640, 740,
741, 839 Rifles, The ................ ..442 MeH's Kingdom ....... ....... 839 Manual ..................... .432 Meltock, Joseph .................. .481 Melton, C. W. ................... .990 "Memories of Fifty Years"....... .469 "Men of Mark in Georgia," quoted,
271, 27-2 Mercer. Dr. ...................... .724
George A., Jr. ................ 84 George A., Sr. ............... 106 "Hill .........................1046 Hugh W. Gen. ......... .391, 412
871, 10-51, 1055/1061

Mattock, Jo;

........... .945

aer Dr. .

.452

........... .977

Tori

veil, Au\f\\fsy Col. . . ...... .729, 733

f 10

W l-l .

........... .629 ........... .629

1.\f'ocri

(V>1. ...... . . .612, 733, 888 ........... .733

Oeoi"John' Meredith, Meriweth.ar, Als

. .528
.'.'.'si f,.1063 r, sis

Coil"nty, t reated

. . . .77 8-784

id G!e n . , 15;

423, 424,

6, 697

779,

1046 1055, 1057, 1060, 1061

.1057

Ft a.i

-.843

rge

..fi97

May, Daniel

468

.... .823

" Mark ........................720

William ................421, 1023

Mayer, David .....................573

Mayfteld. Stephen Rev. .......920, 921

Maynard, John .................... 705 Mays, Gideon ..................... 720

Stephen ..................... 510

"W". C. ...................... .977

Mayes, William .................. .467

Meade, Gen. ................. .70S, 709 " - - - ---- -udge..........77-

irde

nty

George Walt'

...1-22,124, 9] '2, 1004

Jason, a Revolutionary sol-

Mershon, A. R.

.... .10 6, 6ff, 1
200, 2

Methodis G
Metht Mexican Wai-, Cherokee- ... . . . . . ..419

Chathar

. . . 396-397

Silas B. ................... . .968 Alexander A. Dr ........... . .833 islin. J. H. .................. . .573

Michael, Bar nard .......... ...... .336

Michand's F,srest Trees. . . . ...... .617

Middlebrooks,

. .670, S04

Lucius L. .................. .243 Middle Georgia, Military and Agri
cultural College ..... .160', 2S1 Midville, Ga. ..................... .339
135-138, 726-743 Meeting House ............. .268 Society ..................... .737 Mikva, Israel, Congregation ........ 98 Milfort, J_.e Clerk ................. 814 "Militia Drill, The". .............. .446 Millar. Andrew .................... 601 Ezekiel ..................... .766
William .................... .884 Milledge Avenue, Athens. .........437
Chair of Ancient Languages, 143 John, Gov. and IX S. Sena
tor, donates land to Frank lin College ...........142, 143 Mentioned. ... .106, 107, 153, 158, 357, 380, 410, 652, S8S, 892, 905,
Richard, one of the founders of the Union Society ........ 99
Milledgeville .................. 356, 451 County-seat of Baldwin and
Ante-Bellum days recalled 272-273
Two noted schools of ..281, 283 The State Capitol for sixty
years ......... .......156-160 Town founded .............. 1 57

Milligan, Andrew, a Revolutionary - soldier .....................776
Mills, Albert L., Brig. Gen. ......591 Henry .......................702
"Mills, The," country place of Thom as Glascock, Sr. ...... .802, 911
Milner, John Rev. ................ 857 William .................... .702 Willis J. .................... .856
Milton County, treated ....... .786-787 Homer V. Gen. .............. 7 86 John a. Revolutionary solJohn, Governor of Florida,
Pickney H. ................. .607 The Poet, mentioned ....... . 7fii "William H. Gen. ............ .786 Minims, Floyd ................... .936 Mims, Edwin Dr. ............... .225 John F. .................... .573
Minis, Abraham ................... 9S Leah ......................... 98 Simon ....................... .98 in Georgia ................. 98 Samuel "W. ................. .491

"Federal Union" ........ 275, 276
"Union Recorder" .......... .276 Joseph ...................... .766 The county-seat of Jenkins..708 Miller, Andrew J. Judge. ..... 32, 784,

"Miscellanies of Georgia" ....20, 380 Mississippi ............70, 149, 171, 454
178, 179, 194, 212
"Village in the Civil "War," by Prof. John -Fiske, quoted,

B. E. Dr. .................. .944 Bright Dr. ..................934
thaniel Greene) .......... 5, 9 Tomb at Dungeness ......... i o Charles S. ................. .270 Treated ................ 784-785 Dennis ....................... 628 E. A. Judge .................778 E. C- Col .................. .732 G. A- ...................... . .818 K. V. M. Dr., 288, 556, 579, SOT, Mountains" ............... 598 John ....................... .882 John A. ........ ......... .63 S Major ...................... .991 Fhineas ............... 6, 11, 349 Phineas Mrs. .............. .126 Robert ...................... .705 Stephen F. . . . .49s, 864, &S9, f>9l Millican Chapter, IT. D. C., The... 563

Cumberland Island ......... 6 Missouri .......................... .180
A. W. ...................... .573 County ......................268 D. .......................... .774 Daniel R. .................. .551
337, 407, 787, 816, 871 David W. ..................1036 Emily G., afterwards Mrs.
Blackburn ................ .962
F. N. ....................... .525 C. .......................... .505 Henry Gen., a Revolutionary
James ......................1036 John ...............669, 714, 727 Madison R. ................ ,644

INDEX

1107

Nathaniel .............. .. . ..963

R. G. Judge ........... .823, 965 Richard Col. ........... . . . . .963
.567, 573

Thomas, a, Revolutions

"Thunderbolts" ........ "William ........... .423, William D. Col. ........ .... .965 "William II. ............. William J., Surgeon in

Mizell, Joseph ................ .... .360

. . - . .374

Mobile River ................

150

Mobbley, L. ..................

R. ......................

66 &

Reuben R. ............. . . . . .670

Mobley, J. M. ................ . . . . .671 Thomas M. ............ . . . .1007 . .98
Mong, William ............... . . . . -714

Monk, John .............

.... .791 County .......... .162, 3 05, 308. .
.790-798 . . . .1003

Musketeers ............. - . . . .310

Nathan C. .............

Montaigut, David ............ . . . . .387

Montigu, Duke of ............ .... .390

Monterey Square ............ .... .104

Montfort, Joel E. ............ .... .949

Feter ................... .... .949

Theoderick .............

Montgomery, Ala. ............

287

County, treated ........ . 797-798

David ..................

. 803

Fort .................... .... .266

Hugh .................... . . . . .410

John S. Judge ......... ..... 719

Mr., at ICettle Creek.... .... 1049

Richard, Major-Gen.

'.'.'.'.'. 9 4 9

'William "W. ............

Moodie, Thomas .............. . . . . .387

Moody, Alien, Corporal ....... . . . . .420

Capt. of Mississippi............ 1 5

Dwight L.. ..............

296

G. ....................... . . . . .267

Thomas ............... . . . . 317

850

Joseph ................ . . . . .1007

-VI 9 813

Quoted on the Cheroke e Re-

Moons, "William ............... . 511 Moor, James .................

. . . . . .691 Alsa ................... . . . . . ,423 Andrew ............... . . . . . .705
. . . . .821 D. ..................... . . . . ,467 Elijah ................. . . . . . .274

James .............. 544, 628 Jiles ....................... .771 John L. .................... John T. ..................
Matthew ................... M. .......................... .Philip ...................... Virgil Mrs. ................ "William ................ .387 W. A. .................. 679. "Win. F. .................. Moran, P. J. .................... Moravian Mission, The .......... More, Hannah .................... Morel, Mrs. ...................... Feter ............ ..... Moreland, Isaac ............. .715 John F. Dr. ................ William .................... Wood ....................... Morgan, Benj. F. ............... County .....................
Treated ............... .791 County-seat of Calhoun . . . . . Daniel Gen., a RevolutionDavid "W. Col. .....'........ .977 E. II. ....................... Guards ..................... Hardy ...................... .936
.766 John E. ....................
.502 M. J. ...................... S. B. C. Mrs. ............... Stockely .................. "William ..... .546, 668, 1040 Morgartton, the original county-sejIt Morris, Capt. ..................... .561 Fort ........................ Fred Capt. ................. .4.64 Henry ...................... .525 Joseph ...................... .468 J. Gideon, Capt. ........... Levi ........................ Thomas .................... "William, a Revolutionary
, 512 William S- C. .............. .90S
.705 John ....................... Malcolm .................... Morrow, D. .................. .627 R. E. .......................
. .423 Lavoiiia Miss, aft cowards
Mrs. Henry G. Turner . . . .980 Oliver II., a Revolutionary
soldier .................... William M. ............... . .424 Moseley, David ................. . .876 Elijah .................. .41{i, 680 H. T. ...................... . .931 Moses, Chas. L. ................. ..492 - Ebenezer .................. . .715

1108

INDEX

Raphael J. MELJ. ....102,824,8-28 Moss, Hudson ................... . 5"0
William ........... 387, 538,. 105S Mossman, James ................ 387 Mott, John ...................... .773 Moultrie, county-seat of Colquitt. . 473
An outline sketch of ..474-476 William Gen. .......... 101, 473 Mound Builders ................... 307 Mounds, Indian, in Bibb...... 316, 317 McDougalds ................. :i, 7 Moxmger, Henry .................. 1058 Mountaineers of Georgia., clmrac-
terlstics of ............ 251, 252

Muscogee Academy, County ....... Treated .....
Museogees, (see Cre. in the Mexica-n
Muss-rove, Mary ... Massey. TVeertham .. Myers, Edward H- Dt
J. C. Mrs, ..... Jolin T. Judge Mordecai ...... Myrack, Richard - ... Myrick, f. .......... Goodwin ......

ernor, the county-seat of Montgomery ............... 797

Nacoochee Institute Legend of . . .
NNaaJi1l.- Reuben.......

Mullaly, -William ...... Mullens, W. F.' Lieut. Mullis/ J, a H." Jr.' ".'.'. '. '. '.
or"ner. ;:::::::::::::::::: . John, a ate uncB RoyaHst

Nash, cas, t, "

Mtmro, G. W. G. .............

Murdoch, John .............. Murfreesboro, Battle of...... Murian, Nicholas, a Revolutionary
soldier ...................1022 Murphey, Alexander ............. .907
Charles, Col. ............ 510, 512 Edmund, a Revolutionary sol-
dier ...................... .907 Eug-ene B. Dr. .............. 90 > M. .......................... .936 Nicholas .................... .907 Murphree, John, a Revolutionary
soldier, grave marked ....339
Miles, a Kevolutionary sol"'--rphy,diA ern, thgornayve ..m..a.r.k.e.d...............537339

"-"""-

Qan

Neal, David, a Revolutic

....

Neerwinde,, ........................_.,,

jsreill, Cecil ........................ 825

Neisler. Charles "H. Mr. ........... 050

Hugh Dr. ..... .428, 424, 948, 951

Hugh Mitchell Dr. ........... 951

Nellums, Curtis ............... ...270

TSTelmfj A TVr ATri

<i^s

Ne r^on AUI?on

573

C Hoenmrvmodore..''.'.''.".".'.'.'".'.'.".".'.'"..'9 0S

John, at Kettie'Creek." ibVs,'io48 Robert ....................... 766 Rosalie ......................231

K. T.. Commissio
^{Sril-EdVaM'BeV
Neves, William ........

INDEX

1109

Nevil, John ................... .... .920 Nixon, Francis ............... .... .365

A romance of ......... .183, 184 Newell, Alfred C-, grandson o f Gov.
II. C. Rev. .............. .... .643 Kew England ............... .137, 689
441 Mentioned . . ...... 31,
....'. 768 Orleans, La. ........... . .45, 230
York, Treaty of. ........ ..... .23
Newman, Cardinal ........... ..... .49
Newnan, Ga. (see Bullsboro), 484, 485, Newsome, Ben Dr. ........... .... .940
George Dr. ............. .'.'.'.'.'.949 Gideon ................. James A. Capt .......... .... .963 Joel ..................... Joel D. ................. .... .977

Noble, S ......... ......... .... .803 William ................ . . , . ..803
Nobles, Sanders .............. .... .453 "Nonchiilence," residence of J oseph
Bryan ................ . . . . . ..96

Norcross, Jonathan .......... .567, 573 Newton J . . ....... .... .732 William ....,,.,...,.... ...... 7 2 7
Norrell, William N. ........... . . . .702

W \v.illira.m

..................................

.544, ....

711 .782

Anthony Mr. ........... .456, 491

Dr. ..................... .435, 486
238, 308 Georgia Agricultural Co liege,
426, 7.15

Northen, William J. Gov., 271, 300,

. . . .1018 Newspapers, Atlanta's ....... . . , . -.595 Newton County, treated...... .830-838

Norwood, Caleb ............... .7U5, 939. 795, 796, 939, !340, 1038
Nottingham, Curtis Dr. ....... .... .318

John Sergeant .... .268, 407, 830 John, of Clarke. ....... ..... 4 2 3

Nun, TEdwartl .............. . . . . ..936 Nunez, Moses ............... .387, 883

Nicholls, John C. Congressms L 4'f>3, 412
William I>. ............. ..... 574 Nicoll, John C ................ Night, S. E>. . ................. .913, 921 Nightingale, Florence ........ . . . . . 2 5 2
Phineas M. Mrs. (Mary K.), 126 Letter in regard to cott
Phineas M. ...... 4, 7, 8, 125, 127 Nicholson, Joseph H. Judge.. ..... .48
Rebecca Lloyd Mrs..... ..... .48

243, 553 Nutt, Andrew ................ .... .304
O
Oakland Cemetery ........... .... .571 Oak, The Jackson: a property
438, 439 Oats, Mrs. ................... .... .936
Rev. Mr. ............... .187, 188 O'Berry, J E. ................ .... .326 O'Brien, Kennedy ........... . . . . ..882

John .................... .... .424 Nix, E. G. Mrs. ............... .... .976
Mr. ..................... .... .554

Oconee County, treated ...... .... .838 O' Conner, D. Lieut., Mexican AVar,, 39G

1110

INDEX

Odom, Archibald, a Revolutionary

D. P. Dr. ......... .......... .969

Ephraim .......... .......... .702

J. S. ............. .......... .958

L. B. ............. .......... .968

.......... .703

Uriah ........................ .766

W. W. Dr. ........ .......... .909

O'Donog-hue, Fattier

......... 1 0-5 4

.......... .734

River .............. .1 46, 332, 343

J. "W. ............. ......... ..329

Thomas I. ........

Z. W. .............

Oglethorpe Barracks

......... .400

County, treated . . .. . . . .839, 848

Chapter. D. A. R. ......... .815

Ironsides ................613, GJ 4 ox faavann. 10-1

"Nine" .......... "Perm" .......... "Rock" (Gen. He?nry L.
nlng) .......... Sixes, a Cherokee

1011 .690 Be] .234 .4.18

154 , 1&5

Smyrna Chuz-eh .

1050

Stop, a Cherokee chief...... .418

Talbot Mansion .

1053

Tebeauville ...... . . . . .1010, 1012

Testament .......

. -.73

Town, a Cherokee village. . . .455

Oldest Presbyterian Chiirch. The. .840

Oliff, Mr. ..............

.336

Olin, Dr. ..............

.831

Negotiates an important treaty with the Creek Indians at Coweta Town.. 69, 72
Decisive victory over Spaniards at Bloody Marsh. .73, 76
Mentioned., G, 59, GO, 61, 62, 63, 67, 68, 77, 78, 70, 85, 87, 97, 99, 105, 114, 115, 271, 331, S3 2, 350, 360, 378, 379, 380, 381, 390, 391, 390, 406, 407, 40-S, 532, 549, 5S3, 609, 619, 662, 733, 768, 771, 798, 814, 839, 881, 907
Light Infantry of Savannah. . 287 Monument ................. ..621 University ................. ..284
Oglethorpe's Regiment . ......... '.609 Ogletree, William, a Revolutionary
soldier ....................1091 O'Hara, Bishop ................... ,79
Theodore . . .... ........... .326 Ohio .................... .204, 247, 249
Ohoopee Church '.'..'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.".' '.686. 1020 River ........................335
O'Keefe, D. C. Dr. ................ 573 Okefinokee Swamp . . . . , .374, 375, 454
Sketch of ................ .1014 Old Agency on the Flint. ........ .163
Broom, a Cherokee Chief. ...415 Callioun Mansion ....:. .487, 488 Capitol at Milledgeville (II-
lustrated, ................. .150 Carrollton ............ ......369 Chenault Home, The: In the
neighborhood of which occurred the famous raid on
the. O.fmfp-rlf^i-ii.tia Trfifiiui-y
.218
etery .......... 104 nberland. ...... .350 me. Marietta.
456, 457 w YnrTt The. . . .
! the last meeting 01 tne confederate Cabinet was held (Illustrated) .................. .211, 212 "Hickory" .................... 25 Independent Presbyterian Church of Savannah, 3S2, 384

John J. J?. .................. .766

J. S. ....................... .573

James W. ................... 879

Peter ....................... .533

Place, The ............. 744, 745

P. M. ....................... 467

Thaddeus ................... .990

W. C. ....................... 960

W.rtl. J. ..................... .879

Olivera, David ................... ,.9S

Jacob ....

Isaac .....

"David Mrs.

Leah ......

^

David, Jr.

H. Colquitt). O'Neal. Daniel .................... 505
Erin Miss ...................237 Z. ........................... 50-2 O'Neill, Peggy, how she dissolved a President's Cabinet. ........... SOS

Oothcalosa) residence of the Adairs, 627
O-poth-le-yo-ho-lo ..................165 Speech on Mclntosh Rock, 1 68, 169
Orcutt, Thomas K. .................311 Origin of the Southern Cross of
Honor ............... .322, 223 Of the XJ. IX C. ........ .218, 222 Orme, A. J. ........................574 V C . . . .. ..............574 . F. H. Dr. .................... .579 Richard McAllister, 275, 276, 2S4 William P. .................-574
Ormond, W Ij. .... ............. .574
Orphan House, at Bethesda. . .. .80, 34 B. ............................856 Burrell .. -. . ..............929 Philip ...................... ..491
Osborne, Henry Judge.. .361, SS8, 1023 Jesse ........................ 994 W. C. ....................... 669
Osceola, a Seminolo chief. ....... .452 Osgood, John Rev......... 727, 730, 731
Josiah ...................... .737 Oswego, N. TT. ..................... 266 Otricaloga Burial Ground. ........ .294 Otis, John ........................ .S3 2 Ottery, Alexander ............... .766 Ottolengie, Joseph .............. ..387

INDEX

1111

Ousley, Robert ................... ,715 Outlaw, M. A. ....................-711 Overby B. II....................... 574 Overman, J. R..................... 473 Overstreet, Henry ............... . .882
J. F. ....................... ..473 Owen, Alien F. ................... .94:0
D. ..................... .774, 778
niel G. .................. .939 ......................634

Hyde Sir ................... ,33O

-

James H. ................... .17

Joseph .......................564

T. A. Judge ................. 360

Parks, Benjamin, anecdote of gold-

mining days ......... .186, 2SS

Henry .......................564

James O. Col. ........... 720, 959

M. M. Dr. .......... 16O, 277, 2S2

Parr, C. Z>......................... 574

Joshua .................. ...286 . . ___.j' Mansion .................. .394 Oxford, Ga. .........190, 202, 370, 830
P

Pace, Charles .................... .864

Davis .......................522

Jeremiah .................... 502

Richard Rev. ............... .865

Silas ........................ .766

Thomas ............699 766, 884

"W. H. .................. . . .699

W. "W. ................. .967, 90S

Padgett, K. ...................... .348

Page, John ........................468

John R .... ....... 821 822

Thomas Nelson ........ ... .322

Parha-m, Captain .................. 505

Roland ...... .........

.794

Sara Miss, married Sen. John

Hill ...................... ..695

Thomas .......... ...

.997

Paine, Wm. "W. Congressman

..412

Palmer, Benjamin M. Dr. ...... .888

Daniel ....... . ....... ...789

George, a Revolutionary sol-

dier, grave marked. .

.54 0

Jesse ........................318

John M. Gen..../. ..........

Palmetto State ...................

,

the

map ...................... .520

aramore, John ................... 063

William ....

...

.342

aris Exposition ..................29ft

The original county-seat of

Emanuel . . ....... ... .543

arish, Henry .....................754

Joel Capt., a Revolutionary

solflier .............

...631

Jonathan Capt. ..............715

Of St. George. ..........702, 703

William .....................949 Parrish, A. B..................... .303
Ansel Rev. .................. 303 H. W. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. 303
J. A. B......................303 J. A. J...................... .303 J. W. ........................303 T. J. ........................969 Parrott, George W. ................579 J. I... ....................... .959 "Parson Andrew" . .... ..............95 Parsons, Edward ..................574 Samuel, a Revolutionary sol-
dier ........................546 Passmore, Alexander ............1063 Pataula Kails .....................449 Pate James ...................... .681
J. H. ........................ 982 Wilham ...,.,.,..,,........,,680 Patillo, W. P. ................. 579, 833 Patrick, Robert ................. ..634 Patten, James ................... .304 William Lee Dr. ............. 304 Patterson, Batty ................. .674 John ........................ .876 J. W. Capt................... 752 R. W. ..................322, 323 WMlliam ......................674 -----
, Jame .................... John ........................ 387 Robert .......................295 Samuel, a Revolutionary sol-
dier ........................539 Patts, William ...................844 Paulding County ..................455
Treated ............... . S4S-S5O John .................... 848, 849 Paulctt, Henry ................... .365 Jesse ........................705 Lewis M. Paulk, Drew "W

Robert E. C:

George K., giff to University,
436, 439, S29 N. J. ....................... .823 Orchestra. ....................237 T. H. ........................ .17 ce Monument. The ............ 590 chtrec, how the name originated,
571

1112

INDEX

Peacock, Albert Mr. ............. . .223 J. B. Dr. ............... .324-, 327 . .327 L. M. ..................... . .516 P. L. ...................... ..336 Robert ..................... -.773
. .727 "Washington . . ............. -.997
. .057 . .879 . .655 . .893 . .564 John W. ................... Philip ....................... .879
.708 T. ......................... . .990 Tillman ..................... .670 William ..................... .926 Pearson, P\ ....................... .681 Jeremiah ................... .715 John ,..,......-......,...,., Pease, O. O. ................ .574
.825 Feavy, .. ........................ .781
.990 John B. .................... .574 John C. .................... .574 William Henry Prof ......... .004 Willis ....................... . 574 Feden, Henry TV., inscription on
.642 Peebles, J. L. .................... .629 Peek, J. A ........................ .859
TV L Col. ..... ... 919, 920 , 921 William ..................... .850 Peel, John, a Revolutionary soldk
704 Richard ..................... .705
WilHa-m ~L., ................. .579 William L, Mrs .............. -723 Peeples, Cincinnatus Judge,
<i57, 795 , 796 Drury ...................... .812 Henry ...................... Joseph ...................... .804
Tyler M. Col ................ .645
Pelot, Joseph S ................... 41-2 Pendergrass, James B. Dr. ...... .691
JNathaniel, an Indian fighter, 691 Penaieton, Bishop ............... ..752
Chas. K. Col. .......... .31 0, 1011 1014
Rathaniel ................... 1045
Penfleld, the cradle of Mercer tin versity .............. .313 , 636
Penn, William, a Revolutionary s< , 696
Pennick, Joseph .................. .804 .553

Thomas

,Y02

Pennsylvania ..................... . .74

University of, medallion to

1004 Pentecost, George ................ .490
John W. Col. ............... .491

Penton, William . .............. . 766

Henry ......................

Percival Square ................. . ..85

Perkerson, John

.387

Perkins, Archibald .................638

Col. ........................ ..502

Jackson .,....,..,..-......,. .949

.637

J. B. ........................ .502

.286

Peter .......................

Perry, county-seat of Houston,

, 684

J. A. ....................... .645

J. B. Mrs. .............. .057 , 058

, 773

Matthews C. Commodore.... .682 Oliver H. Capt. .............. William ................ .715 , 989
. 6701

Robert L. .................. .991 Perryville, Ky., Battle of ........ .368 Person, Major ................... Persons, A. P. ................... ..824
O. Ogden ................... .164

.997 T. ........................... 1018 Turner ...................... T. A. ....................... .711 Pervis, John ..................... . 267
William, a Revolutionary so 1dier ..... . . . .......
William G. ................. Petersburg-, an old forgotten to-
, 536 Va., Battle of ............... .447 Peterson, Ben .................... Hal. ........................ J. S. ........................ Petter, James .................... .949 Pettigrew, John ...................702 Petty, George M . . . . ... ......,.997 Pewgate, .Tosiab ................. .766 Pharooahs ........................ 17

Marcus ..................... .744

Phelps, Acq-uina ... ... ... ..... .697 H. C. Dr. ................... .821
Phi Kappa Society. .............. .446 Philadelphia . . . ... .82, 88, 101, 147 , 333

Philips, TV, .......................,.8(i Phillips, A. ....................... .896
Elbert ....................... G-eorge ........................633

Joe, at Kettle Oreek. ....... 1&48 - Joel .......................... .766

Levi ....................... T. C. ....................... Uriah .................. .627., 62S "W. B. .... ....... ... ... . -S23

William D. .....................S04 TV. 'L. Judg-e ............... .148 William R. ................. . 929

, 846 J. ........................... .896 'Phoenix Hall ..................... .466

1113

School ...................... . .863 Phone, Daniel ..................... 51 2 Pichler, Thomas ................. ..531 Pickens .......................... ..886
Andrew Gen. (Rev. Sol.), 132,
dier ..................... .1048 Pickett, Albert J. Col., Quoted on
Dr. Bibb . . . .306, 338, 549, 813, 814, 815
Mill ........................ .849 Pickett's Charge .................. 442 Pidcock, C. W. ................... .475
F. R. ....................... .475 John .........................475 J. N. ....................... .475 Piedmont College .................648 Continental Chapter, JD. A. R.,
Park, the Peace Monument. .589 Pierce, Bishop ................... ..041
County ..................... .265 Treated ............... .852-853
Franklin Cen. .....303, 413, 852 George Foster Dr., 285, 323, 638,
First President of Wesleyan, " 201, 20-2
Lovick Dr. .........038,822,829 R. H. ....................... .503 William, patriot ............410 "William G. ..................348 'Pike, Capt. ....................... .963 County, treated ......... 853, 858 Henry ......................1007 William .................... .1007
Pilgrim, Isaac B.... ............ ...574 O. A. ...................... .574
Pillow, Gideon J. Gen. ....... 999, 1000 Pincher, W. ..................... ..936
Puckett, Alexander ................ ..789 village, 1064
.......... Mountain in Harris
Mountain' in TJpson ......... . Pinkard, Thomas .................. .678 Pinkerd, John .................. Pinson, Robert J. ............... Pio Nono College. ................ .. Piper, John F.... .............. ....836 Jr'ipkin, Isaac .................720, 861 hitman, Daniel ...................574
Henry !H. .................. ..628 James Capt., a Revolutionary
soldier ................424, 775 Jesse ...................... .1063
.. .505 , ............., Last speech in the House of Lords ................. .376-378 Epitaph in Westminster Ab bey ....................... .377
'l. C. ......... . ... . ... . ..... ..319 nter's Hotel ...................273 asants, Eliz. Wood son. ... .477, 478
Edgar Allan, mentioned. ..... .49 Washington ................. 323 W. A. ...................... ..314

Poland .......................... ...104 Polk County, treated .......... 858-860
Mentioned ................. Gen. ................... .555 , 624 James K. .......... 848, 858 Leonidas Lieut.-Gen. and
Killed at Pine Mountain, 456
Pollard, J. ........................ William ..................... 1058
Pollock, Jesse ................... Ponder, A. .......................
D. .......................... -.794 Pon Pon, a settlement- .......... Pool, "William R .................. Pooler, Quinton ................. , 387 Pope, Alexander .................
Quoted foot note Britton ..................... Burrell, at Kettle Creek,
1048, 1058 Daniel ...................... 1029 Henry, at Kettle Creek,
715, 1 048, 1058 Jesse M. ....................
.843 .495 William, at Kettle Creek. . . . "William H. ................. .601 Wylie, at Kettle Creek...... 1048 Middleton ................... Poplar Springs Church ........... .718 Porter, D. "W. .................... -.803 Frederick ................... .528 J. H. ....................... .579 John S. .................... .270 John W. ................... .804 Oliver, a Revolutionary sol dier ..........157,631,637 , 836 Oliver S., Sr. ............... ..631 Rufus K. Dr. ............... "William ..................... . .631 Portugal ......................... . ..98

..... Pottle, E. II. Judge.

,

.....................

Pon, Joseph T. Judge. ............824

Poullain, Anthony ................105S

Major ........................637

Pound, Jere M. .................. ..854

Poinds, M. ........................ 865

Powe, John W. .................... 968

Powel, James, Sr. ................ .491

Powell, Arthur G. Judge. ........ .600

Chapman Dr. .............. .574

1114

INDEX

S. ........................... ,544

Thomas S. Dr. ............. .574

Tinman ..................... .S7G

William .......... ...... .505, 546

Po-wer, Frank, a Revolutionary sol-

dier ........................ 539

James .......................468

Po-wers, Abner P. Judge........... 323

Glem ......................... 304

TT " --

....861

j, 46, 17

... .908

.... 031

;n,

4.S, 1040

712, 715

. . . .846

Willian
rush, Franc soldi*,. ....................^^~~
John .........................421 Pulaski, Casimer Count, a Polish,
officer in the Revolution, 107, S95, 407, 608, 801
Monument in Savannah {IIlustrated) ......... 103, 105, 395
Inscription ..................107 County, treated ........ .860-86*2 Kort ...;.....,,...,....,,., ..400 'Seizure of ...................287 "Palaski, The," lost Puritans in G< of Bosto:
Pursell, Willia

Presbyterian Church, Southern, where organized ........ ..888
At Cartersville, tablet to "Bill Arp" ................290
Independent, The ............292 Poplar in Willces. . . . . . 1049, 1 050 Ordination, First in Georgia,
1049, 10-50
Old Smyrna Church. ....... .1050 I liberty Church ............. 1052 ITopewell Presbytery created,
3 052
Theological Seminary ........841 Presbyterianism in Savannah, 382, 384

old church at Camden ..,, . .351

Occupy old St. Paul's in Au-

gusta for four years. . . . . . 119

Mentioned ..............137, 273

Pi-escott, Helen M. Miss. .......... 744

J. B- ........................ .529

Preston, county-seat of Webster. 1026

Henry ...................... .387

Henry Kirk ...............403

James H Major, of Baltimore,

Md. ......................591

Willard Rev. ................ 384

William C. ........... .761, 1026

William H .... .... ... .... -697 Prevost, Lieut-Col. a British com-

rnander in the Revolution,

137 932

Price Charles

. . ... 416

James

.. ... . '. . .. 410

J IK

... .............607

William .....

"William P. C<

soldier ................ .....3E>9

Pridseon. M. .......... ..........337

Prince, Oliver H., 319, 436, 446, 448, 864

Oliver H. Jr. ........... .309, 319

Prince's Digest of the Laws of

Georgia .................. .,319

Princess of "Wales .................113

Princeton, 3ST. J. ................... 302

Prior, Asa ........................859

Robert ...................... .705

Prison Commission ............... .280

Pritchard, Col., a Federal officer. ..15

Thomas .................... .407

Proctor Joshua ... .... .......... 505

Proudfit, Alexander Mrs. ......... .238

Provincial Congress

268 333

Pruett S W

"""

286

Fryor Absalom" "".".""...".".'. . . . .'S42

Quaker Road, Th* Savannah
Quakers in Georg Quarterman, John
Robert Rev'"'~'".".". 7,Vs',''r29, 730, 731, 743
Quebec, Siege of, mentioned. .797, 302 Queensboro, a lost town. . . . . . 342, 343,
701,704 Quigg, Henry Dr. ............ .918, 921 Quillian, H. K. ..................... 60'7 Quin, Silas O. <or Quinn) ........ -2G7 Quincy, J. W. Judge. ..............473
Samuel Rev. ................ -.79 Quinn, Albert ..................... I8
James Gen. ................. .705 Quintard, Bishop, author of "Balm
for the "Weary and the "Wounded" ............ .120, 456 Quitman, county-seat of Brooks,
327,328 County, treated ........... ..870 John A. Gen., officer of Mex-
ican "War ............ .327
M." William <^ov.
Ra.ck.ley, r^eban . . Rae, John .......
Family, The Ragan, Alexander
Robert A. . , Ragland E. ............ ........
Thomas ..................... Slg Ragsdale, Elijah, a Revolutionary
soldier .....................835 Elijah N. ................... .611 S. W. ......................850 -William M. ................ .511 Raines, C. W. .................... .SIS

INDEX

1115

L.. H. Mrs., I U. D. C. . . i,Foot-note) .
Rainey, Herbert C. Isham H. .... N. R. C. .....
Ramsey, James ......_........___, J. A. Dr. ....................574 J. N. Col. ..............671, 824 W. P. Dr. .................. .491
Raley, Charles, a Revolutionary soldier ................988, 9S9
Rambo, Regina Miss, how she marked an era ........... .462
Randall,EJdaim t es R' y'der, -P--o-e-t ; My
Wheeler Dr. Randle, Willi.
.574 ......990 .504, 963 ,j cimes .......................934 John ....................481, 490 Sanders .....................369 Read, James ......................387 James B. Dr. ........... .94, 856 Jesse ........................789 Joseph .......................656 ran, John H., Confederate Postmaster General, quoted, 14, 16, 212 Reaves, W. A. ................... 10 3 2 Reconstruction .............. .160, 297 Red, James ....................... 7 02 John .........................702 Samuel ......................702 "Red Old Hills"of " Georgia'''".'. Vl<(',"44.1 Redcliff, Samuel G. .............. .939 Redd, James K. .................. .822 Thomas "Y. Lieut. Col. of Ga.
396, 823 Redden, George, at Kettle Creek..1048
John Scott .................1045 Joseph Scott, at Kettle Creek,
1048 Scott, at Kettle Creek. ... .1048 Reddick, a Revolutionary soldier..694 Redding, Anderson, a Revolution
ary soldier, 669, 790, 794, 795 Thomas ..................... 795 Reddish, Isham ..................1026 Reddy, William ..................361 Redish, John ......................267 Redley, David .................. .1065 James M. .................. 1065 Redman, "William ................ .884 Redwine, Jacob .................. .511 John .........................491 Ifjewis ....................... .491 Reed, Alex. O. .................... 854

John C. Col. ....... .484, 604, 846 Thomas B. Speaker. ........ .498 Thomas ..................... 574 Wallace Putnam ............ 004 Rees, Joel .........................922 Reese, Augustus, Judge .......... 806 Cha M.
_ ..,,,, ........................705 Joseph Dr. ................. .678 Reeve, Judge ...................... 9 9 5 Reeves, Edward .................. .487 James W. ...................510 Joseph ...................... 861 Register, Abraham ............... .453 Samuel
Ale~ ,, ,,_ Daniel" . .* .......... ...:... . . . [467 George ................. .369, 634 John B. .....................929 Matthew ....................369 R. J. Dr. ....................931 Robert Raymond Judge. .914, 915 Sallie Fannie, afterwards Mrs. "W. D. Grant ............... .975 Samuel, a Revolutionary sol-
.865, 868, 977 Tlic "William, Col. .......... .696, 975 William S. C. .............. 716 Reidsville., the county-seat of Tatt-
nall County .............. .943 Reiley, Owen ...................... 396 Reinhardt College ................ .420
Lewis ....................... .420 Reiter, Simon .....................531
T.' H. Judge" '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.T 4.8
yer" .....................1061
Re __ "Russell '.'..'....'..'....'......'... 574
Resaca, Ga. .......................624 Retreat, the home of T. B. King..623 Returns, R. T. ....................490 Reuter, Peter ..................... - 531 Revill, H. H. Judge .............. 784
"William T., a noted educa tor ....................783, 784
Revolution, Baldwin County in, 268. 276, 279
Bullock County in ...... 334, 335 Burke County in ........... .338 Daughters of, 3, 20, 74, 123, 124,
13:,163
Gunn ............ .273, 276, 278 The American, mentioned, 51,
65, 93, 100, 102, 123, 136, 137, 139, 141, 147
Battle of Kettle Creek. . .131-134 Dungeness . .".'.".'.'.'.".'.'.'.".'.".'.'. .1-13
First capture made at Tybee

1116

INDEX

Sai Re olutic
Mansion .............. .103-108 Siege of Augusta ......118-121 olutionary Memorials of Cam-
den ................... .353-354
Monuments of Savannah . 103-107 Soldier's grave marked, Ma-

a'ry soldier .'.......... .656, 714

Col. .........................424

Frank T. ................... 1039

Go v. of Alabama ............ 4 2 4

Governor of Georgia- ........ 88^

Gov. .........................762

James Madison ........... .907

John A. Rev. ................ 918

Joshua Sir ................51-83

L,. C. Esq. .................. .948

Moses .......................997

.rmedus .................. .835

Sila

.491

Thomas .................823, 850

"William E. Prof. ..........282

"William H. Dr. ........842, 963

~a. ..........................948

Rhin John ..................... .544

tnode Island, Report of the special

committee of the Gen. As

sembly to locate the re

mains of Gen. Nathaniel

Greene ....................109 .

Rhodes, Aaron ................... .907

Absalom ..................... 907

Absalom W. ............... .907

C. C. .......................574

John G. Corp. ............... 420

Matthew, a Revolutionary sol

dier .......................647

Willian

.574

Rhyne, James A. .................. 852

Rice, Capt. .......................268

Frank P. .................... 574

L. ........................... 5 3 8

Z. A. .......................574

Rich, D. E. ....................... 544

Richards, J. J. .................... 574

Robert H. ..................579

S. P. ........................ 574

"WWnatkinG.

.574

Richardson, A. .................... 865

Amos, a Revolutionary

dier ...................

Arm'istead, Maj. ........

F. M.

.574

J'ames

1007

John M. Major ........... ...

Walker ..................... 1058

"William ...................... 4 96

Richardsone, Cosnio P. Capt. M. D.

399

Ricne, Charles ................... .650

Richmond. Academy, the oldest of

Georgia's schools .......... 899

Academy, trustees ........... 118

Mentioned .............4si, 891

"Blues" .................396, 896

County, treated and mentioned

481, 880. 91 8

Duke of ............... .376-377

Hill, the home of Gov. Schley

892, 92~>

Ric

sol-

d,,i.e,,. ................... 939, 994

Ridflle, Gideon ....................977

Ridley, Everett ..................1064

y. M. Dr. ...................978

IT. B. Capt. ................. .716

Robert ..................... .1064

R. A. T. Dr. ........... .978, 979

Reiser, John Michel ............... 5 1

Riggins, Thomas ...............

Riley, A. C. Judge ..............

Ringer, James . . . Ringg-old, county-
Major R. H. .... Battle of . Riordan, Julia . . Riplen, Thomas Jf Ritch's Cavalry . Rivers, Joel Lewis Riv side Roany, . . ..rk, W. W. Robbins, Jeremiah

of Catoosa, 3 .574 .442 1063

M. B. ........................304 Mr. ......................... .365 "Wiley .......................467 Willis ....................... .865 Robertson, Andrew .............. .387 P. ........................... 4 2 4 James .......................387 John .......................1023 John Sr. ....................1023 John W., Adjutant General, 470 J. J. Dr. ................... .211 Matthew, Maj. ......... .309, 864 Pleasant .....................843 Robinson, B. ......................997 James N. .................. .365
J. J. ........................ ."453
John .... ,369, 496, 650, 703, 997
John E. .....................490 Lark ........................342 Randal. a soldier of the Rev
olution, his tomb. .... .488, 489 Robert R. ...................365 "William .................... .997 Robson, Clotworthy .............. .705 John .........................804 Rockdale County, treated. ..... 918-921

INDEX -

1117

Rockefeller, John D. .......... 313, 91 6

Rockmart, Ga ................... .858

"Rock of Chickamauga" ......... .207

Rock Spring ......................810

Rock Springs Academy .......... .487

Rockwell, C. F. Capt. ............709

Roddenberry, R'. J. ....'. '. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.',.. 699

S. A. Judge .................965

W. B. ....................... 6 2 9

Roddy, Thomas ................... 369

Rodgers, K. S. ................... .311

James ................... . . .705

J. N. Dr. ............

...369

John" .."...... .".".".".".'.".".".".'."528, 879 Joseph A., a Revolutionary sol-
dier ........................340 Rogers, B. ........................ .793
Commodore ..................862 Drury ....................... 7 6 6 Kdward .................... .705 George W. ..................670 Henry .......................977 John ..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'"''''.'. !702

John C. J. A .

. . .574 ...955

Roland, John .....................771 Rollins, John ..................... 81 2 Roman Catholic Church, first house
Rome, the county-seat of Floyci..547 (Ga.) Pioneers the way in Confederacy ...........241-246 Chapter, TJ. D. C. .......... 552
Ronan, John T. .................. .108 Roosevelt, Theodore, 261, 334, 410, 466,
731 , 732, 742, 932 Root, Sidney Maj. ........... 574, 935
Hill Cemetery ............... 321.

Ro
Ro Ro Rowe, Alien .................. '. .'.'. 781
F. F. Prof. .................996 John .........................467 William .....................795 Rowell, John, a Revolutionary sol-
dier .......................668 Rowland, C. A. ................... 841
JNT. ........................... 5 4 4 William .....................544
Royal, William ................. .949 "William H. ................. .574
Rucker, George ...................564 James, a Revolutionary soldier ......................1017 J. "W. ........................574 Pressly ..................... 1058 S. ........................... .421 William .....................538
Rudicill, Robert ' Y." ' ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. . . .'.416
Ruff, William .................... .681 Ruger, T. II. Gen. ............ 159, 709
W. B. ....................... .574 Knimph, David ............. ....... 879
John D. .............. Mr. ................... Samuel B. ........... Thomas C. ........... ..... .1026 ish. Dr. ......................... .956 Ruishing, "William .......... ...... .926 Ruisk, David ............... ...... .421 Gen. ................. ........ .38 iskin, John ..................... .773
....... .574 "William ..................... .574 Knissell, Benjamin E. ....... ...... .506
James Gordon, Judge ..... .1039 Richard B. Judge . . . ........ .600
....... .822 "W. A. ....................... .579 Ruist, Y. C. Capt. ................... 5 2 2 K.Vitherford, A. S. ................ .821
soldier, 34, 157, 274, 888, 1022, 1023, 1058

, A. B .......... . . ... . . .311

George ....... . . .

... 714

Henry G. ................... .318

Isaac ....................... .977

John, Cherokee Chief, 172, 175,

179, 181, 182, 205, 606, 607, 824

John B. .....................319

Lafayette Dr. ............. .949

Sanders

. . .882

Thomas .....................387

William .................... .387

Willia.m P. ................. .175

Ross's Landing ...................178

Roswell Mills ......................467

Round Poxmd ...... ....... . . .1000

Top Mountain

.

. . .994

Roundtree Moses

. . .955

Rutland, Redding Ryall, Wright . . Ryan, Frank T. .
James ..... John ...... Lewis .....
Sackett's Ha Kadler, A. .... "Safer Torah," ,
land by Saffold, Adam .
A. G. ................... .794-803 Mr., at Kettle Creek ..... .1049 Reuben .....................1058

1118

. INDEX

Sale, Cornelius ................... .539 Sallell-e, Robert, a. Revolutionary
soldier .....................735 Sallers, Peter .Tr. ................. .771 Saltzburgers, The ............ 532, 618
Sampfer, Jeremiah ' '.'.'.".".".".'.".'.'.'.'.'. . 3(ir.
Sampson, Robert ................. .705 William .................... .705
Samuels, E. H. .................... 747 San Antonio, Tex. ............... .238 Sanders, Billington M. Rev. . .483, 640
C. C. Col. ................... 656 Charles H. ................ .864 Ephraim .................... .715 Ferdinand C. ............... 1027 George ..................... .607 J. J3. ....................... .360 Joshua ..................... .766 Peter ........---.....--......714 William C. .................. 579 Sandersville, county-seat of Wash-
ingtoh ..............1019, 1020 Ga. .................... .685, 686 Sands, Joseph .................... 879 Sandwich, Thomas T>r. ........... .749 Sarif ord, Daniel B. Judge ........ 2S4 Love .........................705 Shelton, P. ................. .640 William .................... .274 W. S. Gen. .................. 274 Sandy Creek ......... 265, 266, 423, 424 San Jacinto, Battle of ............. 38 Sanson, James ...................1058 William ................... .1058 Santa Anna .......................294 Gen. ..........................38 Sapp, Benjamin .................. .945 Henry, a Revolutionary sol-

Siege of ....... Volunteer Guar
Savannah's Revolutionary monuments ............... 103-1O7
Sawyer, B. F. .....................604
Saxe, Marshall '.'.'.'.'.'.','.'.'.'"""" '206

Saylor, Jake ............

" "940

Sawyer ............

949

Scarboro, Jason ... ...

"y07 ~968

Scarborough, William, builder of

first steamship to cross the

Atlantic ................... .78

Scarlett, Miss ...................... 29

Schaeffer, Edward ........... ... .931

Schartner, Jacob ............. ... 531

Schermerhorn, John F. . . . . . . 173

Schley County, treated ..... . 921

William Gov., 565, 892, 914, 916,

9^1 922

Winfields, Admiral ........'. 922

Schmidt, John ................... .531

Schoonniaker, T. . . . .

Scoggins, John ......

Scomp, H. A. Dr., c

quoya ......

Scott, A. ...........

Archibald Henry ........... .641

Capt. ................... ....924

George W. Col. ............. .509

Joel B. ................ ... 821

John, soldier of 1812.. .. 776

John ...,....,,,.-.... .. 70^

John, Gen. .........273, 274, 280

John Epps, a Revolutionary

soldier ....................662

Joseph B. ................... 501

Mary Howell Mrs. ......... .277

Matthew T. Mrs., President

General of the IX A. R. ....591

Theodore ............

, 634

Thomas ...........

684

William ................ .634, 696

William J. Dr. .............. 641

Winfield Gen. 173, 176, 178, 820,

889 '- Magazine ................ .641.

............. .936

..............823

............. -564

___,,_ . _ _._.

- ............ 835

J. ........................... .505

James M. .................. 1027

Joseph ......................705

Lydia Mrs. .................. 727

Mr. .........................1023

William .................... .791

Saussy, Fred. ..................... 3j30

County-seat of Chatham. 375, 4^.4

Savannah, 12, 53, 62, 66, 68, 71, 72,

76, 77, SO, 81, 83, 84, 88, 89, 93,

94, 95, 99, 100, 101, 102, 105,

108, 110, 114, 118, 126, 135, 147,

220, 221, 223, 246, 330, 331, 333,

343, 349

Chapter, D. A. R. ......104,107

"Evening Press," foot-note. . .58

Founded .................... .378

Harbor ....................... 96

"Historical Record of" ...... .402

"Morning News" ....58,391,414

Origin of the name. ......... 380

Memorials to earliest friends

381, 382

River, 93, 95, 113, 132, 134, 213,

216, 217, 338, 343, 37!J

Treated ................ 023-926

Screven, Col. ..............

733 735

Fort ..................

.. 390

James, Gen., a Revohition-

ary soldier ......731, 741, 923

James, Gen. ............... .268

Prevents a duel on horse-

back .................. 268, 269

James P. Capt. ............ .399

John, Capt. ...... .106, 400, 1018

J. P. ....................... .895

Thomas F. Capt. ...........732

Scruggs, Jesse ................... .703

""

^cai-a, -L-L. .......................... aoo Sear's ""Wonders of the World". . 1000

INDEX

SeCour, Edward at
ville .......... Secretary of War Sell, Jonathan .......
Jonathan J P

Mil led ge766

Mulberry Col. . .

isy

Samuel ........ ...... . v ..... 267

Sheffield, Arth Isham . . "West . . . W. G. . .
Sheftall, Eenja" Cocked Hat" Lev!
patriot. gives a bu

.52S .528 .523 .348 r Em i.101 .102 I grou nd

, 832 .345

,,

........

,,,,,,

W. M. Judge ............... .623

Sessum, Patrick ................. .270

Sevier, Gen. ....... .^ .............. 550

monument 'to ............. .551

Seward, James L. ............ 752, 964

William H. ........... .862, 867

Sewell, Samuel ................... 564

Sexton, M. A. .............. .967, 96S

Seymour ...........................886

Isaac Q. Capt. ..............310

James Rev. ........118, 119, 884

Shackelford, E. ................. .538

J. H. B. Rev. .............. .522

Shaddock, Mrs. ................... 644

Shafter, Gen. ................... .1028

Shaftoe, Francis, foot-note ......... 52

Shaking Rock, near Lexington. . . .841

Shand, Peter ......................702

Shannon, John ................... 463

Mr. ......................... 564

P. J. ....................... .311

S. ......................... ..564

Sharp, Capt. ................... . .985

Grove ........... ...

-.945

Hamilton W. Capt. .......... 963

Hiram ....................... 36!)

Jacob ........................703

James P. ................... .879

John ....................702, 945

J. J. A. .................... .420

"William .......... .........789

Sharpsburg ........................20

Share, John ....................... 727

Shaw, Augustus ................. .574

Dr. ..........................612

George ......................574

Hilary M. ................... 449

James ........................ 11

John, who changed name to

Butler .....................612

Jos'eph ..................491, 634

Joseph H. ...................546

Louisa Mrs. .............. 4, 7, 11

Pierce, who changed name to

Butler .................... .612

Robert ......................681

William .................... .574

Shea, Mr., a Historian ...... 549, 813

Shearer, "William .................. 574

Sheeham, Cornelius ............... 574

Bec<_ ._.__.,__ _ _. .... One of the organizers of th
Union Society ........... .100 Victim of shameful ingrati
tude .......................101 Rescues the Charter of the
Union Society .............105 Mordecai Sr. ................ 412 Moses Dr. ................... 101 Perla .........................97 Sheftall, a Revolutionary pa
triot dubbed "Cocked Hat Sheftall" .............. 100, 101 Shelfoy, Moses .................... 633 "William .................... .638 Shell, Jonathan ..................884
Shellman, Ch'as. Capt. ............ .31 Cecelia Stovall .............. .32
. Heights: a Romance of Sherman's March ...... 31, 33, 283
James ...................... .704 John ...................706, 1023 M. ...........................705 Shelnot, Ja Shelton, E. Shepard, Ja Dr. .
..___._. Samuel ..................... .387 Wiley ...................... 1063 Sheridan, Thomas ................ 574 Sherman, William Tecumseh Gen., 40,
93, 157, 208, 209, 210, 400, 412, 512, 552, 576, 578, 593, 624,
800, 849, 860, 102] Romance of his March to the
Sea .......................3133 March to the Sea ends. .401, 402 Sherrill, Reuben ..................766 Sherwood, Adiel Dr., 310, 542, 635, 640,
865,867 Ann Adams Mrs. ........... .635 Shewmake, Joseph ID. ............ 467 Mason .......................510 Shewmate, John T. ........... 745, 746 Shields, John .................... .844 Samuel ...................... 804 "William .....................1023 Shiloh .........................206, 207 Battle of ................... 1028 Shine, John, a Revolutionary sol-
dier .................. .987, 989 Shingler, G. P. ................... .785
J. S. ...............982, 983,984 T. J. ................... .982-984 W. A. .................. 982, 984 Shipp, Cannon H. Dr. ............ 491 J. E. D. Judge ............. .723

1120

INDEX

R. L. .Judge ........ ....... .475 Shivers, Barneby ..........
dier ............... Mark M. Dr. ........ Thomas .............
Elis S. Judge . .318, r,
Mr. .................. Shotter, Spencer P. .......
Shumate, I. T3. .... , ..... Shuttleworth, F. ..........
R. ................... Shuson, .Tames W. Or. .... Sibbett, \V. F. Dr. ........
i from Georgia ............. . . .122, 1-23 Of the Declaration o f IndeSikes, Matthew ...........
lent. . . .627 Silver Bluff ............... ........ 3 3 R Silvey, D. .................
D. H. Rev. .......... John ................ W. .................. Simon, Petit .............. Edgar G. ............ ....... .298 James ...................GOT, 8 5 ti J. B. ................ James I*. ............ John Dr. ............ ....... .748
723 Malar ...............

William H. .......... Simms, James P. .........
Robert, a Revolutions dier .............. 6
Sarah Dickinson, a. Ri

William Gilmore

........ ? 2 5

Simons, Abram Capt.

...... .1058

Simpson, D. A. ............

D. J. ................

E. P. ................

F. T. Rev. .........

L. C. ............... ....... .574 "William ............. ...... .3049 W. "W. Rev. .........
I-I. F. ................
Judge ............... ........ 0 3 5 ....... .317
Rob .................. ........ " 4 7

W. J. .................. . . . . .1027 William M., inscriptio
Sinclair, Elijah. Rev. ........ . . . . . .201 Single tary. James ........... . . . . . .93G

Richard Col. .......... ...... 761 . . . . .1023
Samuel .................706, 1 023 William ................ . . . . . .76(5

Sisson, V. P. ................ ...... 5 7 4 Sitton, Jacob ................ Skeene, P. .................. Skelly, William ............. Skelton, J. H. Maj. ......... Skidoway Narrows ......... Skin Chestnut, .Douglasville
. . . . . .524 Skrine, Quintillian ......... . . . . . .908 Slade, James J. Capt. ......
Jeremiah .............. J. J. Capt. .............
. . . . . .989 Slater, John R. ............. . . . . . .304 Slaton, Henry ............. . . 131, 132
John M. Gov., -394, 596

Reuben ................ . . . . . .4] G William F Maj. ....579', 581, 783 William M. Prof. .;.... . . ii 8 1 , 783 Slatter, Jesse ................ . . . . . .705
. . . . .1017 Slattings, James ........... Slaughter, John Dr. .........

dier ................. Slave Market, at Louisville, a
tary remnant of K eudal days in the South. . . . . .154-153 "Slavery, Cobb on," a master piece 445 Sloane, Andrew Congressman - ..... 4 ] 2 D. 1ST. ..................
...... 3 0 4
Slobe, Joseph ............... Slockumb, Seth ............ ..... .703 Stuck, Thomas .............. . . . . . .882 Small pox, breaks out in Sav annah 94
. . . . . .944 Andrew ................ ..... .365 Asabel R. ............. ..... .644 Benajah ............... ..... .746 Boiling ................ ..... .670

Bucking-ham .......... . .338, 362 B. T. Mrs. ........... ...... 5 ti 3 C. Alphonso Dr. ...... ..... .232 Charles ............... .804, 1007 Charles H. Maj. . . . .'29",: , 556, 044
Arp," 289, 290
..... .944 Daniel ................. ..... .680 Daniel B. ............. ...... 3 6 5 Davis .................. Dixon ................. .... .1023 Edgar F. Provost . . . . ..... .691 Kdwin L., Mayor of Ha rtford,

E. R. .................. . .982, 984

Fannie Bell Mrs.

..... .944

Francis Gordon Mrs., cl:aughter

of Gen. Gordon ...... ..... .588

F. M. .................. ..... .375

George C. ............

774, 793, 831, 1 014, 1045

INDEX

I-Iarrison, foot-note ........ .307

T-T. tl ...................... .997

Henry .................

'

Hoke, .422, 438, 521, 591, .. ,, _ .

599, 603

H. S. ...................... .977

Hugh Rev. ..................119

Dr. ....................491

aac, Re-

s_o_-l.-- dle,,r ............... .790, 705

ckson .................... .681

mes, Esq. ................. 94-i

mes ...................... .69(5

mes A. ................... .415 E. Sir ...................926

_. "Henley ..................574

J. M. ....................... .510

T _._. _ ,,,. ,,

,,,,,, ",go, 710,

, 943, 991

Job. ................... .'.'.'.'.'.884 John ............... .2(57, 5(54, 691 John B. ..............

Soperton, the village of ........... .721

Sorrel, G. M. Gen

~

" ' ~- ~

222, 223 Female College ............ .973 Medical Journal ............. 895 "Recorder" ..................275 ""Watchman" ............... .437 Souze, Rev. Mr. .................1054 Spain ................. 56, 53, 59, 65, 79
Battle of "Bloody Marsh, 73, 7fi J. W. .......................329 Spalding County, treated. ..... 926, 930
R. D. Dr. ..... .218, 579, 582/584 Thomas ...622, 772, 926, 927, 929

Martin W. .......... Major ............... ....... .645 M. L. Gen. .......... Mike M. ............ Moses Rev. ......... Nathan, at Kettle Cr<

............ 9^7

Samuel . . ......

"William U. Rev. . .

Spear, Simeon ..........

Spears, John L. "W.

........... .270

........... .564

Speed, Terrell .................... .804

Alexander M. Judg

Speer, D. N. M'aj.

Emory Judge, Uni ted Slates

Pevton .............. R. A. Capt. ........ ....... .506
....... .690

Tete ................. ...... . 5 ? 3

Thomas .............. ....... .882

Wilber

... ........

W. B. ...............

W. T. ...............

William Capt.. a Rev olution-

ary soldier, 551, 754 , 1015, 1017

("Hell Nation"), his tomb. . .489

William D. .......... ....... .916

William E. Capt. .... . . . .522, 523

W. F. ................

lyrna, near Washington . .1 28, 920 Church, near WashiiiSton. .1050
lythe, A. T. Mrs. ...... John M. ............ ....... .900
ap Bean Farm, the home of Uncle
eed, D. ................. ........ 7 2 -1 ell, John ............... ....... .544
....... .774 R. J. ...............
....... .20(5
ciety of the Cincinnati ....... .111

Quoted

.

...... .922, 993

Eustace W. Dr. .

William Capt. . . . ........... .491 Spence, C. C. Rev. .... ........... .648
........... .387 John M. ......... "William ......... Spencer, Amassa .... ........... .864
............ 7S5 ........... .882 Lambert ......... .. . ........ 821 Monument ....... ........... .589 Richard .......... Samuel .......... ...431,589,828

Spivey, Thomas ...... ............ 670 Spradlin, John ................... .1001
Joseph ........... . . ......... 6 ?> 8 Spratling, E. J. Dr. . . . ........... .691
chool taught by Dr. C. W. Ho ward. .293, 294 Springer, Col. ......... ........... .859 Rev. Mr. ........ ............ 5 5 S John Rev., first Presbyterian Minister ordain.ed in Geor-
1055, 1061

1122

INDEX

Famous school at Walnut Hill .......................1051
TV. G. ...................... .369 Spring-field, Mo. .................. ,180
The county-seat of Effing-ham 530

Alexander Capt., a Revolutionary soldier .........'... 942-1060
Andrew Baskins ........... .943 Countv, treated ........ .930, 931 G. ........................... .502 Heard Chapter of Elberton,
John ............. .703, 836, 105S Linton Judge ........... 469, S59 Mr. .................575, 638, 942
S. ............................856
................ .339, 715 Gov., 380, SS9, 390, 407,
.. 413, 532, 544, SSS 931

Stafford, Alvis ................860,857

E^eKlel ...................... 9 4 5

J. A. Mr. ....................857

Thomas .................... .361

Stalling-s, a Revolutionary soldier, 735

Stalling's Dragoons .............. .735

Stamp Act ........................ 91

Stamper, M. W. .................. .997

Stamps, James ....................490

E. H. Mrs. .................. .238

Standifer, Jesse ..................634

Skelton ......................634

Stanford, James TV. Dr. .......... .879

Joseph Newton ............. .879

Lord ........................377

--

---

J. ...........................0 7 8

John .........................727

J. TV. ........................ S53

O. B. Col. ................... 959

Solomon .................... .997

"Walker ......................705

-William, Bacon Dr. .... .403, 413

"William .................... ,330

"William B., Bishop of Pa.,

quoted, foot-note ..51, 73, 132,

743, SI 5

History of Georgia, cited. .4

Willir-- - - --

"-

Mat. -

TV. TV.

Stevensc

Stewart ......

Alexander

Amos ..

lAndrew .

Bailey . .

johrT~ .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'. !.'.'?73

'Staples, Mr., at Kettle Creek. ... 1048

A pioneer of TVilkes. .... .1040

Stapleton, George Larsom, a Revolutionary soldier .........704

James R. ................... 1027

Thomas .....................879

"Star Spangled Banner" .......... .48

Stark, John .......................632

Starke James H. .................. 8G4

Starling, "William ................. .453

S tames, Bbenezer ................ .015

Starr, Elijah .....................1032

Silas H. .....................335

State Capitol moved from Milledge-

ville to Atlanta ...........578

Fenclblea of Pennsylvania,

The .......................591

Fencibles, Veterans of Phila-

delphia. The .............591

Normal College ......... 427, 435

Rights ..................28G, 291

Statenvilie, the county-seat of Eehols

529

Statestooro, Ga., the county-seat of

Bulloch ................... .333

Steed, J. B. Capt. ................ 365

"Walter E. ............. .947, 951

Stegall TV TV Rev. ..............678

Steiner, Lupretcht ................. 531

Rimrm

... ................ .530

coi. .... .Y.Y.Y.Y.Y.Y.Y.Y... .'.735
Daniel Gen,, a Revolutionary soldier .......547, 731, 741, 931
Daniel R. .......... 741, 742, S7i> Ftnley G. ................... .864 Gen. ......................... 932 George .......................627 Henry ......................' .922 Henry .......................922 James ..................364, 502 James A. Dr. . .387, 019, 920, 921 John Jr. ................727, 766 John ....................766, 879 John Sr. ....................727 John D. ..................... 929 John L. Rev. ............ 920, 921 Judge .......................929 Maj. .........................595 Mathew ..................... 387 Peter ........................318 R. ........................... 774 Ra,ndall ......................773 William, a Revolutionary sol-
dier ........................922 Stiles, Ezra Dr. .................. .729
George TV. Capt. ............400 Samuel ......................332 William H. ......... 296, 332, 412 Stilesboro .........................290 Still, M. P. ........................ 959
Stocks. Isaac .................... .(534
Thomas Judge .....638,863,864 Stokes, Alexander ............... .887
Augustus H. Col. ......... .491 John ....................... .1023

INDEX

1123

J. W. Rev. ......... William ............
Stone-Castle Chapter, 13. A. R. . . . .957
Mountain, a monolil:h of granRiver .............. ......... .207
......... .564 Stonewall, t'he name of E
at Griffin ........ ......... .929
Storev, B. M. Gen. ...... ......... .491

St. George's Parish, a nest of loy-
ietta ..................... ..456 St. John, Isaac M. ................ 916 St. John's Gospel, translated into St. John's River ................. :349 St. John's Parish ................. .268 St. John's Riflemen ............. .268 St. John's River .............. .63, 349 St. I>ouis, Mo. ........... .219, 24 ', 310 St. Mary's, county-seat of Camden

Story, Benjamin A. .... ......... .778 "Of Georgia People;," by r>r. George Smitli . . . ......... .273 -e States." Quoted. ........... ......... .210

......... .686 Samuel S. ........ ........ .1065 "Of Wilkes County " ..... .1040

George ............ ....... . .564

....

. .743

.Tosiah ............. ......... .564

Historic Old St. Marys. - 350-351 Smuggling days recalled, 351, 352 How culprits were punished
in olden times ....... .35 ,, 358 St. Mary's River ..9, 268, 349, 350, 358,
St. Michael's Church-yard, Pensacola ...................... 1 0 0 4
St. Pauls Church, the oldest edifice
St. Paul's Parish ................. 883

Pleasant A., pionner1 'of Clarke, 74, 424, 589, !301, 957, 917

Switzerland

........... 62

Quoted ........... .......... .76

Stowe, W. A. .......... . . . .

. .931

Strahan, Clias. M. Prof. .

Strain, JST. K. ........... ........ ,.420

Strange, James W, ..... ......... .27

Isidor ......... .102, 828, S55, 989

Oscar .............. .... .828, 829 Oscar S., United S tates M.in-

laer of Cabinet . . . .... .in-2, 869 ......... .540 ......... .787

Strickland, Lewis ...... ......... .945 . . . .. .267, 505 '
S. .................. Simon ............. ......... .467

Stringer, Charles ....... .......... 720 Francis ............ ....... . .702 ......... .720
Stripling, B. ............ ......... .945 Strobel, Mr. ............. ......... .530

Battle of Bloody Marsh ..73, 76 St. Stanislaus College ........... .311

Stubblefleld, J'eter .............. .1049 Stubbs, John ...................... 766

Sullivan, D. ...................... .673

Florence

....

. .888

H. .......................... .990

Ma/ior .......................794

Thomas, a Revolutionary sol-

" Summer Rose, The," poem t>y Richard Henry Wilde, its

Summerall, D. .............. .... .207

Summer, J. C. ............

.....544

Summers, J. C. .................... 636

The Sand. Hills ............. 905 William .................... .OGS Summey House ...................434
Sumpter, a Revolutionary soldier, 93-2 Sumter County ................. .298

......... .91 Noafo .............. ......559, 644 Samuel M. ..-,...

Stroud, Orion ........... ........ .1007 Thomas, at Kettle Creek. . .1043
Stroup, Alexander ........ . . 627, 628 Strozier, 13. P. Judge - - - - ......... .501 Stubbs, H. W. .......... ......... .329
......... .804

....

. .643

......... .234

Its memories of Augusta

Evans "Wilson . . .. . . . . .-?34, 235

St. Elmo Institute

.......... 2 3 4

St. Gall ................. .......... .95

lin ........................ .717 Sunbury ............. 105, 135, '208, 269

Fort .........................772 "Sunday Lady, of Possum Trot,

250-261

Sunny Villa, the Home of Col. Wil

liam Reid ................ .975

"Sunrise" ...

.......

.238, 239

Supreme Court of Georgia ........ 163-

Surrency, Millard ................ .699

Sutherland, the home of General

Jolin E Cordon

...507

Suttier, Bernard ................. -80S

INDEX

at Kettje Creek. ..".".'.".. 1048
Rev. Mr. ................ '. ... 879 mariuel ....................541
n, Ga. .................... 299, 300 nn, Klijah, a Revolutionary sol-
dier ...................... .836 Thomas .................... .680 it, Frank: ..................... 47 S James ...................... 101;r, N. ...................... .336, 337 stwater, a Cherokee village. .455 t, Charles J., foot-note. ...... .235
Quoted .................. .39, 44 Creek ........................ 307 George P. ... ; .............. .997 "William .................... .Soa ley, R. ........................ 207 S. .......................... . 267 S. IB. ........................ 7 54 .bourne ....................... 225

Taolli, an ancient Indian Village in South Georgia. ........ .472
Tapley, James ................ 544, 711 Tariff Con.veVit.ion a-t MiHeflgevllle. . 271 Tarleton, Gen. ................. '. '. 3 78 Tarvers, Benjamin .......715,821,822
Elisha- ...................... .715 Gen ,.--,-,.--,,,............990 Hartwell H Gen. ... ... 091 M. C. ..................... 1035 Tasso, 'Torquato' -
Tate, Ga. ....... Charles ... Farish Cart John A. V., ument . . . John I. .... John BMarble Quai Samuel --Samuel Jr. . Stephen C. . William - - -
Tat em, J. C. .... Tatom, Silas Tattnall County,
TCdward F- C Josiah, Gove

Tabb, John E. .................... 23ii

Tabor, J. TO. .................... .931.

Tafia, a mean liquor traded to ihe

Indians .................... 881

Taft, William H-, President, 341, 001,

847, 901, 002, 910, 966, 1039

Tahletjuah, I. T, .............. 175, 182

Tailfer, Patrick ................. .380

Tait, Charles Judge ............. .541

Talbot County, treated ........ 938-940

J. ............................933

'"

1042, 1051, 1053, 1057, 1000

Matthew, Gov.', his old Man-

sion in Wilkes ..125, 938, 1051,

1052, 1053, 1060. 1061

Talbotton, the county-seat of Tal-

bot ....................93S, &39

Taliaferro, Benjamin Col., a Rev-

olutionary soldier, 140, 153, 941,

1057, 1060, 1061

County, treated ........ .9*0-943

_ Dixon ....................... .1036

851 Talley, A. S. ..................... .574
Elisha .......................678 ........... .835 ............304 3 Niagara, .872
........... .649
............423 . . .234, 428, 90S na, a village ................. 607 hi, name of an Indian village, 873 pa, Fla. .......................240 ler, Hampton .................472 ler, J. S. ......................574 Joseph ..................... .920 ' T. L. ...................... .502 W. J. ...................... .574

Francis . . . Gen. ...... H. R. ..... Henry .... J. A. E>r. J. J. ..... James M". James. 1ST. . Job ....... John ...... J M. ..... J R. ..... ,, -. Robert R. !_.. S. ... S. K. w. KC. Williar Zachai
940, 10'?4 Taylor's Ridge .................... 372

^

ty-seat of Marion ........777

Teasley, E. C. .................... .931

Tebeau CreeK ...................1012

F. E. Ca-pt. ............... .1011

Tebeauville, a, dead town. . . .1 010, 1 01 2

Tecumsen, and Indiar War Run. . . . .as

Tefft, J. K. ...................... .403

Telfair Academy ........403, 404, 953

County, treated ........ .952-955

Kdward, Gov., 34T, 343, 402, 403,

404, 407, -110, SS7, 8S8, S92, 952,

1003

TH'ospital .................... .953

MTary Miss .............. 384, 40^

Thomas ...........

Temples, Jones .........

Temple, Lord ...........

"Tennebaum, O Tennebu

INDEX

Tennille, Be:
oldk 51
ell County, treated ...... 95(i, t>59 David Meriwether .... . . . . 7S1 James Capt., a. Revolutionary soldier ................500, 504 J. .R. Dr. ................... .931 Joel .................,..,,..] 058 Joel E. G. Dr. ............. .781 In el W. Dr. ................ 490 John .................. . ... .34-6 J. J. ....................... .029 Joseph M. Gov., 586, 5S7, 59IJ, 599, 7S1, 7S3, 7.S4, 931, 956 J. Render ...................784 R. It. ....................... .629 Richmond, a Revolutronary Corporal ............. 836, 865 T. ...........................G56
10 So, 1060. 1061 Gift to University. ......... -tsr, William, at Kettle Creek...1049 rry. Carlisle Or. .............. 10, .11 George \V. .................. 5 74 John ........................ 491 Joseph, a Revolutionary sol
dier .................'...... 612
v.'iiiiam !."!!!."!.'!."!!!!!!!!!! i o o r
The. a famous engine in the Civil War ................. 594
ligpen, M. .......................544 lomas, Dr. ..................... .83-2
A. C,. l)r. ................... .5 7 4 Bryant II. Gen,, 279, 10?>5, 1 03ti.
10SS diaries Spalding, Sen. ..... .772 County ..................... .-2S3 Treated ................. .9(>0-9f,5 Daniel ....................... 702 1-3. J. C. Rev. .............. .791 Kdward Lloyd Oen., 44S, 821. SST P. A. ..................... .1036

Carrie Ta ntnn, D.
Eugene I-I. A. jj

James a Revolutionary soldier ..................279, 1023
James R. Or. ................ 832 lesse, a Revolutionary soldier. . SO 4
Jett, Gen. ...... 144, 283, 960, 994
at "Milledgevilie ....'.. 15iS, 150 Job ......................... .TO:; -Joel ........................ .538 John ........................ .'02 -lolin Sr. ....................703 John S. .................... .57-9

George ....................... 641 Isaac ........................838 John, a Revolutionary snl-
flier ................... 5G6, 838 Threadcraft, Georg-e ..........386, 771
Flint 'River lay Indians. . . .521 Chapter, D. A. R. ......... 1064 Thrower, T^. ^Trs. ........... .774. 9'2G Thunderbolt: How the name orisin-
ated .................... 89, 391 Thundering' Springs ........._-995, 996
Dl'dier ..'...'.........

1126

INDEX

"Little Giffe

39, 44

home of .............. 231, 234 Tablet to, unveiled ........232 Mentioned .............231 S27 Rosa N. Mrs. ....... . . .40, 44 Thomas M. ..................44 Tiedeman, George W. ............ .395 Tierney, Corporal in Mexican War, 396 Tift, Asa F. .......................965 County, treated ........ .965-963 Edward F. ............. .967, 968 H. H. Nelson .....270, 520, 522', 960^ 96& W. O. ......................967 Tifton ............................ .960 Gazette, The ...............907 The county-seat of Tifton. . . .965 "Tiger Lillies" .................. .236 Tigner, E. A. Dr. ............... .7S1 George S. Dr. ................ 781

Phflfp ".".".". .".".'.".'."." '.'.'.'.'." .'.'.. '. ,"S3S William .....................539 Tilden, Samuel J. .................. ,523 Tilghnauw, A, ................... .5-16 Tillerton, George W. .............. 675 Tillett, Giles -,..,.-.-.............884 Tilley, George ............... .939, 043 John ........................ .52.fi TiHman^ 6James" ".'.''.'.'.'.'.'.'.', '.'.'.'.' "945

Tilman, John ...................... 702

Tilton, W. O. ..................... .106

Tinsley, Philip ................... .449

Tipton'--R, . CL". . G........................................,.,1.096S5r!

Tisdale, II. S. .................... .823

Tisdel, L. O. ...................... .301

Tison, J. M. B. ................. .617

Titanic, The .............. ..... . 855

Tobesofkee CreeR ................ .795

Toccoa Kails ..................... .930

The county-seat of Stephens, 930

Toclfl, John .

Tolancl, John

705

Willia

olutionary ..........1017 ...... .'285, 96-2

Towers, Amos ....................510

Towns County, treated ....... 969, 971

George W-, 3-23, 453, 804, 940,

948, 969, 970, 97S, 1060, 1061

John, a Revolutionary sol-

dier ...................... .804

Townsend, Chas- O. Prof. ....,,,. .202.

Kli ........................... 803

Toy, James TVT .................. .574

Track Rock: ......

Ed

D. J

Trammell, F. H.

Leander M.

Traylo H.
John H. Col. ................ 979 "William .....................997

Treaties, Coweta Town' ....... .69, 73

Treutlen, John Adams Gov. . .407, 683

Trenton, the county-scat of Dade. .502

Tribfcel, Samuel J.

448, 691

Trice, "William ................496, 997

Trion, Ga. .........................416

Trippe, J. F. ..................... .879

James Madison ............. .S79

____,,, ...

Thrope, V. D, .

Troup --A--- rtil.l-ery

.............168

Treated ....-...-.-..-.. .971-979

George M. Gov., Life of...-.384

Treaty of Indian Springs, 101-169

Mentioned. 156, ] 57, 159, 274,

407, 411, 414, 5S3, 720, 721, 750,

707, 798, 914, 93S, 971

G. M. Jf. ................... .798

Joshua ......................301

Troupville,

id to

Trout, Joh

Troutman,

Hira:

.......

Joanna J3. Miss, CMr

designer of the

Flag of Texas ....

Letter to Lieut. Hu

Toombs County, trea ted Gabriel ....... Gen. ..........

386, 702
. .968, 969 .130, 10541 . .523, 950

Stovall ......

. .23 1, 212

1046, 1061, 1062

"William .......

. . . . . .1058

Toomer, A. H. ......

. . . . . ..825

Torch Hill, the home of Dr. F. 0.

...... .2GS

Sutton K. ................... .505 Trustees of Georgia . . . . . . . . SO, SI, 121 Tryon Gov ............
.......... .239
Tullett, Samuel ......... .......... .884 Tune, "William ......... ........... 949 Tupper, H. A. Dr. . . . . . ........... .14 Turnage, Henry ........ .......... .318 TiA-ner, A"bner ..........
O- H. Dr. .-..-., ...... .920, 921
.......... .304
Daniel R. ........ .......... .407

1127

Elijah .......................715 G. B. .'...','....','....','....,. !s36

.304, 365, 510

. . . , . .865, 866

Joseph A. ........

Joseph S. ....................868

Larkin ...................... .369

Plantation, The ............ .862

Richard .....................380

S. M. ........................329

Thomas a Revolutionary sol

dier .......................497

TV. II. .......................680

"William ............803, 865, 868

Tutt, "William H. ........... .905, 915

Twain, Mark ................ .188, 189

Tweedy, Esther ...................705

Twiggs, "burial gi-ound............. 880

County ......................271

Treated ................ 985-^91

Col. .........................986

Daniel E. .................. .910

DavJcl Emanuel Gen. . .880, 987

H. D. tx Judge ............ .890

John

L Re-

cli

142, 33S, 542, 889,

of Revolutk

.120 Tucker, Capt. .....................963
Daniel .......................274 Ethrel ...................... .539 Harper ..................... .274 Henry .......................705 H. tT. Dr., Chancellor and
Baptist Minister .431-432,1019 Tucker's Ferry ....................179
U
Uchee Indians ..................... 69 "Lichees, The ................. .338, 906 Under the Lash: Pathetic Incidents
of the Cherokee Removal,
TJnde. od, J:

John L. Judge ..............789

556

Joseph .................538, 1032

Judge ........................188

William H. Judge, 469, 540, 1039

William .....................774

Acad"tehm e y

.............. .862, SG7 . . yyy, yyi

of Gc irernor

1020, 1021

...... .107

Society i

' "243, 314

Daughters of the Confederacy,

Bryan M. Thomas Chapter,

1035,1036

Franklin Chapter of Tennille,

1023

Kehnesaw Chapter, unveiled

monument at Marietta 458-460

Lanier Chapter, Macon, un

veiled monument to Women

of the Confederacy ...314,315

Mentioned ... .229, 243, 245, 281

Sons of Confederate Veter

ans, Floyd Camp, .... ,242, 244

States Government, 160, 169, 164,

_ 1, 172, 173, 186

States S

Golden Agre Of, 301

ment. ... .276

277, 280, 285, 535 Of Pennsylvania ........... .285 Upper Creeks ............... .J&S, 164 Mississippi Company, The...150 irpshaw, W. D. .................. .793 Upson County, treated. ...... .994-998 Stephen ................ .340, S46
Sketch of ........... .994, 995 TJ-pton, B. ....................... .1018
David "W. .................... 821 Gen. ................... .215, 974 Usry, Joshua. .................... .608 "Ussybow" Sound ................ .87 Urauhart, Dr. .................... .491
V
Valdosta, plantatio of Gov. Troup 721,797
t of Lowndes, 750, 751, 752, 753
Valley Fo: slon School, The...652 e of Gov. Troup's
plantations ................721 Valmy ............................ .206 Van Euren, Martin ......303, 469, 473 Vandiven, A. G. E. .............. 628 Vandevier, Mr. ...................650 Vandiver, M. ...................... 627 Van Epps, Howard, Judge ....297,605 Van Hoose, A PI. Prof. ...... ..835
A. "W. Dr. ...............553, 654 Vann, Bush Judge ............... 785
David, a half-breed ......... .808 Vann's Valley .................... 554 Van Winkle, E. ................... 579 Van Zant, Lewis ................. .994 Varello Farm, plantation of CoJ.
Samuel Hammond ....... .912
Samuel MeWhir . . . .730, 1 House, where the famous
Mclntosh treaty was signed, 161, 163, 1G8, 346 168, 346
Mrs Vason, David A. Judge ..522, 523, 803 Vanghan, W. W. ................. .559 Velasco, Texas, Lone Star Flag- first
unfurled at ................37 Venable, Charles S. ...............430
James M. .,..,..,,...,..... .688 "W. R. ......................574 Veneval, Mr. ...................... .98 Verdery, Augustus N. ........... 859

1128
Vicke VieK' y, Ja
"Willia Vienna, Austria . . . Vienna., the county-si Villalonga, John .... Villa Rica: Gold Dis. Vineville ........... Vinson, Green ......

INDEX

a Revolutit

.Ta

S61

. P. .........-,,......, 1027

Joel ......................... .702

John ....................893, 904

John, a. Revolutionary sol

dier ...................... .652

John, a, soldier of 1S12..803, SOI

John E. ................. . . ST. 1

John II. ................

1 0117

J. L. Mrs. ........... .360,

015

\Vade, ITen

Wafford, IX .........

Waggoner, George . .

VTwsner, Henry C. ..

John ........ .

Wagnon, W. O. Col.

Wagram ............

Wainwright, Adam ..

Wninwrights, The . .

Walde

id

W. Id ha

Ja ob C;

03, 1 004, 1045 olutionary sol sin of the sign-
George", 'Meadow' Garden/the home of ............... .122, 124
Henry W. .................. ,796 John .......................,915 John, at Kettle Creek. ...... 1048 John FT. .................... ,040

IXDEX

1129

snerman's iviarcn to trie sea ends ................. .^Ot, 40-2
Creek Indian, of 1836........ 310 Mill: where the famous battle
of Kettle Creek was fought 131, I3i
icon in .....291, 311 ................. .271 -L- lOLiiia met defeat. . . .. .". . 352 Epitaph on tomb of Capt. John Williams ...... .35-1, 85")

.......1015 oluliona-., _ _ dier ............."..... .718, 720 Josiah I.ove ................. 719 Kittrell J. .................. .718 Kittrell .....................-718 Jv. D. D. Judge ....522,523,718 Lewis B. Dr. ................71$ Lott, Judge, 522, 523, 71S, 721, 724 Robert ......................926 Robert ~H. ...................718 rent on, county-seat of Warren,
1 015 Wartben, William ............."... "i 02 :* Washington Academy ........... 1055
County, treated ...... 1010-1024 Created by an Act ostablisl-iing tho State TTniversity ..................... 139, 140
D. C-, ifi, 107, 1G4, 176, 190, 194,
"Gazette"' ".'..'. .".'.'.'. .'.". .'. !*.'. .'l 047 "News" ................... .1047 Ga., first town in United States

James H. R.

the T. ... ,,.

deiiee, under Fanni

Massacred at Goliatl ..... .Sfi

\V. P. Judge ................ .472

Willaz-cl Mrs. ............... .593

AVardla\v, George B. ........ .317, 31S

J. C. Capt. ................ .1002

"Wardrope, Joseph ............... . 3SO

Ware. A. G. .

............. . .574

.......

Revolu

James, a Revolutionary sol-

dier ....................... .802

John .........................1578

Nicholas, United States Sen-

ator, 424, 447, 448, 918, 91 (i.

1009, 1010, 1060, 10G1

Warfield, Edwin, Governor of Marv-

land ..................... .:.4:G

Waring, J. F\ Capt, ............... 899

Win. R. Dr. ................$94

Warlick, II. . ................. . . .574

Warm Spring's ................... .780

Warner, FTiram Chief Justice, 319 497

..600, 780, 7S2 844

Home the old ..........

780

Warnock. John ................. .705

John JP., a Revolutionary sol-

dier ...................939, 977

Robert ................. . 705

Warren, Benjamin .......... .702, 70S

Charles R. .................. 719

Countv, treated ...... .1015-1019

^Mentioned ................. 1009

Eli, Gen ...........713, 719, 721

E. W. Dr. ...................718

H. M. .......................301

ary soldier ............

"Washington's .Visit to August

Watei-hjo .

""" """

"Waters, Kl

John

Teter

Watkins, A '

Watkinsville, the county-seat of Oconeo ....................S3S
Watson, Alexander ...............528 A. K. ...,,.,-.-..,.,...--..--004 Benjamin .................... 501David .......................720 Douglas ............... .101, 634 Jacob ....................... 766 James C. .................... 822 John and Wife .............564 John ................... .706, 794 Earkin D. Capt. ............ .34 7 Robert ..................... .034 Thomas Sen. ................760 Thomas "K. ......... 299, 767, 76S
Watterson, Henry ............... .929 \Vatts, Berry ...................... 365
Charles ...................... 033 iPresley ......................634 Richard E. ................ .934 William ................. 54 6, 6/0 Way, Andrew ....................-' 21 K award ......................727 James B. Col. ............... 732

1130

INDEX

Waycross, county-seat of "Ware, 1013-1015
Mentioned ............1009, 1010 "Evening Herald" ......... .1013 Wayrie, Anthony Gen., an officer
of the Revolutionary, sketch of .................. .1025-1026 Mentioned, 111, 112, 34t, 388,
407, 411

ngton's Visit to 340, 311
-mrnVi was .cavprt

county-seat of

..............1024

.............. .312

.. _._____,, , . -^.._____ ..............699

"Weathers, Peter ................. .767

"Weaver, Joseph .................. .856

Nathan ......................720

Nathaniel ...................528

"Webb,, Alfred .................... ..503

Clay ton S. ................... 676

__,,_ .................. 337, 888

Richard ............ ...... ..766

"Webster, Benjamin ..... ..... ..884

County, treated ...... 1026-1027

Daniel ................ .301. 1026 Daniel, of Coweta ...... 487, 490

"Weed, Jacob

301

Weems, S. ......................... 680

W. H. Dr. ................ ..895

Welch, Isaac ..................... .794

Welden, William ................. .766

Welkinson, John. ..... ...

, 990

Wellborn, Alfred ............... ,.864

Col. ...................... ,.781

Curtail ............ ....

105S

J. P. ........... .

994

Levi T. Dr ...

.

490

Marshall J. Judge . .669, 671, 829

Olin Judg-e ................] 038

Thomas ................... .1058

"William J. W- ............. .821

Wellington, Lord ............. .. .248

Wells, Andrew 13. ....."......... , .336 Francis ......................337

George Gov. . .343, 6S7, 702, 1046

James ...... .... ..

410

James B. . . .... . .

S23

N. W. .....................'. .317

Nicholas W. ...........'... .318 Wereat, John, Gov. ......332, 407, 888

Werner. E. A. ................. .574

Wert, Van, original county-seat of

Pa.uld.mg ................. .S49

Wesley, Charles Rev., GO, 68, 406, 62-2

John, founder of Methodism, 52

66, 68, 77, 79, 81, 406, 022

Memorial Church ............ 77

Oak, The story of, illustrated

59, 60-68

Wesleyan Female College, the first

to confer diplomas upon wo-

men .......... 200-202, 323, 303

"West, A. J. Gen. ........... .579. 79"5 Andrew ................. 794", 795

Charles ...................... 864

Havid ....

..

789

E. P. Dr. ...................050

Gifoson .......................789

Or. W ..

...

.

859

India Islands ............. . 333

Indies ............... 4, 5, 91, 100

Isam ....................... .936 James Rev. ............365, 650 James B. .....,..,.....,.,...789 John .............. .766, 789, 904 W. S. ...................... .753 Point, N. Y. ........... 296, 1027 Point, Ga. ...................218 Point Military Academy .....231 Thomas .................... .789 W. E. ....................... 859 W. S. ....................... 753
JosiahS- ................... 1065 Milton ..................... .1005 Western and Atlantic R. R., 208, 291,
293, 422, 459, 460, 461, 1033 Cherokees (Indian Territory)
182 Circuit ...................... 28?, "Westminster1 Abbey .............. .377 Westmoreland, Maria J. ..... .604, 978 Caroline, daughter of "Wlllis
F. W7 estmoreland ......... .-546 John Gf- Dr. ........... .546, 574 William .....................491 Willis F. Dr. ...........546, 575 Weston,, Joseph .................. .959 Myron B. S. R. .......................959 Whaley, James Adolphus ..........879 Wilkins D. .................. 879 W. H. Capt. ................ 1020 Whatley, Daniel, a Revolutionary
soldier ..................... 948 Samuel, at Kettle Creek. .. .1048 WJllis ................... 836, 949 W. O. B. .................... 859 Wheat, Moses ................... .864 Wheeler, A. ...................... .936 County, treated ..... .'1027-103* Henry .......................421 John ........................421 John F. ..................... 174 Joseph Gen. .......800, 915, 910
Sketch, of ........... .1027-1029 W. A. ...................... .794 "Tactics" ..................1023 Whelan, Peter, Father ......... .1054 Where an English Flotilla met d,e- .
feat ................... 352-353 Georgia's great seal was bur-
ied .................1056, 1057 Whethers, William ................702
Whiddon, Lot - . Whigtiam, Wr illiai Whigs, ......... Whitalter, Benjai
Capt. ........................342 Daniel .......................078 Jared I. .................... .575 Mr. ......................... .381 P. H. ....................... .678 "White, B. A. Dr. .............. 279, 895 Bluff, the Moustoun Estate,
SSS, 389, 6S3 County, treated ....... 1030-1032 Col. ........................ .733 Cross Movement ............. 240 D. T. SQuire ............ 920, 921 Edwin D. Judge ............903 George, a Revolutionary sol-
dier .......................771
George Rev., quoted ..267, 370, 295, 317, 336, 342, 3d, 364, 369, 317, 336, 342, 301, 364, 369, 380, 410, 420, 424, 453, 467, 478, 487, 490, 669, 678, 680, 6S4, 686, 364, 369, 380, 416, 420, 424, 453, 467, 469, 478, 496, 5,03,

INDEX

1131

546, 554, 559, 5 GO, 564, 607, 027, 637, 644, 050, 656, 669, 078, GSO, 684, 686, 691, 696,

Whiltington, Thomas F.
Whittle, Jarm
Origin of the famous query, 674, 675
ohn ....................1001 iins, Amos W. ............... .908
Bill ......................... .949

........

., 511, 715

At Kettle Creek ......... 1049

Jesse' ....................... .4:2-1:

John Col., a Revolutionary

soldier, 339, 407, 505, 668, 865,

1030

John, of Clarke ..............424

.1. William Dr. ............. .690

Joseph ............. .633, 638, 822

Lacy, daughter of Thomas

White, married Mark A.

Candler ................... .704

Kicholas .................. .766

Oliver ...

... .. 539

Pae-e. a. Revolutionary sol-

---

776

765

......... .......... :-!65

H. Dr. ............579

Pinkney, United

. Senator from Mary-

........................40

enjamin ............ .865

Rev., 77, 79, 99, 406, 1033

^r of Orphan House at

sda .

...

80-84

on Battle of Bloody

_.__._ __i ..................... .73

Whitfield, George C. .............. 773

Whit ahead," "Amos' '.".".".".".".".'.".' 17 02

Amos G. ................... .908

Caleb ........................703

.....

7S5

... .

S59

_______ ...................... .908

John .............. .050, 703, 90S

John Berrien ............... .908

John P. C. ................ .908

John Randolph ..............908

Thomas ................ .467, 609

Troup .......... ...........908

William ....... . .342, 6G9, 90S

White's Historical Collections of

Georgia, (see White, George

Dr.), quoted, 81, 295, 332, 364,

387, 414

Statistics of Georgia, quoted,

149, 150, 152, 414"

Whi esburg Ga

Whi le

Wilcox. A. T. ..................... .699

County ......................299-

Treated .............. 1032-1033

Frank L. Maj. ............. .591

George ......................472

John .................. .995, 1032

Mark Gen. ...... 955, 1032, 1033

Thomas .................... .955

"Wilde, Gen. ..................216, 217

Richard Henry, 915, 916, 899, 993

Augusta's monument to the

author of the "Summer

Rose" .................. 228-230

Wilder, J. J. Mrs., President of Geor-

gia's Society of Colonial

Dames of America, 54, 61, 62

Jonathan ....... .......317,318

Milton, ......................990

Wilderness, Battle of ......... 206, 207

"Wilde's Summer Rose," an au-

thentic account, etc. ..... .230

Wiley, lUeroy M. ................. 319

WilKes County, Story of .......... 10-19

Treated. ..............1040-1063

Mentioned, 129, 131, 133, 143,

_

_ li7 > 21S - 2 ^ 4 > 306 """

609, 1040 W- C. "Dr. .............. .654, 792

WilKin, P. E. Dr. .................785

Wilkins, Clement ................ .564

Grant ....................... .741

William ................. 863, 865

----"--- - --- Benjamin, at Kettle

2k .................... .1048

_oned

1013, 1057

Co'unty ....."..".'.".".....'.. 271, 281

Treated .............. 1063, 1064

"Rlisha, at Kettle Creek. . . .1048

"Port ................271, 278, 280

H. J_,. ....................... .977

James, Gen. ...........281, 1003

J- M. Col. ................... 753

Wilks, E. ......................... .544

"Willcoxon, John B. ................-190

Lev! ......................... 490

Willet, J. B. ...................... 040

Mrs., quoted ............... .649

William and Mary Colleg-e. ....... .630

Williams, Alien .'.......'........... 684

Ami ........................ .575

Bennett ...................... GV.' "R- N". ........................ 699

ney, Eli, his

1132

J. L. Rev.

Willi

Peter .......

Phoebe ...... ............... 954

Rebecca

............... .954

R. T. Col. . . . ............... .099

............505, 773

Sarah - .'.'.'.'.. T. F. ....... .....'.'....'.'.'.'.'. i o 3 y

Thoma.s . . . . . ................ 3 1 S Wilev ....... ............... .SIS
William .... '.'.'!! '. '....'.''"' "954

William H. . .

William Thon Za-eh ........ ............... .318

J. R.' ....A..

Marv ........

Peter ........
S. ........... William ..... Willi ford, Benj. C. B. F. .......
Bessie Miss, .married H II.
Brooks M. . . . Willi ng-ton, S. C. Willi

Jack ......................... .949

John C-

Leonard ..... .............. ..61.4

Wils on, Leroy

................ 8 3 5

'I'homas ...................... William T. Col. ......... r> 75, Woodrow Mrs. .......... 384, Wooclrow, President, 413,
590, 001, 005, 05(5, 733, 743, !

Ill

. the

Wi Famous Cavalry . . . . ......'.. 9 7 4
Wi Itborger, \V. IT. Capt. . Wi mberly, Abner ......... ...'.'.".'.. G 8 4

Kzekiel Gen. .........

F. D. ...............

?'&**.. ::::::::::::::: ........ 794 ". ". '. ! ". '. ". '.940

:."' ir''.7o3 Lewis ...............

Zachariah ...........

Wi mbish, I-I. is. Dr. .......

William A. .......... ....... .978

Wi ncliesLer, Va. ........... ........ S 0 4

Wi ncKler, Van. R. ........ ........ 1 0 S

Wi ndell, Oliver ...........

Wi nder, Ga. .............. ........ 6 S a

John M- ............. ........ 0 S S

Wi

..,.

.949

Reuben, a Revolutions

dier ................ ........9-18

Wi nfrcy, Jesse ............ ....... .481

Wi nsate, Amos ........... ........ 6 S 4

\VI ngfield. Garland ....... .......] 0 T> S

Henrietta, ............ ...... .030

John Dr. ............ ....... .803

Thomas Dr. ......... ........ 0 S 0

Wi nn. Alien A. ........... ........ -167

CouTtland B. ........ ........ C 1 3

A. F. ................

. 7 3 >

D. A. ................ ..'..... .333

J>. -\V. Rev. .........

Elisha ............... ........ 6 4 3

James C, Ca.pt., Volui

Officer in War for '

INDEX

y .658 ., _. _._ _,,,,,,_ ............... .301 Joel ......................... f;9> John ....................... .365 Wister, Dr. ...................... .611 Owen ........................On Witch er, Ii'riuik .................. .949 JiezekiB.li .................. .859 Jerry ........................ 049 William, W. S. ................... .978 Wither-up, Seb. ................... .705 Witherspoon, John Jr. ............ Til John Sr. .....................771 Timothy I? wight ........... 74.3 Withlacoochee, Battlo of .......... 4 52 Wodcleil, Gereiom ................. 7ti6 Wofford, Col,, an officer of the Revnlntirrn ............. ... . fis'J ..... .652 ...... 7 0 5 ..... .241 ..... .931 ..... -90S

724

tflowieSI, Ge-n. ........

W. D. Mrs. ...................

Woolf oik's Bend ...................816

Woolridg-e, T- ....,,........,,,.... 865

\Voolseley, quoted ................ .55-2

Woolsey, Capt. .................. .26ft

Wooten, Liazle Miss ............ 928

Mrs. ........................ .928

Richard E. ................. .491

W. K. Capt. ................ 824

"Woo t ten, C. B. Judge ........

524

Thomas .................... 1058

William E. ................. 524

Word, Charles Mrs. ..............550

"World's Best Orations". ..........376

\Vornisloe, county-seat of Xoble

Jones ................... .87-89

Home of W. J. TJeRenne ....755

"Quarters" ......

...

88

"Worshams, The .................. .79G

\Vurth County, treated . . . . . .1064-1065

............ 1064

............. .997

"Wrangharn Fitz- Ramble" ....... .450

Wray , lie v. Dr. ....................824

Wren, Sir Christopher, Quoted. . . . .6 SO

Wright, A. P. ..................... 965

Ambrose .....................707

.Ambrose Ransom .......900,916

Augustus R. Maj.Oen., 556, 707,

A . W. ...................... 1 0 0 7

. ............. .

Capt. .................. .722, 871

Charles .................... .274

Elizabeth, heiress, bride of

Gen Og-Iethorpe ......

.57

"Ford ....................... .268

Gilbert J., Brig Gen. ....524, 645

Gov. .......... .640, T03, 7 60, 839

Greg-g ...................... .900

Henry ................... Jt .. 3 6 1

881, 1040,' 1041 John B- ..................... 7 11 J. B. ....................... .629 J. P. ...................... .1 029

1134

703, 883 A historic town of Georgia, TG2 Wrig-htsville, the county-seat of John-
son ........................711 Wyatt, John, a Revolutionary sol-
dier ...................347, 803 Wyche, P. M. ..................... 538 Wyleys, The ..................... .295
Thomas .....................963 Wylie, James R. .................. 579
LoIIie Belle ................. .605 Oliver C. ............... 02 7, 628 Wylly, Alex. .................... ..387 C. S. Capt. .................. 62 Col. ........................... 05 James Spalding- Capt. ...... .622 Leo, Sergeant in Mexican "War, .
396 Wyllys, The ................610 Wynn. B. J. ...................... .327 Thomas .....................794 "W. M. Judge ............326, 327 "Wynnton, Ga. .................... 23-1
X Xavier Chapter, D. A. R. .........550
Y
Bluff ........................378 :ey ............................ 826
Benjamin C. Col. ............ 556 Mr., a Revolutionary soldier, 694 William Lowndes, orator of
Secession ........556, SIS, 1019 >rough, Clement ..............702
Joel ........................ .575 Joseph ......................720 Pickens .....................949 -\ViIlian
irds with fire from Heaven 152, ] 5 3
Wm. H. Mrs. .......... .164 W. S. former State Geolo-

Battle

E. R. ........................963 P. M. Capt. ................ 1002 Harris College ......... .648, 970 James ................. 859, 1001 James Edward ............. .329 John Maj. .634, 773, 774, 963, 990 '"Marooners, The," ......... .298 Men's Library Association of
Atlanta ........ ............2S8 Michael .....................963 P. M. B. Gen. Remer ......... R. ............. Rober' Samu< Thorns
Willia "Willia Willia-- _ Younge, Charle Henry, Jr. Philip ..... Henry ...................... .387 Youngblood, Joseph .............. .794 Tow, R. D. ....................... .563
T. K. ........................931 Yowell, Jacob ..................... .98

Z

Zachary, Charles T. .............. CiSO

James E. .................... 835

Zachry, Atoner ....................804

Zaigler, -William ...................496

Zangwell, Irael ...................100

ZavaSooski, Peter, a Revolutionary

soldier .................... .386

Zebulon, the county-seat of Tike..853

Zellars, Jacob, a Revolutionary sol-

'

dier .......................748

Zellers, "William S. Dr. ......... .365

Zellner, Andrew .................. 796

B EC -Tude-R ................ 79f>

Rupretch .................... 530 Zouberbuhler, Eartholemew, Rev. ..79 Zuhly, John J. Dr. (Rev.), 383, 384,
682, 683

Zubly's Meeting1 ' House' .....'..'.'.'. '.883 Zurich ............................. 2 0 6 Zittrauer, Paulus ................ .531

INDEX

VOLUME TWO

Abbe, Raynal ................ . ... .208 Abbeville, county-seat of Wilcox,
1038-1039 Abbott, B. F. Col. ................ .432
Joel Dr., Congressman, 548, 1040, 1050
Abercrombie, Charles ............ .821 Willie ...................... .789
Abney, TV. I. ..................... .000 Abrahams, E. H., quoted . . . . . .513-520 Acadians in Georgia., The. .....-207-211 Achese, an Indian village ......55,01 Adair, Forrest ................243, 250
George TV. Col. . . .. . 431, 750, 756 Green E. Mrs. ...............014 James, antiquarian, quoted..736 Adams, Alexander Pratt Judge.... 310
nj. D. R.. .......... F. M. .......... G C , his fine ^ John Pres. ..................313 T..evi ......................... s 7 2 Levy M. .................... .873 Major ....................461-464 Thos. ........................998 TViley ........................804 Adamson?' A.' Y." '.".' I .'I.".'."."".' '.'.'.'. 660
G. TV. .......................669 N". C. ....................... .669 TV. C. Judge, Congressman,
5-18, 540 Adkins, Wm. .................... .706 Adley, Peter ...................... 975 Agan-unitsi's Search for the TJk-
tena, a Legend ........ 454-457 Agassiz, Prof. ................... .224 Agnes Scott College ..........407, 704
! T. Ho
.Alabama, the, a famous Confede

Mentio

740

,, ____, patriot .............. .^,^

James F. Dr. ......... .508, 783

James W. ................. .709

John ....................496, 615

J. Hooper Hon., quoted. .... .949

J. R. ........................994

L. E. Dr. .................. .380

Major ...................... -1:>S

" '

...800

Mordeeai .................... 70S

Peter W. Col., 562, 509, 643, 720,

1011

Samuel ..................... .496

Wm. Major .........125,128,129

TV. F. Major and Q. M. Gen.,

1S4-156

TV. TV. ......................559

Alford, James .................... .668

Julius C. Hon., Congressman

545, 560, 1002

J. Q. A. ....................071

Alfriend, A. I--!. Mrs., regent. . . I 1-613

Algood, J. Y. ......................560

Algood, J. "Z. .................... .560

Alien, Eeverly, preacher and hom

icide ...............32, 314, 559

Bolar ............... ........824

Easi __

E. A.

.507

Egbert

atrick H. ^m! H.' '.'.'.
Allg Allis Alln
Alpharetta, county-seat of Milton, 876-877
Alston, James ..................... 725 Robert A. Col. ...... 407, 750, 755 Thos. M. ................. . . -729
541, 542 Alta Vista Cemetery, Gainesville,
375-378 Mentioned ................. .404 Americus, county-seat of Sumter,
975-977 Oak Grove Cemetery ....394-395 Amhoy, Joseph TV. .............. .872

1136

INDEX

. ..847 . . /691

,,, __---, __ -- _-, ___.__._

of Georgia ................ 526

C. D. ................... .744, 798

Clifford Hon., Atty.-GenH. . . 390

Clifford L. Gen. ............. 701

Davis S. ................... .931

Edward G. ................ .ail

--

-~

""- -"

----.1008 ~ ""

John .........................772

J

James ..,.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.'..'.'. '.'.'. 774

James G., scholar and clergy

man, with strong resemb

lance to Booth, his grave - <t 3ii

Arnold, Alston .................... 620

K. B. ........................ 568

John .......................1017

Joshua J. .................... 727

Reuben Col. ................ . 423

Richard D. Dr. ..........299, 644

Arp, Bill <Major Chas. H. Smith),

tomb Of, 41"? 587. 503 7?.1 783

Articles of Confedera

who Signed ............

Asbury, James W. Mrs. ...........

Ashburn, G. "W., killing of .... 903-905

County-seat of Turner..1005-1 007

Affidavit signed by residents

of ....................1005-1007

"XV. "W, ,.,.,-.,,.....,,,..... 10 0 5

Ashley, Cornelius R. .............. 98-5

L-odwick ..................... 615

Nathan ......

Nathaniel ....

Win. .........

Ashmore, Otis Hon.

Tom Peter . . .

Athens, county-seat <

el C. Jud el C. Mr. .
r R. Judge,

,

...................

Anthony, Boiling ................ ,HQ40

Henry H. Hon. ............... 85

J. D. Rev. '.................. 1023

Milton Dr. ..................

Samuel Rev. ................ 395

Anti-Tariff Convention ....... .558-562

"Antony-Over," an old game. .... .256

Appalachicola Bay ............... .468

Applewhite, John -B ................ 709

Appling County, treated ...... 555-556

Daniel Col. .................. 555

Archer, "Henry (M. P.), Trustee of

Georgia .................... 527

Thomas (M. P.), Trustee of

Georgia .................... 520

Arkrjglit, Thos. .................. .299

Arlington, Ga., sketch of ...... 013-614

Armour, James ...................809

two' great universities,' 761-762; Oakland Cemetery, 41 7-428; Westview Cemetery, 428-432; mentioned ...,--.-324, 600, 738 "Constitution," 45, 240, G23, 656,
750-751, S44, 941, 102 5 "Georgian" ................ ..^.%0 "Herald" ....................750 Hospital Associa ' ".Journal" ...... "News" ......... "Sun" .......... AttapulguS, Ga. ...... Academy ....... Attaway, J. TV". ....... Atteway, Isiah ....... Augusta, county-seat
Poet's Monumer 95S; Walsh :. _____________ veiled, 938-960; Archibald Butt memorial bridge dedicated, 961963; Hammond Monument unveiled 964-966 ; Georgia's oldest

1

INI>EX

1137

bank, 968; birth-place Children of the Confederacy, 967-968; Summerville Cemetery, 317323; Arsenal Cemetery, 323325; City Cemetery, 325-338; St. Paul's Church-yard, 31 2317; early Masonic history, 263. 267; siege of, 512-516; treaties made at, 951-952; mentioned, 199, 209, 302, 326, 494, 495, 496,
513 Canal ....................... .96:1 "Chronicle," 31, 326, 327, 34?.
957, 958, 959 Au-Muckalee Creek .............. .975 Aunt Matt, a. negro servant to Mr.
Stephens ................. .150 Austell, Alfred Gen., tomb of ....423
Mentioned .............621, 1002 Austin, D. N". .................... .798 Avary, Archer ..................... 693 Avery, Isaac "W. Col., quoted, 154-166,
905 Mentioned. 562, 506, 747, 749, 750 John Gould, Rev. ........... .636 Axson, Ellen Louise (Mrs. Woe-drew
r. S. K. Rev. ........... .731, 834 S. B. Rev. ................. .731 Aycock, Mr. ................. .509, 510
A^ilia, 'the Margravate of ... .528-534
B
Baher, Ambrose Dr., physician and diplomat; his duels, 32-33; his tragic death, 33-34 ; tomb of.
Bacon, Augustus O. Major, United ' States Senator, his new-made
556-557; burial place of his pa rents, 342; mentioned, 544, 680,
843, 871, 945 County, treated ........ .556-557 James T., quoted. ...... .954-955 John, patriot ................ 540 .rohn, Sr- ................... ..639 Milton E. Rev., educator. . . ] 002 Wm., Jr. ................... .639
Bagley, H. C. ..................... .999 Bailey, David J., Congressman, his
tomb, ..................... .393 Mentioned ....249, 546, 652, 567
611, 972
Fleming G. .................. 973 Francis G. ............. .987, 988 James Wray Dr. ............377
Robert .......................655
Samuel T. ......... .391, 575, 704
Kenneth .................... .195 Bainbridge, county-seat of Decatur,
702-704 Wm. Commodore ............ 702
Baisden, Thomas J. .............. .970 Baisden's Bluff ................... .302 Baker, B. T. ..........
County, treated ...... . . 557-558 George, body servant to Gov.
Troup .................... .893

^Revolution ; his duel on l>orse-back ................ .6-7 Mentioned ....... .538, 557, 843
Richard, servant to Gov. Troup,
Timothy, footman to Gov.
Wm. Sr. ".'.".'.'.'. .'.". ...... .639, 643 Wm., patriot ............... .538
Baklridge, John ................ .1034 Baldwin^ Abraham, United States
A. J. ..... '. '.'. '.'. '.'.'.'.'.'... .'.087' 989 Benjamin ................... .925 County, treated ....... .558-577 H. W. Judge ............... .884
Moses H .....986, 987, 988, 989 Moses I-T. Mrs. .............. 988
Bales, W. B. ................... .1028 Ball, Annie ........................ 1052
JOdward ......................039 Frederick ...................1040 James G. M. ............... 1029
Richard Col. ............... 1052
Baltimore Conference (Methodist) of 1844 ............... .778-780
Bancroft, Frederick ...............122 Bangs, Joseph .................... 1024 Bank of Augiista, oldest in Georgia,
968 Banks, G. Y. ...................... 569
John T. ..................... .393 Joseph ......................1021 Joseph R. .................. .879 Martha B. .................. .377 Richard Dr., tomb of- ...... .377
Mentioned ......... 720, 786, 788 Banks-Stephens Institute ........ .870 Baptists, Two rioneers: the story
of the Mercers, 17 2-179 ;old Kiokee, 689-691 ; Penfield: the cradle of Mercer, 773-778 Barbecue. 'Georgia's First. ....... ..630 Barber, John W. ................. .904
Barker, Edward ................. -696
Barksdale .........................845 Barnard, John ................ 638, 640
George T. Hon., Congressman, 145, 146, 337, 547
Gideon, founder, of Barnesville
Barnesville, Ga. .............. .930-931 Barnett, 1C. A. .................... 10o8
Nathan C. Col., secretly buried the Great Seal of State..... 96
Samuel, tomb of ............ .355
Wm Congressman, tomb of, 355
Barnett's Reserve ............... -854 Barnhill, J. F. .................... .670

1138

INDEX

;ley, A. G, Dr A. G. Mrs.

Hall ....................219, 221

John, Si-., a Baronet, M. P.,

Trustee Of Georgia ....... .527

or Burrington, Thomas, 264,265

Barren, Bishop ....................311

T. G. .................. .559, 589

Wylly. gentleman gambler,

tomb of ............... .335-536

Barrow, Cornelia Jackson .........306

County, treated ........ .577-578

David C., Chancellor; county

named, for ................577

Mentioned ............ .659, 926

Florence .................... .306

es Sen-

----- . . ..,.._._, ..--, 926, 1047

Sarah Craig- ................ .370

Barry, A. L. ..................... .1013

Bishop ................. .311, 646

Bartlett, Charles L. Judge, Con-

gressman .......;.....548, 549

George T. Judge .............391 Jonathan ................... 615

Bartow County, treated ...... .578-593

Fort ........ -

201

Francis L. Col., tomb of .... .300

Mentioned ... .562, 563, 567, 593

Theodosius Dr. .............. 301

Base-ball, an American gyme of

supposed Indian origin, 733-736

Bass, Edward ....

989

John ............

911

Mrs., a daughter of Gov. Rabun .......................793

Nathan ......... ....

731

uinny ............ .

976

. Mrs. .................... .754

"W. A. Prof. ................ .428

Bates, Anthony, sergeant

783

Bath, an old town ........... .224, 225 Bathurst, Henry Earl, Trustee of

Georgia ....................527

Battey, Robert Dr., tomb of.......414

Battle, Andrew .................. .774

Archibald J. ......... ..... .777

Arthur W. ................. .867

Cullen ...................... .774

Jesse ........................790

Joseph J. ................... .8-67

J, W. Rev. .................. 793

Lazarus W. ................ .931

Batts, Adelaide Miss, ..............914

Baxley, county-seat of Appling 555-556

Baxter, Alice Miss ' '. .'. ..........'..'. 812 Bayard, Nicholas S., tomb of. . . . . .279 Beach Island, S. C. ...............943
W. W. ...................... .556 Beal, Frederick .................. .738 Healer, Alex. W". Rev. ........ 214, 707 Beall, D. R. ..................... .1009
Erasmus T. ................. 975 J. E. ........................569 James J. ................... .622 Robert A. Major, duel with
Thos. D. Mitchell ....... .32-33 Mentioned ........ .558, 560, 561 Samuel .....................1053 Thos. ....................... 1009

istee of Georgia ........527
Beauregard, Gen. .................232 Beck, Rrasmus W. Hon., Congress-
man .................. .393, 547 Home at Kingston ...... 585-586 J. -W, Rev. ..................611 Marcus W. Judge ......611, 763 Samuel ...................... 569 Solomon .....................948 "Wm ................. .1052, 1053 Becker, Bishop .............. .311, 646 Beckom, N. A. ................... .614 Beckwith. John W. Bishop. ...... ..298 Beddell, P. T. ................... .795 Bedell, Columbus C. ............. .904 Wm. R. .................... .904 Bedford. Arthur Rev. (A. M.), Trus-
tee of Georgia ........... .520 "Bee, The" ........................ 879 Belcher, Daniel ...:.............,.702 Belfast: the home of James Max-
well ...................607-609 Belitha, Wm., a Trustee of Georgia
520 Bell, Hiram P. Hon., Congressman,
547, 562, 568 Isaac C. .................... .873 James .......................9/9 John S. ..................... 896 Norton Mrs. .............. Otis P. ..................... .950 Thomas M. (;onsi'essman.
Win. B. . W. R. .......................... Bellamy, Ellen Washington Mrs., 965 Belt, Elizabeth Talbot Mrs. ... .1052 Belvin, James Major ............. .860 Beman, 'Carlisle P. Kev., a noted
educator .....124, 571, 572, 790 Nathan S. S. Rev., a pioneer
educator ................. .790 Ben Hill County, treated. ..... 593-597 Benge, John .................... .1034 Bennett, J. J. Rev. ............... .803 Benning, Anna Miss ............ .160
Henry L. Gen. ("Old Rock"), soldier and jurist, tomb of, 401 Mentioned .... 562, 564,569, 903
Henry Ij. Mrs. ...............160 Malinda L-. .................. 401 Mary Howard .............. .401 Pleasant M. .................401 Sarah Cobb, mentioned, I^a-
Benson, John' B.' ...]'.'.....'..'. '. '. '. '. 1795 Benton, Eugene ..................812
M. ...........................812 Thomas Hart ............... .12 Bergman, John Ernest Rev. ......189 Bermuda Island ..... i 94. i 95. SOO. 853 Bernard, Edwa H. R. Dr. (Re*
Joseph E Berner, Robert Berrien County
Eliza . . . John Maj John Mac

John. ID. Judge

INDEX
Blacksmith of tin Black-well, A. K.
J. jhl. Judtr Blaine, James G.
' Hugh. Blairsville, ' Blake, Benjami
Thos. .... Blakely, E. R.

1139

......... .527 ........ .1009 182, ] 97, 265, 2SO, 649, 650 Bethune, Marion Hon. ........... .547 Pa. ......................... .213 Betts, JEHsha .....................1017 Beuler, Peter ......................214 Sevan, Joseph Vallance, an early historian, tomb of ..,.,,,.281 Bibb County, treated .......... 598-605 Thomas. Ter. Gov. of Aia....722 Wm. Wyatt Dr., physician, United States Senator, and Ter. Gov. of Ala., 543, 544, 545,
722 historian of De Koto's ex-
joining's, KamueJ. .................. v yt> Billups Residence (Joel A.) ..... .886 Binks, Bingo Sir, a pet dog- of Mr.
Stephens ..................152 Bird, James .......................821
Sarah, mentioned, i,amar. . . 1042 Thompson Dr. .........044,1042
\V~ilsori ' '.'.':'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'. . .". .'.93S
irks ..............1020 op, A. B. Capt. ........... .65, 902
He.nnrryr "R. .................... .64 John A. ..................... 988 J. M. ........................701 Thos. ....................... .372 Win. N. ...........-896, 899, 900 Black, IDr. .................... 857, 85S Edward J. Hon., Recollections
of .........................970 Mentioned .............645, 546 George R. Hon., Congressman,
970,547 George Seaborn Gen. ........417 J. C. C. Hon. ............... .548 J. C. C. Mrs. ............. .1048 John Gordon Mrs. .... .....951 Major, of Oglethorpe. . . .857, 858 "W. A. ..................... .569 Blackburn, Dr., of Pike ......... .930 J C C Dr ................ .834 John P. ................... .979 Blackrnon, Frederick Leonard Hon.
932 Blackshear, county-seat of Pierce, 929
David Gen., "Springfield." his home in Laurens, S29-S30
Mentioned, 559, 560, 561, 599, 699, 628, 929
James ....................... 704

Blalock, ,T L Bland, "Silver Blandt'ord, Cla...
Mark H. Ji Bleckley, Logan

Bledsoe, David .......

Blitch, Benj. . ................ ...929

Bloc! sett, foster ................. 337

Blood, ID. R. ......................999

Blood worth, O H B., Si-., lion . . .881

O. H. B., Jr., Capt. . , .. . 879, -S80

O. FT. B. Jr., Capt. ...... 879, 880

Bloody Marsh, Battle of. Memorial

unveiled ................... 765

Mentioned ................. .206

Blount, Ann Jacuueline ......... .826

James H. Hon., Congressman,

tomb of ............... ....389

Mentioned ............. 547/825

John T. .....................980

Blountsville, Ga. ................. .825

Blue Ridge, county-seat of Fannin, 729

Mountains .........211,221,729

Bogne, John ......................228

Boifeuillet, John T. Hon. .......... 828

Bolton, C. C. ......................808

John .................. .650, 1040

Robert, tomb of ............. 282

Bolzius, John Martin Rev

~"~

Mentioned ........ M. L,. .................. Bone, James W. .................. 987 Micajah .....................924 Bon Horn me Richard ............ ..283. Booth, IDavid Col. ............... .599 John P. ...................... 33 Thomas ......................922 Boring, Isaac ..................... 884 Bostick, Chesley, patriot ..........540 Littleberry, patriot ......... .540 N. Li. ........................822 Boston, Qa. .................... 998-999 Harbor ...................... .982 John ........................311 Mass. ...................315, 316 Bosiwick, R. H. ................. 614 Boswald, Isaiah. .................. .938 Bottome, Mrs. .................... 864 Boudinot, Elias Hon., of Conn . .900 Elias, Cherokee Chief, 211, 901,
1034 Bourn, Joshua ................... .763 Bourquin, H. L. ................. .643 Bourquine, S. ..................... 712 Bowen, Eliza Miss, historian ......354
Isaa,c ........................570 Oliver, Commodore, patriot,
tomb of, .............. S14-31S ' Mentioned ........ .538, 485, 64*

1140

INDEX

Stephen ............... . .1039 W. P. Major .......... ..... .310 Bowers, Ebenezer J. ........ . . . . . .824 Bowling, Timothy ........... . . . . . .628

Boyd, Douglas .............. ...... 9 7 'A

jJ.am-wes.

D... ............................

.

.

.973, ....

393 .848

Marion G. Col. ........ . . , . . .848

Wier Col. ............ . .848, 840

. . . . . .774

Boykin, Samuel ............ . . . . . .561

. . - . . .427

liollis .................. ..... .974

James S. Gov., tomb o f ... .393

Mentioned ........... . .145, 550 Joseph J. ............. . . . . . .975

..... .074

Box, Philip ................. . . . . . .638 Bozeman, C. M. Judge ..933
F. H. Col. ............. John .................. John Mrs. ............. . . . . . .934 Bracewell, Burwell W. ...... . . . - ..559 Bracken, Peter .............. Bradie, David, patriot ...... Bradley, Henry Stiles Dr. (R

Brady's portrait of Mr. Step}

Brandon, David S. .......... Morris ............ . . . . . .. . .752
Brandywme, battle of ...... BranMam, Henry ............

Brantley, Green ............. . . . . .1021

L. A, .............. Thomas ...............

W. T. Dr. (Rev.) ...... Zachariah ............. Brawner, James M. ......... Brazzell, John .............. Brenau College .............
Brewster, V. A, ......,,,... Walter S. Ca.pt. ........
Brewton Benj. ..............
J. C. Dr. ..............
Briar Creek ................. Brice, Norman .............. Bridges Wm., Gov. Troop's
Brier Creek .................

street ........... Brisbane, Adam Fowler, patriot, 539,

Briscoe, L. H. ..........

...... 5 (i 7

Britt, John J. ...... ...

..... .976

Brittain, M. L. Hon. ........

Broadnax, John II. ......... . . . . . .938

Boggess, Giles S. ............ Bogie, Joseph ............... ..... .592 Brock, Wafter .............. BroQus, Augustus L. ....... ..... .971 Brookins, Heywood Major . . I 021, 1022,

Brooks, Ben.]. F. ............ County, treated ....... ...... 6 0 5 L. L. .................. ..... .77^

D.. P. ............ ...... .093, 994 Paschal ..........

Richard P. Mrs. . . . .761, 8S1, 88~2

Wm. H. ................... 950

W. M. ........... .......... ,.90y

Broom Town, an Indiai

Broro Neck ............

Brown, Andrew M.

.......... ..790

B. B. ............

B. W. ............ ........... .668 Chas. McDonald ............. 421 David ............ ............ 6 1 .-> Edward T. Col. , Elizabeth Grisham (Mrs. jos-
eph E.) ................... .421 Epps Gen., tomb i

Franklin Pierce . Henry ........... . . . . . .935, 1026
........... .615 ........... .656 Joe, Pike, Histor;7 Of . .656-658

........... .668

John M. Col.

...... .351, 745

John T. ......... ...... .863, 864

ted States Senator, and jur-

n. Toomtas, 43-44

>, 905, 945, 967 >r, 94, 550', 570 (156, 672, 674, 6J7 , 680, 681, 757,
761, 7S8 Julius L. ......... ...... .421, 422 Mark M. ........ Minor W. ........ Morgan ...........560, 1021, 3 026 R. A. ........... .......... .1000 Robert C. ........ ........... .774
.......... .1010

officer . . .4!>3 -496, 512, 513 ........... .980 .......... .102G
Wm B. ......... ...... .729, 980 Browne, George Y. Rev
T-. *'. ............. W. M. ........... Brownson, Nathan Dr.,
542, 549, 639
Broyles, E. N. Col. . . . . Bruce, Robert ......... Bruffey, Edward C.
lapt.. ..... -672,
673, 682
Richard T. Prof. ........... .672 Thomas M. Lieut.,
of the SpaniSh-A ........... .429
Raises the Ameriican flag at Manilla ........ ....... .6S2-6S3
Mentioned ...... ........... .673
Brunswick county -seat

Chapter, D. A, R., erty tree ......
........... .722
Bryan County, treated George IT. ...... ............ 7 9 5 . . 330, 562, 568 I-Iardy .......-.-Hugh .......,--............ .919

INDEX

1141

Jonathan, patriot ..199,538,539, 643
pressman. .544

Se;

sen

Win"! J-, 'how he secured his

nomination in 1890 ....235-238

Mentioned .................. 361

Bryan's Neck ..................... .617

Bryant, John ......,..,,,....... ..784

Langley ..................... 615

Nathan ..................... -SOU

Bryce, John ........"..............407

Wm. ....................... .627

Buchan, B. A. ..:........-........ 7 0 5

Uavid M. ....'............... .705

Buchanan, county-seat of Haral-

son ....................793-794

Hug-h Judge, Congressman,

his tomb ................. .437

Mentioned ............ .547, 697

James, of Early ............710

James, Pres. . .341, 363, 567, 793

James, of Clay ............ .667

R. L. .......................574

W. T. ....................... 7 2 9

Buckner, Alfred .................. .971

Buek, Mr., owner of the Payr

iSte

.63

nty-seat of Ma

uford, Ga.

tionary soldier ............ 5 1 G

Bull, Orville A. Judge ........... .1002

Bullard, Lewis .................. .570

Bulloch, Anna Miss ........... ...~. 218

Archibald, patriot. President

of Executive Council ..91, 280,

542, 549, 63S, 639-641, 642, 837

A. S. ....................... .228

nty, Hall

treated

............ -61 0

Irvin

.................... ^ . .

s Dunwody Admiral ..219,

s S'., Ex-Pres. Roosevelt's" nflfather, tomb of. .685-686 Me tioned .....217-219, 228, 837 Martha, or Mittie ...... -217, 218 Wm. B. Hon., IT. S. Senator,
311, 543
Wm. G. Dr. ................ .311 Wm. H. ............... .311, 644 Bullock, Rufus B. Gov. .......97, 550 Bunch, George ................... .986 Bundy, Richard Dr. (Rev.), Trustee s of Georgia ............... .526 Bunker Hill, gunpowder for ..483-484
1019
Bunkley, Jesse .............. .826, 827 Trial, the Famous ..... .826-827
Burch, J. C. ..................... .508 Morton N.. ................. ,1053 Robert S. ................. .867
Burgoyne, Harry Sir, a Baronet, M. P., Trustee of Georgia, 527
Burk, Michael .................... 987 Burke, Joseph F Col. ............14S Burkhalter, David N., 867, 869, S70, 871-
John, a Revolutionary sol dier, his grave ....... .867, 869
Burks, M. M. Mrs. ............... .782 Wiley P. ................... .872

John . . .

S. E.

Burney, Andn

_ ____ _. ................. .1052

John' W. .................... 809

Thos. J. .................... .884

Wm. V. .............. ....... 61 o

nham, Dickerson ............1004

Robert Noble ............... .241

Burns, Andrew .............. .638, 952

Jan_ 3 .......................655

Meir rial Cottage, The. .762-763

nside, Ambrose B. Gen. ........ 36

James ...................... .847

Thos. E!, duel with George W.

Crawford ................ 35-37

Mentioned ................ .692

W. A. Judge ................. .37

Wm. ..... ...................847

nt Village, a tale of the Indian

Waorns

................... .460-464 .36

Burroughs*"" Be'nj. .........'.'.'.'.... .282

Burruss, A. J. Prof. ..............1018

Burt, Moody ..................... .693

Burton, John Dr. (Rev.), Trustee of

Georgia .................. .526

R.

II, Wm. H. Hon. ... ...... .790

Bush, David ...............

...1019

Isaac ................ ,....876

J. H. ........................709

James T. .................... 7 09

M. H. .......................570

Butler, Bessie Miss ........... 886, 887

County-seat of Taylor .......985

Daisy Miss ................ . SSG

David E. ....................884

Edward .....................610

Elisha .......................643

James L. .................... 9 71

Joseph .......................638

Pierce, patriot ...............538

Pierce Major .............. .768

Shem, patriot ............... 539

Wm. ....................... .824

Wm. Orlando Gen. ......... .985

Butt, Archibald Major: a hero of

Titanic ................960-961

Memorial Bridge ....... 961-963

Edgar M. Col. .............. .871

Kdward H. ................. .961

Jeremiah .................. .1019

John Judge ................. S71

John, Jr. ...................1008

Lewis Ford ................. 961

Noah Col. .................. .871

Wm. B. Judge ............. .871

Buttermilk Bluff ................. .614

Butts County, treated ....... .610-611

Elijah ....................... 567

W. H. Mrs. ................. .886

Byhan, G. .........................898

Bynum, James R. ................ .988

Byrd, f. M. .................. 566, 568

Sarah, ....................... .366

Byrne, Thomas ...................669

Byron, Lord .......................557

1142

INDEX

Cain, Jeff .........................233 Cairo, county-seat of Grady....... 772 cam well, Ihos. .................. .989 Calhoun, A. B. Dr. ....... 438, 567, 697
A. W. Dr., tomb of. . . . .423, 697 County, treated ........ .613-614 County-seat of Gordon... 770, 771 K. N Dr.....................4-27
-.614

,746 .561

14, 48 William Lownd.es udge, tomb

California University ' Y. '.Y.Y.Y.Y.Ys41

Callaway, James ......... 63, S2S, 1051

Merrell ..................... 1051

Morgan Dr. ..................354 Calthorpe, Henry Sir, M. P., King's
Bench, Trustee of Georgia 527

Camak, James, sketch of

367622, 666603

M. VS. Mrs. ............... ...660 Camden County, treated. ...... 614-617
M. J. ........................ 6 5 5
Cameron, B. H. ........ ...........1002 David ...................... .1002 G. IT. ......................1029 James ...................... 1002' James H., pioneer. . . .1002, 1003 Thomas ................... ..1002 William .....................1002
Camp, Abner ......................669 Alfred ........................619 Benj. ........................619 Kdwin Mrs. ................. .242 George .......................619 Lang ........................619 Sarah Miss ................. .672 Septimus ....................914 Thomas ......................620 Virginia Usher .............. 914 "Walker ...................... 745 W. W. ......................669
Campbell, Alexander Hurne, M P., Trustee of Georgia. ..... 527
C.. of Morgan. ...............559
Col., British Commander, 187, 492, 503, 504
County, treated ......... .618-621

352-353, 1045 .Tesse I-I. ................... ..971 John ....................... ..968

McCartin, patriot ........... .540

Walter L. Judge. ...... .559, 854

Campbellton, Historic. ........ 619-620

Carnulla, C. S., of Mitchell . . .. S77

Candler, Alien E>. Gov., monument

unveiled ............... 786, 789

Tomb of .............. .376, 877

Mentioned ....547, 550-, 023, 683,

846, 848

Asa G. Col. ................. .762

County, treated .......... 623-624

Daniel G. Capt. ......... 377, 788

John S. Judge. ............. ..788

Milton A., tomb of.. 406, 547, 704

University ...................761

Warren A. Bishop, 762, 920, 1013

William, patriot ............ .540

Cannon H A.......

.. ... ..570

H. W. .......................569 Richard .................... ..629 R. I-I. ...................... ..593 Canton, county-seat of Cherokee,
055,656 Cantrell, J. M. ..................... 5C7 Capachiqui, an Indian village. .. 55, 61 Capehart, Hugh .................. 1008 Capers, F. "W. Gen. ................ 674
Uncle Bob, a, prototype of Uncle'Remus .............. 941
William Bishop .....778,780,919 Carey, George Hon. .....545, 693, 1012
Carlisle, Willis ..................... 739

Henry H. Capt.",'c'o'ngress-

ma n

................372, 547

JoJosseephh B.' ' D Drr.' .'].'...'.'...'..'...'.-"1!3l355,i 372

^arrPe^Andrew " ^b"!*!

r-Hi-ne^ I> B Mrs" ' ' '

160

Peter .."..... .Y.Y.Y.......... .-821

Thomas P. Judge. . . .17, 544, 738

Carnesville, county-seat of Franklin, tza.

ca '*""""of' G~eorgia

George Was----,,-_-- ,,-- -- -.. j D Mrs poem on Cassville,
591
Mr a. Confederate soldier. . .591 Carpet Bag Element. ............... 97 Carr, Corrie .......................913
John P ......................911 Kinchen .....................785 Mark Capt. ............ .194, 838 p c .......................985 Thomas ............... 195, 693 Carraway, William .............. 1009 Carroll, Charles of Carrollton. ... .027 County, treated ......... 624-628 John Bishop ................ 645 Tony ........................S67 Tripletts, The .............. .867 Carrollton, county-seat of Carroll, 627 Carson, A. B. ..................... .998 J. H. ........................ 568 M. F. Dr. .................... 973 Cars-well, Matthew ...............1053 Nathaniel A. .....570,1052,1053 R W ...................... .744 William .....................1007
Carter, D. 1 Farish Hepwo

Johi -T^v,,

Robert ReRobert Sir, a j^nignT, j.'rusttje
of Georgia .................527 Robert Mrs. ........153,159,160,
162, 163 Samuel M. ................. ..687 Carteret, Tx>rd ................533, 534 Cartersville, county-seat of Bar-
tow ..... .... ...... .579, 592, 593 Town cemetery .............. 410 Cartledge, FJdmond ................ 691 J., delegate to Anti-Tariff
Convention ............... .559 John ........................ .693 Carwell, James ....................629 N. A. ....................... .562 Casady, Madison ................. .729 Casey, H. R. Dr............... 562, 567

INDEX

1143

' Cash, Cass

John A

.

...... 722

CTW hoouim lnltiayasm(BLar.t.o.w..)..........3.0.. .0.,..5..8..9.9, 07529423

Sa^ieSs'"----."^!! CCaassssevliLSTFAsll,teehceacw m oa:taSidmliaoalsetelm anhm edseuGyeC.,eQFl.no.oTl.Jlr..erm.ug..Res.e...tr..ee....v...e..G ..s......l..o..o.5.3.r...i84f...e.4..9..s..,.,...5.5558.R9.8.883.0.e89948.-,, .39558558983994505910

" gc^?S"irc.^h.-.$-.f-m.-a.-.-."-.-a.-n.--.-w.-.-B.S-.-m-.c-.---.--.-^-!?!i?i

Charlton's

Life

of

Jackson,

quoted, 8, 9,

11

Chase, CAhlibeof-nJu.s.tu..s...............................38711,

Chastain, Allei

BenP;r ' ' '

fSXT sb^-VAf:.':.^-.^:.Sii CChhaattthaM T&aAhm .horotooriW m lgcA lahe\ancresyae.d..eC..m..o...yu......n..t..,y7..,2..,..,.t..7.r..e5,..,..a....t8...e76..d..4..6.9.5.18 ,6, 8965883L6,0244

g8thaiathttIoS^',"o1cu.-nAt.-yD;-rt:-raen^dV-M.V;..sV::0:V::;6SS

gafnots^ASiSS-'irS'eors2i0a7;-231111

Catley, SamuelCato, Mrs., Gov.

...................1019 Rabun's daughter, 793

cautnron TThmna^ - 629 -g*

Cr-ParvieiTndiosrhp,lR ? 0irSciS a" ,'M! P.',' TrusteeJ^ "Cedar HU?' CovV LumpUln'B'Home.0 ^

Cheats^ Cneeves, A.
Isaac X.

Mi,; :.V.Y.-.V.V.Y.-.V8 lY III .J.. ..R.e.v.,...................,....,.,....8. 68645 Dr...................... 864

Chehaw, an .indianviTlag'e", "partic."

cchheenle^yu.e^^isPaarcSv.i.^.c..^.o..f

rUCti n ' ^ .'.'.'".'".'.'.".'." ."i

"HI 009

--------------

Ccdartown,

county-seat

of Polk, - ,, 932

'"' orgian'"'

"'''' "...'.'.'.'..,....

' .'i.023

C CChhhratidtSYwbi.bi.cIeSkri,nT_inaMs,cbraSgyih."it-as.JT".' ............."........;...-..'.........8..5....,..481.i251o776ll

''aovefnor80 ''"' 0 '5 by T '' y 610

Chamblee, Qa. . .'. ^^'Y.Y.V.Y.V-Vials
Champion, 'E>kVia"H.V.'.'".'.-.':.'.'.':.'io63 Moses Dr. .............. 809, 810

^ChhnannlldlplTer- JTons^eepllhh' ''''.'.'.".'.-.".'''.'.'-/'" JS T'i'* ^,r% -5TMK i. ..'."...l.l.u.a..t.e.a....*...52r90r
cChhlaSnZe.JTia.^-nm'NJo.aRgm trTd-:r :e..-s::M";."r.V".:".:v:".:y":.'.".:v":.y:":.y:":."v:.:s-i.94If6Si6f4 oiS9n en, Absalom H Col., CongressAJ.& Mbm dcusH ieeaeannVnlattoyt,r?im oraoitnosfofePm -dtPC;hC..br-eoo.Mfol.L.u.f,r.m as..Q. d.,b.l-u.u.e-f.oss>.i.t.r'.es...dAt..,..0'.ird..44r1!9e*561Ss8^,oi,,.--4411990469"243
Mentioned ............. sli! 1
TLJ.orHet.ta..L..a.m ...a.r.................1..6..2..,. 944042 Thomas J. ............. .403, 94* CCChhhaaarrrllleetJossontohVnn,C, oo.Suf..n.G.tCy.e..,r..m..t..ra..en.a.y1.t.8.e.3d..,....1...9....4.....,...5...11..,.76,.2.,727145S201 Roahtot.r,Mt.om Jubdgo e.l.U.....S....S..e.n.-.. 303

"Ph

oke,_, The Ustutli

A ???t^nitBl ' s

,

T UKtena,

L Leeggeennda, oolf the---- C.. h~..

The Man Who M..

Thunderer's Siste

T1?liJ Haiigi

4 71 474

V TarandnitiH onosuseof ........................ 889939--899092
RTeredatCylo-oyf: AthuesuCshtaer.o.l.i.e.e. .C95o1u-n0-52
Soc1s1e,--nGLreofuennda .o.f...-... . .1 0 3444A-10i3n8 "..C^".h"e"s^aMp"eeinajktiip-on'.edr.".~.'..........r.rr...v.r.."...v.r(.,'h.T,fsiss
cheehie? W.' J.'.'.'.'.'.!!!!'.!'. 11!..... . - . CcOCClthhlh"ieliocav^ahRaagaalYoi.V TM e^irnaaa,lCncmSeitooforCnnaTwhvtAaneTrn>l.oate.iVtso. knth."Kc.e-oV, f.C.np"' Vo1.ao8tt9o5rr6i8aiV*.o1p't05i.r'T?m 9o.J6.vhnTM .-0pn.05'241T6051i Chief ^oSities'"*5""6'1 ' 8 Mdr Js0*?^! Chi1r!cr=!1^F7le.m^ ----------------i > i
Oliver P V:::."".' ' "-'.''.'' ".".':877 CCChhhiiilplddlserW .,eyT.n,o.ABr\.oiLV.gf.imKM nt...hr..se..C ........C..........o.....n.....f.....e.....d......e....r.....a.....c......y......:.........9i....t6...s.7..8.,...86993506749824

1144

INDEX

Sabina, Rev, Jesse Mercer's first wife ....... . . . . . .141, 175 ratic genius . . 167 , 170, 405, 704
Christ Church rarish de scribed. . .541 Church, St. Simons Island. . .766 Church, Savannah .. . . .73, 74, 275 "Index" ........... 176, 752, 1045
Christie, Thomas ........ ..........629 ........... 3 6 9
Maj. ............... ......... .816
6, 72, 316 President Washingt on dined Rhode Island Socie ty of. .72, 73,

Republic ..... .......... 106-114 Clary, Robert ........ .......... .19, 20

Ciay, Alexander Step!lens, U. S.

Mentioned

. ... .221, 544, 680

County, treated ........ .667-668

Henry .......... ........ .102, 714

tomb of ..... .............. 280

Joseph, Jr.

............. .649

County, treated ........ .668, 669
Jesse ........ ............ ..786 Julia Games . . ............ ..369 Mr. .......................... .561

Clanton, Turner ........ ...... .37, 693 "Clari, or the Maid of Milan," a
musical drama by John Howard Payne ....... .......... .62

Clayton's Compendiurri ............ 8 0 8 Cleaveland, Benj. Col ....... .785, 1030 Cleghorn, Chas. ................... .589 Clement, "William .... ........... ..1028

George Walton

. . . . .140, 10'49

Gibson, delegate Ariti-Tariff

Convention ......

Hiram Mrs. ....... ......... .611

Duels with Williani H. Craw-
His grave overlooking St. Andrews Bay ...... . . . ] 3 7 -1 4 2
Mentioned ......3, 178, 550, 575, 576, 784, 785, 811, 1042, 1049, 1050
John Mrs. ............. .139, 141 J. C. F. ..................... .989 O. .......................... ..559 Richard H. Judge, tomb of,
32, 34, 384 Mentioned ... .336, 562, 567, 584,
665, 823 Walter A., Quoted. ..... .225, 226 "William ......................894 "William C. Mrs. ............. 909 Wylie P. ................... ..141 "W. "W. Col. ................. ..911 Clarke County, treated. ...... .658-667 Elijah Gen., his Trans-Oconee
Republic ...............106-114 The Bedford Porrest of the
Revolution ............ 504-509 His Vow ............. .512, 513 Mentioned ... .140, 494, 495, 751,
882, 922, 952, 1040', 1041 Elijah, Jr. .................-.845 E. Y. ..... .746, 747, 749, 750, 756 Gibson .....................,.S45 Hannah, a Revolutionary
heroine ................... 1041 James . . ._. . v ............... .974

Cleveland, county-seat of White, 1030, 1031

Henry, descripthjn of Liberty

Larkin ....................... .786 Llovd Judee

Clifton, Naths

"W. W., delegate Anti-Tariff

.Convention ................ 559

Clinch County, treated ....... .669-670

Mentioned ..................295

Duncan L. Gen. .............. 546

'

Tomb of ................... .295

Rifles ...................... ..966

Clinton Academy .................. 824

DeWitt Cov. ............... ..824

Ga. ........................ ..824

Close, Henry ......................629

Cloud, Aaron Mr., proprietor of the

tower on Stone Mountain. . 248

Cloud's Tower, on Stone Mountain, 248

Cobb, Andrew J. Judge. ...........926

County, treated ............ .670

Confederate Monument ... .408

In the Mexican War. ...... .679

Mentioned ..................214

Howell Gov., tomb of,

363, 364, 368

Mentioned, IS, 341, 351, 364, 384,

544, 545, 546, 550, 563, 594, 655,

660, 903, 946

H. W. .......................592

John A. Judge, 303, 663, 946, 1016

Tomb of ................... .365

Joseph Beckham, quoted. . . -.695

Vlary Ann Lamar| ' wife" of Gov. Cobb ................ .364
On slavery .................. 354-

INDEX

1145

Thomas, of Dooly- ........... 707 Tomb of ................... .364
Thomas R. R. Mrs .......... -66u Thomas W. Hon., tomb of... 356
Cobbs, The: Howell and Thos. R. R., a sketch of ........... 068-664
Cochran, cheedle ................. .019 Lt.-Col. in Oglethorpe's Regiment .................. 769
Cody, M. D. ...................... .569 Cofauui, an Indian -village. ...... 56, 61 Coffee County, treated ........... .686

Gov and TJ S Senator tomb County-seat of Miller. ... 875, 870 County, treated ............. .686 Family Record, The. ..... 687-688
O. E. Gov. ................. ..870 feyton H. Col. ............. .403 Walter T. Judge, TJ. S. Sena
tor, recollections of . . . .686-087 Mentioned ... .400, 544, 546, 618,
619, 827, S75, 1018 Co quitts. The, a Parallelism. .688, 689 Co umbia County, treated. .. . .689-093 Co umbian Museum ....... .... ..643 Co umbus, Ga. ...... 308, 376, 902, 90S,
904, 905 Memorial Association, first Memorial Day's Birth-place,
156-167 Soldier's Aid Society,

Coher,, Peter ..................... .702 r-hilip Jacob, patriot. ........ .539
Cokayne, Francis, Esq., Trustee of Coker, F. M. ........................ 4-27
J., delegate Anti-Tariff ConCole, E. W. Mrs., her gift to City

Whiteford Mr. and Mrs...... 957 Wliiteford, Jr. .............. .957 Coieman, John G. .................. 567

College Temple .................. ..6 !> 7 Colley, F. Ft. Col. ................. 1050

Charles A. .................. .751

Dickie W. .................. .879

John Judge, tomb of ........ .426

Mentioned ................. .739

Merrill ..................... .704

Robert W.

........ -.1008

Colling, .T. S. . ..................... .614

Robert ..................... ..558 Seaborn L. .................. S 6 7 W. A. L. ................... ..55!) W. A. S. .................... .567 W. J. ....................... .857 Colonel's Island . . . . . 195, 2 00-, 500, 838 Colonial Cemetery, Savannah, 71,73,

Dames of America, Georgia Society, unveil Ebenezer tablet .................... ..180

Memorial Arch ........ .652-654

Colquitt, Alfred H...145, 403, 544, 546, 650, 562, 564, 507, 958, 1018

Hugh M., Sr. ....... -. ... .299, 820 Laura Beecher Mrs. ....... .160 Commerce, Ga. .................. .806

Thomas M. ................. .927

59, 60, 61

Cone, A. B. ....................... .999

Francis H. Judge, tight with

Mr. Stephens ............38, 39

Tomb of .................... 3 5 9

Mentioned ..................773

Joseph ...... ... .

.... ..871

Peter Hon. .................. 610

William Capt. .............. .61G Coney. K. F. Mrs. .......... ..... .764 Confederacy, History of its Secret

Confederate Cabinet, last meeting of ................... ... .1040
Dead, monument to, ManFlag Tole, Blakely. .... ,710, 711 Government's Last Order 154-156 Monument, Savannah .......052

Soldiers' Home ............. .762

Conine, "W. Y. .............. .... .669

Constitution of 1777 ............ 91, 820 Continental Congress, Delegates to. Convention of 1798 ................ .820
Stephen .................... .615

"William L. ...................911

:, Anne Woolen

.......... .389

Ben.i. ~K. .............-.....-...-.....-9.8-8

Joshua M. ................. ..054 Martha Pearson (Mrs. Isaac
Winship, Macon's first child ................. .000, GOi Philip, Gen. C. K. A., tomb of ........................ .389 Sketch of .............. .838-859 Mentioned ... 546, 600, 749, S5 5,
857, I'-' Philip Maj., tomb of........ .389
Mentioned .... 539, 600, 831, 858 Philip Hon., ^ the present Sec-^
Sarah G. .....'....I".'....'.... .'.389 W. F. Dr. .............. .654, SS3 William Major, Oglethorpe's
Regiment .................. 769 Zadoc Hon. ..................545 Ob's House, Mrs. ................887 oley William .................. .Slti ope, Richard, Ksq., Trustee of
Georgia ................... .526 oper, Anthony Ashley, Trustee of
Georgia ....................S26 George" F. .................. .797 Hunter P. Dr. .........45, 47, 432

Coulter, James .................... 733 "Countryman, The," a, paper for
w , 3hgicahn Jtooewl rClthean.d..l.e.r...H94ar0ri,s 941

:ats, Chief Towns and

otyd Localities ......553-1034

Couper, James Hamilton. .......... 767

John ................ 438, 499, 83S

Covington, county-seat of Newton,

its Indian legend. ...... 91 0-91 2

Its ante-bellum homes..912 914

Female College ............. .911

Manual School .............. 91 T

Cowart, J. S............... . . .014

~'

"" "-

Cowles, Jerer
Walt on Cowper, Basil .
John ..... Cox, Kdward C;
Fleming . Needham . "W. B. ... Wm. T. .. Craft, Wm. H. Cramer, Christo Crampton's Gap Crane, B. 13. M; Horace A.

h and plentiful Indian

.

nee ... ........... .57, 58

Old Town. ........... .59

.....................59, 769

, proscribed by Tory

rnor .................. 539

proscribed by Tory

Tho TomL ,, .... Mentioned 54 Joel Ho Martin Mary Ann (Mrs. Peter), her epitaph ....................093 Nathan ..................... .693
Peter H n., his tomb ... ?36,'692 William IX ..................871 William H.. United States
Senator, Secretary of the Treasury, diplomat and

H., W. B. .

.yton, Wm. L. .................. 790

iek Indian Ag-eno.v. ..............693

Burnt Village, a Tale of the

India.n Wars ......

460-464

Indian^, Legend of Lover's

Leap ..................446-448

Legend of Sweetwater Branch,

449-450

Murder of Gen. Mclntosh.

1147

The Enchanted Islaiid . .464-466 Mentioned ......... 110, 113, 820 Creswell, David Col., Rev. soldier.
tomb of ..........

Reuben J. .......... ........ .560

........ .099 Crisson, Reese ........... Crittenden, II. A. Capt. .

Croft, Philip .............. Croker, Dr. ...............
John ................ Mary ............... ......... 8 6 2 Crosby, James C. Rev.... ........ .341 Crow, E. B. .............. Crowall, Col. .............
. . .559, 1021

Crystal Palace in London,

Culbreth, Archibald ...... ....... ..727 Cullens, Augustus A...... ..1021, 10-26
Frederick .......... ....... .1021 F. T. ...............

Culpepper, Chas. ......... ...... ..1053

Culver, Hardy ............

.

'

A ' Ge

rgia ...... .527 Cutafa chiqui ......... ........... -.469 Gutbbcrt, Alfred, U. S
tomb of ...... ............ .322

559, 500, 819 County-seat of Randolpli,
949, 950 George ......... John A. Judge..
322,950
Sarah (Mrs. Alfi-ed) ........ .322

Cutifachiqui, an Jndiaia village,

50, 57, 58, 59, 01

....... .395, 85r

............. .83

............ .539

... .190

Jeremiah L.

............ .310

............ .310

Cyclopoedia of Georgia............ ..715

28, 502, 60S, 770 Daffin, Philip D. .... Dagg, John L. Rev. . . ............ .777 Dahlonega, county-seat
f early gold-mimr days, S46-S50
Dallas, county-seat of 'aulding. . .928 Ed. ............. ........... .1011 George M., Vice-]Pres. TJ. S., 928

D'Alvigny, Noel Dr. . Female College .

, . . .746

Jenry Harford, father of the Augusta Canal, tomb of...SIS
Tohn Dr. ................... .299 Foseph B., his inscription for
the Georgia Monument at Chlckamauga ....... .1014-1015

cuim,,i5a, m,-wVH.-c::::::::3:6:0::,i7?743 TV. M. Rev...................573
W. R. ..................... .663 Gupp, George W1 . .................. .671 Curry, Jabez L. M. Dr. .. .844, S45, 947
William ...................... 845 Curtis, Henry .....................027 Cushman, Ira ............. ....... .667 Cusseta. county-seat of Chatta.
hoocTiee .................. ..654 Cussetas .................14G, 147, 448

Hussars Mentioned, 202, 2052,262,0360^2,25244,.,
Dasher, John Martin '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.-- .190 Daughters of fhf Amor- Revolution,
Dorothy Walton Chapter un-veils monument ...... 989-991 Fielding Lewis Chapter, men-
tioned .................... .682 Founded in Georgia . .381-382 Hospital Corps of Atlanta
Chapter ...................758 James Monroe Chapter, men-

1148

Txnnx

tioned ....................-SS2 Jared Irwin Chapter, men-
tioned .................... 1020 Nathaniel Macon Chapter, un-
veils tablet ........... .598-599 Peter Early Chapter, men-
tioned .....................710 Piedmont Continental Chap-
: tablet ......... -,s Hag ......... ah Chapter dedl.

John .........................702 DeKalb County, treated ........... 704
Barrel, an officer of the Revolution. .................... .704
DeKerloquan, Denil L. Cottineau, tomb of ...................283
peLapier-re, Ange Dr.
Regime Mention stre, Dani rd, Hugh
cchi ..........................610 lard, Harris ................. .975 lis, Dr. ...................... .850
Isaac ........................567 John T. .....................930
Wm. ....................936,938
iler, Philip, patriot ............ 53'J , Wm. B. W. Hon., Congress
man, his tomb. ............ .-130 Mentioned ........ .546, 697, 795

_ ___ _ _

_

Wm., patriot' . '. ......... '. '.'. '.', 540

W. P. ..................... .1028

sey, Matthew ............... .798

son County, treated ...... 701-702

... . .701 , 821
...... .987 Thomas H. ........... Wm, C. Judge, United

. . .701-702 Day, Joseph ................ ...... .860
"W. T. ................ ...... .509

Dea-ring, Albon ............. Wm. ..................
DeBouverie, Jacob Sir, a B Trustee of Georgia . ....... 5 2 7 Town Cemetery ..... ... 4 0 -1 - 4 0 7 . . .702, 701
Declaration of Independence Deese, Joel .................
DeFoe, Daniel ............. ....... 2 2 5 UeGVve, Laurent ........... ....... 4 3 1

Mentioned .........744, 760, <
"'Regiment .'....'.'.......... .. f,
.......... 51-02
' OW .....................408-471 Mentioned 61, 248, 731, 785, 896,
SS7, 10?,2-1GP>3 Dessau, "Washington Hon. ....... .391 D'Es tiling, Count ..................518 Deveaux:, Col. .....................638 Dexter, Clara M. Mrs., affidavit on
origin of Memorial Day, 103-104 Mentioned ....157, 159, 102, 103
...... ..5.39 Dewberry, "W, G." .......... Diary of President Washiington's
Georgia Visit: ...... . . . .102-105 Di Ceanola, L. P. Gen ..... ........ .80 Dick, Henry J. ............ ....... .41 , Dickerson, A. H. ........ ........ 9 7 5
R. K. ................ . . .....509 R. G. ................ ....... .670 W. T. ............... .... .670 Dicklnson, John P. ........ Digby, Edward, afterwards
net. Trustee of Geoi Dill, John ................. ....... .667 Dillard. James ............ ....... .948
John ................ . . .... .94$ ........ 0 1 5
Dillon, Dominick J". ....... Robert Mrs. .........
Dismuke, Frederick r>. Col. ........ 3 9 3
Dixie, Life in ............. ....... .147
Tinman .............. ...... .1021 W. T. ............... ........ .83 Dobbs. A. M. .............. ....... .660 David ............... ....... .673 James M. Lieut. ..... ....... .679 Thos. A. ............ . .... .704 "Willis ................

Norman E. ........ ...:... ...tea Orphanage ................. .7G7

Wm. E., .New York merchant,

7Q5, 76G Doles, Qeorge F. Gen., tomb of. ....351

Donalson, George W. ............. .70i5 Doney, M. D. ...................... 975

Donoho, Edward ..........

. .1019

TJooly Countty, treated ......... 707"-7- 0- 8~

. . . Col., patriot and sol-

dier ...................... .r,39

John M. Judge, a noted wit,

his experience as a duellist,

24-2R Mentioned ........511, 844, 101 (i

m,^ Alex. T. ................ .9Sr>

y, Benjamin .....'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '. 738

Joel ......................... .707 Matthew .............. . . 799 EAifus T. Judge ............ .43-3 Stephen G. ................ .6(3 8 Wm.. W. ........................ .372
B. K. Or.

County, treated .."..........'. 708

Duke7 John Tlios WA
"Dukesboro Dunbar, Geo
Regii Menti' 1 Juncaii Jrv Oungeness House .......... T)unham, Wm. A . . ...... Dunlap, Richard G. ................. s. C. Col. .................. .788 Thos .......... ......... . . .592
IDunne, E. F. Gov. ............6S1-082 Dunning, H. C. .................... 228 Dunwody, James ............ .840, 821
Dupont, 'josiah .'..'.'.'.'.','.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '. '. '.540

"Dupree, Lewis .T. ................ .559

T \y

569

Durham, Afcner ...............!.,. .871

John ........

.....

...703

Dutcher's History of Augusta, quoted

Dye

olitieal Subdivisions of County, Lreateil ........709, 712 Eleazer ..................... .781 TVle&xcr, makes first map. Fort .........................099 Peter GOV., his riegle' ' "
pton, :ij. t., Payi hood home ....... Easters, John \T. ........ Eastman, county-seat of Riot. The ........... W.- 1 J. ...............
burs' Creek" Echols Coun Ector, TTugh VV. ........ W. B. ............. Kdgefleld Chronicle, quot Kdmondson, Martha V. Mi IRtlmondson, Tlios. ...... Educational Journal, the Edward VIT, of E Edwards, Ben. J. Clias. G. H.

1150
M. C. Mrs. Price J'utlgi Harry Stain W. F. Hon.

INDEX

Egrno it. Earl of, ' rustee of Geo Elber
officer and Governor, 19S, 538, 549, 638, (149, 712, 725, 052, 1026

1 49

Ell

nty-a.

of Schl

KElllll'ij

ay, county-seat igton, Edward

of Gilme .................

-ze

E. C. ..............,..,.,947, 569

itt, Catharine .................379

Bishop Sarah Barnwell. .... .807

Gray ................... .195, 264

John, patriot ................541

John, U. S. Senator, Laurel

~" v, his home ........... .837

Toi . _ _ _ .

339

Mentioned

Robert "W". E

EsUll, John H. Etheridye, tfarriS'

nds, the Fa

RiV

.. Academy ............... .725

is, A. W. Col. ............. .1024

Beverly IX, Br., Col. ........ 1034

Beverly D., Jr., Judge. ..... 102-i

Clement A. Gen., tomb of ..420

Mentioned ..... 728-729, 755, 974

County, treated ........ .728-729

George C. .................. 1024

Julian Dr. ................ .1024

l^awton B. lion. 747, 749, 968, 909

Louis .......................1024

Ora ..........................882

""

.........................938

eph A. Dr.

nb of

332

Mac B. Majoi

..... .337

Paul F. Dr., mb of. . . .332-333

Wm. F. Judg ..............965

Wm. E*. Mrs. ..............967

ett, uhas. Jrt. ................ .708

James ...,.,.,.,,..,,,.,.... .798

James A. ....................799

John F. .....................643

Robert W. Hon. ............ .548

S. D. ........................864

---

--

.975

38, S39

. Ti"

ell, ford,

M ris-

ial Day ;............... 1 56-167

Roswell Capt. ...............398

W. D. Mrs. ................ 7 54

Wm. Dr. ................... .8B55V7

EIrod, J. O. Dr. ....

SS1

Elzey, Arnold Capt.

967

Emanuel County, ireaiea ...... i z i --v72ZSB

David, soldier of Revolution,

and Governor ......... 550, 727

Ernory College ................354, 911

Enchanted Island, the, a legend,

484-466

Mountain, the, a legend, 457-460

England, 1, 3, C9, ISEi, 200, 209, 294,

John Bishop ... 485, 4~94'~2fi,, 5'~ 2496,, 56~ 84'6"7

Afcaria.li ......

970

ar ...................1008

.......................56S

Fair, ;

heroine of the Civil

War .......................921

Fairbu

inty-seat of Campbell,

621-622

Fairchilds, John T. .-.,...,.,...,. 1053

Faircloth, B. C. .................... 973

Falligant, Robert Judge .......... .323

Fannin, A. B. .......... ... ........ 228

County, treated ............ .729

James TV.; his command mas

sacred at Goliad ......115-121

Farley, Samuel .................. .643

Farmer, Thomas ................. .794

Farmur John . . ........... .264, 267

Farnsworth, Anderson ........... . 5G9

Farris, Samuel ....................559

Faver A C. Mrs. ................ S7 2

Epting, M. J. Re-

INDEX
Fleer!, John

1151

Felder,

Ti

Fell, "Be ij., patriot.

WIT

794

"""Eiiiy .".................:::;;..868603

Ham .................... 863, 863

Shadrack R. ....... .863, S64, 866

Win. H. Dr., of Bartow; tomb

of ...................

. .410

Mentioned ............. 547, 593

W. H., of Macon ....... .860, 802

Wm. H. Mrs. ......407, 590, 856

Fenwick, Edward ................ .293

Ferdinand VII, of Spain ......... .378

Ferdon, J. H. .....................670

Ferguson, Malcolm ............... .993

W .......................... .932

Ferrell. Joel H ............

. .931

Wiley ...................... .611

Few, Benj. Col. .................. .952

D. P. Mrs. ................. .886

Ignatius A. Dr. (Rev.) .911,919

Wm. Col. .............. .538, 543

Ficklin, Fielding Dr. ........ 174, 1051

O. B. Hon. ...... ^. ........ .GSS

Field, Lida, Miss, historian. ...... .846

E, EJ. ....................... -507

Of Honor (Under the Code

Duello) .................. .1-51

Finch, John ....................... 786

N. F. T. .................... .751

Finck, W. J. Rev. .................180

Findley, James ...................614

Firmian, Count ....................1 81

First Baptist Church, Atlanta. .... .739

Commercial House in Georgia,629

Jury Empanelled in Georgia,

0~23-629

Lady of the Land (Mrs. Wil-

- -- 1

""'' """'

Methodist Church, Atlanta. . 737

Rally of Patriots ........... .641

School for Girls ............. 8015

Fish, Calvin ....................... 811

Nathan ...................... 8 11

Wm. Col. ................... .858

Wr". H. Chief-Justice. ..... .838

Fisher, Wm. .....................1052

Fiske, John Prof. ............ .742, 747

Fitch, John, inventor, ........ 101, 210

Fitzgerald, Robt. J. ..............1030

Fitzpatrick, Gov., of Ala. .........792

H. H. ........................886

John

.5fi9

Philip ...................... .669

R,

Sarr .el

560

Tho

Wr

Floyd, Charles Capt. ............. .201

Charles L. Gen. ......... 28, 616

County, treated ......... 7 3 0-7 36

James U. ................... 1025

John Gen., Indian fighter, his

duel with three weapons. 27-28

139, 599, 616, 708, 730

Jonn Judge .......

John of Early ....

John J. ...........

Place

.....

Richai

Thos.

"Fly ___._,

Flyntt, J J

Foley, John

.......

Folkston, co

of Cha

Folson, IT. B. Hon. ............ ...841

Quqt_ed ................. 887-793

Pennywell .................. .597

Wm., Ensign ................ 769

Ford, Edward E Dr. Rev.....

312

G. G. ..................... .1053

Lewis D. Dr. ...... .......... .337

R. G., Sr. ................... .570

W. J. ..................... .1053

Forcacre, G. J. .................... 427

Knrmari. Thos M....... ... 830 889

Formwalt, Moses Hon. ........428, 739

Forrester, Mary ...................853

Forsyth, Anna Miss ...............160

County, treated ......... 736-737

Historic, county-seat of

Mbnroe ............... .877-881

Town cemetery ....... .398, 381

John Gov., member of Cabinet

--- " dinlomat, w-ounded by

21

550,

rt, Alien Judge ....'/.'.'.'.'.".". sVs',' 821

Augusta .....................513 Barring-ton ................. .265 Ba-rto w .....................210 Charlotte ................ .17, 24 Cor-nwallis ..............513, 512 Defence .....................201 Defiance ....................113 Frederica ................... 184 Gaines, county-seat of Clay
667-668 Hawkins, 't'lie'cradie'of "Macon
598-599 Mentioned .................. S58 Irwin ......................1027 James ...................... 1029 McAllister .................. .607 Mclntosh at ............. 500-503

INDEX

.......... .200 lower the
...... .198-202 ......."196, 8-)2 ...... .896-897 ...........870

TyleY, tl -I860 -
Valley . "Warren, Wilkinsc tner, M. G
* ;ter, Arthu 'red F udee.
eorge

........... 821

rathan iel G. Hon. . . . . . .546, S84

Fricker, C. A. Mrs., regent .

Frier, J- H. ....... .........

. .567

Fry, George T. Mrs. ............... 754

Fryer, Kach .......................930

Fudge, Y. \V. ..................... 614

Fulcher, Mr. (of Tulcher), enter-

Fulle Wi . A. Capt.

irlow, T. M. Ho
499, 50 0, ! Fiitrelle, J.icqi:'an'ie novelist, lc>st on
the Tit

npso Dr. ................
Walter .................. ;e *...... .1 , 2, 15, 50, 1 OS, 207, .
534, Honors Dr. Long ...........
I, of France. ............. 1 Wn nklin, A.
el O. . .
iiaki ' lie

"William, soldier
es, Edmor
.56, E.38, 639,
Ganahl, J expedition to America.,
i-rdener, R. E .... ............ irdiner, Asa Bird, Hon. Repon
the Rhode Island Gen. Assembly 011 the finding Gen. Greene's body

olutiontiry soldie . French Ac.

Maria Louis;

well. . . . 1052

794

tained Washtns-

................ .104

rci, Frank TJ. ................ 157

Louis

. ...............163

Louis

................403

ett, Da

................975

........... .432, 621

.................712

Bishop, of S;

INDEX

1153

Lmcius J. Gen.,.42o ,546 ,6-21, 904 Garvin, J. I1 . ..................... .569 Gary, Wm. T. Judge. .............. 337 Gaston, Wm. ..................... .299 Gate City Guard of Atlanta. ...... 148 "Gate City": when the sobriquet
was first used ............ 730 Gattman, Mr. ....................... 80 Gaulden, Chas. S. ................. 975
G. S. ........................567
Mary A.. H R. IX Mrs
story of the Famous And rew's Raid ........... .231-234 Genesis Point .....................607 Genet, a French emissary. 107, 108, 109 "Gentleman of Blvas, The", a Por tugese cavalier of De Soto's expedition ............. .52, 55 George II of England ......... .89, 195
..... .947 nated at Stone Mount Baptist Convention . . . -.773, 774 Commissions the first ship .................., . . 4 S 4 - 4 S 6 Female College ........ ..... .820

Fir:

637-638 Great Seals .. % . .......... .89-98

3014-1015

Oldest Bank ............... .968 State Flag ..................551 Gerdine, John Dr. ................. 385

-William ...........

s),

-

Gettysburg ...................3U4, 3 Dead of, Savannah Monu

ment to ...............809-3 Gholston, J. S. ................... .5 Gibbons, John, patriot ............ 5

~ sepli, patriot ._........ 539,

The

el nth Ja

Jackson .................11

William, patriot ........-2 S5, 5

543, 038, 6

William Sir ................. .6

William, Jr., patriot ....484,5

Gibson, George ....................6 Ga.. .......................... 7

John

Re-

iry oldie

Robert ............ ......... .638 Sylvanus .................... 1009 Thomas, Jr. ....... .......... 5 6 0 William Judge .... ......... .764 Gierlow Prof. ............ ......... .168 GIgnilliat, James ........ ......... .821

29(i, 291, 517 "Illustrated" by Willia,m C.

Issues th first patent steam-boat ......... . . . .99-101

Medical Society ............ .804

Military Academy ........... 672

Military Institute ..409, 673, 674,

079, 680, 682

Patriot ou tin wed bv the

Tory Government .... .537-541.

Railroad, its origir

Ra ay

884

Gildersleeve, Cyms p-^-., inscripttion on his wife's tomb. . . .343
Gil!, William C. ......... ......... .831 Gillespie, W. H. T. ..... .......... 8 0 7
nah Sleamsliip Co. er Oountv, treated. ....... 763-764
Qcorg-e R. Gov. 14, 36, 140, 515, 550, 559, 560, 561, 586, 700, 787, 788, 924, 925, 927
Quoted ..................... 60 1 Tomb of .................. .356 George R. Mrs. .............. 357 Jeremy F. Gen., tomb of, 304-305 John T. Or. ................. 725

Society of Colonial Wars ....765 The Only Free Soil Colony..62 Trustees of .............. 525-528 "Georgian, The" .................. 752 Capitol, a monument to Offi
cial Integrity .............. 748 Colonial Charter ............. 89 Earliest political subdivisions

the war east of the Missis sippi occurred ......... 902-903

Jo b 1*1 T ,, Rev! .'. '.".".'.'.".". '. '.'. '.'. '.'. ! S 3 6

Girardeau's Landing ............. .503

Girardy, Victor J. B. Gen. .......330

Glascock County, treated .........764

Thomas Gen., Revolutionary

.oldier, tomb of ........... 329

Me

Willi

Ho

1154

.Tosiali ................... .13, 20 M. "S. ........................989 , John, a patriot 285, 539, 63S, 643 n, David. M................... .654 John ........................ 7 39 John T. Hon. ...............427 John W. .................... .884 Joseph ......................975 L. J. ........................568 Samuel ..................... .509

Dr., the se His gn Author Maroo Mentio Thomas Tomb
el F. Hon. ........... .547 Grace, Jared ..................... .821 Graddick, Chas. Wallace. .......... 930 Grady County, treated .......... .772
Henry Woodfln, orator, jour nalist, his tomb, ...... .429-430

Glyr. Ci

764

God-v

. L., edit<

Ooetchius, George

Henry R. ...............157, 743

Henry R. Mrs. .............. TOO

Goethe ............................182

Goettee, "William .................. 029

Goffe, Francis ..................... 261

Gold Mining in Georgia at Dah-

lonega ................ .846-830

Golden, "W. F. .....................793

Goldsmith, Oliver ................ .840

"William .................... .592

Gold-wire, Benj. ............. .264, 207

"Wm. H. .................... .846

Goliad Massacre of Fannin's Com

mand ..................115-121

Texan Monument ........... 1-20

Goliad Massacre, survivor of, 694-695

Gonson, John Sir. a Knight, Trus

tee of Georgia,

. .'526

Goode, Eugenia Miss ............. 752

Hamilton Mrs. ............753

Hamilton Maj. .............. 756

Goodin, C. TV. ....... .. .........808

Goodman, B. L. ................. .763

John .............. ..........611

"Wm. B. .................... 10 31

Goodson, George ................. .613

Goodwyne, C. O. ................. .882

Goolsby, Aaron ....................710

Gordon, Ambrose Col., tornb of....315

C. I*. ............. .559, 560, 561

County .................302, 315

Frank .......................224

G. G. ....................... .569

George TV. ..............559, 561

. patric

.540

550, 688, 689, 728, 729, 754, 756,

923, '1003, 1010, 1011, 1012

John W. .....................825

Peter ....................... .629

Thomas .................... .520

William W., railway pioneer,

tomb of ................... .302

Mentioned .............315, 299

ieau, Israel Christian Rev......183

Zachariah, Rev. ............1010

, Hamilton .................. 1019

William .....................979

;he, Harry Sir, a Baron el- IVT

P., Trustee of Georgi;

) Mis;

767

David

a or Gold,

Harriet .

William T

,60 -

.265 John, Lt.-Gov. ... .71, 73. 75, 264
2G5, 278 John M. ....................763 Vault .................... -SO, 87 TV. A. ....................... .668 Gramling, John R. ................ 427 Grandy, Samuel .................. .264 Grant, John T. Col. ........059, 1017

.To aim

.703

Wm. D. Corporal ........... . Graybill, Henry ................... Great Anti-Tariff Convention. ..... Great Ogeechee, Hero of (Col.
John "White) .....518, 520, Great Satilla River ................ Great Seals of Georgia ..........8 Greely, Horace .................... Green, Henry Kollock Dr. ........
James M'ercer Dr. ..........

-ederick' J.

.976

; Wa ngt-O

, Greene ......81, 82, 83

87, 278

Kathanael Gen., at the siege

of Augusta .......... .514, 515

Remains discovered in Sav

annah ...................71-89

Tablet on Colonial vault.. 278

Mentioned .... Nathanael Dr. . Nathanael Ray JSTathana.el Mrs.

INDEX

1155

Town Cemetery

inwood, I-Iugh B.

Thomas B. ....

.r, Alien ........

__

W. ...................... ] '.. .559

ham, E. B. ................... .567

ham, John .................. .925

John J. Judge ............... 391

Junius ......................973

IVlarmaduke ................ ..974

"Wheeler .................... .845

William ................ 655, 704

e. Warren Hon. .......... S-2S. 947

isaac ivj.. .................... v ua Joel .........................855 Joel B. ..................... .857 John Judge .............is, 1042 I.,. L. Gen. ............... aai, 971 Male and Female Academy.. 971 Matthew, a patriot .......... 539 Oak Hill Cemetery. ..........391 S. H. ....................... .797 T. I. ........................ .596 W. E. .......................613 Griffith, E. S. Hon. ................793 Oliver H. ................ ..950 Griggs, James M. Hon. ........... 548
His monument ......... 991,993 Grimes, Thoa. N. ................. .904
Thos. W. Hon. ......... 403, 548 Grimsley, Robert .................. 7 09 Grlsham, Joseph Rev. .............. 4-2
Mary Steele ................ .421 William Steele Col. .........421 Grogan, George C. Judge....... ...726 Gross, John A. ................ ... 970 Solomon ................. 102S W. H. Bishop, of Savannah. .646 Groves, Rigual 1ST. ............... .722
Col. .....................118 "'.cob M. ............ .559,795 ... .... N. C. ................... .86 William, a negro Legislator, 1010 mm, Hilda Miss ............ ..990 nby, Robert M. ................ .693 nn, D. F. ................. .568, 876 James, a Revolutionary Offlcer, afterwards IT. S. Senator, a prominent Yazooist
12, 543. Tomb of .............. .344, 345 nn, L. M. .................... .1039
nter, John ................'... .1034 rn, W. R. ...................... .146 idnnett. Button,

,,_,,__,,

_

ington's Cabinet"" ..'... '.'. . 102

His bold exploit in arrest-

ing Gov. Wright ...... 486-488 Mentioned .... 277, 484, 539,
638, 643

Joseph Clay .;.............. .305

Mary Bolton, erlitaph. ....... 276 R. ........................... 228

Richard W. Hon., Congress

man .............546, 784, 785 Robert ............ .......... 630

William Neyle ............. .305

Hackett, James S. ................ 928 Thomas C. .................. 546

Hafer William .................... 860

H'agerman, Harrison W ........... 9 8 0

Haines N W. ....... ........... .1021

Hale, S. C- ........................ 507

Hales, Thomas Rev., Trustee of Georgia. .................. .526

Hall, Alexander Maj. .............872

Boiling Hon. ............... .545

County, treated ......... 785-789 Daniel M. .................. 1053

David .......................712

P "W. ....................... 849

Hewlett A. Hon., AttorneyGeneral ................... 697
J. A. ....................... .771

James Mrs. ................. 87 3

James Hamilton Rev. ........ 438 John .................... 611, 930 John I. Judge. ............... 393

Joseph Hill Hon ........... .799

Luther E., Governor of Louisi. ana ..................... 435

Lyman Dr., signer of the

Declaration and Governor. . .5

Mentioned . .196, 538, 517, 542,

641, 842, 952

L W ...................... .929

Samuel of Oglethorpo ......857

Samuel of Hancock

...789

Seaborn ....... ........556, 567

Simeon ..................... .726

Talmadge ................... 615

W J. Mrs., quoted. ......... 769

Halley, Benj. ...................... 867

Halsey, ITopkins Hon., Congressman ....................... 545

Halsted, David B. ................ .933

Hamber' J. "K.' .....'.'.'.'. Hambright, A. R. T. R

1156

INDEX

D. E. Col. .................. .592 George W. ..................795 James S. Dr. .............. .601 John ........................730 Robert, patriot ............. .539 Thomas .....................730 Thomas PC. ............ .SI'2, 693 William .................... .784 nond. Alfred Maj. .......725, 726 A. D. Col. .................. .881 Amos W. ................... .4-22
C. IX ........................507
Dennis F. Judge ............. 09 7 E. W. Col. ................. .393

Mentioned ....345,417, 547, 883 muel Col., Revolutionar.

ed in Augusta

. . . .964, 905

Mentioned ............ .382, 544

William M. ................. .994

Hampton. Col. ................ . . .105

Ga. ......................... .797

John J. ......................798

I-Ianbury. William, Esq., Trustee

of Georgia ................. 526

Hancock County, treated ......7S9-793

John ................ .......641

Shadrach ....................984

Hand. Julia JVliss. ................ ..218

Handley, George Gov. ............ .549

Manes, A. T....................... 1028

Joshua J". .................. .609

Haney, Henry .................... .233

Hansell, A. H. Judge -.562, 569, 994

Andrew J. Gen 216, 410, 672, 073

Major ...................... .857

William Y. ............ .560, 673

Happ, Pinkus ................... .1025

I-Iaralson County, treated ........ .793

Hugh Me

A. Gen., ned

his

t.4o6m, b.7.3..,10T0933,

Harda/way, Robert -. ............. *o=. H ardee, John ..................... 615
Noble A. ...................1025 Robert V. Judgre ........... .827 Robert U. ................... 920 W. J. Gen. ........615, 617, 744 Hard em an, Thomas, Jr., Col., Con
gressman ........390, 546, 755 Harden, Alfred Bearing ........77, 82
Dr. ......................... .9-22 Fjdward Gen. ............. 67, 88 Edward J. Judge ............ 31 0 " " L. Judge .............. .997 Ma
Thomas William 3 Harden's Hill Hardin, A. T.
.693 Martin ............... . William Col. ............ 586, 797 1man. Felix ...................91 1 Henry E. Rev. .............. 805 John B. .....................806 L. G. Dr. .....805, 807, 808, 1033 Robert L,. ...................805 Sallie Miss ................. .806
riu T. C.

Co

\\ i

iry

__o_l_d_ie_ .............. 1026, 1027

William H. ................. .975

Hardy, John, a patriot ............ 538

Hargrove, E. W. .................. 567

Zachariah ...................592

Zachariah B. ........... 559, 730

Harkins, Wrri. .....................730

Harkness, James W. ............. .611

Harman, George W. ............. .929

John C. Hon. ............... 1027

Miles K- ................... .975

x,afiiariah 1-lon. ............ .859

Zacha.ri;ih E. .......878, 879, 881

Zachariah II. Hon. . ........380

Harmony Grove, afterwards Com

merce .....................805

Harney, John M. .................. 643

Harp, H. M. ..................... .1007

Harper, Frank .................... 989

Chas. M. Col. ...............417

J. A. ....................... .929

John J. ......................795

M. G. .......................794

William .................... .845

Harper's Ferry ................... .304

Harrell, A. r. .................... .706

D. B. ........................987

vid

.975

J;;

.570, 783

E. T. ...........

Charles Hon., tomb of .....279

Mentioned ............ .629, 795

Charles W. .................. 990

Corra White, novelist .......721

County, treated

.cis

039

of Gn vim

. _ ._

.

435

Henry R. Congressman, his

tomb .................... .434-435

Mentioned ...547, 502, 568, 872

Iverson L- Judge ........... 351

~ames, patriot ............. .540

.Teptha C. .................. .708

Jeptha V. Gen. ..............721

Joel Chandler',' "creator" " of' ' Uncle Remus, his tomb, 430, 431. "The Wren's Nest," his
home ................ .239, 244 Boyhood. Haunts of Uncle
Remus ............... .939, 942 Mentioned ........225, 491, 644,
751, 752 John ....................... .911 John L. Judge ..........502, 568 Joshua J. ...................f>08 Joshua W. .................. .872 Julian ................. .242, 752 J. M. ........................568 Lindah ......................990 L/loyd ...................... .938 Nathaniel Dr. ..............1025

sabel.Ii ...... ...... .7^0 V. .......... ...... .31 2
...... .501) ...... .8=7-2

Ha-ygood, Atticua G. Bishop, his old home . . .............. 9 -2 '2
Mentioned . . . ......... .791, 919 Green B. ...... ........ .427, 923

i JP.

T. J. ........................ 140 ,

W. II. Capt. .................974

old, Frank Mrs. .............. 990

-y, a body servant to Mr.

Stephens ......... 149, 150, 083

. County, treated. ........ .795-796

"45, 932, 104-2

old

nty-seat

Pulaski

Augusta .............. ..95.1-0 Tomb of ............... .327-3 TVm. II , poet ........... . . .9 lea, Chas. K. Hon., Congress- ^ Nathan" ' '.'.".'.".".'.'.'.'.'. ........ .10 Thomas ... . . 559, 560, 561, 7 William 1'. "Or. ............. 10 =!, -'. K. Mrs., repent. ......... .8
' t of Lanier. .8 .T.
.rly. .
......723, 724

David Rev. atch, H". S. atehell, J. J. atcher, John . . atley. Henry .
L. wki
David .... ;....... Fort, tablet unveiled.... 598, 599
Mentioned ................. .699 Robert !_,. ................... 700 Samuel H. .............. 395, 97 ti Thomas, surgeon, Oglethorpe's
Regiment .........

"William Sii

1158

INDEX

Hornando de Soto: memorials of

his march through Georgia

in 1540 ................. .51-62

Herndon, O. L. Dr. ..............1022

Herod Town, Memorial unveiled,

898, 991

Herring, John ................... .1001

"

-----

--

__ ........

. ... . .

Robert ......................726

Hester's Bluff ............... .337, 833

Heyward. Duncan C., Gov. of S. C.,295

Judge ...................... .102

Hickey, J. J. ..................... .654 Hickman, H. H. ..................323 Hicks, Chas. R., a Cherokee Chief,
901 Daniel .....................1053 Hig-gins, Ostoorn .................. 1053 High, Emma Miss ................ 886 J. M. ........................433 Shoals, Ga.: "where the Clark-
Crawford duel was fought, 21-22
High tower, Dan .............. 795, 930 James ..................... .1 010
W. ~C. "..'.'.'..'.'. ....... '. . . . . . .1011 Hiley, Mr., of Macon. .... ........860 Hilhouse, C. W. ................. .1053 Hill, Abraham ........1040, 1047, 104S
Alexander Franklin ......... 483 Ben. ................... .563, 565 Benj. H., I.T . S. Senator, chal-
lenged by Mr. Stephens. . 39-41 Difficulty with Mr. Yancey,
41-43 Mentioned in foot-note...... 42 Defence of Andersonville, . .978 Quoted ................ .594-595 Mentioned . .418, 439, 544, 547, 562, 5(14, 509, 659, 784, 1002, 1048 Benj. H., Jr., Judge. ........ .417 Elan ton ........................ ..661 Burwell Pope .............. 1048 Chas. D. Hon. ............... 419 IX P. ............. .562, 564, 568 Edward Y. ................. .809 Eli G. .......................9S7 Gitosoiv F. ...................872 H. A. .......................784 H. C. Mrs. ................. .81.2 Hampton W. ...............100;! Henry ............... .1<146, 104ft Henry P. .................... 973 II. Warner Judge. .433, 872, 104S Henry Willis ................43S Isaac .................1046, 1048 James A. ................. .1047 James M. ...................700 John .......................1048 John M. ........... .....428, 43S Joshua Se-> . . 5*4, 546, 810, 881 Lodowick Meriwether .... .1045 His county home. . . . .104P-1050 Mary Jane Mrs., quoted. . 872-874 Middleton ....................655 Rhode ...................... .427

R. S. ........................ 5G3 Si ........................... 856 -I heophilus ............ 10-16, 10-48 T. J. ........................ 560 Thomas ..,,....,...-...... .1047 Thomas A. .. ...............932 Virginius Q. ................ .831 -Walter B. Hon ......... 923, 980
Tomb of .................. .371 Wiley Col. .................. 1049 Wiley Pope Col., his country William GL ' '.'.'.'.'.'.'."..'.".".'.".'.'.'. .438

I-Tilliard Institute .................. 879 Henry W. ................... 879 James ,..........,.,....,,,,.569 Thomas .................... .Si'3 William .................... .707
Hills, The, of Wilkes ........1046-1049

George Judge,

Ment J. F. ......................... n* Shaler G ...........722,777,881
Tomb of .................. .37 9 Hilsman, J. A..................... .886 Ilines, J. P........................ .567
Thomas ..................... 703 W. H. .......................932 Ilinesvllle, Ga. ................... .201 Hirsch, Joseph .................... 427 Historic and Picturesque Savannah,
by Adelaide Wilson .......229 Church-Yards and Burial
Grounds v .................273

noted localities ............553

History of Alabama, a<< inr-irTontia?-

" jy of Georgia

sippi, by Albei

Of Atlanta and its j/ioneers. . viu

Of Georgia, by Isaac W.

' Avery ............... .566, 7*7

Of eGorgia, by Lawton B.

Evans

..... ........ ..747

Of Hernando de Soto and

Florida, by Barnard Shipp, 62

Of the Discovery and Settle-

merit of the Mississippi Val.

ley, by John M. Monette,

M D. . .................... 52

Of the Secret Service of the

Confederacy in Europe. . . . .220

Hitchcock, C. B. .................. 794

Hobbey, Winsley .................. 970

Hockinhull, John Dr.. ............ .701

Hodges, Benj. Judge. .............. 709

Elias

.... . .

... ....190

FB

.

.. .. 795

Mary Miss ..;.....,.........100

M. E. Mrs. .................. 160

Richard .....................629

William .............. .1021, 1026

Hodgson, K. R., Jr................ Sfil

Edward R , Sr . ... ... .373

Hodgson Hall ..................... 291

William B. .................. 291

Hog-e K F. Col. ... .... 751, 758, 756

James

.. . . .... . . .1013

Mrs. .........................753

Hogg, Kx.-Gov. of Texas. .......... 611

Hogue, S. K. ...................... 932

Holcombe, Absalom .............. .735

Henry Rev. ................. 174

Ilolden, Horace M. Judge, 144, 146, 147

W. O, .......................146

Holder, Jno. N. .......'...-....,... .803

Holiday, .Tno. N", Holiday, James Jr Holland, Benj. . .

FToppe, D- Ke;

"W
Hook, n 13. B. Dr. Jtunes S. JucU
Hooper, Kdwarrl. M. John W. Judge. Obadiaii .......
Hooten. J. M. Dr. . . . Hope, T.awson ...... Hope well. Presbytery Kopkins, K. M. ......
Isaac S. Dr. . . . John !_,. Judge Mr., fights Gen.
with three we; Solomon A Sophia, Wesley

1160

INDEX

Fort

N. C. .......................1052 Huguenot Colonies, Coligny's. .534-536 Huie, Andrew L. .................. 669
John M. .....................669 Hull, Asbury ................ .37:3, 567
A. L. . -362, 305, 663, 6(i5, 66(5, 927 A. L. Mrs. ................... 665

Henry Dr. ' '. ........ ... . ..... .372 Quoted. . ..... .... ... .663-664
Hope Rev. ................. 1039 Tomb of ................... .362
.T. .......................... .559 Robert ......................983 Hulsey, A. C. .....................96$ W. H. Judge ................425 I-Iuinbolt ......................... .813 Humphreys, George \V. .......... 1U1T John ............... ........798 John J. .....................896 Joseph ......................821 R. ...........................821 "Humphries, C. .................... r>G9 Hunter, Adam ................... 1052 D. C. .......................-655 Hardy ..................... .798 John ....................... . Go5 "William ..................... 650 Huntington, Lady ........... .049, 650 Hurd and Hungerford ........... .810 Hurric ~ Shoals . _...__, William ................... .568 Hurt, Joel ........................ .938

Hurtel, Gordon Noel, account of the

Calhoun-Williamson duel. 45-4 8

Hutcheson, R. E. .................. 793

Hutchings, Asa ................... 70S

Hutch ins, Anthony ...............710

-G. R. Hon. .................. 932

N. L. Mrs., Judg'e. ..........688

Hutchinson, E. B. ................. 793

R. R. ........................793

Hutchison, -Woods Dr. ............ 804

~H.ya.tt, James W. .................. 794

Hyman, H. B. ...... .

......192S

Pressly .....................1026

Robert .....................1020

lacoda Trail .......................478

Illinois Monument, Kennesaw Mt,,

681-682

Independent Presbyterian Church,

Savannah .............229, 290

Indian Antio.uities of Floyd.. - . .733-734

Fighting in the Swamp. .596-597

Fishery, The . ... v .......... 915

89S-899 Myths and Legends of ..441-480 Springs, the Varner House,
611-613 Mentioned ............ .73ft, 797 The (Cherokees, Creelts. etc.) Tamar escapes from ....467-408 Wars, Burnt Village, a Tale of,
460-464 Widow, De Soto infatuated with,
468-471 Indigo .............................103 tnsrahTa.mG, . Berij., a Moravian, 632, 6-3-3-
Ro, ell "Initials, The" ................... .158

"Intelligencer, The

iver:

, Mo ,via

,ool.

sh Volunteers .................. .966

Ironville .......................... .801

Irvin, Chas. M. ....................8S4

John. ........................ 10 a 1

Irving, Theodore, historian, ...... .52

Quoted .................496-471

Irwin, Alexander, a Revolutionary

soldier ...............SOU, 1027

Chas. M. ................... .831

County, treated .......... 799-801

David, Judge ...........672, 673

Elizabeth .................... SOU

Fort ........................J027

Frank ....................... 619

Hugh Lawson .............. .sou

Isabella E. ................. .800

Jane .........................800

Jared, Gov. and Revolutionary1

soldier, his family record,

799-800

Mentioned, 18, 24, 3.11, 113, 550,

808, 821, 968, 1023, 1024, 1027

Jared, Jr. ................. ..800

John Capt.

Re utio ary

oldie

00, 1027

Margaret .................... 800

Margaret Lawson .......... .800

Martha Alexander .......... SOU

Thomas .................... .800

Wm., a Revolutionary soldier,

800, 1 027

winton, county-seat of Wilkinson

1052-1053

winville, county-seat of Irwin 800-801

laacs, Robert .................... 228

iland Town, an Indian village ...655

:le Of Hope ..................-265, 288

Of Syke ..................... 20-J

inerary of Hernando De Soto. .... .61

^erson, Alfred Gen. .......... 744, 903

Alfred, U. S. Senator. ... 544, 546

Robert .......................935

Ivoy, HF.enC. ....._.....- ..... ........... 999

's Creek, Battle of, mentioned, 14, 139, 508, 1018
son, Abraham ................. 19 Andrew Gen., IJ res. U. S.. SO, 31, 610, 699, 832, S4S Apia Miss .................. .990
.364 ...........................651 Father ...................... .241 Florence Barclay (Mrs. Henry R.) Henry Dr., tomb of ...... 368-36!) Henry Capt., 45, 46, 47, 145, 364.
927

INDEX

1161

ssse Ho unty-si

............... .1051 of Wayne, 1028-1020

311-312

Jobson, F. W. .....................797

Joe Brown Pike, history of.... 050-058

Johnson, Afoda Col. ............... 592

Andrew Pres. ...............121

Billy ................ ..... .619

" " "- '

...............93

Ch s. II.

Coi. nty, tr ated

Majo- ....... Martha Cobb Mary Miss ... .\ ....... Mary Charlotte, tomb Robert ................ Flonewall Gen. (T. J.) Thomas Cobb ........ Wm Major \Vm. H. Col.,
Mentioned . .
Telfair . . . obs, Joseph l)r
Thornwell R.

,. ,,,, ___,_. _ ,,

Jeff Davis County,,

.

nty-seat of Ja

.5(i
el ......................667 e F. Mrs. ............. .812 r .......................857 hel V. Gov., U. S Senatomb of .............. .340 tioned - - .334, 544, 550, 562, 563, 565, 508, 594, 673, 822
....................859, 800 5 Gov. ........ 404, 540, 550 ;. ...................... .559 * ....................... 6 4 2 3 F ............. .507,569
........................845 3 Miss ................1017
754

Tho

.04

-..._- ...................... .92-2

Wrn. Judge ................... 84

Wm. Col. .................. .1048

Win. ....................... .1017

W. T_,. ......................1028

ston, Hiram .................. 9S8

743, 02T, 1034 Nehemiah ........... .1017, 1018 Richard Malcolm ............144
Quoted ................ .148-150 Mentioned ........ .770, 791-792 . Stephen, patriot ............. 539 Thomas .................... .970 stone, George H. .............. 75 Launcelot, his great inven-

Jeffries, S. C. . Jelks, J. O. ... Jenkins, Charle: J. Go

Mentioned .........

County, treated ....

Howell \V. ................. .iuuj.

Jack ........................,030

John, patriot ................539

John M. .....................029

Royal ...................... .1053

--

.............950

nin.gs, Jeffer

nisan, Lewis

Jolly, John ....................... .730 Levi .........................587
Jones, A.. S. .................. 500, 567 Charles C., Jr., historian and scholar, tomb of. .......... 322 Quoted 4, 187-1 89, 468-471, 528534, 579-581, 5 81-58 a, 583-584, 732-735, 839-840 Mentioned, 52, 53, 55-56, 58-01, 194, 201-205, 212, 344, 483, 502, 520, 576 70S, 785, Slff, 836, 897 Charles C. Dr. (Rev.), evangel istic work among the slaves, 835-886 Mentioned .............344, 835 Charles Kclgewortti ......... .201 County, treated ........ .824-827 C. W. .......................989

1162



INDEX

Dudley ........................7ss Kdward ..................... .638 Elijah K. ................... .884 Francis Edgeworth Capt. . .S37 G. .......................... .821 George Dr., U. S. Senator, phy-
siclan, jurist, tomb of.....289 Mentioned ......... 543, 651, 821 Gordon T. .................. .806 Henry ...................... .638

John TV". Josiah . . . Lcland . . Leonidas Polly, mei Reuben .. Wm. M. jV Jourdan, Tabitl
mar . . Jug Tavern, afi

(3-7 Mentioned ................. .197 John, of Montgomery ....... .821 John A. Col. ............ .403, 903 John A. Mrs. ......158,160,101 John I-I. Major, builder of El-
bertoti .................... .726 John H. .....................226 John J. Hon., Congressman. .546 John L. .................... .872 John Paul, naval officer of
Revolution ............ 283, 751 John R. .................... .875 John W., Congressman. . .... .546 Lavonia, Hammond ......... .726 Malachi ...................... 589 M. Ashby, Rev. ......... 957, 965 Matthew .................... .900 K"oble Jucige, comiianion of
Oglethorpe, Colo - - and Jurist, mas3ter early Ma-sonic Lodge ........ 264-267 Tomb of ........ ........... .287 Mentioned, 289, 629, 639, 641,
642 Nohle Wymberley Dr., patriot,
Ofcadiah ......... ........... .925 Robert A. ........ ...... .8(2, 873 Russell .......... ........... .806 R. W. ........... ............ 6 5 5 Sallie Miss ...... ........... .907 S. Aj H. Capt. . . . .....1024,1025 Sam. P. (Rev., toj-nb of. .... .411
Mentioned ...... ............ 5 9 3 Seaborn, Hon., toinb of .... .316 Seaborn Col., Con.
400-401 Mentioned ...... Seaoorn Mrs. . . . ........... .100 Thomas Col. ..... ............ 9 1 3 Thos. F. ......... ........... .911 Thos. F. Col. . . . ........... .913 Thos. G. Judge . . ............ 6 6 8
.......... 79, SO W. A. ........... ........... 1 0 S 3 W. B. ........... ............ 5 6 i Wm. ............. . . .638, 722, 845

Karow, .Edw

"Kearsarge

Keen, Chas. M. ................... .S5S

Keeter, Adin ......................929

Keifer, Theodore ..................639

Keiley, Benjamin J. Bishop, quoted.

645-648

Keith, Jehu W. ................... .559

Jethro T7. ...................702

Kell, John, patriot ............... .540

John Mclntosh, Gen., tomb of

393

Mentioned .................. 852

Kellogg, M 3? , Frof., his tomb, 437-438

Mentioned ....... ..607, 698, 699

Kellum. Seth .................... .758

Kelly, Edward J- ............ 78, 80, 82

James M. Ho-

-T ""

John J.

Thomas

---

--

564, 567 0. K. Judge. . . . . .. .559, 697, 90-0
...... .980, 1009

Tlfomas R. Rev. .......... .1013 .......... .70S
............ .798 Kennedy, Fields ................... .772
............ .555 ........... .024 D. C- .408, 682
Mountain ......... . . . .00, 407, 681
Kennon, Charles ...... ........... .559 Charles L- ....... ........... 1 0 0 1 ....... .828, 935 ............. 5 4 0 Family, of Wheel er ....... .1030
Kerkly, Lemma .................... 0 7 1 Kerksev, James ...... ....... .993, 994
Wm. ............ ............ .994 Kerley, John ...................... .931
............ .568 ............ .556 Kettle Creek, Battle o f, 1 39, 141, 506,
1041 Key, Caleb W. .................... .884
James B. ....... ....... .668, 669 Joshu Tandy Thomas . . . . Kieklightor, Fred ................ .739 Kiddoo. David Judge ........ .539, 987 KIker, IT A. .......................794 Kile, John Sr. .................... .739. Kilgore, Willis ................... .569 Killen, John ....................... 797

INDEX

1163

Samuel D. ................. .797 Kilpatrick, .T. H. T. ............... 773 Kimbau, Chas. D. I-Ion. Gov. of R. I. 86
House ..................... .760 Kimbrough, James ................ 790 Kimsey, Elijah .................... 569
Thomas .................... .785 . Kincaid, W. J. Capt. .............. 973

"Win. .................. ... 1028 Knox, Henry Con. ............ 112, 69 fi
Samuel ..................... .568 Knoxville, county-seat of Crawford, 695 Kogler, John ...................... 712 Kolb, Martin ...................... 911
"Wilde ........................ 884 Kollock, G

King, ^Alfred "ii.'

Hiram ................. ..... .703
John Capt. ............ ..... .216
John P. Judge, U. S. S and railway pioneer. .312, 544, 500, 58 ;r , 770, 854
Julia Miss ............. Louisa ................. Porter Hon. ........... 427, 927 Ralph .................. ..... .218 Robert ................. ..... .628
n of Roswell, his tomb ....... . .684-685 Mentioned ........ .21(5, 217, 839 T. B. Dr. ............. . . . . .1022 Tandy D. ............. ..... .730 Thomas Butler, Congre ssman and railway pioneer. tomb
..... .767 Mentioned ........ ,29(>, 546, 559 Wm. P. ................ ..... .763 Wm. R. H'on. .......... Yelverton P. Col. Kingsley, Charles ........... ....'. 1993 Kingston: Story of the Old ]Beck
. . .585-588 Kiokee Church (Baptist) . . .689-691

650-652
Mentioned . .67, 81, 82, 400, 57G, 730
George Washington . . . .574, 575
LaGrange, county-seat of Tro up, 10011002
Female College ....... . . . . .1002 Lamar, Albert R. Col.... 563
Andrew J. Rev. ....... '. . . . .'.947
C. A. L. Col. .......... .903, 947 Tornb of ............. . . . . . .308
Caroline Agnes ........ . . . . . .SOS
Gazaway B. ................. 947 Harmong ................... .919 Henry G. Judge, Congressman,
tomb of .................. .388 Mentioned, 545, 575, 661, 827,
945 Henry J. .......... .382, 391, 824 Homestead of Putnam ..942-943 James S. Rev., theologian and
scholar, quoted ........ .718-719 Article on the Old Field
School ................ .252-253 Tomb of .................. .337 J. T. Dr. ................... .988 Jefferson J. ........... .943, 944 Jefferson Mirabeau ..........945

Kirby, Father .............. . .646, 647 Kirkland ..................... ..... .568
James H. Chancellor .. ..956, 957 Kirkpatrick, James "Wallace..
M. C. .................. ...... 4 2 7 Kittles, John R. ............ ..... .970 Kleckiey, Da.n .............. ...... 8 5 7 Knight, Jonathan ...........
L,evi J. Capt., his Indi Lucian Lamar, historiai
Herod Dedicates Burns Mernorial Address at the grave cif Mr.
Stephens ... ........ ..... .143 Accepts a, flag for the State
761 Address at the grave c)f Gov.
Candler ............ ...... .788

John Basil, tomb of .....384-385 Mentioned ............ .567, 946
Joseph B. "Hon. ............. -947 Joseph Rucker, Associate Jus
tice Supreme Court IJ. S...252, 721, 803, 946
LaFayette Capt. ........ 56S, 94G Lavoisieir LeGrande ........943

Lucius Mirabeau Col. . . . . . . .945

Lucius Q. C., Associate Justice

Supreme Court I.J. S.., Mem-

ber of Cabinet, and T7. S.

Senator, his last hour;3. 602-604

Speech at Emory Cc> liege,

920-921

Mentioned . . . .391, 90SI, 919, 94-1

Lucius Q. C. Judge, tc>mb of,

348-349

Mentioned, 366, 942, 944, 945,

1042

Mary Marv

Ann (Mrs. Henry Ann, mentioned,

G.) . -388 Long-

street ................ ......945

INDEX

ioned, Cobb, 364, 946
irte Gen., Sec-
of Texas Re^_,._, _______ , diplomat and poet, recollections of . .Q06-90S Inscription on monument to,
908-909 Mentioned, . .399, 402, 942, 944 Peter Col. ......559, 843, 845, 946 Philip ....................... .262 Prudence, mentioned, Wirin. . 946 Rebecca .....................947 Susan, mentioned, Wiggins ..945 Thomas .................821, 845 Thomas Randolph ...... 942, 944 Thompson Bird Dr. ........ .945

Lemuel M. .................. 70S

W. A. B. .................. .703

Last Order of Confederate Govern-

ment .................. 154-156

Latham, T. W. Col. ................ 432

Latimer, Charles ..................407

Eleanor Swift ............. .407

F. I-I. ....................... .566

J. H. ....................... . 5O7

S. "FT. ........................ 509

Wrr

-- -

La "-' "-

La_._ _ _ _,,___,,, __,,,,,,,, ......__. .._ Henry Col. .................... 6
ma, 'GSL. '..'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'.'.'.'. V.VV. .'. 72fj
David G. ....................770 James ...................... .t&fy Wm. E. Judge .......... 197, 835 lorn. Alien ..........795, 559, 987 Daniel_ .......................987

Lambdin, Chari

Lambert, John,

Mr., entei

Lambert's Caus

Lamkin, John .

Lancaster, Thoi

Land, F. E. M:

F. M.

Landers, .T< )hii

691

1050

Charl< W . Rev.., tonib

, . 367

Danie

H

. . 884

Edward ................ .727, 935

Emmie Miss ................ 1050

George ...................... 919

Henry ...................... .265

James H. Dr. ......... .176, 1045

Joseph H". .................. .687

Nancy H. .................. .687

Richard A. ................. 1001

Samson ..................... ras

Walter P. .................. .907

Isaac ....................... .6] 5 T,arigdale, E. S. ................. .1021 Larigmade, E. S. ............ 570, 1.026

LfITigworthy, Edward, patriot, 538, 542,

Ment ioned ...... ........... .749

Sarah Alexander (Mrs. A. R.) 297

Leak,, Robe rt ......... ........... ,66S

We

Wm. ......................... 7 i

VV*. W". ...................... 593

Leaksville, afterwards Jonesboro, 6S

LeOonte, John ................... .996

John Dr. ................... .341

Joseph Dr. ................. .341

Louis ........................340

Pear, the .,..,,,,,. -340, 995-997

Wm., patriot ........... 540, 638

T ,ee,

Bell

Mrs.

...... -ass
.............. ...... .800

County, treated ...... . . .831-333 E. E. ................. ...... .705 KHzabeth Mrs. ........ . .339, 340

Lewis .................. .010, 821
Sidney, p'oet, musician, lec-
gusta. ................. .955-958 Jirtn-place of ......... .604-605

L'Apostre, Henry, Trustee of Geo'r-

Laroche, James, Member "of Parlia-

ment. Trustee of Georgia, 526

LaRose, "Rssie (Mrs. Joel Chandler

Harris) ............

~~

Lasseter, S. F. Dr. .......

Henry Gen. ("Light-He
".24V, '941 oted, 1S1-182,
632-633 Mentioned ........ .634, B36, 637
Robert E. Ge
R. E. Institute Stephen D. Ge Tho --

INDEX

1165

Legion ..................

13

.446-448 Of Nacoochee .......... .441-442
.449-450 Legwin, W. A. ...............

Lemlie,- Philip S. ............. . ... .559 LeMoyne. John .............. . . . . .646 Lenoir, Basil O. ............. . . . . .924 Lenter, Seaborn .............. . . . . .896 Leonard, Charles A. .........
James P. ..............
Lester, George N. Judge ...... 410, 672 . . . . .569
Rufus E. Hon., Congress . . . . .293
Letheon, ...................... Leverett, E. Mrs. ............... . . . .813
Matthew ................ . . . . .325
Female College ........ Octavia Walton (Madam
tomb of ..............

David .................. . . . . ,638 Oixon H. Hon. ......... . . . . .792 D. W. Col. ............. . .... .36 Emily Mrs. ............. E. B. Hon., Congr'essma Elam B. ................ . . . . .727
Henry T. Judge, nomirlated Bryan in the Chicago Con-
Tomb of ............... .360-361 . . . . .559
J. L. .................... John F. ................ ' John W. Dr. ............ T. S. Capt. ............. Lexington, Historic Old, coun
Libertv County, treated ...... Hall: the home of Mr. St.
Light Dragoons ............ .650 Liberty's Oldest Family: the Max-
Liddell, Andrew J. ............ Llgon, J. ......... .................559 Lillj', Adair .................... . . . .107 Limerick, James Lord, Truste e of
Georgia ................ Lincoln, Abraham I>res., 1-22, 1
Benjamin Gen. ......843, County, treated ........ .843-845 Lincolnton, county-seat of Lin
Linder, Charles W. .......... Lindlev, E. H. ................, . . . .507 Lindsav, Horace ..............
J. T. .................... . . .1051 Reuben .................. Lindsey, J. W. Hon. ......... . . . .788
. . . . .833

Linnwood Cemetery, Columbi Mentioned ...........
Linton, Alexander B. ....... . .372, 663 ...... .372 . . .251, 418
Lipscomb, Andrew A. Cha. ...... .370
Francis Adgate ...... ...... .370 Nathaniel .............
....... .64 Lithgow, Mr. ............... ....... 1 0 5 Little, Daniel M. ........... ...... .976
....... 4 0 0

Wm. ................ ....... 9 8 -2 Wm. A. Judge ........ ...... .980 W. G. ................ . . . . . .1053 Littlefield, T. P. ............ . . . . ..1029 Livingston, Alfred Col., his escape
. . .917-919 Mentioned ........... ...... .911 Ga. ................... ...... .730
...... .709 John F. .............. Leonidas F. Hon., Co ngress-
. .548, 917 Llovd, Benj., patriot ........ ...... .539
...... .286

Samuel, Trustee of Geo rgia -.527 Lcchrane. Osborne A. Chief- Justice,
tomb of ............. . . .422-423 Mentioned ....... .38 8, 661, 945 Lochren, Wm. .............. Lockett, Wm. .............. ...... .696 Lockhart, Henry ...........
...... .610 Samuel L. ............ ...... .558 Samuel S. ............ ...... .610 Loftis, Samuel ............. ...... .700 o on.^^ames .....
...... .720 Logan, 3. P. Dr. ....562,56 8, 753, 754
...... .568

Lommy, John W. .......... ...... .976

London

..... -.338

John .................. ...... .821

...... .367

Crawford W. Dr., disco verer of

Tomb of .............

Elizabeth Ware ...... Ellen Williamson ..... H. H. ................ ....... 569 Henry L. ............ ...... .831
. .133, 866 ...... .971

Jefferson F. Hon. ..... Jones Dr. ............. ...... .660 M. E. Mrs. ........... ...... .2SO Samuel ............... Thomas ..............

Hannah, tomb of ..... Helen Dortch (Mrs. Ja
. . .375-376

Maria Louisa Carland, first reet, . ,376
Wm., given patent for steamTomb of ............. .--... .313 Mentioned ............ . .101, 319

V; "'-

1166

INDEX

Longstreet's "Georgia Scenes". . . . .385

Joseph Henry, Associate-Jiis-

Looscan, M. Mrs. ............ .909-910

tice ...............147, 763, 927

Loper, Joshua ................... .712

Joseph Troup ................927

Lopez, Gen. .......................64S

Lucy, mentioned, Gerdine. . . . 927

Lord, Maria Miss ................ .826

Lucy, mentioned, Pope. .... .926

Wm .................. .638, 790

Marion McHenry, mentioned,

"Lost Arcadia. A".................225

Cobb ......................927

Lost at Sea: Shipwreck of the "Home"

Martha, mentioned, Compton, 927

601-602

Miller G. ................... .927

For 114 Years: Mystery of

Pleiades .................... .926

Gen. Greene's Place of En-

Robert C. ................... .927

tombment ............... .71-89

Samuel, Associate-Justice . . .927

Louisiana ..........................107

Samuel H. .................. .927

Purchase Exposition ........382

TV. TV. Prof. ............ 927, 365

Louisville cemeteries of ...... 344-347

- Wm. .,.,..,,,...............,927

Gazette ...................... 94

Wilson Gov. and United States

Love Bunnie Miss ............... .967

Senator, tomb of ...... 362-363

James R. ................... .654

Mentioned 544, 545, 550, 661,

Peter E Dr., Congressman. 546

774, 926, 950, 974, 1017

828, 994

'Wilson. Jr. ................. 927

Lovejoy, Samuel ................... 610

Lumpkins, The: a sketch of ..665-666

Lovelace, T. J. .................... 794

Luther, Martin .................... 179

Lovers' Leap, Legend of ...... 446-448

Lutheran Meeting House (Salz-

Lovett, Howard Meriwether Mrs. ..921

Wm

......................970

Low, J. H. ....................... .568

burgers) .................. .179 Lyle, ID. R. ........................568
James R. .................. .923

Lowe, Aaron ........ ., ........ 856, 857 Lynden. E. S. Dr. ............662, 763 And Co. .................... .228 Lyon, John A. ................... .929

Lewis r>. Mrs. ............... 757

Morris ,..,,,..........,.,,;. ,795

Mrs Gov Rabun's daughter, 793 Philip, patriot .............. .540 Wm. ........................1009

Richard F., Associate-Justice, 390,947
Lyons ............................. 932

Lowndes County, treated. ..... 845-846 Wm. Hon. .................. .845

County-seat of Toombs ......999

Lowndesville ...................... 8 4 5

Me

Lowrey, Alien .................... .988

John R. ....................1007

J. S. Mrs., State Historian,

D. A. R. .................. .989

J. A. ,,..

J. "W. F. ................ .988,989

John W.

Lowfy, W. M. .................... .427

TV. H. ...................... .849

Lowthcr. Samuel ............824, 1019

McAlhaney, R. TV. .................712

Loyall, Fannie, mentioned, Boynton

McJUlister, Fort .................. 607

393

John .......... .............772

Jesse ....................... .810

J. M. Mrs.

" -"

John ......................... 911

Me Arthur, Peter

Richard ..................... .911

McAuIey, Murdo.

Loyless. J. E. .................... .989

McBride, J. M. ................... .793

Lucas, Frederick W. .......... 372, 661

N. M. ....................... .709

John ........................ .790

McCall. Charles ...............610, 821

Luckie, A F .....................911

Frances .....................845

James ....................... 925

Francis ......................610

W. D. Ma.ior ................ 756

Huerh Major, tomb of.......282

Lucy Cobb Institute ............. .364

Quoted ...................... .4

Luke, Jasper M. .................. 595 John C. .....................801

Mentioned 193, 195, 513, 520, 609 John .........................933

"Luminary, The," Atlanta's first newspaper ................750

John G. ,.,..........,....,. .985 Moses N. .................... 970

Lumpkin. Ann, mentioned, A"lden..92fi Callie, mentioned, King. ..... 927 Charles M- .................. 927

Sherrod ...................... 610 McCallie, S. W. Prof., State Geolo-
gist .................... 896, 897

County-seat of Stewart. . .974-975 McCaskill, John .................. .860

County, treated ........ .846-850

Murdoch .................... .860

EK

....................927 . McCay. Charles .................. .638

Edward P. .................. 927

H. K. ....................... 744

Elizabeth, mentioned, Whate-

McClellan, D. .................... 1053

ley .........................926 McClendon, J. J. .................. 697

Elizabeth Walker ........... .927 McClesky, Da.vid ................ .786 Family Record, The ....926-927 McClung, J. H. Judge. ............ 866

Frank ...................... .927 McCIure, James .................. .783

Henry IT. ................... .878

John, patriot ............ 537, 638

Independent Academy ...... .974 McCollom. Leonard ................ 667 James M. ................... .927 McConnell, James ................ .669

John ...........774, 821, 925, !)*? John C ......................927 John H. Hon., Congressman

John ....................567, 786 J. T. ........................ 567 Lincoln Rev. ............... 1013

417, 546, 730, 927 McCook, J. C. F. .................. 654

Joseph Henry. Chief-Justice,

Patrick H. ................. .987

INDEX
Roderick C;

John ........... .1015, I 1016, 1035 Mary A. ................ .... .617
McDonough, county-seat of He nry. .796
McDowell, G. M. ............. .... .569 . - - - . .845
George Hon., duel will: Co]. . . . .29-31
Mentioned ............. .... .317

McKinley, Carlisle, poet a nd editor, tomb of .......... ........ .357
Ezekiel Hon. ....... ........ .697
orial .............. . ....757- (58 Win. Pres. .........
McKinnie, .I*.'i?.' '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' ......... 7 2 9 ........ .228
McKinnis, Daniel ......... ........ .703

McFarIan<3, John McMair

- - . .1035

McGee, Burton ...............

896

. . . ..540

McGehee, Dr; ................. .... .861

Micajah ................ - . . .] 046

Sarah, mentioned, Hill..

chief of the Creeks, 107, 246, 9-V2, 953
McG'irth, Daniel, a celebrated Tory, 496-497

McGriff, F. T. Judge. ......... .... .934

McLain, \V. A. Mrs., regeiit, 989, 990, 991
McLane, "W. A. .......... ....... .1039 MeLaughlin, Ann Mrs. . . . ........ .286 McLaws, LaFayette Gen., tomb of,
303-304 McLean, Andrew, patriot . ......... 5 4 0
H. .................. ........ .569 John, patriot. ....... ......... 5 4 0 Josiah, patriot ..... ........ .541 Wm. H. ............ ........ .61 0

Mctiunter, Alexander ......... . . . . .938 Mclntire, Frank P. Capt. . . . . .... .653 Mclntosh, Aeneas Sir ........ .... .852
Catharine, mentioned, Tioup, 853 Chilly, a Creek Indian.. 619, G 2 5
County, treated ......... .850-854 George ............ .616,, 638, fi43

John

., _ . 2apt. ................. .853 Hol., of the Revolution, ort Morris ........ 500-503 oned ...198, 205, 490, 552,
539, 599, 638, 640 H. ................... .821 .Tohr. nioneei- immierEint

kills duel

r tne iviexican .............. .852 of the RevoluButto Gwinnett
.4-0

102, 103, 205, 537,

ivelist, 197, 'eos,' S52

........ .570 .John" Tiev'.,' "first" Pressbyterian
minister in Ga. . . . ........ .203

McMichael, E. H. Hon. ... ........ .868 W. G. Rev. ......... ........ .611

J)aniel .............. ...... ..1 O02

Garnett Col. ........ . . . .547, 784

John Capt. ................. .855

Robert Col. .................. 725

McMulIan, Capt. ................. .855

McMullin, S. ..................... .559

MacMurphy, Daniel Capt., a Revo-

lu'tionary soldier, tomb of,

330-341

McNeai, James ....................821

McNulty, M. A. .................. .987

McFhane, W. H. ................. 1053

MePherson Fort .

758

James B. Gen., a Federal of-

ficer, killed ...............744

McRae, county-seat of Telfair. .985-986

Daniel M . .

... 98

Du

.985

INDEX
Mentioned ................. .194 Marshall, Abraham Rev., Bapt ist

W. J. ....................... .567 Mack, Martin Rev. ................ 214
Hugh Capt., Oglethorpe's Reg iment ............ .203, 205, 709 Regiment ............. 00 9, 769
Macon Athenaeum ............... .382 County-seat of Bibb, cradle of, 598-599 The first white child born in, Rose Hill Cemetery ....381-391 Light Artillery ............. .382 Telegraph ......... .246, 599, 947
Macy, R. H. & Co. ............... 981 Maddock, Joseph, Quaker ....... .638

Daliiel R'ev., Baptist pio neer, 174, 089
John Rev., Miirshallville 11 am ed for ...................... . . . . 8 fi 0
W. B. ................... 569, 980 Marshallville, Ga. ............. .859-862 "Marshes of Glynn, The"...., Marthasville, afterwards A tlant'a,
363, 738 Archibald ............... . ... .789 Billy .................... . . . . . 86U C. H. .................. . .. . .801 David ................... Francis S, ............. . . . . .809 G. P. ................. . . . . .808

Madison, county-seat of Morgan, 883-884
County, treated ............ .866 Female College .............. 884 Madison's Historic Homes, . . .885-887
Mahon. Mrs. .....................'. 856

Isaac Capt. ............. 264, 2fi7 James, patriot .......... 514, 510 Jane K Ware Mrs., a d
on origin of Memorial bay 157-159
John, a soldier of Revolu tomb of .......... .330, 516/540
John Gov. .............. 549, 638

"Major Jones' Courtship" .........305 Robt. Q. Rev. .............. .753
Mallary, C. K. .................... .r.67

. .516 N. T. Capt. ............. . ... .81 1 T. H. .................. . . . . .747 Wm. .......... .568, 703, 736, 849

Man Who Married the Thunderer's Manahan, W. J. Ueut. ............ 679 Manilla'Bay, Battle' of '...... '. '.'.'.'.'. ^673
Lee .... J. W. ....................... .709 Luke ........................ 6 3 8
"Many, Many stars," an old game, 256 Marburr, Horatio, Capt. ......... .11 Margravate of Azilia, The . ...52"8-534 Marietta, county-seat of Cobb. . 670-673
Confederate Cemetery ...... 407 Georgia Military Institute,
673-674 Where two Governors lived,
674-677 Mentioned . . . .216, 232, 679, 741

Mason, G. L. ................ . . . .1028
s, w. ................... ,....644
Masonic Hall, Savannah ...... .648-649 History: Georgia's Early, 263-269
Lodge of Eatonton ...... .938-939 . . . . .857
Lodge of Washington, D . C., 962, 963 859, 862 . . . . .826
Nathan ................. . . . . .884 R. J. I>r., quoted. ,,,.,. ..... 2 4 9
Mathers, Thomas ............. 204, 267 Matheson, Daniel ............. .... 9 7 5 Mathews, D. A. Dr. .......... . . . . .726
)ldier o^ Revolution, tomb of . . . . .313 Mentioned ........ill, 112, 113,
544, fjJfl Matthews, Capt. ............. . . . . .651

Maroney. Philip D. .............. 1008

J. E. F. Judge ......... . . . .101-2

.Tosiah M. .........'.....

980

Wm. A. ................

INDEX

1169

Mentioned, 141, 772, 774, 775, 790, 820, 821, 1039, 1043, 1046
Jesso Mrs. (The "Widow Sim ons) .......................177
Silas Ue-v., Baptist pioneer, his conversion .,,,.... 17 2-173
Sketch of ..............ITS-174 University: how a, great Christ
ian school was financed by a Colonial Jew ........ 1043-104-i Wm. A. ..................... 9 31 'Mercer's Cluster," the first Baptist hymnal ............... 177, 104 5 ;, The; Two Pioneer Baptists. Silas and Jesse ........17

Pom Rebe Thor

"William Col. ........ W. M. Capt. ......... Maxwells, The: Liberty's O .aesVJ-aS 1

May, Beiij. ................ ....... .074 James T. ............ ......... 9 8 5 P. L. J. .............. ....... .357

Mayes, Edward ........... ....... .349

Maynard, Wm. T. ........ ....... .330 Mead, Cowles Hon- ....... ....... .544

Meaders, B. R. ............ ...... ..849 R. <":. ................ ....... .847

Meadows, Milus R, ....... ...... .100!) Means, Alexander ......... . . - -563, 509

Medlock, John W. .._....... ....... .407

Meek, A. B., Hist

52, 5a

Me ition

Wm. H. . .

Mellen, George 1

Melsaps, Reuben .....

Melvin, George < apt.,

lution . . .

518

Memoirs of Judge Richard II. CI; k,

823

Of Jefferson Davta .......... .122

Merr lorial Arch: Colonial Park, 652-054

Day: its true history. . . ,150-167

memories of Fifty Years. ..........410

Of Joel Chandler Harris... .244

Mendes, Isaac P Rev. ............048

Menifee, Willis P. ................622

Menzies, John ............... .264, 267

Mercer, George A. Hon. ........ 75, 82

George A. Capt. ............ .652

Herman . ...............708, 982

Hill ......................... .177

Hugh

WRe.

Gen. ..... in

.297, 744, led in

745

'.....-.....'.'.. !s7i
Mestin, RandallI W. . ............. .807

Book

.......... .63G-637

Schism i5f 184 1 ....... .778-780

John W"*ssley's Love Affair,

Metropolitan M

of Art ..... .81

Sophia MiI B 3 ... ............. .994

Mexican "War . .

.............. 3 7 1

Middlebrooks, J am<ss Mrs. ....... .923

James M.

............ .1009

Sarah . . . ...... ............. ..987

Mid y Chun-ch, Cen

833-835

Reiigious worls among the

slaves ................. .835-837

Mentioned 7, 194, 105, 199, 516,

570, 501, 1502

Church -Yard ............ .338-344

Hill .........................574

River ..........193, 194, 198, 500

Seminary ................... .570

Miles, Gen., shackles Mr. Davis. .815

"Militia Drill, The" .............. .385

Milledge, Catharine Elliott ...... .379

John, soldier of Revolution,

Governor and "U. S. Senator,

tomb of ............... .320-321

Mentioned . ,s, 18, 48-1,539, 543,

650, 639

John, son of Gov. Milledge,

his tomb ................ .379

John Capt. ..................917

John, pioneer and immigr

1170

Krank H.

James M Joseph ....... Major, a Texai Major, of Ogle Odrey ........

544, 592, 730

Phineas Mrs. ................. 74

Samuel, patriot ............. .538

Stephen F. Major, quoted, 558,

686-687, 970-971, 997-998, 1000-

1001 Mentioned ....574, 576, 577, 701,

37,

Thomas

- . . .615

, John B

ned. Kin

id, Me

Patrick II. ....

Thos. R. .......

M'ilner, Pitt S. .......

Willis J. .......

Milton Coun

IX R. ........................ 9 a 9

John Hon. .............. 821, 826

W- P. .......................568

Mims, Henry ......................979

John F. ..................... 4 2 7

Joseph .......................976

----

-

22S

Philip, patriot ............... 539 ,r, "Wm. ...................... .855

, TJ. S., at Dahlonega ........ .846

.a Springs ................ 854, 855

ellanies of Georgia ........... 402

issippi University . . . ^. ....... .349

hell,

....

Benj. .......................1053

Camilla Miss ............... .877

County, treated .............877

Daniel R. ............. .416, 730

David B. Gov., tomb of......350

Mentioned 19, 27, 139, 550, 968

E. A. ........................975

Fra

, historia

W. W. .................... .1028 Mobley, B. D. .................... .550
C. T. .......................1018 Moncrief, Arthur ................1019 Monegan, James Prof. .......... .869 Monette, John M- Dr., antiquarian,
52, 56 "Monroe Advertiser" .............. 878
Countv treated .........877-883 County-seat of Walton.1017-1018 Kdward V. .................. 833 Fortress .....................813 James PreS. ........... 229, 1017 James Chapter, IX A. R.....SS3 Nathan ......................391

Philip M. Railroad, o
the State

833 of th oldest in

"Recoi-d, '1

Guards.

704

Gen. . . .302, 8U3, 894-896

Robert Sir, his Margravate of

Azilia ................. .528-534

W. S. ........................569

W. W Gen- .................320

"W". "W. Judge ............... .320

Monticello, county-seat of Jasper, S09-

811

Moody, James .................. .1017

Moon, James G. ................. .184

Thos,

Mo

ethnologist.

59, 61

3t seq.

. . .569

Richard TX Dr..... Robert, Member of T
Trustee of G"Sbrgi R. H. Col. ..........

John ......

Judith Mrs.

O. M. Gen. .

plai tatior

ed by

whe

de th

,,___. sd .............,889-892

Robert .............228, 417, 930

R. V. Dr. ................... .417

Samuel ...................... 929

S. N. .......................1039

Thos. D. Hon., duel with Ma

jor Beall ............... .32-33

Killed by Dr. Ambrose Bal .

33-34

.569

. .427 . .751 at Spring- Pla *, 900
Moreno, Theodore Maj. Morgan Countv, treate
Daniel Gen. .... TO "R* T?pir . . . . .
Joseph Capt. ..... Joseph H. Major . . Joseph H. Mrs. . . .

INDEX

Thos , patriot Mal. Peter . - Wm. R., >ri-ow, R. E. rton, A. H. J. Sterl'
Mound Builde

David ....................... .875 Musgr-ove, W. V. ..................670 Myer, Casper Mrs. ................ 147 Myers Edward H. Dr. ........... .310
Mordecai ................... .673 Myrick. Daniel J. Rev. .......... .101s
Shelby Judge ...............101 s
-y Ro:

...... ...... .233 ...... .8<)0 . .821, 890
103, 903, 904

N
Legend of ......... 441-142 Old Town ........... .1032-1033
,,- Boy Life from Home"..224 Valley; Relics of a Forgotten
Race ......................1031 Mentioned ...... .58, 59, 60, 45S Na ;e, S. T. .......................614
__... .................. .15, S3, 323 j\azareth, Pa. ................... ..213 Neal, James ...................... 1053
John .........................427 McCormick ............ .911, 913 R.. S. ., ..................... .567 T. B. Capt. ............ .427, 913 Wm. D. Corporal. .......... .679 W. R. .......................509 Neidlinger, John G. ............... 190 Neil, S. T. Mrs. ...................799 Nell, Thos. ....................... .973 Nelms, M. J. Dr. .................. 807 Wm. .........................725 Nelson, A. Capt. ................ .679 Charles Haney Gen., hi
771

Zio

90

Mrs

i Co ; Ho me. .... .269 71

Mulberry Grove, home of Gen. Na-

thanael Green, 71, 7s, 74, 82,

103

Trees, cultivation of .......... 91

Mulky, Isaac ..................... .985

Mullryne, John ............... .486, 48S

Mundon, John .................. 102S

Mundy. A. J. .................... .669

Munrierlyn", Chas. J. Hon..... 567, 703

Munro, Annie MI. Mrs. ............ .867

George P. Hon. ............. .871

Ida Miss ......................... .8877O0

Murchison, J. E.

.......1028

Mu

C

eh. .... .Sll

Mu

Mentioned irphy, Anthony
Thomas W. Hon. ..844 Murrell, Joseph H. ................ i Muscogee County, treated ....902-s

....................557 James .......................620 R. W. .......................987 Thomas M. Col. ............. 403 Nesbitt Hush .................... .968 Nesbitt, R. T. Mrs. ............... .407 Neufville, Edward Rev., D. D. . . 299 in, Mitchell A. ................. 417 r Cemetery, Louisvilie .....346-3-17 rcomb. Col. ....................230 Ebenezer ................ 185, 180 Echota. ......59, 709, 771, 900, 901 Hope Presbyterian Church, ..SG6 International Encyclopedia. ..131 Inverness, the Story of the
Scotch Highlanders ....202-207 New d, George S. ..............712 wewman. Mark ................. .2024 Newnan Academy ................ .698
County-seat of Coweta. ..... .696 Daniel .Gen. ........ 545, 574, 576 Oak Hill Cemetery ...... 435-438 Orleans .................327, 938 port River ...................535 R. I. ...................... .71, 86 ton ............................557 County, treated .. ......909,921 C. 15. ........................973 Elizur ~L-. ................372, 663 John Rev., pioneer ......... .925
Tomb of .................... 3 5 7 John Sergeant, Revolutionary
soldier ............... .188, 558 John H. .................... .372 John T. .................... .886

1172

INDEX

......1027

Ralph W. tf. Willian

of

.......798

.....................973

.......931

...... ..

.......818

aerican," John Temple

Gr;

"News, The""

Neyle, William ................... .286

Nichous, John C. Judge, .310, 547, 929

Nichols, J. P. ...................... 973

Nicholson, John W. ............... 372

Nickerson, Reuben ............. -.372

.......860 child tomb, 437

Mentioiied, 540, 562, 567, 570,

571, 661, 773

James Dr. ......

...372,821

Tho

390

_.__.____, _,,,,.,,,,, __,,,_ . _jident of At

lanta to be buried in. Oakland,

417-418

Nitschman, David ................214

Nixon, Robert F. .................. 417

W. M. Mrs. ..................967

Noel, John Y. .....................311

Norbury. Richard Capt., Oglethorpe's

Regiment ............... ..769

Norcross, Jonathan Hon. .......... 427

Norris Brothers of Macon ........ .864

J. y, ........................558

Wni. .........................614

North Carolina .......... .505, 509, 782

Northen, "W. J Gov. ..... .550, 790, 874

Tomb of ........... ...... .420

Norton, Charles Eliot, Prof, of Har

vard College ..............122

J. S. ....................... .999

"W. J. ................ ....... 1 46

W. J. Mrs. .......... ...... .147 No:

at unveiling of Stephens

monument ................. 146

Mentioned .........544, 547, 883

Noted Localities, Historic County-

seats and Chief Towns, 553,

1054

Nottingham, 13. T. Mrs. ........... 694

--'--- W---ar"r-en D.. .J..u.d.g..e...................2.70978

Nu ado Nu

etery, Americ

Hill Cem

wher

buried ..*..... .

.......

Hill Cemetery, Griffin ...391-394

Hill Cemetery, Newnan. - 435-438

Oakland, Calif. .................... 341

Cemetery, Atlanta ..... .417-428,

Mentioned .............755, 756

Obear, Bowles Hill Mrs. .........886 O'Brien, Andrew L. .............. .950
James Father ...............354 O'Bryan, "William ............. 538, 638 "Observer, The" ..................807 Ochis or Achese, the Muscogee na
. .55 .801

1-924

. .108

, 891,

893

), 953

>5, 61

. .948

i, 105

. 539

.539

Odu W. C.

.558

Ogeechee, Hero of (Col. John White)

518-520

River ...............191, 605, 853

The Great ............... .56, 61

Ogilly, Hugh J. ................... 884

Oglethorpe and Candler Universi

ties ........................701

County, treated ........ .924-928

County-seat of Macon, 854, 855,

856, 858

Gen., Recollections of . .925-920

James E. Gen., founder of the

Colony of Georgia, 151, 184,

202, 203, 204, 206, 211, 212, 213,

263, 265, 287, 312, 525, 52C, 549,

628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 640, 649,

766, 769, 850, 851

Infantry of Augusta ........966

Light Infantry of Savannah, 300

"University ..........570, 571, 573

Oglethorpe's famous quarries: ..... 927

Regiment ................... .768

Ogletree, 'William, a Revolutionary

Col., monument unveiled,

881-882

Otioopee River . ....................984

Old Carrollton .......... Cemetery, Louisvill "Church Bell, The" .......... Ebenezer ....................185 Field School, The ...... 252,-263 Guard, of Atlanta ..........148 Holmesville ..................555 Jewish Burial Ground, Savan nah ....................311-312 Kiokee ...................689-690 Lanler, a forgotten countysite ........................856 Masonic Hall, Savannah, 648-6*9 Mid-way Church-Yard .,..338-345 I^resbyterian Cemetery, Roswell ........................GS5 "Rock," Henry L. Benning. tomb of .................. .401 Ruckersville, a Rural Commu nity ....................713-719 "Si," Sam W. Small ........243 Town or Galphinton ........ 81S
Olin, Dr. ..................... .778, 779 Oliphant. G F* Prof. ........ .....1O13 Oliver, B. T. D"r. .................. 857
I>ionysius .................... 722 James ...................707, 821 John G. ......................559

INDEX

1173

w. J. ................

.951

.383

Olympic, The, Dewey's Flag-Ship, 682

O'Neill, Ferdinand Capt. .... . S53-S54

...046, 047 . . .646, 647

...59, 731 Oothcaloga, afterwards Calh oun, Ga.,
769-777

Orme, Richard McAllister .. J ".!!! I'ssi
Orphans Home for Catholic Children,

S. P. Prof. ........... ... . , 304

Osborn, Wm. C. ............

,795

Oswald, Joseph, a patriot... ...... .538 Overby, Basil H. Hon. ...... '"'9Vs-9zl

Nick ................. ...... .923 Overstreet, John W. lion. . . ...... .548 Owen, Alien F. Hon. ....... . . .546, 930 Owens, Alice MisS ......... ...... .806
George W. Hon., 310, 545, 784, William Capt. ........ ...... .811
Town Cemetery ...... . . .395-397

Pace Columbus L. ....... ...... .911 ...... .540
Padgett, E. ................ ...... .567

Paee, James M. ............ John, Member of Pa]lament.

Paine, "Robert Bishop ...... ...... .780

-Paley, John ................ -881

H. E. W. Judge ...... W. T)., Sexton, Oak Hi!
........ 4 S 5

Palmour, Noah ............. ...... .985

Paris, name changed to Sw ainsboro

R. Parish,

M. ........................ Josiah ....................

.567 .595

Parishes of Georgia Describ

Park, Frank Hon., Congressman. . .549

J. .....................

J. G. ........................ .569

John "W. Major .......

R. B. Mrs. ................... .967

R. J3. Capt. ... ..... . . .391, 603

C. T. I-Ion. ................... 9 3 2 Henry, Royal Gov . . ,........ 5 4 9 Jeremiah .................... .822 John L. ............ ....... .705

... .075 Samuel ............ ......... .628 T. C. Mrs., State R egent, D.
A. R. ........... . . 598-599, 990 Wm. .............. ..... .596, 597
Paschal, Agnes Mrs. .... ......... .847 Pate, A. C. Judge ....... ......... .707
Patrick, John H. ...'..... ......... .568 Patten, M. A. Mrs. ...... ..... .160, ] 62
......... .559 N. J- .............. ......... .567 Robt. M. .......... Thomas ............ ......... ,667 Pattillo, J. A. ........... .... .... .7S4
......... ,589 Pauldi^^ountj^ treated^
3 captor/ oil
"i. i.. .............. ......... .801
Paxon, Frederick: J. Col. .......~.. .240
Sweet Home," his Georgia
Mentioned ......... . . .1036, 1037 T. M. Mrs. ........ ......... .812 W. A . ............. ......... .682 "Peo.chtree," its derivati<an ...... .740 Creek ,,,,,.,....,, Peack, Wm. Henry Prof., his tomb 430 Peacock, G. W. ......... ........ .1028 JL,. H. ...... ....... ... ..... .703
Pea Ridge, afterwards B uena Vista. Pearce, J. G. ............ ......... .884
Randolph .......... ......... .975 ......... .797
Peel, "Wm. Lawson Mrs. ......... .757 Peeples, Benj. M. ....... ......... .884
Cincinnatus Judge, 380, 750, 880 Joseph ...................... .1011) Tyler M. Hon. ..... ......... .783 I>!!am,^Ga' ReV ".' Pf*."".10 * '""".'.' 877
...... .877 Pendleton, Chas. R. Col. .... .... .599
Penfield, Ga., the cradle Mentioned .......
Josiah, his gift to education. 177, 773, 7
Penn, Maud. Clark ...... Pemiington, Samuel .............. ..884 Pennsylvania ...........
University of ...... Percival. John Lord, Trusrtee of Geor-
gia. ........................ .52.5

INDEX

c527 s^-2

........................___

nty-seat of Houston. ... 797

. .985

__ _ Fort --------

1001 ------- ^^

Geo. B. ..................... .975

J. B. Mr. and Mrs. .... .988, 989 Joel ..........................709 Josiah ...................... 911

Oliver H. Capt. ............. .797

~"

J

....

1007

,

. .............. .

Henry H. Hon., Congressman,

547

Peter, the Hermit ................ .364

Peters, Richard, tomb of ......... .420 Petersburg, an old tobacco market, 721

Pharr, John .......................860

Phelps. A nson .Tr

70G

Thos. J., Mr. and Mrs. .....951 Virginia .....................951 Phenix, Telemon .............264, 267

Philadelphia ......288, 484,485, 517, 643

. *_*-------

,,,,,,

itrge .......................9 -25256 George D. .............. .784, 785 John Sir, Baronet, M. P., Trustee of Georgia .............. 527 John S. ..................... .878 Mill Church ........... .173, 176 M-- ...........................559 Monroe Mrs. ................ 812 Naomi ...................... .si i P. J. ....................... .14-1 Wm- Gen. . . . .673, 410, 905, 966 . Wm. R. .................... .971 Philomathea Academy ............ 725 Phinizy, Ferdinand ........... 371, 968 Hiram, Jr. .................. 509 Jacob Sr., ...................569 Jacob, Sr. ...................569 John .........................337 Phoenix Hall ..................... .219 Packard, W. LJ. Rev. ........... .1013 Pickens, Andrew Gen., of the Revolution ............... .513, 92 S County, treated ........ .928-929 Pickett, Albert J., historian ,52, 56, 58,
59 Joseph. ....................... 56S Piedmont Continental Chapter T). A.

Zebulon Gen. ................ 9 2 9

Pinckard, James S. Capt., 879, 8SO, 881

Pillow, Gideon J. Gen. ......... .1014

Pinkard, Thomas C. .............. 795 Pindartown, an old Indian village 1054

Pinson, J. J. .......................567 Pioneer Citizens Society .......... 740 Pitman, J. G-. .................... .568

Pitner J r-ittman,

M. Col. Daniel

................ .1051 Judge ........... .432

James ....................... 821

J. G. ......................... 559

Philip .......................702

Pitts, Colman ..................... 593

P. T- ........................56S Wm. M. .................... .850

...

Plant, I. C.

R. II.

Platt, Bb

Poet's Ro

Polhill, Th

...

John G. Judg

Thomas Sr

F>j marr ied" Johns

nty, treated ..............

James K., Pres. .....30,346,824

Leonidas Gen. ......... .346, Wm. Judge .......... ...34(i,

824 823

j>0 llet. Blassingame ............... 707

Pollock P. D. Dr. ................ .777

Polock, Cashman, patriot ........539

Ponce de Leon, Gov of Cuba

53

Fonder, J. O. Mrs. ................ 88-

W. G. ...................... .56

r>0 ol, Adam ........................ 78.

Poole, James J. .................. 96 1

John S. .......... ......... .92.

Pope Alexander .... . .

. . lor>

Burwell, pioneer ............ 104'

Burwell Gen. ......327,821,104:

Henry Augustine .....1047,104.

j. J. ................... .393, 81

John ...'.................... 104'

Leroy .......................72:

Middleton ...................92<

Nicholas .................... 72:

Sarah ....................... 92<

Wiley Co.l. ...140, 511, 1047, 104:

Wiley Hill .................104S

Willis ...................... 1047

Zachariah .................. .824

Pope's Chapel .................. .1047

Popes, The, of Oglethorpe and

Wilkes .............. 1046-1049

er, Abner Dr. ................. .343 A. G.

nb of, 372-373
His home ..............790-792 Mentioned ..............773, 919 George F. Jr., ......... .373, 790 Lovick Dr., tomb of .........402 Mentioned ..................384 Mr., entertains Washington 104 R. IT. ...................... .567 W. Q. ..................... .613 Wm. ................... .285, 543 Piggin, Mr., patriot .............. .538 Pike, Albert Gen. ................997 County, treated ......... 929-931 Story of Austin Denny. . 509-512

117 Pott, Gideon ......................228 Potts, Wm. ........................806 Poullain, T. N. .................. .563 Powell, Arthur G. Judge ....711,763
Benj. .................... 867, 869 Edly ......................... 948 Hannah .....................838 James ...................... .821 James Edward ..............36* J. M. ....................... 556 Josiah, patriot .......... 196, 538 N. B. ...................... .560 Nettie Miss .................870

INDES

Norborn B. ............ ......979 ..... .951

Wm. ................... ......702 ...... 790 ......391 ..... .550

, .. .. ..867

her, John S. Col. ....... . .753, 756

S. M. Capt. ............ ...... 855 t, Nathaniel Dr. ........ . .216, 217 te, E. A. ................ ..... .756

.Pray, John ........................820

Job, mariner and patriot. .... 541 Pre-historic Memorials ........ 57 8-5 SI

"H rend erg ast, C. C. Father. ....... .647 Prentiss, Sargent S. ...............997

Presbyterian Cemetery, Lexington,

356-357

Cemetery, Roswell ......... .685

Church at Lexington, oldest in

Synod .....................925

Church at Lexington, oldest in Church, at Roswell 216, 217, 221

Prcsbyterianism, pioneers of 357, 360 Presco-tt, George W. ............... 667
J. B. .........................588

Je; P.

712

Preston, county-seat of Webster, 102E Wm. C. I-Ion. ............... .672

Pretender, The .................. .203

Prevost, Gen., a British commander,'

501, 500, 518

Prewett, Samuel .................. .704 Price, Charles .................... 65 5
Hawkins ................... .592

H. F. .......................567 W. P. Col. ............ ..37, 547 "W. "W. Mrs. ................ .923

Prince, Chas. H. Hon.............. .547

Mary R. (Mrs. Oliver H.) "Of Wales," a vessel. ....... 203 Oliver H., U. S. Senator, lost

at sea ....... .. ........601-602 Monument to ............. .385 Mentioned ..................543 Oliver H., Jr. ............... .372

frinceton, N. J. ..............270, 281

, Coleman R. Hon. ........1025

__.._ .___. Miss .............. .1' . Life of Jefferson Davis, by
Dr. Craven ............... .814 Prottuo, Dr. ...................... .857 Provincial Seal .....................90 Prudden, Sidney ...................936 Pruett, S. W. ..................... .567 Pruniers, Joseph ................. .264 Pryce, Charles ................... .264 Puckett, Wm. H. ................ .593 Pugh, Francis ..................... 727
Frederick, patriot ...........540 James ...................... .638 Pulaski, Count ...................576 County, treated .........932-934 Fort ................296, 297, 300 "Pulaski, The," a vessel lost at sea. Pumpkintown ..................... 619 Purifoy, Dr. ................. .S7S, 879 Puritans in Georgia ........... 833-837 Putnam County, treated . . . . . .934-9"47

John, Patriarch in Israel . . . . .839 Robert Rev. ............ 344, 839
. . . . .504 . . . . .302 Queen Elancydyne, a Legend. . .478-480 Quigley, Kdward .Father. . . . . . . . . . .647 Quillian, Henry K. ........... . . . . .763 J. F. ................... . . . . .807 807, 808 "William ................ . . . .1013 Quirin, Patrick ............... . . . . .739 Quitmaii County, treated Ga. ..................... . ... .605 Guards .................

Raoenhorst, Rev. Mr. ............ 1S7 Rabun County, treated ..... .948-949
County Academy ........... 948 J. W. -Gen. ................. .792 Matthew ............... -790, 821 "William Gov., his family, 792-795
Mentioned, 228, 550, 790, 832, 948
Rachels, Mr. ..................... .873 Rae, James ....................... .638
Robert .......................638 Ragan, Abraham ............ .872, 873 Ragland, John ....................723 Rahn, Jonathan ..............187, 190 Raikes, Robert ................... .634 Rainey, ht. N., Jr., Hon., his work
for Bartow County......... 57S T. B. Col. .................. .871 Rainwater, P. F. .................. 876 Raleigh, Walter ?5ir, traditions of,
630. 631 Raley, Chas. a Revolutionary sol-
die

Rar Ran

.559

J. N. ....................569, 904

RandaH, James Ryder, tomb of, 326

Monument in Augusta 955-958

Mrs., Sister of Judge Colquitt,

618, 619

Randle, S3. W. ................... .975

Randolph County, treated ... .949-951

John ................... .808, S09

John, of Roanoke. ........... .949

Ranjel Secretary of the Expedition

Id (County) ................ .808

to America .............. 52, 57

Rawlinga, Wm. Dr. ...............1022

Rawls, Alien ....................... G10

James ...................... ..610

John

..............610, 933

Morgan Hon. ................ 547

Rawson, E. E. ......... .......427, 975

W. A. ...................427. 975

Ray, "Tmncan ................. .702, 993

James, a patriot .............540

John .........................438

Joseph .......................691

Ruby Felder Miss, State Ed

itor, D. A. R...............699

Samuel J. ....................391

Reab, Cara Netta................. .325 Ready, William ................... .615 Heck, Gerr Von. ................... 1 S3 Reconstruction ...................... 97
Mr. Hill's Davis Hall Speech, 593, 595
The Killing of Ashburn, 903-905

Red Clay:

INDEX

Rhode Island Society of the Cin.

................036, 1001

Sidney Col. ................. .030

William ................... .1004

W. S. C. ............... .559, 827

Reidlesperg-er, Christian ......... .039

Reidsville, county-seat of Tattnall,

984-985

Reins, Frederick P.................822

Re-Interring the Dead, .............754

Remington, Kdward P. ...... .998, 994

"Reminiscences of an Old-time

Georgia Lawyer" ........ .353

Remsen, Rem. ........... .559, 844, 845

Remshart, W. C.................. 1029

Render, James Judge. ........... .873

J. R. Mrs. ................... .87-

R. JJ. Mrs

.873

etery, Washin Reviere, Thoma Revill, W. T. Mrs.......
Wm. T. Hon. ...... A distinguished ed
id Mclnto:

e, Chas. V. Mr:

Ge

072

G. Ij. D. Dr. ................ .801

John H. ......................592

William ...................... 8fit

Riceboro, Ga. .....................200

Rice fields ........................103

Richards, R. II.................... 428

Robert M. .................. .790

William C., author of "Georgia

Illustrated" ...............247

Richardson, Armistead ........... .774

A. R. ........................969

E. H. .......................931

F. H. .......................751

I. W. ....................... .661

John ....................... ..975

Ijittleberry ...................707

Richard .....................128

S. L. ........................509

"W., Sr. ..................... .286

W. IB. ....................... 50 8

Richardsone, Cosmo P. Dr. ...... ..311

Richmond Academy ......... .267, 369

County, treated .............951

Hussars ..................... 966

Samuel .................... .10'21

Richter, M. L. ..................... 886

Rickets, E. L......................729

Riddlepurger, T. H............... ..794

Ridge, John Chief . . . .C4, 898, 899, 000,

10S4,1038

Ridley, C. 1^. Dr. ..................812

R. H. Mrs., daughter of Sen

ator Hill ................. ..419

Riley, Harrison ....................S4 9

Mr. ..........................244

Rillion, P. W.................... .1000

Rio, a. pet dog belonging to Mr.

Stephens ................... 149

Inscription to ..............153

Riordan, John E...................947

Rising Star Lodge. .......... .938, 939

Rivers, Joel .......................1053

R. .......................... .980

Roach, Ann Mrs. ...................864

Robb, Mrs. ....................... .369

Roberson, Smart, a Troup servant, 889

Roberts, Bryan J. ................ .596

Coleman M. ................ .690

Daniel .................. 517, 639

Daniel E. ................... .970

John ................... .638, 971>

J. W. Dr. ................... .860

O. G. Maj .................... S12

William .................... .595

Robertson, Abner P. ............... 693

Ja)

Duel on horse-back.

Martha M-

INDEX

,

1177

"William

.. .............-.811

nson, A M....................794

George ......................739

James V. ................... .667

John ....................560, G10

Luke

.. ........... .911

Pickering ................... .630

Randall, Revolutionary sol-

dier ...................... -.438

Roby ........................751

S. ..........................500

T. C., Jr. ................... .807

H. Maj. ........508, 855, 856

.....................884

.................... .756

w. Jr. ............. .038

ity, treated. ....... .969

____________ _, __. ................... .932

Rock Mountain, former name given

Stone Mountain ......246, 741

Rockwell, Samuel ...... .558, 560, 561

Roddenbery, Park ................. 995

S. A. I-Ion. ......... .549, 994, 995

Roddey, R. L. .................... .509

Roddy, E. L. Dr. ................. .878

Rodgers, Moses Capt., commander

of "The Savannah".. .228, 229

Robt. L. Judge. .... .074, 080, 6S1

Rogers, Brittan, a Revolutionary

soldier, his tomb. .........882

Commodore

...............934

Curren .....................1009

George W. ................. .795

Henry ..................... .lO'Ol

John A, Jr ................. 984

Joseph ......................1003

Loula Kendall Mrs. ... 1010, 1013

Methodist Church ...........882

O. L. Dr....................1022

Ozburn T. ................. ..912

Simeon ........ .1009, 1010, 1021

J. B. ....................... .088 John, principal chief of the
Cherokee Nation . .66, 67, 900, 901, 902, 1015, 1010, 1034, 10'38
John B. ................. 390, 945 Luke ................. .......688 Rosser, J. A. Rev. ................. 407 Rossville, home of an Indian chief,
1015 Roswell, Ga. .............222, 223, 741
The home of Mr. Roosevelt's mother ................215-322 The last years of Mr. F. R. Goulding spent at.......... 226 Roper, Alva C......................904 Rounsaville, John Wesley. ....... .417 Rourke, John, Jr. .................654 Rowe, AUen ......................567 F. F. Prof. ..................1010 Rowland, C. A. Mrs. ............. .226 Royal, Ezekiel .....................985 Rozar, J. J. ...................... .705 Rucker, Elbert .... Elizabeth Tir John ......... Joseph, pione financier .............. i 11, u.y J. W. ........................427 Mary Lamar ................ 945 Tinsley .........................719 Tinsley ......................719 Tinsley White ..............721 Ruckersville, Old ........ ... .713-719 Rudd, James ..................... .774 Rurlicill, E. F. Dr. ................38O Rudisill, John W. Col. ........... .1021 Rudolph, Amzi Judge. ............. S49 Capt. ...................... ..854 Ruger, T. H. Gen., Military Governor ......................550 Rumph, Lewis pioneer ....... 860, 862 Sam. pioneer peach grower,' 861

nan ~.::.r.;;:.;/;./.. .v.645,046
"Romantic Passages m Southwestern History, Including Pilgt-image of De Soto," by A. ^

Rome, county-seat 'of' "FioydY. Wo",'731
Gr, girlhood home of Mrs. vvilson .....................731
Burial of Mrs. Wilson, First Lady of the Land. ..... 269-271
GMa.e, nM tioynretlde H..i.l.l..C..e..m..e.t.e.r.y...3 . .74114 Roney, Henry C. J'udge. .......... .850 Koosevelt, Theodore President ...218,
339, 685, S37, 841, 843

S?? tri *U M*TMrUn e TM16 ^

Hi^ mnthf.?^ homp at Ro^""

well Ga

.... ... .215-222

Root, Sidne'y Maj'.".".".".'."-'-".'.'.".". 4"25, 974

Rose, Cherokee, Legend of... .445-446

Hill Cemetery, Macon ...381-391

Hill, the Heard plantation

. .................'..".*.."yio^qy ...............3S1, 390, 8
.938 Rosecrans~~"Gen!".................. .232

Gov. Troup ...'........... .SS9 Ross, Daniel ...............1015, 1016
F. D. .......................1053

omas Rev., Trustee of
RUsseii,'JGeofge B'.'.Y;::::::::::::::il j ohrn H .....................736 John M . ....................1004 M^, entertains "Washington. .104
^ c j^ld B " f U.d.^f; '.','.','. ~.'.'.'.'.'. 4S2 William" ".'.................. ...639 _ ,, _ , . Rutherford, A. Jonn, a TT V,l?err> hl ....-..---.......--- -^,.or ^-. *?- *- ",,, Lizzie.' tomb of............. .398
Originator of Memorial Day,
^i Z zie Chapter, U. D. C^ .11.7 Mary Elizabeth Miss (Lizzie
Rutherford) .............. -.160 ^M^ re 5 ^liss . -- - 1017 Mildred Lewis, an educator of ,, w"le note ............. 227, 360 Wiiukm Prof.; 'tomb' of/ Vefi.lS-lT
Ry> als.,, JoseepYlh ....................................5.5.97, 18-7-92 \ 4'i Ryan, Abram J.
rnent in j
Dennis L.' ' John ......

1176

INDEX

Sabin Note:

Duelling, foot-

Saddler, Wm. T .................... 831 Sadely, Sarah Miss. .............. ..682 Saffold, Adam G. ..................8S4
Isham H. .................. .3.021 James Capt. ................. 599 Reuben .,......,....,-..--.. .884 Thomas P. ............. .562, 569 Sage, Ira Y........................427 Saint, Capt. ...................... .984 Andrews JBay ...........138, 141 Andrew's Parish, described. . 542 Augustine, Fla...5, 198, 206, 498,
500, 502, 506, 535 Catharine's Inlet ........... .535 Catharine's Island ....... .C, 197 Catharine's Sound ......... ..193 David's Pariah, described... .5*3 George, Society of. ...........1 99 George's Parish, described. .543
Mentioned ..................819 James's Parish, described. ... 542 John's Cathedral ........ 545-648 John's Parish, described. ... .542
Mentioned ..... .6, 19G, 197, 488, ~16-518, 641, 835, S42, 843, 853
535

'.'. 264

Joachim R. Dr........... ..31 0

Robert ....................970

Th.

patriot .......

lan, description of the town

by Gen. Washington. ..... .103

Colonial Park .......... 275-2Sfi

Bonaventure .......... .286-299

Catholic Cemetery ........ .311

'1-S9

by the Laurel Old Jew

40,

also Chatham Coi

"Get g-ian" ............ .043, 644

""H Meoi

,ld" ling

................... .644 News" . .644, 884, 242,

299, 305

"R,

s" ......................045 iblican" ............... .720

iver ...... .56, 82, IS-!, Itiri, 1S8,

203, 212, 296, 312, 487, 408, 528,

Paul's Church-yard, Augusta. 312-317
Paul's Parish, described ...... 542 Philip's Parish, described. .. .542 Simon's Island ....1S4, 202, 390,
499, 705, 765, 766 Thomas's Parish, described. .542 Sallette, Robert, Adventures of,
4SS-491
Saltus, Samuel, patriot .........._.. 538

Salzbursers, The, at "Ebeneieri

Story of ...............179-192

Mentioned .....91, 211, 212, 213,

476, 478

Sams

07

John W. Col...

. ... .575

R.

. . . . .559

S. P. Prof........

774, 777

"Wade F. .........

. . . .1052

n Jaclnto, Battle of. ..... ... ... _

nson," Wm. .....................1039

nta Anna, Gen. ............ 115, 007

utee, an Indian lover...........1033

"VTr

545, ,<

Schneider, J. Gotlieb. .............

John ........................

Jonathan .................... 1S7

Scotland ..........'.......... .'.'. . . . 22-0270

Scott, Alexander Rev. .............

David J. Rev................

Dr.. Rector of St. James,

Marietta ..................

Fort ........................

Francis ......................

George TV. Col., tomb of....

Jacob ................ .......

Mr. ..........................

Rebecca (Mrs. George W.) . . .

Robert ......................

Walter Sir ..................

Win-field Gen., 703,8-lS, 901, l

Scoville, D. O. .....................

F. T. ....................... . James Gen., of the Revolu
tion, tomb of. ......... .339-?

Mentioned .......... .7, 639, E James P. Dr................ .. John Col. ..................... Scrug-gs. "Wm. L. Col. diplomat...-! Seabrook, Paul E. Judge. .......... E

INDEX

1179

Of Georgia ................ 89-98 Searcy, W. E, H., Sr.............. 973
W. E. H., Jr. .............. .973 Seay, Capt. ..................45, 46, 47
John J. Mrs. ................ .731 Secession Convention, The. .... 562-566 Seely, P. L. .......................-752 Segrist, Laban .................... .797 Seminole Indians ........ 445, 446, 727 Semmes, Albert ................. .1051
Andrew Greene ............ .722 Paul J. Gen. ............403, 903 RfinViaer Admiral ............382
n Georgia, List ........... .543-544

...______

..

. ..............-567

Setze, Lizzie Waddell Airs. ...... .672

Sevier, Gen. ..................... .731

Sewanee, Tenn. (Univ. of South), 961

He ward, David L. ................ .1013

Frederick W-. ................123

James L. Hon., Congress-

man ...................546, 994

Wm. II., a Georgia school-

master .... ... ........121-130

Mentioned ................. .935

Sewing Machine, The, by whom in-

........... .225-227

................118

................774 ................938 Shankle, Grogan llev. ........... ..805 Lovick P. .................. .805 M'arvin ..................805, 807 Olin Dr. ................805, 807 Seaborn M. .................80-5 Shannon, A. H. .................. .807 James .................. .663, 774 John F. .................... .807 Shanock, Wm. C...................700 Sharp, Cyrus ................ .380, 878 Hiram ...................... .627 J. L. Mrs....................805 John, patriot .............. 540 W. H. ..................... .668 Sharpe, T. A....................... 567 Shaw, Alfred .................... ..884 Louise Mrs. .................. 7 4 Simeon Rev. ............... .1.010 Shealy, P. E. Rev. ................180 T. W. Rev. ................ ..180 Sheets, Tarlton ...................619 Sheffield, R. W. ................... 567 Wesley ......................709 W. C. ...................... .567 Sheftall, Levi, patriot. ............ 539 Mordecai, patriot ..196, 311, 538 Sheftall, patriot ........ 539, 561 Shell, W. B. ...................... .567 Shellman, Col. ....................651 Ga. ..................... .950'-951 J M. ....................... .712 W F ...... ............. .951 Shelton, Charles J. ............... .985 "Shenandoah, The," a Confederate

cruiser ................ 219, 220 Shepherd, Anne Mrs. .............. ISO
Henry S. .................... 828 Sheppard. John E. Capt. .... .867, 868

J. E. Hon. ........ ......868, 871 Mrs., of Covington. ......... 913 W. D. Mrs. ..................805 W. IX .......................808

Sherman, T. S............... 569, 1009 W. T. Gen. . .74, 96, 573, 588 ,590, 592, 673, 674, 680, 742, 743, 746, 747, 824, 921, 941, 1023

Sherman's andalism

.... .276, 286

Sherrod, Benj. ...................1040

Sherwood, Adiel, Dr. ....197, 246, 74

-

774, 776, 7"

Shields, Wm. ...... .............. .i

Shiloh, Battle of ................. .23

Shine, John, soldier of Revolution,

575, 85

Shipp, Bernard, historian

J. E. D., Life of Crt. ____..

quoted .............. .10, i 7, 2

Shivers, Wm. Mrs. ........

Shoemate, Joseph D. .................

Short, "W. B. I-Ion. ................. 87

W. B. Mrs. .................. SO

Shorter, Alfred, tomb of. .... .41 5, 73

Eli S. Judge, tomb of........39

Mentioned .............. .33, f?"

John G. . .

Martha B.

Reu"

Shoulder

Shropshir.

Jam

Johi

Wes

' ''

"George "R. ................. .".33 Josiah ........ ... .........33 Wm. C., tomb of............ 33
Sickles, Gen. ...................... 30 Sikes, W. Silk Culture in Georgia. . . . .91, 536-53 Sills, F. H., editor. ................ 02 Silver Bluff ..................... 56, 5 Silvey, John ...................... 43 Simmons, E. G. Col. ............... 39
Hen James ............. 566, 569, 100 J. M. ....... ................98 James P. .......... .562, 566, 5f John N. Mrs. ................ 7 M. ..........................10. Win. K. Hon. ............... .78 Simrns .................... 691, 693, 82 "' -----
_._____. . W. G.

Jew of large means ana a Revolutionary soldier whose wealth endowed Mercer,
1043-1046 Nancy Mrs. ................1043 The Widow, marries Rev. Jesse
Mercer . ........... .. .. .175-176 Simpson, James Y. Dr., foot-note, 135
John M. ..................... 975 Leonard .....................671 Sims, J. Marion Dr., establishes
claim of Dr Long to dis-

covery of anesthesia.. ..... .136 Richard L. .........559, 911, 919 Wm. .........................879

inclaif Tei^p

10-07

Singer .ToS Jr! I! ^ I T.'.'.'. i'.'.'.'.'.'.'. .975

- j orin Q.

975

Singleton. George" 'w! '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.797

TL

569

Wyatt " R." . '. '. '. '. '.'. '. '. '.'. '. '. .. . '. . .976

<aiak sinsleton

568

gofer's Ferry . "". '. ! ! i:.'.'.".".".".'.".".".": .29

'

~ ~*

1180

.

INDEX

Quintillian ..................1021

Virgil ......................1021

Wm. ........................1021

Slade, Jeremiah ................. .826

Thomas E., pioneer educa-

tor .................... .825-826

Slappey, George .............. 860, 802

Mary ........................860

Slater, C. C. ....................... 567

John F. ..................... .396

Slaton, John M. Gov. ... .240, 435, 550,

577, 573, 077, 623, 624, 653, 681,

872, 1048

John M. Mrs. ................930

W. M. Hon. ................1048

Slatter, John J................... ..795

Slaughter, Martin G........ .....673

Sledge, Whitfield H...............1001

Sloan Andrew lion Slone, Wm. .........

..

547 ...... 559

Sloper, Win., Member of Parliament,

Trustee of Georgia ......520

Small, Sam W., "Old Si". . . . .242, 75O

Small-wood, Robert J............... 703

Sgm TMasrtt' ?Eed'm 5oisn^dVJc'S?TMs"TM;' 070"3

Guy, soldier of" Revolution' ' 811

6. K. ....................... .567

IToke, United States Senator, Governor, and member of

Cabinet ...... 544, 550, 676, 67 S,

751, 927

Hoke, Institute ............ ..870 1-1. H. Dr. .................. .428

Isaac, soldier of Revolution, 1018

Jackson G, ......... ........,.931

James ......

. 556, 824

James Major ..............576

James A. ....................567

J Henley .................. ..750 James M. Gov. .... 40-4, 550, 557,

686, 695, 783, 883, 904, 1009 1011
Tomb of .................. .376

James R

......... .....' .1021

James W. ..................1028 Jasper N., an eccentric old

gentleman, his tomb. .... ..328

John, patriot ....... 540, 638, 043

John J R.

HJ.on.. ................................ .1.4.S9, 3565S

J R. Dr. ........... .......1025

LB

...........

.. 569

M. L. Gen., tomb of.........371

Nathan ......................760

Otis Rev. ....................777

Peter Francisco .............697

Rembert G. Rev. ........... .782

R. L. J. Col. ................80S

R. Thursfield ................630

Samuel Rev., LL. B., Trustee

of Georgia ................ 526

Sidney M. ................... S 7 9

Simeon iU ................. ..730

S. J , Jr. .......... . . .... . 80-8

Stephen ...........

..785

Sydney .......................976

"The," a locomotive. ....... .233

Thomas ......................831

Thos. R. ................... ..70S

'W- J- ........................ 876

Wm. ....................... ..707

Wnr. (''Uncle Billy") . .1020. 1021

Win. ("Hell Nation"), soldier

of Revolution, .............. 438

Wm. ................... .730, 840

Wm. D. Gen., tomb of....... 334

Wm. E. Hon. .............. ..547

Wm. G. ......................811

Smyr"SW"- 5SHh. S.S..,.-.-.i.r.^..:.:.:.:.:.:.:.::.:.:8s0M4, i8K05

Smythe, Wm. M. Major. ......... .904 Snap Bean Farm. .................239 Snead, Claiborne Judge, tomb of..332
Capt. ........................858 Sneed,. James R,. .................. .dS Snider, John, patriot ............ ..541 Snow, Chas. W. ...................975
!_,. L. ....................... .850 Social Circle, Ga. ........... .1 018-10] 9 Sock-well, W. W. .................. .793 Solomon, David ................. ..1025
K. W. .......................568 Henry ...................... 10-07 Song of the Chattahoochee. ........336 Sorrel, G. Moxley. ................ .300 Soule, Joshua Bishop ............. 780 South Cai-olina .... .108, 171, 202, 210,
484, 485, 493, 497, 498, 504, 529, 532, 533, 534, 622, 630, 689, 953 Carolina Society of Cincinnati, 77 Georgia College ............ 986

Central Baptist University of Ga. ...................... .1034
Female College ............. 1002 "Miscellany, The ..........750 "Recorder, The" ............351 "Temperance Crusade" .... .752 "Southwest Georgian" ......... .857 "Souvenirs of Travel". ............325 Spain ..................... 108, 10-9, 110 Drury .......................824 Spaniards ............... 51-62, 408-471 Spalding County, treated. .... .971-973 James Hon. ................ .279 H- D. Dr. ................... ..432 Thomas Hon. ..... .544, 559, 560,

Spangenberg,

Gottlieb

561, 767, 821 Rev. . . .212, 2] 4

Sparks, Carter W. .................931

John, soldier of Revolution, 102G

Thomas H. ..................931

"W. H. Col. .................. 937

Wm. H. Rev. ................410

Sparta, county-seat of Hancock,

Town

Cemetery

789-790 ...,,.....372-379

Spaulding, A. T. Rev. ............ ..886

Ga. ...................... 865-866 Speafcman, John ..................228

INDEX

1181

f

391

M enti oned ........ 881, 883, 884

En

Eu stac e W Dr . . . . . .371, 883

D. N. Major.......

431

ret Houston

.715

Th

s J. Hon., Ccmgress-

.547

Wi

.714

Speers, Elizabeth Mrs. ............ .884

Speight R F...

. .......... 793

Spillers John T survivor of

Goliad

634-695

Spenee, David ..".'.'.'."............. .913

donrff

r.RO

..........,,,,,

ing on..^^ 401 Kdn

Marcus ~'_'""""''''''' """.".'.860

Spinks, Garret II ................ 928

Spinner, Mr., entertains Wash-

ington .. ...... ......... ..104

Spivey, Caleb ...

. . . . ..... ..938

Jethro .

. . .828

Wm. ....................... .10-09

Springer, John Rev., pioneer edu-

cator ... ......174, 1039, 1050

Wm. G. .

............ .790

Springileld, county-seat of Effing-

ham

,

712

"Springfield," Gen. Blackshear's

home

829

Spring Place, Ga. ..... 68, 896-897, 900, 901, 902

Place Mission .............. .211

Sproull, J. F. ..................... .593

Stacy, James Dr., quoted. .200-201, 343,

996-997

Tomb of . .. . .. .....438

Mentioned .........227, 697, 835

John ... ..

643

Staffold, Thomas ................. 615

Stafford, Alvis . ................. .930

~~

_ _______ _, ,,,," "Indian ~"~"

_ _.idezvous ................

Stanfield, Posy . ........ ....... 857

Anson W.

850

Stanford, John R. ................ ..785

Levi ........................ .690 Stanley, Henry M. Hon. ........... S2S

James, Karl of Derby. Trustee

of Georgia

.

State Rights: tl le Han ging of Ta sel ....

Statu ary Hall . Stead man, now

1J orter.dale

.

.

133 916

Stean:iboat, first P atent for i:

by

Georgia

. - . , .9 9-101

Steed , Leonard G

Wrn. P. .................... .850

Steel, Mrs., of the Revolution. ... ..151

Steele, Sarah Trippe. ............. ..369

Steelman, Wm. H.. ................. 7S5

Steiner, Abraham Rev. .......... ..898

EC. H. Dr. .................. ..337

Stephens, Alexander ............. .714

Alexander EC. Hon., Governor,

^^^ Vice-President, assaulted by Judge Cone. ........... 38-39 Arrest of Mr. Stephens, Liberty Hall .......... ..142-153
982-984 546, 547, 550, 562,' 564," 565,' 569^

594, 750, 80-3, 904, 905 Chapter, U. T). C. ............ 147 County, treated .......... 973-974 Dr. ...................... 878, 879 High School .................147 -T. .......................... -.969 John ......................... 983 J. T. .........................569 John W. .....................929 Linton Judge, reinterred at
Liberty Hall ............. ..984 Menr ~ "-' -"" ~~" -" ~ ----
Memo of
Moab
Nathe T.. J. ....................... ..730 T. T. ....................... .999 Wade H". ................... .904 Wm., of Upson ............ .1009 Wm. Gov. ............. .185, 549 "Wm. Judge ..84, 85, 537, 648, 649 Stephenson, Matthew Dr. ..........847 Sternes, Jesse ................... .1009 Sterrett, Jehu ...................... Stevens, Henry J. .................344

J. W. ...................,...'. 569 Samuel ..................... .517 Wm. B. Bishop, historian,
quoted ...204-205, 20S-ail, 214, 457-460, 487-488, 517-518, 534-

530, 925-926 Mentioned .......... 52, no-. 4S3

Stevenson, W. A. ................. .808

-

.

-__

Stanton, Frank" "L".,' ' poet.".".".'.'.Va'l/ 941

Stapler, John R....................846

Staplers, Harman .................S60

Stapleton, George ................ .568

Stark, James II. .............. 611, 971

"Wm. A. Judge. ..............973

W. W. Judge. .............. .808

Starks, E. C.......................808

Starksville ................... 831, 833

Starnes. Tnbenezer Judge. .......... 320

Starr, E. F. ............ .

..570

ITilliard ..................... .669

Statesboro, county-seat of Bulloch, 610

1182

INDEX

Wm. H. Hon.............-.-.E^G Stirk, John, patriot...... 1^1^ 1^6,

Samuel, patriot ......... 187, 539
SI^tiSthS, mWT.oS..S..I.k..-JH..-a-.s.e..:-::.-s-"-:."-.".'i8TM21

s'^o^wTM:.::::::::::::::::::^

B,o=..-"v\VS.'-AH.^.K::e:v::.:.::.-...-...-..v....v...v...v....1>.M.176i

STr..?:.TM::::::::::::::!*!

Jesse ........................G96

Mountain- a monolith of pre

historic times ......245-251,418,

436, 753

Thomas, patriot ........... ..538

Stonewall Cemetery, Griffin ........ 393

SS"SStttoootorrreyrrsy,i,e, sSJBoeo.htfhnMGP.T .eG o...r.e.g.n..i..a..."..........................................................5 6...5 524239 458

Of Austin Dabney. ..... .509-512

Of the Dodge Millions. ... 766-767

"Of Georgia and the Georgia

Teople" ................ -.819

R. Stovall,

L. .......................1053 George T. ................. 323

Lewis ...................... ..844

M PPll.eeaaAss.aannGtt enA........H....o..n.......... ....6...4..5..,...S.30.3.403,, 92754384,

959, 079

Stephen B. .................. .708

Strain, -Wm. Strange, C.

W. .................. .772 B. .....................867

StrausILNsaiaFdztaohamrraunils.y.,...:...T......h...e...........................................9...9..88..0.91.8--.090.--8899882212

SSttereele,t,OGsJec.oarrgCe.S.. ....H....o...n........................................9...8.52.-69885881

StrickH lanardd, yB.a.r.n.a..b.u..s..........................-..57678 4

Henry .......................569

James B. ................... .929

StringJe.r,J.JoJhundge.....................................6..67806

SSStttrrrooobnhegaJl,k., eM CrR,h.r,aR,r.lu.hed.si.os,.tl.poa.hr..i,.a.sn.op.la.1d.t8ir.e5i.r,o..t1..oS.f.7.-..11.t88h.S77e,, 81593409

Revolution ............ .666-667

Charles H. Rev. ............. .648

Christopher Majo

SSttrroouthde, r,OrCi.onR.........................................5.5660

Strou_p, Berry Strozier, John

J............... L. . . . . .......

....727 872, 873

Stuart, Henri (or Henry) L., pre-

to Georgia ..........."

..132

Tomb of Stubbs, James

..... ........

..367

A. ...............'.". 1089

Studivant, Edwin ............ . .655

Sturges, Daniel, executes device for

rgia's Great Seal. ...... .95

Style;

SSSuuum m mm m mW eeerrr-.lsfi,onW r,Cd.,.W.W .....m ..T................................................................--.77i 99934r

Summers, Joseph ................. .640

Summerville

Cemetery,

Augusta, 317-319

County-seat

of

Chattooga, 654-655

Sumter County, treated. ...... .975-979

Sumterville,

afterwards

Dublin, S27, S28

Sunbury: an Extinct 19*3-3 98, 263,

Metropolis, &00, 519, K39-S4O,
852

"Sunny South, The". .........750, 752

"SunshiPniee"r:cethe...H..o.m ...e...o.f...B.7is9ho0p-792

SSuutrcrleinffc, y,JoA hnli;enpaPtr.io..t............................S53596

SSuutthtoenrL,laonuJdi.s,enE.l.i...............................................................78S8S7625

Tom . .......................866

Suwali, Swann,

The, a, tribe of Indians..60, 61 T. S. Mr. and Mrs. ........912

727-728

Sweat, J. L, Swedenborg,

Judge. .............. -.957 Bmanuei ............823

Sweetwater

Branch,

Legend

of, 449-450

Swift, W. A. ...................... .726

Wn T.

Swindle, W. L.. ................... ..596

Swinney, Richard, patriot. ....... ..541

Sylvania,

county-seat

of

Screven, 969-970

SS"Syym ylvmeesos,tnedrG,, ecoTorhgueen,"ty.-.as.e.av.t.e.s.os.fe.l..W ...o..r..t.h........1..066523392

Synod of S. C. and Ga. ........... f,71

Taft, W . H. Pr

46, 960, 962, 981

Ta.it, Chas. Judge, United. State Sen

ator and Jurist, 16, 18, 19, 20,

25, 139, 543, 1042

Assaulted

by

Gen.

John

Clark, 23-24

Challenges Judge t County, treated

Dooly . .25-26 ........ 979-082

Home: Mount Pleasant

. .10521053

John, tomb of .............. .354 Mentioned, 35-1, 355, 975, 1051

Mary Williston. ............. .355

Matthew Gov., tomb of..354-355 Mentioned, 550', 821, 979, 1040.

1051

PTM hhooeemnbtaeiso,n.et.od.n.r.u.......o..f................1...0....5...1...,.31.52055552 Wgililaiam...L..o.r.d.,..T..r.u..s.t.e.e..o..f.G ..e5o2r 6

Talb ott on,

county-seat of

Talbot, 979, 980

emale Academy ........... .979

Tal

if the Revolutionary Camp-

TM

ith 483

Franc: Mentio

INDEX

1183

P. R. Capt. ....... . . .1022, 1025

Tallahassee, anoient town. of Anhay-

Fla. ............... ........... 9 7 9 "Tallassee Strip" ....... g'the'Che'r-" "Tallequah, or Life Amon;
okees" ........... ........ ..224 Talmadge, Aaron ....... .......... 3 8 0 Talmage Normal Institute

High School at Mid way .....573 Samuel K. Rev. i 7 ] , 572, 574 Tamar, escapes from the Indians,
467-468

Tankersley, "Wm. B. . . . . . ......... .693

J. B. ,.........,,..

.... .669

John, Ensign, Ogletllorue's Reg-

Tarbutton, Benj. ........ ...1021, 1026

Tarling, Peter, a Patriot ......... .538 Tarrentine, George W. . . .......... 7 9 5

Hartwell .......... ......... .93 i

Tassel, Oeorge, the Hangiiig of, 737-788 Tate, F. Carter Hon. . . .
.T. M. ............... . . .'.'.559, 560

Rebecca Clark

......... .720

Edward Kenwick, to mb of- - - .292 Mentioned ........ ......... .545
H. Mrs., Widow of

John R. F. Col., torn b of .... .293

Mentioned .... .287,, 543 550, 648 Josiah, the Elder . . ......... .480

Josiah Mullryne . .'.

.... .293

Tatum, T. W. M. ........ ......... .793

Tautphoeus. Baroness . . . .......... 1 5 8

County, treated . . . ......... .985 David, Jr., ......... .... .559, 560 Elizabeth, owned \\r esley's Di-

Giles B. ........... .......... 797

Jeremiah H. ....... . . . .... 702 John, an anecdote o f . . , 997-998 John T. .......... ......... .596

Josiah G. ......

Thomas, a Cons ressman 391, 545

Temperance in Georgi;i, pioneer move-

ment ........ .............. 9 1 5

Temple College

............. .697

Tenn, Zechariah, a P atriot ...... .549

Tennille, Ga. ........ ....... .1027-1 028

Terrell, A!ex. \V. Jui Ige. quoted, 906908
County, treated ......... .986-993 Edward . ...... ............ .1004

Uncle Remus ........ .243, 941

Joel. E. G. Dr., his tomb. . . -434 Joseph M., Governor and 17. B.

Mentioned

.... .544, 560, 872

William Dr. Tomb of

......... .545, 986 ............. .374

Testing- of -A Skeietoia ....,,, .584-585

IP and at rfoliad ......... 1 1 S - 1 2 1

Mentioned

. 906, 907, 908, 909

"The" ......... ............. .233

Thiot Colonial Vault ............ .279

B. M. .......... ............. .744 County, treated ....... .993-999 County Acadenvy ........... .993

.............. 7 4 ft

James t>r. .... .............. .847

Jett Gen.

348-352, 993, 1003

John H. ....... ............. .879

John S. ................. .567, 574

L. P. Col.

............. .783

Nina Mrs. ..... ............. .660 ......... .372, 661
Walter Mrs., Re gent . - . .710, 711

W. W. ........ . . .. .372, 718, 749

1 008-1010 Thomasville, county-se:at of Thomas,
994

William Zachary

...... Prea.

72;?, of

Ua:.>0s, .,10*a5s2,,

13O2513,

369, 985 ,1053

Tazewell : a Former couii.ty-seat, 867-

Teasley, W. A. .......... ......... .567 Tehault, C. H. Mrs. .... .......... 9 7 -2
Teifair Academy ......... ......... .290 Alexander ......... ......... .291
Eclward Gov., patrio 2*90
Mentioned, 104, 10 5, 285, 484, 538, 542, 543, 549, 639, 643, 053
Hospital ..........

Teter G. ....... ............. 1007 Robert ........ ............. .723
^S,?r:..::: .............. 545
William Esa., tcimb of ..... .336 Wm, T., Editor and Humorist,
..-...........;-, 0 5 Thomson, county-seat of McDuffie, 850
High School . . . .............. 8 5 0 Thornton, E. H. Mrs. ............. .913
W. C. Capt. . . . ........ .987, 988 Thorpe, Benj. F. Rev. Thrasher, B. E. Hon. ........ .922, 923
Sarah Barton . ............. .923

1184

INDEX

Threaderaft, George ............. .633

Thronateeska, or Flint River . . . .703

Thunderbolt .................. 286, 48S

Thurman A S. Judge ........... .810

I3avid Revolutionary soldier, 924

Thurmond, Richard P. ............ 850

S P Judge. . .. ...........373

Thweat, Thomas .................1009

Ticknor J3r ..................... -405

Francis Orray, tomb of .....400

- Francis Orray Mrs. ....... .160

George C- .................. .883

I T Rev D 3D . ....... 432

Stewart .................... .782

Tidwell, M. M. ................... - 508

Tift, Bessie Colleye. ............... 879

County, treated ............ .999

H. II. Mrs. .................-879

II. re. Capt. ................ .999

Nelson Hon. ........... .517, 708

Tifton, county-seat of Tift. ........ 99!)

Tillman Joseph ...

........... 560

Tilman Isaiah

........... 568

Tinsley, Klizabeth ................ .711

Green ...................... 557

Wm. Dr. .................... .873

Tisori^Cornerius ''

- - ..'.''.'. .595

Isaac P. ......::.............831

"Titanic, The," wrecked at sea,

900-901

Titlo-w, Jerome E. Capt. ......... .814

"To Allegro Florence," in Heaven, 167

Toalli (in Irwin County), an Indian

Townball, an old

_____ _

257

Towns County, treated ....1000-1001

George W. Qov., tomb of ....383

Recollections of ......1000-1001

Mentioned .... 545, 546, 550, 979

Georgo W. B. ............... .979

Sherwood .................... 892

-William .................... .704

Willis ...................... .866

Tracy, E3. 1>. Judge ................390

Tragedy of the Swamp, A ....474-478

Trammell, Paul B. ............... 1 034

Wm. T.

">"

"-~-~~ <-^~ -- -- T-

j_rayiur, jonn ...... Treaty at Shoulderbi
Of Augusta .. Of New York Trenchard, J. A. ...
Tripoli '............. Treutlen, Christian
John Adam, Ge ernor, his m
Mentioned, ] E

Toccoa county-seat' 'of 'Stephens, ' ""

973-974

Tod<3 tt W

.......... .688

' J. Scott '...............-.... .088

Tolbert, William ...... ...........828

Tomlinson Harris

,,,...-....568

Humphrey .................. .797

Nick ........... ... ." .....'.. .'.93S W. A. ......................1028 fomo-ehi-chi ..................... .212 Tomson, Prof.. Schoolmaster of the
Old Field School .......... 252 Tondee's Tavern ....... .288, 038, 641 Tonyn, Fort .......................617 Took, George, an Indian ......... .900 Toombs, Augustus ...............1051
County, treated ............. 999 Gabriel ..................... 1051

Mentioned, 40, 157, 354, 544, 546 562, 505, 570, 714, 719, 744, 983,
1 048, 1050 Robert Gen., IT. S. Senator and
Confederate Secretary of State. hostile correspondence with Sarah .......................1048

Trice, James .................... .1009 Triebner, Rev. Mr. ........... .187, 189
Trippe, Robert P., Judge, tomb of, 378 Mentioned .......... 540, 878,880
Robert P., Jr., ..............378 Turner II, Judge. ... 56 t, 567, 592 Wm. T. .................... .378

Troup

I

I

C__-,_ .

u. g. ^^.-^^., ,,,,, ....... _.,_,

new facts brought to light,

887-893

Where he died .......... .1030

His last will and testament.

830-831

Mentioned, 139, 140, 283, 317,

400, 543, 544, 545, 550, 575, 576,

627, G52, 828, 851", 853, 1001

Life of .....................310

George M. Jr. ...... 830, 891, 892

IT. B . .........

.... 568

James

.......

.... 559

James McGillivray ......... .892

Oralie ...................... .830

Robert L. ............. .891, 3 030

Robert T. ................... 892

upville ........................ .845 utman, Joanna H. (Mrs. Vinaon),
designs Lone Star Flag, 694, 695

Matilda Miss . .". . . '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. 100 Wm. H. ........... .558, 5i>0, 561 . Mansfield .................. .560 Tory Government, Georgia Patriots
outlawed by the ...... 537-541 Pond ........................844 Tower, Christopher,' Mem. of Par.,

Trustees" for""'EstabfishYng' the " Col"-" ony of Georgia, a complete list ................... .525-533
Mentioned ......... .91, 211, 212 Trustees' Seal .................... .89 Tubman, Richard C. ............ .909 Tuckasee-King, a dead town. ...... 713

INDEX

Mentioned ............

. .508 Tufts, Francis ............... .... .825

tains -Washington

.... .104

Tumlin, Lewis Col. -.412, 579,

Tumuli, Etowah Mounds, Cu

Relics .................. 581-5S2

Tupper, H. A. Dr. (Rev.) . . Turkey Creek, a plantation o wned
by Gov. Troup ....... .889, S92 Turnbull, Louise Miss ....... .... .886
Samuel, Member of I'ar liamen.

Turner, Charlie .............. .... .5)30 County, treated ....... i 005-1007 Kdwin C. .............. Henry E. .............. .... .985 Henry G, Judge ....... .... -547 John B. J_)v. ............ . . . .1026 John D. ................. .... .428 J. E. ................. . . . . .1023
Plantation, The ....... .940-941

Thos. B. ............. .... .980

T. M. ................ ..... 568

Wm. ..........

i-Jj . 126, 128

Turnipseed, Levi ............ .... .797

Twig'gs County, treated

David- E. Gen. .......... '. '. '. '. 1 0 3 7

John Gen., of the Revo lution,

11, 113, 538, 952

John D. Col. ........... .... .307

Two Pioneer Baptists: the St< iry of

.172-179

.... .485

Tyier, Anna Miss ........... .... .160

Emma Miss . . . .

.... .100

Fort, last to surrender 1 004-1005

John I'rcs. ................... .78

John Mrs., 159, 160, id], 163, 164

Robert C. Gen. ...... .... 1 0 0 4 Tyner, Richard ..... ..... .-{67, 468
Richard Mrs. ........... .... .467

.... .520

U

TTchees, The, a tribe of Indiaris. ... .56 TTktena, Agan-Unitsi's Search for,
45J--457 Ulumsuti, The ............. .. . . . . .454 TJmasauga, an Indian village.. . . . . .480 "Uncle Dick," a servant to Mr.
Stephens ........... . . . . . .150

...... -2 3 9 . .430-431

Rem

........ ,

Remus Memorial Association, 24O

sr the Code Duello ......... .1 51

Esrwood, Dr. ................... 6") '2

John C. ............. .....82S

John W. H. Judge, Congress-

"Wm. H. Judge .........730, 559 Union Academy, where \Vm. U. tSe-w-
County, Treated ......

Blakety Chapter ....... Kennesaw Chapter .... . . . . . .082

States Arsenal at Aug seized ................ 966-967
States Branch Bank at nah ..................
States Mint, at Dahioilega. .847 ..... .341
Of Georgia, ........ Sfi;';, 36S, 374 Of Halle ............... ...... 2 1 4 Of Jena ............... ...... 2 1 4 Of Mississippi ......... ..... ,349 Of Pennsylvania, . .1 3i:, 133, 367 Of the South .......... ...... s u r Upson County, treated .... 1008-1013 Stephen Hon., tomb of'. .356-307
1008 Stephen C. ............. ...... 6 6 1 Upton, Gen. ................. ...... 9 8 S Urquhart, John A. Mrs. ..... . . . . . .160 Urrea, Gen., a Mexican com
115, 116

Usry, Joshua F. ............. ..... .568 Utah, Governor of, Alfred Cu mming,
317-318 Utrecht, Treaty of ..........
V
Vail, Amos ................. Valdosta, a plantation owned by "Govt
8, 888-889
Vallombrosa, a plantation 01 Gov. Troup ........ . .828, 889 killed in a, duel by Wm. H . Craw-
16, 31, 302 Van Epps, Howard Judge . . . ...... sp

Paulding ............ . .696, 932

Chief, his home in Murray.
898-899 Mentioned ............. 21 1, 896 House ............... .67, 898-899 Where John Howard Rayne

J. S. ......................... .870

Van's Creek ....................... .714

Varnarloe. S. M. .................... 5 6 8

..

.

icr. Hendiey

INDEX

Vea^y, John ................. ..... .790 anes.tliesia. for a surgical op. .131-139

.... .,431 Verdery, Augustus .......... ..... .931 VeinC "'Geontfa -ESQ ".'. ^r""! 6 '
Vienna, county-seat of J.>oo!y . .707-708
,.>;>",' 'Ijf- 7
Vinson, Carl Hon., Cungressrnan. .549
designs flag of Texas ..... .694 Tully .................. . . . . . . 5 .") 9
Virgin, W. H. Capt. ........ ..... .003 Virginia ..................... .854, S 5 j
Medical Monthly ...... ...... 1 3 6
Vocelle, James T. ........... -150, Olo

W

AVaddell, Isaac W. Rev. ..... .410, G72

James D. Col. ......... ..... .410

James P. Prof., tomb ol' ... .308

Moses Dr., tomb of

.362, 368

William I-T. Prof., tomb Of . .308

W. J. .................. ...... 7 9 3

Wade, IX F. Dr. ............. .800, 861

Peyton L. Judge, . . 5GO , 001, 828 Wadley, Moses, Railway pion
3-2o' 102 I 'Wagner, Fritz Mrs., daught er of
Joel Chandler Harris ..... 2 4 -2 Waleott, George M. ......... ..... .938 Waldhauer, Jacob .......... . . . . . .638 Wa-Idhaur, Jacob Casper .... ..... .186 Walker, Alien M. ...........
Andrew W. ...........

Field Memorials ..... ..... .744 Anna Polk Mrs. ...... . . . . . .824 County, treated ...... 1013-1016 E. B. Mrs. ............ Edmond ............... ..... .884 Freeman Maj. ......... ...... 543

SI.

c<'..:

:.:.'

3^3-324 ...... .87

Henry

. . . . . 1019 .................. .809, 973

Jack Chief ........... . . . . . 1036

James Bayard ' .T. Randull Hon.

'.

. ". ". ". ". '. '. '. . ........

. . . .1008
. . . . .337 .549, 929

James Sanders .......

John T. ............... ..... .988 John Williams ........

Mr. .................... . . . . . .las Nathaniel ............. ...... (1 3 3 Nathaniel F. .......... . . . . .1009 R. L. Mrs. ............ Richard S. ............ . . . . . .930 Robert ................ . . . . . .930 The Widow, marries He^rschel
. . ... . . 3 4 B

Walter Mrs. ...........

Wm. S. Gen. ................ 756 Solomon .................... .867 Wallace, Campbell Maj. ..... .116, 424 Zachariah .................. .807 Waller, Robert Tyler ....... .76, 80, 82 Walsh, Marie .................... .955) Patrick, his monument unveiled,

Walthour, Andrew .......... .489, 490 Walthourville, Ga. ................ .489

B. R. ....................... .568 Christian Hill ........1046, 1047 County ..................... .577

County Academy ........... 1017 Dorothy, D. A. fci, Chapter, un
veils monument ......989-991

George Gov., Signer of the Declaration, United States Senator and Jurist, 6, 113, 197, 325, 503, 537, 542, 543, 549, 638,

Judge,

643, 980 A ttorney-General ...... 1 04

John ...........038, 641, (i42, 643

Peter, Sr., ................... 884 Robert, patriot .......... 538, 845 "'Wanderer, The," a slave ship,
SOS, 957 Wansall, Edward, Quartermaster,
Oglethorpe's Regiment ....769 Ward, Eenj F. ................... .809
Col. fomrntindpr of Georp-ia Regiment in the Texan War, 117, 119, 120

James ...................... .568 John ........................ .950 John E Hon. ...............197 Tomb of ............... -341, 852 -I. Q. A., artist .............. 151 Mr. .....................124, 128 Peter Y. .................... .669 Thomas E. ................. .707 -W. A. Col. ................. .694 Wardlaw, James ................. .783 Ward's Station .................. .950 Ware, Edward Dr. .............. .662 Edward R. Dr. .............. .37-2 Henrv .......................821 Nicholas ............... .516, .543 R. A. (Dr.) Mrs., 159. 161, 162

soldier .................... .516 Shadrach ................ $60, 862

Wm. R. Dr. ................ .311 Warner, Hiram Chief Justice, his

His narrow Escape ....874-875 Mentioned, 546, 559, 560. 562.
565- 568, 872 Obadiah Judge, his tomb ....433

Warren. County, treated ....1019-1020

Tomb of ............. William I. ............., .694, 695

J. C. Ur-, foot-note .........185 Joseph Gen. ............... .1019

INDEX

Kit, Rev. ................... .828 Lott, Hon. ............. .546, 828 L,. C- A. ..................... 9 4 7 Thomas ....................1039 Warrenton Academy ............. 1019 War-then, R. D. .................. 1023 Thomas J. ............ 1024, 1025 Washington, Annie Tufft ........ .382 Artillery .................... 9 6 6 _ ____-ty-seat ........... 1039-1040 County, treated ............ 1020 County Female Institute.... 1021 D. C., 221, 263, 270, 277, 298, 302,
344, 3G7, S82 George, 4, 6, 74, 109, ill, is 9,
277, 315, 369, 953, 9'i7, 1052
Ce

W

Webb, Alfred .....................507

Clinton M,, Quoted .........223

Clinton M. Mrs. ............. 223

John ........................1011

John Capt., Industrial pioneer

915

_

John_ C. .........._..... 790, 1004

_ .,,,,__ Vernon
James H. R., t. Leroy Hammoi Mary A. Hamn.___._, ___.___. _
the D. A. R. in Georgia, tomo of ......................381-382 Mary Elizabeth ............ .382 Robert Porter ............... 382 Rest Haven Cemetery ..352-354 Smyrna Church-Yard.... 354-356 Samuel Hammond .......... 382 Thomas, patriot ............ .540 William ................ .600, 858 Washington's Georgia Visit: the
[his trip, 100-103, 290 .did ...............509
.323 Waterman, "William .............. .029 "Waters, George M. .............. .1034 Watkins, Anderson .............. .968
Benj. ........................879 Digest

; County-s Oconee ................ 921-92 I Watson, A. M. ................... .709
........750, 750 Chas. ............. .204, 207, 639 Columbus' ....................668 Jacob ........................933
Thomas ......'.. ........./ '. '.559 Thomas E. ......... 147, 548, 850 "Watt, James, renowned inventor. .110 Watterson, Henry ................. 750 "Watts, John ...................... .821 J. N: ....................... .951 .7". 1ST. Mrs., reg-ent .......... 51 W. N". ...................... .980 Way, Moses Rev. ................ .344 Parmenus ........ ........ 643 Wayne, Anthony Gen. ... .1 03, 189, 544 County, treated ....... 1028-1029 James M. Jud^e ....... .31 o, 545 Waynesborough, President Washing-
ton's Visit to .......... 104 Waynestaoro, Ga. ................ .224 Waynesville, former county-seat of
"Wayne ...................102S Weaver, Benj., a Revolutionary pa-
trlot .................782, 1011

Westbrook, W. T. ... .._........ .'.864 Western & A. R. R., the State Road
in Georgia ................ 231 Westmorland, J. G. Dr. .......... 753
W. F. Mrs. .................. 75 4 Wm. ........................ .972 West on, Myron E. ..................937 S. R. ...................... .989 Westphalia, treaty of ............ .181 "Westview Cemetery ............... 736 Whaley. E. R. ....'................ .999 "W. H. ......................1029 Whateley. O. E. ................... 927 S. J. T. .................... a 0 1 9 Whatley. "Wilson ......;.. ..1017, 1019 Wilson, O. E. .............. .931 Wheeler County, treated ....1029-1030 Isaac ........................ 61 4 Joseph Gen. ................ .744 William ......................875

1188

INDEX

Whelan, Peter, Father ..... .6-16, 647

\Vhelcliel, Davis ................. .566

Whiddon, William ................. 702

WhitaKer, Benj. Hon. ........... .968

jared I. Hon. ......428,750,800

O. D. .......................1004

Simon ...................... .800

W. H. H. Dr. .............. .1025

Whitcion, KJi .................... .727

White, Andrew .T. ................ 1000

B. B. .......................1009

Bluff ........................294

.elia

. .951

House ........... ...269, 495, 512 James ................. .659, 704 John Co!., patriot. Hero of the
Great _ Ogeechee, Trustee of

'l030 ~L>. ...........................810 ]VTilton ..................... ..772 N. B. .......................810 Oliver ....................... 772 Robert, Rev. ............... .648 Wade ....................... .620 W. B. Mr. and Mrs. ....... .957 Willie S. Miss ......... 899, 1038

George, Rev., 182, 265, 276, 633, 034, 635, 6~30, 649, 650
J. ...........................774 Whitehead, C. L. .................668
J. B. ....................432, 883 Whitelay, Richard H. Hon. ........547 White's Mill ..................915, 916 Whitiier, John C. ................ .905 Whitney, Inventor of the Cotton
Gin ....................93, 968 Whittle, L, N. ................... .391 Wicker, N". A. .................... 569 Wiggins, J. S. .................... 9 0 4
S. F. Rev. ..................957 Wilburn, Jack .................. . .668
Thomas ..................... 668 Wilcher, Jordan .................. .867

1 CO .T. jj. ...'....... .c.. '.'.'.'.'...''. .1039

Kate ........................ 9 2 7

M^.rk Gen. ....

985, 103S

Wilde, Richard H. Hon. .......... 545

Tomb of ............... .326-327

"Wilder, Milton ...................1007

"Wiley, LeRoy M. ................ .300

Nicholas .....................354

Wilhite, Calhoun Dr. ............ .726

Wilkes County, treated ...... 1030-1052

Heroic Women of ...... .1041

In the Revolution ......... 1040

Manufacturing Co. .......... 1040

"W. C- Dr. ............. .865, 866

Wilkins,, William ........... .693, 935

Wilkinson, C. C. .................. 654

County, treated ....... 1052-1053

Fort .........................600

James Gen. ............ 010, 1052

Margaret ....................937

Willfiox. C. P. Prof. ............. .372

Willet, J. E. Prof. ................. 777

"William-mv-trimble-toe," an old

game ..................... .-?r,6

25fi

William, the Conqueror .............1

Cha To:
Secretary of the Columbus Memorial Association. .156-167 Her famous letter. ..... .163-164 Chas. W. Ca.pt. ............. .923 T>uke .......................1009 Eb. T. Won. ..................2^ George ...................... 857, G. W. M. .................. .563

H. D. ....'I.........!'.".'...... .568

Howell ..................... .558

James E., an early Mayor of

Atlanta, tomb of ......... .426

John ........................ 10 21

J. M. ........................797

L.

.....................567

Mason ....................... 886

Oscar ........................860 Samuel P. ................. .987

Shepherd ....................610

Tom Maj. .................. .756

Wiley .......................559

William Ca.pt., 663, 702, 7O3, 756,

935, 970

William, Sr., ............... .638

TV. M. Capt. ............... .753

W. N. ................. .793, 794

Andy ........................738 Kldredge Dr. ...............1020 Elizabeth Thweat .......... 1042 Frank .......................696

J. R.,"" duel' with' Patrick "Cal- **

ho

. . .44

Martha (Fitch) ........... .1042

Mary (Campbell) .......... .1042

Micajali Col. ......139, 944. 1042

Nancy (Clark) ........... .10'42

Rev. Mr. .................. .988

Sarah Gillian, a heroine of the

Revolution ...............1042

Susan (M. Bird) ............ 1042

W. L. Mrs. .................806

"W. W. ......................559

Willif ord,_ H. O. Col- ............. 807

Willingham, 'Bessie' "(Mrs". "H." "H".' Tift)

879

B. S. Hon. .................. .881

Brooks ......................931

"Willis ....................... .569

"William .................... .691

"Willis, Francis Col., duel with Col.

Benj. Taliaferro ........ .12-13

Mentioned ........... .544, 1039

R. J. ........................568

Stephen .....................873

"W. H. Col., of Maeon. .. .855-858

Wills, David Dr. ..................573

Willsc

- ' Rl-

~~"

:tho

John T. .....................920 J. M. ........................592 John S. Rev., D. D., tomb of, 424 John Townsend, quoted, 167-168 Jos. R.. Dr. .................. .700 Mrs., Comes Home ...... 269-271 Thomas Rev., M. P., Trustee
of Georgia .................627 Woodrow Pres,, 28, 615, 786, 803,
841, 946 An incident in his career as
a lawyer ..................758 Woodrow Mrs., her girlhood
home ..............:...-.. .731 Her grave ..................417 Mentioned. .............367, 807 Wm. T. Col., tomb of ......42-5 W. W. ....................... 712 Wimfoerly, Bzekiel Col. ........... .599 Joshua R. ..................1007 Wimpy, A. G. ..................... 84 9 WInbourn, B L. ................. .987 Susie Cole Miss ........... .653 Wimbush, Wm. M. .............. .97G

577-57S Winsfield, Garland .............. .1050

Winham, "William .................831

Winn, A. A. ....................... 5 6 7

Abiel capt. ................. .834

James C. Capt. ............ .120

James 'K. Ca.pt, ,,,.,.,,...,,.783

John Rev. ........ .540, 643, 835

John, Sr., ....................63a

Peter Re"- ..............344, 840

Thomas E. Hon. ........... .543

Thomas S. Rev. ........... .344

R. D. ........................568

Winship, .Emory Capt, ............ 601

Isaac Mrs., MHcon's first white

child ............. -600, 601, 753

Joseph ......................427

Robert Mrs. ...,.......'....., 923

Winslow, Col. .................... .'208

Winston, Thomas ............... .1.004 "Winter, John Gano, a financier. . . .613

Joseph, a patriot ........... .613 Winters, John ................... .672

Joseph H. Sergeant ........ .679

Washington ................ .671

Wirz, Henry Maj., his monument

at Andersonville ...... 977-979

Wise, Henry A., Governor of Va., 900

J. W. Hon. ................. .549

Witcher, Hessekiah ............... .931

John, Sr., .................. .031

Liarry ...................... .931

Witherspoon, John ...............633

Witt, David ...................... .559

Wittich, Lucas L. ................ .884

Wofford, Gen. .................... .565

"Wm. B. .....................785

"William T., ...562, 567, 587, 592

Wollaston, Francis JUSd-, Trustee o(

irgia

William, Member of Parlian

52G

Womack, Wylie ...................983

Wood, Bob ....................... .914

Carey, pioneer of Covington,

911, 912

James Mrs. ................. .848

~ ~~ ..............800

M.

931

R. A. ....................... .90-1 R. P. ........................568 R. R. Major and Q. M. ......155 W. A. Judge ................831 Woodberry, Rosa Miss ........... .967 Woodbridge, G. .................... 821 Woodbury, Ga. ................... .375 Woodfin, Wm. G. Prof. ............777 Woodin, Alfred "W. .............. .739 "Woodland Female Academy ..... .931 James ...................... .615 Woodruff, George W. Mrs. .......160 Jnsepli Col., patriot and D JoJoseph, Jr., 'Capt. .......... .'.853 Mary, married Capt. O'NeiJl, 853 Mr., successor to Mr. Seward
to Union Academy ........130 "Stories" .................... 224 Wareham .................... !>71 Woods, Middlcton ................. 725 Woudson & Bowdre .............1009 Woodward, James G. Mayor .....761 "Wool, John E. Gen. .............. .901 Womdrioge. William ............ ..654 Woolf, McDowell Mrs., founder of
Children of the Con. ......967 Woolfoik, William G. Mrs., 157, 159,
162, 163, 164 Day ................... .162-*! 6?, Wooten, Ann ..................... .600
Statio . 831
"Woollen, I JrlscilIa, married Pope, 3047 Thomas ................... .1047
"Worcester. Samuel Rev. .......... .900 Word, John ...................... .592
Timothy C. .................1017 Wordsworth, Capt. ............... .617 Worley, Win. J. ................. .849 Wormsloe, Kstate of Noble Jones, 205,
270, 2SS Worrell, Bedford. S. .............. .975 Worrill, Edmond'ii." " '. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. | .980 Worth County, treated ..... .1053-1054
"Wm. J. Gen. ............. 1053 "Worth ing-ton, Dennis .......... 846 "Worthy, Henry .................... 87 5 "Wren, Christopher Sir ............ .363 "Wren's Nest, The": its Memories
of Joel Chandler Harris, 239-244
Wright, Ambrose .................. 638 Ambrose R. Gen., tomb of....330 Mentioned ................. .347 Augustus E. Hon., 415, 5'J3, 592, 731 Benj. Judge .................. 4 3s B. "W. .......................567 Chas. ........................617 3">ionvsius, a patriot ......... r> 40 Frank .......................SOS rjermyn ..................... .61 7 Gilbert J. Gen., ........ .783, 881 Tomb of .................. .378 Henry Gregory, tomb of ....347 James Sir, A Royal Governor of Georgia, 194, 265, 276, 4S5, 486, 492, 517, 537, 549, 609, 641, 951, 952 His arrest ,...--.....,.,486-488

1190

INDEX

..,, 975

Willia WilliE
Wrightsville, Ga. . Wuce, W. B. ..... Wyatt, Joseph M. Wyche, George, a Wyer, H. O. ...................... 7 7 4 Wyley, Richard, a patriot ....... .539 Wylly, Alex. Campbell Capt. ......767
Richard ................. 278, 64 9 "Wynn, Andrew- \V. ............... .980

X

-- --

--

Yopp; J. W.
--Vnt-Utn-wti si-
Me R. M. Sophia Thomas, _. _ _ _ Thomas ................ .028, 629 Wm. .............. .277, 643, 638 Wm. J. ..................... .995 "Wm. P. ..................... 6 7 3 Willis ...................... .970 Yupaha, an Indian province ...54,57

..---,,_,, _,,....,,.- __.,,,., _ _,, - federate States Senator and
with Mr. Hill ~. .......... .41-42 Mentioned ............ 416, ] 020 Yarbrough, "Wm. ................. .855 Yates, Presley ....................567 Samuel .................... ,-.22S Yazoo Act ................... .344, 345 Duels caused by .......... 7-12

_______ L. ................... .850 Zebulon, county-seat of Pike. . 929-930

Zimmerirtan, Philip "...... ....!... '.84.5

'

R. P. ....................... .884

Zlnzendorf, Count ...... .211, 212, 214

Zittrauer, Ernest ..................187

Zoutoerbuhler, Eartholernew . .649, 650

Zuber, S. D. Mrs. .................. 990

Zubly,_David ......_......... .638, f -